The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1838-10-09 00:00:00

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.

MANCHESTER, FRIOAv EVENING.
Since the Heaton Park Races, the leading turf business
has been on the Mostyn Stakes, which has usually been made
a booking race; but it does not appear, this year, likely to
draw. The knowledge that the celebrated horse Harkaway
will "absolutely" (?) show appears to be a drawback on spe-
culation: he has risen from 5 to 2 taken to a score and
smaller sums, to even betting; nay, in some instances yes.
terday, sto 4 was laid on him versus the field. He was coupled,
since Heaton rark Races, with Albemarle; the taker ac-
cepting 200 to 100. Mr. Ferguson's horse runs first, and the
marquis's horse second. This may he so; but, by a reference
to the columns of Weatherby, it does not always appear that
the greatest general of the age carries off this trying mile race.
Since the year 1830, it will be found that the winners of the
Doncaster St. Leger have been signally defeated twice,
namely, Touchstone and Birmingham. The latter, in 1830,
with the odds of 4 to 1 on him, and only 20 to 1 against Old
Port. Usury very unexpectedly conqaered Touchstone; and
Jack Faucett, in 1833, showed the Chancellor, Birdlime, &c.
how to defeat the cognoscenti. The prices, after rallying
strongly in favour of one, may be set down as follows:—
I THE MOSTYN STAKES.—P.P.

Entered or not.
6 to 5 on Ilarkaway (t;) 5 to 1 against Albemarle (take 52;)
6 to 1 against any other.
THE DERBY,
10 to 1 on the field ; take 15 on Gulnare ; 20 on brother to
Plenipo; and 200 to 7 on Fitzambo (t freeiv.)
THE DONCASTER ST. LE-GER.
Fitzambo backed at 200 to 7.

LA AN DE.—At a great dinner given by many of the first
rank, Lalande was placed between Mme. de Stael and Mute.
Recamier. "How lucky I am," said he; " here ant I seated
between w 4 and beauty."—" And without possessing either
the one or the other," observed Mme. de Stael.

PROLIFIC CROP.—A few days ago Mr. William Dagger,
of the Railway Hotel, Breck, Poulton-le-Fylde, dug up one
perch of land, (71 yards to the perch) which was planted
with a kind of potatoes called " Kemps," the produce of
which when weighed was 4601b5., being at the rate of up-
wards of 300 windles per acre.—Preston Gazette.
We hear, from what we consider well-informed authority,
that Sir John. Cam Hobhouse will, in a very short time, lie
elevated to the peerage. Mr. Spring Rice, we are also in-
formed, is to be colonial secretary, vice Lord Glenelg, wbo
is to retire from office ;• and Mr. Baring- is to succeed Mr
Rice as Chancellor of the Exchequer.—Nottingham Journal.
The following is the answer returned by Marshal Lobau to
the address from the Birmingham Union to the National
Guard of Paris, on its reported petition for an electoral re-
form!—" Gentlemen,—l have received the address you have
done me the honour to send. Without entering into the
merits of the subject. I have no hesitation in informing you
that I have always considered armed bodies as unfit to de-
liberate upon political Questions If it were otherwise, we
IbligUrralT—bilder frfatny, whin bave neveritwermter
any form."
- -

DISCOVERY OF A NEW CONTINENT.—M. Doubouzel, an
officer on board the Zelle the expedition to the South Pole,)
has written a letter, dated Valparaiso, March 30, confirming
the details given by M. D. D'Urville. A new circumstance
mentioned by him is the discovery of a great continent to
the south of South Shetland. "We carefully explored and
determined," says that 'officer, "40 leagues of coast, not-
withstanding tie surrounding ice. This discovery is a real
service to nautical and geographical science."—Le Con-
stitutionnel, Sept. 30.
EXTRAORDINARY RAPIDITY.— A few minutes after ten
o'clock this morning, we were put in possession, through the
Messrs. Johnstons,{of Edenquay, of the London morning pa-
pers of yesterday, conveyed by the City of Dublin Steam
Company's vessel, Queen Victoria, Captain Beazly, being
seven hours sooner than they could arrive by the packets pro-
vided by government under the present absurd regulations.—
Dublin Evening Mail.

LIVERPOOL MECHANICS' INSTITUTION.

LECTURES ON CHEMISTRY APPLIED TO THE 'ARTS.

On Wednesday evening Dr. Kane delivered the third of
his important lectures, in which he explained the processes
eravloyed in the manufacture of copper and iron.
the metallic bodies, said the lecturer, are of the highest
interest to us, as they constitute in connexion with the new
metallic substances the great proportion of the solid portion
of the globe. Indeed we have stated that oxygen constitutes
one-third of the solid material of the earth. The roasting of

_
ores, the extraction of the different metals, and all their ap-
plications to the arts and manufactures, we shall find to be
within the province of chemistry as connected with the me-
tallic bodies. Oxygen and sulphur may be looked upon as
the great mineralizing agents, which bind the metals together.
In order to get to the metals it is necessary to free the ores
containing them from the oxygen and sulphur with which
they may be combined; therefore we see that the whole pro-
cesses of the smelting of ores are but particular cases of the
grand laws of chemical attraction, which it is our business
this evening to discuss. You will, therefore, perceive that
the laws which I shall bring before you are of the most im-

portant nature in the chemical arts.
The metals which I shall bring before you this evening are
of the most deep importance; namely, Iron on the one hand,
and Copper on the other. Iron, after oxygen, is the most
important substance which is met with in the globe. Oxy:
gen we have seen is absolutely necessary to the existence of
animated beings.. But if on the other hand we look at the
advancement and progress of civilization over the globe, we
shall find that this is owing to the discovery of iron, and the
perfection to which we have brought the manufacture of the
instruments which are now made of it, therefore we may look

upon all the improvements of the present age as in some
measure arising out of the great use made of this valuable
substance. Whilst, therefore, oxygen is the great substance

which secures the existence of man upon the globe. iron is

the great substance which secures his civilizatio'n. The great
ores of iron are two in number. We have, indeed, one
which constitutes the beautiful bfflmatite of our names, which
is a pure oxide of iron. This ore, however, is so rare that it
cannot be looked upon to any considerable extent as the
source from which iron is derived. We are obliged to have
recourse to ores of a much less pure nature, but which are
found in nature in large quantities. These ores may be re-
duced to two vast types, namely, the clay, or Welsh ores,
.

and the celebrated black band which gives So much interest

to the neighbourhood of Glasgow. I -shall have to bring be-
fore you on Saturday evening the composition of the differ-
ent clays. Clay is of a vory peculiar nature, consisting of
two substances, neither of which we shall study to-night;
the one clay, and the other silica. Pure porcelain clay is a
simple combination of silica and alumina. But this fine clay
is exceedingly rare, so much so that a mine of .it is very va-
luable. Alumina and the red oxide of iron are united to each

other-chemically in a peculiar manner. They are said to be
isomorphous, that is to say, the oxide of iron and the alumina
can replace each other,—there is no combination which one
can form which the other cannot, so that we have clays con-

taining silica and oxide of iron, mixed in very indefinite
properties; the consequence of which is that the por-
celain clays are generally coloured. This results from
the pure clay or alumina being mixed with the clay of
iron. In the clay iron the great mass is the silicate of
iron, and the porcelain clay must be looked upon as in-
juring the quality of the ore. This will shew you the true
formation of the clays, from the pure porcelain clay
to the iron-stones, which may be looked upon literally
as the foundation stone of the prosperity of this coun-
try. We may easily dislodge the oxygen from iron-
stone, by presenting to it any body having a greater affinity
for it than the iron, in the same manner as we separate the
oxygen from water by means of zinc. This substanCe with
respect to iron is carbon (coke, &c.), which has an affinity
for oxygen exceeding that of all known substances. Thus,
if we heat any substance containing oxygen with carbon, the
carbon will take the oxygen from the substance, and we
shall have the substance in a pure state. With respect to
iron, the carbon unites with the oxygen, and escapes in a
gaseous form, whilst the iron is set free. Where we meet
with the haematite, we at once mix carbon with it, and it is
quickly transmuted into the first quality of iron, fit for the
best steel. But this is rarely the case, as we generally find
the iron united with a quantity of silica, which is combined
with it with so great au affinity, that the carbon has no power
over the oxygen. In order to provide for this difficulty, at
the same time that the iron-stone is broken up, it is mixed
with a considerable quantity of lime-stone, which, when
heated, produces quick-lime. Now lime is likewise a base
like the oxide of iron and alumina, and more powerful than
either. In the iron-stone the silica is united with the oxide
of iron, and cannot be decomposed simply by carbon or heat.
But the addition of the lime causes the silica to separate
from the oxide of iron and unite with itself, whilst the oxygen
of the iron unites with the carbon. Thus we see that to

chemical research quantity becomes a matter of absolute
indifference, for whatever science predicts, eyed with respect
to a quarter of a grain, enables us to operate upon thousands
of tons, without any hesitation or delay, and to bring to bear
upon the greatest and most refractory substances the results
of experiments in the laboratory. The oxide of iron being
thus separated from its combination with the silica, finds
itself in contact with the charcoal at the high temperature.
It is left entirely to itself, being deprived of the powerful
support of the silica, and is, decomposed ; the oxygen and
the carbon form carbonic acid gas, and the iron melts down
and finally collects at the bottom of the furnace in a hollow
left there to receive it; and when the mass is properly
melted, it is run out by meats of apertures for that purpose.
When iron is thus obtained, it is not pure, but mixed with
carbon, and assumes the form of the article mown under the
name of cast-iron, or pig-iron, which is only a carburet of
iron. This carburet of iron possesses properties of great
importance, totally different from those of the metal in a
state of purity. Cast iron is tensed pig iron in consequence
of the manner in which it is poured out. On an horizontal
surface before the furnace, a long, hollow trench is made,
from which a number of lateral branches extend. The grand
central trough is called the sow, and the smaller ones the

pigs. It may in some measure be likened to the human
spine and its ribs. Cast iron possesses several degrees of
value, arising from the quality of the ore from which
it has been obtained, and the treatment it has received.
Its composition is exceedingly varied. In addition to
carbon it contains various amounts of sulphur, phospho-
rus, and silica. The great characteristic of the pig is its
fusibility. It fuses below a white heat, and the conse-
quence is that as the temperature at which it fuses is easily
at our command, we are enabled to run it into moulds and
apply it to the thousand purposes fur which we see it used.
Were it not for this great fusibility, the metal would be de-
prived of its great utility, for the true metal is destitute of
this quality. Cast iron has a crystalline appearance when
broken, so that experienced iron masters can recognise the
locality of the iron and its manufacture from the appearance
of the grain. A very important alteration has been recently
made in the process of smelting. It is well known that in
operating with the ordinary blow-pipe, it is very much in-
creased in power by the current of air being; urged to a con-
siderable extent through the flame. This was not attended
to until within a few years ago, when a patent was taken out
for substituting a current of hot air for the current of cold air
with which smelting furnaces had been supplied. The way
in which it is accomplished in the Scottish works, the only
one which has been personally inspected by the lecturer Ivas
by forcing a blast of air through a series of iron pipes heated
in furnaces until it was raised to the temperature of 700 deg.
Fahrenheit, a degree sufficient to melt lead, at which it was
passed into the furnace containing the iron ore, coke and
limestone. The use of this hot air is somewhat complicated.
It is very difficult, indeed at present impossible, to reduce the
amount of benefit derived from it to absolute numbers,—that
is, that if the air is raised to such a temperature before enter-
ing the furnace, there will lie such a saving of fuel. But this is
certain, that by the use of hot air one-third of the fuel will be
saved. This is what may be done according to the somewhat
contradictOry evidence which has as yet been obtained upon
the subject. If a certain quantity of cold air be urged upon
a furnace the heat will be increased, but if the current be
increased in force, the furnace may be put out. This can
easily be proved by means of a candle and blow-pipe. By
this means we see that the entrance of cold air into a furnace
tends to cool it, therefore the ore would be subject to two
forces, the one that of the fuel around it tending to heat it,
and to the entrance of cold air tending to cool it, so that when

the air is made hot we have a saving of fuel to the amount of
one-third. Considering the matter in a scientific point of view,
we have yet to get good data so as to enable us to state the
exact amount of advantage attending the hot blast. The pig
iron is characterised by the quantity of carbon it contains.
This carbon which is difficult to be expelled is got rid of by
a very curious process. Iron having a great affinity for oxygen
is a combustible body. If it be burned under proper
cir-
cumstances, it becomes one of the most combustible sub-
stances with which chemists are acquainted. We saw that
iron would burn when ex posed to the flame of an oxy-
hydrogen blow-pipe, but even this is not necessary, for if we
keep up a sufficient temperature the iron will burn itself.
Not only is iron combustible in oxygen gas, but if we take it
in estate of fine division, as in filings, and drop it into the flame
of a spirit lamp, it will burn like gunpowder. In fact, the
reason why iron does not burn under all circumstances is
simply because it is a good conductor of heat. If
you hold
a candle to the corner of a piece of iron it will not take fire
because the iron being so good a conductor of beat carriesthe
heat away before it has time to burn it, but in public build-
ings which have been on fire where wood work has surrounded
the iron pillars, they have taken fire and burned with as
much brilliancy as any combustibles which have been in the
buildings. During the fire in the Dublin Custom-house the
pillars burnt like palm trees, the tops of the pillars emitting
showers of sparks which radiated in every direction like the
the leaves of a palm tree. In fact, the iron burned more
brilliantly than any other combustible. Charcoal is even
more combustible than iron, the consequence is, that if we
heat cast iron beyond its melting point, we shall find that the
carbon burns out more rapidly than the iron. Now this
gives rise to the operation which is.called peddling, which in
the iron works is the most frightful process to an inexperi-
enced individual that can be imagined. The cast iron in a
molten state, is stirred round so that it may be exposed to the
action of the nir. A pale bluish flame will be seen over the
surface, indicative of the burning out of the carbon, which
uniting with the oxygen of the air, flies off in the form
of carbonic acid. In proportion as the carbon is expelled,
the iron thickens, and by degrees is converted into a sub-
stance like dough ; the worVman then works up a portion as
he would a piece of dough, takes it up with his shovel, and
places it under a press, by which the liquid cast iron is
squeezed out, as the whey is separated from the curds in the
process of cheese making, the pig iron remaining as liquid
as water, while the pure iron has assumed a solid consistency.
In short, pure iron must be looked upon as being after pla-
tinum the most infusible substance in nature. Pure iron
possesses a quality
.which enables us to work it with great
facility. Ice remains perfectly solid until it is melted into
water, copper remains solid until it melts, and so does cast
iron, but iron is different: at the moment of incipient white
heat it gets soft, and at a white heat we can unite two
pieces by beating them together, so that we cannot tell
where the two pieces had been joined. Now this power,
which is called that of welding, gives us the power of manu-
facturing wrought iron without reference to the principle of
fusibility. There is anotherproperty of the malleable iron,
that, although it is in reality an aggregate of crystalline
particles, these particles have a great tenacity.—whereas cast
iron has no tenacity. Cast iron may be easily broken into
two by the blow of a hammer, whereas malleable iron will
not break. Therefore, cast iron will do for supporting heavy
weights, but it cannot be employed where the pressure acts
transversely. It supports pressure to a certain extent, but at
that it gives way at once and breaks short. It is different
with soft iron: when you attempt to break a piece of that
iron it does not break short like cast iron, but will rather
spread out and give a fibrous appearance to the iron—a
fibrous appearance which does not exist, as can be shown
where such iron is suddenly broken, without time being
allowed it to assume a fibrous appearance. There has been
a very remarkable improvement recently introduced into the
manufacture of wrought iron, which to a considerable ex-
tent has superseded the practice of puddling, to which I ad-
e • •( • will renumber bat Lta.ted that the oxide of
iron was decomposed by carbon. A patent has been taken
out to supersede the old tedious and very disagreeable process
of puddling by manual labour. It consists of this: that at
the moment when the cast iron is completely fused, a quan-
tity of the oxide of iron in the state of fine powder is thrown
in, which being decomposed at the expense of the carbon of
the cast iron, thus causes the conversion of both the oxide
and the carburet into pure iron, without any necessity of re-
sorting to the tedious process of puddling.
I, shall not enter upon the exact nature of steel ; indeed, it
is an exceedingly difficult subject. It is a carbonaceous
„Tam-
pound ; but the quantity of carbon is so small, that it is difficult
i
to say with what quantity it is combined. Steel is intermediate
between cast iron and wrought iron : for as cast iron contains
from 1-50th to 1-10th of its weight of carbon, steel will nut
contain more than 1-1000th of its weight of carbon. . Steel is
made by uniting a certain quantity of carbon with iron, by a
process of cementation, the theory of which is not well un-
derstood. I might tell a variety of tales about the mode in
which these substances are united: but as there is no real

data upon which to come to any sound concluiion, it will be
as well not to mention them.
Having spoken so much upon the mode of obtaining the
iron in the state in which it is used in the arts, I shall now
proceed to bring before you one or two of the properties of
the metal in a purely chemical shape. By union with other
substances, it gives rise to a variety of agents, useful in the
arts. With sulphur it forms copperas, which is used in the
manufacture of ink, and a variety of other uses. We have
an ore, called the bi-sulphuret of iron, which is used in the
preparation of copperas. When this mineral is moistened
and exposed to the air, it absorbs oxygen, by which means it
becomes copperas. This is then washed and evaporated, and
we get beautiful crystals of sulphate of iron ; but when they
are exposed to the air for some time, they absorb more oxy-
gen, and become converted into the per-oxide. Iron in com-
bination is capable of producing colours. The best recog-
nized of all substances, are those which give rise to a great
variety of colours. We shall, therefore, rind that the most
valuable substances in the arts, are those which the chemist
uses every day as tests for the metals. In the arts, the for-
mation of prussian blue is effected by means of a preparation
of iron. Thus, if we take a salt of iron, so as to form a co-
lourless solution," and add to it another solution which is like-
wise colourless, viz. prussiate of potash, we have a copious pre-
cipitate of prussian blue. Thus we detect the presence of iron
iu nature in the saute manner as we produce prussian blue in
the arts. The principle is likewise applied to the purpose of
printing calicoes, &c. Ordinary ink is made by means of
iron, and the formation of ink constitutes one of our most
effectual tests for iron. If you have a mineral spring which
yon suspect to contain a certain quantity of iron, it will be
easily known by adding to the mineral water a few drops of
an infu;ion of nut galls or oak bark. Every body knows, that
to make ink the way is to take an infusion of nut galls and
copperas, and add them together. Other articles are added,
according to fancy, to prevent the ink from becoming mouldy.
The nut galls possess a substance called tannin, which has
the property of combining with iron. It is called tannin from
the circumstance of its being the active principle in the tan-
ning of leather. This substance is an acid, and thus pos-
sesses the means of uniting with the iron, which it turns
black;—in fact, ink is the tannate of iron. Ink, although
very good for writing, is not a good dye, as it does not fasten
well. .

mentioned a-moment ago that although iron was COTIA,IS-
. . .

tible, yet charcoal was more combustible. Now this is an
experiment which is calculated to prove it. I have here a
little piece of charcoal, which, by immersion in an ignited
state in oxygen gas, upon an iron spoon, will burn rapidly,
without causing the burning of the iron.
The principle of reducing the ore of copper is so similar
to that for the reduction of the ores of iron, that it is only re-
quisite to glance at it. The sulphuret of copper, in which
state the ore is raised, is introduced into a furnace and
roasted. By this roasting the great mass of the sulphur is
is given off, but the ore remains after the roasting, united to
a certain quantity of sulphuric acid. There is one consider-
ation in the reduction of the ores of copper which renders it
more complex than the processes for the reduction of the ores
of iron. The sulphate of copper contains very little acid,
but still it does contain acid. We have an oxide of copper
on one hand, and we have sulphuric acid on the other. At
ordinary temperatures sulphuric is the strongest acid we
have, but it is expelled at a high temperature by silica, there-
fore silica is heated with it until the mass arrives at very
high temperatures, and the result is that the silica unites
with the oxide of copper, and the sulphuric acid is driven
off. During the smelting of the copper there is a quantity
of white vapour going off, which renders the neighbourhood
of copper works somewhat disagreeable. We thus, you ob-
serve, have obtained at this stage of the reduction of the
cooper the same reduction of the ore as that which exists in
iron in nature. We then have to introduce a quantity of
lime, with which the silica unites, and oxide of copper is set
free. Cal bon being then introduced unites with the oxygen
of the copper, and we obtain the copper in a pure state. To
get it in a pure state we have thus to pass it through five
operations. Copper presents the most beautiful instance of
a compound substance. Indeed, I do not know in my che-
mical experience of a more beautiful system of chemical
combination than that which the reduction of copper pre-
sents to our notice. The appearance which copper presents
is perfectly familiar. Owing to the kindness of Mr. Jones I
have a quantity of copper in its rough state, in which it is
got in the arts. It is run into pig copper; for there are in
the manufactures pig copper as well as pig iron, with this
distinction, that pig copper is pure, whereas pig iron is not.
In order to cast copper, a mould divided into two parts is
made in sand, and as copper fuses at a red heat, it is very
available for the purposes of manufacturers. When a large
number of articles are to be cast, a considerable number of
them can be manufactured at the same time, by means of a
number of moulds. Like iron, the copper has a powerful
affinity for sulphur. Here is a flask, which contains a quan-
tity of copper filings mixed with sulphur, the affinity of which
for each other is so strong, that the copper unites with the
sulphur at the point at which copper melts. As soon as in-
candescence has set in, it proceeds rapidly through the whole
of the mass. Copper has a powerful affinity for oxygen, In
order to show this, it is only requisite to take a little nitric
acid, and to pour it upon a little copper, when we find that
part of the nitric acid, the oxygen, and the copper, rapidly
combine. If I take a solution of copper, which is in general
known by its blue colour, and add to it a solution containing
potash, 1 have a beautiful azure blue, which is not, however,
permanent: but there is a means of getting it, tinder the
name of refiners' verditer, which is very useful in the arts : it
is, however, then combined with an oxide. The heat which is
evolved-by the contact of nitric acid and copper, is shown by
placing phosphorus in connection with the vessel in which the
combination is effected, when it will instantly inflame. If
we take some of the solution of copper, and add to it a small
quantity of ammonia, we obtain, in the first place, a fine
pale blue precipitate; but the action of ammonia is extremely
singular, as, upon adding some more of it, the precipitate
immediately disappears, and the liquor will assume a most
beautiful violet colour. Now, this colour constitutes the
finest test for copper, and as copper is liable to enter into
food from the kitchen utensils being lined with copper, and
it frequently happens that fatty substances, as soups, being
suffered to lie in the stopper, dissolve a quantity of it, so as to
render them poisonous. Many of these green substances are
used by cooks to act as embellishments in their operations,
and in less enlightened ages, it was not uncommon to see
directions, in cookery books, for the addition of a few half-
pence to preparations, fur this purpose. The addition of a lit-
tle ammonia will detect the minutest quantity of copper. If
a little ptussiate of potash be added to a solution of copper,
we shall have a very fine chocolate colour. This is prussiate
of copper, and it is not unfrequently used in painting, as it
is a very fine colour indeed.
There are a number of alloys-of copper with other metals.
Thus we have zinc, which, if united with copper in various
proportions; gives the hard solder which is used in soldering,
the mosaic gold, pinchbeck, and brass. All of these yellow-
coloured alloys are made of different proportions of copper
and zinc. When tin enters into combination with copper,
it gives what is called bell metals, and the different bell me-
tals differ from each other only in the proportions in which
these substances are united. Copper, inn., and zinc are
characterized by their affinity for oxygen; but of these me-
tals copper has the least affinity for it. If copper be exposed
to the action of water and air it will corrode. It is well
known that Sir Humphry Davy 'imposed to protect the
copper sheathing of vessels by connecting plates of iron and
zinc with it, a method based upon the beautiful chemical law
which he himself discoyered, that when two metals are placed
together, the one most easily oxidyzed is corroded, whilst the
other escapes. 'Phis plan was found nut to answer; for
although the copper was beautifully bright and polished, yet
it was covered with sea animals which used to be poisoned by
the dirty copper, so that the sailing of the vessel was thereby
impeded. In this manner it was found more advantageous to
use the copper by itself. It has recently been proposed to pro-
tect iron by means of zinc, which is more readily oxydized. It
was observed that the bolts of the buoys in the harbour of
Dublin were corroded in a very short time, and by the advice
of my colleague, Professor Davy, who at once inherits the
name and reputation of his illustrious relative, they were
placed in contact with plates of zinc, and it, was found that
the plan which failed in practice when applied to the
protection of copper sheathing was quite effectual when
applied to the protection of iron. Not only was this
useful, but the application of it led to the formation
of galvanized or zincified iron under the royal seal. Zinc
will preserve iron, and iron will preserve copper; but the
preservation takes place by the destruction being transferred
to the more oxydizable metal. Thus for every portion of
iron which may be saved, there will be a portion of zinc eaten
away—for every pound of iron saved a pound of zinc will he
lost, so that it is a question which everybody should ask,
whether it is simply the pound of iron which they, would wish
to save, or something further. In the case of the buoys, the
loss of the zinc was of no consequence, as the object was the
preservation of the buoys ; but an idea has gone abroad, that
iron may be preserved h the action of zinc, and that neither
the.iron nor the zinc will suffer any injury. This is not cor-
rect ; and, therefore, as the price of zinc is greater than that
of iron, the purposes of eeonomy would not be answered by
its employment.
This lecture was illustrated by a number of appropriate
and successful experiments, In Dr. bane's next lecture,
,o-morrow evening, he will treat upon organic substance, and
.heir products by distillation.

POACHING EXTRAORDINARY.—Last week no less than four
couple of the Hampshire hounds were caught in wires set to
catch game in Crabwood, near Winchester.
Two failures of some importance were spoken of on Wed-
nesday: the one an old established house in the Irish trade,
and the other Scotch linen factors. We understand they
have both brought the misfortunes upon themselves by enter-
ing into speculations in objects quite unconnected with their
legitimate trade.—Globe.
ENGLISH BOXING-MATCHES IN FRANCE.—WC are glad to
find that this disgusting subject occupies the attention of the
French government. The Druit states that legal measures
are about to be taken, not only for preventing the recur-
rence of boxing-matches in France, but also for punishing
the parties concerned in the disgraceful exhibition near St:
Maur, which we mentioned not long since. •
Mrs. Cornelius, of George-street, Plymouth, has just com-
pleted a handkerchief for the Queen. which is valued at
£5O. It is of the finest cambric, having the royal arms in
the centre, and a border of flowers and foliage of the most
exquisite workmanship, into which 50 different kinds of
stitches have been introduced. It has been upwards of eight
months executing.— Plymouth Journal.

CURIOUS CIRCUMSTANCE.—As some individuals were out
hunting vermin the other day, they discovered the nest of a
foul-mart, which contained seveial. young. Near the nest
was a quantity of live frogs, each with one of its legs broken,
fur the purpose, as it appears, of preventing it from escaping,
a method that these sagacious animals adopt to preserve food
always fresh for their young.
SATISFACTION.—On Monday evening a duel took place in
Windsor Great Park, between Lieut.-Colonel "O'Neil, at-
tended by "Major Jones, and Champion, Esq., attended
by Captain Green. On the first fire the ball of Col. O'Neil's
pistol passed through the right arm of his adversary, and the
ball of Mr. Champion grazed the collar of Col. O'Neale's
coat. The seconds then interfered, and the parties left the
ground quite satisfied.
DostiNoS.—A grand match of dominos is now going on
at Paris, between two well-known amateurs, for the high
stakes of 45,000 fr. The match, fixed for ten sittings. has
been divided into sixty games, each game being for the stake
of 500 fr. to 250 fr., with a reversibility of all the sums to the
conqueror after the last game. Numerous bets, amounting
to more than 200,000 fr., are said to be depending on the
issue of the contest.

HORTON CONSERVATIVES.—On Tuesday last, the Opera-
tive Conservatives of Horton, held their first anniversary,
when about 140 persons sat down to an excellent dinner at
the house of Mr. 'John Rudd, the King's Arms Inn; Mr. C.
Ackroyd in the chair. Several animated speeches were de-
livered, and loyal toasts given, which were responded to with
loud applause. The room was beautifully decorated by Mr.
Anderson, of Bradford, and the dinner was served up in ex-
cellent stvle, and did great credit to Mr. and Mrs. Rudd.—
LeetliTTM-iiigeneer: -

A servant girl, in a village in- Bucks, very narrowly es•
caped being run over, and trampled to death lately, by a
four-horse coach. "Get out of the way, Sally," said the coach-
man to the frightened wench. The girl, who at that moment
was close to the horses' heads, instantly stopped, and entirely
forgetting her imminent danger, stood still, and looking very
angrily at the coachman, halloed out as 'loud as she could,
"Sally, indeed ! I'm none of your common stuff; my name
is Amelia Sophia, and I'd thank you to call me by it."
Bittnrst REVENGE.--A man named Tetlow appeared be-
fore the bench, at Heywood, on Friday, charged with an
assault on a married female named Mary Kay, A brother
of the prisoner's (not in custody) threw water on a child of
complainant's ; she interfered ; the defendant threw her
dovrii, and his brother " punced her neck out." Complainant
exhibited her neck, which, fortunately fur her, was speedily
set right. The magistrates recommended that defendant
should make some compensation; and the parties retired.--,-e
Manchester Guardian.