The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1854-01-24 00:00:00

TUESDAY MORNING, JAN. 24, 1854.

but involving as deep and difficult considerations as can
challenge the minds and consciences of Christian men. I
find it impossible to detach from punishment the Idea of
retribution. The retribution which I mean is the con-
viction, brought home to the conscience of the offender by
such pain and coercion as are compatible with humanity,
that he cannot and shall not break the laws of the land
with impunity, inasmuch as crime assuredly, When detected,
entails punishment. Were it, indeed, to be supposed
otherwise, were laws denuded of all that gives them life
and force, they would become mere dead letters, and society
be speedily crushed beneath the foot of fraud and•miolence.
It may be gathered from what I have said, that the main
end of human punishment is the prevention :of future
crime; not only by the detected offender, but •by others
who may witness, or hear of, this detection and punish-
ment. Thus, in decreeing and awarding punishment, both
legislator and judge ought to have their eye on-two parties
—the criminal, and the by-stander. While Tepudiating
the idea of vengeance or vindictiveness, however, let us
not forget that we have to deal with one who has actually,
and perhaps repeatedly, violated the laws essential for the
protection of society ; and who stands altogether on a dif-
ferent footing from him who has not done so, but, on the
contrary, deserves well of society for the noble constancy
with which he has resisted temptation, enduring the keen
pangs of want, amidst surrounding plenty. The former
we regard with pity, largely tinctured with sternness ;
the latter with a warm and admiring sympathy. I would
la; it down, therefore, not only as imprudent, but a posi-
tive wickedness, to inflict the slightest degree of punish-
ment more than suffices to ensure the attainment of the
salutary ends proposed ; and this not only bees:age we, in
doing so, exceed the authority delegated to us by -the Su-
preme law-giver, but because we may brutalize the
offender; we are like to extinguish every spark of com-
punction that may yet smoulder within him, and, unhap-
pily, convert a criminal into a victim. It is the glory of
our age that our criminal legislation is becoming yearly
actuated by a more humane spirit. It is a vast experi-
ment that we are making on human nature ; but still, as
I said on taking my seat in this place, mercy and justice
must reflect each others rays, or neither deserves its name.
The practical problem is, how so leniently to administer
the criminal law, as not to encourage, perhaps I might
say even tempt, the commission of crime ' • for there are
brutal natures whom nothing but a rod of iron can sub-
due and keep in awe—on whom lenity is thrown away,
and is as foolish and mischievous as severity is often cruel
and even criminal. Suppose a youth should come before
us with some eight, ten, or twelve previous convictions for
felony, and other offences, as it were suspended from his
neck in miserable profusion. Should such an one stand
at the bar, and be found guilty, what, as matters at pre-
sent stand, is to be done with him ? Am Ito render the
administration of justice ridiculous, that bar contemptible,
and ourselves laughing-stocks, by passing a light sentence,
quickly ensuring his return to us again and again, worse
and worse ? Are we not, rather, from the past to judge
the future ? and that if we go on as we have begun, in
weak dalliance with duty, so he will be only serving a
longer apprenticeship to crime ! He, whose heart is
even most thoroughly suffused with the spirit of
Christianity, and who would freely forgive a personal
injury as often as it is inflicted, stands clothed with
a sacred trust, when charged with the protection of
society, by vindicating the authority of its laws ; and is
called upon faithfully to discharge a different class of
duties—to be just and fear not. But I will tell you how
the noble spirit of Christian humanity would influence
such an one : it would make him see in the offender before
him, through the. thick black haze of guilt, one to be re-
claimed ; feeling that to treat him as irreclaimable, is to
make him such ; and, in so doing, entail, on those doing
so, a fearful amount of guilt in the eyes of him whose
mercies we, ourselves, would fain experience every moment
of our lives. Such an one as I speak of would not expend
the force of his convictions on sentimental expressions, or
desultory efforts, but on actions regulated by untiring
patience and prudence. He would look, with true Sama-
ritan eye, on every youthful delinquent as a brand to be
plucked out of the burning; and for that purpose would
not be too nice or fearful in approaching the flame. He
would say.—l regard your acts as evidence of a vicious
habit of mind : and a very little of this reflection would
startle him by suggesting the question " How was that
habit first acquired ?" And by and by he would feel the
humbling conviction that, to a large extent, he himself, as
a member of the community, was responsible for the guilt
before him, and would say with some of old, we are verily
guilty concerning our brother ! And so indeed, in these
times, the voice of God is loudly telling us we are • and if
we neglect that voice, let us well beware ! The con-
sequences may be equally serious, individually and
nationally. Let us not deceive ourselves, but each ask
himself what have I done, individually, to abate
this crying and alarming evil of juvenile delin-
quency ? To arrest this cancerous taint, fast eating
its way to the very vitals of the community ?
I repeat it, prevention is better than cure ; and that pre-
vention is to be successfully sodght for only in religious
education. This is the mighty lever to which every one
of us can put his hand, with wfiat vigour he may, and
with the approving eye of God upon him. Why do we
so anxiously and with such effort and sacrifice educate our
own children ? For the very reason why we ought to
assist,—l say very advisedly, assist the poor in educating
theirs. Do not mischievously supersede their own efforts,
but tell them to put their own shoulders to the wheel, and
then aid them vigilantly and discreetly. I have tried to
explain the views on which I act, with circumspect
anxiety, in awarding punishment, from this seat of justice ;
each particular case standing on its own merits, as dis-
closed, at the time, to him charged with the serious re-
sponsibility of dealing with it, and possessing the best
means of information concerning it. No one in this court
feels more acutely than I do, for those with whom it is
my. stern duty to deal most severely ; and with reference
to Juvenile offenders, I sometimes think, as I look at them
from this chair, would that your profligate and abandoned
parents stood in your place ! And let us hope that the
legislature may presently find some means of dealing with
them, directly and effectively, so laying the axe at the
root of the tree. Gentlemen, my conduct in this seat,
my acts and motives, have been entirely misapprehended
—and that far and wide : God forbid that I should say
intentionally, but precipitately. It may not signify much,
perhaps, to any who hear me, but my feelings have been
pained, not a little, by the way in which I have seen
myself spoken of—compelled myself to be silent—in
different parts of the kingdom, by those who were entirely
mistaken as to facts. But believe me, gentlemen, my
heart is a stranger to resentment ; and I know how to
put a liberal construction on the motives and intentions of
those who, I think, have dealt rather hardly with mine.
If I can do nothing more in this seat, I will at least try,
to show obedience to the divine precept, let your modera-
tion be known unto all men. 0, gentlemen, let not us
worms be too anxious about the opinions of our fellow
worms; but all of us seek the guidance of an enlightened
conscience, in the discharge of whatsoever duties we have
cast upon us."

OUR MANUFACTUREV. G SUPREMACY

IN DANGER.

Tun strike and lock-out, in which unfortunate and ruin-
ous contest the masters and operatives of Preston -and
other quarters have been for so long a period engaged,
continues to rage with unabated violence, as yet offering
no sign of capitulation on either side. In such a strife
the evils inflicted on both sides are too important and
momentous to allow of gratulation on the indomitable
spirit evinced by each party, otherwise the unflinching
resolution displayed might call forth expressions of very
lively commendation• On a recent occasion we showed,
on the authority of one of the most formidable league in-
struments, the nefarious means resorted to by COBDEN,
BRIGHT, and the other leading stars of the league, for ear-
rying the objects of their gigantic conspiracy into effect.
At the annual meeting of the Commercial Association,
held in Manchester, on Tuesday last, the chairman, in al-
luding to the strikes, incidentally showed that the chief
advantages promised by the leaders of that movement had
proved entirely nugatory. He stated that " there is a
close contest between the masters of this country and
those of America, and of Germany, France, and Switzer-
land, and many other countries, for the possession of the
market." We all remember that the League, the " great
fact," as it was called, of the day, told us, in hundreds of
forms, that if we would agree to take our corn, and other
agricultural requirements, from the Americans and from
our continental neighbours, those corn-growing people,
abandoning all desire for so unprofitable an employment
of industry as manufactures, would attend exclusively to
agriculture, in order that they might have sufficient pro-
duce to meet our necessities. Gratitude and interest,
we were also told, would combine in making them willing
customers for our manufactures in exchange for their raw
produce. This operation of reciprocal interests, we were
likewise informed, would secure for us unfailing abund-
ance—cheap food—and a continual demand for manufac-
turing labour ; it was also to defend us against the effects
of any sort of rivalry, but that which would arise among
oar continental and transatlantic friends, as to who should
enjoy the privilege of serving us cheapest and best. Alas
for theoretical lore and a priori reciprocity ! Mr. As-
TIN.L.L TURNED tells us that all these excellent customers
are fast arranging themselves into active competitors for
possession of our markets, and facts bear out his asser-
tions. Food has not been rendered uniformly plenty, nor
permanently cheap—the prices of provisions of all kinds
have risen so much without any corresponding rise in
wages, that even the usually submissive agricultural la-
bourers have been goaded into a temporary rebellion,
while' the more excitable operatives of the manufacturing
districts have entered into such an organization for a com-
pulsory augmentation of wages as threatens to annihilate
the staple manufacture of the kingdom. All this, be it
remembered, has been brought about by those who, seek-
ing only their own aggrandisement, yet assuming the
garb and the language of patriotism, raised the deceptive,
though captivating, cry of free trade, from the operations
of which, however, they carefully guarded their own in-
terests.

This pseudo free trade has been established, and what
have been its results ? Distress and misery have thinned
the ranks of our agricultural population, thousands upon
thousands of whom have become involuntary exiles.
Thousands of those dependant upon the possession of
colonial property have been irretrievably ruined. Manu-
facturing operatives are in a state of open war against
their employers ; agricultural labourers' have been driven
into insurrection from inability to earn bread. Who has
gained by the system which has brought about this wide-
spread anarchy ? The League has obtained the glory of
having brought into practical operation the behests of an
illusory and chimerical theory, at an expense which
threatens its own order with extermination. Foreigners
have been enabled to palm their raw produce upon us for
such an amount of our gold as enables them to rival us
in manufactures, while ruining our agriculturists. One,
and only one, direct and tangible benefit can be traced in
Britain from the confusion and sacrifices by which this
state of matters has been brought about—Connsx has re-
ceived £70,000 in hard glittering golden sovereigns, as
his share of pickings from the spoil. True, it was called
a national testimonial. What share was taken by a disin-
terested gentleman, named RICITARD Cosnws, in getting
up that testimonial, is clearly enough shown byMr. ALE-A-
ANDER SoMERVILLE ably-written pamphlet on the
Cobdenic policy.
Averse as we are to placing reliance on free trade
oracles, we cannot disguise from ourselves the unwelcome
fact, that they have successfully earned for themselves the
character of being truthful in their prognostications of
evil—no interest has hitherto been threatened by them
with ruin.which has not been visited by at least severe
privation. Let, then, the manufacturers be on their
guard, the evil day must be upon them when they are
menaced in the croackings of these birds of evil omen.

THE RECORDER OF HULL AND

JUVENILE CRIME.

FOR some time past SAMUua WARREN, Esq., Q.C.,
Recorder for the borough of Hull, has been subjected to
the penalty inflicted upon great minds by little ones, and
has expiated the offence of daring to think and act in-
dependently of coteries by sustaining an amount of per-
sonal misrepresentation, such as has seldom fallen to the
lot of one so distinguished in the profession which he
adorns. At the autumn sessions for the borough of Hull,
it became the unwelcome duty of Mr. WARREN to pass
sentence upon a juvenile culprit, and that sentence, we
are bound by all that is known of his public and private
character, to believe was, in his judgment, suitably appor-
tioned to the gravity of the offence it was meant to punish.
Some parties—well-meaning men they might no doubt be,
although it would be a stretch of credulity towards them to
suppose they were equally acquainted with the case, in all
its bearings, as was the judge who tried it—entertained a
different view, and used every means to represent Mr.
WARREN'S judgment as harsh and overstrained. So
active, indeed, was theii zeal in this line of operation,
that, by one means or another, they succeeded in inducing
the HOME SECRETARY greatly to abridge the allotted
term of imprisonment, and also to abate one of the sternest
features of the punishment. A course of proceeding so
unusual was felt by his friends to be an act •of grave im-
putation against the learned Recorder, which their know-
ledge of his humane feeling forbade them to acquiesce in ;
while his enemies saw in it sufficient ground for very un-
seemly rejoicing. A much more extensive section of the
public, however, saw only in that implied censure the in-
terference of authority with the administration of criminal
law, such as nothing but the most unquestionable perver-
sion of justice could call for, and the clearest evidence
warrant. Somehow, few people appeared to consider that
these two conditions of interference had been fully com-
plied with, and hence a very unpleasant state of matters
was felt to exist. A judge, whose personal humanity was
not more undoubted than it was and is unimpeached, was
held up to the community as having, in his judicial capa-
city, acted with such undue severity as to call for a practical
reproof of painful and damaging pungency, while no step
was taken to remove him from that office, or to restrict him
in the exercise of those powers which, by implication, he
was thus declared to have abused. Such was the ano-
malous and cruel position in which Mr. Wenuirs was
placed, till the opening of the Hull Epiphany sessions,
when he embraced the opportunity of vindicating his per-
sonal and judicial character, and, at the same time, of
unfolding the philosophical and philanthropic reasonings
by Which he had been actuated on the occasion in ques-
tion; In his address to the grand jury, he, with much
feeling, as well as delicacy and dignity, discussed the ques-
tion of punishments, and their relations to crime, and
defended the course of action he had followed. From a
lengthened and very temperate address we give the fol-
lowing abbreviated remarks

The views thus temperately and feelingly promulgated ;
the sentiments so eloquently expressed, are in every respect
worthy of the high moral purity and circumspect dignity
of the bench. Alike removed from arrogance, and dis-
daining servility, the position assumed and maintained by
Mr. WARREN on this painful and trying occasion is credit-
able to his feelings as a man and a Christian, and to his
temper and judgment as one appointed to wield the awe-
inspiring sword of justice.

NOTES, NOTICES, AND OPINIONS.

BY .TOITANICES BIISTICVS.

XVIII. CAIIILL REBUKED.-Dr. Cahill having suc-
ceeded, by his writings and lectures, in bringing on himself
the most profound contempt of all English Protestants—
as evinced by the almost total silence of the English press
—and probably mistaking the cause of this silence—has,
by his last insane epistle, drawn on himself a castigation
from a quarter whence he probably least expected it,
namely, from a priest of his own church. The Rev. Mr.
Walford, in a letter to the Catholic Standard, condemns;
in the most unqualified manner, the " false statements,' '
" the reckless and uncharitable assertions which Dr.
Cahill, a priest of the Catholic Church, is not ashamed to
utter against the Protestant clergy." After exposing
the falsehood of some of Dr. Cahill's "reckless assertions,"
respecting the University of Oxford, Mr. Walford goes on
to say, " I protest, by all that I hold most sacred, against
his assertion that the Anglican clergy ' learn in college the
science of iniquity, and not of grace,' and I do so first,
because it is wholly opposed to facts; and, secondly, be-
cause such rash and wicked assertions tend to widen the
unhappy breach which severs us from our former friends?'
Dr. Cahill should take this hint, and veil the spirit of
Maynooth and the inquisition for the present, acknow-
ledging the correctness of Mr. Walford's remark, that he
" would be doing equal service by tending some of the
church's children in our semi-heathen towns, [Liverpool
to wit,] as by delivering fierce controversial lectures, and
writing letters of ignorant and unchristian invective."
XIX. BEGGING Mozors.—Does the bankrupt state of
the Pope's exchequer account, in any way, for the hordes
of begging priests and monks who have been infesting
Liverpool for the last twelve months, levying their black
mail on every one over whom they can bring the least
Influence to bear ? These long-coated mendicants are
known, in the true style of begging impostors, to thrust
themselves into the dwellings and private offices of Pro-
testant gentlemen, dodge them backwards and forwards,
in and out, and pester them with tales of Roman Catholic
churches, Roman Catholic schools, Christian brothers, Sis-
ters of Mercy, starving poor, and every variety of charitable
objects, until they succeed in extracting a donation from their
persecuted victim, when they retire to their " presbytery,',
and send out another of the gang, to go the same round.
Are the police regulations of no avail against these sturdy
impostors ?

re r.•
aince I last sat here, circumstances
opinion with which you are
familiarin m
have arisen, not only justifying but
requiring some observations froncan
Recorder,
eerothis occasion :for
my acts and opinions, as your
Re
and widely challenged, and those imputed to tn have been suddenly n
deliberately disclaim. The administration of
which I
f justice in
this place requires great care and circumspection.
reason is, that the inhabitants of Hull are characterised by
The
a lively and watchful interest in the administration of
justice, and I honour them for being so, frankly avowing
that in my opinion the sterner the scrutiny the more saln' =
tary for the judge, and consequently for the public. The
only condition I would impose is, that of candour, and
carefully ascertaining facts. I am one of those who, while
utterlyowna unmoved by. any amount of popular clamour, yet
that __cordial allegiance to public opinion—especially to
then' a great Christian community. I think it right
, eHPeciall
thily and,
a__.y as the public mind is at this moment wor-
and punish7teKli!slY addressed to the great subject of crimes
fluency—to explain briefly
especially to that of juvenile delin-
criminal jurisprudence on
what are the fixed principles of
acted, in this court, ne.w 9n which I act, and have hitherto
criminals. / am
anxiietusn reference especially to youthful
place, that henceforth you Pnblicly to state them, from this
ande
root of the whole matter
I, at least, should not mis-
understand each other. Th
with which we have now to deal lies in the word punish-
t; a word representing a visible and ordinary reality,

XX. BRIBERY.—What is the moral distinction between
bribing a man by promising him " cheap bread," and
handing him five shillings to buy it ? Answer : None, as
to bribery; but as to the mode, much. In the former
case, the briber puts his hand into other peoples' pockets ;
in the latter, he puts it honourably into his own !

PUBLIC TESTIMONIALS.—The following Medical Men,
Gentlemen, and others, have given voluntary testimonials to
cures effected in cases of Bronchitis, Asthma, Coughs, Colds,
&c., by BRANDE'S BRONCHIAL SEDATIVE:—M. Michea, the
eminent French Physician ; John Thompson, Esq., 63, Eng-
lish-street, Armagh ; Major Sheppard, Victoria Cottage, Rom-
ford; Thomas Richard, Hill Top, West Bromwich; David
Goodridge, Portfield, near Havertordwest ; William Davies,
Dolgelly ; William Hill, 48, Northampton-street, Clerkenwell ;
Eliza Woodley, Gibbon's-street, Plymouth • Mary Rogers,
Dark-street, Haverfordwest ; J. Wilcox, 14, Wilson-street,
Stepney; Mrs. Sherwood, Brampton Brian, Ludlow, and a
host of others. This Medicine is sold by nearly all Chemists,
or can be obtained through all the Agents for Brande's
Enamel.

THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD, AND GENERAL COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER.

Azoff arrived here two days ago. They are the descend-
ants of the Cossacks who, under the command of Stenko-
Razine and Ihmet-Ne-Krassa, fought against Russia under
the reign of Catherine I. They wished to preserve their
religion and their independence. Overcome by the nume-
rical foree of their adversaries, they retired on the Kuban,
and there entered into a fresh struggle with the Musco-
vites, in conjunction with the Khan of the Tartars of the
Crimea. Conquered a second time, they, took refuge at
Anapa, from whence they were compelled to move and
come completely into Turkey. The Cossacks of the Kuban
have always fought with courage for Turkey, and the
Sultans have in gratitude given them standards and arms,
which they preserve, and show as trophies of their
services and of their military glory. These Cossacks have
arrived at Constantinople fully equipped at their own
expense, and they have their old standards with them.
Amongst them are descendants of the Yessimoffs, the
Orloffs, 'Massa's, Yefremoffs, Bontouks, Hohols. and
other noble families of the Cossacks of the Don. They are
to march in three days for the camp at Schumla, with the
Cossacks already organised here by Mehemed Sadyk Pacha.
The flag of the two corps will be white and red, with the
crescent on the red, and the cross on the white."
VIENNA, DIIIREIDAY.—The instructions to the admirals
of the French and English vessels are—To salute Russian
vessels; to warn them to return to a Russian port; to ac-
company Turkish vessel to different Turkish ports ; to
cruise off the Turkish coasts ; to avoid all collision with
Russian vessels, and to prevent the same between the bel-
ligerents; not to approach the Russian coast; and, if at-
tacked by Russians, to act simply on the defensive. The
Trieste Zeitung reports a Russian fleet of 24 sail to be
before Batoum. The English fleet in the Euxine consists
of 10 ships of the line, 7 steamers, and 1 frigate.

A telegraphic despatch from Berlin brings intelligence
from St. Petersburg to the 14th instant, and is to the
effect that the Emperor of Russia has determined on
giving a very decided reply to the English and French
notes, and that it will be sent through the Russian Ambas-
sadors at London and Paris. The despatch adds that
there is every reason to believe that the Czar has rejected
the , Vienna proposals, as quite incompatible with his
dignity.
Another telegraphic despatch has just reached us (3
o'clock) from Vienna, confirming the above, and it is de-
clared that it may-be implicitly relied on as forming the
declaration of the Czar. The despatch says :
" The Vienna propositions, besides being incompatible
with the Emperor's dignity, only serve to divert attention
from the real question at issue between Russia and the
Porte, and they are, therefore, unconditionally rejected.

*To prove, hoWever, that he is still inclined to treat,
the Emperor has appointed Prince Gortschakoff his Pleni-
potentiary ; and to him the Porte has to apply whenever
it is inclined to negociate. Such a step on the part of the
Porte will, however, be useless should it act under the
erroneous impression that the Emperor will depart from
any condition laid down by Prince Menschikoff.
" Any Plenipotentiary by the Porte must be provided
with a firman, in which it is specified that the Porte, con-
sidering the present difference to be exclusively between
Russia and itself, acknowledges that it must be settled
between those two powers alone."
Despatches from Bucharest state that on the 12th inst.
the Russians repulsed, after a short engagement, an
attempt of the Turks to cross over to the left bank of the
Danube, by Kalarash, with 2,000 men. On the same day
1,200 Russian infantry, 200 Cossacks, and 700 Moldavian
workmen passed over in boats from Galatz to the Turkish
side, and began to clear the island before Galatz of the
trees and rushes. --

VIBNNA, JAY. 18.—Letters from Krajova, dated the 14th
instant, mention that since the 10th the Turks had not
quitted Kalafat and the neighbouring villages, while the
Russians have not made any movement since. The gar-
rison of Krajova, which marched on the 7th for the Danube,
had returned on the 10th, without having taken part in
any of the combats.
The whole cm's of General Aurep was concentrated in
Lesser Wallachia, and it was believed that Prince Gorts-
chakoff had established his head-quarters at Pojana. The
Hospodars of Moldavia and Wallachia have refused the
pension which the Czar had offered them, and protest
against the Russian usurpation.
VIENNA, SATURDAY EVENING.—EarIy on the 12th of
January General Engelhardt, with a corps of 2,000 men
crossed the Danube from Galatz and burnt two Turkish
villages.
Five battalions had embarked to cross the river and to
support him.

The spot where the Russians crossed lies between Mats•
chin and Isaktcha•

Up to eight o'clock on the evening of the 12th not a shot
had been heard in intimation that the Turks had attacked
the invaders.

At Reni, on the left bank of the Pruth, at its junction
with the Danube, the Russians had made preparations for
a speedy passage.
The latest advices from Lesser Wallachia -left Prince
Gortschakoff at Krajova, employed in concentrating his
forces at Radovan, prior to a grand attack on Kalafat.