The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1838-08-14 00:00:00

MECHANICS' INSTITUTION.

LECTURES ON THE STRUCTURE .4ND HISTORY OF THE
ARTICULATED MOLL USCG US CLASSES OF ANIMALS.

On Wednesday evening Dr. Grant delivered his third
lecture, upon the Cirrhopods and Annelides.
There are perhaps few subjects in zoology which are less
attractive than the study of worms. They are repulsive to
the eye when superficially viewed, but they are nevertheless
well calculated, when closely examined, to exhibit to us the
wonders of creation. These creatures are extensively distri-
buted over the lands and waters of our globe, and are com-
prehended in two divisions, so very different as to appear to
belong to distinct classes. Those called barnacles belong to
the cirrhopods. They breathe by means of gills—they are all
marine—none of them inhabit the fresh waters, which are to
them poisonous, or are capable of living on the dry land.
They have much perplexed zoologists, on account of their
envering- in the adult state. - That covering consists
of laminated shells, which have a similarity, with regard to
their chemical character, with the mollusca, therefore they
are commonly placed, even now, among the molluscous
animals. The professor of zoology, however, divides the
animal kingdom into groups, not according to the exterior,
but according to their interior organization. Now these
cirrhopods are, in reality, articulated animals, although they
are covered with shells like the mollusca. livery one must
have seen barnacles, for they attach themselves in great
numbers to the bottoms of ships, floating timber, and rocks.
Some of them are sessile, and others pedunculated. The
former attach themselves to floating bodies by means of shells,
and the latter by means of long fleshy elastic tubes, by which
they are enabled to move themselves to and fro to a great
distance. Their shells are composed of carbonate of lime.
Nature is very sparing of the phosphate of lime, which she only
gives to the skeletons of vertebrated animals, which are des-
tined to sustain great hardships and live a long time. A double
series of ganglia, distributed along the ventral surface, deter-
mine the class of the animal. It has six strong pair of feet,
covered extensively upon their inner surface with cirrhi or
cilia. The nerve which extends along the ventral surface of
the body, sends forth a number of sensitive nerves to the feet
so as to give them the power of feeling and moving, by which
means, upon the least alarm, those legs are withdrawn within
the shells. Notwithstanding the apparently protected state
of the sessile species, crabs and birds detach them from the
rocks, and feed largely upon them. The epidermic covering
of the trunk of the pedunculated cirrhopods passes all over
the back of the shell, and forms a portion of the margin.
Within the peduncle there is a strong muscular system, by
which this organ is enabled to contract longitudinally and
transversely. Mr. Thomson made a curious discovery in the
bay of Cork. He placed in a basin of water a number of
creatures which at first appeared to be monoculi, and, to his
astonishment, in a short time they were metamorphosed into
barnacles. Subsequently several German philosophers have
pursued the inquiry, and the developemeut of the barnacle
is now well understood. They have eyes in their first state
of being, but not when they become transformed on reach-
ing the adult period. Thie shove the beauty of nature; for
as eyes are necessary to a creature whilst roaming freely
through the sea, they would be productive of misery to fixed
creatures like the barnacle, because they would indicate evil
which could not be avoided. These creatures, by means of
their cilia, cause currents of water to pass through them.
They subsist upon the small portions of nutritious matter
which are constantly passing along in the ocean. Near the
mouth of the creature are glands for the purpose of digesting
the food which they partake of.
The red-blooded worms form a tribe of animals far larger
than the barnacles, and belong to the articulated class by vir-
tue of the joints of the trunk and their want of the articu-
lated members of locomotion. These animals are met with
in mud, sand, and gravel, and subsist upon animal matters.
They have been called annelides, because their bodies are co-
vered with rings. The common sand worm is a very com-
mon specimen of these creatures. The corals and mollus-
cous tribes of animals present us with blood of a slight red-
dish tinge, but nothing approaching in intensity to that of
the red-blooded worms. They are chiefly aquatic animals,
and are covered with a thin shell of carbonate of lime. In
the annelides we fine the first approach to a ventricle. A
number of them, which are to be found upon the sea-shore,
are of surpassing beauty in point of lustre and beautiful red
colour. They are incessantly employed in passing minute
portions of sea sand through their bodies. The earth worm
in like manner may he observed passing the soil through its
intestinal canal. The earth worm is highly organised, and,
unlike the other creatures we have been contemplating, does
not breathe through the mouth. No vertebrated creature
breathes in that mariner. On the side of the earth worm we
find a number of little vents, which are its respiratory or-
gans. The blood-vessels run beside them. If these were
divided we should have the respiratory organs of the leech,
and if they were ramified we should have those of the sco-
lopendrw. It is curious to observe by what easy stages na-
ture advances to her chef d'ceurre, the lungs of man. As
the various organs of the worm are equally distributed
throughout its body, the creature may be cut into various
sections, each of which will per form the functions necessary
for the preservation of life. On the anterior part of the
leech there are ten organs of vision—beautiful black eyes,
with transparent convex cornea; and when the creature has
one of its eyes touched, you will see it is capable of sensibly
moving its eyeball. It has large optical nerves. The trunk
of the red worms is so much subdivided for the purpose of
enabling the animal to move freely in the earth and water.
As we advance to such a creature as the leech, a creature
highly organized and fitted for sucking blood, that highly
nutritious matter, we observe that the nervous system has not,
as in the worm, one ganglion for each segment, but that
there are three segments to be passed over before we come
to one, and then there are three separate ganglions to the
segment. The leech has been employed for more than 1000
years as a bleeder. From the superficial nature of the wound,
and the perfect command we have over the locality, as well
as the amount of the abstraction, there is scarcely a crea-
ture more useful to man. When it begins to bleed it makes
three incisions, through which it sucks the blood into its
alimentary canal. The barnacles, from the muscous nature
of their food, require strong salivary glands as chemical
agents in the conversion of their food, but the leech has no
need of these, as the blood is in itself highly nutritious. The
leech has a large stomach, terminating in a pyloric valve.
The duodenum is much shorter than the stomach. There are
a number of small tubes in connection with the duodenum
of the leech, which completely remove every difficulty, if their
be any, in the comprehension of the human liver. In the
leech we have the liver presented to us in its first condition.
The earth worm possesses a beautiful follicular liver. The
insect known as the common sea louse has a liver a stage
higher than that of the leech.
We cannot conclude this rapid view of the organs of
these beautiful creatures—the worms—without observing
the myriads of them which are spread over the conti-
nents, islands, and waters of the globe. You cannot set foot
upon the shores of the Mersey without treading upun num-
bers. No worm, or any other creature, is capable of extract-
mg an atom of nutritious matter from sand or soil ; but you
will perceive, ou putting a small portion of sand before the
microscope, that it swarms with living beings and the decom-
posed matter which is so universally diffused by the ocean.
Some portions of this matter passes off in air, others in
water, and a remaining portion mingles with the soil. No-
thing is lost of matter on this earth: the organic is especially
husbanded. We see in these humble worms creatures in-
cessantly employed in extracting from the waste sand of the
sea the organic matter which it contains and converting it
into their own likeness. In this manner the sand of the
ocean, and the soil of the dry land, is perpetually sifted in
search for organic matter, and thus the very carcase of mighty
man himself, after it has crumbled into dust, is made subser-
vient to the existence of animated beings, which again are
the prey of animals of a higher class in the creation. In this
manner do we find how beautifully the economy of nature is
attended to, and that there is not a portion of the works of the
Creator which, when properly considered by a reflecting
mind, do not excite the loftiest feelings of wonder and admi-
ration.

The Mantellian Museum has been bought by government,
and will be removed towards the close of the year from
Brighton to the British Museum. The specimens amount to
nearly 20,000.
WONDERFUL Pumr.—lt is said there is a pump on Long
Island possessing the surprising power of converting one
quart of milk into three pints. We don't believe a word of
it.—American paper.
• •

PERFUME OF FLowErts.—Accordinp; to the experiments of
MM. Schilbler and Kohler, of Tubingen, white flowers are
the most numerous in creation, and the most oderiferous;
and to these succeed the red flowers.
-

-
The legislature of Georgia has been presented by the grand
jury of Burke county "as an evil of great and increasing
magnitude." They also assert that from "so numerous a
body neither wisdom, justice, nor moderation, is to be ex-
pected."—American Paper.
RRUSSELS, AUGUST 2.—This morning a trial was made
on the iron railroad of a perpetual motion, which is intended
to supersede steam in drawing the trains. This unknown.
which has excited the solicitude of our greatest capitalists,
was such, that it forced the waggons off the rails after they
had run about three yards.
The whole line of railway from London to Birmingham is
expected to be partially opened next week, and to be opened
to public travelling on the 10th of September, when the
London mail will arrive in this town at six o'clock in the
morning. Upwards of SOO horses are at present employed
in working the omnibuses and carriages between .Denb-igh
Hall and Birmingham. most of which will be thrown on the
market, on the railway being finished.—Shrewsbury Chrunide

Nor A BAD IDEA.---In Georgia, the fire companies are
provided with a species of torpedo, with which they blow up,
buildings when necessary to arrest the progress of a fire.
These explosives are considered as useful ari. appendage to-a
fire department, as the house or other machinery. A large
portion of the town of Fayetteville has been several tittles
saved by the use of the torpedo, and no accident has yet oc-
curred.—American paper. •
- - - • • • •

Frequent showers, with cold winds, have retarded the
muturtty of the crops of every description; all of which,
with the exception of wheat, appear in prosperous condition.
The latter is nevertheless exempt from the mischief which-
has visited the crops in other parts of the kingdom, and is
altogether free from any disheartening incident; but a pro-
fuse harvest must not be expected. The thinness of the stalk
is, however, in many districts, compensated by a good
kerning. Two or three days of dry, bright weather will
very generally put the sickle into active requisition.— Taunton
Courier.
HEALTH OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.—From the 7th
to the 14th, the city inspector reports 229 deaths : 75 men,
56 women, 45 boys, and 53 girls. There are of these, eight
cases of apoplexy, six of congestion of the brain, which are
certified by the physicians as having been caused by exposure
to the sun's heat; seventeen are returned as such, and the
twenty-eight unknown,—disease satisfactorily ascertained as
arising from the same cause,—make, with the twelve cases Of
drinking cold water, the total number of seventy-one sudden
deaths last week, in consequence of the extreme heat—New
York Paper.
CHESNUT.-A gardener at Metz has grafted a chestnut
upon an oak, and the experiment has been perfectly success-
ful. The advantages attending it in the culture of the ches-
nut are very great, from the delicacy of its roots, which by
this method may now find a substitute i❑ those of the more
robust tree of northern soils.
•

DEVOTION IN WOMEN.—Devotion, I believe, exalts a wo-
man's beauty to its highest perfection; there is no picture so
beautiful as the Madona, and ►f I were a woman, I would be
religious, if for no other motive, j ust from vanity. No one
doubts that the human countenance is modified by the feel-
ings cherished in the heart, and she who cherishes the mild
and benevolent Christian affections cannot be otherwise than
very pretty. If there are any ugly women in the world, it is
because they have not been brought up religiously.—The
American in Paris.

THE FINALE TO A COURTSHIP.—" Flora—ah ! dearest
Flora—l am come—ah! Flora—l am come to—oh ! you can
decide my fate—l am come, my Flora—ah !" " I see you,
Malcolm, perfectly. You are come to tell me—interesting
intelligence, certainly. Well, what next?" " Oh, Flora!
I am to—to"—" To offer me your heart and hand, I sup-
pose ?" " Yes." " Well, do it like a man, if you can, and
not like a monkey." " Plague take your self-possession!"
exclaimed I, suddenly starting up from my knee, upon which
I had fallen in an attitude that might have won the approval
of even Madame de Maillaird Fraser ; " you make me
ashamed of myself." " Proceed, sir," said Flora. " You
like brevity, it would seem !" " Yes," said Flora. " Then--
will you marry me?" " Yes." " Will you give me a kiss ?"
You may take one." I took the profered kiss. " Now,
that is going to work rationally," said Flora; "when a thing's
to be said, why may' it nut be said in two seconds, instead of
stuttering and stammering, two hours about it? Oh, how
cordially do 1 hate all niaiseries !" exclaimed the merry
maiden, clasping her hands energetically. " Well, then,'
said I, " humbug apart, what day shall we fix for our marri-
age The Wife Hunter, 4.c. by D. I. Moriarty, Esc.

MUSICAL TAsTr.—A late noble statesman, more famous
for his wit than his love of music, being asked why he did
not subscribe to the ancient concerts, and it being urged as
a reason for it that his brother, the Bishop of W
did; " Oh," replied his lordship, " if I was as deaf as my
brother, I would subscribe too."
Let any one compare, for a moment, our cathedral archi-
tecture with the buildings of modern times. Westminster
Abbey, for instance, with structures which surround, and are
about to surround it, and he must unhesitatingly admit how
little the moderns have to boast of in this respect ; and that
the days of what are called " monkish ignorance" possessed
infinitely more knowledge and skill on this head, at least,
than any which have succeeded them.
THE TOUCH.—The excellence of the sense of touch has
led some to consider, that the erroneous impressions to which
the other senses are liable are corrected by it. Strictly
speaking, however, the senses cannot correct each other,
since the sensations they communicate to the mind are of a
different-character. The eye can convey no idea of sound,
nor the ear of colour; nor can the touch furnish impressions
of either the one or the other. It is true, that where neces-
sity has called forth the powers of the sense of touch, as in
the blind, the accuracy with which they are enabled to judge
of the properties of bodies is truly astonishing to those who
enjoy the use of all the senses, and can select one or another
for obtaining information respecting external objects, as may
best suit their purpose. But where the evidence is chiefly or
entirely to be derived from one sense, and where it is 'fre-
quently called into operation, and much attention paid to its
reports, its capabilities become vastly increased. Dr. Sau-
derson, professor of mathematics at Cambridge, and who was
blind from the second year of his age, could distinguish false
from true medals. Rudolphi mentions the case of Baczko,
who could distinguish cloth of equal quality, but of different
colours. Black appeared to him among the roughest and
hardest; to this succeeded dark blue and dark brown, which
he could not distinguish from each other; neither could he
distinguish the colour of cotton or silk stuffs. There are
many other remarkable instances of the wonderful delicacy
reached by this sense from its cultivation by the blind. But
in all such cases there merely exists a greater degree of per-
fection in the exercise of its own powers, not an assumption
of the peculiar function belonging to the others. liven the
touch is liable to error in some instances. If two fingers are
crossed over each other, and a pea rolled between them, we
receive the impression of the presence of two distinct objects,
though we very well know that there exists only one; nor
does sight in this instance remove the deception. However,
in this case the organs are placed in an unnatural position;
and there is every reason to believe, that, by continuing the
practice for a length of time, the illusion would vanish.—
Chambers's Journal.
WINTER IN SCANDINAVIA.—The winters are long and
severe, lasting from November to April or May, and some-
times extending their dreary reign over the half of June.
Frost and snow commence in November, when the whole
earth is enveloped in a white mantle. The lakes and rivers
are converted into solid ice. The clouds of vapour sent up
by the dashing cataracts return in showers of Sil,"Y 'and,
reflecting in the solar rays all the prismatic hues of the rain-
bow. The trees and objects in the fields are fringed with
hoary ornaments; carriages pass noiselessly over layers of
snow in the streets; and the houses, decked in the fantastic
embroidery of shining icicles, resemble enchanted palaces.
To protect their apartments against this intensity of cold, the
inhabitants use stoves, which are ingeniously contrived to
diffuse a large degree of heat with a small quantity of fuel.
They also fortify their persons with a double or triple supply
of apparel, consisting of furs, pelisses, gloves, galoches, jack-
boots lined with flannel, and other requisites, which extend
a Swedish wardrobe to an inconvenient size. In Jamtland
and around Tornea the climate is so rigorous that the lakes
sometimes remain congealed during the whole year; and the
natives are obliged to cut their crops green, before they are
buried under wreaths of snow. Over all Scandinavia, the
dreary season of nature is the most favourable part of the
year for the activity of commercial transactions, and the mu-
tual intercourse of the inhabitants. The merchant finds a
path to distant markets across the solid gulfs, and over hard-
ened snows, which no other process could render accessible.
Pleasures and amusements are kept up in constant succes-
sion. In the environs of the town, the plains and borders of
the lakes are converted into frozen race-courses, where the
elegance and richness of the sledges, the splendour" of the
harnessing, and the beauty of the horses, fleet as the wind,
and making the air resound with the clear tinkling of their
little bells, present a scene surpassing in gaiety and anima-
tion the more brilliant assemblages that crowd the public
promenades in softer climes. Military bands often accom-
pany these lively fetes; and the contest is occasionally pro-
longed by torch-light, which gives a picturesque effect to the
trains of joyous carriages, moving with great velocity over
the whitened fields.—Edinburgh Cabinet Library.
BANKOK, THE CAPITAL OF SIAM.—A visit to a distin-
guished officer of the government, entitled Phya-ratsa-pa-
vade, will afford a glimpse of this strange place. A few mi-
nutes brought us to the dwelling of the " big officer," as the
worthy captain of the port was pleased to call him. It is a
large building of one story, enclosed in a spacious yard, and
the centre of the front opens upon a broad veranda, expo-
sing a hall of eighty by forty feet, the lofty ceiling of which
is supported by numerous wooden columns, The floor is
elevated about four feet above the ground, and was covered
with mats. The ball was furnished with chairs, tables, and
Chinese mirrors; and many lamps hung from the ceiling.
Close to the middle of the back wall reclined the great man
on a dills, clothed in a silk sarong. Before him, on the dais,
were his patents of nobility and badges of offices, consisting
of a tea-kettle, chunam box, spittoons, and drinking cup, all
of pure gold. To his left lay crouched on the ground a fan-
bearer, and a sword-bearer, 'and on either hand were his nu-
merous slaves and inferior officers. Instead of looking at
the dress of a Siamese to estimate his rank, it is necessary to
cast the eye upon the slave following him, who bears upon a
tray the badge which designates his master's rank. Tea-
kettles of gold and silver, plain or ornamented, are pa-
tents of the highest grades of nobility, and are presented by
the king as commissions of office. A. row of chairs stood
beneath the veranda, facing the Phya-ratsa-pa-vade, for our
accommodation, to which we were showed by Piadade, who
acted as interpreter. He bent down upon his elbows and
knees, and crawled in the most abject manner to a spot half-
way between us and our host, and there remained during the
interview. At the foot of each one of the pillars of the front
row were spittoons and quivers of cigars, placed on low
stools. The doors leading to the inner apartments were con-
cealed by silk screens. A crowd of naked rabble was in the
Yard, and another beyond the wall, gazing upon us to gratify
'their idle curiosity. flie scene was opened by the son of the
general, who received us on our landingat Bankok. Dressed
in his gaudy uniform and cocked hat, he crawled along at
our feet, on his knees and one hand, as well as he might,
offering cigars with the other to each of us as he passed : he
then returned in the same manner with a lighted candle and
paper matches. A few common-place questions were asked
and answered through Padiade, who made a salam at the be.
ginning and end of every sentence. A fter a few minutes,
the Ratsa-pa-vade asked us whether our quarters and situa-
tion were agreeable, and hoped we would waive all ceremony
and make ourselves quite at ease, Tables; loaded with fruits
and sweetmeats of various kinds, were now wheeled up be-
fore us ; and during the interview, tea, without sugar or milk,
was served several times. At the .request of the•Ratsa-pa-
vade, our band played several airs, which, he was pleased to
say;was the best music he had ever heard. At the end of
halt' an hour we took leave by. shaking hands, and returned
in the order we came. Very soon after.reaching the house,
several slaves arrived laden with fruit presented by the offi-
cer We had just visited. 114 s an invariable custom in Siam
to send presents immediately, by way of showing that his
visit has been acceptable.—Rusehenberger's Voyaue.
NEILOHERRY fitt.r.s.—A small tract of elevated land, in
the midst of the hottest regions of Southern India, enjoys one
of the most healthy climates of the whole globe. Surrounded
by burning plains, either parched by heat, or teeming with
the onwholesome luxuriance of tropical vegetation, and
abounding in venomous reptiles, this happy region is blessed
with a temperature, but slightly varying through the year.
Much of its surface is one universal verdure : here and there
are groves, hardly extensive enough to be called forests, of
lofty trees, hung with gigantic jessamines, and other sweet-
scented creepers: in many parts it is well cultivated, and is
throughout entirely exempt from serpents, white ants, and
musquitoes, the pests of India. This region is known by the
name of the Neilgherry Hills (from the Sanskrit Vila, bine,
and girl, a mountain,) or the Blue Mountains of Coimbatore.
it is too small and too recently known to be marked upon our
maps, excepting on those of very large size; but its site may
be known by the intersection of two lines, one drawn from
Seringapatam southward,. and the other east from Calicut on
the coast. The average height of this healthy tract is about
five thousand feet; its greatest length is forty-two miles from
north-east to south-west, and its mean breadth about four-
teen. No part of the surface can be called tableland, but it
is interpersed with hill and dale, generally capable of culti-
vation, with the exception of a few points, the highest of
hich has been ascertained to reach an elevation of eight thou-
sand seven hundred feet. The higher parts are often frosty,
even in summer, and in winter they are covered with snow,
Lower ()Own the surface is a fine pasture, like much of our
own downs,' and the wild fruits of our own country are found
there in abundance. The deeper valleys are occasionsQ
narrow and marshy, but the usual character of the less elev.
ted portion is that of the south of Europe; the lime, the citron,
and the orange grow wild, to such au extent that the English
residents have named one considerable tract Orange Valley.
Almost everywhere the turf is sprinkled with beautiful wild
flowers of every diversity of colour; trees quite European in
look and habit, the rhododendron and the camellia, with their
bright colours, are conspicuous in the landscape; every hol-
low has its running stream, its banks clothed with the wild
rose and the jessamine ; and strawberries, raspberries, and
gooseberries grow on every spot a little raised above the
usual level. Several of the streams just mentioned meet at
one point, add forth a beautiful lake, which is about six.miles
in circumference; this is new surrounded by a good carriage-
road, affording one of the most delightful drives to be met
with in India, perhaps in the world. The lake is in many,
parts open and large, in others it narrows to a river, and is
lost among trees; on each side rise gently sloping hills covered
with the softest verdure, extending as they recede to the
more. Tugged and romantic scenery which bounds the view
on a large portion of the horizon. It is
,a curious proof of
the apathy of Europeans in India, that this healthy range of
hills, constantly yisiblelcr and often adMired.bythe English
residents in the south, accessible withdut difficulty, and in-
hibited by peaceable and orderly tribes of natives, was never
visited by Europeans until the close of the year 1818. It
was then explored by two English sportsmen, who were so
much pleased with their visit, that they seized the opportu-
nity of a few weeks' leisure in the following January to re-
peat their excursion, of which they published an account in
the Madras Gazette. They describe the air as frosty, even
to severity, but healthy and bracing; they saw white roses,
marigolds, and balsams in flower, and found a race of men
utterly unlike flindoos in features, habits, and religion, whom
they called Todevies, and who were fairer and more Euro-
pean in appearance than any other natives of India. In the
month of May following, a French naturalist from Pondi-
cherry, named De la Tour, visited the Neilgherries, and
confirmed the report of the first explorers. For a consider-
able time the salubrity of the new discovery was suspected,
because hills in India are generally unhealthy, and the bor-
ders of the
.Neilgherries themselves are very much so; but
the prejudice wore off; a few English cottages began to make
their appearance; a road to the hills was formed by order of
the government; and an English village, which has since
become a town, gradually grew up, on the centre of the crest
of hills, at a spot called Oatacamund, not far from the lake
before mentioned, and bounded on the east and north-east by
lofty mountains, above which towers the Dodabetta, at a
height of nearly nine thousand feet above the level of the
sea. In 183'2, the Madras newspapers stated that above one
hundred and fifty English gentlemen and ladies, with their
establishments, were residing at Oatcamund ; a pretty Gothic
church was built, in which an English clergyman officiated;
there was a bazaar, and several shops kept by Parsees; and
any article could be bought there at as reasonable a rate as
at Madras. A handsome hotel, with ball room, billiard room,
and every other accommodation, was provided, and the place
had become " a little England, save that the climate is less
variable, and the scenery is more romantic and more beauti-
ful than in the mother country." Oatamund continues to
flourish. In 1834, the supreme council began to hold their
sittings there; and it is now the resort of invalids from all
parts of India, who find in it health and recreation suited to
their English habits. Game is abundant; snipes, wood-
cocks, partridges, peafowls, •hares, elks, and bears, afford
much amusement to the sportsman ; and a tiger hunt, of a
more dangerous description than in the plains, may be en-
joyed by those who have acquired a taste for such a pastime.
The numerous white buildings of Oatacumund are scattered
over a considerable extent of country; and their effect is as
beautiful as the site in which they are placed is delightful.
The temperature near the town is never so high as in an
English summer, nor so low as in our winter. A register,
kept for four years, shows a variation from 36 deg. to 70 deg.
of Fahrenheit in the greatest extremes ; but, in nineteen
days out of twenty, the variation was from 42 deg. to 65 deg,
.
The average fall of rain was 45 inches in the year, more than
double that which falls Lonclo4
the same time —.Penny
ikragazino.