The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1838-01-09 00:00:00

Fraser's Magazine. January, 1838.

This is an unusually brilliant number. It is also ex.•
tremely varied in its contents. The opening paper will
afford a rich treat to the classical scholar. It is the first
of a Series of papers by Doctor Maginn. under the title
cif" Homeric ifillads." The " Portraits of Spanish
Carlist Chiefs" contain some interesting biographical
details respecting the most. celebrated of Don Caiiths's
generals. "The New Frankenstein" is happily con',
eeived and well executed. " Lord Teignmouth's Sketches
of the Coasts and Islands of Scotland" is an excellent
review, but rather severe. " The Yellow=phish Cor-
respondence" is exquisitely rich. We have given an
extraoin another part of our paper. " The Newspapei•
Press of Paris" is a well•digested paper. " Blue Friar
Pleasantries" are as amusing as usual. The present ef-
fusion under this title is a pancgyric.im Mulligatawny',
gTaryoixtail, and pea soups. " Prospects,.of the
New Year" is one of those nervous, powerful, and elo-
quent' political articles for which:Fraser lots been so cle-
-setwedlv celebrated. - "Our Batch of Novels- for the
New Yeir" is a review of. Mrs. Trollope's " Vicar of
Wrexhill," Bolwer's "Ernest MaltraVers," Lands n's
"Ethel Churchill," " The Married Unmarried," " Bus-
worth Field," and (lire's "Stokeshill Place." The to-
triahawk is-unmercifully used in some of the criticisms.
on these works, and in no instance with greater propriety
than in noticino. Mrs. Trollope's disgusting and libellous
trash. " Brougham and Melbourne, or the Twa Dogs,"
is an amusing paraphrase of a recent conversation in
the House of Llrds." " The Doctor" is a very ingeni-
OM paper. " How long can it last ?" is the paper of
this month. It is calculated to produce very .great effect
upon the balance of parties at. the present critical con-
juncture.

The Dublin University Magazine. January, BM.

We are delighted to find that the spirited proprietor of
this rising periodical has Commenced the new year so
Well. He has issued one of the most interesting num-
bers of the 11V-Igazine that we have vet perused. The
first paper on "The Roman Catholic Oath': isextremely
seasonable . It is powerfully written, and must produce
conviction in the mind of every unprejudiced person.
"The Gallery of I►lnstrions Irishmen" is resumed in an
excellent biographical notice of James, Duke of Ormonde.
"Ttle Diamond will be Trumps again" is capital. '44 The
Ghost and the Bonesetter" is a pleasant trifle, bat not
Very original. The continuation of "The Orphans of
Dunasker" will be perused with increasing interest.
The review of Lover's " Rory O'More" is temperate and
judicious, but just and discriminating. In the " By-
Ways of Irish History" some very curious details are
introduced respecting the system of whiteboYism, "Far-
rlaromzha, the Miser" is as wild and rhapsodical, but as
absorbing in its interest as the preceding chapters-. "The
Late Pri,vost" contains a merited tribute to the memory,
of-Dr. Lloyd. There are many very apposite remarks
in the " Memoranda of the Month," to which we Would
particularly direct the attention of our readers, especially
of those who may he incredulous of the statements re•
cently made respecting the insurrectionary state of seve-
ral districts in-Ireland. The observations on the appoint-
ment of Dr. Sadlier to the Provostship of the University
are extremely moderate and utterly devoid of anything
approaching bigotry of diSpiu;ition. On the whole, as
we have intimated, this number is a good specimen for
1838.

The Asiatic Journal. January, 1333

There are several very excellent original contributions
in the present number of this exceedingly useful and im
nortant magazine. The "ReyieW of Eastern News,"
promises to be a very instructive series, affording it com-
plete bird's-eye view of the proceedings in those distant
regions. This number contains the conclusion of the
admirable paper on "Steani•cotninunication with India."
We particularly recommend it to the notice of parties
who are interested inlbe subject. It contains a complete
digest of all the arguments and evidence offered on this
lOng-pending question. "The Turf in India". will
repay. the sportsman for the trouble of perusal. The review-
of " Stiors's Notes on Indian Aff.tirs" contains some
very important suggestions on the management of our
oriental possessions. The account of the " Dutch Set-
tlement in New Guinea" is particularly entertaining.
The copiOus reports of the proceedings of the Royal
Society, the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and at the East
India House, form a very important feature in this pe-
riodical, as do also the reports of the more intricate
eases tried in-the Indian Courts of Law. Tha Asiatic
intelligence furnished in the miscellaneous department
is very copious- and varied, containing notices of the
Manners and customs of different tribes; accounts of re-
cent aiscoveries in antiquities, natural history, .&c., and
a succession of extracts from the various publications
which appear in India, Australia, Ceylon, China, Btc..
We know of few periodicals which we peruse with more
interest than the Asiatic Journal.

Sketches in London. By the Author of " R tn,lntn
Recollection:," " The Great 'Metropolis," &e. Nos.

3 'and 4. London : W. S. Orr and Co. 1837.
We have before noticed the first and second numbers
of this entertaining work. The third number, which we
received late last month, contains an amusing account of
the festive doings at the '" Lumber Troop Hall," with
two very spirited plates by " Phiz." The author has in-
troduced several prolonged discussions which took place
at several times among the " ancient and honourable
fraternity of Lumber Troopers." Some of the scenes
described afford rich specimens of broad humour, and all
of them abound with an exuberance of Cockneyisms.
The particulars furnished respecting the history of this
singular brotherhood of knights-wassailers, are very
curi92s. The fourth number contains a vivid sketch of
the AwVictoria Parliament," and is illustrated by two
capital plates, the one showing O'Connell in theact of
taking the oatlig, and the other intended to convey some
idea .of the scene which took place in the House of
Commons on the introduction of Mr. Blewitt's notable
resotufions. The descriptions git en of this and other
memorable scenes axe highly -graphic. We are glad to
perceive that. Mr. Grant seems anxious to obtain a cha-
racter for impartiality in his criticisms on the proceedings
of the house,. and the speeches of the leading members.
This is a very valuable feature in the work before us.
Strong partizanship would divest it of half its interest.

The Illustrated Family Bible, with Copious Margin
a
'References,' ?Votes, and Annotations, 4.c. London: •
-Smith, Elder, and Co. 1833.
We have just received a specimen number of this
splendid edition of the Holy Scriptures. The text is"
that of the authorised version. The notes are taki,n
from. the " Self Interpreting Bible" of the late Rev.
John Brown, of Haddington. The illustrations are ex-
ceedingly beautiful. They are executed after the man-
ner of the ancient illuminated manuscripts, as far as the
devices are concerned. This edition will form one 'of
the most splendid, and certainly most useful presents
that could be selected as a sacred token of remembrance.
We have very little doubt that if such a work were is-
sued complete,, as a New Year's-gift, it would be very
extensively circulated. It would be infinitely more Wor-
thy of both giver and receiver than many of the produc-
tions published fdr the purpose of presentation.

Encycloptrdia BritafiniCa—Part First.

This Encyclopaedia is too well known to render it ne-
cessary to say anything either as to the excellence of its
plan, the ability of its execution, or its :extensive use..
fatness ris a general repertory of human knowledge. It
ii now so far advanced at press as to enable the proprie-
iors to commence its publication in monthly half vo-
luves; and the fidelity with which they have observed
their original compact witlythe public leaves no room to
doubt that the articles of their prospectus will be fulfilled
to the letter.
The preserit edition is recommended by modern im-
provements and additions of the most varied and im -
portant kind. It is also enriched with the whole of the
matter contained in the far-famed supplement. The in-
Cdrpitration'of a work so highly celobrated would, of it-
ielf 'be a strong recommendation ; r tit when it is
,corisi-
dere,d that a very large portion of the entire contents has
bein: especially contributed to the present edition—that
the &rat writers of the age are ernploed to prove its ac•
curacy, to augment its science, and to extend its info!,
sciatica—and that the paper, typography, and embellish-

tents are in every respect such as the improved taste of
the age would demand, we have no hesitation in pro-
•nounring:it 41)-13e,a work• in every way deserving' of na
tional support. In a •word, the present edition of .the
Enctlopredia Britannica is -" the most valuable digest
of human kriO-Wlege which-has ever yet appeared in Bri-
tain in the convenient form of a dictionary.

The New Liverpool Almanac and Tide Table. Liver-
Pool : Horridge and Rider. 183 S.
This is a new almanac, adapted for this town, and
compiled by Mr. Henderson, the mathematician of the
Observatory. It is 'published in a very neat and portable
form, and contains all the necessary astronomical calcu-
lations, together with a great variety of tabular and
other information.of the greatest impor lance. It forms
a very valuable book. of reference. We wish it every
success.

LIVERPOOL AIEUHANICS' INSTITUTION.

LECTURES ON CHEMISTRY.

We now fulfil our promise in giving a report of Dr. Kane's
first lecture, cud we have no doubt that it will prove highly in-
teresting, to our readers. The experiments by which it was illus-
trated were of a first-rate order, and upon a scale of magnitude
hitherto unknown in Liverpool. The atiendance, both.on Wed-
nesday and Saturday, augurs well for the success of the course.
Long prior to the development to any great extent of abstract
science, a number of arts and manufactures existed which sub-
sequent experiments- proved.to be based upon purely chemical
principles. These arts were conduCted by mechanical pro-
cesses, the result of empirical experience. The individual
practising au art after the lapse of a certain period arrived-at
a degree of accuracy in his process which. raised bim to is de-
gree of eminence at the present day. Instead of being satis-
fied with 4he facts themselves, we endeavour to find out the
reasons of those facts, so as to be able to apply the principles
of science to the ainetioration of the processes of the art. By
this means, the arts have been brought to their present practical
state. We find art and science reacting upon each other, the
art at the coutnaeneement giving power to the cultivator of the
science to enable him in turn to advance the art. Amongst the
arts, by far the greater number consist of such as have their
fulindation in chemistry.
There are at - present slknown chemical substances, which,
in the present- state of our ,knowledge, are uudecomposable.
'These are divided into metallic and nonmetallic bodies, to the
latter of which; Owing to his limited time, the lecturer purposed
confining, his attention.
,Of these, oxygen is the most interest-
ing to chemists as the most important body upon which thcy
have to operate. It combines with most other bodies which we
meet With inxiontaon lifee—the atmosphere, earth, and water,
containing considerable proportions. of it.• It is incorrectly
termed oxygen, but it is a term universally adopted. Its disco- ,
very is very interesting to- chemists in au historical point of
view. Towards the end of the last century, chemistry iu com-
mon with every one of the sciences which are termed exact..
underwent a mist remarkable revolution. Until that period,
chemists occupied themselves entirely with -the discovery of the
qualities of bodies; but .at that time the celebrated Lavoisier
attracted the attention, of chemists, not- only to the fact of bodies ,
combining with each other, but to the quantities inwilich they '
continue. It is interesting to consider that this discovery, re-
sulted
from the general advancement of the. sciences, and not
from the intellect of one individual, inasmuch as we have in
England, Friince, and !Sweden, three different individuals claim•
hag the discovery of oxygen gas. It had.long been known; and
it is an observation so universally made, that it is difficult at
present to discover how scientific ineo could be Wiwi to the im-
mediate consequence of it fur so long a time, that it we take
one of the ordinary metals, and expose It to an intense heat,
a scum wilt form upon its surface after it is melted, and it we
contin
ki .to app y the heat long enough, the whole mass of
meta Ihe changed into a powdery substance, gray in the
case o
tin,
and. yellow and red in the case of lead. 'These
powde,s were called the calxes of the metals. One of the me-
tals in which this bad been observed, was quicksilver. The red
calx of quicksilver known by the name of red precipitate dif-
fers from all usher calxes in this, that if it be further heated, it is
again resolved into quicksilver, whereas, no matter how high a
degree of heat is applied to calxes of other metals, it is impos-
sible to bring them again into their previous metallic state,
without the use of some foreign substance. ft was said, that in
the process of calcination, the metal lost some property, but
Lavinsier, (and his experiment was most interesting, as being
a change of the manner of making experiments) took a certain
quantity of quicksilver, end put it into a glass vessel which he
hermetically sealed. Having weighed tire apparatus, lie then
applied beat, when the quicksilver was gradually calcined.
Having calcined as much as he could, he weighed the apparatus
again, and found that it had not changed its weight. He then
opened the glass vessel under water, and found that the water
g
ruse to a certain height in it. Upon examinin the air which
the vessel contained, be found that it would no longer support'
the combustion of the candle. He then heated the calx and
found that it gave out air, which, when added to the air previously
obtained restored it to its ()signal state and it again supported
combustion. By this means he discovered that the atmospheric
air was composed of two substanees; the one a supporter and
the other a non-supporter of combustion, stud that the cal-
cination of the metal arose from its combination with that
portion of the atmosphere which supports combustion.
Dr. Katie then described and practically illustrated the
vat ions modes of• procuring oxygen, either by heating red
oxide of mercurv.or of lead, or chlorate of potash, in a glass
retort;—or the.black oxide of manganese, in an lion retort, and
collecting the gas by means of the pneumatic trough, as it is ex-
pellect,from the metals. Lead has a very powerful affinity for
oxvgen, but the first portion which it takes is retained more
strongly than the rest. Thus if heat is applied to red lead, we
obtain but one-third of the quantity. of oxygen it contains ; but
heat alone, however poweitul, is incapable of destroying the
affinity between the lead and the remaining oxygen. The
black oxide of manganese, being a very cheap material, is
generally made use of when any quantity of oxygen gas is re-
quired. By adding sulphuric acid to the black oxide of tonna-
nese, in a glass retort, and applying heat, a double quantity of
oxygen is procured. Chlorate of pulass is remarkable for the
large quantity. tif oxogen it, contains, its atomic proportio'n
being—chlorine 3c)l, potassium 40, and oxygen 48. By heati4g
it, the whole of the oxygen is obtained. The expensiveness of
this salt, however, precludes its general use:"
Oxygen is characterised by no properti!s which, at first sight,
would distinguish it firma atmospheric air. It is perfectly
colourless. 'lbis we can at once understand, as it is present in
atmospheric air in the proportion of one-fifth of' its volume.
Of course. if it possessed any distinguishing odour or taste, the
atmospheric air would also partake of it. It is oxygen which
. which enables atmospheric air to support combustion. If we
plunge a taper merely ignited, not flaming, into a jar of oxygen
-it will be instantly and lined. A piece of phosphovus is but ned
• very brilliantly in this gas. If a coil of iron wire be immersed
in the gas, and one end ignited, the wire will be fused and pro-
duce beautifulscititillations. A dark-reddish crust wall form upon
the interior surface of the jar, which is the lust or oxide of iron.

In fact, the rusting of iron is only a combustion cart ied on so
slowly as to be imperceptible in the common air. Oxygen is
requisite for respiration; and as a given quantity is consumed
by animals in a certain time, unless a fresh supply of atmos-
pheric air is allowed theaninials will die. Animals thus destroy
oxygen, and replace it with carbonic acid gas, the same sub-
stance as that which is formed during the combustion of car-
bonaceous bodies. When we et-onside' the number of animals
which are constantly respiring atmospheric air, the question not
unnaturally suggests itself, " Must there not, after a number of
centuries shall pass, remain nothing but carbonic acid and
nitrogen, the other component of atmospheric air ?" The solu-
tion of this question has led to the discovery of one of the most
beautiful laws with which philosophers are acquainted. We
arrange substances in two classes, those which do and 'how:
,hio do not possess life, and also lfrose which do possess life
anit,oi animalout
c aLnbdi.vneigeeatacii,a le. ku gdoms. Animals absorb oxygen
n .IVegetables absorb carbonic acid
and give out oxygen. In this way we have tne coustituttou of
the atmosphere kept so constantly itivarialite that the most
minute chemical analysis has not been able to detect the
slightest difference in its composition from the tit st period when
.
chemical analysis became exact down to the lot esent day.
Hydrogen (obtained its name from its having been 4,, iginally
discovered to he an element of water, and it is always at present
obtained by chemists from the decomposition of water. We
can procure oxygen from a great variety of substances, but we
can only procure hydrogen by the decomposition of water.
Water is found to consist of oxygen and hydrogen, which are
unqed by a very powerful .aftinity. If we take note ounces of
water we shall find that they coutain eight ounces of oxygen
and only one ounce of hydrogen. To obtain hydoogen from
water a is only necessary to take some substance which has a
powerful affinity for oxygen, as zinc or iron. if a piece of zinc
be put into a Florence flask, and water pouted upon it, the zinc
will react upon the water and decompose it, the hydrogen
escaping and the oxygen uniting with the zinc to form an oxide
of zinc. Oxide of zinc is insoluble in water, therefore we can-
not practically obtain hydrogen from zinc and water. The
fart is that the surface of the zinc becomes surrounded by the
oxide, and the decomposition of the water is prevented from going
on further. If. however, we take some substance o hich is soluble
that will dissolve this oxide as soon as formed, we shall expose
a fresh surface of zinc to the action of the water, and thus pro-
duce lidrogeo. Potassium has an immense affinity foroxygen.
When placed upon the surface of water it coatiallies with its
oxygen with so much energy as to evolve heat sufficient to in-
fluence the hydrogen which is set free. In order to obtain
large quantities of hydrogen, we take a quantity of zinc and
pour:upon it diluted sulphitic acid, which dissolves the oxide of
zinc, by which a fresh surface of metal is-constantly presented
to the water, and •a.•rapi.4l. decompasitiou- goes on. Hydrogen,
like oxygen, :is perfectly colourless and transparent. It is.
Characterised— hy-awo: • Very remarkable', propei ties. Unlike
oxygen. which is triflingly heavier than atmospheric air, hydro-
gen is fifteen times lighter, being the lightest of all known sub.-
stances. • Hydrogen is inflammable, and, when puic, burns
with a faint blue flame. It does nut support combustion. The
levity of hydrogen may be illustrated in a very remarkable
manner by inflating with it a balloon made of goldbeaters skin
or tissue paper. When adventurous men conceived the idea of
ascending into the atmosphere by means of some substance
lighter than the air, the first substance which presented itself
was ratified air. The balloons were made large and open at the
bottom. A furnace was placed underneath, by which
means the balloon was tilled with ratified air and en-
abled to rise into the atmosphere with a considerable weight
attached. After the discovery of hydtogen, it naturally suegest.
ed itself to men to replace' the heated air with hydrogen'. and,
accordingly, the latt-r gas was universally used until oil and
coal gas became so general. that by its emplitiment of whit h,
although of inferior levity, aeronauts were enabled to ascend at I
a less expense. When hydrogen gas is collected over water, it
absorbs vapour from the water and is not more than nine times
as light as atmospheric air; therefore, when extreme levity is
required the hydrogen should be dried before it is used, which
may teadity- be done on its passage from the gasometer.
Oxygen and hydrogen, when mixed iu the proportion iu a hick
they form- water, constitute a most explosive mixture, andre-
quire to he used with great caution. Dr. Kane exploded two
small bladders, containing probably about two quarts of these
gasses, by Means of a Leyden jar ; the report which took place
shook the building to its foundation. These gasses, when com-
bined in the above proportion, produce the roost powerful heat
we are acquainted with, by which the most refractory substances
are readily reduced.
If we expose any of the alcoholic liquors to the action of the
atmosphere, we find after a certain length of time that they go
sour. This acetous fermentatiou is an instance of combustion
arising from the combination of the alcoholic solution with
oxygen. This combustion-is caused to go on more rapidly los
the employment of the metal platinum. Diolobereiner, upon
the discovery of this principle of platinum, invented the little
bump which bears his name. hl likewise enabled his country-
men to make the same vinegar iu twenty-four hours which pre-
viously had taken twelve months.
Dr. Kane deiiveis his third lecture to-morrow evening, upon
the atmosphere, nitrous oxide or laughing gas, (which he will
administer to a few amongst the audience.) nitric oxide, hypo-
nitrous and nitinus acids, mod nitric acid.

A coonMATCH.-A matrimonial alliance is said to be on thu
tapir between the Marquis Douro, eldest son of the Duke of
Wellington, and Miss Angela Coutts Burdett.

TAXING OF TENEMENTS.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES.

Sir,---,A bill is Mought into the Commons to rate the owners
of tenements instead of the-occupiers. '1 his job has of late, and
from time to Stme, in all manner of wa‘s, been strongly re-
commended and;pushed forward by the advocates- of the new
poor law bill, and by the three new-matte monarchs, their
hired assidants, and their little working tools, called guardians,
The common clap-trap professions 'ale put forth to make it
appear palatable. The benefit of the poor is the professed ob.-.
jest. We are told that from the inability of a great portion of
the working classes to pay rates, the "tax-gatherers ought no
longer to have a claim ou the-occupiers of small houses, but on
the owners; and that the power to rate the latter, instead of
the former, would confer a great boon on the poor! -Yes, no
dqubt it.. ould, if in reality they were to be exempt • from pay-
ing; b his is not intended, and herein is the deception. It
is well
tii;
nown that a tax on any article is always paid by the
consumer or user; consequently, if parochial rates are made a
house-lax on the landlord, it must have a tendency to increase
the atnntlnt of rent, and, in many cases, the landlord will at
once clap on the additional charge, and thus the tenant, in re-
ality, will still be the payer. Yet some have the folly or im-
pudence to call this a boon to the poor. John Bull is not quite
so stupid to gulp this down, at all events. -The true state of the
matter is this: that --it is' now, and has long been considered.
such.a barefaced act of injustice to make the poor pay pool-
rates, road-rates, lighting-rates, police rates, and all other
charges, that the parish authorities, and even the poor law com-
missioners and their adherents, are almost ashamed of the im-
position;or, at all events, they think it- not good policy to en-
force those demands on piio-r families, who can 'scarcely obtain
a sufficiency of bread. Yet, on the other hand, they cleat ly
perceive that to exonerate this most numerous class from these
burdens, would entail more on themselves and others; conse-
quently a scheme is devised to make the poor pay indirectly,
and thereby relieve the taxing authorities and the government
from the odium and disgrace of enforcing these, in many in-.
stances, palpably unfair imposts. Well, then, they have at last
hit upon this dexterous tricking plan of fixing these imposts On
the owners. But will it not enhance the price of rent? Then,
where is the benefit to the poor? Nay, instead of a benefit,
they must be worse -off; for their poverty in many cases is a
'reasonable excuse fur exemption from rates; hut it will not be
so for rent, so long as there is a chair or bed left; nor can it
reasonably be expected.- for the landlord would not only be!
losing his rent, but in addition to which, under the new law, he
would he compelled to pay the tenant's rates. This system is -
already in pt actice in many of the metropolitan parishes, where
they have local acts.
At the time these acts were obtained, it was considered, that
there being so much. risk in obtaining rates from this class of
houses, that the parish authorities should be allowed to assess
the landlords in a less-amount than tenants, provided they would
farm or toratiound --tb'pay a certain sum for the whole. full or
empty. by ihns making them responsible, and compelling
them to pay, let or ualet, they are forced to keep up high rents, '
Or ' else the taxes avuld make their -property worth little or-no-
thing. I have seen rows of houses, where a great portion of
them were occupied, and taxes charged 1111 the whole, that they
became-worthless, and they were compelled to pull them down,
because the rents were not sufficient to pay the rates; conse-
quently this system arming, if it become general, has a direct
tendency to injure this kind of property, and, in some instances.
to make it worthless.

And is' it not equally iujurious to the tenant? As one proof,
I have small IniuseS %%Ilia I let fur £l3 a-year, and have always
some empty, and Some tenants leaving, from whom I never get
the money. Now, if there were no farmtng the rates, I would
let theta for £8 instead of £l3, and it would be more to my in-'
!meat to do so. In the first place, at the low price it is more
likely that they would be all inhabited ; and in the next, poor
persons could pay the smaller amount much better than the-
larger ; consequently the rent would be more certain. Look
at the enormous increase on the tenant occasioned by this sys-
tem ; insteati of having to pay only about £3 he has to pay £5,
r, the
eere {lout? there
Talk plea.
about
a Well,bo,,n— then,wh y is, is niott not thist
but not under the head of rates, mind, where, in case of need,
he would have a reasonable plea for exemption, but under the
hanead
lti(jitu.
reny tt,
, w
glaring act of injustice ? What justice, 1 should like to know,
canthere be placing,innt taxesi,,nsiboltyi
be relievedaptio from any part poor man iianindir)ecrt oala
t uiji
from which ihe al
they have deprived him -of every thing he possesses? We find
.• thai where the landlords pay the rates they have nearly doubled
the rent. And if the tenant cannot pay this exorbitant charge,
his goods are sold, and all his .ittle necessaries for housekeep-
ing are taken from him : he has nowhere to sleep, nor anything
to use. His home is broken up, and his family become inmates
of a workhouse, and peril:fps fur ever after a' burden on the pa-
lish. Whereas, were every occupant liable to pay his own
rates, his rent would be much less, and where there was an in-
ability to day, he would have an appeal, and might be excused,
and such relief,' little as it may appear, would, in many cases,
prevent families becoming paupers. Such relief would be cheer-
fully given and easily borne by the public. The loss would he
scarcely felt. But not so with the landlord : he cannot so easily'
excuse the payment, for the loss would fall on himself. There
are more families sold up and brought to pauperism in these
metropolitan parishes (where the landlords pay the rates) than
in any other part of the country. And, mind, not from any
harshness or avariciousness on the part of this class of owners,
fur they are mostly tradespeople, who are naturally inclined to
sympathize with the distresstd, and who would, now and then:
very readily put up with the loss Of rent, but they cannot afford
to lose that and at the same time be made to pay the tenant's
taxes.
The principal reason assigned for rating The owner is the
difficulty of obtaining rates from the poor. Well, and is there
not as much difficulty in obtaining rents? The tit-gatherer
possesses all the power that the landlord does. Besides, he
has this advantage—the.demand is less, and consequently more
likely to be obtained. And if he find great difficolties and
losses in his collection, just the same will it be with the land-
lord: Yet, on this most precarious property, where neither
rates nor rents can he obtained without frequently witnessing
revolting and oppressive measures, is it not a monstrous act of
injustice to throw the whole burden on the owners of small
property, thereby depreciating that, and at the same time in-
! creasing the poor man's rent ?
instead of being a relief, it is clearly an act of oppression;
for I will defy any one to prove that it can possibly have tiny
tendency at all to reduce rents; but, nn the contrary, to raise
if this contemplated bill should pass into a law, it will
be found that where rates are high and rents low and diffirult to
•be obtained. landlords will find it more to their interest to pull
down some of their tenements, and in some parts a less number
will be built,.conseqUently‘ rents will be kept up to the highest
pitch. The price is regulated by the same principle as that of
every other commodity. If they are scarce, rents are higher.
The greater the number the cheaper the rent, and the better
for the poor; but this new bill will have a direct tendency to
prevent this. Yet these quack liberals, these pretended ad-
viieateS of the working classes, tall it a boon to the poor. when,.
in reality, it is an oppression; it is an act to burden little
property, and to make the owners of it tax-gatherers on the poor.
It ought to be entitled " An act to raise the rents of the poor,
and to set the little landlords,to harass and distress them, and
• to make small properly worthless."
otso
Such a system olnld thoseegislat localiono and partial actslghttobestrenuox the o
l• op
by every parish ; a
politan parishes that adopt this principle in part ought to be re-
pealed and put upon the same footing as other parishes in the
country.
In 18.31, an act was passed to rate the owners instead of the
occupiers of small houses in Liverpool; and in 183-1 another
act was passed to repeal this; under the following reasons re-
cited :—" That various rates and assessments had been made
by virtue of the said -act, and that the same had occasioned
much discontent, and had tended indirectly to the impoverish-
ment and oppression of the occupiers.".
The public-spirited people of Liverpool would not submit to
such partial anti unjust legislation ; and it is to he hoped that
the metropolitan parishes will follow the example, and no
longer quietly suffer such imposition, but at once oppose the
practice, and by doing so they may then expect redress, and not
before. THOMAS SINGLE.
Mile•end.

PACKET BOATS.—FA 1,11 OUTII STATION.
GENERAL PosT-OFFICE.—Jan. '5, law: .
Mail' made ' Last Packets Next Packet
DESTINATION. tsp tn Sailed. , Due.
London.
—..—......--
Holland
Hamburg & Swed Tues. '& Fri. Tues. & Satur
Lisbon
Madeira
spain & Gibralt Jan. 1. December 31.
Malta and Greece.. 2nd Saturd.
Egypt and India .. 4th Saturday ,
NI ;nkira ..... .. Ist Tuesday B. Reindeer, H.M.B. Tyrian
Brazil &B. Ayres. each month Dee. M. Jan. 29.
America ...... ... Ist Wednes. 11. NI .B. Alert, A.M.B. Alert,
• 5 Jalilai. L'ward Ist day of Dee. 9. Feb. bo.
1 Isl. & lialqi- • t each month. Gldfineh, II 'AI B.Skylark
Laguira
Mexico and Ha- z 15th day of Lord Melville, B. Ranger,
vans 5 each month. Dec. 21. Jan. 22.
1 Jatnai. L'wardl 15th day of
Pigeon, B. Lawing
& Hayti. 1 Isl. >
j each month. December
Carthagena

LIVERPOOL PROVISION MARKET, JAN. 8
In the present excited state of our Butter mirket, we feel much
difficulty in giving correct quotations; we may, however, say that
prices are 5s to 8s per cwt higher since our last report ; and the de-
mand which is very extensive by no means freely met on the part of
holders. Pickled Butter has nor yet been affected to the same extent
as dry, we advance our quotations 2s per ewt. Beef comes to market
with•a little more freedom, but is still scarce, and prices look up.
Pork in good demand at fully supported rates. Bacon begins to be
inquired after, and Lard and Hams are in fair repuest.
We beg to notice a typographical error which ticeurreil in our Fri-
day's circular, the stock is there stated at 25,000 firkins Butter,—it
should have been 15,000 firkins.

BUTTER.—Bellast

S. A. e.
98 0 104

Baiihridv,e - 91
Coleraine 93 0 91
Sligo 9' 0 91
Derry
Idineriek
Carrick 44 0 98
Kilkenny
Carlow,
Waterford
Newry
cd.

Cork dry 3ds ,.
Do. pickled gds 94 0 0
BRIM—New Prime Mess 92 6 107
Do.
poRK ...
BAcos: 46 0 50
DRY HAMS
WET Do ..
LARo.—Firkin % 0 _ 62
liladdered

0 per cwt.

0 --.--

6 per tierce.
0 per barrel.
6 _.—..

*0 pe•r cwt.
'0