The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1838-02-09 00:00:00

FORhIGY INTELLMENCE.

SOUTH AMERICA.
PEnu.—We have advices from Peru which mention that the
republic had been divided into two states, called North and
South Peru, and that Santa Cruz had been called to the head of
the confederation. The only ports of entry for foreign vessels
were Callao, Heranchaco, and Paytor. Immediately on the
arrival of it foreign vessel, the captain must present his mani-
fest in his own language, expressing the marks and numbers
of the packages, weight of the articles in bulk, and burden of
the vessel, for which a period of tour hours is al:owed from the
time of boarding. Anv excess foiled on board above the quan-
tity manifested is subject to confiscation it it exceed 5 per cent.,
and, if less than 5 per cent., double duties on such excess gill
be charged. Those articles which will be admitted free of duty
are coal, maps, and charts, quicksilver, prints, and books of in-
struction in drawing, natural and scientific curiosities, globes,
presses and other printing materials, instruments for mining,
tools of trade imported by artisans for their own use, surgical
and mathematical instruments, tombstones, stills and machi-
nery, gold Awl silver in bars, dust, or coin, parcels of plants,
except pulse for purposes of sale, spars, paving•stones, music-
paper, and books. The following articles are prohibited :
guns, pistols, carbines, powder, indecent or immoral books and
paintings, and lead except shot and in sheets. Vessels are to
pay 11l dollars port duties on anchorage, and two reals per ton
provided they land or load cargo. Whale ships are exempt
from paving tonnage dues, unless they discharge goods over the
value 4.205 dollars.

MExico.—We have further acconots from Mexico. A slight
earthquake had occurred there on the 28th Nov.; it lasted five
minutes, but was productive of no serious injury. The minister
of the interior had issued instructions to the governments of the
departments to employ every means to suppress the abuses tx-
isting in the liberty of the press, to prosecute and punish all
those who use the press as a medium fur circulating sedition and
disturbing the tranquillity of the country. The Apaches still
continued to ravage toe country of Chihichua. The inhabitants
of Huejohlan assembled their forces, and, headed by Dr. M.
Ruiz, a justice of the peace, advanced to meet them. The action
was sauguinary and protracted; but, finally, the Mexicans were
overwhelmed with numbers and compelled to tly, leaving a large
number of their forces dead upon the field, among others their
commander and several respectable citizens. The survivors
had applied to the prefect of Baliza for additional troops.
BRAZIL.—By advises from Rio Janeiro we learn that the
new government had-been 'very energetic, and that public con-
fidence was much restored. Money was abundant, and the
ministry were active in fitting out an expedition against Bahia,
and it was confidently expected that the reinforcement of troops
would soon change the aspect of things there. The market at
Rio Jaueiro was overstocked with ordinary hysen teas, Lut
good tea was wanted. The supplies of coffee had been abund-
ant, but generally of ordinary quality. Freight continued high.
No vessels remained for charter. Specie was in demand at
full prices. The stock of coffee to the middle of November was
15,000 bags.

GLASGOW CONSERVATIVE OPERATIVES'

ASSOCIATION.

( From the Scottish Guardian.)
It will not be expected that the feport of a society like the
present, and least of all when it has completed but the first
year of its existence, should contain either fulness or diversity
of detail. The objects which the association proposed for itself
are few and simple, and its operations will be less observed in
their silent progress than in their gradual results. The primary
object of its projectors was to establish a rallying point for the
friends of the constitution amongst the working classes in this
city, and thus to unite their moral and political influence in the
• defence of those great constitutional principles, which other
sections of the working classes were combined to subvert. It
was a new experiment in Scotland. It originated in the spon-
taneous feelings of the working classes themselves. It has been
upheld and promoted by their unaided exertions; and it has
been followed with success that has surpassed their expectations,
that pledges them to persevere in their efforts, and that en-
courages them to hope for increasing prosperity and usefulness.

DECLARATION OF PitINCIDELS.

The fundamental principle of our union we presume to state
in terms which have been exclusively arrogated by politicians
of another school:—We are of opinion that the end and aim_
of government should be to promote "the greatest possible
happiness of the greatest possible number." These lawilar and
simple words, however they have been misapplied, we conceive
to be expressive of a principle that lies at the basis of the Divine
administration both in the physical and moral world. Philoso-
phers tell us that the common result of the disposal of the irra-
tional creation is and ever has been, the greatest posible amount
of animal enjoyment_to
,the greatest number of individual., ;
and a higher and purer philosophy has disclosed to us what
human sagacity has failed to discover, that the object in the
creation of man was, that he might honour and enjoy his Crea-
torlere, prepatory to the perfection of his enjoyment hereafter.
We conclude, then, that the nearer the type of human govern-
ments—the government of families, the government of com-
munities, and the government of nations—is approximated to
the benevolent genius of the Divine administration, the greater
will be the amount of-virtuous enjoyment to the individuals and
to the commonwealth. Bat while we borrow the expressions,
" the greatest possible happiness of the greatest possible num-
ber," we repudiate the principles they have been employed to
convey. \Ve go back for a just construction of tbem'to the
elder philosophy—to the times of philosophers who exploded
" popular fallacies" which are as old as human nature, ages
before the world dreamt of the advent of Jeremy Bentham—of
poets who sung the praises of rational liberty, and chaunted the
dirge of the tyrant, centuries before licentiousness was mis-
placed fur the one, and the owner of the soil for the other, by a
poetical fiction of the Curn-Law Rhymer—of prophets and
seers who penetrated the future with a keener glance, and fore-
saw the regeneration of a lost world through another vista, than
my Lord Brougham—of philanthropists who laboured to restore
the moral and intellectual glory of mankind, by disseminating
higher arid more substantial principles than those of the Society
for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Long before the age of
a heartless and unprincipled Utilitarianism, there teas an eastern
monarch distinguished more by his wisdom than even by his so-
vereignty over a great and privileged people--the only man in the
history of the world who ever had the option of his own destiny,'
and perhaps the only man who, with such a choice conceded to
him, would, in preference to power, and riches, and long life,
have said, " Give use wisdom and knowledge!"—a man who
cultivated science and and the elegant arts, and studied the philo-'
sophy of mind and matter—who devoted Zbe quiet of a peaceful
reign to the search after iliegreatgood,aud made experiments upon
his theories on a scale of regal magnificence, denying his eyes to
no idesire, and withholding not his heart from any joy. But
his labours and his gratifications resulted iu disappointment
and vanity, till the light of eternal truth was revealed to his
mind ; and he closed the record of invqatigations, which are as
instructive as they are singular, with this memorablecorollary--'
"Let us hear the conclusion, of the whole matter? Fear God,,
and keep his commandments, for this is the whole duty of man;"
—his whole duty, and by.necessarveonsequence,his whole in-
terest, and his whole happiness here, as a, preparation for a
state of happiness perfect in its nature and infinite in its dura-
tion hereafter. Now this is a principle of the soundest experi-
mental philosophy, and what is of more importance, it is a prin-
ciple of Divine Revelation. And if it be the case, that the
true interests of individuals and c'ornmunities are exclusively
dependent upon the practical application of this principle, then
are we entitled to assume that the Government of a nation will
diffuse the greatest amount of happiness amongst the greatest
amount of population, by instituting and maintaining a provi-
sion for the instruction of its subjects in their duty to God, suf-
ficient for their p,reshit, and expanding with their future neces-
sities. In other Word's; we regard it as the first duty of the state
to institute, aad the paramount duty of the state to maintain a
national chnrch for the religious instruction of the people, and
national schools for the intellectual and religious education of
their cicildren. We, therefore, adhere cordially and devotedly
to the Church of Scotland, whose parochial machinery—its mi-
nisters, elders, deacons, and schoolmasters—we have seen to be
entirely fitted to the religious, moral, and intellectual wants of
a people; and we have pledged ourselves to promote, to the
utmost of our power, its extension and adaptation to the rapidly
increasing necessity of the country.
We plead then, with our rulers, that prior to all farther poli-
tical reforms, they shall begin with a moral reformation. We
presume to tell them, that so long as they are prosecuting poli-
tical. to the neglect of moral reforms, they are applying their
remedies to the wrong end of the evil—they are attempting to
sweeten the stream, while the fountain is impregnated with
deadliest poison. Let them once convincelhe working-classes
that their circumstances are to be ameliorated by a succession
of political changes, and they will sow the wind to reap the
wliirlwind. If they are desirous—and we are sure they are—to
preserve the state, and promote the welfare of the community,
let them invigorate the institutions that once exereised a moral
influence upon the national mind, which rendered the people of
Scotland the best conditioned in- the world. The institutions
remain; but the overgrowth of the population has left them
stunted and dwarfed. " Stands Scotland where she did ?"
I,Vhileour rulers are urging forward political measures in rapid
succession, let them pause for a moment, and turn their eyes to
the social disorganization of a large proportion of the working
classes of Glasgow; and let them ask themselves if their laws
will ever make a people moral, or contented, or free ? They will
find a ready answer in the conduct of individuals who are poli-
tical reformers to a man, and who, while clamouring loud and
long for political freedom, were themselves swaying a despot-
ism over their fellow-men as dismal and atrocious a tyranny
ever devised. Statesmen may give us charters and re-model
our constitution, and legislators may swell the statute-book with
enactments but what are these to a depraved state of society?
Let statesmen and legislators unite in providing the country
with the means of elevating, the moral and economical princi-
ples of the working classes, and they will strike at the root of
the evil they seek to remedy. Let them furnish us wit h •the
means a making virtuous and intelligent nAn, and we shall re-
pay the boon with orderly and contented citizens.
Next to our religious and educstional establishments, we value
the British constitution, with which they are inseparably con-
nected : and while we deprecate all changes which should tend
to weaken the influence of any one of the constituent branches
of the legislature, we are desirous to see every judicious amend-
ment introduced into the various departments of administra-
lion.

We dissent from the advocates of an extension of the suffrage,
although we might ourselves be invested with the political franh-
chise, to'. the event of such a measure being carried. But the
introduction of even a ten pound qualification. according to the
admission of its promoters, verged to a perilous extent on the
vital principles of the constitution; and while we are in-
clined to believe that the franchise is in safe keeping, and that
the constituency will generally exereisetheir privilege with pru-
dence and caution, we are persuaded that it. would be dangerous
in the extreme to make any further reduction of the qualifica-
tion. For ourselves, we are not indifferent to so important a
political trust; but instead of endeavouring, to bring the fran-
chise down to our own level, ttshall be our study rather to ele-
vate ourselves to the level of the franchise. And when we
attain that elevation, we shall nether be afrail nor ashamed to
tender our votes fur the church anti the constitution, without
entrenching ourselves in the cowardly retreat of the ballot.
These are some of the principles on which we were associated,
and we invite' the workmen of Glasgow who think and feel in
common with us, to make the same sacrifices with ourselves,
and unite with us in disseminating them among the working
classes. We would infinitely prefer the retirement of domestic
life to the destruction and excitement of political discussion ;
and we yield only to a strong sense of duty, when we come be-
fore the public to assert our opinions, and to seek to promulgate
them. But our interests are identified with the maintenance of
our institutions; and we shall do our best to preserve them.
Humble as is our position in society, we feel that we are the-
descendants of great ancestors. and the legatees of great privi-
leges—an.l let burning shame descend upon the men of this ge-
tmration, if they shrink from the defence of the sacred and civil
institutions, which have been bequeathed to them by patriots
and martyrs, as their dearest birthright.
WILLIAM KEDDtE, Secretary.

Lord Brougham still calls Lord Glenelg his noble frit nd ;
but it must be admitted, uses him in the same breath- roost
ignobly.
The late Bishop of Sndor and Man was the Right, Rev. W.
Ward. D. D., prebendary, Salisbury. and rector pi Great
Horkesley, Essex. He sm•ceeded the present Bishop of Ro-
chester, in 1837, who had filled the see from 1813.

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TOWN COUNCIL PROCEEDINGS.

n E.LIVER

The first quarterly meeting of the council was held on Wed-
nesday. '
The Deputy Town Clerk opened the proceedings by reading
over the minutes of the last meeting.

'{'_. '.