The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1836-12-23 00:00:00

-decanter of -*ger 7-into e'xteinphrgq -
Tretrttay thtained as much hot water as we required. It
-maybe .oliserq'r:l., that the-acid thOS used ?night he saved
_by:evaporating the water in. R. leaden or glass 'vessel t
butsirch a piece economy it would not he worth the
:labout -to practise on occasions of this kind.; There ;are i
;few experiiiThliTchrore astonishing to ,the -uninitiated 'in
gcieneelhan those which exhibit the immense-quantity of
=caloric-,-which is required-toia zire flaiditytO-water. To
:se.e:a pound of water -17 'degrees, or,'whichis.the
the:same thing,'about three fourths of a pound at boding
heat, on mixtrire.with. a pound of snow or -powdered: ice,
lose all its heat, and a fluid appear -cis cold as the ice
ttvelf, is a phenomenon of which he ,can 'frame_no ex-
planation. And let it be remembered that the converse
of thisis ,vt'ben.atie
.pound 'end .three:
quarters of ice-cola water freezes, or is concerted into
Ice. as much heat is evolved as would make three-guar"
ters of a -1-3-onnel boiling hilt. Some .persons..
babe affirmed, that if all the water of the ocean could be
iirmiltanermsly fibzen,_as much heaf would be given out
as would. vitOfy:theOcibe ;latit we have made a calcula
tiOn to verify or confute this position, taking the data of
lii Place for the average depth.of-the ocean,- and'vre find
thelfeat evolved is much too inconsiderable to -endanger
the.fixiclity of the globe.

"When water is converted into ice," Mr. H. observes,
it expands 1-149tItils bulk.!' It is a remarkable,
because an anomaroussi:fiytt,that pure water acquires its
maximum densitY at atidut 39 degrees, so as to suffer an
equal expausion.for7several:degreeseither above or below
that temperature. :Water, containing about 1-27th of its
weight of salt, and, therefore, having the, specific gravity
of sea water, has its point of maximum gravity below

freezing point.
• 'Upon the expansion.ofwaterldurin-g congelation de-
pends, probably,. the very existence ofthe glebe—cer-,
tainly so, as the habitation-of mad; for if the ice formed
were speclficlillY lieivier than the water in which it is
formed, it.would sink to the bottoth, and so be removed
from the influence of the sub's rays on returning spring.
Another Winterivvould- add to the icy deposition, till the
waters of ihe:oPeri would all be bound in "thick-ribbed
ice," instead-:Pt which;- beivg.Specifically lighter than
water, it floats- upon the sulface, and the first warm
breeie or genial ray resolves it into its liquid form
again. -".MarvelloUs ,ar.e thy works, oh Lord!"--" In
wisdom has thou made: them A. brutish man doth
not understand this, and -a :fool (loth not consider it."
The language.of David: is the .genuine language of a
philosopher, when he exelaimed, " Great are the works
Of the Lord, sought out .of all them that have pleasure
Another proof of-beneficence is manifested in
this -expansion of water:, Not only. the rock is disin-
tegrated;bitt the'" stubborn glebe" is pulverised for the
fOr the business ofikusbabdry beyond the power :of man
to imitate, whilst labour beyond calculation is spared.
The buoyancy of the Dead Sea, and other waters im-
pregnated with salts, was very ingeniously illustrated by
Mr.ll. So great is that of. the Dead Sea, that an-ordi-
nary man would require between thirty and forty pOunds
Weight of lead to be added to him to make him sink.

We now come to Mr. H.'s lecture on Metallurgy, in
which if we find less Matter for comment, it is because
there is more of historical detail in it; not less of inte-
rest. We think, however, that lime performs other of.
fives besides that of defending the melted metal from the
oxygen of the air. Indeed,.there cannot possibly be any
oxygen present where the melted iron is, because it is
surrounded by carbon; besides, we always see the lime
run from the cupola combined with silex and oxide of
iron. Lime itself would he infusible. It is not impro-
bable that ,lie first action which takes place in the cupola
is'a combination between the oxide of iron and the lime,
Which afterwards, as it descends-into a hotter part of the
cupola, is decomposed by the ignited carbon.
We think that Stahl has given Moses credit for being
a better chemist than his narration requires. There is
something so circumstantially particular, and every par-
excep.t the fusion of the gold, so mechanical, that
We think.the explanation afforded :by the German *philo-
iopher altogether conjectural—very far from demonstra-
tion. :\NTO.Confess ourselves a little scepti6al concerning
the solutfon' of gild' in bydruretted sulphuret of pot,
ash or soda. We.know that every salt 'of gold is preci'
pitable by.,,the hydrosulplfurets. If we might be in
Bulged in a little.speCulation, where we have no better,
weAgold thirk the, graltrqltion .of tha gold
might be rendered so tine, by pouting it into Water;:as to
admit of its 'being; "Strawed." We
.have many times,
reduced lead almost to powder by such a process.
Lead does not require otwenty-four. hours," indeed
scarcelyorinute, to become covered with a " film of
oxide;") and the period for.converting•a fur7iace of lead
into "red lead" takes more than the revolution of a day:
. . .
W 4 'itiay once-more to' our operative friends, continue to
"lend your ears" to Mr.-H., and .exercise your
jndg
ments upon all you, hear. •

MUSICAL FESTIVAL.

Receipts, Ex peaces, 1836 £6.442
Receipts, 1833,. £7,972 Expeaces, 1833, £4,812

Divided amongst the charities, 1836 £2 300 •
183.3, £2.900
1830 £2,0(.0
The increased expences of last festival are chiefly owing to
the oratorios. being held in St. Peter's instead of St. Luke's
Church, an I to making the communication between the Ball-
room, in the Town-hall. and the Underwriter's-room. The
choir in the church was also.: ch more numerous than upon
former occasions.
LivEitroot. MUSICAL P. At..—We understand that the
committee have divided. the stnn of £2,300 amongst the public
charities, and that it has been distributed in the following man
trer

Infirmary £BOO
Dispensaries • 4(X)
Northern Hospital 2OO
Blue Coat Hospital.. - 200
Provident Dis. Society 2OO
School for Deaf and Dumb 100
School for the 50
Ladies' Charity;.. ••• • • •.• 50

Moorfields School £5l

Caledonian School.

Irish School..
\Velsh School

Ophthalmic Institution 50
ftetu.e for the Destitute 20
Female Penitentiary 2O

LADIES' CHARITY.—The annual ball in aid of the funds.of
the Ladies' Charity takes place at the Town-hall, on Tuesday, the
27th inst. Mrs. Augnstni-Callipbell acting as lady patroness and
Mr. F. llaYwi,od- as president.—Mr. Y. Stubbs furnishes the
quadrille.bands, and, a military band will play in the vestibule.
We are glad to.hear that Mr. Phillip Jennings, son of Mrs.
Jennings, of WiltoWLiffe'et;OwestrY:, distinguished himself on
his entrance at. St. ,4ohros potege, Cambridg.e, by gaining a
scholarship on his first st.t.tipg. :. Mr. Jennings is the first pupil
that hai gone to college iiiinitOwestry SchoOl.since the appoint-
ment of the presegt head' master,. the Rev, Stephen Donne.-
- Sak).plati Journal,
...z.,:_,., .
THE WELSH CHUnc}l.—‘l6miderstand the Welsh residents
in Livetpoolintend holding a politic meeting to petition parlia-
ment for a thorough reform in the Welsh Church, particularly
providing efficient Welsh paitors,-a•Moreeqnitable distribution
of revenues, and to better alipropriairlh€D);orjsinritual anti
mural wants .of.the people:. :'Tit Welsh residentin Chester in-
tend also to follow their exaMple. - ' -,, 9"7,1 , '
... 111rtE IhowN.---Thisogentleniati fivheis44l4illy the. ftrst
-flute.playerin this. part ofythe conntiYii.initOsigiving.,...4:,9l%-,
cert at the Templars' Ukill on Wednesday next:-.=WeaidelblL
stand'that it will be :very extensively patronised, not.rottly on
account el his merits as an, insrupp.ntal performer, but from the
estimation in which he is generally held.
WAVERTBEE NATIONALSCHooLs.—On Tuesday next the
children connected with these schools will dine tot/ether. This
is the first instance in which the boys and girls will have jointly
partaken of the treat Pirrvided for them under t hetpatronage of the
ladies'of Wavertree. ~.The annual examination took place yes-
terday, when the pupils acquitted themselves to the satisfaction
of the audience, and eVinced considerable improvement in those
brancheS uf knowledge in Which they are instructed. - .

Rtgicort:i.—,Few 'daces in this part of the country have made
more rapid strides in the march of iinproveinent than has the
small but thriving toVri of Buncorn, nor can we sufficiently ad
mire the public spirit :4?f its inhaliitant, for within. the last few
years it has risen from, a petty insignificant village to a place of
considerable traffic;' indeed it may be said that few places pos:••
sess:the•natural advantage's that it uncorn does—situated on the
estuary of the river Mersey, its new and spacious docks. 'afford
protection and accoriiinodatiou to a Considerable portion • of the
coasting trade from. Ireland, Wales, and the northern ports of
Lancashire, whilst at the same time they afford convenience to
the barges and other craft trading 'along: the canals of the Duke
of Bridgewater and the Old Quay Company, both of which ter-
minate at Runcorn, and thus add materially to the bustle and
interest usually attendant :upon a sea-port ; nor can Runcorn
be said to be very far behind in her internal iinprovements; for
though her public bilildings may not he - numerous, they are
nevertheless respectable in point' of architecture;- we• particu-
lady notice an elegant new chapel, lately.erected-bY John Tom-
ktusoe, Bsq., of Liverpool, the 'National School,' the Town.
Hall,the venerable-Parish Church, Brunswick Chapel, and last,
though not /east,. her two cloud-capped columns, yclept chimnies,
(and Which it may be proper to add-completely answer the end
they were:intended for, viz , to cart'y Off the noxious gases and.
effluvia from the two soaperies;) the population, too, is rapidly
increasing, and several new streets are laid out, and new houses
are 'course of erection ; the projected improvements are qiiite
' in char acter _with the port. A new church is about to be built,,
and we r.• notice is given to apply for an act to incorporate a
Gas Light 'Company. :We. confess- it has often struck as
something En.cprising that such a company had not been formed
long ago. That Runcorn is a healthy place may be inferred froni,;
the rileful-Visages of its medical men, who complain bitterlV that •
there epidemic,no:fever—timee for them are bad.
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