The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1836-10-28 00:00:00

THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD

SECOND EDITION.

SESSIONS.-THIS DAY

This morning being fixed for the trial of Gomez Pelayo, the
Spaniard, who occasioned the late explosion at the Postotfice by
enclosing fulminating silver in lettees intended to be sent to in-
dividuals in the liavannah, the Court at an eady hour, not-
withstanding the unfavourah!e state of the weather, was crowd-
ed, and several ladies httended to hear the trial.

Snortlv alter nine o'clock the prisoner was placed at the bar.
He is a little, sallow, and ineFin-looking individual, of very dirty
appearance.

• Spaniard, Mr. Bruno Vidal, was then sworn as interpre-
ter.

The indictment charged the prisoner as Joseph Gomez Pe-
layo with haying put tour packets into the letter-box, which
contained each one ounce weight of fulminating, silver and
small particles of brass, the prisoner well knowing that the
packets contained the aforesaid quantity of the said materials,
and well knowing that such packets were likely to explode. and
if they exploded, were calculated to endanger human life; and
whereby Daniel Barnard, being employed in the Postotlice to
stamp letters, was, iu stamping these letters with the Postoffice
stamp. dreadfully scorched and wounded, and had aim of hi s
eyes destroyed by a dreadful explosion caused thereby; where-
by the said-Daniel Barnard had- suffered great pain and
an-
guish.
The interpreter was then directed to inquire if the prisoner
understood Euglish ? at which the prisoner shook his head. He
was then asked in Spanish if he understood Spanish, and
" Yes."

On the indictment being translated to the prisoner, he said
the packets did not contain half an ounce of fuluduating sil-
ver. After the indictment had been interpreted to the prisoner,
he said he waa Not Guilty.
The jury was then sworn.
Mr. Venable.; and Mr. Cuttingham appeared for the crown,
and Mr. Murphy defended the prisoner.
Mr. Cottingham read the indictment as above. There were
also several counts varying the indictment.
Mr. YEN A BLES then opened the case. He said, by the read-
ing of the indictment, the court was almost put in entire pos-
session of the facts, which it became his duty to state to them.
He should endeavour, as concisely as possible, simply to state
the facts. He begged them to dismiss from their minds any-
thing which they might have heard respecting the transaction
out of court, and attend only to the evidence to be then pro-
duced. The facts of the case would be clearly shewn to then. ;
it was only necessary for them, iu his opinion, to attend to the
evidence to he given on oath, and they could come to no other
conclnsiou, but that the prisoner was guilty. Let theirs, as'En-
glishinen, try this man as they would an Euglishman. The
learned gentleman then proceeded to detail the facts at length,
as they will be-found in the following evidence of the witnesses.
William Augustine Bond deposed to being clerk in the Li-.
verouol postuffice. Ile was. on duty on Saturday, the 24th to
Sept. On the evening of that day he beinil six letters placed
on his desk ; he marked each of those letters, postage tintin red ink. Itasas customary to do so with letters the pOstage
of which was not paid. The -three packages produced were a
part of those. He enclosed two of the ietters in one envelope,
and one in another. He did not know the weight of the pack-
ages: Ile made the remaining three op in another packet, and
itmetosed them in an an envelope, addressed to the dead letter
office. Atter this he left one ut the letters on the stamping ta-
ble. and a packet. A person named Barnard was stamping let-
ters that evening in the postothce, and he directed him to stamp
the letters on his desk. One of the letters produced wars one
that he had stamped. Ile had stamped the packet containing
three letters himself, and put them iu the bag. About twenty
minutes after he had directed Barnard to stamp the letters
he- happened to be looking at the stamping table when
he observed a stream of white vapour proceeding front it.
and, at the same instant there was a tremendous explo-
sion. It put out the lights -of the office, broke rive squares of
glass, knocked one of the clerks down, and he saw Barnard
reel, turn half round and fall on his face. He went to him and
assisted him up. lie found blood streaming from his face, and
his left hand first finger much lacerated. He was conveyed
into an inner office, and a medical gentleman sent for. He
then assisted in 'ticking up some envelopes of letters which
were strewed over the stamping-table and the floor. The frag-
ments produced were those found. Upon four of the fragments
his own writing was discernable. There was •‘ postage not:
paid." and " Inspector of dead letters, dead letter office, Lon
don," in his hand-writing, nu the fragments of the envelope.
Ile was employed in the Postuffice on the 23d. The three let-
ters produced were (Isola into the redeiver at the Postoflice on
the 23d, netween eight and ten in the morniug. He knew that
front the stamp. After the explosion Mr. Banning was made
aequainted with the circumstances, and it was decided to
send an express off to Linden to avoid accident with
those which bad been sent off. One of the packets which
had exploded was marked 2s oz. weight, and the other 1/
oz. The interpreter was then directed to read the directions ut
the three letters which had been sent to the London Postoffice
on the Friday. One letter, marked A, was directed to " His
most excellent Sir, Don Miguel. Governor of Havannah," with
the initials in the corner, E. S. P. M., being the initials in Spa-
nish fur "to be delivered into his own hands." Another mum-,
marked B, was similarly addressed to " Most excellent Sir, the
Captain-General Governor of Havannah." The third letter,
marked- C, was addressed " to the Widow of the deceased Don
Amanbranfo, Havannah." On the envelope of the letter A
was, "Of the greatest importance," and, in the corner, the ini-
tials of the prisoner. J; G. P. The signature of the letter was
Joseph Gomez Felaye, and it was dated Liverpool, 22d of Sep-
tember, 1836. On the envelope of the fragments found was the
address. " to Don Carsa Novelle, merchant, in Matanza's," with
the initials E. S. I'. M. There was atso another letter envelope,
bearing the same address.. And another fragment of a direc-
tion, which was so torn as nib to be perfectly readable. Some
letters found in die trunk of the.prisoner were then handed to
the interpreter, and in one of them was found the addresses of
the various letters which contained the silver.
The witness was then cross-examined at some length on the
various parts of his evidence without eliciting any thing very
material. He knew that the letter which had exploded was the
one he had placed the stamping table from the fragments.
Ile knew the letters which had gone to London had been put
in the postoffice between the,hours of eight o'clock and ten on
Friday morning fried the letter B in the stamp, which remained
always during those hours in the stamp.
Re-examined.---He could not tell whether the letter had
been stamped with unusual force from the stamp.
Mr. William James Page is a clerk in the dead letter office
in London. He went to the office on Monday moining, the
26th of September. He found a package of letters on his desk,
and received at the same tiwe'a letter Irons Mr. Banning, which
he opeued first. Iu consequence he opened the packets with
great care. He found in letter C a Waterloo cracker and a
small- round packet of fu:nduating silver. if the packet had
been opened in the usual way. he had no doubt it would have
caused the letter to explode. The packet of fulminating silver
was a circular package, larger than a crown piece, two pieces
ofpaper'guiumed together round the edges, and enclosing ful-
minating silver. [The production of the silver in court caused
quite a sensation, and it was ordered to be taken out.] Upon
the wafers of all three of the letters was the impression J. C. H.
It he had not received Mr. Banning's letter, he should have
opened the letters iu the usual course of business. The letter
marked C was the only letter which contained the silver.

Michael Conway —knew the prisoner. He first saw him on
Tuesday, the 20th, soon after 12 o'clock. He came ashore from
the Virginia Packet. Witness showed him a lodging card, and
he said he wanted a room, with a lock and key, auu he took him
to Mts. O'Hara's. iu Temple-court, where he left him. There
was a bolt inside his door. lie was to call on hint next morning,
to go for him to the packet to get his trunk. The custom-house
officer was not on board, and he could not get his trunk. lie
then came ashore, and be told Lim to show him the Post-office,
which he did, and pi isoner said "that will do." They then re-
turned to the packet ship. The prisoner then went down into
the steerage, and got the box produced (something like a cigar
box). He then went with the box to the plisoner's 1, digingm,
and prisoner said he wanted to write a letter, and sent him for
some paper. They then went on board again to get plisouer's
trunk, and they got it from on board the ship. (.11 the, Friday
he called on the prisoner again between 9 and 10 o'clock, auil
they went down to the Saracen's Read, and Mr. Fox, the chief
book-keeper, spoke to the prisoner in his own language, auu
forwarded the prisoner and his box to Luudou for 3)s. On the
Saturday morning he called again on the prisoner, and he was
to call again at 3 o'clock. and lie took his coach trunk (town to
the coach-office. The prisoner than told hint to call on hint at
6 o'clock to show him the Post-office, as he had some letters to
put in. It was 20 minutes to 7 before he called, and the pri-
soner was getting his tea. The prisoner Own went up stairs,
and brought duttu something in a handkerchief. Hethen went
with trim to the Post-office, and they were thereabout 7 o'clock.
anti the prisoner put in severe, packiwes out to his handkerchitl
into the Post-office; the prisoner said they %%etc for a Spanish
country.

The witness was then cross-examined as to several of the facts,
but nothing material was elicited. The reason ihe prisoner
wanted bun to stow hint the cliiee again was, he should Out
be able to find it. The paper which he had got for the prisoner
to write on was a blueish thick paper. The Birmingham snail
was just starting fruit, the Pust,Alice when the ptisoner put the
packages in. He saw him distinctly put them to. lie was
close to hint at the thne. He dropped theta iutu the letter slit
at the Postoffice.

He-examined.—The slit was just opened as they got there.
He saw the same trunk on Sunday last at the Postoffice which
he got from on boatel the Virginian and hart taken to the pri-
soners 16dgings at O'Hara's.
Mary,O'Hara.—ls the-wife of John O'Hara, and lives at_No •
2-1. Temple-lane. ltecollected the prisoner coming to her house
ou Tuesday, the 24th of September; it was betweeu ten and
twelce ii'clock in the forenoon. He wanted a room with a lot k
and key. She let him a room with a bolt. He was to give her
35. a day, hoard and lodgings. On Wednesday Morning, On
making his bed, she found a pair of pistols under his pillow. She
saw the prisoner's trunk, and had since seen the save trunk at
the Postollice. She saw the prisoner take a blunderbuss out of
the trunk. She rememliered-h s going out on Friday morning.
she remembered his asking for a brush to sweepnhis room. He
afterwards Caine down stairs and put a few slips of paper on the
tire; it was about roar o'clock on Saturday. The paper made
rather a whizzing noise on the lire. She asked him it he was
tath,edr
t;hletem.saatenilnehnet ao-to.tuhled
boy
hcauiritinhgera.t.
ek
bh husband lsaas,t,
wit-
nessg(lingettiorrisihlito'':.
Cross-examined.—Their house was a good way from the post-
office. The paper thrown in the the made a whizzing noisy.
wantedJ() hn t
(0) sell'ki
arat'r treuck hits take aTbhleuniZZ:
out of the box, which the prisoner said was loaded. He made
him unload it, and there were 22 halls in it, and some powder.
OD bridav morning he wanted something out of the prisoner's
room, ana knocked at his door, which prisoner opened. The
prisoner was
,writing, and there was a box 011 the bed. He
thought he saw him put a paper on the bed. He had a seal, the
initials of which were J. 0. H. It was on the kitchen window
when he let the prisoner his room. He hart never used it whilst
the prisoner was with him. He missed the seal atter tbe pri-
soner left his house.
ikon Boyd in employed in the General Post-
aice, in London. lie was present alien the prisoner was ex-
amined at the Post-office, w lien a conversation took place in
French. He asked I risoner if he had not come to Liverpool
iu the Virginian Packet. He said he had, and that he had
put some letters in the post. Ile replied in French, " pent else
oui," He asked him if the packages which had come to Lou-
don were in his hand-writing, and he said they were. On show-
ing him the letters w hich had been put in on Saturday, he said
he had put none in the post. Ile also said that letter C con-
taining the silver was not in his handwriting. The prisoner
said he tame from Madrid and hail lived at Paris. Ile tame
from the Hasn't-malt to Liverpool. He asked where be got a
seal found on him, and he said " at Liverpool." The impres-
sion on the seal was J. O. 11., and !lie same as was on the
wafers of the letters. He had 110 doubt but the impression on
the wafer wins produced by the seal.
Cross-examined.— He could not say but the impression was
faint, and similar to the seal, He answered his questions rea-
dily. He said the Ictteis A B weie in his hallow ruing, but i.o-
sitivel) denied that C was.
impression of the sea, was not
SO strong on the C teller as the (Ahoy.
Ile-esamined.—ln his opinion it ',could have been dangerous
to hose made a strong unpressiAo
George Thomas Joseph Ruthven deposed to being a Bow-
stteet officer. On the Ist of October he scut with another of-
ficer to Utiiticu-lout: to apprehend the prisoner fn,nt Wound-

tiun which he had received. The prisoner was not in, and he
waited kir him. The prisoner came about we he
immediately took hint into custody. He fnund on him a pair
of pistols leated with ball and pow:ler and a stiletto. The sti-
h.tio was in his waistcoat pocket. The prisoner pointed to a
chest in his. room, and gave him to undeistand it was the key
of it. They tried to open the chest, but could not, and it
forced open. The first. thing he saw in it was a blunderbuss.
There was also a belt round the prisoner's body contaioing ele-
ven doubloons. The prisoner was afterwards taken to Mr.
Peacock's office. Some papers were also found (which on being
handed to the interpreter) were pronounced to correspond with
the directions of the packets. Stone paper found in the pri-
soneis'a box, of a pinkish colour; was the same as the letter
signed Joseiih GomezPelayo. There were also some strips of
card which were Waterloo crackers, and which exactly corres-
ponded with those found in the letters. tie also found a book and
a piece of card the same as found. (The interpreter read rout of
the book, which was a recipe fur making fulminating powder of
inuriate of silver, and also for another fulminating silver less
dangerous, and the quantity of ingredients of which it was to be
matte. He found some fulminating silver in a snuff box, and
some small particles of glass. There was also. some silver. The
lock tethe trunk was a secret lock, and could only be opened
by the prisoner.
Dr. William Reynolds deposed to having examined the pack-
ets, -and found them to contain fulininating silver. He had no
doubt of it; he had tried it by several tests. This powder
was 10 to lin strength to gunpowder. lie had exploded some
of the powder found in letter C. He should think the disco-
louration of the exploded letter was produced by the explosiou
of fulminating silver. He had tried some, and found it pro-
duce similar appearances. The powder, if struck with a stamp
or anything else, would explode. The powder in the snuff box
was fulminating silver, and there was some coarsely powdered
glass. Glass was used to occasion friction in Waterloo crackers.
Cross-examined.—There were many. kinds of fulminating
powder. There were two kinds of fulminating silver, one kind
exploded more readily than the other. There • might be many
fulminating powders Which were not silver. Fulminating silver
would not be an incorrect description of fulminating powder.
Re-examined.—Fulminating silver was a powder which
-would explode.
Mr. George Gill, surgeon, had attended at the postoffice on
the night of the explosion. He found the, man Barnard in a
state of insensibility. He found fragments of paper in his face
and in 'his eye. His face was dreadfully lacerated. Ile ex-
tracted a portion of one of his finger nails from his cheek. He
also extracted brass nails from ale fingeis of his right hand. His
baud was very much injured, and one of his eyes was conipetey
blinded, a portion of the paper being driven though the cornea.
He would never recover the sight of that eye.
This closed the case for the prosecution.
Mr. M v said before he proceeded, he had some objections
to make to the indictment. The first count charged the pri-
soner with having in his possession "four packets comaining
divers materials, to wit a large quantity of fulminating
and divers small particles of brass which exploded." Con-
necting the immediate sequence of this sentence, with the last
antecedent, and the meaning of it was, that the packet contain-
ed particles of brass Which exploded. The count then went
on to state that the packages were to go by the post, and that
they were calculated to produce an explosion- and endangel the
lives of these men. This was only an averment. The•indicts
..meat went bu to say that these packets were "put into the letter
box fur the receipt of letters, to be sent by post." The meaning
'of.which was, that the letters were to be sent by post, which was
totally at variance with other parts of the indictment, which
Stated it to have been done with a malicious intent. He con-
tended, therefore, that the first count was had. He took another
objection that the ounce was not put under a videlicit, which
was material, as the weight had not been proved. In the se-
cond count he found that "the packets were so constructed and
made up, that on the opening thereof, or their being struck with
any hard substance, the same would explode." Tl.e meaning of
which, to any unlettered Mind would be, that the hard substance
would explode, and out the packet. This, and the preceding
objection he hail made, tau through all the counts. He con-
tended that rue legal and grammatical construction of this was,
that tne substance was to explode.
• The RECORDER gave it as his opinion that this was not the
case. If he were wrong, he was open to a writ of error. He
was clearly of opinion that these objections were merely verbal
and over critical.

Mr. MURPHY said if that was the Recorder's opinion, he
would try on another point. Mr. Murphy then, at cowiderable
length, cited Starkie on evidence, to prove that except where
murder ensued, a general malicious and felonious intent could
nut be proved. He also argued that the general felonious intent
was contrary to the evidence. which went to prove that the
letters were intended for individual mischief in the Havanuah.
Mr. VENABLES replied, and contended that they had no evi-
dence of this. The letters might have been put into the post-
office'as a trick to injure the individuals in the postotfice.
The lisconnsa overruled the objection.

Mr. MURPHY then addressed the jury for the prisoner. After
alluding to the arduous and difficult position in which he was
placed, he begged the jury to dismiss from their minds any pre-
judice which they might previously have entertained, and
•also the impression which the production of the arms which
had been found on the prisoner might create, and remem-
ber that in the country from whence the prisoner came
it was common to carry such anus either as a protec-
tion, or as a mark of gentility. The whole mass of the
evidence was strictly circumstantial ; but if a link in cir-
cumstantial evidence was wanting, the whole chain fell to the
ground. He contended that there was no proof that the pack-
ets which the boy Conway saw the prisoner put into the Post-
office were the packets containing the fulminating powder, and
moreover, Conway. had stated that he saw five packages in
a box which the prisoner had, which it was meant to be infer-
red were the packages sent through the postuffice, and which
packages Ruthvin, the police-officer, afterwards produced as
taken thin) the box. He contended that it was contrary to
human nature if, when the prisoner intended to commit a great
crime he should take the boy to show him the postoffice on the
Saturday when he wanted to put the exploding letteis in, after
he had found the postoffice on the Friday without the boy, and
had put in those letters which went to London. Was it reason-
able to suppose that he should himself thus furnish the only con-
necting link which was wanted to convict him. He called on
them, to give the piisoner the benefit of this doubt. The records
of crime teemed with evidence where persons had been con-
victed of murder, even on the most incontrovertible proofs,
when the person supposed to be murdered had afterwards ap-
peared. l'he learned gentleman concluded a most eloquent
appeal to the jury, on behalf of the prisoner, which we are sorry
our limits will not allow us to report, and produced an evident
impression in court.
The REcounsa then proceeded to sum up. After reciting
the indictment, he said, the only point for the jury to consider
was, did this man, aye or no, cause these letters to he put into
the Liverpool Postoffice, containing dangerous materials liable
to be exploded, as had been mentioned? He quite agreed with
the learned counsel that they ought not. to be intimidated into a
verdict because a blunderbuss loaded with 22 balls had been
found. He agreed with him, that, unless they came to a verdict
without those circumstances of iutimiciation, they ought not to
find him guilty. The single point on which they had to decide,
aye or no,—did the prisoner introduce those letters which had
caused the explosion into the postoffice-box at Liverpool?
The RECORDER then proceeded to recapitulate the evidence,
-commenting upon it as he proceeded. He strongly remarked
on the circumstance of the seal having been found on the person
ot the prisoner, as a conclusive proof iu his mind of the guilt of
the prisoner.
Tile Jury, after a short consultation, found the prisoner
Gitiliy.
he prisoner here,through his interpreter, said, that the light
impression Ibu the letter C, was in consequence of an attempt at
the Post-office in London, to try whether his seal would fit the
inip~ession. He denied that he.had committed the offence, and
said if lie had dune it, he would have taken sufficient precau-
tions not to have left evidence against himself.
The Rhein( auk then proceelled to sentence the prisoner. He
commented on the heiuousness of the crime the prisoner had
committed, whet ebythe poor man Barnard had for ever lost the
use of one eye. Had Barnard Inst his life, no judge or jury
would have hesitated to have pronounced him guilty of de-
litierateinurder, hecauseit was an act which had not been done
on a sudden. but was full of great ingenuity, malice, and deli-
beration. No doubt, the injury was intenited far another, as in
the case of the late Mr. Percival; but that did not alter the
law. The mischief which he hail intended for another was
likely to he attended with much danger to others. Every fo-
irigner, the moment he landed in this country had the protec-
tion of the laws; but he was likewise amenable ta those laws.—
The legislature of the country could not keep up with the in-
genuity of wicked men, but he hoped ere long that the highly
mischievous crime. of which the prisoner had been found guilty,
would he made a felony. The sentence of the court was, that
he lie imprisoned in the House of Correction, at Kirkdate, for
two yews. He could not award hard labour.
'1 he announcement of the sentence was received with a buzz
of satisfaction by the court

The trial lasted ti om 9 o'clock in the morning till nearly 3
o'clock in the afternoon.

SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE.

FRIDAY, Ocr. 2S. —Noon, Wind N.W.—Moderate.

•
, • (An Irish water lh. 13m. a.m.)
Alum-au—The Dauntless, Gray, from Cadiz—Arius, Johanneg,
W; k, from Itotterdarn—Friends. --, from Palermo and Cork—
Johanna Gezina, itrawe, from lirake—Angelina, Shunting, from Am-
sterdam—Julie, Mulenbroek. from Ostend.

Tim Jean Van Eyck, Cornehsse. hence.ofTthingeness, for Ostend,
British Union; Storm : and .%lonk, Monk, hence, at Leghorni
.Litiming Osborne. hence, at Patras.
arnick% Brewer, hence, at Math as.
Don, Morton ; and Faithful, Newsom, lence, at Cronstadt.
Mary Ford, Barton, hence oil cap Gaspee. 27th Sept.
Sancho Panza, Jones, lomee and Corfu, at Patras.
Emma, Brabyn, hence and Zante, at do.
Aurora, Tnrcan, from St Domingo. for thi, port, at Cove.
Ceres, ,danfield, from do, fur London, at do.
Competent, Taylor, hence lot Miramichi, was spoken 4th Oct. in
lat. 45 40, long.
The James and Thomas, - from Quebec for this port, was at
anchor oil the Brandy Pots, 2 st Sept.
The Phoenix, Bone, bound to this port, put back to Calcutta 15th
June. leaky.
The A zores, ( packet) Hayes, from Maltica at Gibraltar, with damage,
having struck ou Lisbe Bock, bound to this port.

Nowri-issirToNsnies..—The great rouse' valve oinner for
the town and county of Notthamlton took place in Northamp-
ton On Friday. If anything, were wanting to prove the great
extent to which the principles of conservatism have spread in
this county, in common wi,h almost every other county in Eng-
hind, it would be only necessary to point attention to the great
assemblage of rank, wealth, intelligence, and respectability
which congregated at this dinner. Nevi,r did we witness a more
splendid affair, or a mitre fervid demonsti etion in favour of any
principle than that displayed by every one present. The dinner
Was heal at the George Hotel, end although the room, which is
albupwards of 700 persons, was crammed to
suffocation
onf
yetst soil there was not anything like sufficient ac-
ccu'igumet 'tion containing
for those who were anxious to be present at this
splendid political banquet. The consequence was that between
200 end 300 persons were obliged dine in other rooms in the
hotel. The appearance of the banquet-room was most imposing.
Over the chair were the arms of Mr. Cartwright, opposite to
which, and immediately surmounting the vice-chair were those
of Mr. C. Ross, the member fur the town. The Uuiou Jack
and the British Standard waved gracefully over each chair. In
the centre of the room were the arms of Lord Brudenell, while
at either end were banners having the words "Chuich and
King," "King and Coustitution," "The House of Lords,"
&e., and in different parts of the room were other banners with
.citable inscriptions. We noticed amongst the etintpaoy. to ad-
dition to the (+Human, George PliNne, of Sullty-hall; the,
the Honourable Col. Pierpoint; Sir C. Knightley, ALP.; Mr.,
Cartwright, M.P.; T. P. M.utisell, liaq., M.P.; Sir Robert
liihaua ; Sir Bost. Gullying ; t !tiny or of Northampton;. W.
T. L. Ward, Esq. ; B. EN; J. H. '1 hursby,
Thomas Lovell, Esq.. &t. Many excellent speeches
wets deliveied, and the utmost harmony prevailed during the
day.

On Monday Lord Eliot attended Wailelniiige fair, and can-
vassed the farmers there, trout whom lie obtained upwards ot
30 promises in lees than an hour. Ilia Lordship at the
ordinary, w hich was crowded. Wherever Lord Elliot appeareo
he wa,, received with the must euthusia.,tic applause.—Curnwali
Royal Gazette.