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Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1847-08-24 00:00:00

which is extremely elegant.
The ceiling,is coffered, the
centre of each division be-

i ~J

k.__J I

work or velvet, and are of
various sizes. Of the five
designs for cornices-2 &

3 Mist column)—are sim-
plepoles, one with a wreath
:he the h -

ing occupied by a circular
composition, accompanied
by a variety of chaste foli- the other wit- grapes ant
age distributed in the di- leaves ; of the others, per-
visions of the ceiling. The __./ _7.7- haps the Gothic and Eli-
interior, also, of the tem- __•=.'i zabethan are the most me-
porary House of Lords, as ritorious examples ; the
restored after the fire in whole, however, serve to
1834, was ornamented with i show the infinite adapta-
papier-mache ; as are also ...s•:.. \ .--0-- bility of the material.
the state rooms in Dublin °- /---- As a substitute for the
Castle. Besides its use in ancient expensive carvings
the formation of dependent ~<s. in churcheslthese works are
ornament and accessory, %:= now much employed, as for
the accompanying designs the enrichment of altar
show its use in the manu- --:--- /
-------TH- pieces, organ-cases, gal-
facture of independent arti- lery fronts, and wherever
,
cles of furniture, especially .. carving could with advan-
of the ornamental kinds.
_J / .•\ ..
tage be employed. The
The composition, of which =-'_
(_ progress of the material as
we give an engraving at _
a substitute in minor orna-
the bottom of the third co- \ menta ion for plaster is
~. - \
lumn, is a screen about 3 , 1. 3
considerable, as bouquets
and paterte are extensively
feet high, the centre of
which may be filled with /\
silk, velvet, or fancy work ; pie domestic architecture,
the other screens upon this )1 i 4 kr----1 i(\ in which formerly the orna-
sheet are also filled with ment was plaster.
The use to which papier-mach4 is now .put shows it to be a material in every way different from that which the present
manufacturer found under the same name; and as being a medium in which may be realized the most beautiful forms it is
as much entitled to consideration as any other in which are repeated the most valuable conceptions of the artist. It were,
therefore, much to be desired that those forms and compositions in which it should be brought forward should be the best
that were to be had. Everything that is beautiful in the vegetable world has contributed in some shape or other to orna-
ment. All the varieties of arabesque have again and again supplied their quota; but there is yet an inexhaustible store of
new combinations to be formed, even of those combinations, which according to their greater degree of felicity, are called
styles. The material in ques- corative art of Europe
tion, as admitting of alto-re- ,wes extensive obligations,
lievo, is admirably adapted lthough here art never cast
for new combinations and )ff the trammels of a con-
style. We cannot separate trained style, for when ori-
our own art from that of inality or peculiar feeling
other countries it is by , shown in its works, we
them that we are stimulated :ill find present, with little,
in arts, as by us they are ' any, exception, an ele-
stimulated in manufactures. lent very different from our
Every country in Europe is ,pprehension of the highest
in art looking back to the uality of beauty. Many
old masters ; all schools are f the most beautiful designs
consulting the men who hich have been gathered
lived antecedent to Raffa- rom antique remains have
elle and his contemporaries, seen carved in wood or
as from the latter the as- ,tone with the most elabo-
pirations of the former were ate finish. The richest of
drawn, and it is with the 'lese are perfectly inimita-
hope of like results that the le in this material, as may
moderns look so far back. le seen in the complicity of
The French and German le designs (Nos. 6, in Ist
schools of decorative art ,olumn, 4 and 6, in 2nd, &
have diligently collected all in the 3rd). No. 4, centre
the works of their early mae- •olumn, is a circular pic-
ters, and rendered them con- re frame. Above this is
tributive to modern produc- glass similarly framed,
tions ; but it is to the early nd it may be observed of
part of the sixteenth centu- his work, that although so
IT that we are more indebted any crisp and slender pro-

than to any other period, as
the page of the art-history
is adorned by the most illus-
trious names. There is,
however, a wide difference
between the highest points
attained by all the schools

of this era, especially by
those of Italy. The Ger-
man school flourished also

at this time, and to it the
centre of the Ist column rep
It might be supposed that
old manufacture of the last c

Jctions appear in it That
,hese are much less likely
:0 be injured than such parts
re in any other material.
'he other frame is a giran-
loie extremely beautiful in
!omposition. In the origi-

ial work the whole of the
!omponents of the frame
Lreclear and sharp in exe-

.ution. The design near the
11, resting also on the floor.
ry is the fact. Even the
exposure; it may, there-

fore, be presumed, that the improved manufacture shown to be in every way so much superior in other respects will'not fail
----_____

in this. It has not yet been sufficiently long in use to speak positively on this point, but in those cases in which it has been
employed in exterior decoration it is in perfectly good condition, and bids fair to remain so. The material called carton-
pierre, employed in France in exterior decoration is a preparation analagous to papier-mache; but there is a difference be-

tween them which must be fatal to the former, and that is its permeability to moisture, which must be destructive of its
consistency. On the latter, moisture exerts no injurious influence, otherwise it, as is well known, will remain uninjured in
exposed situations during nearly a century. The best evidence we have of this is afforded by the exterior ornaments at

the back of the house of Sir William Chambers, in Bemers-street, which are still in a very good state of preservation ; and
this is the old manufacture with all its defects. There are other works in town and country of the same date as those in
Berners-street, and all, it is believed, in an equally good state of preservation. The carton-pierre is very extensively em-
ployed in France for the de- day, the taste for ornament

oration of edifices of im-
posing character; it might
be supposed that its appli-

existed more popularly it
had undoubtedly been ren-
dered more worthy of no-
. •

cation in this way had been
justified by satisfactory
proof of the durability of
the material; but, after
all, if it be absorbent of

With respect to its dura-
bility for interior embel-
lishment, there is evidence
of a more satisfactory kind,
as there exist many chim-
ney-pieces, and pier-glass
frames, &c., in this mate-
rial, which must have been
made early in the last cen-
tury. A recent examina-
tion of the old papier-mache
work at Chesterfield House,
has most satisfactorily

moisture, and thus render-
ed soft, it is most reason-
able to suppose that it must
suffer injury. Time. there-
fore, alone can be the real
test of its merits ; no che-
mical inquiry in such case
can in any wise be satisfac-
tory ; for any factitious ma-

terial so constituted—in-

shown that in ceilings also

deed not formed, in a great it is not less enduring; in
measure of earthy matter fact a comparison between
can admit and again yield this and the wood work to
superfluous moisture with- which it is attached, shows
out suffering ultimate solu- that the progress of the
tion. It can only be ascrib- lathing and other parts to-
ed to the apathy of the wards decay, is more ad-
time that the old papier vanced than that of the
macho was not more ex- composition which in its
tensively employed for ex- new character will be more
terior ornament; it is true than ever secured against
it was comparatively flat, the tendency to decay and
poor, and in every way in- the attacks of insects ; in-
sufficient, but had, in that deed, in the latter respect,
it will never suffer injury, as one of its components is particularly obnoxious to insects. It has in its new form been applied
in modern embellishment more extensively than is generally supposed ; the many engravings, however, which we here pre-
sent, sufficiently show that there is no style of ornament beyond its adaptability. It has been advantageously employed in
furniture enrichment. In a vast variety of ways this description of ornament has been applied with success. For book-
cases and other articles of furniture it is well suited, as affording opportunities of ornamenting them in a taste of conform-

able with that of the apartment in which they may be placed, and especially if the manner be Gothic, the whole of the
enrichment may be most advantageously executed in papier-inach6 as elaborate pinnacles and pendants, highly ornamented
corbels, open work, frets, deeply under-cut rosettes, and spandril and mitre, or intersection ornaments; even the most
delicate tracery is executed with perfect ease, and at an expense which, by other means of ornamentation, must be consi-
derably enhanced.

This sheet shows numerous articles of furniture, according to Mr. Bielefeld's method of manufacture; with two more of
these our selection is completed. The larger of the two (at the bottom of the middle column) is a bracket in that style most
properly called Florid Roman; nothing can exceed the grace of the composition, which, when gilt, is very elegant. The
ether cut (2nd in middle column) is a drawing from a Gothic chandelier, of a character very remarkable for lightness.

Set& • 4
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esu~

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Considering its ready assumption of form, and the various uses to which it is applicable, it has been with us an object to
inquire with what degree of freedom it might be dealt with, as compared with other materials employed in ornament. When
it was first brought to public notice, it was never supposed from the comparatively insignificant objects which were then
manufactured, that it could be utilised to half the extent to which we find it carried. As far as we can learn, it appears
that it is dealt with precisely as wood, in applying it to the embellishment of furniture. It may be cut with the saw and

~~- _ -~
~~ ~ ~ ~ \
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chisel, may be bent by heat or steam, and even subjected to the operation of the plane, and rubbed to a smooth surface by
means of sand-paper. We have closely inspected and examined the methods of the formation of larger pieces of furniture,
such as consoles, brackets, canapes, &c., and find that many of them may be entirely formed of papier-mache, or may be
made of a wood-core, and when completed a few screws will in either case secure the ornaments in their places, and when
so fixed the work remains only to be painted or gilded as may have been determined. With respect to the latter process,
the surface of the composi- ornamental corners are fix-
tion receives the gold so ed to ceilings, it is generally
much more readily than sufficient to employ small
other materials, that much nails ; but if the compositi-
of the usual cost of gilding it ons be unusually heavy, they
is saved. In order that the must be attached to the tim-
full value of these ornaments bers by means of screws. In
may be understood in their ordinary cases the nails are
application to apartments assisted by strong glue,
which have never been in- which gives a firmness to
tended to receive such ad- the work beyond all question
ditions, and to which other of insecurity. With frets,
ornament could not be added friezes, and all superficial
without preparation, it will ornament, the same method
be necessary to state the of fixing is employed, all
results of our inquiries as that is necessary to observe,
to the actual manner of at- is that the nails or brads take
taching the ornaments. In hold of the laths. When
cases where it is desired to rooms are fitted with panels
fix a simple cornice, and in the old French and Ita-
the use of plaster is entirely lien styles, the same methods
set aside, a small fillet or of attaching the ornament
moulding of wood is nailed are to be observed, only less
to the ceiling and wall, hav- caution in this case is ne-
ing fixed to it the ornaments, cessary as the weight of the
which add very much to work operates differently.
the finish and appearance In cases of attaching or-
of a room, at a very trifling nament to walls and panels,
expense, and no inconveni- if it be light tracery, needle
points will be sufficient to
ence compared with that at-
tendant on other modes of sustain it,but glue or cement
ornamentation. If the ob- is commonly added.
ject be to fix a patera or The prospects of our own
flower, one screw will be suf- ornamental design are at
ficient, unless it be of unu- present more favourable than
sual dimensions, in which they ever have been, al-
case two or more are neces- though our school of design

_
sary ; and if the attachment has not effected all that
of the object be intended to might have been desired,
conceal apertures for venti- considering the time of its
lation, it becomes necessary establishment. It should be
that it be screwed to a block- our purpose to vindicate an
ing on the joists. When originality for ourselves—not
to dwell upon endless repetition, how good soever the subjects may be. Sir Joshua Reynolds, speaking of imitations, said
that if one man were content to walk behind another, it is clear that he would never get before him, and consequently never
distinguish himself by a progress peculiar to himself. We cannot, as we have already said, separate ourselves from conti-
nental art, for we have nothing to fall back upon ; we must therefore endeavour to catch the spirit by which they were ani-
mated, availing ourselves of their works, not in servile copying them, but as stimulants to equal things in a style of
our own.

The works of Mr. Bielefeld, from which these cuts have been selected, are in every style and character, and besides the
edifices that have been mentioned, as ornamented with papier-mache, there are the Royal Palaces, the Conservative Club-
house, and nearly all the other club-houses, the picture gallery at Drayton Manor, Gothic ceilings in Johnstown Castle,
county of Wexford, Ireland, North-wood House, Isle of Wight, and many other public and private buildings; insomuch as
to show that this useful manufacture is making that extensive progress to which the durability of the material and its other
valuable qualities are so justly entitled.

The renaissance, we may by which the designs are im-
term it, of papier-mache, was pressed on the wood ; and the
effected, about twenty years steam from the boiler heats
ago, by Mr. Bielefeld, but his
,every department of the ma-
present premises in Welling- nufactory. These rooms are
ton-street North, Strand, surrounded by vaults in which
London, have been built only are kept the metal moulds by
about seven years: the ex- which the design is commu-
tent of the ground plan is nicated to the material. The
nearly one hundred feet by weight of metal so stored is
thirty-six, and it would be about one hundred tons, and
impossible to divine how in- the cost of insuring would be
geniously this space is dim- so considerable that the pro-
posed into all the departments prietor does not consider him-
of a manufactory, extensive self justified in adding this
far beyond what would ap- to his other heavy expenses.
pear in a space so limited. The ground floor is laid out
The basement contains an in show-rooms, counting-
engine of some six or eight house, &c. ; and here it is
horse power, the use of which that the beautiful combined
is to drive lathes in one de- results of the whole of the
partment, and machinery in other departments are seen.
another—that of the manu- Our selection of cuts affords
facture of the new patent but a very limited conception
frames—it works the rollers of the very numerous objects
and patterns which are arranged in these rooms, where it is at once seen that the utilities of the material are made avail-
able in every way. Above these rooms is an entresol, where the presses are worked by means of which the paper in its
wet state is pressed into the mould, the form of which it is made to assume. Of these there are fifteen of various powers,
one of them a hydraulic press, exerts a power equal to a weight of eighty tons. Here 'are also drying-rooms, with a
temperature of 120 de-
- ----------,.,,_ ipzs,-...ip ~..--_,.....‘ green. Above this is the
Z," --____---,_ graining and gilding room.
Over the gilders is a work-
shop for ornamenting and
manufacturing the mate-
rial into articles. On an-
other story of the building
._...//~ the works are packed, and
...----- 1,114 '''.„„------,---,...0". still higher is the carpen-
ter's shin) ' • but besides
these extensive departments there are others, many of which are of the utmost importance in the preparation of the designs
and metal moulds—as the modelling-room in which the first models are made in clay—the casting-room, in which- are
furnaces and sand-troughs for the purpose of casting the moulds : a great portion of the stock is kept in other ware-rooms,
all numbered and so arranged that any number could at once be found. The material itself is actually paper first reduced
to soft pulp by machinery, and for the purpose any waste paper that has been written on will serve. This having been
prepared in such a manner as subsequently to acquire the hardness and tenacity which are among its best qualities, it is
passed under a press with the metal mould of the intended pattern; it is then dried so as to acquire substance. The process

<~

l

of making the moulds is this :—the pattern is first executed in clay, from which a mould is made in plaster; this reproduces
the design in plaster, from which another mould is made to receive the metal, which when cast is finished by chasing, and
is then ready to yield the design to the papier-mache.
Thus it is seen that the manufacture, even to its most minute details is carried on in these premises, and the number of
persons necessarily employed in an establishment so extensive is not less than a hundred. The manufacture is entirely dif-
ferent from everything else in this or any other country, and the ingenuity of resource and spirit of enterprise with which
its wants are met, and its progress sustained, do infinite honour to the originator and proprietor, Mr. Bielefeld ; to whom,
also, the lovers of art are indebted for another invaluable invention, the purpose of which is the production of an elegant
picture frame, at less than half the usual cost.— From the Art- Union Journal.

PICTURE FRAMES BY MACHINERY.
The ultimate desideratum in the popularisation of art is
to bring it as an educational means to the hearths of abodes
humbler than those under the roofs of which it has hitherto
found a resting-place. It is not necessary to say that in
this case pictures are out of the question : we would here
speak of prints, of their multiplication, and of the best me-
thod of rendeting them available. Our own social state
owes little, as yet, to art ; there is room for, and now hap-
pily the means of, a vast and beneficial amount of " in-
debtedness."
We have cheap editions of good books, and we desire
cheap editions of good pictures. We claim the merit of
the broad and steady advocacy of this principle, the fruit
of which is fast maturing ; and it is with such view that
we give monthly to our readers a transcript of some pro-
duction more or less valuable, and the value of which shall
be henceforth greater ; but such engravings have been de-
prived of an opportunity of effectively " doing their spi-
riting" from the circumstance of their being unframed,
because the cost of a frame will be at least five or six times
that of the print. Towards the framing of prints the reduc-
tion of the duties on glass has done much, and the invention
we are about to notice effects, we do hope, the rest in this
long-desiderated object.
The invention is that of Mr. Bielefeld ; and the result at
which he arrives is a really good and ornamental frame at
the lowest price (eightpence per foot) at which the meanest
wooden shelter in which a work of art ever found refuge can
be manufactured. This is, as usual, effected by machinery. Any of the common forms, technically called ogee, ovolo,
bevel, hollow, &c., can be enriched with the most delicate work similar to engine-turning, or by relieved arabesques of any
design. The principle is new, as applied to manufacture of this kind ; it is simply to pass any length of frame under a rol-
ler in which is cut the desired pattern. This roller, the radius of which is but a few inches, is turned out of a rough cast
of gun metal and is driven by a steam engine. The wood which is passed under it is necessarily soft, say the best pine,
and receives at any length the impress of the most delicate tracery which can be engraved on the metal. The advantages
of this are sufficiently apparent ; but there are yet others which may be mentioned The wood comes from the machinery
ready for gilding, or complete as an imitation of ebony or Florentine bronze, and also in colours, and having preserved
on the surface the design in all its sharpness, which would be deteriorated by the ordinary method of whitening and
sizing. The process is a patent, and so recent that the extent of the operations is by no means developed, although the in-
ventor will apply it to the manufacture of frames for pictures of all sizes. For many years there has been nn improvement
in the manufacture of frames ;at least, none to render an acceptable frame accessible to limited means. The want has
been a source of complaint, when so many of the most beautiful productions of the burin are no longer very costly. An
outcry may he raised by those employed in the manufacture according to the old method ; but under the auspices of the ge-
nius temporis, it is the good of the many we must advocate ; and considering the cheapness of good prints, of that class
likely to come into the possession of the middle classes, this discovery is very apposite to the time
The results of this machinery will soon be, if it be not at this moment, such as to enable him who buys a print for a
shilling to place it in a worthy frame for another shilling, or very little more. And when we speak of a shilling print, let
no one suppose that we allude to an inferior work : some admirable productions of art may now be attained for that sum :
may we not refer to those which appear in the present number of cur journal, and those which we hope to present to our
subscribers P

c y
-'

The consequence will be, ere long, that framed prints will occupy walls that are now either bare or covered with injurious
or unmeaning papers ; and that fine examples of art will instruct the dwellers in houses where expensive luxuries cannot
enter. We consider that to produce good and cheap frames is second only in importance to producing prints good and cheap.
Art-Union Journal.

LIVERPOOL:

PRINTED BY LACE AND ADDISON, STANDARD OFFICE, 4, NORTH CRESCENT.

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