The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1840-11-27 00:00:00

LIVERPOOL CORN EXCHANGE,—TnIs DAY

(From Messrs. It. MAKIN 8c SONS' Circular.)

In consequence of adverse winds, we have very little pro-
duce of any kind to report from Ireland, scarcely any coast-
wise,
and none whatever from abroad since this day se'nnight.
The duties on all descriptions of foreign, as well as colonial
produce, continue, until Friday neat, precisely the same as
last week.

During the interim from Tuesday last until to-day, the
only prominent feature in the trade was a tolerable demand
for Canadian and States Flour on the terms last noted ; and
although transactions in any kind of Grain appeared to be very
unimportant, the general currency stated in our last circular
remained steady.
Having a very slender attendance of town and country
millers at this day's market, the Wheat trade exhibited an
extremely dull aspect, and although holders did not generally
appear disposed to force business at much lower rates, yet in
partial instances a small abatement was submitted to, and had
sales been practicable beyond a moderate amount, a decline
of Id to 2d per 701bs must have been conceded.

The pressure of the air is, at the level of the sea, about 15
lbs. on every square inch, and is capable of supporting a
column of water 30 feet high, and one of mercury of 30 in.—
that is, a column of mercury one inch square and 30 inches
long, has the same weight (nearly 15 lbs) as a column of water
of equal base and 34 feet long, and as a column of air of equal
base, reaching from the level of the sea to the extreme limit
of the atmosphere.
1728 cubic inches, or 1 foot cubic of water, weighs 1,000
ounces, avoirdupoise ; 1728 cubic inches, or one foot
cubic of mercury, weighs 13,600 ounces, avoirdupoise.
A large proportion of the ingredients which constitute the
mass of the earth contain oxygen gas, so that it is not exag-
gerating to affirm, that one-half of our globe is composed of
this element. This will appear more evidently when we take
into consideration the composition of the primitive rocks,
taking as an example granite, which may be considered an
aggregate of feldspar, quartz, and mica.
We find by analysis that felspar is composed of
Common Felspar. Ceylon. Siberian.
Silex
Alumina . 24 20.5 ..
Lime
Ox. 1r0n.... 2.0
Potash O.O . 0.0.
Silicia is composed of 15 silicium lor 50 per cent. of oxy-
-15 oxygen J gen.
Alumina is composed of 123.00 sulphate of alum.
119.32 bisulph. of potash.
187.00 water.

429.32

Quartz may be considered as nearly pure silica, the compo
sition of which, as stated Above, is about 50 per cent. o
oxygen. Mica is a compound, and, as analyzed by Vauque
lin, is composed of
&lex 5O Bergmen, 40
Alumina
Lime
Magnesia 1.35 5
.ox. iron
Loss.. -

100.00

a pleat is too long deprived of light, it will again actually ap•
propriate what has already been deposited, Rd thus we may
account for the absorbtion of oxygen, to convert the carbon
again into carbonic acid, and what carbonic acid. might by the
roots be absorbed, be thrown off during night. If this is the
real condition, it follows that vegetables must be considered
renovators of the atmosphere, and this, as I stated before, is
found to be the case. For if the superfluous carbon is again
rendered vitiated, of course all that is appropriated, must be
put down to the credit of renovation—and on the return of
daylight a fresh accession is made to the deposition of woody
fibre.

Again, there are other vegetables which abound in acidu-
lous products whose composition proves that they absorb an
excess of oxygen, and of course prove prejudicial to the at-
mosphere ; but their relative value is so trifling, that it scarcely
forms an iota in the grand scale of vegetable production.
But there is a third class, which demands more considera-
tion, and that is those of a resinous character, in which there
seems to be oxygen thrown off both from the carbon and
water, and retaining hydrogen in excess.
Carbon. Oxygen. Hydrogen.
Resin of turpentine 75.94 13.34 10.72
Copal
Olive oil
In these instances it is obvious that there is a large excess of
hydrogen, and this is obtainable only from the water of the
atmosphere, but if there is an excess of hydrogen retained in
the vegetable composition, it is equally certain that this oxy-
gen with which it was united must be placed to the credit of
the renovation of the atmosphere.

Let us next take some of the leading proximate principles
of vegetables, thus—
Gum is composed of Carbon
Oxygen ..
st Hydrogen

41.906

51.306
6.788