The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1836-10-28 00:00:00

HACKNEY COACHES.

Mr. Councillor JORDAN would present a petition .from the
hackney coach proprietors.
M 4YOK said it had better he read at the proper time.

. .
The TOWN-CLERK said, with respect to hackney coaches it
had been suggested that the penalties fur not delivering up li-
cences were too heavy. It had been thought. on reconsidera-
tion the committee, that they were, and a reduction had been
maile There was another suggestion, that hackney coaches
should be provided with change in copper. He thought they
had no power to order that. According to law a man who had
to pay a debt ought to be provided with proper coin in which to
pay that debt. (Hear.)
The TOWN-CLERK then read the petition from the hackney
coach proprietors, which set forth- that the price of hay and corn
was very high, _and entreating the council not to reduce the
fares owing to the high rates of provender. The petition was
signed by seven or eight proprietors of coaches.
The TOWN-CLERK said that no reduction had been made.

. Mr. Councillor Ilopa rose for the purpose of saying an er-
roneous impresSion existed amongst proprietors 'of cars, Sce.,
that they intended to reduce the fares. No such propoiition
had been made. In his opinion the fares were too low, and he
would take the liberty of proposinz to alter the terms and wake
the fare ls. for a car for a short distance, which was now
charged Bd.
Mr. Councillor EARLE hoped no such reduction would be
made, some of the hackney coach proprietors were growing rich
on the present fares.

The MA -Yon thought they had settled this question before;
he thought they should not alter the charge every year if there
happened to be a heavy or light winter in the price of pro-
vender.

Mr. Councillor BOLTON thought if they ensured only the le-
gal fare when sometimes Is. 6d. had been paid for Is., it was in
effect reducing the fares.
Mr. Alderman ROBINSON said those who had been in the ha-
bit of giving more than the fare were at liberty to do so still,
and most likely would do so.

Mr. Councillor BIRCH thought the subject had been very
fully discussed, and that there was no necessity to again enter
into it.

Mr. Councillor LASSELL said that the 8,1.- fares of coaches
were hardly ever paid. He had heard one coach proprietor
(Mr. Garner) say that he had never received an Bd. fare; he
had always Is. given to him.
Mr. Councillor IIoPE would press his motion.
The TOWN-CLERK said the prayer of the petition was against.
any reduction, not for an increase.
Mr. Councillor RATHBONE thought they were acting on
wrong principle; they ought not to make laws which were in-
operative ; if the feeling of the public was to pay Is. why ought
they not to make it law.
Mr. Councillor EARLE thought Bd. was quite enough for one
thousand yards.

Mr. Alderman BROWN said that there were persons to whom
the 4d. was an object, and who only paid the legal fare.
The TOWN-CLERK said the law was to favour those who could
not pay mete.
Mr. Councillor HOPE would propose that the lowest charges
for both cars and coaches be struck out. That' there should be
no less charge than for seventeen hundred yards.
Mr. Councillor LASSELL said that Mr. Garner had told him
that he often took ls. fares for coaches. The distinction in that
point might be made.
Mr. Councillor RuswroN would second Mr Hope's proposi-
tion.

Mr. Councillor BOLTON would support this proposition, as he
thought it only reasonable.
Mr. Councillor JORDAN thought it would be making hun-
dreds and thousands of the poor pay what they could not afford.
Mr. Councillor AIK IN supported the Mayor's view.
The MAYOR thought the present proceedings irregular.
Mr. Councillor HOPE would withdraw his amendment 'if
against the will of the council.
Mr. Councillor MAXWELL. to put an end to the discussion,
moved that the order of the day be proceeded With.
The TOWN-CLERK said the next point was to make the charge
of toaches the same from places of worship as from places of
public amusement—that the charge should only be from the
place of worship. 'l'he committee thought that a place of pub-
lic amusement was a coach stand, and a place of worship was
not, and.the-committee thought the law had better stand as it
was.

Alter some discussion this was agreed to.
Mr. Alderinaw.ioNEs would ask how 'the present distances
were computed, if it would not be better to charge distances by
circles. _

Mr. Alderma❑ BIIOWN said that pla❑ had been thought of,
hut was found so complicated- that it had been abandoned. He
thought that whenia plan, which was now under consideration,
of dividing the town into squares of 100 yards, to be attached as
a schedule to the fare!, came into general use, it would be found
to answer. The ma;, strates! clerks were now about that.

The TowN-cLhaiCsaid there had been a suggestion' that the
horses of hackney-coaches- shook he in good condition. This
had better be inserted • in the bye-law • which provided coaches
should he in good condition—" that the coach,'&e., in all other
respects should be fully competent to execute fares when re-'
quired."—Agreed to.
There was another. suggest ion, that persons hiring a coach and
refusing to pay the proper fares, that some penal`ty should be
enforced in such cases, -and remuneration given to drivers for
loss of time in attending to enforce their charge before the ma-
gistrates. On looking over the act which related to this he
found that there was no such power to inflict penalties on the
parties, nor to award compensation to the drivers. But there
was a provision which gave power to the owners of coaches to
recover their, fares snmmarily 'before any justice, along -with
costs. He would-not be obliged, as ordinary parties were, to
sue for the debt.
Mr. Alderman FREME thought that under the power of -this
act a bye-law might he made.
The Matoa.—" Excuse me, the Town-clerk, our legal au-
thority, has considered the'case, and says not:"
Mr. Alderman FRAME said he thought in some cases it would
be a,very hard case on the drivers.
Mr. Councillor I'. SMITH enquired if a coach or a horse were
to break down by the way would the parties taking it be obliged
to pay the fare.
The TOWN-CLERK said that in that case the car-driver would
not have completed his contract which he -had undertaken, he
could not demand his fare.
The Towis-cLiotx said he had now got through the fares of
of hackney-coaches, and this class of bye-laws might now be
printed.

CARTS.
The TOWNCLERK said in the bye-law ordering that where an
owner employing any driver or conductor fOr a cart who should
have been deprived of his license, it was proposed to make three
penalties of 205., 405., and £5, instead of 40s. and £s.—Agreed
to. The next bye-law, were a person refused to give up his li-
cense on demand, the fines to be fixed at 103., 205., and 40s.—
Agreed
The TOWN-CLERK said he was proceeding to a class of live-
laws relating to carts which had not been considered:—" That
if any driver shall allow his 'lorry to stand in a street, not fixed
as a public stand, such driver shall forfeit ss. for the first offence,
10s. for the second, and 20s. for the third."—Agreed to.
"That every driver and conductor of every lorry shall con-
stantly assist in loading and unloading the same when he can
be spared front his horses without any remuneration for the
same. The penalties 55., 10s., and .20s.'—Agreed to.
The bye-law regulating the 'stands; and the mode in which
the carts should he placed was agreed to. A bye-law that car-
ters should be as expeditious as possible. in carrving a fare, and
that a driver should not be obliged to remain longer than la
minutes fur his load, and for which detention he should charge
Is. if he went away without a load; or charge it in addition to
his fare was then read.
Mr. Alderman FREME said these detentions were cases of ne-
cessity, and that the carter ought to be remunerated at the saute
rate as if he was working, but not more.
The TOWN-CLERK thought the disappointment ought to be
taken into account

Mr. Alderman BROWN said carts were constantly detained at
the Customhouse, and at the bonded warehouse, and Is. for the
first quarter of an liour, and 6d. afterwards might be charged.
Mr. Councillor BOLTON said he found there was a provision
to charge is. 6d. per hour in another bye-law.
The TOWN-CLERK.—Suppose there be a provision that the
carter be allowed to charge by time at his option.
Mr. Alderman FaEma would place carters on the same rate
as coaches. If they detained a coach they paid at the rate of
6d. for every quarter of an hour's detention. That the pay-
ment should be of the nature of a remuneration, and not as a
penalty.
Mr. Councillor MORECROFT said it was the custom for mer-
chants to hire half-a-dozen carts at once, and the first that came
on turn was loaded. It would be a heavy charge on the mer-
chants if those casts which had to wait were entitled to charge
for that. ( Hear.)
Mr. Councillor BIRCH moved that the law be passed, which
was seconded and agreed to; the law remaining as it stood.
"That no person under the age of 18 be permitted to take
charge of the steerer of a timber-carriage under a penalty of ss.
for the first offence, and 10s. and 20s. for the second and third
offences."

Mr. Councillor RATunoNE thought the person should not be
under the age of 21. Those carts required an able-bc.died man
to take charge of them.
The bye-law, after some discussion, was agreed to as it stood.
"That any driver who should refuse to have his carriage in-
spected by a police-officer, &c., in order that the quantity of
packages might be examined, should incur a penalty of ss. for
the first offence, 10s. for the second, and 20s. for the third."—
agreed to.
"That if the driver of any lorry shall refuse when called, and
not engaged. to take any load, he shall incur a fine of 55., 10s.,
and 20s."—Agreed to.

The Tow N-CLERK said there was a bye-law for ensuring the
numbering of carts the same as coacher, which would be intro-
duced, and then the bye-laws as to carts might be reprinted.
Mr. Councillor BLACKBURN inquired if the penalty on .tLe
person steering a carriage being under age were to be fixed on
the lad or the owner.

The TOWN-CLERK said the by ,e-law would Le worded so as to
make the owner amenable.

Mr. Councillor BLACKBURN inquired if the owners could be
made responsible fur the conduct of their servants.
The TOWN-CLERK said there was a legal difficulty in that
question • but they had been lately making bve•laws for licens-
ing the question;
and making the owners proauco their drivers
when required, which,would as far as possible ensure the good
conduct of the drivers.
Wir.*Cotiricilkor AIK Said that:l4elaw N0..6, which enacted

that any driver:ceasing to act as such. sihould not deliver up his
license should incur a penalty; a was his opinion that it would
be inoperative. • •
The M A YOU said it was to prevent persons ceasing to act as
carters, transferring their licenses, or selling them.

STEAM-BOATS.

The TOWN-CLERK said there was a reference about. steam-
boats to consuming their smoke. The committee had con-
sumed some fioie on the subject, and were only enabled to state
that they had In) authority to interfere in that respect. ,
Mr. Councillor hope.—" Their endeavours have ended in
smoke.". (A laugh
The TowN-cLERK had only now to state, that it appeared to
the committee with reference to lights in warehouses, that the
regulations should be confined to warehouses let out, and kept
by warehouse-keepers, or pi ivate warehouses let out in a similar
manner, but not to extend to private warehouses used as such.
Mr. Councillor 'l'. Hour thought all warehouses, without ex-
ception, used fur the storing of goods ought to be liable to it.
And•that counting-houses only should be excepted.
After some further discussion it was arranged that the Town-
clerk should form a bye-law on this subject, to be submitted at
the next meeting.

Mr. Alderman BROWN then moved an adjournment to Sa-
turday morning at eleven o'clock, when the bye-laws are to be
passed.

MUNICIPAL ELECTION.

On the first of November the election of seventeen Councillors
will take place, sixteen to supply the vacancies occasioned by
members who go out by rotation, and one to supply the vacancy
caused by the death of Mr. Shavp!es. All the wards will be
fiercely contested. We subjoin a list of the retiring members
avd of the names of the candidates on both sides:—
WARD. GOING OUT. AIONSERVATIVBS.-
1' Evrtn 3r Kirdl Horsfall+.... .las. Heyworth.
2 Scotland-road Richard Shiel... R. Houghton.
3 Vauxhall-road J. D. Thornely+ Wm. Shand
4 St. Paul's.... 'John Barton.... John Barton
5 Exchanw .... James Mellor... Thomas Sands.
6 Castle-street. Thos. 801t0n.... John Wilkinson.
st. Peter's.... Richard Bright.. N. Litherland
8 Pitt-street. W. It. Preston.. John Bibby
9 Gt. George's.. James Aikinf... Chas. Lawrence
10 Rodney-stre,,t Thomas H01t.... J N. Wood
1L• Abercromby. T. Brotitlebank. Thomas Kaye •
12 Lime-street.: It. Roskelt Ambrose Lace...
13 St. Ann's.... Riche. Alison+— John Wright. ..
14 West Di lay.. 'Jos. Sand irsf John Smith.....
Francis .Fortttn T. 'lll.- Gladstone.'
Li S. Toxteth.
} Sharples..t llPx. Smith.. •
16 North Toxteth Chas. Tayleurf
The members going out marked thus (').are Co
+ Olemters who retire. Deceased,

REFORMERS.
George Quayle
Richard Shiel.
James Muspratt.
James Stitt..
James Mellor..
Thos. Bolton
Richard Bright..
W. It. Preston
Henry It_ipley.
Thomas Holt
T. Brocklehank.
Vincent Flig4ins.
Joseph Mason.
R. W. Wood
Francis Jordan
Jonathan Platt
Geor,e Ramsden.
nservatives.

THE INC,OLLENikNII LINEN TRADE.

( From the Leeds Intellige!zcer.)

Tn.+ nE OF LEEDs.—We have very little alteration to report
in the state of the woollen trade since our last. The workmen
are kept moderately well employed, tint the merchants are only
buying to order and to keep up assorted stocks.
13' DFoan MARKET.—The amount of business transacted
on_ Thursday was less than it has bien for some time past, al-
though there was a pretty numerous attendance of buyers.
The prices of malidaeturea goods, however, remained firm.
The demand for yarns was flat, and prices teceded a little.
The transactions in wool were very limited, and on reduced
terms.

BRADFORn. OCT, 21.—1 am happy to give a better acconnt
of yesterdaN's market than fur some weeks back, though priys
remain much the same as last week. In wool touch business
was done, as was also the case in tops and yarns at a slight re-
Auction. The piece market was rather languid in the lower
qualities, bu: fine goods met with a ready sale. Ou the whole,
the manufacturers in general think there is little ground for
alarm, as front the experience of fOrmer years, the trade is more
or less depressed towards the close of the year.
HALIFAX, WEDNESDAY.—There has been more business
done in this market to-day than for some weeks back, but at
lower prices. The manufacturers are in rather low spirits as
as to future prospects, especially as yarns do nut come down
so- as to enable them to mate their goods at 'the prices
at which they are obliged to -sell; their stock-begins to be
heavy.
HECKNONDWIKE.—The Blanket Hall has for the last feW
market days been thinly attended by the merchants and buyers;
the consequence is, a decline in the price of those articles so
necessary for the approaching winter.
WAKEFIELD Woor. MARKET, Oct. 21.-We do not report
any-variation in the trade this week, the demand is dull and few
sales passing; yet notwithstanding the long flatness, there is no
materiel decline in pries, which may be attributed to the firm-
ness with which the growers hold what is still left in the coun-
try, and the little disposition they evince to, sell at even old
prices.
ROCHDALE FLANNEL MARKET, Oct. 17.—To•dav the market
has been flat, and but little business has been done; the buyers
wanting goods at lower prices on account of the fall in the price
of wool. The wool market has also been very slack, and but few
purchasers.

THE MATTERS OF LivEtiPool. have generally come to the
determination to close their shops at eight o'clock (Saturday
night excepted) during the winter season, from the let of No-
vember to the let of March.

AN INSPECTOR FOUND GUILTY.—We are of opinion that Mr.
Maunsell is, entitled to the gratitude of all who think the con-
duct of the present police oppressive to the inhabitants of Li-
verpool. The sentence passed on Inspector Pool is 4los. and
costs. Mr. Maunsell is a reduced gentleman, and in bringing
this haughty underling to a serrse of duty, for an outrageous
assault,•we are of opinion that the plaintiff is entitled to public
approbation.
THE SANDON CONSERVATIVE GRAND MARCH.—We believe
-that this is the first piece of music which .tas been expressly
composed and published, as an 'apanage to the conservative
cause. It was played by the band at the Ilo;41 Amphitheatre
on Friday evening, at the conclusion of Sir Thomas Brancker's
speech; and if we may be allowed to criticise its merits, as a
musical composition, we are .free to state, that it is both soul-
stirring and impressive ; and it reflects an additional honor on
the spirit of Liverpool, when to her' genius is to be ascribed
this first martial accompaniment to our national constitutional
cause.

It affords us much pleasure to learn that Sir RObert Peel and
Lady Peel are. enjoying improved health since their return.
We have been assured by a private friend that Sir Robert is
greatly improved in constitutional strength, or we should rather
say bodily strength, by his short continental tour. Ile is now
ent,frcitining his private friends and enjoying the full comforts
of an English home.

Lord Brougham arrived in London on Saturday from Auck-
land Castle. lie was soon afterwards .visited by several private
friends; and their report speaks highly in favour of his lordship's
improved health. He was rather jocular upon the state of po-
litical affairs; but now and then his pleasantry partook of the
caustic vein ; and.agreeably with his intimation in the north,
gave indication of a "fair start," and a wiry run, in the ensu-
ing parliamentary hunting season. On Sunday he took a trip
to his. villa at Petersham, and returned home to dinner. We,
have not.as yet learned, that any of the leading members of the
cabinet of whig exquisiles have, honoured his lordship with a
cald;, the author of "-the Pleasures of- Hope," is amongst the
last -..isitors.

IMPoRTANT OPINION OF THE FRENCH PRESS.—" Sir Robert
Peel has conic to enquire into the state of public opinion iu
France. One-must see and be enabled to listen to that select
society, (sorield chaise,) Sir Robert Peel, Count Pozzo di
Borgo, M. Mole, M. Pasquier—all those intelligent and prac-
tised statesmen who have seen and handled•people during the
last thi ty years—one must see and listen to them to take pity
dpon all the incupocities of the Revolution• and Thiers party,
destitute alike of ideas and the science of governing. (!) Ycs,
we love to predict it—we shall assuredly 'have a Peel and
Stanley administration in England ere six months be elapsed.
The rational whip will strike off the rule of 0 Connell and
join the furies, who wish to preserve the unity and strength of
the British empire. English aristocracy will resume its beauti-
fully noble bearing; it is that aristocracy which has fur succes-
sive ages funned the glory and the strength Of 'England!
Great Britain is indignant at submitting to the dominion of a
loquacious tribune of the mob. Sir Robert Peel and Lord
Stanley are the friends nod partizans of a slow and moderate
reform, such as Europe may wish for. Between retrogade men
and the -champions of subversion, there is in France, as in
14.:neland, a school of 'compromise, naturally called to assume
the direction of the state.—Tramtiated from La Chroaique de.
Paris.—[We•leave our Whig-radical friends to ponder these
sentiments.—En.]

THE DUCHESS OF KENT.—It is said that the mother of the
heiress !presumptive to the protestant throne of Great Britain,
•has given £2O more towards the completion of the Team Mass-
house. We confess this intelligenceis by sio means such as we
can pass over Without remark. The Duchess of Kent might,
we can easily conceive, have been betrayed into the first gift of
£5O to aid the work of superstition ; but the second act, suc-
ceeding as it does to the daring intolerance of the very parties
very
Yn much like one of premeditation,premeditation,if not a
on the persecutors of protes'antism. Let
on whom her Royal Highness has been pleased to bestow her
smilef v favours, rs
ofapp
rob
lookspi
her Royal liighness beware! A great movement is now taking
.place in Great Britain. -Protestantism is about to rise with
an im.pect more formidable than it ever bore since the revolution
of 16a, Popery will soon display its weakness in Ireland, as
the trepidation of the Roman .hierarchy testifies. Their
threatened effort to preach against the protestant religion next
mouth, will accelerate their downfall, by augmenting that
spirit of enquiry among their flocks—already causing them to
gnaw their tongues with pain." The people of England may
take it into their heads to construe'literally the bill of rights as
it affects a British sovereign; and lei... Royal Highness may
find, to her grief, that she has sided with far the weaker party,
and involved her innocent daughter in seriously inconvenient
unpopularity. These are not times for crowned heads to tatupekr
with the basis of their titles.—Dublin Record.
SUSPECTED MURDER of A WIFE BY HER HUSBAND.—A man
named Peter M`Kenna, an Irish navigator, is now in custody
m this town, awaiting the result of a coroner's inquest, now
holding upon the body of. his wife. The prisoner, aho is the
father of a large, family, occupied a cellar in Carlton-street, in
the vicinity of the canal. It appears that the neighbours were
on Saturday night disturbed by the noise,proceeding from a
quarrel between the deceased, Margaret M•Kenna and the pri-
soner. On Monday morning the prisoner waited upon Mr. Shar-
rocks, a surgeon ; he said that the surgeon must eo to his house
to see his wife; Mr. Sharrocks accordingly went there and found
the deceased lying upon, her back. 'The prisoner said he bad
struck her rather heavily, and the deceased, on being asked where
she felt pain,. said that !ter pain was very great, and that she had
great difficulty in breathing, On an examinatioa, the surgeon
found that
he time ribs on both sides of her body were more or less
fractured; bled her and applied other remedies, but the de-
ceased died on Tuesday morning,. Mr. Sharrocks, assisted by
Mn. Black, another surgeon, have since examined the body of
the deceased. All the ribs on the left side were broken, five of
them fractured in two places. The eighth rib was fractured and '
the splintered end prounded through the pleara. On the right
side five ribs were broken, two of them in two places; several
pieces
i
of bone had been forced in the lungs, and the stomach
a penetrated by a portion of the broken rtes.
In time opinion of the medical men, these fractures
cause of the death of the deceased. They could not have _bei.n
ot
occasioned by a fall, as.even falling a great height could
in order to give time for the
have broken the ribs on both sides of the body of the dreetiarsne;id•
The coroner, at seven o'clock on Wednesday evening adjourned
the inquest,further
production
evidence.— Yesterday the inquest was resumed, furthe
'hayieg, been obtaireed, when the jury found a verdict of man.
slaughter against the prisoner.
vidence
Io the animals of medical science few medicines have obtained
so high and well-merited a l degree of celebrity as 1V
RAY'S
'BALSAMIC PILLS. Their infallible healing properties are
,iltAiyn,esd
s
fully demonstrated by the perfect restoration to health of an irn.
le Medi-
nob
mense number,of persons affiicted with strictores and
rine has most judiciously excluded from these pills that dele-
terious a eopaiba, which may account
'n some degree for
other dis-
orders of the.urethra. The Proprietor of this invaluable
Chrmnsele•
• established their fame for ever."----ifor"i"Y
the astonishing cures they have effected. and. which have
Mr. Robert Briggs, of Ulverstone, was fined by the magis-
trates of that Owa £32, for a second incringiaent oklle faetory
act.—Cataberldmid Packet.

---~ - "~ -

LECTURE ON OPTICS, MECHANICS' INStiTUTION.

On Wednesday evening, Robert. Addams, Esq., delivered the
seventh. cif his highly inteiesting lectures.
The phenomena of vision, coaisidered in all its generality and
in its connexion with the human mind, is a subject of scientific
enquiry full of difficulty, and as vet but imperfectly understood.
Indeed it is hardly to be supposed that we shall imour present
conilitiou be able to determine the absolute connexion be-
tween mind and matter; but we ought not to suffer a belief in
the impossibility of obtaining information on these matte' s,to
stand as a barrier to our obtaining more information than we
tv possess. ••
The eye is an optical instrument, composed of several parts.
Expressed generally, there are three coatings or cases fur the
eye, and three. fluids or semi-liquids. The eye, when divided
perpendicularly from the front to the back, will show, on the
outside, a coating which is called " the sclerotic coat." Now,
this is, a thick membrane of the eye, having very few blood-
vessels in it, and, when the eye is lifeless, it is of a leathery kind
of consistency and inure difficult to cut than thick buff-leather ;•
a pair of scissors, sharp as they may be, will be found incapable
of cutting it, and a knife, sharp as a razor, will make little im-
pression on the lower parts of it ; therefore, it is admirably
adapted to preserve the eye. To the front of this coat is attach-
ed a transparent shell, like a watch glass, called " the cornea,"
from its having been supposed to be formed of horn; but it is
inure like bladder than horn. On the inside of this outer tough
coat is another, composed of a black substance, called " the
choroid" coat, which is continued to the front portion of the
eye, where terminates, or, rather, becomes a new adjunct to
the eye, called the iris, that part of the eye which determines
its colour. In that part of the eye there is a .central hole,
which, in the human creature, is round, but in other animals it
assumes a varied form. We find there is much wisdom in the
formation of this entrance, according to the habits of different

creatures. The human head is placed on the shoulders verti-
cally, and can readily be turned round without much Modem of
the body, consequently, the round shape is given to man as the

one which will best enable him to see in every direction; but,
in the ease Of horses, cows, sheen, &c., whose heads are at the
extremity of an horizontal neck, it would be inconvenient to
turn the head round to see objects to the right and left. The

hole or pupil in their eye is isorizontally elongated, which en-
ables them to see to the right and left much more readily than
the human race. But, in the squirrel and- the cat, the elonga-
tion is upward. Now, the squirrel has to leap from tree to tree,
and it is necessary that its sight should be most perfect in a verti-
cal direction. We might advert to many others; but these will
shew the wisdom of Providence in adapting the parts of the
.body to their purposes. At the inside of this coat (which is so
tender that a pin will scratch it) is another metwbrane, called
the retina. This interior part is of' very great importance, to
being the nervous part of the eye, or that part of the eye in
which the sensation of light takes place. It is of a structure
like the meshes of a net, as its name implies. This retina has
its origin in a part of the eye called the optical nerve, which
passes into the head through a sheath, and branches out into the
brain, becoming a part of the brain itself. In the interior of
these coats, we have three humours, or liquids—perhaps better
called humours, as they are not liquid like water. The most
conspicuous of these will lie the vitreous hbmour which occupies
the greater portion of the interior part of the eve. Now, this
humour is Out so liquid as water nor so thick or dense as jelly.
It is perfectly colourless, and as transparent as the purest water
that can be round. It is, moreover, enclosed in a membrane. or
bag, forming one interior globular mirror, excepting at the de-
pression in trout. We then come to auother, which is called
the lens of the eve, or, for the sake of distinction, the crystalline
lenS. It is muil thicker than the calf's-foot jelly which we
find in gimps, transparent as water itself, and inside up of fibres
twisted backwards and forwards. The crystalline lensei of
some creatures are composed of layers of shells. We then
come to the front of the eye, and, in the space between the
crystalline lens and the cornea, winch is the outside part of the
whole, there is dispersed a humour which is called the aqueous
humour. This is as liquid as water, and when a lancet is used
to pierce its covering it flows out and leaves the cornea flaccid,
its use being to push out the cornea in a lens-like manner.
Mr. Addams illustrated the foregoing description by means of
a beautiful mechanical representation of the eye, of similar size
to that iu a human being, in which the various coatings,
humours, muscles, uerves, and membranes were faithfully re-
presented by ivory, glass, &c. The eye is furnished with mus-
cles by which it can be moved in any direction without the ne-
cessity of stirring the head. When one of these muscles has.
not the same power of cont action or elongation as the rest it
does not sufficiently counterbalance theist, and causes that com-
plaint called squinting. Mr. Addams here dissected the ese
of an ox, and explained the various parts of it to the audience.
The crystalline lens is similar to the cross lens of the telescope,
more round on the one side than the other, and magnifies like
the tensor a microscope.
The structure of the eye being thus described, we must pro-
ceed to consider it as an optical instrument; and, first, we can-
not but admire the arrangement of the humours of the eye, so
efficient for the leading of light from the front of the eye to the
retina, where the image is formed devoid of the errors of spheri-
cal aberration. In a former lecture the achromatic telescope
of Dollond was adverted to, in which three glasses were used to
prevent aberration, and to correct the prismatic colours. These
glasses were of different forms, and of two descriptions of glass.
Now in the eye the humours are of different degrees of density.
The aqueous, and the vitreous, and use crystalline lens possess
different degrees of refractive power. The vitreous lens is round
on one side and concave on the other; the crystalline is rounder
on one side than on the other. We find great advantage from
this in correcting the phenomena of spherical aberration.
Here, then, we have the aqueous humour, which is concave on
the one side, ann convex on the other. These have different
refractive posers, the aqueous index being 1,33 i, the vitreous
being rather more than 1,339. But in the crystalline lens we
find. a peculiar adaptation which man has never been able to
adopt, that of having .the centre of greater density than the
surface. In making a glass, we are obliged to submit to have
it of one density throughout the whiffle; but if we were able to
snake glasses denser towards the centre, we should be able to
obtain a better focus than we are at present able. to do. In the
crystalline lens the index of refraction is 1,376 in front, 1,399
'in the centre, and 1,383 at the back, by which means spherical
aberration is entirely removed.. In the telescope. we have a
black disc, called the diaphragm, in order to prevent the light
which' comes in at the mouth of the telescope from striking
against the sides of the brass, and, by being reflected, injuring
the image. In the eye we • find a black screen placed appa-
rently fur the same purpose. In the telescope and microscope
we ought to have adjustments for the eye-glass so as to be able
to accommodate them to any distance. The same arrangement
is provided in the, eve. If we look at a Loup which is near, the
eve requires adjustment, and if at .a distant object, ft requires
another adjustment, This is managed liv means of a capsule
attached to certain muscles in contact with the pupil of the eye.
Tile eye is frequently exposed to light of various degrees of in-
tensity, and an arrangement is made by which we can see at
-midday and by, twilight. This consists in the contraction or.
or enlargeinent of a membrane by whirls mute or. less light is
admitted through the central hole. This is remarkable in cats'
eyes when the sun is shining strong; the contraction is then
very 'great. Astwo images orals object are formed in the re-
tina by our eves, it may he asked why we do not see two objects?
We do see two objects, but we see then' exactly in the sante.
position. one lapped over the other, so that they appear only
with one
s e.y
tainsd
,
one, that is, provided the eye be properly adjusted. Now it isW
• well -knon that we can see bodies very
shouldve well
be w
the question might arise why there
perhaps, in part fur the sake of symmetry and beauty of ap-
pearance, as we have two arms, two ears, &c. TwO eyes may
be better with regard to appearance than .one; but yet if all
mankind were formed with but one eye, we should nut find any
deformity iu it; therefore that does not at all follow. But we
may conceive that we have two eyes, because being a precious
organ, should we lose one, we might have the other. Besides
we can certainly see better with twoge.,y,etsietthntn with
ti
is plainly shown even by brutes. A (ame. favourite
toad and raven in the same garden. The wild used to get iu
the path Way of the ants, and by darting out his tongue secure a
great 'mustier of them. It, howeier, happeiseda that the raven
and toad disagreeing, the former picked out the eve of the lat-
ter, after which the toad was tumble to capture his prey as well
as berme. Two eyes give us a more ample view, than we ether-•
wise should have. We can see half a circle, or 1800, when troth
our eyes are open, whilst we can see little more than 100° with
one eye alone.
There is a part of the retina which is in,sensible-tolight, where
the optical 'serve passes into the shell. The nerve becomes a bun-
dle offibres,.which will not vibrate to the undulations of the anther
This fact is proved by several experiments. if we place
three spots two feet asunder on the wall, and stsud 10 feet
from them, we shall see one of these three objects disappear. als
together. whilst steadily looking wills one eye at either of the
others. The fact is that the eye is so situated that the light from
the invisible spot falls_ upon the optical nerve and disappears.
We find every thing beautifully perfect in the organization of
man, and this nerve accordingly is past the axis of vision, nearer
the nose, and therefore out of the way of the light coming.
Every part of the retina excepting that, is sensible to light,
btit there is only one part of it which is perfect, and we always
turn that past, which is towards the axis of the eye, to any
thing which we wish to ...scrutinize particularly. In reading
writing, or print, the image of every distinct letter is formed
upon the retina.
It may appear singular how we should see a person erect,
when his image on the back part of the eye is turned upside
down. The fact is, that we see through the inside of the eye,
and not as through a telescope tube. There are many creatures
who are so sensitive, that they can see light when there appears ,
to be cone. The cat, rat, and mouse can see light whet, the walls
are of a three fold thickness ; else how are we to suppose that
rats will run round the wainscotting of a house, on a ledge, not
half an inch in diameter? What is sight but undulation;
therefore, as vibration is continually goons on every srsel:ci,l;tie;?.
there may be light enough generated to act uponh snare
the
or
explained
satisfactorily, by the aid of an apparatus, whv svttt,a.
even in the darkest dungeons. Mr. Addams
f.t
ieonnot lailled
ob-
jects reversed, as their image is formed in thei retina.
When the eves do not perform their
by age, rays do'not fall as they ought
reach the retina, and usage they
Thus in short-sighted persons they conioett(fi)ttisd. euosaot upon)r.e ace focusic) beforetet,dihcetiii3e' e
tfrthovh;eusys,
f
detects are obviated, and the i
when they came to the retina..avßs
cyatulhmselsd.sesitl
fall
properly.i he
with regardthetoe,geexteitrnalfl bodies, byssup-
eye may be diseased
posing them to he in motion when se ttnconsciously
itoppea'a short time
moves. The lecturer had looked at a body which he believed
to be stationary, and had seen it run up. apparently with great
olloNsse'tsus:' the passengers to inspect beauti-
velocit y. This happened in Scotland a few years ago. He was
and the packet
fall, Mr. Addams was observing the manner in which
coming down L
for the purpose of a a
therit.l w,Takt.tevie's
oitikaisp,waatiteeurcaalrl
psaurctcoefedtehde owtaister,
another, and kept
'or that purpose.
motion in an opposite direction to the
his eye fixed‘lv.ihiti:r,ina'ttuhlish:vyienginsatisfied himself, he turned round to the
rock on his left, and to his surprise the whole of it appeared to
be going up with the same velocity 4s the waterfall was coining
fery moments at external objects, whilst the carriages
down. A similar effect is felt on the railway, ilthe eye looks
• fnoirove rapidly along.
The aebevratiou of light is a phenomenon attended with an
apparent displacement of the stars in the heavens. When ice
look at a star it appears to be a little farther east than its true
place by a very minute portion. Now, supposing that a star
was perpendicular to an observer, and a ray or Wave to leave
it towards his eye, by the time that it reached him the earth
would have travelled In her orbicular path, so that that the per-
pendicular ray would not come near the observer.' Besides this
action of the earth, the diarnal motion is productive of a varied
aberration which together with the orbicular aberration, must
be taken into considration by astronoMers.
In the next lecture to be delivered to-morrow evening, lqr.
Addams will treat (in optical deceptions, the duration of im-
pressions made on the retina—light and shade—perspective re-
presentations, and on the optical spectra occasioned by the
superposition of illuminated surfaces.

11YALL'S PORTRAITS OF 'EMINENT CONSERVATIVE STA
MEN.—We are happy to find that this spirited underetakin his is
attracting general notice. We have repeatedly- spokn of
series of portraits with the most cordial approbation ; and we
have, now to add that the publisher is
gaining fresh and in-
creasing popularity
by his beautiful series of port,r,a4s of distin-
guished British Females. We are sure that no degree of suc-
cess which we can wish him will be commensurate with his
deserts. Both these works are a,sort of national property—
and as such they will be generally appreciated,

i A.

77-7711rtr-_ Ottl

. . .
CO RI? E PDX DE NE

~iN.:-. v.
. _..
COUNCILLOR E. SNll'ill AND E. VTVS'ID',,.Z '?4-1-''A,l,.
. .
TO TIM EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOW, ST.I, ''fivii).l;,-;_:,...-;.;....,
.'44..
Sin,7-I perceive there is in the last Lieei•poui, Afererif7sl,•;ii • f:..",:. ii:l4
/
other epistle from Mr. Weston, with; of :course, eitys_eTiaixi•ii44'. ''• ..!?,•',;i':•-• 10
preface.. '1 he of the leftei has not ut!vreLi any Vtritpiat / -,,, '::.;;;'-•:,//:„..,
imperatively 'calls for a -reply: lie seems glad of Al' opor:4 ''''... .:%" :',7,• -,
tunny of eolifirtning the fact, that he was a "main iustrutrieW ----A.,:',...` "••?v,
in returning Mr. E. Saiith to the council; awl lie ii,liisis that; i ',..i •-::___ -7
if he had thought proper—",thuuyht prupvi."—he might have /
been a member of the council.- • .

I did not assert that C;:nncillor Smith Wes 'Mr, Weston's
" nominee," nor any thing to :tat tifect. He has fully coni
firmed all that I said, or, meant; tlieretore; he might, if he ha 4
"thought proper," have withheld his balderdash about the ballot;
but such stuff suits the calibre of the Merani y.
The editorial remarks abotit " uninteiligible" ate readily ac«
counted for; if it he borne in nliud that obtuseness is •getierailf
the characteristic of old women. • Can the editor of the,7llercary
persoade his readers to regard this as a " slatider
October 24, 1836. MEUNIER.

Y

MY EIOM E.

BY JAMEi9 SToNIiriOUSE.

My home is a sweet little cot—

it stands in a bower of roses ;
Tranquillity dwells on the spot,
And happiness round it reposes.
The woodbine and jesianiine clamber,

And hang in festoons o'er the door,
And the breeze Wafts into each chamber,
The sweets that together they pour.
Oh ! then, wilt thou come to my home,
There's music far sweeter than all
The melodies breathed in the dome,
Or the Strains of the banquet and ball.

For I've in the morning the thrush
Awl blackbird in every tree:
The linnet sings out front the hush,
To reply to the hum of the bee; •
And when the soft even wind whispers,
A voice is oft heard on the breeze—
'Tis the nightingale singing her vespers
Front the crest of the nen:era' trees.
Then come to my beautiful home,
Far sweeter and dearer than all
The joys of the garlAnded dome,
Or glitter of banquet or ball.

Oh, were you to hear but the flow
Of the font, as it gushes and springs,
From the grot that glistens below,
And feel what.a freshness it flings,
You never—no never would tread
Again in the heated saloon,
But wander more blithely instead
By the stream, in the light of the moon.
Theo come to my bower, my home,
Where bright beams of happiness fall—
Believe me you never will roam
Again at the banquet or ball !

TO "THE BOY FROM THE BOG OF LEITRIM."

Oh ! then, Father, Iny honey,
Yourself for niy money,
For who can come near you at all
For blindin' the eyes
Of the por man with lies,
And *hunuing detection fruin

Sure, nu one but you
Could tly as you do
T'ro► Nolan the turncoat's* call,
And then go abut,
And cluster and spout,
Of how• you've put down great and !milli.

Maguire, abut►! then;
Will be wy cry fwheu
Attacked by the protestant garsoons;
Caine out a' my way !
Sure Maguire, they say.
Put down aii your protestant parsons.
PADDY WACK.

* The circumstance of Mr. Nolan's having turned from " the
'oalti. uuld religion of all," argues very much for his bad cha-
racter,-at least in the eyes-of Father limn. Of course, if he is
consistent, he thinks St. Peter, the apostle and all the Jews and
Gentiles that ever turned from their old religion, and embraced
the new one, were equally bad.