The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1838-11-02 00:00:00

RETURN OF THE LIVERPOOL.

Accounts were received on Wednesday from Cork and
Dublin announcing the return of the Liverpool, which:put. -
into the Cove shortly after three o'clock on Monday, ten days.
after her departure from Liverpool.
Almost every day since her departure she has been ob-
structed by contrary winds. On Thursday last she encoun-.
tered a hurricane. She had accomplished • nearly one-third
of her voyage, when it was found that, owing to the unfavour-
able state of the wind, she could not make more than three ..
or four knots au hour. In consequence of this diminution of
speed the consumption of fuel was so immense that it was
found advisable to put back.
One of the letters received states, that so dreadful was the
weather, that in order to make head against it thcconsump,.
Lion of fuel was exceedingly great, nearly 400 tons of coals
were consumed in ten days. The accounts received in' Dub-
lin state, that the. Liverpool was to set out again on Wed-
nesday.
The following is the official account communicated by Mr.
John Pollock, agent to the Transatlantic Steam Company.
" I have this moment received advice, froM Cork and Pub, ,
lin, to the effect that the Liverpool, having experienced a"
succession of severe gales, with a tremendous hurricane on
the 25th instant, the captain deemed it prudent to put back,
arriving at Cork on the 29th instant.
" She lust her figure head, and bail reached 10ng.,21-:
lat. 47. . : .
" Mr. Shaw, the company's marine inanc&er, (who went,,
with the Royal William, first voyage,) being in Dublin, rd •
ceeded instantly to Cork, and will accompany her to New
York.
"The Liverpool will take in an additional supply of fuel,
and is expected to sail again this day"—(Wednesday). -
•

(From the Cork Constitution, of Tuesday.) 't 1,1.4
" Daily information has been obtained by Vessels arriving fl
tit Liverpool of the Liverpool steam ship. She was making
very good progress, and was breasting a heavy sea and
verse winds in gallant style. When seen upon one occasion
off Tuscar, her engines had stopped, au occurrence common
to steamers on a first voyage, and she was 4-blowiugoff' her
steam." • . - • • ,

The above is from the Wafer ord Mirror of yesterday morn-
ing; but by the Shipping Note received yesterday evening x.
from our correspondent at Cove, it will be seen tbatiafter
encountering the dreadfully boisterous weather af,the,lseto!
week, she has been obliged to put about and run in here fur

coals. •
Even the elements are against the Whigs. This vessel is'
the bearer of important despatches for Uri Durham, • "Ur,'
the person." whoever he may be; " administering the-Govern-:
went." She carries, it is understood, the sprayer of her Ma-
jesty's Ministers—and it was first stated, the prayer.of her
Majesty herself—that his Lordship would re-consider his re-
solution, withdraw his resignation, and resume the reins of
Government. For this she was detained four•aud-twetitY
hours beyond her appointed time in Liverpool, and for this a
"Queen's Messenger" was despatched by her fur-Canada!
Yet here we have her,—Messenger and despatches; "auto-
graph" and• all—at the Cove of Cork, and era she reaches
her destination, Lord Durham may be in Lonthin ! It is no
fault of hers, however. The vessel is a good one, and was
making her way gallantly, when arrested by the terriao
storms which she has had to contend with since her depar-
ture. She has put in, as we have stated, for coals, and vra
presume will start immediately on receiving her supplp

LIVERPOOL MECHANICS' INSTITVTIOIs.

LECTURES ON ASTRONOII.II%

On Saturday evening John Wallis, Esq. dellierict his
second lecture. ' it, %cr.':
A spherical body can revolve upon an.axis passing tbreugh
it in any diameter, but an oblate spheroid can ,enlY"
reVtl
upon its short axis. Upon this simple eireutuSf:ince depends
the return of our seasons as well us the lives of a nonabg.Fr",
animals, for were the earth not.llatter at the poles than at
the equator it would be liable to a continual change- of *Xi',
by which what we call the" equator might.be couverted into
lve
the poles and the poles into the equator. The tendencY
which bodies have to assume the form of an Oblate' Spheroid
when put into rapid revolution is capable of demonittatinn
in a variety of methods ; thus, if two thin spherical hoops 4)e
caused to rev dye rapidly upon a whirling tube upon an axis
passing through the edges of the hoops,, the. hoops wilLue
contracted in the diameter of their axis and expatided in a
contrary direction. [This Mr. Wallis illustrated by a Piece
of beautiful machinery.] All the planets are subject to. the
same law as the earth, and will only rotate open their shortest
axis. [The principle of this law was strikinglvdernonetrate:!
by Mr. Wallis, by means of the whirlinstable,7upon which
he caused a number of differently formed :substancesto r°-
tate, and when left to their own free action, whether they.
are chains, fiat discs, oblate spheroids, or ellipsoid's; they an
revolved upon their shortest axis.] If the 'earth; werk4d
volve once in 84 minutes, the centrifugal farce wiftild he 51.
much increased at theequator as to balance the attleetien
gravitation, the consequence of which wetly he
,fhat there
would be no weight there, so that the ieast..prieh'W4l4 Fe
auy loose article off the globe, and those arficree4htEh pa
now consider the heaviest would theti iiee
[Mr. Wallis illustrated this by means of.a couple of:Plre.
tubes containing leaden shots, water, and atinoisphert4W
at
equal proportions which he placed upon a whirling to
at
angles of about 30°, and caused to rotate wit ksome ebricit,•
The consequence was that the leaden bullets rushed' to the,
top of the tubes, the water stood beet to 'it and the:.atcrilas.
pheric air descended to the bottom. The planet Jupiter
is eleven times the diameter of the earth, revolves iii•i.s.oet ha
half the time of the earth, therefore there must be an itnNeutsil
disprorortion between the weight of a body.at the poles' a
the equator of that planet.
Having disposed of the apparent diurnal motion of the sli°
b.y to
the diurnal motion of our own globe, 'we shall attend I°..
the apparent annual motion of the sun. The sun is 40Pta,
lions of miles more distant from us than the moor!, ae
they both appear alike in size,. must be immenselY la del)
The apparent annual motion of the sun Can he as re,
explained as its apparent diurnal motion.—[The lecturer
illustrated this by placing two balls, of unequal sizes, atm ..1100
together by means of wire, upon a whirling table. „AV.
the centre of gravity was placed upon the centre of Motat?;'
the balls revolved without any tendency to fly off the. t"
by centrifugal force; but no sooner was the centre of gravyy.
disturbed than the balls flew to the side, still would no tong!'_
rotate indifferently. —When bodies are of -different sizes, the
centre of gravity alters. Thus, if one were
size of time other, the centre of gravity .would eight• 'lathe
as near to the large body as to the small beds', and the
__l-the
eight. times the
to any extent. Thus, the sun being so tuudielargerthan
earth, the centre of gravity about which both odes titeSolve
so much nearer to the sun. We cannot Make. the- earth
voice %bout the centre of the sun, nor can the- eatilt,s4.o ruae‘•
the centre of motion to the. sun; .but the .centre ,grabeov,
between both must be the centre around which 't4y ht of
revolve. The moon is only the 68th pate of the ''"*%gfreut
the earth. Now, we know the diameter of the sun In's, .01
110 to 111 times that of the earth; mid it woold be conlP,°,;„
of very light materials, indeed, if it were „not heavier wee
the earth. But whatever the diameter qf ahe.stio, „if, it half
of the same weight, the centre of, gravity would
.be one
the distance between the sun and the earth. o to
It is the annual motion of the earth which enables e
reckon one of our largest portions of time, the seasons. the
find that the sun is not always at the same distance I*.r°lll,l the
earth, therefore the :milli does not describe a circle rounation
sun; neither does the moon describe
.a .circular rn,ols
around the earth. Far from it, and we do not find ab'
instance in the universe of any bodies describing circles'ateri
is there a single instance in which the same orbit is rePe,reat
by the stone body; and yet, notwithatandiott•theseinch
changes, there is one grand conservative principle P.Y'' so
tn the mean distance of a planet is. constantly nint3in f ,
that there is no danger, however eccentric the Orbit ure-
planets leaving its mean distance. By; accurate wean for
inent of the sun, we timid that its semi-diameter is.4.glveag of
every day in the Nautical A lmanack. At- the .beiti"lli 5t the
January the sun appears largest, so that we, are.. nearcaner•
sun in our winter, and farthest from it in July—•:iour °,,uirculn"
At the other side of the equator we find the same` -stow
stances to happen, namely, that the sun is farthest tat woo
mer, and nearest in winter. But while we are fartbe'ia one
the sun we move slowest, and rice versa, so what i• b'stclieo re'
way we gain to the other. This is the case with all ho t to.
volving around others. and is very obvious with resPet` the
tne moon. The moon's distance differs as 32 to 38' I.'hite dir"
sun only differs by the 33d of the whole amount.
ference of the sun's diameter at different
16 deg. 43 min. to 16 deg. 17, min. Here then weThe ec-
we resolve in a kind of oval orbit around the stln•point
centricity of an orbit is the difference between the real '
516
of revolution and the focus. • d tht
'rhe difference of time we shall advert to next, ane•ng eiv
more difficult than is perhaps imagined. Every' b
periods,
el oat
(lowed with consciousness and memory _must We ►
ase°
of the succession of time. But we must have some, l„1,
of time, otherwise we should have two indivi-eurr
would agree in the time of day, according as their
~s,te
tions were agreeable and disagreeable.
our time by the stars, as they 'move equally, consee‘tla or-
We eould tnetiPease
of the motion of the earth. on its exie, audahms We g
jb
rest measure of time. This is then aLI inecger of tille•
he sob`,
astronomer hair his sidreal and iiirs solar clOelits•
clock is never regulated by theestin; because the 'u and 'I
times comes to the meriaian 20 minutes too so"'-',e by lb-
,
others 20 minutes too late. If we meastire -onr timeni peon
stars, we get trite time, and the astronomer eilwaYs Ario;
that means. Sidreal time begins with the first poiot
and this standard is universally•followed'hY•all sstroeuaietu:
throughout the world. The observer has a transit instrs,
he
to watch the passage of a star or any other bode t'.` filers'
meridian. We find that in the year there are' 36°4 to 11.1,,
revolutions, whilst the sun has only come 365 tit" eto'l
meridian, 'lbis arises from the sun gradually g",.`,t.ci,°!
ward at the rate of 3 minutes, 56 and teu-twelftlis ditil;
per day. The week and the month are mere artifio_t,swici.:,
sions of titne, and have nothing to do with
phenomena; but the year is the period in Whic,h..,":ol:ie
around the sun. We are thus surrotinded with at ~or
and there are such minute details to be attended lnen tetioe
observations, that we ought to be thankful to tlw" 'out le
have brought their calculations to such perfectia,r,',. a sing,
can reckon time for 1000 Years without the error, I, nor sy),
day. A sideral day is not the 365th, nor the 366 t ant eere
astron," ~s;
other integer partof a year. The year, therefare,'s in a ce-
tnensurable by the day, and we are thus plae:"
oys, °,;r,
36
great difficulty. We find that the year is a
about a quarter. A confusion took piece in 111%;i:51.
foon the suosition that the year consisted of 0
which was found too much. Julius Cmar found
his reign, chronology was thrown into the utmost c ailed e 4
thaoroooto
from the overlooking of this circumstance. ile,3„Pladvi'in
Sosogenes, an eminent astronomer of his time, w"'ar add
him to make a leap year ; he vitt, do not every Ye and ',t9
the 6 hours, but add theta together evezy,4 Yea"' have °r
shall then have an extra day. By this nicer's, ,wiie The),os
days in February
46, before the Christian era was allowed to i" leap-vear, (to it this is ashen)* ist
e,t.
days, and thus they continued the ad ju.st ment ',is j.%;,,,
But now, as the 'addition of 6 !tours per annum `rats „°
mites too much, in the course of succeeding colt°
ther error crept into the calendar. The astronotnet.o, t)toa
called upon Iry Pepe Gregory the 13th, to acconne`.....s
anti theY round that the seasons had fallen lock I:eroo._tra`,
theta, so that wet e thresaine mode eleteriputatio,ll_,:i be t.oe7a,
to go on for century utter century, the seasons w!a;
_.as
pletely out of their Place: so fee.:as the calenda
ftvi) loseles.6
cerned. Time mode
.which was. adopted, was the nine dc'tce
it was found that if they otniiaed to recto:ll.l,e in tee
they would be correct. This h'a's oreve'vear
her, 1582. 'lle present mode in which
is by omitting to add the clay in February at`
.tiAer the
closing three'centuries nut Orfottri so,lbatthustn.is
century with an art ear at .:21.b,rwm. Titer
be a trifling error unaccounted Icir, which itus,.je.
day in 2030 years and must then :belatterifleds.
at•,,e sweat
the only nation which has ',not adeptellik4;l.
ours
and consequently, their differeatilrtom
12 days.
The seasons arise from purely• r
.00ie
nd the sun with its a..e.
~
0,,
If a planet were to go round •hauical cireuffisotatatii!dt
• ect to t '
woo rehp
have no seasons,—this is the• ease
eas, 0
ittier of which bases ". as
perpendicular to the 'plane or the erliit; 'that elautt`e to" "
and the planet Jupiter, _ . Inca
c.co ti
Mr. Wallis then illuSteited the
.se (ince.
t.
f rea.
and were productive o g
explained his object, .
nuMber of orreries and transparencies which (tle'
re'
hoe r
ei:7ke
a Pair
seated an editor of that city on ,
WOI:TtIY OF ln
el °tit; Si.t'Oer i'i rt
j loth.' 5: of
The editor of the Neu, York Se. ii recent
lc of
spectacles in trying to reed Welsh ti,ew.sniil)
1.0 indicall'ion,
n ANOVER, OCT. a).—Tbe.re real!).
ls'el`"fi°otir °,
of an amicable solution of the pit-Pion' b
• Red- Twrs"'•f ha
Tice long conference which•an es.' • eipa
late visit to Veiden, heel willtene f 'lee')ade to a ".(1 ia
of the coast Rotten of 1831; and'icverotitres..,ec itions so
the
peesesses the great¢t•influte4ooloi'llais
Second thatuber, authorise tins,conjectue • •

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