The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1840-01-14 00:00:00

MMERCIAL ADVERTISER.

XV.—No. 737.]

[PRICE FIVEPENCE.

(tairs 1W Zurtion.

REDUCED AGAIN.
Splendid EBONY and PEARL WORK BOXES, complete, £lO, Reduced to £7 ss.
Splendid ROSEWOOD BOXES,}
complete, £7, Seduced to £5 Os.
Ladies' DRESSING CASES,
complete, £l5, Reduced to £lO Os.
Do. Do. Do.
complete, £ll, Reduced to £8 Os.
DESKS, WORK BOXES, and 11 To the Lowest Prices,
DRESSING CASES, f reduced in proportion.
PLATED GOODS,
of the most celebrated Sheffield makers, at 20s. per Cent.
off the Manufacturers' Pri .
The Set of Four DISHES, of the b new Fluted shape,
handles to remove to form light ith the most Richly_
chased Silver Edges,
At £26 Os/ rocs.
£5 4s. `Discount.

WEDNESDAY.

TO-MORROW, (Wednesday,) the 15th inst., at Twelve o'clock,
at Corrie and Co.'s Office, Rumford-place,
23 Cases COWRIES,
Lately landed ex Albyn, from Bombay.—For further par-
ticulars apply to GEORGE Loci', Esq., Merchant, or to
CORRIE and Co., Brokers.

To-monnow, (Wednesday,) the 15th inst., at Twelve o'clock,
at Edwards. Ranson, and Co.'s Office, Exchange-street East,
65 Bales PERSIAN BERRIES,
Just landed, ex Podi and Duchess of Clarence.—Apply to
Messrs. GELLER and Co., Merchants, or
EDWARDS, DANSON, and Co., Brokers.

On account of whom it may concern.
To-moanow, (Wednesday,) the 15th instant, at Twelve
o'clock, at the warehouse of Messrs. Burton and Fisher,
Trueman-street, Dale-street,
About 6 tons Petersburgh HEMP, Clean,
14 tons HEMP, Half-clean,
A quantity of Nails, Hoop Iron, Sash Weights, Chain Ca-
bles, cambouses, Horse Shoes, 1 box Matchets, 3 doz. Pit
Saws, 4 Iron Bedsteads, in boxes, &c. &c.—Apply to
JOHN HURRY, Broker.

£2O I6s.
SOUP and SAUCE TUREENS to match the above.
An Elegant Silver-mounted TEA KETTLE, to be Sold for
£lO, Reduced from £l3 10s.
GLASGOW HOUSE,
No. 53, CHURCH-STREET, corner of Basnett-street.

SELLING OPP,
TO CLEAR OUT THE STOCK,
TO CLOSE FOR ALTERATIONS.

9ITNOCE.
iiE Friends of the late Mr.l ABRAHAM JACKSON, of
Castle-street, Liverpool, WATCH MANUFACTUKER, are
hereby respectfully informed, that the business will continue
to be conducted in the same manner, and in the SAME
NAME as heretofore, by Mr. F. JACKSON, on the behalf
of his Mother, Mrs. BETSEY JACKSON; the Widow and
sole Executrix to the deceased.
34, Castle-street, January 13, 1840.

J. H. SMITH,
TAILOR AND DRAPER,
From Mr. Newgee's, St. James's-street, London,
AND FIVE YEARS FOREMAN TO, MR. D. I. JACKSON,
CA STLE.STRIIST
4 VAILS himself of the pr ,
esent opportunity to express his
-EX grateful acknowledgements for the very liberal support
he has received since his commencing business, and respect-
fully to inform those who have not favoured him with a call,
that he uses none but the best West of England Saxony
Cloths, keeps the most New and Elegant Fancy Goods, and
employs first-rate London Workmen, and with strict atten-
tion to business, he hopes to merit and increase the patronage
and confidence already reposed in him. •
THE LONDON BRITISH WATERPROOFING COMPANY
HAVE APPOINTED
J. H. SMITH, 22, LORD-STREET,
THEIR SOLE AGENT FOR LIVERPOOL,
Where a STOCK of WOOLLEN GOODS is kept ready WATER.
PROOFED.
The Company have applied their process to some of the
London Police Clothing with success, of which the following
is an extract of a letter from Colonel ROWAN, one of the
Commissioners of the London Police :—" I have to acquaint
you, that one suit has been in the use of the constable whose
beat is on Blackheath. He reports, that frequently, during
the month of January, he was out in six hours' successive
rain without getting the least damp underneath his clothing ;
that, on the night of the. Bth instant, i; rained the whole nine
hours he was on duty, and that when he took off his great
coat, in the presence of the scrjeant at the station, it was
found as dry inside as when be put it on."

PARISIAN MILLINERY.
ADAME CORAT, having just arri d from Paris,
vere/
solicits the early attention of the N 'lay and Gentry
of Liverpool and its Vicinity, to a spl n d variety of MIL-
LINERY, consisting of Blonde Caps elvet Head Dresses,
Elizabethian Ruffes, with superb Chi ren's Dresses; to be
Sold for unprecedentedly low prices, at her MAGAZIN DE
MODES, 126, BOLD-STREET, Liverpool.

IN CONNEXION WITH PAPER MIL.
J. POORE and Co. announce, that Mercl
A.—To porters, Solicitors and others, may be s '
PAPERS and PATENT' ACCOUNT BOW?'
description, at the Wholesale, or Makers' Prii
MERCHANTS' POST, LEDGERS
COPYING PAPER, JOURNA
CUSTOM-HOUSE PAPER, CASH

.nts, Ex-
_ plied with
of the best

lOKS, &C. &C.

TERMS-CASH.

43, CASTLE-STREET.

ENGRAVERS, LITHOGRAPHERS, AND PRINTERS

Good Large Blue Wove Post l2s. Gd. tv ream.
Good Yellow Wove Pot
Brief, for Attorneys
Very Best Ditto 23 6 ~
Agents for Milner's Patent Safety FIRE-PROOF BOXES
A good DOUBLE OFFICE to be LET, in Cook-street.
MONSi?iLrmE
01? RAY, SURGEON -DE lifoTnlLTn;-. from the
SCURVY in the GUMS EFFECTUALLY REMOVED.
ARTIFICIAL TEETH SUPPLIED
WITHOUT WIRES, SPRINGS, OR CLASPS.
LOOSE TEETH FASTENED.
.4nd filling Decayed Teeth with Mineral Marmoralum.
MoNs. LE DRAY and CO., Surgeon-Dentists, respect-
fully inform the Nobility, Gentry, and Inhsibitants of Liver-
pool and its vicinity, that they have openetian Establishment
permanently at No. 38, SEEL-STREET' eight doors from
Berry-street. They continue to fill up the cavities of De-
cayed Teeth with their Mineral Marporatum, without the
least pain, heat, or pressure ; it is ulaced into the cavity in
an almost liquid state, and in afe seconds gets hard, pre-
venting and curing the Tooth-ache, arresting all further pro-
gress of decay, and rendering the operation of extraction
unnecessary. The Mineral not only converts a mere shell
into a sound and useful tooth, but, by completely stopping
up the cavity, prevents effectually that unpleasant taint of
he breath which invariably accompanies a decayed tooth.
Among the various disorders of the Teeth and Gums. there
are none more destructive in their effects, or more generally
prevalent, than Scurvy ; and it is well known that the loss
of Teeth arises more from this cause than any other. It
affects individuals of all ages and of all constitutions, and is
the primary cause of Tooth-ache and decay. To those so
affected, Mons. LE DRAY and Co. have to inform them,
that they can effectually remove this destructive complaint
by a single application, without the slightest pain.
• Artificial and Natural Teeth, of surpassing beauty, fixed
from one to a complete set, without extracting the roots or
giving any pain, without springs, wires, or ligatures, an-
swering all the purposes of Mastication and Articulation,
remaining perfectly secure in their places, and may be taken
out and replaced by the wearer with the greatest facility,—
at the following Paris charges :
A single Artificial Tooth
A complete Set
A complete Set of Natural Teeth, on fine
gold plate
15 0 0
An entire Set of Natural or Terro Metal-
lic Teeth, highly finished, in the first
style, with fine gold sockets, usually
charged 40 guineas
Loose Teeth fastened, arising either from age, disease, or
mercury, and deficiencies of palate effectually remedied.
Artificial Teeth out of repair, remodelled to fit the mouth,
and restored equal in beauty and durability to their original
state. Attendance from Nine till Seven, and on Sundays
trom Nine till Two.
OW' For the convenience of country patients, Monsieur
La DRAY and Co. are enabled to fix a partial or complete
set of Teeth at one sitting, without the least pain or incon-
venience.
No. 70, Seel-street,
Eight Doors from Berry-street, Livervool,

£0 10 0
5 5 0

PHENOMENON OF SCENT.—On the whole Cheshire is a
good scenting country when the state of the atmosphere is
favourable. Maiden observes that the worst scent is gene-
rally on the marshes near the banks of the Mersey. This is
not a usual occurrence, because in Lincolnshire, Cambridge-
shire, and Yorkshire, especially near the sea, it is generally
found to be good. The extraordinary phenomenon of scent
appears to be as little understood as ever, although numerous
learned discoveries in other matters are daily expounded. I
have very little doubt that there are times when the earth
completely absorbs it, or, perhaps more properly speaking,
condenses it in a very short period, and that on other occa-
sions it arises above that height at which the olfactory nerves,
of the hound can reach it. This theory may in some degree
be illustrated by following a person smoking ; there are pe-
riods when the effluvia will be distinguished on a parallel
line with the point from which it is emitted, and there are
times when it will be distinguished most strongly either above
- or below that point ; as for instance, should a person on horse-
back be smoking a cigar, and another follow him on foot, the
scent of the tobacco may be strongly detected ; but a person
following on horseback may be scarcely able to discover it ;
whilst on other occasions it will be distinguished only by the
person following on horseback. I recollect a certain master
of hounds some years ago being exceedingly annoyed at peo-
ple smoking: he used to declare that it destroyed the scent;
but I cannot believe that it could descend from the height of
a man on horseback to the Hite on which a fox-hound hunts
his game. - In moist weather there is usually a capital scent
in Delarnere Forest, much better than that which is usually
found over such light soils. The coverts in Cheshire arc
for the most part small : there are many beautiful pieces of
gorse rented by the club for the preservation of foxes ; as a
matter of course, there is no difficulty in getting a start from
them. Hill Clift gorse, Wardle's gorse, Aston Park gorse,
and Filho gorse, are exceedingly well calculated for the pur-
pose they are intended for.—Old Sporting Magazine for
January.
PERILS OF ELDER PRINTERS. It is pleasant,
Passing
of the
pleasant, in these times, to look back upon the perils
printer, seeing him as he now is, crowned with a
thousand
triumphs. We can, almost with complacency, enjoy'
the
,n
pre-
dicament of John Faust, goldsmith, of Mentz, offering,
the pious city of Paris, his printed bibles at rive and six
hundred crowns a-piece ; and then, suddenly abating his de_
mend, tendering them at the remarkably low price of sixty.
be bondman to
The scribes take the alarm. The e
and it is mustthe printer. The books are scanned,curiouslyYvhiecopies declares thel
ma-
nifest as truth ; one uniformity of
co-assistance of Beelzebub
the legendary astuteness
t
workmanship, or at least the
li.ignis-oinraenrceest
as
nads
himself. (A great reflection this o
of the devil, that he should be
bsoutforsgoetiftuliosf;
to manufacture cheap bibles ;
persecution are prone to
such false complaints.) Well!
great
is the uproar in Paris ; the scribes, be sure of it—the ingeni-
ous- industrious men who
.
copy bibles—very disinterestedly
join in the outcry. Faust is discovered—man bibles found
at his lodgings ; some of the books printed in his blood ; a
horrible fact, shown, beyond all doubt, in the red ink by
which they are embellished : and load and unanimous is the
cry for fire and faggots to consume the magician. The
wizard is flung into prison; and, to escape roasting alive as
one in fealty to the fiend, he makes known his secret to the
admiration of the world, especially to the wonder and thanks-
giving of -the simple church. Alas ! little did her fat and
rubicund children, feeding quietly in, her cells like worms in
nuts, little did they suspect the mischief hidden in the dis-
covery. Little thought they that the first creaking of Gut-
tenburg's rude printing press was. in the fulness of time, to
be the knell of craft and ignorance. At that sound, had the
monks had eyes, they might have beheld their saints turn
pale and wince ; they might have heard old, profitable, pen-
ny-turning relics shake and rattle ; and—
" In urns and altars around

A dreary and dying sound."
At the moment Gutttenburg pulled the first proof (the his-
torian of the Popes has very disingenuously avoided the fact),
the Pope was fast in his first sleep ; but suddenly his holiness
awoke with a bounce, aud, for at least five seconds, wondered
if he were the infallible or not. Strange !it may be thought,
that a little creaking at Mentz should make itself so very
udible at Rome !—Heads of the People.

moNs.LE,
ebtuation.
/,..k
,4` -16 - • , •
. .
eaeFRENCH. ..LANGUAGE.
t 4;
• - •
:74,1 ltr.
^
AnbA
,
A informs his Friends, that is Classes will
re-commence on the 20th instant, _ e!;sp. -WREN
SHALL SC m), Islington-squ e.
0

LOGIER'S SYSTEM OF MUSICAL UCATION,
MESSRS. WRENSHALL and SO T ACADEMY,
ISLINGTON-SQUARE, will be RE PENED on the
20th instant.

AIRS. COVER and MISS BARLACE spectfully an-
-1.1- nounce that the DUTIES of their STABLIS-
MENT will be RESUMED on the 20 inst ant. Terms
and references may be obtained at their esidence. A Va-
cancy for an ARTICLED PUPIL.
36, Nethelield-road North, Liverpool.
TIDUCATION, at Mr. R. SIMPSON' , ACADEMY,
near GRETA BRIDGE, YORKSH E.
Young Gentlemen are Boarded, furnis ed with Books, and
Instructed in whatever their future p o Jects may require, at
Eighteen and Twenty Guineas aye . No extra charges,
and no vacations. Cards to be ha of Mr. KRE33IIS, 21,
Richmond-street, Liverpool, and of Mr. S., who attends for
a few days, from Twelve till Two o'clock, at the }Rill Inn,
corner of Trueman-street, Dale-street. Applicati6us to the
Academy answered by return of post.

ACADEMY FOR DANCIN
42, NELSON-STREET, GREAT GEORG ' SQUARE.
MR. HARWOOD respectfully ;.s.nnoun s to his Friends
and Pupils, the present Vacation ill- terminate on
THURSDAY nest, the 16th instant. .
The Academy at the Town Hall, i rth Birkenhead, will
REOPEN on MONDAY, the 20th ins nt.
As it will be necessary to arrange the Dances for practice
for the Annual Ball, to be held at the Knight Templars' Hall,
Mr. H. wishes for an early and regular attendance of his
Pupils.
January 9th, 1810.

BAZAAR,
UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF HER 21.14JESTY
THE QUEEN DOWAGER,
The Viscountess Canning, Lady Ann Wit' sham,
Lady Frances Sandon, The Hon. M B. 'Wilbraham,
Lady Skelmersdale, Mrs.'Hug lornby,
Mrs. Sherbourne.
THE BAZAAR, now being held IC SAVINGS' BANK,
1 Bold-street, in aid of the .Fu
tbr the completion of
ST. SAVIOUR'S CHURCH, will be held THIS DAv,
(Tuesday,) the 14th instant; from Eleven o'clock, A.m., to
Five o'clock, Par., each day.
The Assortment of Ladies' Work is of the most varied and
chaste description, 'aud the Rooms have been.elegantly fitted
up by Mr. Oldham:
The attendance of Ladies and Gentlemen will be esteemed
an especial favour.
Savings' Bank, 80ld-street.

ST. ANN'S WARD. •
A
PUBLIC DINNER will be held atiAir. HoLhEN's,
Richmond-row, Tuts DAY, (Tuesday;) the 14th instant,
to commemorate the return of ROBERT JONES, JUN.,
Esq., to the Town-council.
Dinner on the Table at Half-past pc. -Several influential
Gentlemen will attend.
Tickets, 10s. 6d. each, may be had at Mr. HOLDEN'S,and
RI the Offices of the LIVERPOOL STANDARD and MAIL
Newspapers. By Order of the Committee.
Liverpool, January, 1840.

LIVERPOOL. ALBION BAND''
SIXTH DIVIDEND. /
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, th• t a DIVIDEND,
at the rate of Six Pounds per Cent er Annum, on the
Capital Stock of the said Company, r the Half-year end-
ing 31st December last, will be paid the Proprietors, on
application at the Bank, Castle-st et, on and after MON-
DAY the 3d of February next.
By order of the Board,
HUGH MACKAY, Manager.
Liverpool, 4th Jan. 1840.
Each Proprietor (if required) will have to prodnee his or
her Certificate of Shares, on applying for said Dividend.
The transfer Books will be closed from the 24th instant to
the 6th February next inclusive.

LIVERPOOL BANKING COMPA
FIFTH DIVIDEND.
ADIVIDEND, after the rate of Six per
for the HALF YEAR, ended 3allt '
will be paid to the Proprietors, upon a
on or after SATURDAY, the 25th inst t.
By order of the Directors,
WILLIAM WILSON, Manner,

int. per Annum

ecemher
rication at the Bank,

LIVERPOOL BOROUGH BANK.
SEVENTH DIVIDEND.
THE Directors of the Liverpool Borough Ba , GIVE
NOTICE to the PROPRIETORS, that iey hereby
declare a HALF-YEARLY DIVIDEND, the rate of
FIVE PER CENT. for the Half-year, the paid-u
Capital of the Company, and that suer,
ividend will be payable at the Bank, on and after the t instant between
the hours of Ten and Three o'clock each day. ,
By order of the Board,
JOHN JDEIN, Manager.
Dated at Liverpool, this 10th day of ER
January, 1840.
The Transfer Books will be closed until the Ist of February,
inclusive. Each Proprietor will be expected to produce his
Certificate of Shares on application for his Dividend, if
required.

.7c*
LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC, AND COMMERCJXL
INSTITUTION, ST. ANNE-STREET.
P

SUBSCRIPTION.
TN consequence of the improved state o)
1 and, with a view to extend its adv--
have resolved on making the Subscri'
per Annum, from the day of entry.
LECTURES.
On MONAY EVENING the and 27th instant
and the 3d and 10th of February,S , 20th
Mr. ROBERT J. NELSON,
MA., will deliver a Course of Four Lectures on MECHA-
NICAL PHILOSOPHY, to be followed by Lectures on
CHYMISTRY, NATIONAL CHARACTER, On GALVANISM, &C.
The LIBRARY contains an excellent Collection of Stan-
dard Works.
The NEWS-ROOM is amply supplied with the leading.
daily London and Provincial Papers, Magazines, &c.
The MUSEUM is becoming increasingly attractive.
The Institution further comprises an excellent GYMNA-
SIUM, a CAESS-ROOM, &C., DISCUSSIONS' CLASSES, and
other Meetings as usual.
By order of the Committee,
HENRY DIRCKS, Hon. Secretary.
57, St. Anne-street, January Ist, 1840. •

tie Institution

..ges, the Directors
,11 ONE GUINEA

OAKENSHAW.—Typhus fever has lately been very fatally
prevalent in this place, but it has at present rather abated.
FRAUDS ON THE CUSTOMS IN LONDON.—The public are
aware that some time since it was discovered, that certain
parties, in collusion with some inferior officers of the Cus-
toms, had committed extensive frauds on the revenue, by ob-
taining the delivery of a number of casks of brandy from the
docks without the duty having been paid. So artfully was
their plan contrived, that, but for information promptly
acted upon, the frauds might have been carried on to an
enormous extent. The brandy was disposed of, through the
means of regular agents, to licensed victuallers, who have
since proved to the Commissioners of Customs that they
purchased the brandy in the regular way of trade, and with-
out any knowledge of the frauds. The Lords of the Trea-
sury have recently, upon the recommendation of the Board
of Customs, ordered the restoration of the brandy to the
parties from whom it had been seized.—Courier.

ANCIENT USE OF MALT LIQUOR IN GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND.—lsidorus and Orosius, about the commence-
ment of the fifth century, thus describe the manner iu which
beer was made among the British and other Celtic nations:—
" The grain is steeped in water, and made to germinate ; it
is then dried and ground; after which it is infused in a cer-
tain quantity of water, which, being fermented, becomes a
pleasant, warming, strengthening, and intoxicating liquor."
The German tribes placed a high value on this exhilirating
liquor. Their poets, indeed, made it the theme of praise,
even in the hours of death. The following authorities show
that malt liquor was common use, both in Britain and among
the Irish, at an early period :—Eumenes, in his panegyric cu
Constantius, A.D. 296, observes, that Britain produced corn
in such abundance, that it was sufficient to supply, not only
bread, but also a drink, which was comparable to wine. A
writer of great erudition thus alludes to the habits of St.
Finnian, of Clonard, one of the two sees of Meath. This
pious 'individual died A.D. 552 :—" Finnian was distinguish-
ed not only for his extraordinary learning, and knowledge of
the scriptures, but likewise for his great sanctity and austere
mode of living. His usual food was bread and herbs ; his
drink, water. On festival days, he used to indulge himself
with a little fish, and a cup of leer or whey." In the fifteenth
chapter of the Life of St. Columbanus, by Jonas (embracing
a period between 589 and 610), allusion is made to ale (cer-
v,esiarn), which is prepared from the juice of wheat and bar-
ley, and which, " above all the nations of the earth, except
the Scordiscae and Dardans, who inhabit the borders of the
ocean, those of Gaul, Britain, Ireland, and Germany, and
others who are not. unlike them in manners, use." The
Memoir of Columbanus was written about A.D. 640. In
the year 694, Ina, king of Wessex, directed that every one
who possessed a farm of ten hides of lend should, among
other articles, pay to him twelve am bees of Welsh ale. Each
amber contained above seven gallons of English wine mea-
sure. The ancient and peculiar drink of the Irish, remarks
Ware, as also the Britons, was ale. Dioscorides observes,
that the Britons and Irish (Iliberi), • instead of wine, use a
liquor called curnii, made from barley. On this passage
who term it oel. Julian,
Camden remarks, that the word carmz is corruptly written.
which signifies ale. This lat-
teribr the
n name
eldis Bdreirtiivsehdword c
from
the Danes,
the apostate, in an epigram, denominates this liquor the off-
rpring of corn, and wine without wine. Beer and ale appear
to have formed important items in the banquets of olden times.
Malt liquor constituted a part of the feast provided in the 11th
century for Edward the Confessor. In the reign of Edward
IV. in the 15th century, it has already been shown that 300
tuns of ale were prepared for one feast alone. At an enter-
tainment given by the Earl of Leicester, at Kenilworth
Castle, to Queen Elizabeth, 365hogsbeads of beer alone were
consumed. On the supposition that 23,000 persons were
present on that occasion (an improbable conjecture,) not less
than one gallon of ale would fall to the share of eacti indi-
vidual. Intemperance and riot, doubtless, characterized this
sumptuous feast. The consumption
of malt liquors must
have been greatly increased by
could be procuredby all ranks of society. Spiced ale (double
the price of common,) in the eleventh century, was sold at
Bd. per gallon. In 1251, the law enacted, that in cities a
brewer might sell two gallons of ale for a penny ; and in the
country, three or four gallons for the same price. in 1741,
the maximum price of ale was fixed by act of parliament at
three halfpence for a gallon of the best beer. About 1550;
according to Hoffinshed, the cost of beer .was about five
farthings per gallon. Our ancestors, who were conspicuous
for their bibulous propensities, had stated times for indul-
gence in malt liquors. Some of these were even associated
with the offices of the church, and were supported by joint
contributions,—such as legit ale, clerk ale, church ale, and
bride ale. The latter custom is even still followed in some
parts of Scotland, under the name of penny bride ale, having
for its professed object the assistance of those poor persons
who are unable to defray the expense of a wedding dinner.
Hollinshed, who flourished in the sixteenth century, thus
makes allusion to the habits of the people in his time :—" They
will drink till they be as red as cocks, and little wiser than
their combs." The same writer mentions, that such " headie
ale and beer" were vended, that the people stood peculiarly
in danger of imposition. Porter is a beverage of modern in-
vention. It was first manufactured about the year 1722.
Previous to that period, a drink composed of beer, ale, an;.i
twopenny, was in great demand, iii particular among street.
porters and others engagain.similar occupations. A brewer,,
however, in London, of the ,name of Harwood, invented a;
substitute, which derived its name from those useful mem-
hers of society. Porter principally differs from ale and beer,.
in being made from high dried malt.. An immense quautity-
of this liquor is consumed in London. The metropolis has:
ever been famous for the production of this popular beverage..
Hops were introduced into the composition of beer ill the,
sixteenth century. This circumstance is thus noticed by ale
old author :

" Hops, reformation, bays, and tear,
Came into England all in one year." •
The addition of this popular herb appears to, have formed: the
distinction between beer and ale. " The general use, vv_
marks an old writer, "is by no means to put any hrlry3 into
ale, making that the differenco betwixt it and beer, that the
go one hath hops, the other ne."—Mr. R. B. Grindrod.
" Bacchus."