The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1838-01-12 00:00:00

LITERARY NOTICES.

:,ae._..

Vol. 6.

"Memoirs. of the Life of Sir Walter Scott.
1836. Edinburgh: Cadell.
This volume is decidedly the Most interesting of the
series which comprises the life of the illustrious Scott.
It contains a detailed account of his embarrassments,and
exhibits, in a very pleasant point of view, the philoso-
phic equanimity of mind which lie preserved in the midst
of the most painful difficulties and the most trying
privations. The period of Scott's life included within
this portion of his biography was one of almost uninter-
rupted gloom.. It is, howeVer, gratifying to perceive
how nobly he struggled against the tide of adversity,
and with what self-devotion he proceeded to retrieve, by
his: own unaided exertions, the losses which an imprudent
speculation had entailed upon him, and which would have
pressed down men of ordinary minds into the depths of
despondency.
The volume opens with an interesting account of the
marriage of his son, Lieut., Walter Scott. It then pro-
ceeds.to detail the origin of.the project for publishing
Constable's Miscellany, which laid the foundation of
much subsequent misery. The most delightful portion
of the' volume is the Diary which Sir Walter kept during
the years 18.15 26:, This valuable docuMent unfolds to
us many of the secret workings of his mind, and gives us
a clearer insight into his real character than any other
portion of his memoirs. Among the various friends, of
whose,. character lie has, in his Diary, furniOed us With
sketches, may be enumerated the'following :7—William
Cleric—Charles-Kirkpatrick .Sharpe:--LOrd Abercromby.
—the Earl of Miuro—Lord Byron—Henry Mackenzie—
Chief Baron Shepherd—Solicitor-General Hope—Tho-
mas MOore;—Charles nittliews—General Davidoff—
George IV.—Terry—Crofton Croker-Thotnas.Pringle
—Allan C unn ugliam—RogerS—Lawrence,—Lord Gran-
ville—Theodore Hook—the Duke of Wellington—Peel
—Canning--the Duke of York, &c. &c. Tile keen dis-
crimination of character which Scott possessed renders
these notices of his contemporaries extremely valuable.
• This volume, as well as the preceding live, isthickly
intetsparsed with antosinc, conversational anecdotes. It
also contains a considerable proportion of the correspon-
dence between Scott and his more intimate friends.
The literarV.productions whOse progress andcomplt-
tion are detailed in ;this volume, are, the Tales of the
Crusaders—the Life of .Buonaparte—Woodstock—the
Epistles of Malachi Malagrowther—and Chionicles of
the Ctn:ingate.
We are glad to find that the talented author of these
memoirs has not yet exhausted the materi;ds in his pos-
session, and that another volume is yet to be publistied.
No one who has perused the -work as far as it has pro-
ceeded can. possibly regret its continuation. Indeed, the
only regret we experience is, that its termination is so
near at hand.

The Patriot Queen. London : Mitchell.

1836.

This elegant and miscellaneous volume contains much
important matter, and many very valuable observations
and reflections. It forms a sort of political essay upon
the changes which have been made in-the constitution of
Great Britain. In treating his subject the author is
extremely methodical. The following are the principal
heads under which he has arranged his materials —Gen •
eral feelings upon a new reign—Prospects of a virtuous
reign—Duties of a patriotic sovereign—The King, can
do no wrong—How a King may violate the constitution
—Review of the conduct of British Sovereigns, from the
accession of the House of Stuart to the present times,
as to how far they have observed or violated their duties
—View of the present state of the country—and a glance
at the future prospects. of the nation. The remarks
whiCh the author.makes on
~the several measures which
have obtained the, sanction .of the legislature during the
last ten years display considerable ingenuity. His onset-
vations on the prevalence of democratic principles—tire
great power assumed by the House of Commons—the
insecurity of property—the restraint upon public ooinion
---7 the co-operation of Papists and Dissenters—and the
home and foreign policy of our present government, are
very appropriate, and ought to engage the serious atten-
tion of conservatives. We need scarcely add that the
sentiments hreathed throughout this essay are strictly
constitutional. We recommend the work to the notice
of every loyal subject and sincere lover of his country.

The Church of Eno-land Quarterly . Review. No: 5.
January, 1833. London :
,Pickering.
GVe hare-11ready expressed ourselves in terms of warm
approbation of this excellent review. It occupies a very
proud position among the numerous periodicals of the
day. The learning, genius, and mitieal research, dis-
played in its several articles, entitle it to the'patronage
of the scholar and the philosopher: whilst the hallowed
objects which it seeks to suhserve, and. which it pursues
with a zeal and energy beyond all commendation, claim
for it the cordial support of the christian and the divine.
The number now before us is unusually rich and varied
in:its contents. It opens .with a splendid critique- upon
the "Life of Jesus" by Strauss, in which the dangerous
tendency and sceptical influence of the German neologian
school of divinity is powerfully and satisfactorily demon-
strated. Tbis article is evidently the production of a
schOlar of no mean celebrity. The succeeding 'critique
upon the "Theology of Peter, Dens " is also a masterly
production. The paper on " Civil and Ecclesiastical
Whig Patronage" contains a triumphant exposure of
the corruption and abuse of government infruenie, which
has uniformly characterised the administration of the
present liberal ministry. The remarks on the "Church
Commission " are somewhat strong, hut perhaps not
more 'so than the circumstances of the times .demand.
The review of the " Bishop of Rochester's 'Charge " par-
takes much of the sane character as tbe' preceding, and
contains a very able sketch of the present position of the
church. The writer's defence of the fundamental.princi-
ple of the constitution in Church and State is highly elo-
quent. The paper on "Religious Education:" is also
highly important. We hope to be enabled to give some
extracts from this masterly reply to the national educa-
tion philosophers. The review of the " Penny Cyclo-
pedia" fully establishes the charge of " infidelity in
disguise" aaainst that work. The article on " The
Working of the New Poor Law" is well worth perusal.
It exhibits in a fiery powerful light the inhumanity of j
that abominable measure. "Men and Measures in the
New Parliament " is well written, and by no means too
severe. We have long since cove to the same conclu-
sion as the writer, that " there is -nnsafety for• the empire
until Popery is excluded from the legislature." The
notices of new books, under thehead of "General Liter-
ature" are well executed. There are some -remarks in
the "Ecclesiastical Report" which we do not agree with;
but the article, as a whole, is a very faithful exposition of
the dangers by which the church is surrounded, and the
means best calculated to avert those dangers.

The National Magazine, and Monthly Critic. Janu-

. , ary, 11357 :London :
This Magazine improves both in the wialitY of its
articles, and in their variety, from month to month. The
present number has several very excellent papers. The
introductory notice of "Niebuhr's History of Rome" is
written with great candour and ability. "Random Illus-
trations of Feudal Manners" is avurious investigation
into the state and composition of society in the middle
ages. The continuation of "The Soothsayer" is cleverly
written. "Scraps from my Note Book in Colombia"
afford some interesting particulars respecting a country
which is not frequently visited by English Travellers.
"Frank Woodly " anti "Alicia Gray " are two tales of
much interest. The "Retrospective Review" this month
indulges in a cavil at Dr. Johnson. The article appears
to:us, to be conceived in a bad spirit, and to display very
tamte. Thu re is no author, howev.er eminent, who
may =not he rmdetto.utter the most ridiculous minsense,
by a well managed juxtaposition of isolated passages
from his works. But when we find the critic asserting
that. "satire is not poetry," We feel satiNfied that the re-
putatin.n.Of the Docfoi is. by no Means in jeopardy from
the—animadversions of the Retrospective Reviewer.
What would this writer say of Pope's satires, (including
,the Dcnciad,) of Byron's "English Bards and Scotch
Reviewers," and of the satirical production's of Canning,
.Giffor4,,&c.?. Were these not poetry? If they
.were
ant, what.w.ere they,? .We.say.nothing of ,the satires of
,Horace, Juvenal, &c., among the ancients, as their exam-
ples in this description of writing have passed for poetry
.through a, period Of eighteen centuries nearly. The
miler reviews in this magazine are 7ery temperately and
candidly written. The tni_scellaneous information is also
well digested and worthy of attention. On the whole
we think the Notional Magazine is entitled to rank
among the sidera majora in the constellation of periodi-
cal literature.

The Statistical Journal, and Record of Useful Know-
ledge. January, 1838. London: Pexley.
We have had the pleasure of directing the attention of
the public to the three former numbers of this valuable
work. We are glad to find, from the concurrent testi-
mony of the press, both monthly, weekly, and daily, that
its plan and general arrangement are universally ap-
pros ed of. With respect to the utility of such a publics-
lion there can be but one opinion. The present number
fully sustains the character of its predecessors. It is
very appropriately dedicated to the speaker of the House
of Commons, who presides over an assembly through
whose instrumentality accurate statistical information is
almost exclusively obtained in this country. The. first
. paper this month is, acontinuation of the "abstracts of
-the reports. of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the
Excise Establishment, and into the management and
collection of the excise revenue throughout the United
,Kingdom." This is followed by a variety of impo►tant
statistical returns connected with "British Agriculture"
—the import, consumption, and export of "Tobacco"—
~"'Report of the, select Committee on the Civil List "
"The German Boa Trade"—" Vital Statistics of
Glasgow"_ "Statistics of Francr; '—"Oo.Man, and the
'Development of his Faculties"—"The Cattle Trade in
Prance"—"The revenue of-New South Wales"—" The
Statistics of Canada"—The Navigation of Holland" and

a variety of minor notices of a statistical nature. The
paper on "Alan, and the Development of his Facollies"
displays very great research. The mass of useful and
interesting information contained in this magazine is of
the highest practical moment. "

Parbury's Oriental, Herald. No. 1. January, 1833.
London : Pat bury and Co. _

This periodical promises to be a very useful accession
to our. list of Oriental Journals. -It is conducted much
after the manner of the Asiatic Journal, but published
every fortnight. The information which. it contains is,
likewise, of the same description. It. contains a digest
of such information as must be. considered generally use-
!fill from the British Indian PresidencieS and the Eastern
nations generally. The articles in this number sffird
every promise of success to the work. " The. East Indian
Voyager" contains some very useful hints to outward
bound passengers: it is from the pen of Miss Emma
Roberts—a lady who has largely contributed to augment
our stock of oriental literature. "The Bughis of Celebes"
communicates some
,very interesting details respecting
the inhabitants of the Indian Archipelago. The iniscrol-
laneous intelligence. embraces a variety .of important
extracts from the more recent newspapers and despatches
received by the last overland mail. The tabula'r and
statistical information With which this magazine. abounds
cannot fail to be appreciated. We hope the spirited
publisher will meet mid) a degree of success.commensu-
rate with the intrinsic merits of • this periodical.

LIVERPOOL MECHANICS' INSTITUTION.

LECTURES ON CHENIISTRY..

On Saturday evening, Dr. Kane delivered his second lecture.
Amore interesting one could not be delivered. The.analytical
and synthetical proofs of the constitution of water justly rank
anion:lst the most beautiful and impor.tant of all chemicai expe-
riments, and Di. Kane's performance of theexpertments was
highly graiifying.

The product of the combustion of hydrogen gas, either in at-
mospheric air or in oxygen gas, is water. If a long tube be
held over a jet of iufl tined. livdrogen,rt will be bedewed with,
water, the result of the combination of the oxygen of the atmos-
phere with the hydrogen, anti at the same time a musical sound
will be produced, varying in gravity. or acuteoess„as-the jet of
inflamed hydrogen is elevated or uepressed rit the tube. The
rationale of this musical sound is this. The oxygeo entering
into combination with the hydrogen to form water prodoees, a
temporary vacuum in the tube into which the atmospheric air
enters from.one end of the tube, and, in doing so, produces a
number of oscillations—the nearer the mouth of the tube the
inflamed jet, the greater the number, of. these vibrations, and
.the more acute the sound ; the nearer the centre the lesser, and,
consequently, the graver the sound. This remarkable circum
stance does not take place with ally other gas but hydrogen.
because norther gas affords, upon but thing it, a purell; liquid
product. By collecting the dew deposited upon the glass, anti
comparing its weight with that; of the oxygtoi.and hydrogen
consumed in its production, we are enabled to. show the compo-
sition of water. The composition of water being a principle, of
such paramount importance, every. means of proving it s% tithe-
ticaliy and analytically
is we.l avarthy of attention. We MO'
carry on upon a large scale Abe analysis of water in the,forma-
lion of hydrogen gas, by passing. its vapour*over heated iron.
we may take a little furnace and pass through it an jroo
tube about the length of a gun barrel. 'l'o one etril of ,the lobe
we attach a smalisetort coutaining water, which by the appli-
cation of a lamp is caused to boil. The,interiorof the iron tube
Is filled, with iron turnings, which, as well as the tube, are heat-
ed red hot. The vapour of the water.passes over the surface of
the heated iron, anti the heated iron having a greater affinity f,,r
the oxygen i titan the hydrogen eagerly unites with it, and the
hydrogen being liberated, is collected over the pneumatic
trough. The iron turnings are found to be coated with a Wad(
scaly substance resembling that which is hammered from heat-
ed,iron at a smith's f.age. . .
-Utile metal sodium be carefully introduced beneath a test
tube filled with water in the pneumatic trough, the sodium will,
from its levity, ascend to the top of the tut.e, and, decomposing
the water, quickly till the test tube wit h. ,hy dro,gen. We tied
that potassium and sodium when burned in oxygen form most
powerful alkaline bases, whichcompletely contradicts the militia
entertained for a lung ',cruel that oxygen was merely a bonier
of acids. When a galvanic curreut is passed through any com-
pound body, it immediately resolves it into its constituent &e.
incurs. It is the illustration of. this principle of .vollsic electri-
city which has gained for Davy and Faraday a great deal of the
immortality whirl) they. have attained. The tendency of vol-
taic current is always this,—to separate the elements of a com-
pound hotly into pairs, you always get a i air of resultants
tine of these resultants moves in one doection along the current
of electricity, and the other in all opposite direction. But as
they can only aCCollipany the current so long as, it passes
Ihritugh the fluid which is, being decomposed, upon passing out
of the.fluid. they are evotved and obtained in the separate state.
Dr. Kane, then beautifully illustrated the decomposition of
water, by means of the voltaic battery. The hydrogen gas occu-
pied precisely double the space of the oxygen, that being the
relation into which they enter tut() -combination to form water.
The synthetical proof of the composition of, water presents an
exceedingly elf...Nutt expetiment. When attalysts and 13311-
thesis both combine to attest the composition of a body, we may
be certain that we have arrived at accuracy in our results. Dr.
Kane then withdrew the air from Cavendish's eudiometer, by
means of the air pump, and afterwards charged it with oxygen
anti hydrogen gasses mixed in proper proportions. fie then
passed the electric spark through them, and the union of the
gasses was accompanied with a t.rilliant flash. To prove that
this union had taken place, a communication was formed with
a vessel of water and the eudiometer, when the latter was ioi-
tnediAelv filled with water.

In consequence of the great affinity which spongy platinum
has for oxygen, it has been introduced into the process of eudi-
ometry, as a means of analysing such gasses as contain Oxygen.
Kanit illustrated its uses by decomposing water with it. But
in general, observed the talented lecturer, we tind that these
nice harking experiments do not answer when we come to num-
bers. He then introduced the aparatus by which Berzehus
determined the• atomic Weight of oxygen. Without a good
determination for urUgen, we cannot get a good determination
for-any other substance whatever. The a pparalits'alluded to,
consisted of a retort eon taming a stnall quantity of pure zitre,
and diluted 'sulphuric acid. A tube is connected to this retort,
containing fragments of chloride of calcium. The use ofit is,
that the gas which is nbtained front the retort shall be perfectly
shied. To the extremity of the chloride of calcium apparatus
there is a connecting tube with a bulb containing oxide of
copper. To the extremity of this tube there is another similar
one containing chloride of calcium. The oxide of copper is
heated by means of a spirit lamp, and as the oxygen is driven
off it unites with the dry hydrogen proceeding from the retort,
and, fn wing water, is taken up by the dry oxide or calcium in
the connecting tube. To get the numbers Beizelius weighed
the- tube containing the oxide of copper, and aiso the second
tube containing the
.chlotele of calcorin, both before and atter
the experiments, and by noting the loss in a eight sustained by
the cojtper, and the amount gained by the chloride of ca.cium,
the exact amount of the oxygen and hydrogen is determined.
We thus find that 8,013 of oxygen combined with 1 of hydrngen.
This is the way in which an accurate analysis is made, and al-
though it is nut of a popular nature, it is well ht chew in one
instance how a chemist goes to Wot k when he is in earliest.
Dr. Kane then exhibited the ox)hydrogen blowpipe, with
which he fused steel, platinum, Sic., and produced-the beautiful
light which these gasses create when urged in a state, of inflam-
mation on a piece of lime. Dr. Claike, -of Cambridge, he said,
was the first to use oxygen and hydrogen in a mixed state. Ile,
however, took care to keep a strong wall between him and his
gasometer, so that an ex plosiun (which occasionally took place)
could be productive of no hat at to him. It was afterwards the
custotn to make the gasometers or strong cast iron, so as to pre-
vent explosion should the flame enter the gasometer. We are in-
debted to Mr. Hemming for an ingenious arrangement. by
which the blow pipe is rendered perfectly portable and harmless.
Its great safely consists in a tube, six inches in length, attic!)
is interposed between the jet and the bladder or gasometer. The
principle of the tube is extremelysimple being based uptin•lhat
of the Davy lamp. Every one knows that if we touch the in-
flamed wick of a candle with a cold pr ker the light will go out.
The reason is, that the candle attempts tn,heat the poker but
does not succeed, the candle being so small and the poker so
large, and the.result is, that the candle gets cold and goes out.
In the safety jet the flame attempts to pass through an infinite
of small. apertures, number and the flame is cooled in the at-
tempt. The jet tube is fided with sisal) brass wires vet y tightly
rammed. It may be considered a collection.uf triangular tube s
wills metallic surfaces. Hidrogen will not titan unless at a red
heat, .and .in attempting to. pass. into ,the gasometer it ts.•sult-
divided into an infinite number of small jets, anti cooled, so la-
-0{11y: that the flame is immediately cooled ,below that tempera-
ture and goes out. Mn. [-lemming's arrangement is so perfectly
Stell re that the lecturer had never known a single accident hap-
pen with it. The,oxyhy drogey light is exceedingly pure and
intense, beina exactly like the light or the sun, but a little bluer.
- Water is generally considered to he the must extensively dis-
tributed.body in nature, and most -necessary to the existence or
both animal and vegetable life. We find that it deviates from
.an important law to which tither fluids are subject for the pur-
pose of producing the most beautiful arrangement„with which
we are acquainted. All in lien .substatiees expand and contract
by the inflaence of heat and cold.• Water, however, when routed
below 40 degrees Fahrenheit, not only ceases to contract but
actually begins to expand. By this menus ice sairuson the sur-
face of the ocean, being as light as water at the temperature of
48 del; rues. What is the consequence of this. Every sea and
-lake is peopled .with animals, which are so constituted that by
a certain reduction of temperature the flyid which circulates in
their veins begins to freeze, and At the same time they maintain
the temperature of the medium in which .they move. ..,11a.man
11. thrown into, water his:blood
,at,,the.temperature -
of 98 'degrees:for a long.time,although the temperature of
the water be much less. Fish, on the contrary, cool down
to the temperature of the medium in which
.thi;y. naive. As
water cools on the surface of the sea it osta:lids, and its
' place is .supplied by a ater.of a (Uglier temperature- Ibis
process goes on until the whole :mass of yv.aier is. coaled to
40 degrees. Arrived at that temperature, the water tin the sur-
face begins in become 14r bier. than that beneath, and remains
at the top, and grows mote, and , more so as its temperature is
still further reduced. By this means the suitace of the water is
frozeu ta a sight depth only, and the great mass of Stater heneath
remains at. the temperature of di) degrees, which fish ate ena-
bled to endure without any destructive consequence ensuino,
Another property (it water is that. iu passing trout the
.liquid Ili
the solid state, it -gives out :in immense mass of heat, which it
also requires for its re-conversion into the liquid state. Wey, ;his
mit the case. tire Mode mass of water would he solidified, in
which case it is evident, that nit care our foresight could, in the
northern regions, guard against the most dangerous consequena
ces to animal life. However,- it is .not the• case, but Vhcll one
portion of water, has given out its heat, it solidifies, another
stratum does the same, and so on; but as water is one of the
worst conductors of heat, this process is carried on to a veto
minute depth.
To-morrow evening Dr. Kane will consider the properties of
ammonia, su:phur and seiphurous and sulphuric acid.

EXTRAORDINARY MODE OF EsuscrrATio.N.—A youth,
named Henry Bice, having fallen into the basin, City-road, a
quarter of an hour elapsed before he could be got out. The boy
was conveyed to the Wenlock Arms, and tat) surgeons Mime-
.diately attended, who, after an hour's.exeition, were unsuccess-
ful in !twit attempts to restore the youth to. life. A drunken
man in the tap.room, waking from. his.sleep, and hearing that
the medical men had failed in their attempts, slagueted into the
room and said he could restore the WY, and applying his mouth
to that of the youth (at the same time ipeimillia the nostrils),
and by strong .suction, as. if thawing the breath from the pa-
tient, actually renovated the lad in.a few minutes. to the two.
nishment of all present. This was the ninth person whin this
individual hail restored to life in a similar manner.: This ex-
traordinary case has excited moth speculation, and hasied.to
the conjecture that an it stroment might be. made to answ,er the
means adopted in these instances of resuscitation, which would
be bighll beneficial in every point of view.

MR. RUMBALL'S LEcTutt ES ON PHRENOLOGY,

Ott Tuesday evening Mr. J. Q. Rumball, a pupil of Spurz-
heim, delivered the first and introductory lecture to a course of
six lectures On Phrenology, at the Medical Institution, Mount
Pleasant. Owing to the excessively crowded state of the
Theatre of the Institution. we were prevented from taking any
copious notes of the lecture, which we had intended. and must
therefore give.but a brief outline. Nu •advocate ourselves for.
the suppositions of phrenology, which has no right or claim to
the trite of a " science ;" we yet deem it but lair, as we day
pass some strictures on the lectures, as they proceed, if we are
able to devote time to attend them, to give au impartial account
of what are the theories to which we object.'

Mr. Rumball commenced by alluding to the First Great
Cause of Map. He was made by the Deity, and was com-
pounded of all principles culled from the first and best
,things
in creation. Man, thus perfect, was subject to the same laws
and the same principles as the meanest particle of animated
dust, He thought it essential that they should- take a short
slew of animal life; and, before animal life, .they must know
what was vegetable life; and before they knew vegetable life,
they must know what life was at all; and, therefore, they must
begin at the beginning. If they looked around they saw the
SUltare of the globe occupied shy two distinct classes of ek-
istencies; they saw the living and the dead; organic' matter,
and inorganic matter. There was a vast. difference between
organic sod inorganic life, although it puzzled men to say what
.it was. Life was even now in dispute, whether it was the result
,of organs, or ,the combination of certain particles. Living
'beings must descend front living Beings: inorganic matter
might be composed of any collection of particles. Birth was
essential to living matter, so was death. Orgauic matter was
divided into two grand classes, animal and vegetable.. The
higher classes of vegetables and the lower of animals, ap-
proximwed so closely, that it was exceedingly difficult to tell
which was animal and which was vegetable. An. auitnal. could
only live on
.what had. had life ; vegetables extracted their nutri-
ment limn pure sap. Plants had no consciousness. The stein
of a sensitive plant did not know when the leaf was wounded;
the. feat' alone would. die and fall off. But they knew that
if an animal was wounded in any part, it was conscious of
that wound; that was one of the characteristics of ani-
mal life which distinguished it from vegetable. - As they
ascended iu animal life they had a higher degree Of in-
telligence. The tecterer then noticed the low degree of intelli-
gence of the worm; intelligence was tees eased,in the snail, and
he bee, he contended, had reasoning powers; and quoted several
examples related Curby and Spencer of extraordinary con-
trivances resorted to by bees to obviate unusual difficulties anti
dangers. On this he laid the foundation of a par. of the plire-
eolagical theory, and by it justified the jailginents of phrenolo-
gists ou exceedingly small and hardly apparent bumps" on
the cranium. For if reason could lodge in so small a spade as
the brain of a bee, might not qualities of reason lodge in exces-
sively. small bumps. As they ascended higher, they fountla
still greater quantity of mental power, till at last they found it
vets difficult indeed to find out in what animals differed from
• mail. They had pride, they could compare, they had 'reason.
they had. all the faeultie.s of man. 'Elbe was getting his gun
ready. his dug knew as well as could be what he was going to
do. There were only one or two faculties which beasts wanted.
Did the form of birds or beasts indicate anytlong of their mental
faculties? Did they not .know drat the eagle's eye, strong,
vurved beak, and talims were.given to birds ferocious.and un-
tameable in their nature; and.that the saute style of nittline
was seen iu the bear and the lion, and in animals equally fertis
citrus.. flail God .giVen them this form for no purpose? They
could always predicate-mind from form in animals. They never
took it bull dog out for
.beauty;, they. never set a pointer or a
setter to
.fight a bull dog. They knew chat a dog',s qualities
were front his appearance. Every dov;had a little,uf the powers
ef other dogs;, they could teach mach to do some little of, what
another could do, but they could never make a perfect hull dug
a perfeet pointer. They could .not. be lung in predicating any
mental character. fur form. Del not form then indicate cha-
racter in man ris iu beasts ? If men had always lived in the
same climate, in the same temper,'lture, purstoug, the same
a.ocatiens,tasting the same pleasures, living in fact as similai ly
as possible to his fellow men, they would not have perceived the
s me 11111,1ellUe they did iii ;heir mental or. bodily qualities.
He did Hot then eater into the theory that we were ti it all
descended flout tine centurion stock. 'I lie Bible toll us that was
so, though such was,not the case. Men ildered in degree, and
it was this difference which constituted character. They had,
howeyet. s.inne proofs of men not all being of the same species.
Compare the Greek and the Laplanders ; one stupidly gross,
grovelling, and wanting in courage; he was benumbed with an
icy influence. The tither was descended frem the beginning of
ages from heroes; and when the world lay in (tattiness ari•und
them. they shone forth conspicuous. whey might well be ex,
cased from supposing that these two individuals were not if the
saute species. But if they,travelled the face of the earth they
would :find between these twa extreme cases, a variety of na-
tiunS..gif:erl Step by step in form as in intellect. In the tro'pies,
the heat or the sun rendered men indalent in body and
They did not expect therielitehisttagerocetii
and relaxed both.
of either body tit mind which was found in more habitable cli-
mates. Forum, then, told them &outlet hing of gPlieral chid.
racier; of the charaeteruf the mass, but not of the individual;
they must proceed further to find that out. The leetuiec then
proceeded to enumerate what are called the teniciiitieexit,snerdif
men, and to shew the teading trails of each.
man was more vivacious; he wits,happy in hitnself, because lie
was full of health., lie was distinguished by a florid and rathiv
complexion.. lie was from disposi!ton inconstant, and lie
have the ladies look well to that. ( Laughter.) The wen
or
bilious temperament—the dark and the sallow
were frequently clever melt. The matt of nervous tempera.
meta—that temperament which is said to belong to teuniles_
had a finer appreciation of every thing; . their sensibility was
greater. The temperament alone did trot indicate chardi:ter,
but it tended to do so. They would find many sangui,,,,,r;
men different from others of the same temperament ; many a
bilious man who was
,not dever, and that men of nervous tern_
reraments were nut all poets. If temperature influenced
racier, surely, we might expect that sex would influence it i„„.
This difference had been vet y little undetstood. Every ,„,21,
must know that females were differetit to himself. Alan ryas
made up of angular proportions and of strength; would there
not be the same characteristic traits in his tuned? Woman
was made up of softness, roundness. smoothness, weakness-
would not the same features characterize tier mind? Watnat'i
never could be man. Ile slid it •t mean to say she was inferior,
but she never could be man. Where would they fluid a Mrs.
Liu-
don, a Mrs. Shakspeitre, a Mrs. Mozart, or a Mrs. Handel; and
yet music was often their onlv occupation front infancy, Iftltete
were that power in women which enabled Mozart to lead operas
of his own romposit ion.at ten meal's of age, they would have seen
it before now. If a woman attempted to rival titan, let her wear
a beard at once; the one would become her as well as the other,
if she could ouly attain to man's nature by sacrificing her own.
1 hey invariably found a coincidence between mind and form;
and this .a as the coiner stone of phrenology. He contemplated
the day when they should be able to tell a luau's character trom
his foot. The Greeks had that power;
they never put the foot
of a Hercules to the person of a Minerva. Every man judged
something of every man. They were all phrenologists. The
horse-dealer was a phrenologist; he was accustioned tetludgesltis
horses by the position of the ears, whether they
tractable. Ihe horse-dealer was a practical i t
t with-
out knowing it. They found the braiu increase in size as the
intellectual grade of the animal increased, and they found this
through the whole of creation. They wiold find the heart of
ertenriel ovgjitS
an animal alo ay bore reference to its size, but not so, the brain.
As they ascended the scale of animal creation, they would tied
every single spark of intelligence added to the mass Of the
brain. They had traretht he increase of brain with the increase,
of intelligence in animals, did the same thing take place in
man ? As intelligence increased in man, the size of his brain
providing the men exarnined,, be of the as me age,
el eas,(l iably ;he defied the whole world to gainsay it,
in the same
state of health, with the saute education, and as nearly as possi-
ble in the sateposition. It might be said, that theiresisted
many binge brains, compa rat ively speaking, within',
power, but
"I' '
aas not the ease; the Le antsy in net allowing suf-
ficient for the temperaini n?, state of _health, Sze. All these
things being equal, the
size of the brain was a coteple!e indica•
t ion iif the size of the mind. They knew' that in prep, 11 ion as the
intelligence of the man inereased, the size of his skull in-
creased; not because the skull thickeeeil, but because the brain
inct eased, as he slieuld show in his next lecture. II might be
said, to this, •• then mind is but the production of the brain,
that mind was but an aggregate of results grounded on organ-
nizatien." The might say •• whatever affects the brain. affects
the mind. and defy them to show that there was such a thing -as
mind." Phrenolegists were not materialists, for I.b. adift°w-
'edged the existence cf the soul. Ile had a little-t-n-em) of his
own. as to mummy; that it was inmate' 1-f you read of a
castle, it was pictured to the fancy, and you might recall that
image to memory. This was not the recalling of itnageS im-
printed on the mind by the senses ; in reading that which you
liaW was black letter S.—print. They wowd not read this theory
in any phienological works. Phreno I,4gy was tin thcory. He
believed the mind to be immaterial, and immortal. Phrenology
hail done unite for religion than the pulpit. might thank
phreno!ogy fur the evidence of an hereafter; no pulpit could
prove it.*

• Some startling propositions are here adduced, to many of
which we cannot accede. If we understand the science of phre-
nology. as it is called, aright, we believe it is to form a Judg-
ment•of the character and capabilities of man,.by the shape of
the skull, and the protuberances which the braiu Causes. on its
superficies; and that that alone constitutes phrenology. Now
every body knows that the brain is nit an extended body, all
superficies, and every part of that superfieies perceptible, hut
that it is of semi-globular form, a thick, solid medullary sub-
stance, possessing great intricacy of construction in its interior,
and that its inferior surfwe tests on the fl .tor of the interior of
the skull, which is hidden from all exterior obs,rvation, and
that therefore the only part left for the inspection of the phre-
nologist is the globular supetficies, which exerts its influence on
the outward form and appearance of the head. Now, taking
Mr. Emboli's own theory, " reason ran lodge in so small a
space, as the brain of a Lee, may not qualities reason lodge in
t-xcessively small prominences?"—may not there be protniorai-
ces on the interior surface of the skull, hidden from observation,
or prominences in the ventricles of the. brain which can",
.he
seen, which betoken a totally opposite quality of reason or cha-
racter to those which obseevation has given to prominences on
the outer surfaee.of the skull? Mae there not be qualities of
virtue or of vii e there developed which are opposite to, and
overpower those qualities, which are deveb-ped on the outer sur-
face of the skull, and thus render a certain knowledl:e of man's
character awl capabilities, futon the bumps or prominences of
the head, never to be attained ? And then whist becomes of the
" science" of phrenology? We most a!sn object to Mr. Hain_
ball's unargumentative mode if I,,,s3king phr,noif,;zy, awl
taking refuge in the science of plisiognomy. What have an
eagle's rye and
Phrenology is con-
finedrteroilhgr cued beak and talons to do with phie-
to the brain. or. rather, r"'
(1.1:l
shi t2.1:171).s 00 its outer surface.
So the horse-dealer is not a practieal phrenologist. when he
bins his h,rse by the position and motion of the horse's ears,
but a practical
i truth trill n physiognutnist. This tinlogical looseness of
tt
IPrIIIS may deceive some, butto hear examination. if
Mr. It umball argues for the hof
rhiptiagnorny as a science,
and adduces proofs that airmen are practically pltysiognomists,
there we agree with him. But when he is talking of ‘• phreno-
logy," let him "stick to his last," and confine himself to " bumps"
and the.fo± to of the brain. As to the assertion, that the size of
the liptirlintitgi
i thes theecshsatany lepiiin,sfge hi prove t
o i
Protessnr lt.: eve nartl7.e,„(ni
,eti%s'ee,: thancritit)tnttbr better,t,,en a
,
0.,.gi.e
The
functions of the brain." delivered ht hint :at the medical section
' of the last anniversary of the British Association held in this
town:—

" It was said, we will take the will take the brain as it is in
its natural living state, and institute an investigation, and com-
pare it, and make out why it was that a man was the
most intelligent animal in the world." " Oh, it was be-
cause he has the largest brain in the world : no animal has so
large a brain." Now, there were larger basins in the world,
therefore that. theory was overturned. Then. it was, " he has
the largest. brain, 'eollipared With the size of his body." That
was not the fact. The wren and the sparrow had larger brains,
compared to the size of their bodies. Then it was, ‘• he has the
largest brain, in comparison with his spinal marrow, than any
animal " Ile hart not the largest brain in comparison to his
spinal marrow': soiliete was an end of that statement. It was
remarkable that weal names weie attached to each of these
theories, whilst the statenierts of others, deserving respect, had
not been so well and properly treated. One said, " 1 will com-
pare the brain to the feet, it nd then I will make it out.. The

reason that man. is the head of the creati.m in his intellectual
powers is, that man has the greatest brain in comparison to his
face." This was not correct. Lanipet's facial fine was next.
introduced. Accordingly..as the angle showing the compara-
tive prominence of the forehead with the jaws, used in his plan,
was greater or less, the intellect was to be greater or less.
"Chis appeared quite successful, at first. Now, it appears so
f Foal an accidental circumstance. It was accidentally
right, as it 11,1pp-eller!, to take in the anterior part of the.
brain, which was the part of intellect. , But, wheninvesti-
gated, it was nut true in principle nor in fact; for in the young
child you have a larger anterior brain
.than in man. And,
again, according to their method the !oust intelligent negro
must he deficient to the most stupid European, the angle being
all Owed as the jaws or face protruded. All these methods tailed
in being reasonable methods of inquiry; and 11010 shown that
they failed in being irreconcileahie with matters of tact. They
took the whole brain to be a single organ, which it was not;-
and the measure of the brain to be the measure of th..! intellect,
which it was not.

Many objected that size was a measure of power. Phrenologists
did not say that mere size was a criterion of power. If they
came to compare the heads of different individuals they would
find that such was not the case." In repty to Professor Evan-
son, who was a phrenologist, Dr. Macartney, the celebrated
anatomist. said, "he had been a pupil. of Spurzheim, but ex-
perience had led 'din to alter his opinions. That part of the
brain must intimate in its structure was entirely overlooked by
phrenologists. They could never find that out. Phrenologists
overlooked entirely what was the real structure of an organ—
the internal structure of the brain. They might as well examine
an orange, and say from his appearance, and without cuttiog.
into it, whether it was a fruit fit to eat. He had already seen
in the internal. structure of the brain, by dissecting, a great
many varieties connected with character.
.How did phreuolo
gists get over this fact, that the filaments of the brain were so
intimately connected with each other that no traces of any di-
vision.could be found. He could not, therefore, conceive how
any thing.could gw into one organ which was not taken cogni-
zance of by Use whole brain.!'

TROOPS FOR CANA DA.—We are enabled to supply our read.
ers with information, on which they may implicitly rely, as to
the exact number of addittooal troops which are aestined for
Canadian service. viz ~—Sixtropps,tif the Ist dragoon goardS,
of 50 rank and, tile each; four troops of the 7th buss irs, of 50
rank and file each ;.the second hattalicn of the Coldstream
guards,. of 8)0 rank and file; six coMpanies of the I th foot, of
lb() each ; six companies of the 731 foot, of lOU each; and six
companies of the 931, of 100 each. It will thus appear, that the
entire force destined for Canada at present dues not exceed
390 U tuen.—U, iced Serrice Gazette.
IMPORT ANT TO MI AVINERS.— Extract of a letter from 800.
logne, 4th inst.; —" The, resemblance between the light-house
on Cape Grisnek, near this port, and that of 'Dungeness to
England, occasioned two accidents on Our coast withio the last
week. The Swedish vessel the Siurtiesten, of 416 tons, was
completely wtecked, andall her cargo lost near Ambleteuse,
but her crew were saved. Six Pours afterwards the English
schooner, Lord Wellington, went ashore at a short distance
Iron the Swede, but her cargO as well as crew were saved. Si-
milar disasters might be prevented by a chairge in the light of
Grisnez.''

ANECDOTE OF FIER MAJESTY.—On Wednesday last, while
her Majesty and the DuChess of Kent, attended by the Ro)al
suite, mete re•orning on horseback towards Windsor front Coln-
'brook, a heavy shower of rain came on just as the .oval party
appro iched Liitton Farm, belonging to Mr. White, where they
entered the rick-yard, and the m hole of the party took shelter
froni the " pelting of the pitiless storm"—which showers alike
on the peer and the peasant—Lin, a shed, which was used by one
Mr,of While's men, in 111, manufacture cif hurdles, in which
oCcupawn the man was then busily employed, when he was sud.
deoly aroused from his lab, ties by the unexpected visit of ',quit v
cinder his roof. tier Maje.sty, Under shelter, entered into
conversation „with the man respecting the manufacture or
hUrdles, and seemed highly pleased with the explanations given
her. As soon as •the rain ceased the royal party departed, her
Majesty leaving a stivereiun with the hurdle manufacturer, who
afterwards assembh-d his companions, and Many a bumper was
swallowed in drinking health and. long lite'to their amiable
Sovereign. The hurdle maker has since got the comnomen•
among his fellow-lahotireis of hurdle-maker to 'her Majesty,
On this occasion, as uival, a close carriage was in attendance
on her Majesty, but the. Storm, came on so suddenly that she
could not at the moment avail herself of it. —Windsor is- sid Etun
Express.
- - • - - •

I•
• TohoNtro.—This pity, as it is designated, is now the capital
of Upper Canada, though it is hut of very recent foundation : it
was a mei e village in the last American war.— It is situated 'on
the northern shore of the lake Ontario, near its western eXt re,
miry, about the latitude 43, longitude 79 west. It is seated
in Yolk county (in the east riding). on the river [lumber, and
has a good harbour,pratecied from the south and east'winds by
a promontory called Gibialiar-point. It has risen rapidly into
importance. from its being the best situated place for trade along
the whole of the north. coast of the lake from Kingston, from
w hit h it is nearl 30 leagues to the westward, and is about 200
wiles to the westward of Montreal. It contains from 40tU to
5000 inhabitants, and these are chiefly settlers, who have Pull-
rated from Great Britain and Ireland exclusively, without any
mixture of the Fiench Canadians; and this fact makes the
causes of the rebellion—so widely spread—still more compli-
cated.; and they .certainly demand a very 'hill investigation.
Toronto is about 20 miks to the nor!hward of Forts George and
Niagai a, where the river, after passing the great falls, runs into
lake Ontario. It 'was taken by the American forces nude! Gen.
Deal born in the last war ; but the general was killed in the
last action.

LIVERPOOL CATTLE MARKET. JAN. 8.

We have had a moderate supply of Beasts at market to-day, and-the
quality middling, with little or no variation in price from our last
week's quotations, but the demand was chiefly for those of good
quality, con:equently there were a few rough Boasts left unsold. Of
Jheep.we have bad a considerable increase in number from our lait
week's supply. which has caused them to sell for a shade less than the
preceding week. Good Beef may he quoted at from sfd to 6d ; some
of ordinary quality 5d per lb.
.Good Wether Mutton was sold at from
61d to 7d some of very inftrior,quality and Ewes at 6d eerib and the
market pretty well cleared up at three o'clock in the afternoon..