The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1849-02-13 00:00:00

Fact.—lt ranges up to 26 degrees of hardness, the
average hardness being 16 degrees. It contains consi-
derable quantities of lime and magnesia, and is mixed
largely with the clarified percolations from thousands of
cesspools.
Asseriion.—By going deeper, the quantity of pure water may
be increased to an indefinite extent.
Fact.—ln consequence of having already overpumped
the stratum, the fresh water has in many instances sunk
40 or 50 feet below the tidal level, and, in consequence,
the salt water of the river is rapidly marching inland in
the direction of the Harrington wells, some of which it

will shortly reach, and all 711titnatelyA—the saline water
having already crossed Vauxhall-road, where itlupplies
into Messrs. Forrester and Co.'s well ICO grains of se
salt to one gallon of water.*
Assertion.—That thre is no water at Rivington
Fact -

That the averaTe daily yield for two complete
years amounts to 25,700,000 gallons, (thus exceeding the
estimated yield of 23,500,0.,0 gallons by a quantity just
coital to the entire gross practical yield of all the 1. ar-

by c-ostantaneous gaugings made by other partielor
other purposes, on other but adjacent water sheds.
Assertion.—That the water cannot be stored in the proposed
Rivington lakes or reservoirs.
Fact.—That water it stored in the " Belmont " and
" Turton and Entwisle" reservoirs, both in the same
immediate neighbourhood ; in the former case to a depth
one-half greater, and in the latter case to a depth twice
as great, as in the intended Rivington reservoir.

4ssertion.—Tlint the Rivington water is not good.
Fact.—That it is only of one degree of hardness. That
it produces the finest bleached colours in the kingdom;
and that it is never known to become foetid in reservoirs
as is speedily the case with sandstone waters, and as will-
again become the case with the water in the Kensington
”ervoir within three months from the present time.
-That the Rivington water will produce ague, dy-

Assertion
sentery, and fever

Pact.—That the district in which the water is pro-
duced is free from ague, and produces no more dysentery
and fever than other hill districts, and much less than
lower districts. Moreover, that ague is net at all produced
by water taken either externally or internally, but is
really the result of the malaria occasioned by the decom-
position of eharce, conservw, and other algae. originated
under peculiar circumstances, of which the fens of Lin-
colnshire and the Pontine marshes afford distinct exam-
ples. Tne mortality of Liverpool, with its best of water.
is as nearly as possible double the mortality of the pro-
posed water district and the greatest in the kingdom.
Assertion.—That it cannot be conveyed to Liverpool. •

Fact.—That water is so conveved to Other towns
through pipes of great length, subjected to greater pres-
sure and to an equal degree of undulation, and Ai! 0 of
diameters corresponding to the formula employed in the
determination of the diameter of the Rivington main. .
Assertion.—That the works won't be remunerative.
Fact.—That similar works are remunerative in thehands
of companies who have started without a shilling of in-
come; while at Liverpool the income already amounts to
£57,000 a-year, although the water distributed for sale is
only 3} million gallons, instead of the•l6 million gallons
to be hereafter distributed.
The Corporation of Manchester is at this moment ac-
tively carrying out a similar undertaking under similar
circumstances; excepting in thus far, that while they
commence with a nearly equal burden as respects capital,
the present water income is at least £20,000 per annuuni
less than that of the present water income of the Corpo-
ration of Liverpool.
The Corporation of New York, (a city formerly sup-
plied by wells in the rock, and not NOW so large as Li-
verpool,) has conveyed water in similar quantita, a dis-
tance of 381 miles, at a cost of two millions sterling. an
amount more than four times greater than that required
for the supply of Liverpool.
Boston. in America, a city of comparatively small
extent, on the 25th of Oct. last, completed similar works
for the conveyance of water, and " brought in the supply
from a distance of 20 miles, in the midst of great public
rejoicings."
And the little town of the same name in England,
numbering only 15,000 inhabitants, is just on the eve of
completing an undertaking (of which I have the direc-
tion and am an investing proprietor, beca►rse it will pay),
for the purpose of bringing a supply of water from an
artificial lake of 40 acres in extent, and through a main
pipe of 13 mi'es in length I This company starts without
a sixpence of income, or any compulsory powers what-
ever, and yet is willing to invest a much larger stun per
head of the population, in the conveyance and storage of
the water for the supply of the inhabitants of that town,
than is required for the like purposes for the supply of
the far richer community of Liverpool.
I leave the inhabitants of Liverpool to ponder on these
circumstances, with the promise that unless again pub-
licly attacked. I shall not again appear in any public
discussions on this subject--I remain, Mr. Editor, your
most obedient, and much obliged servant.
T. HAWKSLEY.
Bolton, 10th February, 1849.

To WILLIAM SHUTTLEWORTH, ESQ.
DEAR SIR,—Mr. Hawksley's statement as to what took
place before me as Arbitrator in the matter of the Waterworks
is strictly correct. Respecting the quantity of water yielded
by the various wells, I was fortunately enabled to avail myself
of the knowledge of one of my present assistants. Mr. Hosk-
ing, who had formerly been engaged by Mr. Wickstead to
ascertain the actual quantity pumped from the wells. Mr.
Hosking is eminently qualified for such a task, and having had
much experience in his great ability, strict integrity, and scru-
pulous accuracy, I received his information with the utmost
confidence. The opinion I arrived at, after maturely consider-
ing the whole of the evidence and statements laid before me
was that the difference of yie7d as stated by Mr. Hawksley and
Mr. Wickstead probably arose from slight fluctuations in the
supplyvarying with the season or othercircumstances, and that
the true average was somewhat above the one and below
the other, thus making the actual difference between the two
statements very small indeed. I consequently urged upon Mr.
Hawksley, es he states, the propriety of withdrawing his ap-
plication to institute an elaborate, tedious, and naturally ex-
pensive, series of experiments, which he acquiesced in.
I am, dear sir,
Your obedient servant,
ROBERT STEPHENSON.

24, Great George-street,
Westminster, 13th June, 1848.

* Many other similar instances may be adduced-91Tie's
and Earle's in the north, and Gregson's in the south.

CHURCH PASTORAL AID SOCIETY

The ninth anniversary meetings of this excellent insti-
tution were held yesterday. The morning meeting in
the Collegiate Institution, although not so numerous as
we have seen assembled within those walls, was, never-
theless, highly respectable.

. .
On the motion of the Rev. W. Pollock, Adam Hodg-
son, Esq. was called to the chair, and the business of the
day was commenced with prayer, offered up by the Rev.
C. W. Lawrence.

The CHAIRMAN then proceeded to address the meet-
ing. He said a few years ago it was necessary for a party
occupying the position he did, to enter at some length
into the constitution and objects of the society. He was
happy to be able to say that was not necessary now ; that
the society was well known to most of them, and that it
now took its station amongst other societies, having
similar objects in view. The various modes in which its
operations were carried on—the seasonable aid it afforded
for the relief of spiritual destitution—and its success in
those operations would be fully explained by the gentle-
men around him, and especially by those from a distance
who formed the deputation, if he might so speak, of the
Parent Institution. He therefore need say no more than
that its object was to take its share in its own peculiar
way, in assisting to remove that large amount of spiritual
destitution which was still to be found, not only in the
rural districts—on the hill sides, and in the valleys of our
land, but in large towns, in the manufacturing districts,
and even at our own doors. (Hear.) When first com-
menced, its promoters had to labour under considerable
difficulties, but happily its conductors, satisfied of the
Scriptural principles on which it was founded,—satisfied
of its objects, and of the honesty of their intentions, deter-
mined to persevere. They had at that time a prelate who
was not in the habit of waiting for success before he vouch-
safed his countenance and support to an object, but being
satisfied of its propriety, at once threw himself into the
difficulties, and gave all the assistance in his power to an
institution having for its object the diminution of the spi-
ritual destitution he saw around him. Having himself,
with a success not to be found in any other diocese, pro-
moted the building of churches—having taken by this
means the most effectual method of providing a remedy
for the evils he saw prevailing, his lordship threw himself,
with all his heart, into the society; the consequence of
which was, that they frequently saw him in the position
he (the chairman) then occupied, advocating the interests,
vindicating the principles, and urging the claims of the
society ; and he did the same in London long before he
was called upon to hold the high position he now does ;
but having attained to that position, his lordship had not
failed to give it the highest official sanction it could attain.
(Hear and cheers.) The speaker then called attention to
the stirring events which had taken place in the world
since they celebrated their last anniversary. Thrones had
been overturned, dynasties changed, and the whole conti-
nent was tottering to its very centre. Yet England, un-
der tae blessing of Divine Providence, had escaped. How
was this ? We were partly indebted for it to the Consti-
tution, which possessed within itself the inherent property
of expansion, and was closely connected wich the spiritual
provision of the people. Much of our tranquillity must,
however, be ascribed to the religious feeling of the people
of this kingdom. This was a fact which he wished to im-
press upon the minds of all present, that they were acting
the best part of patriotism when they were aiding the
spread of religion, and none were contributing more to the
security of our constitution than those who, acting like the
Church Pastoral-Aid Society, were silently disseminating
the spirit of pure religion among the masses of the peop'e.
(Cheers.) The society had taken a very large share in
these efforts, and he trusted that in future it, and all kin-
dred societies having similar objects in view, would derive
a support far beyond anything they had yet experienced.
(Applause.)
The Rev. JOHN HARDING, Rector of St. Anne's,
Blackfriars, next addressed the meeting. He proposed to
occupy their attention only a short time, whilst he laid
before them a few facts, as the representative of the com-
mittee of the parent society. He had been on the com-
mittee since its formation, and coming to Liverpool for
the first time, he was delighted to find so many friends of
the institution. It was delightful to trace the progress
which the cause bad made in this town. When he looked
at the liberality of the inhabitants in the erection of
churches and schools, he felt assured the time was not far
distant when, having supplied the wants of their own
neighbourhood, they would extend more liberal aid to the
country at large. (Hear, hear.) The committee were

placed in a most painful position. Their means were not
equal to the demands made upon it or the desire of the
committee. They had already made the large number of
366 grants, but they had on the table of the committee
70 applications ; and they were compelled to say that the
society was not in a position to supply those wants. This
arose from want of funds ; and this fact he wished to
impress upon the attention of the meeting. For what
purpose had the 366 grants been made ? Simply for the
purpose of spreading amongst the destitute thousands in
this country the important truths which alone could make
them happy here and hereafter. Out of the 366 grants
already made, 73 lay teachers were employed, whose duty
it was to assist the clergy in carrying the gospel of Jesus
Christ to the poor, so that they by it may be happy in his
presence here and glorified in his kingdom hereafter.
(Hear, hear.) The reverend gentleman then defended
the society from the objection made against it by some
parties in consequence of inquiries made into the
characters of those persons who were paid out of its
funds. He said no questions were asked whether the
parties to whom grants were made belonged to this party
or that,—they did not ask whether they were Calvinist or
Armenian, High Church or Low Church,—whether they
had peculiar views of unfulfilled prophecy, on one side or
the other, but whether they would make it their chief
aim and object to carry to sinners the knowledge and
power of our adorable Saviour, and teach them to
walk in obedience to his commands. If he would

really seek to bring the truth as it is in Jesus to the hearts
of those with whom he might be brought in contact, they
asked no more. So with regard to the laymen paid cut of
the funds of the society. He believed they had succeeded

by this means in having the services of faithful men ; and
the result of the proceedings so far was highly gratifying.
By means of the society's grants opportunities were
afforded of spiritual worship, which but for them would
not be possessed. Every week above one thousand such
opportunities of religious instru
secured by means of thoe grants

Row delightful-w

to contemplate this fact ? -How many souls were thus
being brought to a saving knowledge of the truth would
only be known at the consummation of all things. Many
delightful facts had, however, come to the knowledge of
the society, but time would not permit him to dwell upon
them. He would, however, take the liberty of commend-
ing to their attention the occasional papers published by

. . .
the society, and trusted they would be more extensively
read. The rev. gentleman then read extracts from a letter
written by an incumbent in Wales, whose income did not

exceed £BO, whose parish contained 5,300 souls, and was
eleven miles long and six broad. These extracts showed
the necessity of aid which such a society as the Pastoral
Aid Society alone could afford. After detailing some
other interesting facts the rev. gentleman concluded by
observing that whatever efforts had been made on behalf
of the society, they were nothing as compared with the
wants of the country. He trusted every one would go
from that meeting contemplating the stete of the society,
and contemplating it in the light in which it would be
contemplated when time shall be no more. (Cheers.)
The Rev. E. TOTTENHAM, incumbent of Laura Chapel,
Bath, and Prebendary of Wells, then rose to address the
r.,..3t:m. Aft

gentlenian said, there were three questions which natu-
rally addressed themselves to the meeting, with reference
to the Church Pastoral Aid Society :—First, as to the ob-
ject—is it a good one. Second, are the means which are
employed to support it unexceptionable and pure; and
third, is the necessity for the efforts positive and undenia-
ble. He thought he could answer all these questions to
the satisfaction of the meeting. The first question at
this day hardly needed any observations. Surely it was
-'Glary to demonstrate the fact, that ...he object was

unnec€

a good one, for what was it? They had been told already
—that it was to seek Christ's flock in the midst of this
naughty world, and to bring them into his fold that they
may be saved for ever. He felt it would be a waste of
time to enlarge on this subject, and indeed it was not
necessary to say much respecting the second question, for
what were the means which the society employed ? They
were means furnished by the church itself. The society
did not go beyond the pale of the church, for the means
of its operation—it found them within the border of the
church. They were first the clergy themselves, and,
secondly, the faithful lay members of the church, and in
the appointment of these, t'se society did nothing more
than what was the duty of every patron when he presented
to a living. He was bound in the sight of God to see
that the person he selected was likely to be a faithful
minister to the flock. They were told that the society
constituted itself into a kind of episcopacy, and pretended
to commission men to labour in the field of the Lord.
It did no such thing, and it, was well that their friends
should know and bear in mind this fact, that the Church
Pastoral Aid Society did not do so, that it, made no effort at
all, until an application was made to it for assistance. Then
for the first time it instituted an inquiry into the amount
of the population of the parish and the income of the
Incumbent. Then it made a grant, but it did not even
then select a clergyman, but called upon the incumbent
to do so. Then the necessary enquiries into his character
were made. It appeared to him a most extraordinary
fact that men could be found who objected to this. If it
were intended to obtrude laymen into the Church it might
be objected to, but when they found that the clergyman
was selected from the ordained members of the Church
by the incumbent himself, there could be no ground for
objection. He should therefore assume, that as the ob-
ject was good, so the means by which it sought to put
the Society into operation were unexceptionable and pure.
Then as to the third point—were the necessity for the
efforts positive and undeniable. Surely it was not neces-
sary to prove that. Let them only remember this fact
that at the beginning of the present century the population
of England and Wales was eight milllions. Now it
amounted to seventeen millions and a half, so that in point
of fact it had more than doubled itself within the last
forty-nine years. Had the means of spiritual instructice
been anything like doubled during that period, even
supposing the country sufficiently supplied at that time?
(Hear.) But from whom did the applications for spiritual
assistance come—who were those devoted clergymen who
sought their assistance and support? They were men
labouring among five, six, seven, and sometimes ten
thousand souls. scattered over a large parish. (Hear,
hear.) They should bear in mind too that in the parishes
where assistance was required the income of the clergy-
man was so small that he was unable to afford to pay for
assistance himself. The rev. gentleman then referred to
the case of an incumbent, 87 years of are, whose income
was £l4O, and whose parish contained 5,000 souls, scat-
tered over eight miles. They would see that it was im-
possible for him to provide the necessary pastoral super-
intendence and teaching. What was the result of the
Society's aid ? They had now three full additional ser-
vices every Sabbath, three on the week days, and not
only had schools been erected but two chapels had been
built, and one purchased from the Dissenters, proving
that if the Church be but true to herself the population of
the land are not anxious to dissent from the Church but
would rather continue within her pale. (Cheers.) It
was, however, said by some that it was the duty of the
state to provide for the spiritual wants of the people.
Granting that it was the business of the state to provide
for the people being taught in the true religion, and he,
for one, held that it was the bounden duty of the state to
provide for the spiritual teaching of every man, woman,
and child, throughout the land. (Cheers.) This was the
very principle of an establishment. Not that it should
patronise religion to a certain extent, and leave the rest to
be done by voluntary subscription. The state, however,
was not willing to do that, and therefore they sought to
accomplish it in another way. (Hear, hear.) It had been
said they need not ask the assistance of the state, or of
Christian men either, if they would only distribute equally
the revenues already in possession of the church. Cer-
tainly, if the exaggerated statements which had been put
forth, with reference to the revenues of the Establishment,
were true, be admitted that fact ; but he ventured to as-
sert that there was no single subject on which there was
so much misapprehension and misrepresentation. (Hear,
hear.) Something had been done by the division of large
parishes, and most probably more would be done by the
commission recently appointed, but still if all was done
that could be, it would not supply the wants of the people ;
for if all the church property were equally divided among
the existing incumbents it would not give them more than
£2OO a year each. (Hear, hear.) Then, if the revenues
of the church were not enough, they were compelled to
apply for voluntary contributions. After defending the
principle of voluntarism, in connection with an Esta-
blished Church, when that church was insufficient for the
wants of the people, the reverend gentleman concluded
with an eloquent appeal in behalf of the society, and re-
sumed his seat amid loud cheers.
The Rev. HUGH STOWELL next rose to address the
meeting, and was received with loud cheers. He said the
difficulty in speaking of the Church Pastoral Aid Society
was not in finding material, but in selecting it, for he did
not know of one topic connected with it which was not
sufficient to arouse the attention and secure the approba-
tion of all. Tt was one of the most comprehensive, and
possessed every kind of instrumentality which told upon
the church. In one point it was a most efficient church
building society. It did that on the right principle; it
begets the demand and then furnishes the supply—it ob-
tained the swarm and then hived it—it produced the con-
gregation and then built the church. More than 100
churches were indebted to this institution for their erec-
tion. (Loud cheers.) It first awoke the desire for spiri-
tual good and then the people themselves set about, de-
termined to have a constant supply. One great reason
was, it had been purely a missionary work. He conceived
it would be a great mistake in the Church Missionary
Society if they were to go about and erect churches on
the most tractarian principle of architecture, with screens
to hide the minister from the people, and then leave
the people to themselves whether they would visit it
or not. The true principle, however, was to get a con-
gregation first, and a church would follow. (cheers.) Get
a congregation, and then if nothing better could be pro-
vided, get a log temple, wherein the worship would be as
acceptable as in the finest architectural structure, even if
built on the most approved Trac4-arian principle. (Loud
cheers.) If they viewed the society on another principle
it was equally as imporeant. The Church Pastoral Aid
Society was one of the very hest Protestant associations.
(Applause.) When he used that word, it was not as a
term of reproach, for, under God, it had been one of the
best means of rousing the Protestant feeling of England
and Ireland from the state of syncope in which it was,
and now her Majesty's ministers don't dream of endowing
the Romish priesthood of Ireland, and if they did, such:
would be the feeling of the country, that they would not
be able to stand up against it. This, however, is ame

valud.ile institution, in some respects, for th,
Association was naturally only a defensive institution,
whereas the Church Pastoral Aid Society did more—it
carried the war into the enemy's camp, for what after all
was Popery but ignorance, and the object of the Church
Pastoral-Aid Society was to dispel ignorance. He zran-

a Protestant

,
ted there were a few sprigs at Oxford who.attrYe7tedly
the fine drapery of the Church of Rome, had been sedu-
ced into her pale; but after all the spirit of Romanism
was ignorance. (Hear, hear.) The more they advanced
the light of the Gospel of Christ throughout the length
and breadth of the land—the more they brought it to