The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1836-10-18 00:00:00

THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD:

The TOWN-CLERK.—During
This bye-law was then agreed to and ordered to be reCotn-
milted.
M.r. Alderman BROWN would now move an adjournment, and
that the Council should meet day by day for two hours, till all
the bye-laws were got through.
The TOWN-CLERK would first refer to the list of business on
the summons. There was only one point which required consi,
deration. The Borough Court and Court of Requests commit-
tee had agreed to give the late Sergeant-at-Mace £9OO compen-
sation, and they had appointed Mr. George Parker treasurer of
the Court of Requests; in both cases subject to approval.
Mr. Alderman ROBINSON enquired if the late Sergeant-at-
Mace would take f.:900
The TOWN-CLERK replied that the late sergeant-at-mace would
accept that suns. For the salary and emoluments of the late
sergeant the committee could not do better than refer to the'
previous report on these matters, which he would read if re-
quired.
11. r.. Alderman ROBINSON moved that these recommendations
be -confirmed, which was seconded by Mr. Alderman Brown.
The TowN-cLEux said that MO per annum had been fi d
on as the salary of the treasurer, and that he should give secury
in £l,OOO.
Mr. Robinson's motion was then agreed to, and after a short
discussion the council was adjourned to this day, at twelve
o'clock, to meet for two hours every day, at the same time, with
the exception of Wednesday, till the whole of the bye-laws shall
have been got through.
•

To THE REV. THOS. MAGUIRE.
SIR,—I left home for Glasgow on Monday last, and did not
return till to-day. This will account for my not having sooner
noticed your letter of Tuesday which appeared in the Liverpool
Mail of Thursday.
I am glad to see that you pledge yourself to convict me pub-
licly of the charges which you are pleased to advance against
me. ' As .soon as your publication appears, I will lose no time
in answering whatever it may contain requiring and deserving
an answer. In this respect I hope it will be very unlike your
letter.
The charge of'forgery published against you, and so long tin
answered, is a matter which you have to settle, not with me, but
with Mr. Nolan; in reference to whom I perceive you are not
sparing in flattering epithets. Abuse of him, however, is no
answer to his accusation. It may not, perhaps, be convenient
for you to answer him, and it may possibly be very. natural for
you to substitute rude words for sound arguments ; but still the
accusation is unanswered, and it is his, not mine. Please to
observe this. The accusation has been long in print, and- widely
circulated; it is still unanswered. It is Mr. Nolan's, not mine.
In writing upon his point, you say that St. Paul shook off a
viper at Damascus. If this be one of the traditions of your in-
fallible church,. you are quite welcome to it. I shall not attempt
to deprive you of the smallest portion of your ecclesiastical pa-
trimony. But if it be intended for a reference to scripture, it
Well becomeS me to instruct you in its inaccuracy. The word
of God contains no such statement. I observe, however, that
when the Rev. James Brown, professor of scripture and Hebrew
in the College of Maynooth, was asked by the Irish commis-
sinners if his.lectures to the students comprehended the whole
of the New Testament, he answered, " No, not the whole, the
most difficult parts only"." And in the parts he then enume-
rates, the Acts of the Apostles are not included. ( See appendix
to the Bth Report.) So that after all, it is your education, and
not yourself that ought to be blamed for such gross ignorance.• Per-
haps, however, I ought to make the more charitable supposi-,
tion, that you intended to write at Melita, which. would have
been correct, but you made a mistake, and wrote at Damascus,
which is incorrect. If your lapses penna be so ready, what might
not be anticipated flora your lapses lingace?
An oral controversy is a matter which you have to settle with
Mr. M`Ghee, out of whose superior hands I would be sorry to
rescue you. His challenge to you. is long before the public.
He has informed the public that you have, through false pre-
tences, and unworthy artifices evaded his challenge for the last
three years. Why then do you bluster so about a public plat-
form for controversy ? If you be in earnest, you are pre-engaged.
Mr. M'Ghee is ready. His challenge remains unanswered..
For myself, I love truth, and shrink not from controversy.,
My challenge to vou also remains unanswered. Your letter
evades it wholly. Here,- then, again, 1 call upon you to write
what you can of interpretation, argument, fact, evidence, in de-
fence of what popery is, and I will answer you. My reasons
for preferring the press are already before the public; and if
you, the first aggressor in this matter, decline a eontroversv in
the press, the conclusion to be drawn from it will also be before'
the the public, and with a plainness which no man capable of re=
Election can fail to appreciate. You say that "in a face to face
discussion more' can be settled in a day than could be performed
through the press in a month." I answer,' there is no hurry.
No matter of real consequence can be settled in a hurry. A
gladiator for ephemeral victory may be in a hurry. -` lover of
eternal truth need never be so. It is written iu the t phets,
"he that believeth shall not make haste."
I shall direct my publisher to send you a copy of the second
edition of my sermon, in which your church, as exhibited in
itiyerraenwnnicoacic;e di tediin• shown to lie anti-scriptural,
blasphemous,,formularies,
and perfidious. Again I
call upon you to answerthis if you can.
You say I have misstated the. tenets of your church. I ask
where and how ? And I beg to remind you of the facility of as-
sertion without proof.
To conclude: I will supply you with an instructive instance
of misstatement, not by a protestant, but by your own archbishop,
Dr. Mtliale. He visited the island of Achill, roused by the suc-
cess of the Christian missionaries there. After hearing from priest
Conolly (he progress of the protestant faith, he laid his high in-
junctions upon the people to hold no manner of communications
with the protestants. He said, " Their preaching is hellish and
devilish; neither borrow nor lend, buy nor sell from them."
These facts are detailed in a petition (ruin the protestants of
Achill,presented to the House of Lords, and they have never
been disproved, nor even contradicted. He returned to the

main latid. He prepared
"an address to the Lord-Lieutenant,
and when. Lord Mulgrave in his tour reached Connaught, Dr.
M`Hale presented this address, in which he says, "We look
forward to the salutary system of education, supported by go-
vernment, a system calculated to bind in fellowship and har-
mony persons who may differ in points of belief, but who should
he united in one common principle of true charity and brotherly
love." Addressing himself to the. Roman Catholics, Dr. M'Hale
states concerning protestants, neither borrow nor lend, buy nor
sell from them. Addressing himself to the Lord-Lieutenant, and
through him to the people of Great Britain, Dr. Minale states
concerning prutestants and Roman catholics, they should be
united in one common principle of true charity and brotherly love.
It requires.,but little sagacity, in any man acquainted po•
pert', to determine which of these, is the misstatement.
I have,no desire to misstate anything, but I have a great de-
sire t 3 prevent the inherent intolerance of the church of Rome
from masking itself, so as to deceive the unwary, behind a
plausible and interested affectation of charity and brotherly
love.—l am, sir, your obedient servant,
HUGH. M‘NEILE.
Liverpool, Saturday, October 15, 1833.

TO THE MEMBERS OF THE LICENSED VICTUAL-
LERS' ASSOCIATION,
AND TO THE TRADE IN GENERAL.
BROTHER r 1 RA the municipal election is ap.
proaching, when we shall be called upon to choose a certain
number of individuals to fulfil the arduous and responsible
office of common councilmen, I deem it no intrusion to request
you to take a retrospective view of the conduct of those persons
who will then vacate their seats, as well as of those who'reinain
in office;' and, in so doing, I believe it will appear, after an
impartial examination, that we have little reason to congratu-
late ourselves upon the selection which we have made, both as
respects those who will continue members of the council, as
well as those who will return to that insignificance, front which
we have so materially contributed, unfortunately for our own
interests, to rescue them for a season. I have long wished to
address you upon the subject;, but my past silence has nut
arisen from any of that culpable apathy and indifference to the
concerns of our society, of which too many, I am afraid, 'are
guilty. I trust the few observations which I have now to offer
will 6e received by you with kindness. Ido not appeal to your
wish you calmly to reflect what line of conduct it becomes You
passions but to your judgements upon the present occasion. I
to adopt in reference to the approaching election. The state
of things has been greatly altered during the time which has
elapsed since we have exijoved the fostering care and protection
of the self-righteous Quakers, and •Unitarians, who constitute
a part of our persecutors. We have nothing to fear from a
just interpretation of the laws which regulate our trade; but
we have every thing to dread from men who impose new, and
dispense with old regulations, merely to suit their own caprici-
ous wills, and narrow-minded prejudices. Their short reign of
power has been characterised by a consistent and uniform
scheme to visit our calling with every species of injury, and
annoyance; and this has not been done without infringing
upon the liberty of the subject. lam ashamed to say that even
the bench itself is not free from this persecuting spirit. The
decisions of former magistrates are unceremoniously set aside,
merely to gratify political malignity, and to show the utmost
contempt for anything like tory precedent. The irregular
and unsettled notions of a right modern Star-chamber, composed
of a few violent members of the watch committee. &c., have
superseded the well known and positive rules of former
times. Decisions have been come to in a great number' of
cases, which must be prononnced,as utterly at var
tlyiance, with.
every semblance of lawior equity. I have frequ
curiosity to attend the court, and have been . quite astountlesl,
had •the '
at what I have witnessed. I shall nut trouble yog rvv;4h)
a recital, as 1 am sure too many, to their cost, can 'corm-,
borate my statement. One case I was partiCularly struck withll3
A very respectable man, who has been seven years in his house,
without ever having any complaint made against hiro, remains 4.
up, on one occasion, rather' later than usual with his family.
Much to his surprise, the next day he was served with a sum-
mons for not admitting the police. He stated to the bench that
"he never once Opened his doors after closing' them for the
night, or paid any attention to 6:: knocking which frequently
occurred. He did not know the Police were there, or he
should have admitted them. - He said that he had no accommo-
dations for company to sit, and stated the respectability of
his house, referring to Mr. Whitty, who could say nothing to
the contrary. It was of no avail—he was fined 30s. and costs.
But even this did not satisfy his persecutors : on the annual
licensing day, after being detained four hours from his business,
he was informed, in the most abrupt manner, " he must come
another day, as he was one of those who had been fined." There
have been many similar cases; indeed, various Acts of Parlia-
ment have been so twisted to suit different cases, that there is
not a person in the trade, however cautiously he may manage
his business, who does not render himself liable to be fined, if
brought before our Bench to be tried by our modern Salons, ac-
cording to their construction of the law.
But I must not forget to remind you of their conduct in grant-
ing additional spirit licences. I understand the number exceeds
twenty, and this, too, without any regard to the wants of the
public, and under circumstances which but too plainly evince
that private influence and undue partiality were exercised in
the matter.
I shall say no more at present respecting that portion of the
council measures that emanate from the Star Chamber. In re-
ferring you to the conduct of the late magistrates, I am sure you
must admit, that in all their proceedings in which our interests
were concerned, they acted upon the most solid and liberal prin-
ciples of law;justice, and equity. No man can say that the guilty
escaped. or that the innocent were allowed to escape—every case
was decided upon its own peculiar merits, proper regard being
paid to the character of the individual who came before them.
I have frequently seen cases quashed, even when the officer
bringing the charge has sworn to the truth of his assertion.
Not so now—the captain has only to come forward, accompanied
by a policeman—swear to the truth of his statement, and fined
you certainly will be.
It is needless to state more to show the dissimilarity between
the old and the new system. Feeling confident that you will
admit they have deserted those principles which ought to have
regulated their conduct; and of
ywhich they made such boisterous
erootfieosus i ouns s
of— publicand thatcs
esteem.
.I are as little
respectfully
urgedeserving of
you,private
-
tradesmen, to unite with one accord, sinking all minor con-;
siderations, in the endeavour to hurl them. from office. Let us
expose their miserable imbecility and their utter unfitness for
the elevation which has had such intoxicating effects upon them.
Unless their modesty should move them to retire and hide their
diminished heads from the scorn and derision Of a justly offended
brother af-
ection
constituencs,, let us chalitahly assist• them to their native ob-
scurity. .Nrusting, my fellow-tradesmen, you will give these
hints your serious consideration, I remain, yours..&c., •
A BROTHER BUNG.

MURDER IN .LIVERPOOL.
••
'An inquest was held on Saturday, before Philip Finch Curry,
Esq., coroner, to inquire into the circumstances which led to the
death. :of .:hire Cassidy. Ann Anderson deposed, that she
lodged with' the deceased and her husband in Shaw El ill-Street.
The deceased was given to drink, and on Thursday night
last, both she and her husband were much intoxicated. Shortly
before she (witness) went tobed, she saw the prisoner, Who was
husband to the deceased, and his wife sitting together in time
kitchen. Deceased had complained during the day of being
•unwell, and witness urged her to go to bed, but she refused.
Witness then went Up stairs, and went to bed. She had been
asleep some time, when she was aroused by hearing the prisoner
call out, in a loud Voice, " Jane. get up !" Fearing that some
quarrel had ensued, which was frequently the case, she arose,
and went down stairs to the kitchen. She there saw the de-
ceased, lying in a corner, with the prisoner standing over her,
repeatedly calling. to her to get up. Deceased did nOt move or
speak, and she (witness) fearing that something serious had oc-
curred, called up a young man, named William Shaw, who also
lodged in the house, and went to find a policeman. Before she
went out site heard the prisoner say, that the deCeased was
smothered in drink. He made an attempt to lift her up, and
then witness thought she appeared as if she were dead. She
had seen a mark on the face of deceased before she went to
bed, but it did not bleed • afterwards she saw several marks
and much blood. They (deceased and prisoner) had a son,
who had been placed in gaol for some delinquency, and the pri-
soner had exhorted his "wife to avoid drinking, that he alight be
enabled to employ an attorney, and fee counsel fur the boy.
The deceased, however, continued to get drunk, and he at
length said; " I'll get drunk as well as you, and then we shall
see how it will be when the candle is burning at both ends."
At another time he threatened that " he would pay her as near
as he could to her life, if ever she got drunk again." He used
to beat her sometimes when she got drunk, but not otherwise.
William Shaw, a porter,stated that he lodged with the prisoner.
On Thursday night he went to bed at about eleven o'clock. He
had not been in' bed very long before he was called up by the
last witness. He went down stairs as soon as possible. In the
kitchen he saW the prisoner standing over the deceased with a
rusty cutlass. The coroner requested to know where this in-
strument was. Witness saW:he had taken it from the prisoner
immediately, and carried itipp,_stairs, where he had placed it in
his own bed. The coroner ordered an officer to go with witness
for thisiustrumeut. On their return, an old rusty cutlass, bent
at the point„Llyas produced. Witness then went on to say,
that deceased was lying, with her face downwards, on the floor,
and! he,saw the prisoner strike her two or three violent biows
with the cutlass. Witness went and pushed himself between
the prisoner and deceased, telling him to forbear, for he had
done too much. The prisoner pushed him aside,, but witness
succeeded in getting his cutlass from him. The prisoner, then
said, " I believe she's gone." The other persons in the house
were roused, and witness went up stairs, taking the cutlasp with
him, as before stated. The prisoner had frequently been in-
toxicated of late. This was the bulk of the evidence, with the
exception of that of Mr. Cooper, surgeon, of St. Anne-street.
who deposed, that he had opened and examined the body, whict.
he found externally bruised from head to foot, with several
punctured wounds of from a quarter to half an, inch in extent.
Eight ribs on one side, and seven on the other were broken,
some of them being so completely shattered that the pieces
could be taken. out by the hand. In the chest was found a
quantity of blood. The deceased could not have existed long
with such extensive injuries. At, the request of the prisoner,
the first witness was recalled. lle examined her with the view
of proving that the deceased had many severe falls. The wit-
ness admitted that the deceased had told her. that about a month
ago she had fallen over an iron pot ; and that she, had heard of
another fall which happened about three months ago. The
coroner warned the jury to dismiss from their minds any
pre-
judice which they might have imbibed from having seen the
state of the body. He also informed them of the distinctions
which they had to draw between murder and manslaughter,
and having read over the evidence to them they retired. After
an absence of about fifteen minutes they returned, and gave in
a verdict of MIN Murder against Alexander Cassidy.

LECTURE ON OPTICS-MECHANICS' INSTITUTION.

On Saturday evening, Mr. Addams delivered the fourth of
his valuable lectures to a numerous audience, which he illustra-
ted with beautiful and appropriate apparatus. Notwithstanding
the difficulty of various portions of his interesting subject, Mr.
Addams brings it within-the comprehension of his audience by
the clearness and perspicuity with which he handles it.
The telescope and microscope have added materially to the
powers of human vision; by the former we are enabled to view
distant bodies, and' by the latteito examine those things which
are in thems'elvei too minute to be easily discerned by the naked
eye. The teleicope may receive rays in different directions ;
if we look at a star they come in a parallel manner, but this will
not be the case if the instrument be directed towards the top of
a tower. When a nuMber of parallel rays are received by a
lens, they are bent iu passing through and converge to a focus
or point on the other side. This fOcus is always at a distance
from the middle of the lens equal to the radius of the circle
which may be described by the curved surfaces of the lens.
This is, however, only the ease when the thickness of the glass
is insignificant compared with the radius of the curved surfaces.
The focal point varies with the description of rays which may
be passing through the lens; thus, if the rays be parallel prior
to entering, it will be equal to the radius of convexity; if diverg-
ent, it will be at a greater, and if convergent at a less, distance
from the lens.

Diverging rays will be rendered parallel, and vice versa, in
passing through a lens, provided the light be placed in the focus
of the lens. lf, however, it be removed twice that distance, its
image will be thrown inverted upon a screen placed at the saute
distance from the lens as the light. This affords the means of
practically determining the focus of a glass. If the light is
placed nearer to, or farther from, the screen, the image is lost in
a speck of light. If the light be placed at three tunes the distance
of the focus of the glass, the screen must only be placed one-
third that distance from the lens on the other side. By this it
will be seen that the focal point of a telescope will vary accord-
ing to the distance of the object towards which it is directed, -
and the sliding tube must be adjusted accordingly. The farther
the body is, the nearer will be the triage to the object glass, and
the nearer the body the further the image. When the body is
at an infinite distance and the rays are parallel, the image will
be formed at the principal focus, and be at the nearest point to
the lens itself; it never can be nearer than the focus of the lens.
In looking-through a telescope we see the image of the object
towards which it is directed in the eye-glass. It may then be
asked, if the image is so small, how does it appear to us to be
magnified. It is because we see it through a much greater
angle by means of the telescope than we could otherwise; that
is, if two lines were carried froth our eye to the bounds of the
objects themselves, the angle or cone described by these lines
would he much less than if the lines be carried from the eye to
the eye-glass of the telescope. We know that if we place a
penny before the eye, it will cover a large expanse of distant
scenery, and, were it not for our experience, we should suppose
that the penny-piece, thus capable of covering a mountain, was
as large as the mountain itself. Persons who have undergone
the operation of couching, experience great difficulty in judging
of .size and distance. Were we not convinced by numerous
proofs, who could.believe that the sun is a million of miles in
diameter? The eye-glass of a telescope is used because we
cannot behold an object placed near the naked eye distinctly
without. its assistance. This is easily proved on attempting to
read a book close to the eye. The general focal distance of the
eye is eight inches, varying in different persons according to the
convexity .ef the eye itself. By means, however, of an optical
glass, the eye may be placed within half an inch of the object
or image. The nearer the glass comes the eye, the nearer the
angle is, and, consequently, the greater the magnitude of the
object. The magnifying power of a telescope is very easily
ascertained, provided we know the focal lengths of the object
and eye-glaSses, for it is the quotient of the two. If we make
the telescope longer, the object will be much more magnified;
hut the instrument is rendered awkward and clumsy when it
exceeds a certain length. Telescopes have, however, been con-
structed 100 feet long. Again, if the great glass were of a mo-
derate focus, say I() feet, we can increase the magnifying power
by decreasing the focus of the eye-glass, as the smaller the de-
nominator the larget the quotient. The reason why we du not
make small spheres for this purpose, is because we should not
be thus able to see the whole of a body. In whatever way,
therefore, we view the question, there is a practical. difficulty in
obtaining a magnifying power beyond a certain amount.
In the astronomical telescope there is only one and the
eye-glass used, in which case the object is always seen inverted.
Were a greater number of glasses employad, the quantity of
light would be diminished, as every glass destroys a portion of
light. Many persons imagine that a telescope is. better, the
greater the number of glasses it contains•—it may be so for per-
spective purposes, but less light comes towards the eye. rha
different glasses used in a perspective telescope are not for the
purpose of magnifying, but of restoring the linage to its proper
position, and otherwise correcting the rays of light.
Any portion of a lenS will give the image of an object as well
as the whole, but not so intensely; thus it' he lens he covered
with the fingers and palm of the hand, provided any rays can
pass throngh it, the image Will- be as, perfectly represented on
the screeimisAf the whole wete.undivided. A broken lens would
hays. thelaine property, provided its 'face be uninjured. It is
'imagined bye mango 'evert by.'.meniberri'.of the Royal Society, that
ifi.ledS is valueless if it !Gowan:la:air, bubbles; this is by nu means
the case, asthe' 'nibbles Merely intercept the light without in the
Uist distorting the object.
. Microscopes may be constructed in a very simple and effec-
taal,thanner ,by taking a piece of Canada balsam or some such
other body. as will stand on a plate and assume a globular
point. If water is poured into a drinking glass, any object
iethe centre of it will appear magnified when viewed front the
outside. This arises from the curvature of the water, and not
of, the. glass, fur we know that a watch glass does not magnify.
It. we can wire the rays the same angle by means of a glass.
which they would have at a common distance from the eye, we
shall he able to look at them very. closely. The magnifying
.
power of a microscope depends upon the distance we can see with-
out it. If we can see a body at eight incites distance without, and
at four with it, our sight is double ; thus the nearer we can see
it the more it is magnified, and supposing we could see an object
as near as one-folirth of an inch, it would be thirty-two times mag-
nified. There is however .a practical difficulty in using a micro-
scope at such distances, and compound microspes are substituted,
where the object to be examined is put upon a kind of stake
or platform. lit this microscope there is a tube, to the extremity
of which an object lens is attached, as to the telescope, with
this difference, that in the microscope this is the smallest glass,
and in the telescope the largest. There is another lens besides
the eye glass in this microscope, by the judicious arrangement
of the focal point of-which the highest degree of magnifying
power is obtained... The less the focus of the first lens, and the
greater thoSe of the object and. eye-glasses, the higher power
will the nficroscropeltive. - -
Mr Adddirts delivers his fifth lecture to-morrow evening, in
which he will exhibit and explain micrometers of different
kinds, tire- -Carnet a obsctira," cathera lucida, phantasmagoria,
paradox, kaleidoscope;. heliostat, 'sextant, cylindrical mirrors
and anattior.phpie pictures. lie will also enter into the cause
of the 'apheriea.l aberration lenses and mirrors and the
method of,diminishing the. Same by curvature and compound
surfaces,

Ronmn,
Watin.—On Friday night a meeting of the
eleetors_uf,this ward was held at the Crown Inn, Lawton-street,
for the PtirpoSe of adopting 'Measures for securing the election
of John Nelson Esq., weouneillor for the ward. Mr.
M`Leoci was called to the chair. He stated that after due deli-
beration on thepart of the committee for the ward, who had sat
for the last twelve .months, they had come to the determination
of nominating Mr. John Nelson Wood, who had been their
indefatigable leader in their endeavours to keep alive the spirit
of conservatism. Mr. J. 13. Lyon moved the confirmation of
this recommendation of the committee, which was seconded by
Mr. Pain, and the resolution embodying the recommendation
was unanimouslypassed. Mr. Wood shortly acknoWledged this
mark of the esteem of his fellow-townsmen, gave a statement of
his principles, andin conclusion said, that if elected he should
zealously direct his attention towards forwarding the interests
of the town. He should, in particular, sedulously watch the
application of the corporate funds to their legitimate Uses. The
speaker was loudly cheered throughout. A resolution was then
moved by'Mr.,Sinith, and seconded by Mr. Gamage, pledging
those ussenib!ed to use their utmost endeavours to secure Mr.
Wood's return, which was unanimously passed, as was also a vote.
of thanks to Mr. Henry Lawrence, their present conservative
councillor, for his efficient services in their cause during the last
' twelve months. ,The'tneeting, after giving three cheers for the
success of Mr. Wood,. then 'separated.