The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1840-07-28 00:00:00

IS TI;TERE RIBANDISM IN THE ARMY

The return match between the Manchester club al
Liverpool club, with Adams, one of the best Kent p 1
given, will come off to-morrow.

THE LATE MR. JOHN LANDER.—It appears by a parlia-
mentary return just published, that the widow of Mr. John
Lander, who accompanied his brother Richard in one or
more hazardous expeditions into the interior of Africa, and
owed his death, probably, to the injury inflicted on his con-
stitution by the baneful climate of that country, has obtained
a government pension of £75 a year. This, we think, is,
under the circumstances, a very• inadequate stipend ; but of
the small sum remaining at the disposal of ministers, when
it was granted, a thousand a year was wanted for what is
called the Mount Eagle job—a job, by the way, in which the
Whigs persevere, notwithstanding its positive condemnation
by a large majority of the House of Commons.—Falmouth
Express.

FRAUDS UPON EMIGRANTS.—We perceive,
description of fraud upon emigrants and their friends h.
cently been put in practice, and we fear it is beyond
reach of correction, save by extensive exposure. It seep
that some parties in New York have hit upon the expedien
of persuading emigrants who have arrived there to pur
chase from them passage-tickets for such of their friend;
and acquaintance as wish to follow them from this country
to America. The indhiduals who practice these fraud:
have picked out, for insertion in their pretended tickets
the name of a respectable house in Liverpool,—Messrs,
Rintoul and Zimmerman, of Atherton-buildings, Dale-
street,—whom they falsely represent as their agents. A
short time since a female, who had one of these
documents transmitted to her, came all the way from
Ballyshannon to this town, in the confident expecta-
tion that a passage had been secured for her. She had
expended all she was worth in her journey to this place, and
is now a fit object for the charity of the benevolent. The
ticket gives minute directions to the party as to the proceed-
ings to be taken in order to obtain the due fulfilment of the
pretended agreement, thus adding a cruel deception to the
original fraud. As Messrs. Rintoul and Zimmerman never
before heard of the names or existence of the parties who
have taken it upon them to represent them as their agents,
and as they are not, in fact, emigrant agents for any party
whatever, nor in any way connected with the trade, the na-
ture of the imposition will immediately be perceived. Messrs.
Rintoul and Zimmerman have received, within the last few
days, numerous applications respecting passages to New York,
which afford proof that the frauds have been very extensively
practisectin various parts of the country.
CHESTER ASSIZES.—Causes for trial must be entered on
the 15th August, and the trials will be proceeded upon at 10
o'clock in the forenoon of the lith. Lord Denman will pre-
side in the Nisi Prius Court.

that a r

There is a man in Bangor whose hair is so red and luminous
lat his wife frequently starts up at midnight and imagines
is sun rise—such a blazing halo does his head shed around
—American paper.

he room

By a return just laid before parliament, it appears t
whole expense of the yeomanry in Great Britain in 18.5 u was
£90,786.- The number of officers and men embodied was
14,119, making the average cost of each £6 Bs.

•
INCREASE OP POPULATION.-157hilst the increase of po-
pulation in England and Wales, in 30 years, from 1801 to
1831, has been something more than 47 per cent., the actual
increase in the number of inhabitants of five of our most
important provincial towns has very nearly doubled that rate,
being— _ _

Manchester
Glasgow....
Liverpool ..
Birmingham

109 per cent
108
100

Leeds .-
..House of Commons Report

CURIOUS CIRCUMSTANCE.-Mr. Peter Turner, of Up-
perby, has been furnished with a singular exemplification of
the paternal affection of the feathered tribe in his turkey
cock. The hen turkey was engaged in sitting on her own
nest, and master jock, not to be behind hand, sat on one
turkey egg and two hen eggs. He brought all the three out,
but the juvenile turkey soon after died, and the two chickens
are now following their masculine mamma, which may be
seen at Mr. Thomas Turner's, Cross Keys, Upperby. It is
feared jock will discard the turkey hen, his former lady love,
from an idea that lie can do without her; the hen is evidently
jealous of her husband's new found powers of incubation.—
Carlisle Patriot.

The living which the Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert, the new
warden of Manchester college, will hold at Spofforth, in ad-
dition to his appointment, is of the value of 43,000 a year.
which, with his wardenship, will make an income of .:£6,000
a year, being nearly double many of the bishoprics.—Shef-
field Patriot.

A correspondent of the Alsace, at Baden, states that a fey
.ays since a young man, a visiter of the baths, shot himself
a despair at having lost 10,000 f. at the gaming•
:entleman from Marseilles had lost 60,000 f. the
ame time.

Since Oxford's trial a marked difference is observable in
the prisoner's appearance and manners. He appears much
more cheerful, and seems as if a considerable weight had
been removed from his mind. His manner towards the
turnkey who was in attendance on him was also somewhat
different to what it had been before the trial ; and he ceased
to continue that reserve which had previously marked his
conduct. He had been visited by his mother, sister, and
both his uncles, and entered into a long history of the
occur-
rence, and detailed the whole particulars relating to his ex-
ploits. On Saturday w.!ek an order was received by Mr.
Cope, the governor of Newgate, from the home-office, for
his immediate removal to Bethlehem Hospital. On receipt
of it, Mr. Cope proceeded to the cell of Oxford, and told
him to prepare for his removal, telling him at the same
time where he was going to take him. The prisoner did not
betray the slightest emotion on receiving the intimation, and
in a short time after, he was taken by Mr. Cope, in a hack-
ney coach, to St. George's-fields, and handed over to the
proper authorities of Bethlehem Hospital.—Times of yester-
day.

GRAVEDIGGERS AND THEIR " MANAGEMENT."—I have,
I think, sufficiently explained to my readers the "manage-
ment" of certain localities ; it is a rule with gravediggers to
avoid as much as possible, inhalino the gases given of by
the putrefaction (If the dead. When bodies are inhumed,
and the slower dissipation of the products is interfered with
by the pick-axe or the shovel, the grave is left open until the
surrounding atmosphere has diluted the poison, or at least
the lighter products are driven off ; the heavier gases, those
that destroyed the men in Aldgate, are driven off by heat, or
absorbents are employed. In some instances they are " laded
up in buckets," and poured out on the surface, but in the
majority of instances heat is employed.—Gatherings Ai't
Grave Yards, by G. A. Walker, Surgeon.

THE UERN AND THE
.11
evening,Q pursuant to arrangemWlLD ents B
wEASTShich had-0 beenthis madelatter for
the purpose, our gracious mistress condescended to cross the
stage of the theatre for the purpose of seeing the animals in
their more excited and savage state during the operation of
feeding them. It is almost unnecessary to observe, that this
gratifying scene took place after the departure of the audi-
ence ; and that every possible caution was adopted for the
comparative comfort and seclusion of the royal visitor, which
the resources of the theatre permitted, such as enclosing the
entrance with crimson draperies, and carrpeting the stairs—
not merely to shut out the draught of the night-air, but to
exclude the prying gaze of the many stragglers who remained
behind in hopes of bearing testimony to so unprecedented a
compliment paid to the theatre. The animals had been kept
purposely without food for six-and-thirty hours •, strong
symptoms of which had become manifest during Mr. Van
Amburgh's performance, by the lion and the panther having
simultaneously attacked the lamb on its being placed in their
den; and they would have evidently made but a mouthful
apiece of it, had not their almost superhuman master lite-
rally lashed them into the most abject and crouching sub-
mission. The first portion of food thrown amongst them,
seized by the lion as a matter of priority, was enough to con-
vince any sceptic of the fearful savageness of their nature,
when out of the control of the one hand whose power they
acknowledged. The rolling of the tiger's eye, while he was
devouring the massive lump of meat and bone, clutched be-
neath his fore-paws, seemed to possess the brilliancy as well
as rapidity of lightning ; and was only diverted by a tremen-
dous and sudden spring of the lion, who, having demolished
his own portion, seized upon what was left of his ferocious
neighbour's fare. The dash against the sides of the den
sounded like the felling of huge trees, and was enough be- its
force and fury to shake the strongest nerves ; but it was a
positive fact, that while the boldest of the hearts in the royal
suite speedily retreated at this unexpected plunge of the forest
monarch, the youthful queen never moved either face or foot,
but with look undiverted, and still more deeply riveted, con-
Stage,
by Mr. to eon the novel and moving spectaele.spectacle.--The.
•
A TURKISH JUSTICE.—THE BET OF KIEHL—WC fOUIId
an excellent post-house in the village; and the rain continuing
through the day, we remained there till the next morning.
The postmaster was governor of Kifri, and of seven other
village's on the plain. He came in and spent the afternoon
with us, and his presence gave me a rare entertainment.
Every half-hour some one entered to present a, complaint
against
rous tone his neigs
hbour, which was always done in the most
vo : the bey settled their difficulties in the
most summary manner, the complainant seldom staying more
than five minutes. One case was of a more delicate nature
than the others, but it was dispatched with almost equal cele-
rity. A man having divorced one wife and married snother,
wished to take the first one again, and retain the second. The
former, having the liberty of refusal, declined the re-union,
and the man had urged his suit with unbecoming pertinacity.
The offended woman had now come to claim protection from
the governor ; and standing without, unseen, screamed forth
her complaint. When her story was ended, the bey replied,
" The man has one wife why does he want another " ? The
question seemed a strange one to come from a Mahommedan
judge ; but in truth it was not so strange as it appeared, for
everywhere in Turkey polygamy is rare among the Mussul-
mans, and not as I had been accustomed to suppose, a com-
mon thing.—Southgate's Travels in Turkey and Persia,
just published.

POISONOUS EXHALATIONS FROM CHURCH VAULTS.--A
lady died September 7th, 1832, and was buried in the Rector's
vault, in St. 's church, on the 14th. The mule.-
had occasion to go down into the vault, near the
table ; he had done the work of the church nears,
years, and was well acquainted with the localities ; the gr..
digger had neglected to take up the slab which covered tE vault ; the undertaker being pressed for time, with th
assistance of the son of the deceased, removed the stone
Tine two descended, taking with them a light, which wa:
al tiny extinguished ; upon reaching the step ol the vault, both were simultaneously seized with lower
sickness,
giddiness, trembling, and confusion
of intellect ; the under-
taker raised his friend, who had fallen on the floor, and with
difficulty dragged hie out of the vault; he himself, although
a man previously in excellent health, was seized with vo-
miting the next day, and for twelve months rejected his food
at the end of this period, after having been under the care of
many medical men, he consulted Dr. James Johnson, from
whom he derived great benefit ,—the Doctor pronounced his
case to be one of poisoning, from mephitic gases. The
patient is convinced that his health has been completely
ruined from this cause ; he is now obliged, after a lapse of
seven years, "to live entirely by rule." The young gentle-
man who was with him, was subsequently under the care of
many medical men upwards of two years ; his principal
symptom's, those of a slow poison, developed themselves
gradually,—but surely ;he was attacked with obstinate ul-
cerations of the throat, which were not removed until more
than two years had elapsed, although he had frequent change
of air, and the best medical assistance that could be obtained.
—Mr. Walker in Gatheringefrom Grave Yards.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIMERICK STANDARD.
Sir,---I think the following circumstance will warrant me
in putting the above query :----A fellow, named Cooney,' en-
listed at Fermoy some. time since in the 74th depot, which is
at present stationed in Youghal. This fellow got a furlofigh,
and came to his mother's house in Fermov, where be remained
until the day previous to the expiration of the furlough, when
he went and joined the depot in YOughal ; but the succeed-
ing evening he arrived privately in Fez-mu, bringing with
him his firelock and sixty rounds of ammunition, with the
avowed , intention of shooting two or three respectable gen-
tlemen whom he named. Happily the rumour of his wicked
intentions got abroad, and the villain, to avoid being deli-
vered over to the civil law, to be dealt with as lie ,merit"
voluntarily surrendered himself as a deserter to the Fenn
garrison. And although he has been seen firing several sh
in Newtown (by way of practice) preparatory to his me
tated deed of blood, .yet will none of those who saw him 114
witness to the fact, nor will those to whom he communical
his intentions against the lives of respectable magistrat
gentlemen prosecute him. He would be delivered
the civil law if they did so.—lours, Szt
Fermoy, July 21

THE DUKE OF SUSSEX AND THE REGENCY

(From the Morning Herald.)
Turn which way you will, the question in everybody's
mouth is, " What could the Duke of Sussex mean by
his speech on the. Regency Bill ? " The speech is re-
ported with extraordinary accuracy, and it has been
read by the public with more than common attention ;
but every one, on putting the paper clown, exclaims,
" What can all this be about ? " The speech had the
same puzzling effect on the House of Lords during and
after its delivery. Every noble lord seemed to want
time for reflection, not as to the discrection of his royal
highness coming out with such a speech on such an
occasion, but as to what he was driving at. They saw
that his royal highness is dissatisfied about something,
but they could not make out from his rambling address
what the something is. This is always the way with
people who have an object at heart which they do not
think it politic to avow. They beat about the bush, and
by doing so only draw public suspicion upon their mo-
tives. And here, en passant, may be mentioned a sin-
gular fact as illustrative of the confidence which the pub-
lic always repose in the long run upon well tried worth,
The Duke of Sussex appealed to the Duke of Welling-
ton in the most flattering terms, and the latter noble
duke answered the appeal by keeping his mouth closed.
The result is a general impression that the Duke of
Wellington disapproved of the course taken by his royal
highness ; and upon the strength of this impression
alone, combined with the laboured mystification of his
speech, the public suspect his royal highness of hav-
ing been disappointed, and disappointed ambition
never gets credit for calm judgment or disinterested
purpose. That his royal highness is dissatisfied there
can be no doubt, for what man is not when he finds
the follies of youth turned into whips for his old age ?
The ministry have probably taken the wisest course
they could. It was utterly impossible for them, look-
ing to the disputed point of the legitimacy of Sir Augus-
tus d'Este alone, to have included the Duke of Sussex
in the arrangements for a regency ; and to have ex-
cluded him, in favour of a younger brother, would have
been an invidious act, which might hive sown the bit-
ter seed of party feeling,.where it is for the public wel-
fare that it should never be supposed even to exist.

THE COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF GREAT

BRITAIN.
(From the Standard.)
The two pillars of the strength and greatness of the
United kingdom are its maritime commerce and its
agriculture ; let either of these be shaken, and within
five years Great Britain sinks to the condition of a
third-rate power, and its manufactures are extinguished.
Yet these stays of national power and prosperity are
precisely the interests most violently assailed by modern
Liberalism, and assailed apparently for no better reason
than because they were to the despised " wisdom of our
ancestors" objects of peculiar care.

At present we say nothing of agriculture. We leave
the public to judge how safe that great interest is in the
hands of a divided government, if that government may
be said to be divided upon the subject, four-fifths of
which government is committed to the ruin of the
agricultural body.

The debate upon Lord Sandon's motion, however,
gives rise to grave reflections upon the state of our
maritime commerce. It is a narrow and false view of
the importance of that comrnerce.,which regards only
the number of pounds sterling it may.bring into the
country. If it merely maintained itself, without adding
a farthing to the public wealth, the foreign commerce
of the nation is of immense value. The sailors of our
commercial marine are at least so many Englishmen,
provided for without charge to the country; and they
are so many Englishmen trained in the manner best
fitting them to defend us in time of danger. If the
number of these defenders of the country is diminish-
ing, even if it does not keep pace with the increase in
the population, marine, and armies of other countries,
then is the power of Great Britain retrograding—then
are we not merely not obviating, we are inviting the
hostility of other nations of the continent and of the
United States, some of which would willingly be our
friends, if we do not make them enemies by neglecting
our affairs. We have no jealousy of France, for exam-
ple, if only England maintain her position, which we
are convinced the King of the French wishes her to do.
Louis Philippe and the leaders of all the recognised
parties in France are at this moment eminently Con-
servative, and deeply impressed with the importance of
maintaining the peace of Europe, and the power of
England as the guarantee of that peace. We should,
therefore, be indifferent to the increase of the commer-
cialand military marine of France, or rather we should
rejoice at it as an augmentation of the great Conserva-
tive armament of Christendom, if only Great Britain,
byincreasing her marine of all kinds in the same pro-
portion, should ensure that France will remain Conser-
vative. But if we neglect our interests we compel our
anxious friends to become our enemies ; and nothing
but the recovery of our former position can prevent
France from sooner or later becoming once more the
ally of the great foe of England, of the enemy of
European civilisation, and of the liberty of mankind—
Russia. What chances there are of regaining the
place from which we have descended will be seen by
last night's debate.

THE QUEEN DOWAGER'S VISIT TO LEEDS.
(From the Leeds Intelligence.,
Her Majesty's reception in this thickly-populated
district must have been most gratifying to her feelings.
A vast mass of the working classes assembled in the
streets and roads adjacent, but not a whisper of dis-
respect was heard. On the contrary, those who had
on a never-to-be-forgotten occasion proposed " groans"
for her, were the subjects of popular ridicule and re-
probation. The reception on Wednesday was a full
compensation for former wrong.
In consequence of her INlajesty's urgent desire to
be allowed to pass without display, and her refusal to
receive the addresses of public bodies, there were no
strictly public preparations, save the providing of a
military guard of honour. Yet the feeling of the in-
habitants could not be wholly restrained. Blue flags
were displayed from the windows of many houses, and
there were greetings in abundance, expressive of heart-
felt emotion. We understand that her Majesty was
deeply affected by the respectful, not to say delicate,
attentions of the immense crowd in Briggate. She had
met with the kindness of the British people in other
parts of the country, and was therefore not wholly
unprepared; yet she had not expected such unanimity
of regard in a purely manufacturing district, where it
would have been easy for any one to have given vent
to unwelcome sounds. If there were any " groaners"
present, they were abashed by the general demeanour.
Her M hasty :Majesty will look back upon her 'passage
through our streets as one of the most agreeable- oc-
currences of her not uneventful life.
Last year Queen Adelaide was charged with a desire
to beat up through the country for popularity in oppo-
sition to Queen Victoria. That calumny is now effect-
ually put down. We have the assurance of Lord
Howe, in a letter to the Vicar of Leeds, that in no in-
stance whatever has her Majesty's desire to avoid pub-
lic demonstration been departed from. The clergy of
Leeds had prepared an address, and would have done
themselves the honour of presenting it, either at Leeds
or Harewood House ; but, of course, the wishes of the
Queen were cheerfully complied with. Her Majesty's
attachment to the Established Church has been evinced
in many splendid instances of liberality.

Saturday, the 15th of August, is appointed for the launch-
ing of her Majesty's ship London, 92 guns, at Chatham. She
will carry on her lower deck six 68-pounders, and 26 32-
pounders ; the main-deck four 68-pounders, and 30 32-
pounders ; on the upper deck, 26 32-pounders.
JOURNEY TO IRELAND SIXTY YEARS AGO.—TO the pro-
MN's by modern improvements, the following account of a
journey to Ireland, in Mr. Rowan's boyhood, may be accept-
able :--" Parkgate was the usual port from which passengers
sailed for Dublin. Those who chose to go by Holyhead
hired horses in Cheater, which cost a moidore each ; but
they only set out when six or seven passengers assembled.
At the ferry of Conway an old woman had a cabin, where
she lighted signals for the ferrymen to come over from the
town. To get to the boat you were obliged to take guides
along the shore, which they said abounded with dangerous
quicksands, changing with every tide. This was the first
day's journey : the next day you had to cross another ferry
to reach Bangor, and then cross over Peninaen Mawr ; or
if the tide was out, you went along the coast."—(Autobio:
graphy of H. Rowan.) A late Irish barrister was accut-
tuned to relate, that when he first visited England, to eat
his way to the bar, (about the period here mentioned,) the
whole journey to London occupied him three weeks'.

Another plan has been talked of,—namely, of making our
STkNDARD in silver in place of gold.
The object of this is not explained,—perhaps it is not ex-
actly understood ; but it seems to be as follows. It is said
first that silver is the standard in other states ; a reason
without a reason, or it is a very indifferent one—and one, I
think, which we should never yield to. It is clear that, how-
ever nearly equal the value of gold and silver may be here
and in other states, the standard of value in all essentials
must ever be vsry different, in a rich state having much
property but many competitors for it, and in poor states
having neither. It is believed next, that silver being an ar-
ticle in greater abundance than gold, it would be less liable
to fluctuation in value. But if it is more abundant, it is, I
think, in more general demand; and if we make it necessary
it will be still more so. I have an impression on the other
hand, that gold being particularly valuable, is therefore par-
ticularly watched ' • and consequently that fluctuations in it
are better guardedagainst than they would be in silver; and
I have little doubt that this was the reason why it was fixed
upon as the standard of value in Britain. The result of
adopting silver as a standard would be, almost to banish gold
from circulation as a coin ; a circumstance that would cer-
tainly be attended with great inconvenience: and still,
though not the standard, gold would rule the standard ; for
silver being the commodity most exchangeable dter gold,
would necessarily go out to find gold, the moment that it
should be particularly wanted.
But why should we insist on fancying a mystery where
there is no mystery? or why insist on only seeing the stan-
dard of value in symbols, when it is in reality in the things
represented Geld and silver are formed into coins, it is

true, but they are also commodities—nothing else gives them
their real value. They are used as the medium of circula-
tion, but that does not deprive them of their actual and in-
herent character ; it only gives them a value in two charac-
ters, as coins and as commodities. And it is here that our
confusion arises. If they are wanted as commodities (as
they often are,) their value in that currency may rise to any
height, and yet the currency of which they form a part, be
in a very sound and proper state; and, it shonld not be dis-
turbed, because they are in the meantime wanted. Yet this
rise in price as commodities, is what happens when they are
wanted abroad for any purpose, whether military or com-
mercial

It is then that they begin to go out; and our cur-
rency-doctors seeing this, begin immediately to fancy we
have too much currency, and to restrict its amount ; that is,
as I have said before, like tailors on horseback, they deter-
mine on reining up to the backbone, as if their steed were
bolting, when he only wants to have a frisk upon the foot-
path.
Again. If gold and silver sink as commodities, beneath
their value in coin, then again we think we have too much
circulation, and act precisely in the same manner, though the
cases are precisely reversed; though in the one case we have
too much bullion, and in the other we apprehend losing too
much. As there is no denying these facts, it is clear that the
ideas that lead to them must he erroneous.

I shall give my opinion very clearly; and it is, that in
whatever our circulating medium may be, its VALUE de-
pends, neither upon its ingredients, nor its amount per se,
but UPON ITS AMOUNT AND OUR OCCASIONS TOGETHER ;
that the only way to make that value at all ti mes equable, is
to keep the amount as nearly as we possibly can, equal to
our fair occasions ; and that the only way we can do this,
is, by considering the amount in years when the value of the
circulation was fair, in connection with the business done in
those years, and the amount of the circulation, and the busi-
ness doing now. Our STANDARD would then be in every
great necessary of existence, instead of either in gold or
silver, which are really not necessaries at all, but only by
long consent held as their representatives.
To instruct, in some degree, the correctness of this, I may
observe, that ROTHSCHILD himself repeatedly said, that the
value of gold abroad, was no criterion of the value of our
circulation; and that there, if it is wanted, to pay armies in
particular, it must be had, and consequently, any price will
be paid for it. Our reasoning, then, should have been, that
the want was of a commodity, and nothing else, and that
only temporary ; and that the moment the money became
released from the military chests, it would flow again Into
ordinary business, and everything would be as it had been
before. But this was too simple for our regulators of the
currency. Nothing, for them, in such circumstances, but a
pull at both ends ! Precisely as other people want the gold,
they consider it indispensable that we should keep it. Then
they begin their " action upon the currency," as they term
it; that is to say, their contraction of the issues of paper, to
keep the gold in, precisely when they ought to have endea-
voured to find a substitute, that would have made its tempo-
rary absence as little injurious as possible.
But our next fear is, (and I shall not venture to say whe-
ther it is justified or not,) that if gold and silver are allowed
to escape, they are not easily regained.
One mode might be devised that would effectually insure
their return, and that is, a considerable seigniorage upon the
coin, making the metals included more valuable as coins, than
as commodities. Other countries have a seigniorage as high
as eight per cent., and in Belgium, under the late govern-
ment, many of the coins in use as silver, were merely copper-
washed. This insured their remaining in the country, for
they were of no value anywhere else, and a fair seigniorage
would equally secure their return.
I have often thought in consequence, that for a domestic
circulation, there could be no harm in allowing BANKS to
issue a metallic currency considerably under the standard, de-
positing security for the difference, and affixing the private
impress of the hank of issue, to show where its amount was
exigible in standard money. The banks would in this way
evade, in part, at least, the continual scourging of the foreign
speculator, and that would be much ; but it must be admit-
ted on the other hand, they would run the risk of perpetual
counterfeits, even in standard metals.

As far as coin is concerned therefore, our present system
is perhaps the best ; that is, a coin so near the full weight, as
to hold out no temptation to counterfeit in equal metal. And
I think, a circulation in paper, based as I propose, would go
far to keep us as nearly as possible, easy and fearless in all
circumstances ; for in all circumstances we should have an
instrument of exchange of undoubted value ; and in all events,
the following are obvious advantages of the plan I have pro-
posed. .

The circulation would be made at once SAFE and UN EX-
PENSIVE ; its amount in paper would be limited, but its
general amount could at any time be added to, in the preci-
ous metals. It would be made to rest on the security of the
STATE, and yet the government could have no interference ;
the State would be a partaker in the gain from such a circu-
lation, and yet without a shadow of participation in the risk,
for it would take the situation of the sole Bank of Issues as
to profit, but have none of its power of regulation, (except
What an act of parliament would give), and none of its re-
sponsibility; the circulation would be distributed over the
country, and over a number of independent Banks, and nei-
ther power nor responsibility would be trusted to ONE BANK;
and so nothing like disaster, or even derangement, would be
the consequence of a casual failure (if such there could still
be,) for the vacancy so created would be eagerly sought by
others ; as the number of banks would be no longer unli-
mited, nor their business a lottery as it is at present. The
controul of the amount of issues would be rendered as com-
plete through money banks of issue as through a sole bank,
and yet the chance of scarcity would be evaded as completely,
as by having many mines and markets for gold, in place of
one. Lastly (and to a STATESMAN, interested in the pros-

. r.
purity of the country, or capable of judging what would lead
to it—this would seem of inestimable value), by beginning
the limitation of the debts of the state, to a fixed amount,
and at a moderate interest, the country would be entered
upon the path of relief, by making its debts definite, though
far too high ; and the interest such as should be paid on such
a security.

I would remark farther, in case of misrepresentation and
houghtless acquiescence, that the regulations proposed by
ne, which may be deemed most severe, are at this moment
'n practice, and on a very large scale; I mean in the case of
the BANK OF ENGLAND :—For it has for many years had
eleven millions of its capital deposited in guarantee of its
transactions, and that is equal to a guarantee by my plan of
twenty-two millions, the amount of its old circulation, in
place of its present circulation of about eighteen millions ; it
has been deposited at the fixed amount of eleven millions, as
I farther propose, and at the reduced interest of three per
cent. ; all exceedingly valuable arrangements as I humbly
conceive. •

So far, then, my plan is shown not only to be practical,
but in practice ; and that practice should never be departed
from, but made universal. I consider all my other proposals
equally practical, anti equally just and necessary. That they
will be adopted, I do not venture to hope for the present ;
the subject has been rendered too abstruse. I can only say
that I think they deserve to be adopted. There is not even
an incidental observation made by me that does not spring
from some important and well considered principle ; and I
trust this will in time be seen. Meantime, in submitting
these propositions, as I have done, I have done a public ser-
vice ; and I hope it may, to a greater or less extent, be ren-
dered available to the public. D. BAIN.

* Though the burgo-masters of Holland were solemnly
sworn in succession to the preservation of the bullion of the
bank, it was found at last that almost the whole of it had
disappeared !

LADIES' TEETII.—The cause of ladies' teeth decaying at
so much earlier a stage of life than those of the other sex, is
attributable to the friction of the tongue upon them. But,
according to the Hertford Courier, it is owing to the sweet-
ness of their lips, as it is a fact well established by every
body's saying, that sweet lips ruin the teeth.
EXTRAORDINARY DISCOVERY.—PARIS, JULY 2.—lt is
said that a very bumble individual has found the means of
fixing the electric spark for public lighting, and that he can
produce a permanent flame of 30 inches in diameter, which
would light light a great part of Paris. The only danger attending
it is said to be in the apparatus of supply, which must be iso-
lated, as
ei
struck
uivscEkssoT deadstr
HARVEST.—OiI
strongly
immediately.lyTuceliaedl thata a p. er s ()n touching
• st Mr. Stephens, of the
Barton of Park, in the parish of St. Clement, cut part of a
field of wheat of seven acres, and expects, if the weather con-
tinues fine, to cut the whole of it next week. The crop, we
heavy appearance oaf
wheat that has been
understand, is a
fir one, and is likely, from the full and
the ears, to yield well. This is the first
cut in this neighbourhood for this sea-
son, but there is another West Briton. field that will be ripe shortly.—

GILDING OF METALS 1Y ET ECTRO-CIIEMICAL ACTION.
of— Mth.isdepolaweßrfiNu-el
aleiatisousu;cicleiseduleed:Lndgilding
is as follows : he pours
aa
mixturesolution
of
ff
nitric
un ofd (obtained by
ing: I. il da
tic acid), as neutraldnlisaental vl
siansbgypgolosulsilablile
ofou
tbaliandut r
N;,
ell!
ye
and very dilute, into a cylindrical ha
then plunges the bag into a madeglassgvessel
slightly acidulated water, the metal to be gilded is immersed
ili the e
N. solutionlire with
ith of f p
lgaotled
0,
fa nzdi
zinc,
whie communicatesis pl
placed
me-
tallicfdmitretnhsoetorifeerito
r
acidu-
lated water. The process may be varied,
pleases, by placing the acidulated water and zinc in
and the solution of gold with the metal to be gilded in bag,e
glass vessel. In the course of about a minute, the metal
may be withdrawn, and wiped with a piece of linen ; when
rubbed briskly with the cloth, it will be found to be slightly
gilded; after two or three similar immersions, the gilding
will be sufficiently thick to enable the operator to.terminate
the process.—Athenceunt.

If there be one virtue more highly esteemed in our public
men by the people of this country than another, it is that of
consistency. Nothing can possibly be more distasteful to
the honest, straightforward character of Englishmen, than
to see a man abandon the political principles which he bad
espoused, and forsake the party with which he had acted,
for the sake of some dirty personal gain or advantage. Let
a man's principles be what they may, conservative or radical,
good or bad, provided he shows by his conduct that they are
the result of conviction, and not adopted from interested
motives—that man, whether leader or follower, will be held
in high respect and esteem. Abuse of the foulest kind may
be heaped upon him—he may be a butt for the shafts of ridi-
cule and wit—exposed to the taunts and jeers of the factious
and time-serving—no matter, the people know that be is
honest, and love and reverence him accordingly. On the
contrary, let it be seen that the principles which a man pro-
fesses to entertain are taken up only as the means of bene-
fitting either himself or his friends—that they are like goods
brought to the market to be disposed of to the first or the
highest bidder—not all the weight of lofty talent—not all the
glory of the most heavenly eloquence—not all the influence
which private worth and integrity invariably give its possessor
—not all these united can suffice to make such a man other
than an object of distrust, and scorn, and contempt. There
is not a man, whether radical or tory, churchman or dissen-
ter, as we before had occasion to observe, that does not hold
the wise, the good, the excellent Sir Robert Inglis, in the
highest honour, because he can trace in every line of his fea-
tures, in every word that he utters, the characteristics of the
" noblest work of God—an honest man. But what man is
there, whose opinion is worth a rush, that will say that he
considers Lord Palmerston, as a public character, worthy to
be esteemed? Granting for the sake of argument that he is
what we have just- supposed, a man of great talent, and elo-
quence, and influence, in the senate, and of unblemished in-
tegrity in private life—granting this, we say, for the sake of
argument, and for the sake of argument only, for God forbid
that we should be guilty of telling an untruth so monstrously
extravagant, so outrageously ridiculous, as to assert that
Palmerston is possessed of either eloquence or talent, either
influence or integrity,—still he will ever remain, as he has
ever been, an object of distrust, and ridicule, and contempt ;
because he has sold himself over and over again to every po-
litical party in the country—he has been everything by turns
and nothing long, and that for the most base, the most dis-
honourable, the most infamous of motives. These two in-
stances fully establish that the conscientious man, whatever
his opinions, is beloved, and the time-server is despised.

however, as our countrymen may esteem consis-
tency, they do not consider it an object of such blind idolatry,
as to expect a man in order to be consistent to act in viola-
tion of the dictates of his conscience. True it is that there
are some Whig-Radicals who are so fettered to their own
dangerously erroneous opinions, that they think a man who
has once been foolish enough to act with them, must ever
continue in their ranks, however much lie may dissent from
their policy. or however Much he may be convinced in his

own mind that their opponents and not themselves are in the
right. It is an established fact that the Liberals are the most
illiberal, and Tolerants the most intolerant people,• with
whom a man can have to deal. Liberty of conscience such
people blusteringly claim for every man, but real liberty of
conscience they insolently deny to any one. Therefore it ►s
that Lord Stanley, and Sir James Graham, and Sir Francis
Burdett, and the Duke of Richmond, hai,e, all in their turn,
been the objects of the foulest abuse from the Liberals:
These met► were all at one. time tainted, though, thank
Heaven, it was but slightly, with Liberalism ; but they saw
the error of their ways and returned to the paths of right-
eousness and truth, or in other words they became Conser-
vatives. Although they were assailed by the " Liberal"
faction with the most inveterate hostility, they gained the
good opinions of the great and overwhelming majority of the
people, because no doubt was entertained even by the Liberals
themselves, that they had changed their party, not from in-
terested motives, but from conscientious scruples. Men who
act so correctly will always be respected by the intelligent
classes of the community, and they will hold a place in the
esteem of the people, second only to that occupied by those
men, who, like Sir Robert Inglis, and many others. have,
throughout the whole of their career, unflinchingly advocated
the good and holy cause of Conservatism.

These remarks have run to much greater length than we
intended; but we have the vanity to hope, that they are not
without their use—at all events, that they are not altogether
inapplicable to the Duke of Richmond. Time was when his
Grace was a member of a whip administration; but he is
now, we are glad to say, though not perhaps nominally, but
really truly, and to all intents and purposes, a conservative.
The distance which separated him from the whigs has gra-
dually become wider and wider, and is daily widening, whilst
every day has been drawing nearer and nearer to the con-
servative camp. He has not yet formally taken his place
within that sacred arena, but the day, we predict, is not far
distant when he will do so. His Grace is one of whom the
conservatives have reason to be proud. Of great wealth,' of
right noble lineage, and possessed of very respectable talents,
the accession of the Duke of Richmond to their ranks will do
honour to them, whilst at the same time it will render his
illustrious name still more illustrious. There is something
ennobling in conservatism—it is a creed that unites all that is
good in politics, all that is holy in religion, all that is excellent
in morals. Conservatism is like Christianity : it refines and
elevates our nature, it makes the bad man good, and changes
the worthless to respectable members of society. Such is its
genial influence, that it would make O'Connell a gentleman,
and would change the impudent ass, Hume„into a modest
and unpretending person. It would make the soap-bbiler,
Hawes, a man of some consequence, not alone in his own
conceit, but in the estimation of others. Russell it would
make almost a statesman, Macauley, something of a debater,
and Bulwer not such a preposterous dandy as he is at present.
It is a question whether it would not even transform Lord
Morpeth's mouth into something like beauty. In short, its
excellence and virtues are more than we have time to number.
Said we not rightly, then, that new and greater glory will be
shed on the name of Richmond, when its worthy representa7
Live shall boldly quit the neutral ground that he now
(apparently) occupies, and take his station on the benches
appropriated to her Majesty's opposition ? When that event
shall take place, it will be, as we have said before, no mean
triumph for our cause, because it will shew the force of the
truthfulness of our political creed on the mind of an intelli-
gent and excellent nobleman, who was formerly opposed to
it,,and who, certainly, had no interested motive, but the
reverse, for adopting it.
The secession of the Duke of Richmond from the admi-
nistration of Lord Grey was a heavy blow and great discou--
ragement to whiggery, although it was then in its palmy and
triumphant state. The refusal, too, of his grace to have any
thing to do with the present administration has been a great
service to the good cause, for it has shown the people that
the ministers must be extraordinarily bad and worthleSs
when no nobleman, even though biassed in favour of the.
political principles they profess, with any pretensions to cha-
racter or talent, will not only not tact, join, or vote with them,
but declines even to sanction their proceedings in so far as
occupying a seat on the same bench in the house of parlia-
ment could be said to sanction them. By this conduct his
grace has earned the thanks of the people. It may be said—
" Courageous Richmond, well hast thou acquit thee !"
But we would not have his grace stop here. We are anx-
ious to see him at once boldly and decidedly avow himself a
conservative—to see hint formally enrolled in the conserva-
tive ranks—and we desire it for his own sake—we wish it
for his own reputation. Let him become a conservative,
and there will then be no occasion to say of him, as may be
said of perhaps one man in the Whig-radical crew—
" Oh, pitiable case ! so rich a stamp,
And yet the metal base! In what high things
Did nature fashion him ! whose rich intent
Had he but half fulfill'd, no wealth, no state
That earth can furnish for aggrandisement
Of craving and insatiate ambition,
Conferr'd on him, had given him half his due,
Far less its debtor made him ! Misery !
To find the good we hop'd, the bane we hate !"

The Duke of Richmond is second only to the Duke of
Buckingham in his zeal for the English farmer. In him the
corn laws have an earnest, an indefatigable, an able advocate.
He is President of the English Agricultural Society, now
holding its annual meeting at Cambridge. He is, too, a faith-
ful friend to the poorer classes of the community. To the
poor fruit growers of Kent anti other counties, who have so
much reason to complain of the injustice of the, government

towards them, especially, he has rendered much-assistance,
though not perhaps so much as he himself could have wished.
All, however, that it was in his power to do he has done.
The duke is constant in his attendance to his parliamentary
duties : and he is incessant in his attention to those matters

to which he devotes himself. As a speaker he is ready and
fluent. He is always listened to with attention. He does
not trouble himself with the flourishes of rhetoric, but he de-
livers good plain and practical speeches. He states his views
clearly and distinctly, and often with great force and effect.
He speaks very frequently, but seldom at any length, from
the reason which our readers will recollect he gave when at
Oxford last year, viz., " the reception of a bullet in his breast

on the plain's of 'Waterloo." In person he is tall, and rather
slimly built. He looks younger than he really is. He is no
dandy, and his appearance is that of a perfect gentleman.

The banner of a female friendly society in Bolton hears on
he reverse, an inscription of which the following is a copy :
—" To the Queen, Victoria of England, may she always
rule, and the same to all other women !

It has been observed of the present " Petticoat Ministry,"
that it owes its eNistence so completely to female influence
and support, that it may, on that as well as every other ac-
count, be appropriately styled a Miss-Government.—ArguB.
A person died at Guy's Hospital yesterday week, in con•
sequence of a dresser in the institution having punctured an
artery instead of a vein, whilst bleeding him.

AN AWKWARD MISTAKE.—A circumstance of a novel
and amusing nature occurred on Friday in the County Court,
before Mr. Sergeant Green, while trying an appeal from a
decree obtained by a person named Margaret O'Brien v.
Keating, a minor. Mr. Freeman was engaged on the part
of O'Brien, the applicant, and having been handed his in-
structions in court, conceived he was employed for the other
party, and accordingly showed that the defendant was a minor,
and consequently not liable to be decreed. His lordship
agreed with the learned counsel, and the rule was about to
be taken down, when he was informed by Mr. Darcy, the
attorney for O'Brien, that he had been " in the wrong box ;"
and amidst the laughter of the court, in which his lordship
joined, he very gravely commenced upsetting his own argu-
ment, and quoted several cases in support of his new position.
He had, however, done the business so effectually in the first
instance, and his client was accordingly nonsuited, after a very
entertaining scene.—Limerick Chronicle.

STEAM-SHIPS OF WAR PLANNED FORTY-SIX YEARS
noo.—ln 1794, Lord Stanhope addressed a letter to Wilber-
force on the question of peace or war, likely, he thought, to
be brought under discussion on the meeting of parliament.
In this he speculates on the possible resources of France, and
hints that England is not invulnerable. His reasons are
curious, and, considering the date, not without interest :
" This country, Great Britain, is vulnerable in so many ways
that the picture is horrid. By letter I will say nothing upon
that subject. One instance I will, however, state, because it
is information you cannot, as yet, receive from any other
otine e
if as c. t wTihl le bteh
in fullyg I ea(slatl
ntaibdd lei
istil ioicai ds ,focafwnid,
peculiar
aisrrisai
iryinaitl,hlo epr ntraohear
quarter ; though in two or three months from the date of this
iferottmer
The fact is this, I know
that ships of any size, and, for certain reasons, the larger the
better, may be navigated in any narrow or other sea, without
sails (though occasionally with), but so as to go without
wind, and even directly against both wind and waves. The
consequences I draw are as follows :—First, that all the prin-
cipal reasons against the French having the ports of Ostend,
&c., cease ; inasmuch as a French fleet, composed of ships of
the above-mentioned description would come out at all times
from Cherbourg, Dunkirk, &c., as well as from Ostend, &c.,
and appear in the same seas. The water even at Dunkirk
will be amply deep enough for the purpose of having them
peace. Under
dfeorr
the
ewi
oldli bneautica
there. The French having Ostend ought not, therefore,
upon that
com-
pleteud e under
revolution,tli
subject;but importantconsequence which
the most
ithis
ne w let
ovobl revolution
tai obna ri nt
on al'a
l
from the sturndou's fact mentioned at the top of this page is
system, naval men might have reasoned differently
no better than
navies of the world (I mean military navies),
dependent upon
wind and weather, against fleets wholly
this—namely, that it will shortly render all the existing
lumber. For what can ships do that are
independent of
one. French
have their new
either ? Therefore, the boasted superiority of the English
navy is no more ! We must have a new The
and other nations will, for the same reason,
ones."

3 to 1 on the field.
14 to 1 against Mr. Jaques's Galen.—t
15 to 1 „ Gen. Yates's Gibraltar.—t
24 to 1 „ Lord Eglinton's Dr. Caius.—t
40 to 1 „ Lord Westminster's Maroon.—t
500 to 400-on the field against the two favourites

STATE OF TRADE

LEEDS.—The letters and orders received by the Great
Western have given a slight impetus to the woollen trade
of this district; yet the quantity of business doing is very far
from what is usual at this season of the year. The conse-
quence is that many of the mills are running short time,
whilst others retain only a diminished number of hands.
BRADFORD MARKET.—There was a better attendance of
merchants at this market on Thursday, but the amount of
the sales effected was not proportionably extensive. As the
stocks are considered low, and none of the manufacturers are
disposed to produce largely, in the present critical state of
the, wool market, the prices of manufactured goods under-
we►it no material change. There was a fair demand for yarns
of medium and inferior numbers at previous rates. The
wool market was by no means firm, and the sales made were
only for actual consumption, as the spinners seem to appre-
hend a further decline of prices.
YORK WOOL MARKET, July 23.—We have no attendance
to note either in the supply or demand for Wools, as com-
pared with our hit week's report. The trade rules exceed-
ingly dull.—Leeds Intelligencer.
LEICESTER.—There is no improvement in the demand,
although stocks of goods in London and the country are con-
sidered light ; dealers and shopkeepers. buy only what they
require for present use. The absence of all foreign demand
is much felt. No alteration in the price of yarn, but little is
doing in wool. There is no speculative demand, and the
staplers seem disposed to allow the farmers to hold the stock,
and buy only as the trade may require it. Prices of farmers'
lots range from 275. to 30s. according to quality.—Leicesler
Chronicle.

The market for Metals remains in a most stagnant situa-
tion, nor is there any decided change in the quotations of
any article ' • bar iron, however, being most tending to the ap-
pearance of a fall in price.