The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1838-02-23 00:00:00

LIVERPOOL MECHANICS' INSTITUTION.

LECTURES ON PHYSIOLOGY.

Op Saturday evening Dr. Ep',s i;t:yereil his siNtii lecture.
As it is cleciti,illY:no most interes,H4 iaipw taut or lot,
cow se, we strougiy recommend ii lo luD (!cravat :inn attention
of such of our readers as may wisa for iteaitti and longevity on
easy terms.'
When our food has been converted into chcme by the action
of are
,gastric juke, it passes frfou the sloinat.ll hy means of the
pyloric .vaive into the 'cluorleuurn. As chyme itself would not
nourish us, it has to be converted into a stibstance which will.
That substance is called chyle, and its xnanufact tire, which 'is
ea,ried. no in the duodenum, is termed .ciwitlication.; To lie..;
come covle,'the chyme is mingled with the 'secretions of the
liver and the sweetbrear4 both of which organs are connected
with the duodenum. All our secretions are taken fioua the
blood, but the liver is the only, organ which 'manufactures its
secretions from impure blood. The blood is carried into the
liver through a large vein called the vena portie, from which
is clisiriliuted all over fbe liver by ramifying channels kilo a
number of little round balls or glands, whieb.have the power of
secreting bile from the impure blood. After'the blood uas been
'thus purified it returns to the heart. s' fast as the bite is se-
creted, it is conducted by means of a nurubet of smafl pipes into
the,gall bladder, where it is stored up for use. When chyme
pasSes into the duodenum, it presses against I his. bladder, and
the bile oozes in tie means of a pate opening tadewaYs
through the courts.otthe intestines. 'file alkaline and inikfla-.
giuous parts of the bile then enter into chemical 'Combination , ,
with the nutritive portion (Ville chyme. The remaioder of the
chyme is refuse. The 'sweetineadlikeWise Pours in a qUantity
or sweet saliva, which tni%es with the Chyme. Chyle is thus
formed, and it is a kind of milky substance. Sometimes, how-
ever, when persons teaze their livers instead of treating them
with due respect, when they endeavour to pull their iths by.
means of stars, so as not to allow the liver freedom of action,'
the liver uo,:s not produce a good speciei of bile. Little hard-
ened bodies called tWiary calculi form in'thespall-bladder, and
'move about in it., Wien the bile has to get into the duodenum,
perhaps one of these stones finds its way to the, passag,e, and
cloSes ti. I,Vhen a poor man, in paising along the street, feels
one' titesg Sif)aeS pasQine, he is seized all .of a sudden
with what is called a stitch in his side. 'jaundice arises ;corn
tie circumstance or .the bile not 'passing freelV away from the
eel' 0t,14,1er, but tieing circulatedall
.over the body 'with the
blood. When a lieiSno's liver does not perform its duty-, it is
quite evident tliat his body is not iu a perfect stte.of
Bilious persons are generally miserable. We may lie puniidied
by too great or two little a flow of bile. flenee the same reale-

(1-Y will not always apply, Some persons affected with bilious
complaiots are cured by eating baebn in the morning, whlls4
others traveiheir disease increased. The reason of this ist that,
personsdelicient of bile will secrete an additional quantity when
'they cAt such stimulapi,s as bacon:, hut when peisoqs.who have,
'too mech, eat haeoe, the bile is produced in siteatus. The fiVet'
is considered
,to be the seat of melancholy: Some poets affect
to• be ie•raptilies With tnelanceolv. o.e says, " There iS
charm io melancholy ;,I":wonitt if t could, be-gay: surely
there is no pleasure so bole as this Ante melancholy." The
lecturer did not think so, nor eel the a ticient Greeks. of whOse
language tiie term itself is compounded. For instance, inelas
siguities black, and kale,: Idle; . , • - :
'hen chyle is formed, it is mined with a considerable quan-
tity of itootp•iiv,•whieli Wou'd nut be of use in' noorishitig' the
hornet-1 frame:: In order to separate it from this, 11.-itictirpot•-
ated matter is p3s.le, tirroitaii -a-very long intestinal: canal, the
surface of which is-ghost Witti.a.projectitte frioge.l4e.subst.auce
to oreveauthe too rapid.passage clam -. This canal, is
likewise studdethwitii..a .nitmoerof miiitne apertures ea pa ide of
admitting .nothing, lint' chide, .and these apertures Open into
minute duets leading to the thoracic .ducL whirl) lies on the
front of the vertebrae, through which the.chyle flows until it is
niseboiTed into time jugular and subclavian veins of the throat,
whence it passes into the heart and- becomes transfortnedinto
blood when it passing through. the lungs. In the change of
the chyle into ittood,•it passes Itatin theintestines airing the me.
sentery, which covers (lie intestines and fastens them to the
spine. This. mesentery is of two folds, which lie one upon .an-
other. Between these folds are little glands called mesenteric
glands, the secretions or which being mi:zed with the chyle fur-
ther pori:y it. If these glands become hard, as then sometimes
do in children, uo fresh blood can be .roade,sand no matter bow.
well the coilti is fed, lie becomes emaciated and ill. Some un-
skilful doctoes administer calomel in such cases to children, by
which they are killed. If tee tiud a child ravenous at one time,
and.at another without any appetite, there is much reason to
apprehend a disease in these glands. Scrofulous children are
particularly saroject to this disease, and no time should be lost
in attending lo•U, as it not unfrequently induces water on the
brain and death. • : . •
Now the question comes bow do we not get big,rzer every day?
We eat anti drink hogsheads and tons—therefore why should we
not get proportionality. large.? If some men tit.) are great
drunkards could swell out in • the proportion of their libations,
we should have a -living testimony of • the inconveniences of
drink. Every moment of our lives there is new matter being
formed in and about our bodies. All the blood vessels through
which the blood passes to the different parts of .the body have
glands am their ex.remities - for the secretion of flesh, bone,
muscle, cartilage, &c., as the case may be. But at the same
time the extemities of the veins which bring back the blood to
the heart are furnished with the memos of taking up. all the old
neater, and this before the new is put (Awn. In this manner a
beautiful balance is kept up between (lie .vessels which absorb
and these which secrete, so that while one is absorbing the old
matter the outer is secreting new. Persons will wonder why if
this, it' this incessant enovation is taking place, they•.are not
freed in process of time from. their gout,. liver eomplaint,
There seems, however. to he a kind of a mould of a man which
constitutes our mortality. We do not lose the materiel of our
mental form or etrysivai constitution, consequently we cannot
gel rid of hereditary consumption, gout,.ot- insanity. But it is
a fact that we .have perpetually this change going on iu our
system, and this euables.us to: perceive how we remain al a
eerie-in stature on arriving at the period or mac..... 6. Until this
period the human race does pi-ogress in size and stature. Another
Short. interval having elapsed, re begin to descend and to lose
our olunioness. The legs begin to tremble beneath the weight
of the boa,. we iinti our capability of toution passing away, and
at leneth we tire glad to leave theworld because ee are a burden
to those who are dear to us. Tilis is owing. to the difference
between the secreting an.t.absoitting systems. .lo the child the
secreting SN'Si em is more powerfut tharr initte adult, whilst the
absorbent is weaker. This teaches as to give children an
abumetuee.or ruo.l. as- out-of this :food I manufacture their
owtyloodies. Cuiloren•should have Adain food,:and not be in-
dulked in eon feclitmery.,ri i-s-a most Intel estin.g. fact, in con-
neeion wit it this, That at one oi tbe _most. celebrated schools in
the trorld, the Blue Coat Selsoot of London, the pupils are con-.
tittually iorested trite the ringworm, and the medical men ate
cousennently'..iliQgiaced beeatise they do not cure it. The

Oi•ease arose flout fit e chidlren tieing red wooden poi.ringers,
agreell,l‘.. to ;tie %visit of the roomier. Whilst the teachers ,are
tins's() °beta ent 0 the desire of the !thunder, From a' rear of
forfeiting the charier, they did not tiesilate toadvaliceAtteir own
salaries in ProPotAkan to the altered value of money.' Public
opinion, howeyer,iitas length been di reeled' tb (his, school,
and much Bond will be the result.
,Wl;en a person becomes old'
the tal'i-s areturneti ab!sorhs more than liesecreles:
.
the conserwnca is, that he Lecontes emaciated „HI withered.
hla
rot
iii.e ;n beetimeohl. (especially ladies)
ptito!e%ions, and wear rase hair for the!
%niv ant(rerso4:f w,
ptii-pose or leading their friehols to believe that. they are not;
declining in health and apPearance. The ntiestien is, hoW are
we to avoid ge:ling ? The e:Aremilics tit' int r arteries. which
secrete from on!' b!0011 llt&ie various new lionies, become assi-:
Lied; and the cortsectuenf-e is that they cannot secrete the bodies!
Key used to do. We, I nercroi e; shoWil endeavour to keep these
fOrmirifiliAttS'or the arteries in that citedi(on in which they can':
best keen on serreting-. There• is a-tsay in- which tve can do
-this, end the tirst way is that of waSiting the !only all over every
moruiti wi:s chid tearer. This is one' lite mast effect" oal
met t or to:: tug us live Young until we get old. -Thu teetureri
knewa T 2 h 11)iler of ithvidtrals wit° had pursued this eOurse with
the utmost success. IF thrOugit illness we shook', find the en,d
Liath too severe. we shouili adopt the taa to hart. li we use the
wain bath once a week we shall aid ten years to our lives. The:
process or,shampooing after' a warn) bat 'd is highly itooortant to-
-110a!lti. Our noti!es, Dot aititstamitug their oissipation, live to
,
advarceii age ueeause. they bare 'so many omrorts of this
mitt:ire. Another means or atbrini.t.to lire is rising eativ in the
mot niog!'ittit4 ithnorta io 11,th-ways, as it itp.tuces so
much itatier heahb and tongevitt,-and second. lir! I,v risio- at
instead' or- ten, we have four more ito:rs'atidf'd tom.'" °le'
There are many retsons that get drum!: at nio Of, who.notwith-
I;ve 0 a good-age: arises from the habit of early
for it is an established !laett that. ir- a- person who gets
at Right r.,ps between four' an-d Hee in the morning. tie-
CAteely eve.' Iniores his constitution.— A itrunkatit. however,
Irit6 lies'in lied until ten o'elne[, in the -mat ntni,r. dies in alew
years, We learn front this, the important tact that iCnyearly
risi.og-we preYent ill consenutinces front a risitig net of midnight
revels, we may enneet, lv lettning a- soifeY life to reap increased
advantages from it as Well in a physical as a mural point. or

view: ' -• ,
There 'a
eoinmon'savitvg 010 when a man dies he pave tha
debt or nature. • it. is no'soclr he does flat pay the ,:eticar
nature at ail. lt is more- diMcuit tiodi woo-dee-Pal .thai,ra man
should die than that be should live. Ccy,per says,
`" Strange that a 'harp of thousand strings
Should keep in`tune so long." •
,But we are not harp strings. We are barns which have the
power of reproduction. SUppose we could manufacture a steam
engine which should have the• power- of reproducing its parts,
this steam engine would never wear out. Therefore it is more
.wonderful that we ei;e then that we live. We are bound to be-
lieve not Wet death is the work of nature, I,li, that it is the work
or sin.- "'['lie wages of stt is death." We can prove from p'hyr
siologieal' data that death is not the wm k -01 nature, as our sys-
tem has a tendencv to go on forever. Had our Adamie parents
not sinned we should never have died.

, .
• Peorosin NEW: LONDON• irrEL—Na other city in Europe
cart boast such. estahlishmen is at the first-rate. hotels in Lon-
-.-tion=the Clarendon; Mivart 5, Grilliou's, which have en-
tertained even crowned heads, and Aqintaiti every article or con-
venience andluaq that the most noble and wealthy eau re-
quire. The, great tnliux of 'visitors from the country to' the
metropolis, however, that may tie enpected to be oceasioued,bv
the rapid means of chnimunication supplied by railroads an:l
steam-boats, requires additional accommodation to he furnished
for them in London. We -have-no such estairlishments for the
generality of travellers as iLlaurice's hotel at Paris, La Bede
'Cue at Brussels, Le Grand Laboureur at Antwerp, or Holt's
hotel in New York. To supply this-want, a comnaey is tem_
ing for the purpose of erecting a•metropolitau hotel at the west
end of the town; in the-cm rsiruction .of which every attention
will ho paid to the health anti :comfort of its visitors. The
architect intends this edifice to be on a much large.srale than
any other of -the kind in this country, to furnish. complete ac-
commodation Co professional and commercial smell and their
families, and to blend the strictest economy with the greatest
comfort; It will he so constructed as to have an interior,court-
yard, with a large fountain of spring-water: in the centre.
Arrangements will be made to dine 1200 per day. The library
and reatlin4-room will be provided with all the principal foreign
and domestic papers and periodicals. Great care will be taken
to ventilate the building properly. A deep well is to be dug on
the premises, from which-every hed-room wilt be furnished with;
a constant 'Supply of spring-water, by means of a steam-engine.•
Hot and cold baths will be provided. it is also iniended that
the company shall import the wines used in the estahlishment ;
and that every article of provision shall be inspected by a com-
petent petsrin,-to prevent the possibility of adulteration. Car-;
riages will run from the hotel to the Loudon termini of all the;
railroads.—Curtis out Health, 2d Edition.

SHEFFIELD AND,IIOTHERAM RAILWAY.—The works of this
undertaking are rabidly approaching to:coinpletion, and In all
prohability the line will be opened for traffic, about midsummer..
The engines are non• being. constructed by h. Stevenson and
C0..-and I be-first class eat riages have been-ordered from Man-
chester. Wolkinen are employed day and

THE NoRTH:MIDLAND RAHAWAY.— The direvtors bpys
made
another call of £lO. no ktng in the v hole £35 per share.' The
works on a great part of the tine are actively. proceeding; 'up-
wards of sixty wiles of road, ont of t!te i ht?:edislante,of seveittv-
two milea. nowin N+nr~eor Iteiog mr;atle.: Qising to the oppi.c:
sit ion given by the Aire and Cattier Nayig,itti;tl Company, a
new line. has been surveyed hint) Leeds to the cinder-ovens- he.
yond Haigh-perk, and the direetots niay'liii“ibly be driven to
apply fur a new act to empower them to take this line.

I
niE Livrapo()L .t.; TA N LTA RD..

e,‘"7:b

TLTE FEB cLY 20.—,}17h1,1 E.
Itylvltn.—T3eqs, Alarti,t, from the Mediterri,...an-7Lord Russell,
from lirothers, Crabl)', froth •
Belfast, hot/hd .to
Mohile—
Ae:leiald.'. (ork, putti:i4 bark; with loss of boater-apd
'NAIT,r.D.-.Coririer, Smith, ftii.Cfacotta—flelerl, Butman, for Charle4
ton—St. Lawrence, Chase; and Frances Ann, Soule, for New. Orleans

•
. . ,
, ... . , . ,
Atal:mta, (steamer,) troll, nombay at Suez, with the mails from
Initia—due in E4vernool 18th instant
"Daniel Wheeler, touch'; ancl.flipley, Stewart, from Calcutta at St
Ilelena,-29th 'De, ! . , I

Traveller' Cop rdeinan n, hence, at Dunkirk.
Eve, from Biwcos otrllolyhead 18th instant
Zorgen Vlyt, BergliamS, hence for Amsterdam, was driven on the
rocks at Scilly on the !clit.t. instant': crew saved'
Rose; Or.vrg. loaded for London, was burnt to the Water's edge at
Tratee o i Thur.:lay mornitra crew saved • • • - •
DUDIAN, FEtatiAttY 19.—The vessel lost at flowth is the Betsey, of
Beaumaris

t7t. oti , Pei). It —Tie Paragon., from Liv.c,rpool to Pernambuco,
was driven on shore 1t Ballynecker Strand this nfornitig she ii'es• in
the surf full of water, 6 men drowned, cargo expected to be saved in a
damatted state. • . .

• 141 C.F 0 ItD Feb.•ls.—Jt blew-a terriac gale .frem E, to ESE during. the
whole of last niht, and has uow.(2 p m) increisNl to a perfect
cane, with snow squalls. The Catherine. from CrerharviM to Savan
sue. is onshore' on the rocks of Laken Point. Tim Diligence, Finch,
from Waterford to this port, and Lu.cyluff. froni Dublin to .Chep,
stow, arr on shore on the beach, Feb. 17.—The Catherine was ,sent.
tied last, evening. The Eliza, Owens, from Cork to Brist6l, drOVe on
the rocks nt the 'entrance of thf hirrbour,.and is a total wreck, crew
saved. The Friendship, from Aheravon to Liverpool, has unshipped
• her rudder, and makcs a great deal of water. having struckheavily on
Taken Point, after driving from her anchors. -
km . . .„
LKE4 L, PO% 18. —Ahout 1890 to MK, bali,a cotton have been saved
from the wreck of the 'John Stimp, leeward above high water mark ;
the vessel is in two, fore and aft ; all the copper is stripped off.

.
' WEDNESDAY; FRIMITARY 21.• Wind ,
At:Wren Coeper. Currie, from Calcutta—Paragon,
Smith. and Fame; • Whitley, 'from` Buencis .Ayres—Napoleon. Poole,
trom Huasco—North Star, Benedict; :Manchester; Bosworth; Hu-
ron, Boardman : Europe, Drummond ;,•.Robert Ray. thuininond;
Inez, Bray, and. Margaret Forbes, King, from New OrkanS—POw-
hattan, from New York ; sailed 20th ult.—Mary Ann. Cur-
oriel:M(3m Valparaiso=Midas: KM-math, from Pernambuco—Unity,
Jefferson, from Lagunn—Binnitigharn.- Robihs•m• frani. 111ohile—
Ganges,. Corkham, and Tecumseh. Suydana, from Charleston.
tistr.En.—Petrel. Turcan. for Bombay-
AbeNrombie Robinson., Seott. friim London, at Canton
Fia•midahle, Sragg;Trorn Canton; at
Tickler, Ellis, from the Cape of Gool Hope, at the Mauritius
• Rahoo, Brock, from Calcutta, at ditto -• • • . ••• , • •
Senator, Grinctlay, from the Mauritius, ai St. Helena, and sailed
2nd. Jan. for London . .
AimivelL Hesse, from Calcutta and the Mauritius, at ditto Gth Jan.
•• • ~ •
and sailed for London
Manly, froth LondonYat Valp4:?aiso • '
Elizabeth Rath:litre. Radeliffe,from Lima. at•dittn- • • •
Hugh. Crosbr„ from Dublin, at•Madcira. 2nd instant, and sailed the
3rd for Trinidad • • 1••: s•• • .

•
. . .
. .
raiz,.V sailed from Trieste fth instant. andthe 3lalvina,
3tiekell. tbe'7th;botli.for-fhis port
Fanny S.; Jane, Lovering, hence for Leghorn, off 'Cape Clear 17th
instant • •
..• • .•• • • -• • • .
Columbus, -,---, from St. John, N.B. at the,Cove.
•
Floro-61ick. frp,m Vernamlutc9. at.Waterford..„. •
13a ip,r, Dyer, alai Conifr,•ss, Harty, horn New Orleans, (Tito
Mai y, liop I,from 'do Jineiro.for' Hamburg,- at Dartmouth, with.
sailsftplit ••' " ; • • • ••' " • • ,
•William Haulier, Ogllry, from Rio Janeiro,. at•Seilly
Mary Ann, Carriek,.front Valparaiso, at Ibis port; sailed 10th Nov.
The Georgina was to wiii,for this port.the .•

•
, .
VrIURSDAY FRB. 22
.
‘•
'Gibraltar, Malta, &c. mails, arrived.
Cantiler,i-frontettirlestrrn, Avitlt deck load {42
bales.cotton) thrown overlmard—Kve. I,:e3V, from onosAvrn+s-;-s-;-
Sa rah Ma, ia, from Bahia—Potomac. Smith, from New Orleans
—Harrietticott, Arnold. and Napoloon. NlTappin, from Qharleston—
Edgeennibe. Roberts,. !rem) Newfoundland-Margaret Forbes, King
from New Orleatw—and 'Richard, Cunningharn; from Loodent;
SAI Le n.—Arethuaa; Mounet, for Genoa and'LOghOni-•4'etrel, Tun-
can. for Bombay—Margaret Balfour, Fitzsimmons, for. Virginia—
Peri, Vivian, for Palermo—and Grace, Tinion, for Laguira and Car-
thagena. .

•
Ilincla, Lovithian; from Manilla, at tbe Isle of Sunda
Malcom, Sim, frOm Sincipore. ditto
Bleanni, Wallace, hence'at the Cape of Good Hope, .•
Cheerful, Tinley, and Avoca,Boadle, from the Mauritius, ditto'
John Marsh, . from Calcutta, ditto
St. Pau!, Winn, hence at Manilla
Lord Althorp, hence for Sineapore, at Anjer• '
Paragon, , hence for Calcutta, was spoken 19th Nov. in lat.
32 5, long. 1356 •
Cove, Feb. 47.—The Alert, from the Cape of Good Hope, was run
upon the mud yesterday, with loss of masts and anchor
The Crescent, arrived here to-day, was signalized yesterday by .a
vessel in diStress, but could not render her any 'assistance. Advlces
fro en the Coast Guard Stations report that a great deal-of 'wreck haS
come, on shore, among which are pieCes of mahogany armchairs,
Merino bottoms, pier glass quite new,-cover .of a small dent box
directed Bartell & co. a dolphin striker with letters l H engraved
upon it, a punts oar marked Friends, and the stern of a boat marked
Ann, of Hull
' The Majestic, Tear, from St. John; N.B. for Liverpool, was aban-
donedl4th Feb. in lat. 41, long. 19, being waterlogged—crew saved
bv the Ripley
Fortuna, Pirie, hence for Genoa, at Falmouth, leaky, and must dis-
charge •
San Rafael, Meauris.frnm Havana.at Falmouth
Arethusa, —, and Nelso, Iluelin, from Rio Janeiro for Torbay,
at Dartmouth _ • • ' •

---raleTi;;Valisley, hence for Dunkirk, at Dartmouth
A large ship, of about 500 tons,' apparently homeward bound
Indianian, with main topmasts gone,, soils blown from the yards aod
apptirently in great distress , was seen 13th instant, about 25 miles
west of Scilly, with a signal of distress flying, by the Liebe, arrived
at Milford' •• •
• 'Active, Russell, hence at St. Michael's
Racer, ,Laity, from Naples, and Sarah, Newby, from Licata, at
Palermo., and both 'sailed 24th Jan. for Liverpool
Algonquin, Tornley, ]fence for Philadelphia, wasspoken Ist Feb.
in lat. 4 3nlo
Antigua Packet, M'Knight, from' Berl)We, at London •
Mary Ann,Atherton, hence fcir Calais,. at Waterford • • • •