The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1838-10-30 00:00:00

ANNIVERSARY OF THE CONSERVATIVE
TRADESMEN'S ASSOCIATION.

The annual meeting of this flourishing society was held in
the large room of the York Hotel yesterday evening. The
attendance was exceedingly numerous, and a spirit of bar-
tnonv pervaded all their deliberations. Saml. Holme, Esq.,
the President of the Society, was called to the chair amidst
the most enthusiastic greeting of the assembly.
The CH AIRMAN, in opening the business of the meeting,
said that he believed nearly nine months had elapsed since
be he had the pleasure of meeting the society at their usual
monthly meeting. On that occasion he had tendered his
resignation as Chairman, but• from the many marks of kind-
ness which be had received from the members, he had con-
sented to remain nominally at their head. (Cheers.) But
he felt satisfied it could not be regarded as a misfortune, as
it had given opportunity to those gentlemen who had acted as
vice chairmen to adopt those measures which had been so
conducive to the prosperity of the society. They had en-
forced new life and spirit into the association, and he would,
whilst tendering his heartfelt thanks for their services, ex-
press a wish that the society might long enjoy them. (Loud
cheers ) When he recollected that about the period of their
last meeting, Parliament had just assembled for the tran-
saction of business, he would ask the question, what benefit
had they derived from the last session ? The chairman then
took a cursory glance at the policy of Russia, of France, and
of America, all of whom were seeking their own aggrandise-
ment, whilst the ministers of England were looking on with
criminal indifference. After commenting with just severity
on the colonial policy of Her Majesty's ministers in en-
couraging popery in Newfoundland, and paying the bishops
out of the public purse, the chairman proceeded to point out
the injurious effects of their domestic policy—the insecurity
of the church in Ireland, the distressed state of the Irish
clergy, and the sanction given by the bishops of the church
to the dissemination of unitarian principles. The proceedings
of the common council were then brought under notice, and
some pointed sarcasms indulged against the men who bad
formerly taunted the old council with their exclusive charac-
ter, whilst in their present practice they far exceeded their
predecessors in bestowing all offices of trust upon their po-
litical supporters. The chairman then called upon the meet-
ing to use every exertion b return conservative members to
the Town Council, that they might at least present a strong
opposition, for without that there never could be a good
government. (Cheers.)
The accounts of the society, which had been audited and
approved by the committee, were, on the motion of Mr.
Cooper. seconded by Mr. Wilkinson, unanimously passed.
Mr. GL A ZEBItOOK said, that he had been intrusted with
the following resolution, " that Samuel Holmes Esq. be re-
quested to continue the office of Chairman, and that the
members do express their unbounded confidence in his zeal
and respect for his personal character."—(Loud cheers.)
He had the greatest satisfaction in proposing such a resolu-
tion, although he wished that it had fallen into other hands.
He entered into the spirit of the resolution with feelings of
the deepest interest. The society had had sufficient experi-
ence of Mr. Hohne's abilities, and, as the association now
occupied a very important position in society, it was highly
necessary that they should have a gentleman fully competent
to direct their operations. The support which their respected
Chairman had uniformly given them was grounded upon
principle. It was en this account that the society came for-
ward to express their confidence in his zeal and efficiency,
and to thank him for his bold and manly defence of these
principles. He would therefore conclude by requesting the
continuance of his services. (Loud cheers.)
Mr. CansoN, in coming forward to record the resolution,
was vefy warmly cheered. He said he felt very great plea-
sure in seconding the resolution which had been so ably pro-
posed by Mr. Glazebrook. He had been requested to do so,
as he was supposed to represent those who were not trades-
men, but the honorary members of the society, and who
were permitted to join' with them in promoting those prin-
ciples which were essential to the happiness and greatness
of their country. He had pleasure in seconding the resolu-
tion for many reasons, as he could bear witness to the assi-
duity. the zeal, the perseverance, and the industry of him
whom the society were about to request to continue his ser-
vices.—(Cheers.) He wished he could speak of him as he
deserved—his services were well known, and it would be
waste of time to dwell upon his exertions, continued for
many years, to preserve the rights of all classes of the cnrn-
munity. The first struggle in which he remembered him to
take part, was in defending the rights of the freemen and
the labouring classes.—(Cheers.) Another was, his com-
mencing that gt eat subscription for promoting Protestant edu-
cation. His next struggle was, endeavouring to preserve tb.
property embarked in warehouses. But his services had
been known to them all from infancy; he was, indeed, a
pillar of support to the association; and although they had to
regret that ill health had obliged him practically to vacate the
chair, yet it was cause of pleasure to see him now able to
resume its duties.—(Cheers.) Mr. Carson then proceeded to
warn the members against indulging in a fatal apathy and
supineness; for although they might indulge the thought, that
as no contested election was going on, their exertions were
not so loudly called called for, yet he would assure them those
principles were operating for good or evil, as much as when
they were more clearly developed. The struggle was still
going on betwe-en the advocates of a monarchical and a demo-
cratical form of Government. Ile would therefore call upon
them to use every exertion to return men of Conservative
principles to represent them in the Town Council.—(Loud
cheers.)

JAMF.S Asettsa L, Esq., also bore testimony to the zeal
and industry which Mr. Holme had displayed in fiirthering
the objects of the society. The-flourishiug state of the asso-
ciation was manly attributable to his unwearied exertions.—
(Cheers.)
noriEwrsoN GLADSTONE, Esq., in presenting himself to
the meeting was most enthusiastically cheered. He said be-
fore Mr. mobile rose to respond, he wished to say a few words.
No one was more anxious than himself that all distinctions
should be put an end to amongst those who were associated
in defence of a common object. Mr. Holme had frequently
spoken of himself as a tradesman, as if it was to his disadvan-
tage, but, in his opinion, there was no difference whatever
between a tradesman, merchant, or mechanic. They were all
engaged in the same strife, and linked in the same pursuit.
Away, then, with these odious distinctions. That man .was
an ornament to his country who did his duty, and supported
those institutions which were identified with her happiness..
He was an example to his lukewarn, but more opulent neigh-
bours, who preferred the enjoyment of domestic comfort, and
left the work for others to do. These remarks he thought
might be applicable to their owe town. Men preferred living
in luxury rather than devote an hour or two in support
of those principles which they were bound in common to
defend. It was a question, if the tradesmen did not possess
the power to remedy this; and he thought that if a remon-
strance were sent to the merchants, who do not take any part
with them, such remonstrance would prevent their longer
concealing themselves, but oblige them to join with them in
forwarding the cause, and to assist and support us in the
struggle in which we are engaged. He was proud to see Mr.
Holme in the chair; and he would shy, if tradesmen are such
men, let them flourish, and long may they be spared to sup-
port that cause which the Chairman enthusiastically entered
into. But be would urge upon the tradesmen not to suffer
the example of their Chairman to be lost upon them. It was
to them the merchants looked. They were defenceless with-
out them. They were, as had been said of one, intimately
connected with. himself, the "backbone of Liveipaol."—
(Loud cheers.) He hoped the meeting would permit him to
refer to some circumstances which concerned himself. He
had, at the request of a number of the electors of Abercrombie
Ward, consented to be put in nomination as a candidate for
the representation of the ward in the Town Council. That se-
lectiouhad involved him in a great deal of correspondence, and
amongst other things, he had to notice a weapon that had been
used against him, not a very honourable one he must say.
It was a placard headed "Cooly Candidate." It alluded to
his own individual incapacity, and his own individual un-
worthiness. To those charges he might perhaps plead guilty.
But the placard embodied charges which he could not suffer
to pass unnoticed. It was well known that at the time of be
passing of the bill for the abolition of the slave trade, and
which gave liberty to the blacks, a doubt arose in the minds
of those who were possessed of property in the West Indies,
whether there would exist the same disposition to labour
amongst the liberated negroes as before the emancipation ;
and various means were considered of to remedy the defect,
for a defect it was admitted to be, and subsequent facts have
borne out the opinion. Several then turned their thoughts
to the best means of remedying the evil, and amongst a va-
riety of projections, we thought of voluntary tabOurers from

4111,5 a •
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"711
Malta, Madeira, and China. After careful enquiry we
certained that the most desirable was to procure. people 'rote • t;,,,
Bengal, a race of people who were chiefly employed' in jar
the discharge of merchant-ships, a well-conducted race
people. Previous to this, some 4,600 or 5,000 of theie'petijale7,;',.:*
had been brought to the Isle of France, which numbering
been since increased to upwards of 20,000. We obtained in-
formation as to their manners, their expectations, and espe-
cially their feelings on leaving their country, and the time
when they would expect to return. After devoting ourselves
to this enquiry we feubd it of the most satisfactory character.
We sent a vessel to Calcutta capable of carrying from 3 to
400 people, but vie would not have more than 140 or 150
shipped The Coolies were a most extraordinary race. He
meant with regard to their promiscuous intercourse, and it
proved how strong must be the love of country when he
stated that the total number of females shipped was only 7
to 100 males. These circumstances might not perhaps inte-
rest them, but as a townsman wishing their good opinion, he.
had brought the fact before them. A person had been sent
to engage them, and the charge against them was tbat these
people had been engaged without knowing where they were
going. It was their opinion he valued and not that of
his toes. These people were engaged for five years, and
the expense of forwarding a free passage to Demerara and
back would amount to £5O or I.:60. each. Now he directed
his remarks to the principle of right or wrong. By a local
arrangement they were bound to take them before two
magistrates, who were not merely bound to see that they
were in health and in strength, but to explain where they
were going, what they had to do, the parties who employed
them, the comforts they were to enjoy, a free passage out
and home, and this had been communicated to them in their
own language, and yet he was taunted with having taken
away peop e from their own country. But why did he reply ?
He answered, that was it not for the respect in which he held
that body he was addressing, he would not have done so.
But, said he, you will not deny to me those feelings which
dwell in the breast of every man. (Loud cheering.) That
polluted source, the Chronicle, has for many months past
pointed me out as a mark for the finger of contempt, but he
thought that the meeting would agree with him that his
grudge in this matter was not the most deserving of notice.
But he Iliad been accused of introducing Mahomedanism
into Demerara ! Now, these people, although professed
Mahomedans, have no prejudice, Mahomed is to them what
Daniel O'Connell is to the Irish. During their passage a
more lively cheerful people never assembled together. Did
but a breeze spring up, they were the first to take in sail, and
to assist in the duties of the Ship. (Loud cheers.)
They. had also a facility in learning the English language.
And since their arrival in Demerara the accounts we have
received are most favourable. (Cheers.) They have shown
what industry could effect. But we are crushing Mahom-
medanism—there is a school on the estate both for children
and adults, and on the adjoining one there is a church where
they may worship. Does the charge, therefore, of introduc-
ing Mahornmedanisin lay at our door ? (" No, no !") But
if we-had prayed for protection for them, is that contrary to
the spirit of our government ? Do they not fight for infidelity
with a zeal almost without a parallel? Mi. Gladstone then
explained the rate of wages, besides which they have food,
clothing, bed clothes, and medical attendance, besides en
acre of ground, which, with industry, can produce £3O or £4O
a-year. He also noticed the death of the man who , died
coming down the river, whose death was perhaps hastened
by the constables exacting fees for allowing them to come on
deck, and this poor fellow had spent his money, but on the
captain being informed, immediate restitution was made. His
death was in a great measure attributable to the circumstance
of his being ill when taken on board. We regret that our time
prevents us giving at greater length the manly and honest
defence of Mr. Gladstone; but we shall wait to hear our
contemporaries reply, and we may in a future number refer
again to the subject. Mr. Gladstone resumed his seat amidst
the most enthusiastic cheering.
The appointment of Vice-Presidents, of the Committee,
and of a Treasurer in the stead of Mr. Hardisty, who has
resigned, was then proceeded with, after which the meeting
separated.

;~.~ f-t

The George Washington, which, in the month of March
last, carried out large quantities of specie, has brought back,
in the month of October, about £=lo,ooo in coin.
COURSING.—Tbe first Altcar Meeting commences on
Thursday next, the Ist of November, and from the number
of dogs already entered, great sport is anticipated. The Earl
Talbot's kennel of greyhuunds arrived at Waterloo several
days ago, were they daily take their breathings over the sands,
and are reported to be in good condition for the valuable
stakes to be run fur at this meeting.

EXTRAORDINARY DESPATCH.—The ship Sir Walter Scott,
John Young, master, belonging to this port, sailed from hence
to Quebec, on 11th April last; arrived at Quebec, there took
on board a full cargo of timber, and arrived again in Liver-
pool, on the 6th day of July; sailed again on the 17th day of
July, precisely the same voyage, and arrived here on •Mon-
day last, thus performing two voyages to Quebec and back
in an incredibly short space of time, say in six months and
twelve days, including the stoppages at both places. • Such
unceasing perseverance and industry on the part of the mas-
ter ought to be noticed as an inducement to others to do in
like manner.
ST. MICHAEL'S ScHooL.—We understand that the Rev. •
Hugh Stowell, of Manchester, will preach a sermon at St.
Michael's church this evening, in aid of this charity. We
hope the friends of bible education will come forward liberally
on this occasion. These schools are entirely supported by
voluntary subscriptions, and being conducted on the great
protestant principle of giving the bible whole and unmuti-
lated to the children, they possess strong claims to public
support.
ARRIVALS AT THE GRAND JUNCTION HOTEL.—C. C.
Willson, Esq , Mr. Aylmer, Lady Sbaw Stewart, and family,
Miss Colquit, J. Cottingharn, Esq., W. Portman, Esq., Miss -
de Rouse, T. H. Heron, Esq , J. Dalglish, Esq., G. Chapman, .
Esq., T. E. Loraton, Esq., Capt. Frojet, Mr. and Miss Ander-
son, Mr. and Mrs. Scott, and family, Mr. and Mrs. Shout,
and family, Mrs.Tytler, and family, R. C.Onslow, and family,
Miss Stift, Madame Joye, Marchioness Sablomi, the Hon.
John Gifford, Major Cater, Mr. M`Surney, W. Ferguson,'
Esq., Col. W. M. Sloane, J. G. Moore, Esq., C. H. Cham-
hers, Esq., Sir John Beresford, Captain Andrews, Captain, .
Gordan, Miss Archers, Miss Devon, John Dillon, Esq.,
Alexander Allen, Esq.
FATAL ACCI DEN T. —A very melancholy accident happened
on Wednesday last, at high water, at the Birkenhead and
Tranmere Pool, close to the turnpike-road :—a young lad,
apprentice to Mr. Williams, joiner, whose workshops adjoin
the pool, was in the act of getting a plank out of the. river
from a boat, overreached himself, and fell into the water, and
was unfortunately drowned, in the presence of several per
sons, who could render no assistance, as there were no boats
at hand. The boat which the unfortunate lad fell from drifted
away. A short time after the body sunk, boats were obtained
and the body dragged for, and soon found, and taken on
shore, when every means were used to restore animation, but
without success.—An inquest has been held upon the body
before Faithful Thomas, Esq., coroner, and a verdict returned
" accidentally drowned."

THE TELEGRAPH.—Lieut. Watson has taken upon him-
self, at a very considerable responsibility, the whole and entire
management and maintenance of the Telegraph between this
port and Holyhead. 'Utis establishment is one that has not
been hitherto appreciated as it ought, although, if the ques-
tion were asked on 'Change, you would be told by almost
every body, "We cannot do without it." From 1827 to the
present period, the benefits derived have been given gra-
tuitously to the public ; but, by the recent arrangement of
the Dock Committee, it will be thrown upon the public for
support, and we have no doubt, from what we have been able
to ascertain. it is likely to prove not only a substantial benefit
to Lieut. Watson, to whose perseverance and industry we
have hitherto been indebted for its numerous advantages, but
also to the public generally, from the improvements he will
now, unshackled and uncontrolled, be enabled to make. We
sincerely wish him success, for we feel he deserves it.
SOCIETY FOR RECLAIMING UNFORTUNATE FEMALES.—
We have before drawn the attention of our readers to the
working of this new and excellent institution. The exertions
of the benevolent parties who called it into existence have
hitherto, with very restricted means, been highly successful
in rescuing from destruction a number of the wretched and
degraded beings who claim its protection. According to the
report which we gave in our last publication, in the first six
months of its working, sixty-seven females have been taken
off the streets, of whom two have died sincere penitents, nine
have been restored to their friends, twenty-two have been
placed in situations, and thirty-four now remain at the so-
ciety's lodgings. In effecting this great end, the funds of
the society, notwithstanding the care and economy by which
they have been managed, are already exhausted, and unless
the christian and philanthropic portion of the public come
speedily forward, the labours of the society in its efforts to
stem prostitution will be utterly paralyzed. We feel satis-
fied that the touching appeal already published by the society
will not be lost upon the wealthier classes of our townsmen.
In this god-like work men of all shades of opinions may cor-
dially unite. We shall be happy to bear that the encourage-
ment given to this excellent and laudable undertaking has
been equal to its claims upon the sympathy and support of
the public.
NEW PAINTING FOR THE CHAPEL OF THE ASYLUM FOR
THE BLlND.—'Phis elegant little structure has received a
valuable and pleasing addition to its internal decorations. in
a splendid painting by the celebrated Haydon, illustrative of
that most delightful passage in scripture, " Suffer little
children to come unto me, and forbid them not •' . for of such
is the kingdom of heaven." The picture is of the same size
as that of Christ Healing the Blind, which has adorned the
church during the last twenty-five years, and which, we tin-
d,rstand, was painted by Hilton, a schoolfellow of the artist.
The production has given an air of uniformity to the interior
of the building which was desirable for the gratification of the
Admirer of order and propriety. There are .no less than
eighteen figures in the picture, r early all of them fully deve-
-I.,ped, and sonic of them having an expresSiob whicti would
alriaost lead the beholder to fancy thlt be was gazing upon
nature, instead of her pictured representation. The• Saviour
appears in a sitting attitude. At his left is a child,uhich has
',ern rebuked by St. Peter, for his pertinacity in endeavour-
ing to approach the Redeemer, and whose countenance is
deeply impressed with ME marks of sorrow. 11. profile of
the disciple alone is seen, as he in the act of explaining to
St. John, who stands behind. There are also in the back
ground a Pharisee with his features redolent with scorn, an
elder evincing great anxiety that his grand-daughter,„who
stands between him and the Saviour, should be favoured with
the notice of his Lord,•and au Israelitish widow, with her
infant in her arms, and whose countenance expresses her
charzcter to be that of pious resignation. Kneeling before
the Saviour, is a mother who, with modesty and diffidence, is
presenting her three babes with uplifted hands. Otte of the
infants is a remarkable pourtrayal of juvenile innocence.
The shoulders of the mother are beautifully executed. In
ihe foreground, on the tesselated pavement, is a youthful
nurse with an infant lying on its back upon some loose gar-
tuebts ; she is teaching the babe to lift up its tiny hands in
the attitude of supplication. The hair and shoulders of the
nurse have been much admired by those who have inspected
the painting. The architecture and drapery, and the beau-
tiful tints of the eastern sky, have all been well conceived,
and are carried out with the greatest faithfulness, It is
delightful that Mr. Haydon can give his accomplished pencil
to such a subject. The present picture is calculated to en-
hance his fame amongst England's artists, and we hope his
success will lead him to pursue his labours in the same field.

The Directors of the Edinburgh and Leith Humane Society
have resolved to present Miss Grace Darling with a band-
some silver medal, for her noble and Christianlike conduct in
rescuing from a watery grave, at the hazard of her own and
her father's life, nine persons belonging to the Forfarshire.
—Berwick Warder.

It is generally thought in the military circles that our
forces in Ante' ica will be increased, by establishing provin-
cial battalions to be raised in Canada, and to be commanded
by old officers of long standing in the British army, and from
officers taken from the half-pay list.—Limerick Chronicle.
Mr. Hale, the member for the western division of Glouces-
ter, still continues very unwell from the effects of his late
accident. There is no probability of his attending to business
during the winter. Mr. Norman, the surgeon, of Batb, is in
constant attendance upon him.—Cheltenham Free Press.
There is a very strong and general impression in the co -
mercial circles that the French blockade of Mexico, is about
to be brought to a close. Mr. Pakenham, the British Cbarge
d'Affaires, is about to return to Mexico, and it is understood
that the blockade is not to last very long after his arrival
t here.— Times.

POACHING, ANECDOTE.—Some well-known poachers of
this neighbourhood, "minions of the moon," who care not
a dolt for the new game preserving act (cap. 32, Wm. 1V.,)
in making a lucky cast of their net, a new one which cost
them nearly £2 in fabric, near Kenton, last week, took 20
hares, nearly 50 rabbits, and in stretching it across the road,
actually trammelled a well-known medical practitioner of
that vicinity, who was riding past at the time. The worthy
disciple of Galen was, with some difficulty extricated from
his perilous situation, without injury, and it is- hoped, the
depreclatm will the uext time be sruared iv-itheir own net.—
Western Luminary. ." -

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MICHAELMAS QUARTER SESSIONS,

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FRIDAY.
re.zAL OF THE MESSRS. PECK FoR A CONSPIRACY TO
DEFRAUD THEIR CREDITORS.

Shortly after nine o'clock yesterday morning, came on the
trial of the Messrs. Peck, on an indictment charging them
with having conspired to defraud their creditors.
Mr. COTTINon Aat and Mr. lirs iiToN appeared for the
pro,ecution, and Mr. Mcityity and Mr. Jams fur the de-
fendants.

Mr. COTTINGI4.‘II stated the case at considerable length,
after which evidence was produced.
441.y,Wilkiitam was first called, and deposed,—l am a
merchant, and' carry emple-place, corner of
Matthew-street, Liverpool; I am a provision dealer. I know
Joseph Peck. He carried on busiuess in Brownlow-bill and
London-road. Thomas Phillip Peck carried on business in
the same place. I remember having seen Joseph Peck on
the 11th April. He came to my counting-house for the pur-
pose of buying butter.
Mr. Murphy here raised an objection, which, after having
been argued' at some length, was overruled by the Recorder.
Anthony Wilkinson, examination continued.—l said that
on the 11th of April he came to rriN office to buy some butter.
He wished to purchase 100 firkins. He did purchase them,
and said that he would call for them. He stated that they
were in want of them for the Brownlow-hill shop. They had
thrice dealt with me before. On the previous occasions we
found the cart. and sent the goods up to the Pecks. On this
occasion, about one or two o'clock in the afternoon, he him-
self brought a cart, and one-half of the goods were put into
it and taken away. Peck went away with the cart. After
the delivery of the goods, I did not feel satisfied with the
manner in which Mr. Peck had bought the goods. He
seemed very careless about taking the averages of the tares ;
he would take them as thsy were, and from that and other
circumstances I thought that all was not right. I sent my
warehouseman- to the shop in Brownlow-hill: he returned in
a short time. In consequence of what he said I and my
brother called at Brownlow-hill about six o'clock on the same
day. Joseph Peck was in the shop. Before I went into the
shop, I called at the cellar door, and asked a man whether
be had got fifty firkins of butter in, and he said, no. I then
went into the shop, and I said, " You have not got the butters
in." He seemed somewhat confused, and was some time be-
fore he answered. We asked him if they had gone to Lon-
don-road, and he said, yes. I then told 'him that they had
not. At this time the ether brother came out. Knowing
that they bad no other places of business except those two,
I asked where they had taken then,. Thomas Phillip said,
it was nothing to me were they had taken them ; they had
purchased them, and had become responsible for them. They,
in fact, refused to tell me anything about them. I saw those
goods again a few days afterwards, when the place in Law ton-
street was broken open. There were butters there I had sold
a considerable time before, ahtch we had delivered at Brown-
low-hill shop, and had got a receipt for. 1 found the 50 firkins
which 1 had sold on the 11th April. There was a considera-
ble quantity of goods,—bacon, tea, butter, and other things.
They were not displayed as if they seemed intended to be
sold.

Cross-examined.—The place was a store, and 1 do not
know that it was necessary to have a place for the arrange.
client of the goods. I cannot say whether they called
themselves wholesale dealers or not, but they cut up the
greatest part of their goods in retail. They said that they
wanted the goods; but- they only got the 50 firkins. That
was because the cart would only carry that number. The
others were of cour!e refused. I had at first no hesitation in
trusting them; for I considered them careful, industrious,
hard-working people. The terms were one month's credit,
and two months' discount. They owed me some money on
the 11th April. I did ask them about it: it was about £6O,
one month past due; and they said that they would pay in a
few days.

Re-examined.—With two previous orders remaining un-
settled in March, and the one in April, they owed me alto-
gether £295.
By the RECORDEit.-1 solicited him to deal with me. I
did not offer him six weeks' credit. He wished to draw upon
me ; but I would not. I told him I would make the terms as
light as I could. I bad implicit confidence in them until the
Ilth of April. The price of butter was steady at that time.
William Jones, a carter, proved that be bad been employed
by Joseph Peck to go to Matthew-street. He was present
when it was stated that the goods, fifty firkins of butter, were
to go to Brownlow-hill. When he started away, Mr. Peck
bad gone into the office, but he rejoined him in Church-
street, and told him to take the goods to Lawton-street, as
they had a warehouse there. The only one of the three de-
fendants he knew was Joseph Peck. The warehouse was
dark, and he could not identify any one that was present.
Cross-examined.—There was no concealment; the goods
were put in.opeuly.
Mr. John Herd.—The firm with which I am connected is
Bryant., Herd and Co., provision dealers. I know two of
the Pecks. Thomas came to my office on the 9th April, and
purchased bacon and butter, to the amount of £166.
Cross-examined.---I had had dealings with them for some
years. Their trade had gone on increasing, in consequence
of their having two shops. It is possible that they might
have owed ns more than £2OO at one time. Some months
before, they had taken offence because we would not trust
them more than one parcel at a time, and left us. They did
not come back until the time I have mentioned. I remem-
ber receiving an anonymous letter, which 1 sent to the two
Pecks. We never were fond of them; but I thought them
industrious and honest.

Re-examined--Previous to the receipt of the anonymous
letter, we bad thought them safe, though we were never very
fond of them.

Frederick James.—l am in the employ of Messrs. Bryans,
Herd and Howarth. I was on the 9th of April last, and re-
member Thomas Peck coming. He gave an order for 10
firkins of butter and 20 bales of bacon. That was the order
of which the last witness had spoken. He said that he
wanted them for immediate use, and would have them taken
away there and then. He said nothing about either shop.
Mr.. Peck got the cart.
Cross-examined.—Said nothing to induce them to take
more than they wished to have. I cannot form► any recollec-
tion of the price of bacon at that time—whether it was rising
or not.
Joseph Buck. a carter, was employed by Mr. Thos. Peck
to cart the last-mentioned goods, and was told, on being en-
gaged, that be was to take them from Bryans and Co.'s to
Brownlow-hill. He went in that direction with his cart, and
Peck met hint in Church-stree►. lie said he had a ware-
house much nearer, and told him to take them into Lawton-
street. There was another gentleman there, but he could
not tell who he was.

Joseph Powell.—l am a merchant in Liverpool, and have
dealt with Thomas Phillip and Joseph Peck for several years.
On the 12th of March they bought butter to the amount of
£6O N. 3d. On the 19th of March, for the same article, £6O,
and ou the 13th April, £l6O. A part of the butter, 12 fir-
kins, they returned as unsuitable to them, and left my whole
account, £232.21. lOd. I believed that they would have paid
me, until something occurred afterwards. I received an
anonymous letter.
William Thomas.—l am clerk for Mr. Buckley, a cheese
factor. I know the defendants. They had transactions with
my master. On the 10th April, he came to Mr. Buckley's
store and purchased cheese to the amount of £3O. On the
I lth Joseph called again, but nothing was done then. On
the 11th I offered him cheese at a certain price, and on the
12th be came and took a lot to the amount of £65. The
goods were not paid for.
Cross-examined.--He told me to get a cart. He seemed
wishful to have the cheese on the 11th, but I could not agree
to his price. At nine next morning he came and gave me
the price asked. I could not swear that I did not press hint
to buy; but I have no recollection of having done so. I be-
lievel bate solicited them for orders: that is usual.

John Thompson Bnckley.-1 am a cheese factor. I know
the defendants, Thomas Philip and Joseph Peek. I was in
Scotland in April. Before going there. on the 13th February,
I sold them cheese to the amount of 1.:137. They paid me by
a bill of two mon►hs; the acceptance was returned when due,
on the 16th April.
Cross-examined.—They were arrested before that time.
Re-examined.—Never knew that they bad any places in
Lawton-street and Stachope-street. I never bad an anony-
mous letter.

Mr. George Crossfield.-1 am a wholesale grocer in Liver-
pool. I know the two defendants. They have dealt with
me, and in April last were indebted to toe for goods delivered
to the amount of £3.33. I did not know that they had any
places of business in Lawton-street and Stauhope-street.
The 'goods were principally sugars.
Cross-examined.-1 hey had occasionly dealt with me to
the amount of £lOO or £l5O. They owed me £SUO before
they paid me £ll4 in March. Their orders became gradu-
ally larger, and their payments rather longer. Thomas Philip
had the reputation of being attentive to business.
Mr. Robinson.—! am a merchant in Liverpool. Our firm
is Robinson, Perry. and Co. We have had transactions with
the two brothers. I remember Joseph Peck coming to our
place on the 14th April. He said that he was in immediate
want of fine butter, and purchased 20 firkins. That was on
Saturday, and it was rather an unusual day for retail dealers
to purchase. I did not then know that they had been pur-
chasing from Bryans, Hird, and Co. They now owe me £232
for goods purchased on the 26th and 30th March, and on the
7th and 14th April. There had been an interruption to their
dealings for six months before that. On Sept. '22, 1837, one
of the brothers purchased bacon to the extent of £27, which,
through some negligence of the clerk, had not been entered
into the book.
A dispute arose about the cause of the interruption, and
the R &CORDER ruled that they should not enter into the expla-
nation.

Barclay Clibbord.—l am a merchant in Liverpool, in part-
nership with my brother. Know the two defendants. On
the sth April, Joseph came to our office and purchased six
-bates of bacon, and one hogshead of hams, which amounted
to £BB ss. sd. They are not paid for.
Cross-examined.—They had dealt with us for about four
years, and sundry payments had been made.
John Parker.-1 am a provision dealer in Liverpool, and
know Joseph Peek, and his brother, toe grocer. Remember
Joseph Peck, in the month of March, the 17th, coming to
purchase fine butter, of which he was its immediate want. He
wanted five or six bales of bacon, but I had only one, which
I sold him. That, with 14 firkins of butter, amounted to
£62 15s. 3d. I delivered them on the 18tb. A day or two
after, I saw them in a warehouse in Lawton-street.
Cross-examined.-1 k now a Mr. Youd. I went to him in
consequence of an anonymous letter which I received about
the Pecks. I cannot recollect whether it was before or after
I sold the goons to them. IHe afterwards admitted that it
was after the receipt of the letter that he sold the goods.]
But after they had been arrested they came to buy my goods.
Mr. Kellock.-1 am a provision dealer, and remember the
Pecks, on the 12th of April, purchasing cheese from use to
the extent of £35 Sc. Id. I agreed to take their acceptance
at 40 days. It has not been met.
Mr. William Cummins, a provision dealer, also knew the
Pecks, and had had transactions with them. On the 6th or
7th of April, Joseph Peck bought 7 bales of bacon from him,
worth from £3O to £4O, for which they bad not paid.
Mr. Youd is a cheese factor, and the Pecks had purchased
cheese from him, about the 29th or 30th of Match, to the ex-
tent of £3l. _

Mr. Wynch is a tea-dealer in Liverpool, and knew both
the Pecks. They had purchased goods from him frequently.
In the month of March they bought ;tea to the amount of
£lOO, and he was a creditor fur rather more than 1:200.
They sent in the month of April a further order, which was
kept in the books until it was seen whether they paid for the
former orders. Not doing so, the third was not completed-
Mathew Davies Powell.-1 am the agent for the owner:of
the warehouse in Lawton-street-31r. Thomas Jevons. On
the Bth of April, Samuel and another of the Pecks came to
me, and I let the warehouse to them. They told me that they
lived in Brownlow-hill, and that they wanted to take the
warehouse from me for a provision store. I arreed to let thew
have' it. Het it to Mr. Samuel Peck for £AO a-year, and it
was particularly explained by the other brother that Samuel
was to be the tenant. They were entire strangers to me, and
I did not let the place till I had gone and inspected the shop
in Brownlow-bill. I saw two gentlemen there; but I think
neither of them was Samuel. I think that the two I saw were
the two others at the bar. The other two brothers were to be
the guarantee for the rent, though Samuel was to be the
tenant

Cross.examined.—When I went to the shop it appeared
to me like one in good business, and that induced me to let
them have the
Mr. William Cutter.—l am the owner of some premises in
Stanhope-street. I remember Samuel Peck coming to me
-in April; and on the 3rd of that month I let him a shop in
Stanhope-street. When he first made application, I hesi-
tated to let him have it; but a day or two aPer ThOmas came
cad' said that he had two places of business, one in Brown-
lptir-h ill and the other in London-road: he said that he and
his hi% !Wier Joseph would be guarantee for Samuel. When
I fount.( them bearing such an appearance of respectability,
I did a:lit require their guarantee., but they distinctly stated
that Sam :net was to be considered the tenant.

Mr. W UI am M`Kay, a wholesale grocer in Liverpool.—l
know the tiro brothers Peck. I had two or three transac-
tioskokh oat 4111 With the*. The last was on the 28th March,

when I sold to Thomas Peck sugar to the amount of £207
is. Bd. The two brothers were debited with it. I have never
been paid.
Cross-examinad.--They did not say that the Messrs. Cross-
field had refused them sugars. The same man came about a
week after, and gave me an order which would have amounted
to more than the last; but I, thinking that they could not
have consumed what they had got, declined to execute the
order.

Mr. John Power.—l am a provision-merchant in Liver-
pool. I knew the brothers Peck, and have had transac:ions
with them. On the 11th April Joseph came and wanted two
hhds. of hams, which I refused to let him have, as there was
£9O due to me, and £l3O becomiag due. He stated that he
had no hams to keep him going, and that. if I would let him
have them he would pay his account on Monday. 1 agreed
to let him have a bale to go on with, and if he paid on Mon-
day he should have the hhds. He had previously used my
cart; but he then said, "No, no; your man asks drink."
He took the bale away in his own cart. A few days after 1
saw the same bale, with one or two hams taken out, in the
warehouse in Lawton-street. 1t had the shipper's mark on
it. The whole sum which he owed me was £239. He came
again on Monday; but as be did not bring the money, 1
would not let him have the goods.

Mr. Kirby, officer to the sheriff and sergeant-at-mace in
Liverpool.—On the 14th April I arrested the two Pecks,
and again on the 17th and 18th on two suits. I received
orders to take possession on the 19th. 1 went to London-
road. Mr. Samuel Peck was standing on the steps. 1 told
him my business; he followed me in, and said that all the
goods were his. His brothers owed him £600; and they had
transferred those and other goods to him. Ile did not say
where the goods were; but he said that he had a warehouse
in Lawton-street and ene in Stanhope•street, and claimed all.
On the 19th I took possession of a warehouse in Lawton-
street. There was a large quantity of butter and bacon,
together with cheese, tea, and sugar. The goods were all in
a disturbed state. I went to Stauhope•street also on the same
day, and took possession of a shop there. It was a closed
shop. There was a considerable quantity of provisions there,
of which I took possession. Took Joseph, and left Thomas
behind in London•road.

John M'Dermot.—l was shopman to the 'two defendants,
and was so in April last. There was in the shop a drawer;
it was under the shelf that held the cannisters ; the drawer
was locked. After Joseph had been taken away, Themes
Philip went and unlocked the drawer. lie put his hand in.
When he took his band out, he turned round, and put it into
his trower's pocket. He then locked it again. It was never
opened again until the officers carne, when there were found
in it a few papers.
Cross-examined.—l carry on the, shop in London-road
now. I was accused of writing anonymous letters. I did
write several—six or seven. They were written in the be-
ginning of April. My employers had been pressed before by
their creditors. I was examined before the commissioner,
and was 'scolded very much by him for writing those letters:
Re-examined.--I wrote them because I thought they were
not carrying on their business fairly. The creditors were
calling for payment, and they were getting in more goods
than they used to do. A great deal of goods were removed
in cart loads from the shop, after they had been brought
there. The first load was taken away on the sth of April.
After that time, several cart-loads were taken away in one
day. The assignees put me in the shop as a reward for my
integrity. I bad nothing but credit.
Mr. William Miller.-1 am one of the partners of the
house of Miller and Peel. I remember the creditors of the
Pecks meeting at my office. Mr. Bardswell was there. The
defendants were both in custody at the lock up. 1 was de-
sired to send for them; but I was not present when the Pecks
were there. It was a matter of astonishment that I was not
asked to be present. I was solicitor to the creditors, and re-
quested to call the meeting. I made a communication, under
the authority of the Pecks, to the creditors. I had had some
conversation with the Pecks, and had learned what they were
able to do. The communication had some reference to that
—of the poundage which they could pay—but of the precise
nature of the pay I have no recollection.
Mr. Hind.-1 attended the meeting of creditors on the 19th
of April. The two Pecks were not present. Mr. Miller was
present. The two brothers, Thomas and Joseph, were sent
for, and came. Mr. Miller did not come back. They said
that they would go out and consult with him • and when they
came back they said that they could pay about 4s in the pound.
That offer was rejected. .The creditors wished them to make
an assignment; but they declined doing so unless they had
a release from every creditor. They said that they owed their
brother Samuel £l5OO. We told them that unless they made
an assignment we could not give them a release. They par-
ticularly stated that the property in Stanhope-street belonged
to Samuel. The creditors wished to have au assignment of
the whole four places, in London-road, Brownlow-hill, Law-
ton-street, and Stanhope-street. A dividend has been made;
but Ido know what it is exactly—it is somewhere about 4s.
I never knew until that time that they had any shops in Stan-
hope-street and Lawton-street.
Mr. Powell.—Before the arrest I bad some conversation
with Thos. Philip Peck. I asked him about the state of his
affairs, and he said that they were perfectly satisfactory to
himself. 1 asked him if by that he meant that he could pay
20s. in the pound, and he said that it was not a proper ques-
tion. I saw him afterwards, and I told him that as he had
been receiving £lOO a week, and had been paying nothing.
I should think that he had large sum of money. He replied
that they might pay 4s. in the pound; but if they were
driven to bankruptcy they could not pay more than 2s. 6d.
We have received a dividend of 6s. Bd. At the meeting of
creditors I asked him some questions, and they replied that
the property in Stanhope-street belonged to their brother
Samuel. 't he y owed him £1,500, and they bad given him the
property as a security. I said that Samuel was only a man
receiving 245. a week, and how was it that he became pos-
sessed of so much money ? That, they said, they knew no-
thing about. The whole of their liabilities was about £4OOO.
Mr. Wynch accompanied Mr. Kirby to Lawton-street, and
they found there a heterogeneous mass of provisions. In
Stanhope-street there was a quantity of bacon in the cellar;
some cheese in what should have been the sitting-room, and
hams hanging up in the shop. The nett proceeds for the
goods found there, after deducting all charges, was £773.
They had been sold, perhaps, at a reduction of £3O per cent.
I found some tea in the warehouse in Lawton street, which I
could identify. I was at the meeting of creditors, and I re-
collect the Pecks stating that they hail nu property in Lon-
don-road; they had set it to their Brother. While in prison,
they sent frequent communications to me, stating that they
might be able to make disclosures which would liberate them-
selves and their brother. On calling with an attorney, how-
ever, they refused to say any thing. -I
afterwards received a
communication through the chaplain of the gaol; but, as
they were in the bands of justice, I refused to interfere.
Mr. David Pinkerton.-1 am an attorney, resident at
Crosby. I remember Joseph coming to me on Good Friday,
the 13th April. He said that he and his brother owed Samuel
a sum of money, and they wanted to transfer the shop and
stock in London road to him. I came to town and saw
the three brothers that day. I then merely took their in-
structions; but on the Saturday I went again to Brownlow-
hill. I took their instructions, and drew out the draft. (The
draft was produced and identified by witness.) The draft
was read over, approved, and afterwards engrossed by me on
a 355. stamp, at their house. The amount of consideration
was £6OO. It was executed by the conveying parties, acd I
left it on the table before the three brothers. I was one of
the witnesses; the shopman was another.
A notice to produce the original had been given • but de-
fendants' counselsaid that they had not got it. Mr. !MURPII Y
objected to the draft being received, on account of the stamp
not being sufficient. The- Recommit would allow the draft
to be read, but would take a note of the objection.
Mr. Pinkerton.—The draft is not an accurate copy; there
is some difference in the names, but the description is correct.
The substance is precisely the same. The draft did in fact
transfer the stock-in-trade and good-will to Samuel for the
consideration mentioned. I went and gave Samuel posses-
sion. In the name of the goods I gave him a ham, and a
coffee-mill affixed to the shop for the fixtures, and for the
good-will the coffee-mill answered. The deed was then
executed. There were directions given to the shopman to
change the name from Thomas Philip and Joseph to Samuel,
and one of the former said that the servants were to consider
Samuel as their master. 1 never before in my life executed
a deed on the premises.
Cross-examined.—l knew them before, but only by sight.
I cannot tell ahy they applied to me. Thos. Philip Peck
paid fur the stamp and deed-. 454. for the former, and £2 for
the latter.

Mr. Youd.—When they were in gaol, they wrote to me two
letters. 1 went to the gaol and saw the two defendants.
There was a lengthy conversation, and I told the Pecks that
if they would give up the £5OO Iwhich was supposed to have
been taken by Thomas Philip Peck from the drawer in the
shop] and throw themselves on the mercy of the creditors,
we should not pursue the case further. They seemed to say
that they had not so much as the £5OO referred to. They
said that they would not like to give the whole of the money
up, as they wished to have something to start the world with
when they earns out. The hell then rang, and I left; I did
not call again, though I then promised to do so. They said
that they could pay about £3OO. but no more..
Mr. Houlgrave.—Mr. Sarni. Peck has been is my service
as a cooper for twelve years, at the rate of 245. a week. Ile
has a wife and seven children.

Cross-examined.--His character during that period has
been very good. He had, as 1 have heard, £250 by his first
wife, and had saved £lOO more.

This terminated the case for the prosecution.
Mr. MORPHY then addressed the jury in defence of his
clients. He said that the jury ought to be perfectly satisfied
that there had been a conspiracy with intent to defraud cer-
tain persons. The mere fact of their having purchased goods,
even to an extent' greater than they required, was no proof
of an intent to defraud. They had carried on an increasing
business for many years, and with perfectly fair and honour-
able characters. "How, then, could it be supposed that they
had at once changed their whole natures, and common, ed a
conspiracy of the nature with which they were charged? Tne
whole secret of the affair was plain to all. The characters of
the defendants had been tarnished and rendered suspicious
by the secret actions, the anonymous letters, of a disreput-
able servant ; and they, when they found that their charac-
ters were going, endeavoured to prevent inevitable ruin by
drawing around them a stock of goods, to serve their neces-
sary purposes until they had again the opportunity of re-esta-
blishing themselves. The establishment of their brother Sa-
muel in two places, was merely a necessary result of the for-
mer act: his two shops were opened for the purpose of hav-
ing a greater outlet for the greater quantity of goods which
they had on hand. But that there was any conspiracy to
defraud, he could not for a moment believe. The fact which
had been paraded as the most striking proof of dishonesty,
was the so called abstraction by one of the brothers of £506
from a drawer in the shop: but he begged them to remember
that there was not one tittle of legal evidence to support that
charge. He should repeat it, that the mere naked fact of
possession was nothing. They might have had twenty thou-
sand times that amount of goods in their possession, and still
that was not crime. They must be satisfied that there had
been a previous determination to defraud, or the defendants
could nut be found guilty of the charge contained in the in-
dictment. The means which the defendants had taken (when
a well-earned independence was sinking from beneath them
through the conduct of a viperous servant) to uphold them-
selves in the world, miaht have sprung from a wrong notion;
but he maintained that there was no proof of an intention to
defraud. It was an utter impossibility that men of irre-
proachable honesty could in one fortnight sink into depths of
dishonesty and crime.
The Learned RECORDER summed up. He said that the
charge contained in the indictment was a specific one, and
did consist in the mere fact of getting goods, but getting
them with a predetermination not to pay. He went minutely
through the evidence, and said that if the jury were satisfied
that the goods had been accumulated with the intention of
being appropriated to their own private purposes, and with
no bona fide intention to pay, then the principal charge con-
tained in the first count of the indictment was undoubtedly
proved. The jury, then, as twelve intelligent men, would
have to say whether, looking at all the circumstances of the
case, the whole transaction struck them as one of over-tra-
ding, or as a conspiracy to defraud.
The jury, after consulting together for a few moments, re-
tired for consultation.

Mr. COTTINGHAM then said that the learned gentleman
who had conducted the case for the defendants, had thought
proper to attribute vindictive motives to the creditors in
bringing the present action; and he felt himself bound, as
he was instructed, to state that their sole object had been the
public good. He should be extremely sorry that any such
false impression should go abroad as that the prosecutors
were actuated by vindictiveness.—Mr. JAMES (in the ab-
sence of Mr. Murphy) thought he might take upon him to
state that Mr, MOrptCy.had- had no intention of attributing to
the prosecutors any vindictive motive.
After an absence of about a quarter of an hour, the jury
returned, and gave in a verdict of guilty against the three
defendants.

The RECORDER then briefly addressed the prisoners, after
which he sentenced Thomas Philip Peck and Joseph Peck to
be imprisoned for two years, and Samuel Peck fur one year.
With this case, which occupied the court until nearly &fa
o'clock, the btAinessof the sessions-court terminated.

LIVERPOOL MECHANICS' INSTITUTION.

LECTURES ON ASTRONOMY.

On Wednesday evening, John Wallis, Esq. commenced a
popular course upon this grand science.
The science (said Mr. Wallis) to which I have the honour
of calling your attention in this course, correctly speaking,
ought to be called one of hypothesis. It differs, therefore,
very widely iu its nature, and the evidence of which it is
susceptible, from all those branches of science to which your
attention is generally directed in this theatre • for in the lat-
ter you have in most cases bad the various theories demon-
strated by analytical and synthetical proofs. Now, strictly
speaking, we can being neither the one nor the other of these
species of evidence to bear upon astronomical science. My'
business, therefore, is to explain the appearances which the
material substances with which we have to deal present to us,
and therefore our science differs from the other branches of
natural philosophy. In chemistry or any other science the
demonstrator produces to you the simple elements from which
he may compound a body, or he takes the compound body,
decomposes it, and proves the atoms of which it consists.
Now iu one respect we may see that it is impossible in astro-
nomy to give anything like experiments,—that is, the expe-
riments which I shall introduce must be disencumbered from
so many adventitious circumstances by which they are at-
tended, that, strictly speaking, they can only serve as general
illustrations of principle. Here, then, is one of the difficul-
ties attending our branch of enquiry, and another is that the
very magnificence and grandeur of our subject places it
beyond our reach, and it takes a very lively imagination to
grasp its various details. If I could take you under the azure
canopy of heaven, and there explain to you the sublitnities
of astronomical science, I should excite your feelings so as
to command your attention; but we must strip our subject
of its natural majesty and sublimity, and on many occasions
add so many appendages, and seek to explain appearances,
some of which are not in accordance with the evidence of
our senses, so that we labour under many disadvantages in
proving those circumstances which we wish to impress upon
your understanding. If you will, however, give me your
candid attention, I think that although we cannot demon-
strate astronomy by analytical and synthetical evidence, yet
von will understand from the nature of our subject, and the
different' kinds of evidence of which it is susceptible, that
our conclusions will be as sound (this being premised) as
those to which we arrive by any experiments of the most
demonstrative kind.

This evening 1 would call your attention to a class of facts
which will throw much light upon our future progress. We
must fist understand our local situation in the universe.
We conceive ourselves to be established upon a planet of the
solar system—the earth. Now we assume that this plant is
itself moving, and that we are viewing many. similar bodies
which are also moving, around the same grand centre the !
sun. We therefore assume now a very considerable step—
we will take a stand at once, in order to lay before you a
subsequent process, which will go much more into minute
details than that to which we now advert. We must assume
something in a science which only ascends to hypothesis.
Your view is from our own planet, and this planet is itself in
motion. Now in our subject, which treats upon the mere
elementary parts or nature's works, we shalt proceed by
analogy. Now aualogy, when properly applied, constitutes
the very essence of philosophy : it is by it that we descend
from generals to particulars, or ascend from particulars
to generals. Now by carrying out analogy, we tied
that facts which do not admit of any other mode of
reasoning have yielded to it. We find that the sun,
moon, and stars appear to be in constant motion around us.
By motion we infer a change of place of one body with re-
spect to another; but this motion may be either apparent or
real with respect to the bodies concerned. Now, it does ap-
pear to us that all the universe around us is incessantly
moving. if this motion is real, we must seek for as many
causes of motion as there are facts presented to us. We are
acquainted with hundreds of millions of fixed stars, and each
of these immense bodies, (for immense they must be to be
visible at such enormous distances as they are placed from
us.) and we must ask for some cause of the apparent motion
of these bodies. It would he very remarkable when we came
to observe millions of these bodies, if all of them should re-
volve around us in the same period of time. Here would be
one difficulty; another difficulty which presents itself to us is,
that while they all appear to revolve around us in the same
period of time, that they all appear to perform other changes
with regard to one another in their diurnal motion. Now,
we may ask whether this apparent motion of the universe
around us may not arise from our eyes being placed in the
centre of this apparent system of motion, and that, in fact,
we ourselves may be in motion, thereby causing this appear-
ance of the universal motion of bodies. Therefore, without
encumbering you with evidence, let us at once imagine our-
selves to be spectators on the earth, and the earth to have a
rotation around its centre, which communicates the apparent
motion to all the universe around us in a contrary direction.
All the difficulties of our argument are at once explained by
this; and it is my business to explain appearances by hype-
thence: evidence, offering no physical centradictions. Now
let us attend to what the telescope makes us acquainted with,
in regard to other bodies. Let us suppose ourselves trans-
ferred to the moon, and we have every reason to believe that
it is an inhabited body. There is no doubt whatever that
were we inhabitants on the surface of the moon, that instead
of seeing the universe going round us once in 24 hours, we
should there see the universe of son, stars, and planetary bo-
dies revolving once iu 27 days, seven hours and 43 minutes,
because this is the very period in which the moon revolves
on her axis. Again, let ourselves be inhabitants of the planet
Jupiter. This planet turns upon its axis in nine hours and
56 minutes. From its surface, therefore, the whole universe
would appear to revolve around us in that time. Saturn
turns upon his axis in 10 houis and 16 minutes, consequently,
as in the other instances, that would be the time in which,
apparently to a spectator, the universe would turn round
when viewed from that planet. Now, why should we not from
analogy consider that whilst these various planets are in mo-
tion in their centres, our earth, which is no doubt analagous.
in every point of view, appears to their inhabitants as a mere
glittering star. Under these circumstances we cannot but
conclude that it is our own earth which revolves on its axis
in 24 hours from west to east, which causes the apparent ro-
tation of the heavenly bodies in that time from east to west.
Here, then, is one simple and singular cause which goes to
explain, without any degree of perplexity or incunibrance,
the cause of the apparent revolution of six hundred mil-
lions of heavenly bodies. Again, not only have we analogy
to bear us out, but we have another very striking fact;
it is the only conceivable hypothesis which will explain
satisfactorily, that the universal heaven does not revolve
around the centre of the earth as it appears to do, but that
the revolution of the earth upon its own axis, produces these
appearances. This explains the reason why those stars
which are opposite the north and south axis of the earth
have no motion at all. We now take another step, and it is
this. We find by the aid of our telescopes that the planets
Jupiter and Saturn, (of whose rapid revolution upon their
centre we have the most palpable evidence) are largest in the
diameter, drawn at right angles to the axis of rotation, so
that they deviate somewhat from a globular appearance. We
can tell in what direction these planets rotate, by various
tines and spots which are to be discerned upon their surface.
This is also the case with Saturn and Mars, as we find upon
measuring their diameters with the micrometer. It is evi-
dent thataluring the rotation of the earth upon the axis pass-
ing through its poles, that every part of it will be moving,
but that the portions near the equator will move faster than
any other portion. The consequence of this is. that the einth
cannot remain globular when put into rapid motion, on ac-
count of the centrifugal force Which gives every thing situ-
ated near the equator, a certain disposition to fly away from
the earth. This centrifugal force at the equator is very con-
siderable, because the earth moves at the rate of 25,000 miles
in 24 hours. The consequence of this is, that the earth is
less in diameter at the axis of rotation than at right angles to
it, in which there is a striking analogy to the appearances
presented to us by the other planets. We may now take
another step in our argument to prove that our eaith does ro-
tate upon its axis, which causes it to be flatter at the poles
than it is at the equator. By accurate measurement we find
such to be the case, although it was discovered by Newt's'
before any measurement had been made. It is evident that
gravity is a principle tending downwards. Everything upon
the surface of the earth possesses weight, because it is near
the earth, as there is a tendency in the particles of matter to
be attracted, and to attach each other in relation to their
bulk and freedom of action. Now suppose a body at Liver-
pool has by virtue of this attraction of gravitation a ten-
dency to fall downwards, this tendency would be diminished
upon removing it to the equator, because we move here at the
rate of 500 miles an hour only, wheieas, at the equator we
should be carried with a velocity of 1,000 miles an hour.
The centrifugal force at the equator, therefore, acting in op-
position to the force of gravity, lessens toe tendency of
bodies to fall to the earth at that portion of the globe. This
cannot be shown experimentally by the falling of bodies at
the equator ; and here, because the difference is too slight for
the eye to discern, but we can calculate it accurately by
means of the pendulum. A pendulum is a mass of matter
suspended by a cord or rod. By means of this beautiful con-
trivance we observe that bodies do not fall so fast at Li-
verpool as they would fall if we carried them further from the
equator towards the poles, and that a pendulum which makes.
86,400 oscillations at the equator in 24 hours, makes 83,535
oscillations at London iu the same period of time. Here,
therefore, we have a direct experimental proof of the dimi-
nution of gravitation at the equator, in consequence of the
opposition of centrifugal force. This striking tact was, like
' many others, accidental in its discovery It was the opinion
of Newton that the earth, like other planetary bodies, was
really flatter at the poles than the equator, but Oriasini main-
tained that the earth was a true sphere and not an oblate
spheroid. Now to settle this dispute it was necessary that ob-
servations should be made. Different. nations wets engaged
in this curious inquiry, and astrononiets of the greatest eipi,
uenee were despatched from different scapitals to different
portionless! the earth—some towards the'Muators, and others
towards the poles.. Their object was to. ascertain the true
fignre of the earth. Now it was essential that these different
astronomers should exactly :lame as to the moment of their
observations, anti know each others time with the greatest
possible precision. But they made this curious observation,
till then utterly unknown, that those clocks which were taken
towards the equator lost time, whilst those taken- towards
tha poles gained. Here there was a very striking fact. 'lle
first solution was that the pendulum being lengthened by the
high temperature of the equatorial regions caused the differ-
ence. Those who found that their clocks gained in time
supposod that it occurred by the shortening of the pendulum,
by the reduction of the temperature in higher or colder lati-
tudes. But the increase o' diminution in the length of the
pendulum did not account for the difference, and thus this
accidental circumstance proved to them the correctness of
Newton's theory before they had time to solve it. The equa-
torial diameter is thus shown, by means of the pendulum, to
be 34 or 36 miles longer than that of the pular, being about
the 300th pail of the whole axis of rotation.
Now a very curious fact yet remains to be brought before
your notice—that while at the equator the diurnal motion
would lessen the force of the gravity about the 289th part,
the real diminution is in fact'the 194th part. The reason is
this. If we come to suppose the attraction of a sphere, every
part at an equal distance from the centre, we find that it will
attract a body placed at similar distances from its surface,
equally, but if we come to have a solid oblate spheroid, this
is no lunges :he case. Then we shall find that a body placed
at the poles will be more powerfully attracted than a body
placed at the equatorial regions, supposing that centrifugal
force were entirely kept out of the question. Consequently
there are two causes operating to produce the difference be-
tween the amount of gravity at the poles and at the equator,
namely the greater rptundity of the earth at the equator than
at the poles, and the increased centrifugal force.
The trade winds go to prove the motion of the earth upon
its own axis. There are found to be currents of air which at
different seasons of the year take different directions from
each side of the equator. Note as we find that the sun is
nearly vertical over a zone of 47 degrees in breadth, of course
this being the hottest region of the earth, the air must neces-
sarily be more rarified there. Now the atmospheric air is
attracted by the earth and carried around with it in its orbit,
consequently the direct motion of the earth is imparted to
this air, and it does not indicate in any manner this relation.
But there comes in a fresh cause. The caloric of the sun's
rays we all know will expand all aeriform substances, and
the air suffering expansion in the equatorial regions be-
comes specifically lighter, and ascends to higher regions of
our atmosphere. By this means the stratum of air which on
a hot summers morning will be on the surface of the earth
is by noon elevated, and a colder volume of air rushes in from
below to occupy the space previously occupied by the air
which has ascended. The air which travels from higher
latitudes to supply the deficiency not having he same velocity
of motion as the air in the equatorial regions, will therefore
lag behind, and-it will not consequently flow fo the equator
from north to south, and from south to north, but from north-
east to the soutb-east, and consequently we shall have at dif-
ferent seasons of the year currents froin the directions about
the equator. Again the air from the higher equatorial re-
gions will, as it cools, contract in volume and flow downwards
to the north and south, but not directly so, because it has
previously acquired a• velocity greater than that of the places
to which it is carried. The consequence of this is that we

A CA-MnIDATE Folt THK.DKAMATIC AUTHORS' SOCIETY.
—" Upon thy word," said Nicholas, taking the manager
aside, "Idon't think I can be ready by Monday." ''Pooh,
pooh 1" replied Mr. Cruminles. "'But really 1 can't,"
re-
turned Nicholas, " my invention is trot accustomed to these
demands, or possibly I might produce—" " Invention!
what the devil's that got to do with it ?" cried the manager,
hastily. Everything, my dear sir." "Nothing, my dear
sir," retorted the manager, with evident impatience. "Do
you understand French?" "Perfectly well." "Very good,"
said the manager, opening the table drawer, and giving a
roll of paper from it to Nicholas. "'!'here, just put that into
English, and put your name on the title-page. Damn me,"
said Mr. Cruminles, angrily, " if I haven't often said, that
I wouldn't have a man or woman in my company that wasn't
master of the language, so that they might learn it from the
original, and play it in English, and by that means save all
this trouble and expense." Nicholas smiled and pocketed
the play.—Nicholas Niddeby.
LUCKY RECOVERY.--A gentleman by the Manchester
coach, last Friday afternoon, lost his gold watch, worth forty
pounds, somewhere on the road between Asbopton and Snake
Inn. Immediately on his arrival in Manchester, he had
handbills printed, offering, a reward of two pounds to whoever
would restore it. Two of his friends on their way to Sheffield,
next day, made enquiries at every inn on the road, and at
last learned that a watch had been found by some pig-drivers
on their way to Sheffield. On their arrival here, they conti-
nued their enquiries, and traced it to one of Mr. Ward's
men, who immediately gave it up, stating that he had never
had a moment's peace since it came into his possession, as
he was afraid it might have been stolen. One of his pigs
had first scented the gold, but it was too indigestible, and
after two or three ineffectual attempts to crack its shell, old
porker was obliged to drop it. It was then picked up by an
Irishman, who disposed of it to the person in whose posses-
sion it was found, for two shillings. Altogether it had a lucky
escape, first from being broken to pieces by the pig, then in
its value not being discovered by the Irishman, and lastly,
by the hoties.ty of the man.—Sheffield his.

Tony GENEROSITY.—A correspondent has communicated
to us several acts or munificence on the part of the late re-
spected member for this county, which, he very justly re-
marks, are worthy of honourable mention. During his last
visit to the principality, Mr. Smith sanctioned the making
a new road to the Menai-bridge, through his grounds at
Vaynul, and gave land for that Purpose—directed alterations
and improvements in his own private road through Lland-
doiniolen, for the accommodation of strangers visiting Llan-
berris—acconunodated the rector of.Ltanddoininleu with land
sufficient for the construction of a glebe-house and offices,
whereby he is enabled to reside within the parish—gave a
piece of land for a burial-ground, adjoining the school-house,
for the convenience of the inhabitants of the upper part of
the aforesaid, parish ; gave £lO for the purchase of blankets
to be distributed amongst the poor of the said parish at the
approach of winter; became an lionordry member of four
benefit societies at the Dinerwic elate quarries, and a sub-
scriber of £lO annually to each; a donation of £lO., and sul‘-,
scribed three guineas annually in support of the Church at
Caruarvon; and lastly gave an unrestricted order on the
bank to make up the deficiency in expenses incurred by the
Carnarvon committee, in the celebration of the coronation.
Mr. Smith is, perhaps, the best and most liberally abused
man in the principality, but what of that ? Can all Whig-
shire produce anything equal to this largesse l—Bungor paper.

Yrootio ?Lintrrcb for 4LoalJing.

(SINCE OUR LAST PUBLICATION.)

AFRICA,

Bounty Hall, T Foster, 452 Africa R and G Benn
EAST INDIES, CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, 4.c,
Wilson, G Hamlin, 555 Calcutta Ashley Brs orlA"farbet

;VEST INDIES AND MADEIRA.

lrlam, II Dawson, 279 Barbadoes Barton, Irlam &co
Coeur de Lion, W Robinson, 352 DeMerara W Fisher and co
Crusader, J Smith, 127 Honduras D Buchanan Sr. Sun
King Henry, S l'Aington, 139 Antigua J Poole or LII Macintyre
Amelia, T Lookup, La Antigua Cotesworth anti Smith
Alexander, It Stewart, 2a Jamaica 1 Hall and co
Traveller. 11 W Cothay, 14, Tritiidad Imre and Tomlinson
Trinidad Packet, T Griffiths 206 Berbice J N Wood &co
Midas, 1' heir, 255 Demerara Chapman & co or J Poole
Wilsons, 'l' Campbell. 245 Demerara 'l' Sz. II _Murray
Alecto. M J Ayshfoad, • 266 Jamaiea T Hatton, jun
SOUTH AMERICA.
Pernambuco
UNITED .T./12'ES.

2d clearance

LIVERPOOL COR N• EXCHANGE, OCT. 27.
The imports of British Grain. &c are still light, and of foreign
prOduce we have this week received only '4OO qrs of Wheat and
1750 barrels of Flour 1425 brls, of the latter from Quebec. Wheat
has continued to command an ext-nsive sale and at advancing
prices. the transactions yesterday being at 6d. to Bd. per bushel
above the quotations on tins day se'nnight. There were only two
or three small parcels of new Irish on the market; they sold at
10s. to 10s. 60. per? lbs., the quality good.—Sack Flour must also
1.0 noted 4s. per 2801b5., and foreign folly 3s. per barrel dearer.—
Oats have been scarce and are in request ; the best Irish new kiln-
dried were yesterday sold at 3s. 6,1. per 451bs„ an advance of 3d.
per bushel on last week's rates.—Oatmeal, too, has beer, in good
demand ; several parcels have changed hands on speculation ' • old
has brought 3t's., new 31s. per 2-101bs.--Barley is wanted, and will
sell at full prices.—Beans remain as last noted.—Yeas are scarce
and inquired for, and would bring advanced, prices.—Some parcels
of Bonded Wheat have changed hands at 6d. for good Odessa,
and 9s: 6d. per 701bs. for fine Lower Baltic red.