The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1841-10-15 00:00:00

LITERARY NOTICES.

Ebenezer. By J. G. Lazarus. Nisbet, London.
The author of this work is the superintendent of
the institution established in this town for inquiring
Jews. The publication is replete with interest, and
details the most remarkable incidents in the life of Mr.
Lazarus, both before and subsequently to his conver-
sion to the Christian faith. Mr. Lazarus is a native of
Riga, in Russia, and, like most of his persuasion in
that country, was a zealous and consistent Jew, de-
votedly attached to the religion of his forefathers, and
"walking in all the ordinances of the law blameless."
After experiencing the most painful sufferings and mi-
raculous deliverances, Mr. Lazarus was condemned for
some breach of the law to serve for ever in the Russian
army. He would here have been compelled to the
performance of many superstitious acts which were
most grievous to him as a Jew, and the anticipations
of which preyed so much on his spirits as to induce
him to fly his native land and strive to seek his fortune
in England. In his journey hither he was subject to
the most heartrending privations, and was compelled
to endure the scoffs and tauntings of those who ought
to have assisted him. Some short time after his arri-
val he had put in his hands a tract unfolding the beau-
ties of the Christian faith in opposition to the errors of
the Talmudical traditions. This led to inquiry ; and
Mr. Lazarus, after many interviews with a clergyman
in London, and after many misgivings and doubts,
determined to adopt the Christian religion and forsake
the errors of Judaism. The book is written with con-
siderable talent and pathos, and gives a description of
most of the Jewish ceremonies and customs. A strain
of evident sincerity pervades the work, and the deter-
mination of our author seems to have been to retain
an opinion only so long as he was convinced of its
truth. We cordially recommend this work to the pe-
rusal of all who feel the slightest interest in the welfare
of the house of Israel, as there is every probability
that it will tend to remove much misapprehension
which we fear exists at present respecting that preju-
diced but ill-used people. The work is dedicated to
the Rev. Hugh M`Neile, and a neat and well-written
preface precedes the narrative.

The Voluntary Principle, Payment of Church-rates,
&c. Liverpool: H. Perris.

The able minister of St. Augustines, Everton, has
published a Second Letter in reply to the Rev. James
Harper on the important and interesting question of
Church Establishments, and the various duties and
obligations connected therewith. The reverend author
handles his subject in a very masterly manner, and
closely follows his dissenting adversary through all his'
sinuosities, leaving him, ere he concludes, no loophole
for escape. The great acumen and vast resources
which Dr. Tattershall brings to bear on every subject
which he takes in hand, are well known in Liverpool,
and on this subject it would be superfluous in us to
say anything. In the present publication he fully sus-
tains his deservedly high reputation, and we would re-
commend all who wish to see disputing subterfuges
hunted down, and their sophistical cobwebs destroyed,
to study it carefully. The reasoning is close, search-
ing, and irresistible. One would think that we should
hear no more of the same scruples and tenderness of
dissenting consciences after this able and conclusive
expose. We subjoin an extract, and much regret that
the limits of our space necessarily confine us in the
extent of our selection :

Hitherto, we have been engaged with the objections urged
by Mr. Harper, against Church Establishments, on the ground
of their supposed inaptitude to promote Missionary objects.
We now turn to a different form of objection • namely, that
which arises from the violence, which is alleged to be offered
to the CONSCIENCE of Dissenters, in being compelled to con-
tribute to their support. . .

And this ground of complaint or objection, is one upon
which Dissenters appear to set a high value ; if, at least, we
may judge from the sensitiveness which they exhibit, when
they see the approach of the dissecting-knife, and witness its
application to their favorite. _

The total invalidity of any objection of this kind, was
pointed out by me, in my former letter, in a passage which
Mr. H. has quoted, although with the omission of one very
material step ; and stood as follows :—" The case," (that is,
the support of religion by the State) is one, upon which in-
dividual conscience is not in the smallest degree concerned ;
the legislature makes laws—law is the foundation and fur-
nishes the definition of property : that part of the produce
of labour, which the law assigns to each individual person,
that, and no more, is his property. And that part of the
produce of the same labour, which the law assigns to other
purposes—the support of religion, or any other object—that
belongs to the parties to whom the law assigns it, for the
purpose of being applied to its destined use. Every man's
conscience is concerned exclusively with his own actions, and
has, therefore, much to do with the disposal of his own pro-
perty; but it can have nothing to do witn that which is not
his own. And the portion of the annual proceeds of labour,
appointed by the law for the support of religion, is not his
own ; therefore his conscience cannot be affected by its ap-
plication to that purpose."
Now, in this argument Mr. Harper has not attempted to
point out any fallacy • he has, however, bestowed upon it a
few remarks, intended, no doubt, to evade its force; which,
had they proceeded from any other quarter, I should have
thought deserving of being regarded as an attempt, on the
part of their author, to raise a cloud of dust over the subject
in discussion, that he might make his own escape under cover
of the darkness created. But coming from Mr. H., I am
convinced the case is otherwise ; and that they are only to
be looked upon, as another instance of that singular con-
fusion of ideas, of which we have seen so many instances
before.

" If the property of the subject," says Mr. H., " is taken
from him by force, he is exempt from blame, because in sur-
rendering it he does not fulfil the law—the law vindicates or
avenges itself." Very true: and what will the subject him-
self have been doing in the meanwhile ? retaining possession
of that which the law—the only thing which can declare
what is and what is not the property of the subject—the only
thing which can declare upon what conditions property can
be held—has declared to belong to other persons, and to be
not his. Now there is a law which requires a man to " render
tribute to whom tribute is due," and to " owe no man any
thing, but to love one another." And here then, where his
own actions are concerned, is the proper place for conscience
to exercise its office, and require conformity to the standard
of duty. But, instead of this, the party in question violates
this holy law, and withholds what is due to others, because,
forsooth, these others will apply it to what he deems a sinful
purpose—a matter in which their conscience only, and not
his, can possibly be concerned.

" In this case," continues Mr. Harper, " the subject who
loses his property for a bad—though for a legal—purpose, is
precisely in the position of one who should be compelled, by
physical coercion, to bend the knee to Juggernaut, or to do
military honors to the image of the Virgin. But if the sub-
ject of military law were, on command, to perform those acts
of superstitious obeisance, his conscience would be defiled.
The law that enjoins such conduct is, therefore, an outrage
on conscience. As such, a man is bound to meet its claim
by passive resistance, and to seek its repeal through the con-
stitutional channels of redress. Precisely parallel is the case
of money." These remarks relating to acts of service which
cannot be separated from the party performing them, appear
to me to be perfectly correct. And, no doubt, a person from
whom money is taken by force—as, for instance, by robbery
—cannot be responsible for the application made of it by the
parties who have committed the violence. But in the case
of money exacted in conformity with the law of the land, and
of which all right of retention, control, or disposal, is alto-
gether separated from the party required to pay it, no ex-
ercise of violence can be necessary to render such party
irresponsible for the application, by the right owners, whether
to good or evil purposes, of any sums which he is required to
pay to such owners, or persons to whose charge the law has
ass►gned it. _ . _

Mr. Harper observes, in p. 38—" There is another view of
the subject which I would recommend to Dr. Tattershall's
attention. In his enumeration of the obligations of a citizen,
does this consideration hold no place, that the subject is
morally responsible for the state of the law, and for the acts
of the legislative body ?" My answer is, that, in my view,
every citizen is so responsible, to the extent of the influence
which God has given him ; and that I think him bound, in
conscience, to employ that influence, in a Christian spirit,
and a constitutional manner, to rectify every thing, in the
existing state of the law, which he may really believe or judge
to be wrong. I would myself, for instance, petition the Le-
gislature to abolish the pilgrim tax in India, to modify the
articles of war, so as to exempt our military from all partici-
pation in services of a superstitious or idolatrous character ;
to abolish the Maynooth grant, &C. The subject should
form his judgment, having considered the real merits of the
case, with care ; maintain it with firmness, as long as he is
convinced of its correctness ; and urge it upon the considera-
tion of the Legislature with all respectful earnestness. This
is conduct worthy of a good citizen. It is no part, however,
of the same conduct, nor does it manifest any independence,
or greatness of mind, to conjure up fictitious grievances, to
make pitiful complaints of non-existent evils, or to plead the
claims of conscience, in cases where conscience cannot come
into operation. I grant that where a person imagines his
conscience to be invaded, he is exposed to suffer much dis-
tress of mind ; and most sure I am, that the subjects of such
a delusion are fit objects for the most tender sympathy. But
it would not on that account be just, nor would it be even pos-
sible, so to frame the laws of a country as to accommodate
the varied erroneous views and impressions of all the mem-
bers of the community. The true remedy for such an un-
happy state of mind, is to obtain more accurate instruction,
by which, under God's blessing, the illusion may be dispelled.

The British Quadrilles. By John Davies, Liverpool

A smart, lively, gay, and well-arranged set of quadrilles.
The author has played them frequently on the Rock Har-
monicon. They are clever, and are, we believe, much
sought after by those whose " dancing days are not over."
We recommend them to the notice of our lady friends.

The New Statistical Account of Scotland. Blackwood and

Sons, Edinburgh

No. XXXIII of this work is now published, containing
the county of Shetland, complete, and part of Renfrewshire.
It abounds with a variety of topographical, geological, and
historical information relative to each parish, with details of
its antiquities, its population, industry, ecclesiastical condi-
tion, and resources,—of a far more interesting nature than
that usually found in the statistical department of literature.
The descriptions of the several sea-beaten islands forming
the Shetland group will be read with attention, and the ac-
count of Renfrewshire is still more attractive, comprising,
as it does, interesting particulars of the rise and present state
of the thriving port of Greenock. As a specimen, though
by no means a select one, of the general style, we quote the
following passage relative to the parish of Greenock :
" Greenock has no picturesque beauty in itself, except what
it derives from the elegant and tasteful villas in its eastern
and western suburbs. There is hardly any coppice in its
ravines ; the plantations of forest trees are few and of small
dimensions ; the hills are sadly destitute of clothing, and
when compared with those in the neighbouring parish of
In in
nrerkip are tame and monotonous. But these deficiencies
a great measure, compensated by its having some of
the finest land and sea views which are to be seen in Scotland,
walk erhaps, in any part of the globe. It is impossible to
having our eyes fastened with some portion of the rich and
of nature ansrnery
and magnificent
and of the broad which is produced by the combina-
tionthe grassy hill and art
of the heath-clad mountains with
cultivated field, and extensive pleasure-
ground,of the whitening 5415 which
of water with the multitude
rising ground the views ar
ich bedeck its surface. From the
their range the opposite coaesit'efros
peculiarly splendid, including in
mndßowling and Douglass to
Dunoon, with its towns, villas,
sou numerous indentations,
.etih bank of the river, with
and a considerable part of the
ale towns and harbours of Port snow and Greenock."

The present number alsd embodies a highly interesting bio-
graphical notice of the late James Watt, to whose memory
a splendid monument is erected in Greenock—his native
town. We should add that the statistical accounts of each
parish are drawn up, for the most part, by their respective
clergymen, and others, who have the best opportunities,
from residence and education, of supplying the most au-
thentic information.

The Churchman for October. W. E. Painter, Strand

We have already offered a few remarks upon an article,
" The Church and the Cabinet," in which this excellent
periodical adventures this month upon what may with great
propriety be called the politics of the church. In addition
we are favoured with a very seasonable article, entitled
" Facts on the Poverty of the Church of England," with
which we would recommend every lover of our noble Esta-
blishment to make himself familiar, that he may be enabled
at once to put down authoritatively the ignorant sneers
which dissent is ever directing against her assumed inordi-
nate wealth. " A few Thoughts on Cottage Literature" is
a pleasing article, written in an excellent spirit ; and we can
only regret its exceeding brevity. The " Chapter on Poets"
is just readable; but perhaps we may be wrong in our esti-
mation of it, for we must confess we are amongst the class
complained of by its author, who cannot admire our modern
poetry in general, although we make exceptions in favour of
a few writers, amongst whom is Mrs. Abdy. Her " Prayer
of Asa," in the present number of the Churchman, is a spi-
rited lyric, although not so much to our taste as some others
which we have met with from the same pen.
The " Correspondence " is, as usual, h'ghly instructive ;
and the Reviews are written in a fair and candid spirit. Al-
together the present number is equal to any of its predeces-
sors, if not even superior.

The Village Churchman for October. W. E. Painter

This excellent little periodical continues to pursue its
course of unobtrusive usefulness, and we know few works of
its class more worthy of universal circulation. The present
number contains as much valuable information as is to be
met with in many publications of far greater pretensions at
ten times its price.

The Church of England Quarterly Revier

No. 20, Oct.,

1811. W. E. Painter, Strand

The present publication of this excellent periodical is dis-
tinguished by more than its usual talent and learning ; and,
in addition, by a fearlessness of tone upon political matters
which well becomes the independent churchman, in the
altered position which he occupies towards the government
of the country. We are not of that class of the church's
supporters who would have her—now, that by her well-di-
rected energies she has succeeded in stirring up her children
from their lethargy,—now that she has succeeded in wresting
the government of the country from the hands of a hostile
faction—surrender herself unreservedly into absolute depend-
ence upon any man or any party, however virtuous and able.
On the contrary we would still see her exert all her watch-
fulness, and exercise all her salutary influence, over the pub-
lic mind ; for we must bear in mind that although by her aid
the evil thing has been cast out from amongst us and trampled
upon—although the helm of the state is now placed in the
hands of statesmen who recognise her claims, and will not
permit them to be openly invaded or insulted ; yet it be-
comes her to take care also that they are not postponed—
that they are not frittered away by the tampering hand of
expediency, or degraded, by being converted into a mere
'ad captandum' cry to advance the purposes of party. The
church has proudly asserted her pre-eminent position ; she
has beat down the hand that was raised to alienate her tem-
poralities and to desecrate her altars. But she must not put
off her armour; she must not lay aside her watchfulness;
she must not abate the loftiness of her attitude until, along
with the name of victor, she has realized the fruits of victory
as well; until she has worked out to the full those just de-
mands, in the making of which she has been so powerfully
supported by the voice of a Protestant people, and until she
has established herself permanently upon a safer and higher
temporal foundation, from which she may laugh to scorn the
worst efforts of her enemies.

Such are the views which are put forward and advocated,
with powerful effect, in The Church of England Quarterly
throughout, but more especially in its political articles—
" Church Extension in Relation to the present National
Crisis," " Christianity and the Corn Laws," and " Conser-
vative Government—Whig Opposition." The article upon
Church Extension, especially, is well calculated to challenge
public attention, and to convince even the most strenuous
advocate of a waiting policy on the part of the Church of
England, that, in the present attitude of hostile interests
towards her, no such policy can with safety be pursued by
the church, and that (to quote the language of the able wri-
ter) " the country will not be one whit better governed by
Sir Robert Peel than by Lord John Russell—by Mr. Goul-
burn than by Mr. Baring—or by the Duke of Wellington
than by Lord Melbourne—unless the Protestant question be
now looked fully in the face, and unless an end be put to all
further concessions to that spirit of unbelief, of political dis-
sent, and of Papacy, which is stalking at midday through the
length and breadth of this mighty empire"—not the least of
which concessions, in our humble opinion, would be the post-
ponement, by the church or by the government, of any op-
portunity of affirming the principle of church extension.
We must confess, however, that we cannot go all the lengths
to which the reviewer would urge us, with regard to the
amount of assistance, in the outset, to be demanded from
government. We admit to its full extent the inefficiency of
church accommodation throughout Great Britain, and lament
it equally with him ; but in the present financial condition of
the country, we should be quite satisfied with such a mode-
rate annual grant of money from government, for the purpose
of building churches, as would bind our legislators to the
principle of providing for the religion of the state at the ex-
pense of the body of the people. Assert this principle only,
in the teeth of dissent; let the state only recognise its duty
of providing for the spiritual as well as for the temporal
wants of the community at large, and we are satisfied that
ultimately the church will gain—slowly at first, perhaps, but
in ample measure at last—all that she requires to enable her
to perform her duty to the state and to the people.
We shall take another opportunity of remarking at length
upon the article " Christianity and the Corn-laws," which
is written throughout in an admirable spirit—one in which
we should rejoice to see it more frequently treated—and can
solicit for it the attentive perusal of our readers. The same
request we must make in behalf of the article entitled "Con-
servative Government—Whig Opposition." In the latter,
however, we mark symptoms of a bitter feeling towards an
illustrious member of the government in denouncing as a false
step, attributable to his influence in the cabinet, the re-elec-
tion of the present Speaker. With respect to the policy of
the step in question we are diametrically at issue with the
reviewer. We deny that in the re-election of Mr. Shaw
Lefevre was evinced anything bearing the most remote resem-
blance to concession on the part of Sir Robert Peel to his
opponents, or to any undue deference towards the personal
wishes of any member of his cabinet ; and we are scarcely of
opinion that the constitution has sustained any material
damage from the battle between conservatism and its oppo-
nents being fought upon an intelligible issue—an amendment
upon the address—rather than upon the election of the
speakership.

We have scarcely left ourselves space even to characterize
the remaining articles of the number. The able review of
" Tracts of the Anglican Fathers"—of "Tennant's Belgium"
--of " D'lsraeli's Amenities of Literature"—or the " Arti-
cles on Sepulchral Monuments"—" Religious Education at
Cambridge University"—or the " Tracts for the Times."
The whole will be read with pleasure and profit ; and more
especially the review of " Tracts of the Anglican Fathers,"
which is evidently the production of a sound churchman and
a clear logical writer. The first paragraph, however, of this
as of a portion of another article is characterized by a spirit
which we regret to see displayed in such a publication as
The Church of England Quarterly, and which we trust will
be laid aside in future. The writers, or writer, will under-
stand to what we allude, when we direct their or his attention
to the paragraph commencing at the foot of page 322.

DESTRUCTIVE FIRE AT NEWINGTON BUTTS-
TWO LIVES LOST.

A most destructive fire, attended with loss of human life,
occurred on Tuesday morning, in the High-street, New-
ington Butts, nearly opposite to St. Mary's Church.

The fire broke out about half-past three o'clock, at the
house of Mr. Merry, cheese and butter monger, and from the
inflammable nature of the stock in trade, the whole of the
premises were in a few minutes in one blaze, and it is said
that two, if not three, human beings have fallen a prey to the
flames. It was at first reported four individuals had lost
their lives, but that is not the case, and the general opinion
is that only two, namely, the aged mother and female ser-
vant of Mr. Merry, have met with an untimely death. Mrs.
Merry, it appears, was rather a stout lady, about 60 years of
age ; the bed on which she.was sleeping caught fire, and she
was much burnt. The unfortunate lady, however, contrived
to get to the window and throw open the sash, from which
she precipitated herself into the street. It being discovered
that such was her intention by the few persons who had at
that early hour assembled, they obtained a blanket to catch.
if possible, the unfortunate woman, and break her fall, but
in this they were disappointed, as the poor old lady, in the
agitation of the moment, was not able to guide herself, and
she fell from the second-floor on the pavement. She was
immediately conveyed to the house of Mr. Mason, surgeon,
but only lingered for a short time before death put a termi-
nation to her sufferings, and the body was conveyed to the
Peacock Inn, where it will remain till a coroner's inquest has
been held. The other sufferer, and whose body is not yet
got out of the smoking ruins, was servant to Mr. Merry, a
fine hearty young woman, about 22 years of age. The loss
of property is considerable, but no precise estimate as to the
amount can yet be ascertained. Mr. Merry is in a state bor-
dering on distraction ; and it is not known whether his pro-
perty was insured or not. The rapidity of the flames was so
great that the whole of the house in which the fire originated
in less than one hour was a heap of smoking ruins. The
cause of this melancholy accident is not known, but it is
thought the fire broke out in the lower part of the house, as
flames were first perceived issuing from the shop. The con-
flagration was confined to the house of Mr. Merry, but the
houses adjoining, on each side, are much damaged, and great
apprehension at one time was entertained for their safety ;
but owing to the timely arrival of the engines, a plentiful
supply of water, and the active exertions of the police, they
are not destroyed. One of the houses adjoining is an exten-
sive establishment—viz., the Ship wine-vaults kept by Mr.
Smith, to whose active exertions, coupled with two officers,
is to be attributed the safety of the premises, and probably
the destruction of a vast deal of other property, as, if Mr.
Smith's stock of spirits had caught fire, there is no calcula-
ting what ►night have been the result ; as it is, the premises
of Mr. Smith are much injured ; some of the windows are
completely destroyed, the end wall much damaged, and the
beds in the sleeping-rooms partially burnt. Mr. Smith, we
understand, is insured in the Licensed Victuallers' Fire-
office. The other house is occupied by Mr. Keen, boot and
shoe-maker, and is much damaged.

SEVERE STORM

(From the Edinburgh Advertiser.)

The weather has undergone a complete change in the course
of the week. On Sunday the temperature was cold and the
sky clouded : but little rain fell till Monday night. Early on
Tuesday morning a tremendous gale accompanied with copi-
ous rain sprang up from the cast, and continued to blow
during the whole day, increasing in fury as night approached.
The greatest fears were entertained for the safety of the
vessels in the Frith. Fortunately the few vessels in the
roadstead at Leith were either enabled to make the harbour
at tide hour, or found shelter under the Inchkeith ; and we
are happy to learn that little damage has been done, except
the washing away of the stages erected for the workmen em-
ployed in extending the pier. Such, however, was the vio-
lence of the gale, that one of the London schooners, lying
between the drawbridges, in the old harbour, dragged the
large stone and ring to which she was moored entirely out of
the ground. The most powerful steam vessels were unable to
resist the fury of the hurricane. The Adelaide, from Lon-
don, which arrived off Leith harbour during the day, find-
ing it impossible to land her passengers, came to anchor in
the roads ; but the gale increasing in the afternoon, and
finding that her anchor would not hold, she slipped, and took
shelter in St. Margaret's Hope. She returned to Granton
on Wednesday morning, when she landed her passengers,
and in the afternoon got safe into Leith harbour. A small
steamer bound to Fife, on Tuesday afternoon, with a number
of passengers, on reaching the Fife side found it impossible
to land them, and returned to Leith in the evening. Various
boats plying between Leith, Newhaven, Stirling, Inverkeith-
ing, Fife, and other ports on both sides of the Frith, were
unable to perform their usual trips. A small steamer belong-
ing to Berwick had her paddles broken, and other parts of
her so much injured, that she was towed into Leith on Wed-
nesday afternoon to undergo repairs. We have heard of no
accident among the fishing boats at Newhaven, although se-
veral of them were out as far as Inchkeith. The custom-
house boat, however, filled with water.
At Granton the scene was terrific. The steamers which
should have sailed in the morning for Aberdeen and other
ports beyond the Frith, as well as those for Stirling, found it
impossible to encounter the gale. One with passengers for
the Stirling races ventured out about midday. A small steam-
boat, intended, we believe, to run between Newhaven and
Stirling during the race days, was observed in sad distress.
A pilot-boat put off to her relief, when it was discovered that
her fires were drowned out, and her hold nearly filled with
water ; at great risk she was towed into Granton, where she
lies a partial wreck. The Forth steamer left Stirling at five
in the afternoon, but did not reach Granton till five on Wed-
nesday morning, having been compelled to take shelter during
the night above Queensferry. We are sorry to add, that at
Granton Pier two sloops were sunk ; one of them, named the
Peggy, of Inverkeithing, was laden with stones, and the other,
the Polton, of St. David's with coal. The latter, however,
was so far lightened in the course of Wednesday afternoon
as to be floated, but the other lies in a helpless state. The
fury of the gale was so great that on Tuesday night the waves
dashed with the utmost violence over the tops of the ware-
houses at Granton Pier ; and such was their force that 13 feet
or more of the outer portion of the pier was carried away,
and the strong iron and wooden framework on the eastern
side, on which the diving bell rested, was demolished, and
the bell, weighing five tons was precipated to the bottom,
where it now lies at a depth of 16 feet at low water. Along
with this framework several large cranes were also washed
away, the strong wooden beams of which were found on
Wednesday morning at a distance from the pier, firmly im-
bedded in the sand, and covered by heaps of seaweed which
had been cast ashore. The iron railway used for conveying
stones to the end of the pier was in many places riven to
pieces.

BORROWSTONNESS, Oct. About a quarter before nine
o'clock, a. m., a sloop, supposed to be from Alloa or Clack-
mannan, and laden with coal, upset and instantly went down
a little east of this place, the wind at the time blowing a gale
from the east. A boat which went from this could see no-
thing of the crew, but saw that the sloop's boat had gone
down with her. A brewer's half-hogshead came ashore from
her, marked 2,472, Nelson, Westbarns. Part of the topmast
was seen above water after she went down. The boat that
went out from this was manned by James Bettan, pilot, alone,
all others refusing to accompany him, as the gale continued ;
but he persevered, and within half an hour after the accident
happened he was at the wreck, but the crew had gone down
with the vessel. Much praise is due to Bettan, who has a
family looking up to him for their daily bread.

REMOVAL OF SUNDERLAND LIGHTHOUSE.—The Sun-
derland lighthouse has been removed in an entire state from
one pier to another, a distance of five hundred feet, by ma-
chinery. The immense mass was transferred by means of
timbers inserted underneath, by cutting through the masonry
near the foundation. The timber base or cradle was sup-
ported upon bearers, with about two hundred and fifty
wheels of six inches diameter, and made to traverse on six
lines of railway laid on the new pier for that purpose. The
shaft of the lighthouse was tied together with bands, and its
eight sides supported with timber braces from the cradle up-
wards to the cornice. The cradle was drawn and pushed
forward with a windlass and ropes, worked by thirty men.
Not a crack nor appearance of settlement is to be found in
the building, which has now only to be firmly established on
its new foundation.