The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1838-10-19 00:00:00

PARLIAMENTARY OBJECTIONS.

Cons. Cons. Rads. Rads. Dup.
Wards. allow- struck allow- struck Objec- Total.
ed. out. ed. out. tion.
1. Everton and }
12 15 3 6 0 36
2. Scotland ..... 4 5 2 4 0 16
3. Vauxhall 1 3 4 13 0 21
4. St. Paul's
5. Exchange
6. Castle-street
7. St. Peter's
8. Pitt-street
9. St. George - 2 24
10 ltodney-street
11. Ahercromby 5 11 9 28 3 56
12, Lime-street 5 4 11 9 1 30
13. St. Anne's 5 4 2 8 0 19
44. West Derby 2 6 5 11 0 24
15. South Toxteth 10 31 0 7 0 48
16. North Toxteth lB 31 1 18 0 75

94 178 65 176 18 531
In the two last Wards, it is to be remarked, that out of the
number objected to by the Reformers, their valid objections
only amount to 18 in both Wards. The remainder are ac-
counted for as commissioned officers in the Excise or her
Majesty's Customs.
This remark will also apply to several of the others in dif-
ferent parts of the town, who also hold a commission in the
Customs..

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THE EXHIBITION rIINGS.

We again resume our lucubrations.

No. 18. "The Passions. From Collins's Ode." By G.
Patten, A. R. A. This is one of the chief paintings in the
exhibition, if not the chief. The idea is taken from Collins's
Ode--

" When Music, heavenly maid, was young,
While }et in early Greece she sung,
The passions oft to hear her shell,
Thronged around her magic cell.
s *
First Fear --

Next Anger -
* • * * *
With woful measure wan despair.
* * * * *
But thou, Oh Hope, with eves so fair.
* * * *

Revenge impatient rose
*

Several of our contemporaries have entered into minute cri-
ticisms on this
.painting, and it has already been greatly
scanned : there is the less need, therefore, fur us to do this.
No one will doubt of the difficulty of embodying a picture
from Collins's Ode. A poetic picture is drawn, yet with
such latitude and absence of particularity that no two
minds would conceive the same idea of it. Let the spec-
tator read the ode, and try mentally to embody what it de-
scribes, and paint in fancy the scene, forgetting Patten's
picture, and we will vouch for it, with the same description
to guide him, he will build an aerial vision far different to
this painting; and so would another man differ from him.
Having then thus established the unconfined boundary of the
description, let no man quarrel with Mr. Patten's embodi-
ment of it, because it may differ from his own idea of it. Mr.
Patten here gives us his conception. We confess, to us, that
it is not a plain tale, and that part of it we cannot understand.
A part of it, however, does well picture the ode, and for
the rest we attribute it to a poetic fancy or a painter's
license. Music, represented by a female form, appears
as described in the ode, reclining in her " magic cell,"
wrapt as it were in a soft hallucination produced by the
tones of her own sweet " shell." Fear is represented
as stalling away, a robe floating in the wind, over
him. This appears to us to be the most faulty figure
in the picture. The prominent shoulder is not according to
the symmetry of nature; it looks in tact like painted canvas.
Anger is a fine bold, symmetrical figure of a man, excited to
violent attitudes and contortions. Despair is appropriately
drawn sitting "wan" and wretched, by the side of a pool of
water, brooding on her troubles, and contemplating the placid
waters as if to seek in them oblivion from her misery. Rope,
"with eyes so fair," is an exquisitely drawn and painted fe-
male figure. advancing with a lute. -Retenge, in Vie form of
an armour clad warrior, is represented as " impatient rising."
Other exquisitely drawn and coloured female figures fill up
the centre of the painting, whose chief beauty consists in
their elegance and beautiful colouring. Much has been said
about the colouring of the characters in this painting, and
learned dispute entered into to prove that the style of colour-
ing belongs to this and to that old master. For our parts, we
give Mr. Patten credit for having chiefly studied and copied
the oldest, and only infallible master—nature. We fancy
that his sky is such an one as Guido delighted to paint, and
which we have seen in several of Guido's paintings, but
which is not the sky of nature. Whether or no Mr. Patten
is here a copiest, from a fallible copy, we will not say. We
have often been amused at the kind of veneration with which
the paintings of a Titian, a It eubens, a Raphael, or a Van-
dycke have been observed. The question has not been whe-
ther they are good paintings according to
"Nature's just standard which is still the same,"
and let that

" Your judgment frame,"
but, who are they by ? " Oh, sir, this is a Guido." "Oh !
then it must be excellent." It is taken for granted; the
thing is done; and by this silly veneration for an old master
the "judgment" is "framed" after the "standard" of Guido,
and not after that of nature. Now Guido was a fallible
painter, and moreover his excellence did not grow all at once,
but like the excellence of most other men, by patient toiling
upwards step by step, and many scores of the early
productions of Guido yet exist, and are almost adored
by their present possessors, which Guido himself—the
Guido of after years would have been heartily ashamed of.
And besides, in what consisted the secret of Guido's fame ?
Was it in some essence in the man, possessed only by him ?
No such thing. It was only in his superiority over his con-
temporaries, in faithfully copying nature, and painting her
in all her attitudes and appearances as she is. How silly
then, in a painter, when he has the original in unchanged
excellence before bin), to be content with a copy—that is, if
his ambition is excellence in his art. How silly to set up
these old masters as the standards of excellence; and how
very silly, if a painter succeeds in giving a good idea of the
original, to say that he has copied this and that old master,
because they have each given a good idea of the original.
We hate this acknowledgment of lack of genius—this shrink-
ing from grappling with nature, and hiding behind a Titian
or a Vandycke. It is as bad as the Tom Noddyism of the
lawyers, in letting a precedent be a license and permission
for any absurdity. Well then, let nature be our standard,
and let us try this picture by it, and by that shall we find out
its faults and beauties. We do not like the drawing of the
most naked of the figures, as we think it in some respects
faulty. It is, however, exquisitely painted. The drawing of '
each of the central group is superior, and the figure of Hope
is especially beautiful in form, proportion, and colouring.
As a whole, however, the painting is a very splendid one,
and a credit to the exhibition and to the town.
No. 139. "Boy and Goat."—This is one of Mrs. Sayer's
characteristic paintings. Her style of painting is a minute
copy of peculiarities, and, by correct shading, her figures
stand prominently forward on the canvass. There is, how-
ever, a poverty of colouring about them.
No. 140. "-Llangollen Mill, Denbighshire," is a tolerable
landscape painting.
No. 141. " A Landscape."-142. '" Windsor Castle—
early morning."-143. " View from Shooter's Hill."-144.
" Italian Landscape." And 145. " The Approaching
Storm," are placed too high for observation.
No. 146. " Christ blessing the bread and wine."—ls a
richly coloured painting, but is one of those matter of fact
sort of things which require little draught on the genius of
an artist.

No. 148. " Train up a child in the way he should go,"—is
faulty in more senses than one. It represents a child, at that
age when themind thinks of nothing but riding across slicks,
kite flying, and sugar candy, leaning over a big bible,, with
his grandmother over him. Till the years of thought and re-
flection come, the good example of a parent is worth all the
bible reading in the world. We know two or three saturnine
feminine specimens of little pride, " envy, hatred, and
malice, and all uncharitableness," who think they admirably
" train up their children in the way they should go," by
dosing them with tasks in the scriptures. The child reads
and thinks little, if at all, of what he reads and then sees his
mamma vexing his father with a few unamiable airs, or hears
her unreasonably scolding the servants, or enviously talking
of a neighbour, and thus gets his " training up." He re-
members the proud look, or the spiteful air, or the unbecom-
iug anger, because surrounding objects remind him of it, and
he forgets the precepts of the bible, because abstract un-
assisted thinking is not the /brie of a child. We do not like,
therefore, this notion of "training up," &c. As a painting,
it is a daub.

No. 150. " An old Fisherman, painted from the life,"—is
a clever paintiug after nature. The old fisherman is repre-
sented surrounded by the insignia of his office—baskets of
cod, &c.
No. 152. The Goatherd—Evening—ltaly,"—is a beau-
tiful glowing scene by Havell. There is an extraordinary.
and beautiful flood of light thrown over the whole painting.
Like most of Havell's productions it has been sold.
No. 153. " Bolton Abbey,"—by W. Linton, is a very
beautiful drawing, but is sketchy in finish and deficient in
colouring.

No. 154. " Ulsaater, Cumberland,"—is a pretty and well
painted little landscape.
No. 155. " View of Conniston, Cumberland—Winter,"—
is one of Pennington's winter scenes. Nearly all Penning-
ton's winter paintings are alike. '['here is a great peculi-
arity about the style, which is yet very beautiful.
No. 157. " Terrace on Richard Hill; Surrey."—This is an
extraordinarily beautiful sunset scene, on a small scale, by
Havel!. It partakes of all the beautiful glowing richness of
colouring which characterises all his paintings, but which is
• scarcely applicable to English scenery.
No. 159. " Cromwell's Troopers gambling for Church
Property in Canterbury Cathedral,"—by Charles Landseer.
A.R.A. The idea of this painting is novel. An interior of
a cathedral is represented, with a number of troopers scat-
tered about. A door, torn off its hinges, is propped up for a
table, and on it lay various rows of beads, crucifixes, &c., for
which two of the troopers are gambling. A wounded trooper
is lying asleep, with his head bound up, in one corner, and
in another, another trooper is lolling asleep on the pulpit
cushion, and a war-horse behind him is picking some oats out
of a sack. It is an exceedingly tine painting. •
No. 160. " Displaying the Catch,"—by W. F. Withering-
ton, A.R.A. This is also a superior painting, and is full of
points of character. It represents two gentlemen fishing in
a pool, who are presumed to have been successful, from a
large Leap of fine fish, " the catch," which a boy, apparently
of their party, is exultingly " displaying" to two lads, who
appear to have been unsuccessful. The elder lad; who car-
ries the rod, is surveying the catch with cool and envious
surprise: his little brother, beside him, appears to be ex-
claiming with mingled astonishment and admiration at the
sight of the fish. The whole is exceedingly well drawn, and
the colouring is judicious. It is full of points-of study, and
as an old piscator, we can pronounce the painting of the fish
to be excellent.

The peroxide of iron is said to be an efficient agent in coun-
teracting the effect of arsenic when taken into the stomach.

SUPPORTING THE PRESS.—Takins a newspaper three or.
four years, and, when dunned for the money, getting into a
pet, refusing to pay, and discontinuing the paper.—New.
York Daily Express. •
Mr. Van Amburgh's lions, which have attracted such ex-,
traordinary houses at Astley's, are engaged at Drury-lane,
and will appear there in a few days.

THE HON OURABLE DESERTER.—The scion of a noble fa-
mily who was examined some time since at Guildhall, and
subsequently tried by a court martial for desertion, has been
sentenced to three months' imprisonment, and to be branded
with the letter D.

TURNPIKE TRUSTS.—Few persons are likely to be more
seriously affected by rail-roads than the creditors (to a vast
amount) on most of the present turnpikes. What is to be-
come both of the principal and interest, are questions begin-
ning to be asked, but by no means easily answered.
ARCHERY.—These was a grand gala day of the Royal Bow-
men at Wynnsta Y, the hospitable seat of that floe old British
gentleman, Sir W. \V. Wynn, on Friday week. Nearly four
hundred guests partook of an early dinner, and were present
at the ball and supper that closed the day's proceedings, the
whole arrangements of which were such as did honour to the
goodness of heart and princely disposition of the worthy ba-
ronet.—Chester Gazette.

WRITING IN NEWSPAPERS.—A postmaster in the neigh-
bourhood informs us, that he had a letter a few days ago from
the General Postoffice, requesting him to call upon a person
with a newspaper, in which he had sent a written comuauni-
cation, and demand of £2 2s. as the postage upon it. Incase of refusal to pay that sum, he was to inform him that
the Postmaster-General would be under the necessity of pro-
secuting him for a misdemeanour, under the Ist Victoria,
c. 36, s. 5, in attempting to defraud the revenue.—Maccics-
field Courier.

EFFECTS OF HIGH PRICES.—II iS in the nature of high
prices to encourage cupidity, and when this occurs in the
article of bread, the first necessary of life, it greatly aggra-
vates the evil. In the town of Maidstone alone, it seems,
that upwards of forty bakers have been accused of _selling
bread short of weight, and it may, we fear, be too safely
inferred that Maidstone, though singular, we hope, in-the
extent of the offence, is far from standing alone in its com-
mission. Now is the time when legit juries and other
inspectors of weights and measures should be especially .on
the alert; considering that this is a subject which coucei-us
all classes of the community, but especially 11.14t_ class <whet
have the least power to help themselves. Fancy bread, of
which liabtleatonyberawteeigbhueyderast
a
would du well to inform themselves what the Nreight is which
itit a
wouldvas deal is
as no
f
they get for their money.—Morning Herald.,
wellwu used
ieit is
were. not
A
DUTIES ON SOA r.—We understand that considerablealarm
beingh
as e
sui,oasemondr
tgbltthet h
eallowancesmanufacturers,
of
the duties of excise in consequence of its
paid on soap used in certain tnanufactures and processes, as
,eacacatt.pi.s 1
Ns6l.;
lel aictll
have,afoltro.
chgeoe:ct
ahenev
dre.
rcc,eoaanssiecideortiwt
aei
i.itnhuetndhteti
hll
aat
hts tet
hsession
of Paritament. \se have, however, ascertained that the last-
mentioned act is still in force, and conhiOuet until the end of
last
set forth in 3 and 4 Win. IV, cap. 16, and continued by 5 and
o6mfeNPVntarairoiniaieN:nd..
the next session; and that general instructions have been
issued by the excise to their collectors to govern themselves
accordingly. These drawbacks will therefore continue to be
paid as heretofore, until the close of the ensuing session.

4

lottrp.

LINES INI OMPTU.
TO MASTER THONIAS. FREDERIC HASSALL.

BY ROBLRT ROSE.
( Written in Fire Illinuter.)

Thou little laughing child,
With face so fair and mild,
Who hast my time beguiled;
Thou drawest toy attention
From themes 't were vain to mention
Of Poes!!'s invention,—
To make me smile on thee,
In all thy prattling glee
Of pure simplicity !
Oh! who, dear child, can guess
One half the happiness
Tbat now thy path may bless?
Still, may thy future years,
In this dim land of tears,
Know no dark, dismal fears!
Still may thy joys increase,
And, where all troubles cease,
May'st thou descend in peace:—
Like the transcendant ray
Gilding the parting ray,
May thy life pass away !
Crosby, October, 1838.

CONTEMPORARY PRESS.

THE AFFAIRS OF SPAIN.
( From the Morning Herald.)
The ruin which seems to impend over the "liberal"
cause in Spain must suggest reflections the reverse of
comfortable to the ministry which sanctioned the em-
ployment of a band of British marauders to win gold
for English stockjobbers, at the cost of aggravating,
tenfold, all the inevitable horrors of civil wat in the
Peninsula. The schemers in this country have been
disappointed. Their patrons in the ministry have been
humbled by the progress of the Spanish struggle.
Who has forgotten the magnificent expectations that
were entertained as to the result of the contest, by the
stockjobbing advocates of "free institutions" in Spain ?
Who has forgotten Lord Palmerston's frequent predic-
tions on the subject ? The bubble has at length burst.
The cause of "free institutions" in Spain has proved
to be the cause of public robbers—of men who have
oppressed and pluudered the poor to an extent never
attempted by the most reckless tyrant whoever sat
upon that throne which is now the object of bloody
contention. The character of England has been se-
riously compromised by the disgraceful part which
General Evans and his mercenaries, with the full ap-
probation of the whig government, played in the busi-
ness ;—and the end of the whole affair promises to be
the utter overthrow of the Queen of Spain's authority
—that Queen of whom we have been, for years, as-
sured by all the • whig journals that she (as Lord
Brougham would have phrased it) " lived in the hearts
of her subjects."
Spain has reason to be sick of the champions of
"free institutions." England has reason to be sick of
the "non-intervention" foreign policy of the present
vernment! '

TO WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR, ESQ.

"Thus shall memory often in dreams sublime,
Gatch a glimpse of the days that are over;
Thus, sighing, look through the waves of time,
For the long-faded glories they cover."

Derrynane Abbey, Oct. 4, 1838.
SlR,—You wrong me much in supposing that I do not
know you. " Not to know you were to bespeak myself un-
known." • Little do you imagine how many persons besides
myself have been delighted with the poetic imaginings which
inspired those lines on one of the wonders of my fancy—the
varying sounds emitted by marine shells—
" Pleased, they remember their august abodes
And murmur as the ocean murmurs there."
Would that I had you here, to show you " their august
abode" in its most awful beauty. I could show you at noon-
tide, when the stern south-wester had blown long and rudely,
the mountain waves coming in from the illimitable ocean in
majestic succession, expending their gigantic force, and
throwing up stupendous masses of foam against the more
gigantic and more stupendous mountain-cliffs that fence not
only this, my native spot, but forms tbat eternal barrier which
prevents the wild Atlantic from submerging the cultivated
plains and high-steepled villages of proud Britain herself.
Or, were you with me amidst the Alpine scenery that sur-
rounds my humble abode, listening to the eternal roar of the
mountain torrent as it bounds through the rocky defiles of
my native glens, I would venture to tell you how I was born
within the sound of the everlasting wave, and how my
dreamy boyhood dwelt upon imaginary intercourse with
those who are dead of yore, and fed its fond fancies upon the
ancient and long-faded glories of that land which preserved
literature and Christianity when the rest of the now civilised
Europe was shrouded in the darknesS of godless ignorance.
Yet! my expanding spirit delighted in these daydreams;
till, catching from them an enthusiasm which no disappoint-
ment can embitter nor accumulating years diminish, 1
formed the high resolve to leave my native land better after
my death than I found her at my birth, and, if possible, to
make her what she ought to be— •
" Great, glorious, and free.
First flower of the earth, and first gem of the sea."
Perhaps, if I could show you the calm and exquisite beauty
of these capacious bays and mountain promontories, softened
in the pale moonlight which shines this lovely evening, till
all which during the day was grand and terrific, has become
calm and serene in the silent tranquillity of the clear night
—perhaps You would readily admit that the man who has
been so often called a ferocious demagogue, is, in truth, a
gentle lover of nature, an enthusiast of all her beauties—
" Fond of each gentle and each dreary scene,"
and catching from the loveliness as well as the dreariness of
the ocean and Alpine scenes with which he is surrounded, a
greater ardour to promote the ,good of man, in his overwhelm-
ing admiration of the mighty works of God.
Let me now proceed to answer the matters of your letter.
They are various, desultory, unconnected; something of the
disorder of unsettled poetry, and a good deal of its imagina-
tion and fiction. Sometimes you make statements, and then
again you ask questions which imply the allegation of facts
that never existed. I will follow you as well as I can, de-
ploring that a man of your talent should be so entirely igno-
rant of the real state of Ireland. You speak to me as to a
man familiar with fallacious hopes and unexpected disappoint-
ments. lam not so. My experience is of a success almost
equal to my own hopes, and beyond the expectations of those
who acted with me. lam the organ of a brave, a generous,
and, above all, a religious people. Why should I despair?
You tell me authoritatively " not to believe that, by recon-
structing a House of Commons in Ireland, I will obtain my
object." Sir, 1 place no faith in your counsel. I know as
fact, that no country ever progressed so fast and so exten-
sively in agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial pros-
perity, as Ireland did during the period that intervened be-
tween her assertion of legislative independence and its ex-
tinction. It is much safer to judge of the future from the
past than to confide in your own opinion, who seem, indeed,
to know nothing of the matter.
You next proceed to ask me, "Was there ever so desperate
a gang of scoundrels united in one confraternity as the last
Irish House of Commons ?" Your question is an indiscreet
one, but I reply to it at once. Yes—l have seen a more
desperate and despicable gang of scoundrels—of scoundrels
with infinitely less of temptation, yet infinitely more voraci-
. ous of rascality. Yes-1 have known scoundrels of so atro-
cious a description as to cant incessantly about religion—as
perpetually to boast of the purity of Protestantism and their
zeal for its maintenance, and yet to adopt, as one great mode
of sustaining their pious objects, the most gross injustice
committed through the medium of diabolical perjury!
You are, indeed, an incautious advocate of the continu-
ance of the Union ! The Irish people are entitled to have
their parliament continued, unless it has Leen extinguished
by a valid law. It is a maxim of British jurisprudence that
fraud vitiates everything. More than one act of parliament
bas been set aside for fraud by your Court of Chancery—your
Court of Conscience. You say that the Union was the act
of the most desperate gang of scoundrels that ever existed—
the proof of their scoundrelism consisting in their having
passed that very act. Can the magnanimous people of Ire-
land be bound by that desperate scoundrelism? Are the peo-
ple of Great Biitain justified in conscience, in justice, in
honour, in availing themselves of a scoundrel trick? I thank
you, good sir, for your character of the last Irish parliament,
and for giving me as a proof of that character—the Union.
Anxious as I am to avail myself of this admission, I must,
however, proclaim that you -do injustice even to the Union
llouse of Commons; for, in the first place, a majority of
the members in 1799 rejected the Union proposal; a majorityin
of the Irish members were against it even the year 1800.
But how was that majority turned into a minority? Why,
by the government, the infamous Castlereagh at its head,
purchasing up a sufficient number of the rotten boroughs,
and returning fur them Scotch and English officers and ad-
venturers. It is some comfort, at least, that it was Scotch
and English scoundrels who really carried the Union; and 1
wish you joy of being the cause of making this fact also pro-
minent.
You proceed to ask how few of the Irish House of Coin-
mons abstained from the open sale of their constituents.
You seem to be completely ignorant of the facts. Almost
all those who had constituencies refrained fruits the sale of
them. When the Union vote was carried in a house of 278
members by no greater majority than 43, the minority was
117 • and, if it had come to a casting vote, the Speaker
would' have voted with the members who composed the mi-
nority. The men who refused to sell their constituents were
thus 118 to 160. Twenty-two more Irishmen would have
rendered the Union impossible; and yet the existing 118
are confounded in your indiscriminate vituperation with the
desperate gang of scoundrels, Scotch and English, as well
as Irish, who belonged to the majority.
If you knew the history of that period, too, you would
estimate highly the virtue of the glorious majority, who with-
stood every teinptatation to barter away the rights and liber-
ties of their country. Show me any 118 Englishmen or
Scotchmen that ever resisted such unparalleled powers of in-
imidation and corruption. The pecuniary bribery alone
exceeded three millions stirling, exclusive of one million two
bundred and seventy-five thousand pounds, which more re-
cent parliamentary papers prove to have been laid out in the
mere purchase of boroughs. Why, the teeth of your modern
parliamentary scoundrels (for 1 use your own, your gentle
word) would water at the idea of three millions in solid
bribes !—I suppose that you are convinced that it would be
impossible with that money to bribe one hundrend and sixty
of the present House of Commons !! ! I shall leave you in
the undisturbed possession of that opinion. But it is my
duty to tell you that other and equally vile instruments were
used in order to influence the majority. Perhaps you do not
know that the " habeas corpus" act was suspended, and
martial-law was proclaimed during the entire period of the
Union discussion.
The means, supplementary to mere corruption, by which
the Union was carried, I shall describe, not in my own words,
but in those of Lord Plunkett, the present Lord Chancellor
of Ireland. Listen, I pray you, to Lord Chancellor Plun-
ket's description of these secondary means. They were, be
said, and he said truly—
" The deprivation of all legal protection to liberty or life.
" The familiar use of torture.
"The trial by couits-martial.
" The forcible suppression of public meetings.
" Iket_totaLthiling_of penile op4aon, and tLe use alarmed
910 ence."
You may imagine that men of the rank of members of
parliament were not likely to be intimidated by these means.
But in Ireland, at that period, no rank, no station, no re-
spectability, could protect the victim of despotic power; it
was a reign of terror. Sir Edward Crosbie, a baronet of
ancient and most respectable family, of unquestionable
loyalty, was hanged by the sanguinary caprice of some offi-
cers of the Carlow garrison. Mr. Devereux, of the counts-
Wexford, was hanged, it was afterwards said, by Mistake.!
and the fate of young Mr. Byrne, of Ballymanus, acquitted,
but executed—left no man secure for one moment of his li-
berty or his life.
Sir, the Union was carried by more crates than have ever
as yet been inserted in your calendar. Calling the Irish
members scoundrels will not do ; it will not covet the hide.:
ous atrocities by which that fatal measure, the Union, was
14ch!'=”4- More of the Yillany that achieved it was perpe-

rated out of the house than within its walls. Blame Incas
much as you may for endeavouring to restore to Ireland that
legislature of which she was so basely swindled and so cri-
minally deprived. I thank you fur giving me this other op-
portunity of informing the youth of Ireland how it was that
their national independence was annihilated. I confidently
hope that the lesson will not he thrown away • and whilst I
keep the boiling of their young blood within legal and con-
stitutional channels, I have no fear hat that in due time they
will remember that Ireland was a nation, aud must be a na-
tion again—either by being embodied upon equal terms by
the British community, or by obtaining equal rights and li-
berties for themselves.
If this were the place for it, I could prove by historical
documents that the Irish parliament was, beyond any com-
parison, more independent, and evinced more instances of
disinterested patriotism, in the course of a few years, than did
the parliament of England from the accession of the House
of Brunswick to the death of George the Fourth.
If I had your talent for calling scoundrels, what should I
say of the British parliament that passed a vote of approba-
tion of the Walcheren expedition ?—that voted as a matter
of fact that a pound note aud a shilling were equal in value
to a golden guinea, at the very time that every member in
the house, who happened to have a guinea in gold, could at
once obtain for it a thirty shilling note of the Bank of Eng-
land ?—and, above all, that passed a vote of approval of the
sanguinary massacre of men, women, and children—aye, of
English men, English women, and English children, by the
yeomanry and army at Manchester!
Scoundrels, indeed l—wisy, the Irish parliament rise in the
comparison, almost beyond the powers of calculation!
Look, however, to modern times. Since 1829, the Irish
people at large have participated in the representation of
their own country. Compare the conduct of the majority of
the Irish representatives since that period with that of the
English members- and you will find we have voted for every
extension of public franchise or privilege, and for the dimi-
nution of every public burthen, whilst the majority of the
English members, in most instances, have voted directly the
other way.
There is no reason in the world why I should not be con-
vinced that if the union were repealed to-morrow, the mem-
bers of the Irish parliament would not (to say the least of
them) be as honest, as intelligent, as independent, and as
patriotic, as any men who have ever sat in the British House
of Commons.
You are next pleased to propose vour remedial measures
for Ireland. In the first place, after twining through all
possible mazes of culinary metaphors, you gravely suggest
that I Should apply to parliament to confiscate to the profit
of the poor of Ireland the tithes of the Irish Union peers,
and the pay and pensions a::d other bribes, of the majority
who carried the Union.
This would, indeed, be a wretched provision for the Irish
people. Ido not know what value could be set upon the
titles which were obtained in exchange for the Union votes.
We consider them little better than nicknames, and so far
from desiring to participate in them, the Irish poor arc con-
tent that the Union lords should not only bear these nick-
names, but should, in addition, take the more appropriate
title of " scoundrels," which
yotr have bestowed upon them.
Let them enjoy both; and let us say no more of the matter.
As to the bribery, indeed, and the pensions—that is quite
another business. These are materials of a different value.
The bribery was extended not only to the Union members of
parliament, but to every man who could in any way influence
a vote, write a pamphlet, make a speech, or procure an au-
dress in favour of that measure—not only to every man who
had any influence to support it but who affected to have such
interest. Here would be a lot of prizes indeed; there would
be something to feed the poor—if we could get at it. Aye,—
there lies the rub: that is the difficulty of difficulties. The
-money has been expended, eaten, drank, gambled; squan-
dered in every vice and in every profligacy. The individuals
who received it have sunk into oblivion, and are as person-
ally rotten as they were politically so. They lived detested,
and they died despised. He, the leader of them all— Castle-
reagh—aveneed his betrayed country by cutting his own
throat, to avoid the false imputation of auotherhorrible crime
of which he was guiltless ! Oh! how his country was re-
venged ! Almost all the rest of them are dead and forgot-
ten. There are few indeed alive. Of the pensioners I know
but one who survives. There arc, indeed, but few living, and
it would be trifling to strip these wrethces They are almost
all gone:
How are they blotted from the things that be !
How few—all weak and withered of their force,
Stand on the verge of dark eternity,
Like stranded rocks ! the tide returning hoarse,
To sweep them flora our sight.
No, sir, your plan will never answer. You might as well re-
require the worthy aldermen of the city of London to dis-
gorge for the benefit of the poor the civic feasts of the last
twenty years. The image is a coarse one, but it is not there-
fore the lass accurate.
Your next plan borders on the facetious. It is the having
a Protestant as well as a Catholic bishop in every diocese in
Ireland, at what you call the ample pay of £1,200 a-year
each. As to the Catholic bishops, we have already one in
every diocese; there being, I bless God, twenty-seven in all
—four archbishops and twenty-three bishops. They would
indeed consider £1,200 per annual each an ample endow-
ment ; but they are too wise and too pious to have anything
at all to do with a state endowment. Pass them by.
You must surely be in jest when you talk of £1,200 a-
year to a Protestant bishop. Why, what would a Protes-
tant bishop be with £1,200 a-year ? Oh, ridiculous !It
would he hardly sufficient for Mis. Bishop's toilet, and the
e Misses Bishop's dancing and music " Cease your

funning."
But, in sober sadness, how your plan- differs from that of
the great Lord Stanley ! He is a zealous Protestant, and
wishes to Protestantize Ireland; and finding the Protestant
bishops a species of nuisance in his way, he at one blow
strikes off ten out of twenty-two : and very properly declares
there is less mischief in twelve than there would be in the
entire number; and yet you have the audacity (I must use
the word) to differ with so great a Protestant, and so great a
man, and to multiply Protestant bishops in Ireland, while he
is striking them down like ninepins.
Your next project is the sale of the church lands for the
purposes of founding schools and colleges. Here is, indeed,
a gleam of pure good sense, and I thank you heartily for it.
And then your plan for reducing the emoluments of the Pro-
' testant livings is safe, salutary, and, above all, practical—
one which, 1 trust, we shall see effected, and in which 1
readily offer to co-operate with you. Again—yourgood sense
breaks out when you contrast the real reform which has taken
place in the Catholic church, with that fraud, hypocrisy, fa-
naticism and plunder, which have been called " reformation"
by her enemies. The Catholic Church—unalterable, because
truth is unchangeable, in matters of faith and essential disci-
pline—has thrown off the rust, "the straw and the stubble,"
which ages of peace and security had thing upon some of her
practices. Besides, she has banished for ever
.Sinioniacle
contracts, and all the abuses of pluralities. You are quite
right in saying that thousands daily return to their fold—
"the one fold of the one Shepherd;" and I hope that the
spirit of Christian charity, the greatest of all virtues, will
come at length to he cultivated by the enemies of the eternal
church—enemies who have too lung spent their time in vile
calumnies and useles revilings.
There is much matter for serious thought and statesman-
like counsel in your plan of emigration, and in your notion of
the distribution of the crown lands. But it has been deemed
more flippant to cut short all wiser schemes, in order to fling
upon us a }cousinpoor-law sink our property in workhouses, and
to make us rich, by g us to support with money masses
of our poor at the expense of an establishment, the cost of
which would produce most valuable results; if employed in
the mariner you suggest—in canals, in railroads, and in other
useful works. You are, however, mistaken in supposing
that the rent of lau!. is higher in Ireland than in England.
It is a mistake iu which so many concur with you as to be
quite blameless.
Ido confess you have made me melancholy. There are in
some of your suggestions materials of incalculable utility to
Ireland. But how are they to be worked out? What chance
is there of obtaining a patient anti thorough investigation of
the discordant elements which belong to our political econo-
my? Our absentee landlords—our hostile resident proprie-
tors—our impoverished agriculturists—our extinguished or
expiring manufactures—hoW is a remedy to be found for
these, and one thousr nd other evils with which the social
state in Ireland is filled? I will tel you. By a domestic
legislature—and by a domestic legislature alone.
The last experiment to obtain a fair consideration for the
claims of Ireland is being made • and before twelve months
are over, 1, for one, shall, I believe, he driven to labour to
expunge for ever from the statute book that " desperate act
of scoundrelism," which you have characterised with no less
severity than truth, as far as relates to the act itself.
am, Sir, &c., &c., &c.,DIE O'CONNELL.

MR. LANDOR'S SECOND LETTER,
IN ANSWER TO THE ABOVE.
(From the Dublin Evening Mail.)
While in the act (as will be seen elsewhere) of comment-
ing on Mr. O'Connell's poetical effusion, we received the
following letter, bearing the signature of Walter Savage
Landor. Not being acquainted with Mr. Landor's hand-
writing, we cannot vouch for its authenticity. if the letter
be genuine—and from its style, it appears to be so—we can
assure Mr. Landor that, in selecting; the Evening Mail as a
vehicle of his views, he has secured them a very extensive
circulation among men able to appreciate both him and the
man he writes to :

" TO DANIKL O'CONNELL, ESQ.
"SIR,—We are deeply indebted to you for protecting us
from the Atlantic. I make no doubt that Snowden and the
Grampians would have been swamped long since but for the
shelter they derive from the mountains of your neighbour-
hood. You are indeed in the front of the battle when it
blows from the south-west, but an easterly' gale reverses the
obligation, and lays your constituents of Dublin under great
compliments to the Earl of Scarborough. I admit that wes-
terly
and southerly winds are, however, the more prevalent
in these latitudes, so that the balance of obligation is still
due to Bolus head. But whether we should make our ac-
knowledgments to that extremity of Iveragh itself, or to the
Provost and Fellows of Trinity College, who own it, or to
you, who glorify it, or, finally, to those small cattle, the Kerry
cows, who are, after all, better acquainted with the matter
than any of us, is a question which will no doubt receive the
consideration it deserves when the British people become
duly sensible of the many obligations your coast has laid
them under. For nay own part, lam quite ready to kiss the
holy stone of Killigmore, which you see from your parlour
window, in consideration of self and country, so long pre-
served from death by drowning; for, from my childhood, I
never could abide the idea of a watery grave. And indeed
it requires mountains to oppose waves mountain-high. We
have no waves on the coast of Britain—'tis only a ripple from
Land's End, and to where—
" The moaning Mull of sweet Cantvre
On Caithness' rocky strand,
Breaks the long swell that at the Pole began."
" 'Tis a mere ripple, that plays sportingly round the painted
sides of our line of battle ships, while thirty-six-pound car-
ronades and lung twenty-lours look out in open-mouthed
adtniration to see bow the jolly-boat rocks! It is, indeed,
impossible for a Briton to have any notion of the sea--any
idea of the sights that await those who go down to the great
witnessed the surf breaking on the
ships--till he
ellihagssb or
y, and beheld the gallant Crayh
dbeeeapct, in
of shßi
straining its wicker ribs and sides of sheep-skin against the
blue, impending, city-wasting, steeple-swallowing, roaring,
soaring, battering, tattering, Irish lump of a mountain billow,
that is presently knocked all to joup on that sublime, stern,
soul-awakening, storm-controuling, Britain-fencing, Kerry-
cow-grazing, Irish lump of a conglomerate head-land fifty
feet high! But, cease rude sou-wester ! the moon has
arisen—

Nos erat et ccelo fulgebat luna sereno
Inter minora sidera—
Cum tu--

but I will not here say anything about the oath—the moon is
up; the watch-tower dimly burns—and you invite me to
wander with you along the shingle. We have no such moon
as this in England. You Irish far excel us in your moon-
altine, especially on water. Our own-m-oon after a vainy morn
is no more than green ritees2. I give it tip to you, Mr. O'Con-
nell. I cannot rival vou either in head-land or head-piece.
In the turgid hubbub of breakers at my door, and in words
rushing oti!theirrubject like surge urging surge on a lee-shore,
I confess myself far your inferior. Like every other versifier
I have sung the moon, crescent and on the wane, the harvest
moon also, and a good deal about starlight, when the moon
was not there; but I do not aspire to be an adept in aught
relating to that hazy and uncertain medium, where solid
interests are to be discussed with clearness and sobriety, by
honest men doing. what they can for the good of their fellow-
creatures . so 1 give up the moonshine in the bargiu—it will
be good Irish make-weight. And now let me alone for having
so far followed up the vein of raillery which you have been
pleased to open, by coming directly, without moon or moun-
tain. to the point in issue.
"I told you it was idle to attempt the reconstruction of an
Irish Iviislative asserably. Why? Decauso ITish legislative

hat did your scoundrel Protestants ever do equal to
ibis? True, they made laws against ploughing by the tail,
and plucking the wool from the live sheep. They made se-
vere laws against the Roman Catholic religion, as the Roman
Catholics. when they had the power, in Mary's reign, had
made against theirs. But they repealed Poyning's atrocious
act. Scoundrels, as they were, they achieved that and the
Union. WOuld you revive the act of Poyning's along with
your scoundrel legislation
"Sir, the scheme is absurd. Two parliaments and one
monarch—one parliament Protestant, the other Popish—one
representing a rich, the other a poor nation—one able to
give, the other open as day to melting bribery—one able to
command, the other afraid to disobey * * * *
Take your swords in your hands if you want a separate pat-
liatne nt.
"l do not at all sympathise in your sneer at Mrs. and the
Misses Bishop.' I read in St. Paul that a Bishop should
have his wife and children, and should keep his family in
due subjection ; 'for if a man know not to rule his own house,
how should he take care of the church of God ?' If Paurwas
right in that discipline, you sneer with but a Monkish grace
at Mrs. Bishop. If he was wrong, then we are all wrong,
and your friends of the Eternal City most wrong of any.
And I think that a bishop might very well be all that the
apostle says—‘blameless—the husband of one wife, vigilant,
sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality, apt to teach,
and one that ruleth well his own house, having his children
in subjection with all gravity,' on £1206. per annum.
I am, Sir, &c. &c.
"WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR.

Bath, October 13, 1838."

Aye, and to baste him, and lard him, and dredge him—
to rake the bars and blow the coals fur him, and hnally, to
serve him up on a cannibal association; and help them to
polish every bone in his body.

LIVERPOOL MECHANICS' INSTITUTION.

LECTURES ON CHEMISTRY AS APPLIED TO THE ARTS.

exists.

On Saturday evening Dr. Kane delivered his sixth lecture
to a crowded audience, in which he explained the nature of
the saccharine, alcoholic and acetous fermentations.
In the last lecture we entered upon the subject of organic
combinations, and in the first place we showed the results of
the distillation of those organic substances by the agency of
heat. This evening we shall, enter into a still more minute
and intricate department of chemistry, but which, though
still invested with the greatest theoretical difficulty, we shall
find to he of deep importance in its application to the arts.
'We shall examine the nature of the ingredients which are
used in the saccharine, alcoholic, and acetous fermentations,
and shalt endeavour to place before you as clearly as possi-
ble, the nature of those remarkable operations. The word
" Fermentation" has been of very ancient use, although we
have only lately arrived at a distinct idea of its nature,
whilst it will still require the researches of chemists for a
series of years, to bring out a perfect conclusion. We find
that fermentations succeed each other according to an
uniform law, the vinous succeeding the saccharine, and the
acetous the vinous. In ordinary language we speak of one
more species of fermentation, the putrefactive, but in point
of fact this has not been reduced to any definite law, and
seems but to be the breaking up of the organization of sub-
When, therefore a substance begins to putrefy, it
eemoved out of the bounds of organic chemistry.
We may derive sugar from a vast variety of sources. It
exists naturally in a great variety of plants, and we are
capable of generating it artificially, by means which the
progress of science has placed at the disposal of the chemist.
There exist a variety of sugars which we may, however, di-
vide into three very important and very remarkable classes.
The first of these is the crystallised sugar, which presents
itself is us under the form of sugar candy. This class com-
prehends the sugar which is extracted from the sugar cane,
as well as that extensively used on the continent, extracted
from the beet root. The sugar of the maple likewise belongs
to this.class. The second class differ in their chemical con-
stitution, as it is impossible to obtain them under a crystal-
line form. The most important of these is the sugar derived
from grapes, and which by its fermentation gives rise to the
different kinds of wine. Phis we could not get under the
form. of sugar candy. In fact this grape sugar may be taken
us the type of all sugars, which are furnished by fruits, such
as apples, gooseberries, &c. In addition to these, ail the
sugar which we can generate artificially, belong to the second
class No chemist has as yet .succeeded in forming cane
sugar or beet root sugar artificially. Ile can make sugar with
the greateit ease, but it is like the grape sugar, or the sugar
of honey. The sugar of grapes is characterised by its great
power of undergoing alcoholic fermentation. But there is a
third class of sugar which is distinguished from the first and
second by being incapable of undergoing the alcoholic fer-
mentation. Of the sugars comprising this class, manna
sugar is one of the most remarkable. The liquorice root is
another instance. These suears resemble the former classes
only in their peculiar sweet taste, but most remarkably they
do not furnish any alcohol on fermentation. Properly, speak.-
ing, therefore, they are nut really sugars; and I shall not
dwell upon them. Milk was formerly classed by chemists
generally under the latter division. The sweet character of
the milk of animals is owing to the great quantity of sugar
which it contains. It is very difficult to make this milk sugar
ferment so as to derive spirit from it; we, however, are now
aware, that the Tartars, in the western portions of Asia and
eastern portions of Russia, are in the habit of making a fer-
mented spirit from mate's milk.
The composition of sugar is very remarkable. The differ-
ent sugars differ from one another in the details of their con-
stitution, but they resemble one another in their general
formation. All sugar consists of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen; and these are generally united in such propor-
tions, that the oxygen and hydrogen, if united, would pro-
duce water, and the carbon remain in excess. For example,
let us take pure cane sugar, and we shall find that it consists.
of 12 atoms of carbon, 10 of hydrogen, and 10 of oxygen.
Now, you will at once see that the oxygen and hydrogen
being exactly afforded in the quantities of their equivalents,
would produce water if they might unite. In fact, we may
look upon sugar as being composed of carbon and water. A
means by which this may be demonstrated, is, by pouring
some oil of vitriol upon loaf sugar in a thick pulpy state.
The oxygen and the hydrogen will he thereby euabled to
combine and feral water, with which the sulphuric acid
combines, and carbon is set free. The preparation of sugar
from the sugar-cane constitutes one of the most important
departments of menufaeture which exists, on the proper
-perfermance of which a vast number of our Indian brethren
depend. The sn;,,,ar-cane grows to the height of It) or 12feet,
;Ind the sugar which it contains is mixed in a great degree
with mucilage and water. The nature of this mucilage is
such, that it is much snore disposed to ferment than any
other substance we know nf; and the greatest difficulty whieii.
the planters have to contend with, is in preventing the sugar
from undergoing spontaneous fermentation. In order to
prevent this, the first operation of the sugar-planter after
he has passed the cane through mills so as to express the
juice, is to add to the juice a quantity of limn or lime-water,
by which the acid of the mucilage is saturated. The fermen-
tetion being thus checked, it is easy to boil the juice down
to a proper consistency. It is poured into a boiler, and eva-
porated. The mucilage and albuminous matters are skimmed
off, and the juice being brought down to a certain consis-
tency, it is run into conical moulds, where it is allowed to
cool and solidify into the impure state in which it is met with
in commerce; the process of refining being carried on in
different localities. In the refinery of the sugar let us con-
sider what actually takes place. I have mentioned that the
great spirit-giving; classes of sugars are distinguished from
one another by the first being crystallizable, and the
secrend by not being cryetallizable ; and that in our
artificial processes we make that sugar which is not
capable of being crystallized. It is so easy to prevent
sugar from being crystallized, that the manufacturer actu-
ally forms a great quantity of uncrystallizable sugar in
the form of molasses. This molasses is still capable of un-
dergoing the alcholic fermentation, and hence the genera-
tion of the vast quantities of rum, which are annually im-
ported ; when heat is applied. The object in the refining of
sugar is to remove the molasses, for all the difference be-
tween the brownest and the purest while sugars simply con-
sists in the brown sugar being a mass of exceedingly minute
crystals which are mixed with, and made to adhere, by. a
sort of glue, consisting of partially dried treacle. This trea-
cle is a dark body, the pure sugar is white, so that the ad-
mixture of the two substances forms the brown sugar of com-
merce. Ali that is necessary to get the sugar white is the
removal of the black molasses. Animal charcoal is used by
the French chemists in bleaching the solution of the crys-
tallized sugar. In fact the coloured portions unite with the
charcoal, and the pure sugar remains free. It is very easy
by a number of processes to get rid of the coloured sugar,
and to obtain a solution of pure sugar in water; but then the
great difficulty of the manufactnre commences, fiery a che-
mist were given a certain quantity of the pure sugar in water,
and told to crystallize it, he would find it difficult to do so,
because the boiling point would rise with his application of
heat, so that there would be no tendency to evaporate, but on
the contrary, there would be a certain tendency in the sugar
to- iseeneee taco yetattrzehiee —The. (IV ygtallizatio it- of -sugar- is-
effected by a great variety of means. It is very common'to
take the sugar in its brown condition, and place it in
conical vessels, open at each end, with the point downwards.
Clay is then placed over the top, which is moistened with
pure water or a solution of pure sugar. The solution
trickles:through the clay and enters into the pores of the
sugar, by which means a sort of bleaching ;Toes on, proceed-
ing from the broader extremity downwards, until the whole
of the impure sugar is removed out of it. This sugar is then
carried into commerce as claved sugar. In addition to this,
in the bleaching of the syrup, it has been proposed to em-
ploy a number of means to promote evaporation indepen-
dent of fire. The means are the passing of pipes contain-
ing steam or heated oil through the solution in order to keep
the sugar at the proper temperature, and below that at which
it would be converted into an uncrystallivsble form. From
this we have passed to. a most improved state-of the science,
that of boiling in vacuum;by which the refining can goon under

stances.

for water.
I shall now pass to the examination of some of the varieties
of sugar, end defer some of my obsereations on cane sugar,
as they will affect all sugars equally. The sugar of beet
root, the manufacture of which is so extensive in France and
Germany, is perfectly similar, when perfectly pure, to the
sugar of the cane, but it is not so readily obtained, owing to
the great quantity of mucilage which beet root contains. The
development of sugar is owing to the saccharine fertnentat him
The substance which in the hands of nature appears alone
capable of generating sugar is ordinary starch. Ordinary
starch appears in all vegetables—in fact, in the fruit of ail
vegetables. It exists in various roots, but it is principally
from the seed of the grasses, and the root of the potato, mac-
go, and the palm, that•the starch of commerce is derived.
In commerce we have the wheat starch: we have the starch
derived from the bulb of the potato—we have the starch which
is derived from the root of mango, which constitutes the ar-
rowroot, and which is rarely met with in a genuine , state of
commerce; and we have the root of the palm, which con-
siitutes sago. Starch is a substance concerning the nature
of which there are a number of opinions, but they all agree
that starch is not a chemical substance: but, that it is an or-
gan supplying the same place in the vegetable kingdom as
blood in that of the animal. It is contained in a bag, and
will not dissolve whilst this bag remains unbroken. The
starch is prepared by separating it from the substances with
which it is associated in the vegetables which contain it. In
wheat the steeds is associated with gluten, and in the potato
with the vegetable albumen. Now starch is insoluble in cold
water, other vegetable substances are soluble in it, and the
albumen andglitten form a coherent mass like (tough. If we
take a quantity of wheaten flour or potato meal, and put it
into a caoth, and stir it abotit in a certain quantity of water,
the gluten and albumen will form a coherent mass in the
cloth; while the fine gelatinous particles of starch will pass
through, and mingle with the water: It is on this principle
that starch, as well on the large as the small scale, is pre-
pared. On a large scale, the manufacture is carried on in
•a very ingenious. manner. There is a large bag of linen,
and there is a screw of the ordinary. archimedean character
into which the flour or potato meal is introduced. Into this
flows a stream of water. The screw is made to turn coni-
cally round, and the starch falls through the linen as the
flour parts to the bottom. Starch is characterized by pro-
perties of such an interesting nature that it is perhaps the
most easily recognised organic substance substance which
It is easily recognised by its solubility in boiled wa-
ger, and its insolubility in cold water, in which it forms a
glutinous white substance.' If we add a little of a solution of
starch to water, and drop into the mixture a little of the
solution of iodine, we shall observe the formation of a beau-
tiful blue colour. This effect is produced when exceedingly
small quantities of. starch and iodine are employed, so that
starch and iodine ate mutually the best tests .of each others
presence. The colour thus given is not a permanent one, for-
we may expel it by a variety of means: for example—if we
take a little of the solution of potash, the colour disappears;
but on the addition of nitric acid so as to saturate the potash,
it will reappear, arid these effects tea) be produced fur any
number of times. Starch exists in the grain of wheat, it
exists in abundance in potatoes, and; in fact, in all vegetable
seeds. It is the food which is stored up by nature for the
wants of the. young plant ; and we find that as starch
would nut be a very"digestible material, nature has recourse
to a very beautiful contrivance for rendering it so. We find
that what actually takes place in nature is this;—as the
young plant begins to be ready to eat, the starch is concerted
into sugar rapidly. The germination of plants is accom-
panied by a complete transmutation of the starch into sugar.
In the arts this process is imitated by artificial means, as in
the manufacture of malt. The corn is stored in warehouses
from which the light of day is excluded, and kept moistened,
until the young plant begins to make its appearance, and the
starch of the grain is turned into sugar. The malster then
kiln-dries it and kills the young plant before it has lived lung
enough to eat the sugar. This is the theory of malting,
which, under different circumstances, gives us the successive
races of vegetable beings with which the world is familiar.
The starch is not, in point of fact, at once converted into
sugar, hot passes through the state of dextrine, (*tom this into
a state of gum, and from this into the state of sugar. This
development. of dextrine and gum may likewise be produced
by the action of sulphuric acid independent of germination.
The guM procured in this manner has in fact, to a great ex-
tent, superseded gum .arabic in the manufactures. Guru
and dextrine are distinguished from starch by being soluble
in water without forming a jelly insit. If we add a little
iodine Is dextrine a beautiful wine
whereas the union of iodine and starch produces a blue co-
lour.. If we take the gum which ;,crape
ic'ea
drr
iiiti:iesphrdog:ueustenteio't
distinguish it frein gum arabic, and add to it is solution of
iodine, we shall have no colour produced,
as
act upon guns at all. If we take sugar hetine does not pro-
duce any effect upon it. We have thus tour substances pro-
duced—starch, dextrine, gum, and sugar.
If we take starch or sugar, and examine the aomposition,
we shall find that essentially there is no difference between
them. • 'Fire same analysis leads to the same results• so that
we have four bodies of different qualities, and chemical cha-
racter, which have the seine chemical constitution. 'We
must look upon these bodies as differing fouls each other only
in the arrangement of their panicles. This view is sup-
ported, ;sod, indeed,. proved, by the remarkable fact, that in
the conversion of starch into sugar, the quantity of sugar is
equal In the weight 'of the starch. This fact was discovered
at,,ii.tari
Ikoiaesf‘iicis:tris,y,:,:s.crittiisiel. icn-
by a Russian chemist, in a very remarkable manner. lie
pour open
discovered, that when potatoe starch is taken and treated with
sulphuric acid, the whole of the starch is converted into. sugar,
crystalliza-
tion,
eno (71 toal
weight
tr
btilv,i)eansuaortil
con-
vert,ked upon as
not only starch, but wood into sugar. If we take a
substancese
e ararl
e r made use
iueshe
trhi
btehaet
quantity of linen, or cotton,
sul-
phrice
acid, we shall find, after a few hours, that a large quint-
othuni7lthe present by
as rf
ahi has
lsscu
ishe.enecnAe rsll ontruetrthel ;01;ds hgeasre.
shoed
pointed riot to
chemicalitutilstlYiynctufl
es 'a: gn
making of bread are of two kinds, the one derived from
those which contain gluten. and the other from those which
do not contain gluten. The gluten binds the whole mass
together, and gives that spongy
and rye bread are distinguished. But oat bread contains no
gluten, add consequently, has no spongy tendency. In the
making of bread, there is another remarkable fact. In it we
have a combination or two, and sometimes • three • fennenta-
tions. We.have a small quantity of alcohol generated, as
well as of vinegar. In the manufacture of bread we have
the combination of a Certain quantity of gum, gluten, sugar,
and dextrine.
Sugar is the sole substance capable of undergoing the al-
coholic fermentation, thereftre the bodies which are capable
of producing alcohol are only enabled to do so on account of
sugar being produced at one stage or the others of their fer-
mentation. The production of alcohol remains involved in
a great degree of obscurity. The-grape sugar gives us the
key to the alcoholic fermentation stillmore evidently than the
cane sugar. In fact, the grape sugar contains more water of
crystallization than the crystallized sugar: The grape sugar
consists of 12 carbon, 12 hydrogen,
and 12 of oxygen. It
still follows the law of containing the oxygen and hialrogen
'
in the proportions requisite to form water, but it Z•ontuins
more of those substances. If we take a solution of cane sugar
we may keep it to eternity and it will not fersuent; if it be,
kept from the atmospheric air, but if we add to it under proper
circumstances a quantity of yeast, we shall find gas to
bubble up. and two substances, vu. alcohol and carbonic
acid gas will be produced. In tact, alcohol consists Of 4 car-
bon, 6 hydrogen, and 2 of oxygen; 2 of carbon, and 4 of
oxygen, combining to form carbonic acid gas. Alcohol is
a substance of great importance in the arts and in commerce.
It was long known that when a spirituous solution w„, ~s,
posed to the air that it was gradually converted into yineg,nr.
It was found that this did not require the contact Of ainv.sub-
stance, but that when the atmospheric air Wtle excluded, the
conversion was checked. If we consider the compesition of
alcohol and vinegar we shall discover a very remarkable re-
lation. Real vinegar or acetic acid is composed of 4 censors,
4 hydrogen, and 4of oxygen. Now you will at once observe
that the acetic acid contains less hydrogen and more oxygen
than alcohol. Wnen alcohol is exposed to the action of the
air it gradually absorbs oxygen, there is water formed, and
ultimately the liquor becomes acid and vinegar is the result.
There is an intermediate substance called aldehyde, formed,
of -great interest in science, but of none in a practical
point of view. The most important improvement in the ma-
nufacture of vinegar has been derived front the circumstance
of iinegar being formed by the absorption of oxygen. In
order to facilitate this absorption, they make use oft the_
continent of a very remarkable plan. There is taken
hogshead which is placed upon a support. The hogshead, at
its lowest part, is perforated with a number of holes..• At its
side, about one quarter of ,the height of the hogshead, arm cut
a number of oval apertures, and then the whole interior of
the hogshead is filed up with shavings, somewhat loosely
packed, so as to present a great surface. At the top of the
hogshead is a tray of Well-tinned iron, with two systems of
tubes passing through, the one opening upwards and the
other downwards. A jet is placed over the apertures, fur-
nished with estop cock. The bad wine or the Inuit liquor is
then allowed to trickle throbgh the lower system of tubes of
the tray upon the 'shavings, and moisten them, by which
means the alcohol is brought into contact with the oxygen of
the air. This produces heat, and a current of air passes in
through the oval apertures at the sides of the hogshead, and
he a
mri su.lon a runs
after ramifying through the shavings, passes mint through the
upper -system of tray,
apertures in the by which a constaut
succession of oxygen is carried around the shavings. There
is thus
combustionbouadtt
yirt, theaeffected,t
time
ipi
eerfit atritsrt
first
thetaitmtehr.ees
buiolttuitsos thate,)af yhtuilline
hogshead, time
alcohol
through the hogshead a second time, and thus the process
which took up the period of seven weeks, and sOmetitnes
three months, is now so much facilitated, that the (list-rate
vinegar can be made in the period of twenty-four hours.
Thus we find another instance added to the remarkable
number which I have brought before you, of extraordinary
improvements in theoretical science being applied in the
manufactures and the arts. •
To-morrow evening Dr. Kane will terminate his course,
on which occasion he will explain and illustrate the mode
by which manufacturers of silk and cottons goods apply .and
fasten their colours. This will be at once the most interest-
ing and instructive lecture of the course, particularly to the
female portion of the community, and we trust. that there
will be a good attendance.

Mr. M`Queen, in his valuable Abstract of the General
Statistics of the British Empire, estimates the property in land
and farming stock in the United Kingdom at £2,971,756,670,
yielding an annual return of £474,029,688. The property in
manufactures is rated by the same exact and acute writer-at
£201,000,000, yielding an annual return of V 62,085,199.
w_hile lauded property gives little more than iltree per
cent., manuracturi.rg.fropertylichls more thiath4 prudigioul-
increase of 12t) per cent. •
A Montgoltier or fire balloon, of extraordinary dimensions,
so as to ascend with several aeronauts,-is now being manufac-
tured under the immediate superintendence of Mr. H. Green
(a brother of the celebrated remnant), and will shortly ascend,
A machine on this principle was some time since destroyed
by the populace at the Surrey' Zoological Gardens, in con
sequence tit their being disappointed in its ascent.
About ten days since the Earl of Caasilis, one of the officers
of the Rifle Corps, stationed in the Tower, lost a ble
ring from his finger, which was afterwards found by a Valuable
in the regiment, who immediately restored it to his Lordship,
and was presented with live shillings, the Earl at the same
time directing the finder to call for a similar sum everyniorn-
ing until he ordered hinito discontinue his visits. The rifle-
man has been very regular in his•attendance, and the -Forl
ha, been as regulu 411 his payments.—Aihn 4t4a,