The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1838-02-09 00:00:00

THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD.

LIVERPOOL MECHANICS' INSTITUTION.

LECTURES ON I'iIYSIOLOGY,

On Saturday evening Dr. Epps delivered his second lecture.
I The ribs arc attached to the spine, from which they pass oh.
liquelv round, and rouru back to the breastbone, to which they
al , • joined. The front portions a the ribs are composed of gristle.
a
! Within the ribs are situated the heart and chest. The chest
1 contains our lungs and som6 of the most important blood-vessels.
I In breathing we are obliged to raise the chest, in order to till
the lungs; hence it was necessary so to construct the ribs as to
render them capable of expanding; and by no other than this
oblique formation of the ribs could this have been so effectually
done. Thus, by raising up our ribs, we at once elevate our
chest. The ribs are constructed round for the same reason as
the. skull to shield them as much as possible from the effects of
external injuries. It is astonishing what blows prize-fighters
I will endure upop their ribs without any ill consequences. This
I teaches us how we may strengthen our limbs by proper exec-
else, so as to enable them to endure extreme hardships. There
are twelve ribs on each side, or rather twelve pair of ribs. There
is an opinion commonly entertained, that women have one more
rib than men. This compliment to the ladies is not, however,
warranted by anatomy. The notion arose out of the statement
in the Bible, that woman was made out of the rib of a man. A
curious examination. of this passage of Scripture occurs in the
Anthropological Magazine, by which it would appear, that there
is a mistake in its translation, the Hebrew word (tsalang) Iran-
- slated rib, not being so translated in any of the six other instan-
ces in which it is used in the Scriptures. There is a groove in
I.the inside of the rib to enable the blood-vessels to escape injury,
by passing along them. In fact, throughout the body, when-
ever a brood.e.eesel is exposed to any injury, the Creator has
devised sinne means far its protection. We find that the back
parts of our body are much better protected than the front ones.
It is essential for the enjoyment of health, that the ribs should
.have a free motion. At least fifteen out of twenty of the upper
classes or females have deformed spines, in consequence of the
fashionable treatment which they undergo to reduce the size of
their waists. A young lady, tightly laced, sits down on her
music-stool, without any support to her back. She is told by
her fund mamma, that unless she becomes a good musician she
will never get a good husband. The young lady remains at the
piano four or six hours a day, and in acquiring execution stret-
ehes her hands along the keys of the piano on either side, during
which time her spine, being tightly embraced by the stays, will
not bend in its natural manner, so that the spine is put out of
its place. The majority of deformed spines is attributable to
sitting at pianos, or at the drawing-desk, by which the body is,
by such occupations, withdrawn from its natural position. That
portion of the human figure which ladies make the narrowest,
ought to be the broadest. The consequence of tight lacing is
much suffering. The medical practitioner advises change of air,
and a thousand other remedies, but does not strike at the root
of the evil. Tight lacing is a good thing for.the doctors; they
glory in it, for if it were not for the folly of other people, they
would have little or nothing to do. No patient should allow a
medical man to prescribe a single article of medicine without
explaining why he does so. If a medical man cannot do this,
he is not tit to practise: It may appeat strange, on a first view,
that there is no apparent protec!ion for our stomach and the
parts below the chest. But suppose the Creator had contrived
our ribs to our hips. In that case we could not bend, nor could
we, without serious inconvenience, as the first lamp-post would
testify, tuck into us the numerous good things which a public
dinner affords. The Creator has wonderfully provided for the
necessities of each part of the body. The protector of the sto-
mach is entrusted to our eyes antrour hands. The hands are
capable of describing a circle around the front of our licitly, and
thus are readily enabled to shield Rhone injuries.
The spine tits like a wedge between the bones of thelip. These
hipbones spread out like wings, and bear the whole of the upper
portion of the body. The thigh bones fit into each side of these
hips. They are of a peculiar structure, and exquisitely beauti-
ful. There is a round ball fitting into a hollow. We call these
portions of the human mechanism, joints, and the parts which
rub against each other, articulating surfaces. The thigh bone
does riot lit into the hollow in au erect position, but a por-
tion of the hove juts out sideways into the hollow. By this
means our legs are placed further asunder, and we are enabled
to stand erect with less difficulty. There are twoprotuberances
at the knee joint, one lower than the other. Women's legs ap-
proach nearer than men's, but elf persons legs have a tendency
to approximate; and in order to counteract this the inner
protuberance is lower than the outer, so that by compression
against a correspondine protuberance in the leg. The advan-
tages of the compound ball joint to connect the thigh to the hip
are sufficiently obvious : with any other description, the whole
of our body must turn with the leg. The joint of the knee is
what is termed a hinge joint, not permitting the leg to move
round as the hip joint, but merely backwards and forwards. It
:is difficult to separate the knee joints, they are so tightlybound
together by ligaments. Our legs are Composed of two bones,
the tuner of which farms the inner ancle, and the outer the outer
ancle. The whole body is fastener' down by one bone into the
foot, in such a firm manner that it is impossible for a person to
dislocate it without an extraoidinary degree of violence. There
is an arch firmed beneath the foot by means of hones, for the
purpose of enabling us to walk with ease. This arch is the
most perfect one with which we are acquainted, so much so that
it was considered by Michael Angelo that the first idea of an
arch was derived from the human foot. The greater the pres-
sure upon the foot the greater is its power of resisting it.
The shoulder blade is attached to the body by flesh only, in
order that it may have a perfect power of motion, which it could
not have if jointed as the other limbs. Hence the arm is so
easily discolated. It is curious that drunken persons very seldom
injure themselves; they are sensible persons so far ; they fall
upon the centre of gravity without ever attempting to save
themselves. They sink to the earth with such a fraternal love
that there is no harm done. There is a common notion that a
drunken man has a certain protection over him, but the real
fact is. the spirit has overcome the sense of motion. is a sober
person falls he immediately puts out his arms to save himself,
and, if the fall is from any height, his arms are dislocated. The
elbow bone has a very peculiar shape. Its motion is merely
upwards and downwards, like a hinge; but there are two bones
in the fore arm, and the second has a rotatory motion. The
bones of the hand are fastened to the latter. There are an
immense number of bones in the hand. By the hand being'
_concave in the inside we are easily enabled to seize anything.
'There are a great number of advantages in the concavity of
the outside of the hand.- Indeed the hand is one of the most
beautiful of the works of the creation.

If a workman wishes his machinery to work easily, and with-
out any grating noise, he. oils the different parts which come
into contact with each other. 'The Creatur has provided the
different joints of the body with an unction by which their
action is rendered easy. Thus we always find in.the knee pans
a fluid which is for the purpose of lubricating or oiling the knee
joints; and it is singular that we are unable to invent anything
like this lubricating liquor which the Almighty has provided.
Every joint of. • the human body which moves is supplied with
bags or glands which secrete altind of oily, fat, mucilaginous
substance, which is like joining oil with mucillage. This is for
the purpose of anointing the joints ; and we find that persons
who live too well get the gout—large knees, &e. form unnatural
and diseased secretions of this substance. When we walk, the
very action of walking .presses upon these glands, and the con-
sequence is, that the lucubrating liquor is squeezed nut as we
want it. When. persons walk too far there is•a deficiency in
the supply, and it is very absurd to walk too far, as it brings on
the rheumatism. If. again, we do not take a proper degree of
exercise, we must he punished. flo"rever benevolent, however
pious a person may be, if lie uses his joints too much he will be
punished in his joints; neither his goodness nor his piety will
keep off the punishment. Our happiness is best secured by
following the laws which the Creator has laid down for the
guidance of man, as exemplified by every day's experience.
Every joint is covered with a smooth surface, so as to enable it
to work freely, like the well polished surface of a machine.

ELECTION COMMITTEES.

In the House of Commons on Tuesday, there were three bal•
lots for election committees, viz., for the county of Roxburgh,
and for the boroughs of Ipswich and Salford.

ROXI3IIIGII ELECTION.
In this case the Hon. F. Scott is the pettioner, against the
return of Mr. Elliott. The petition states that at on of the
polling places, at the town of Hawick, " riots of the most alarm-
ing, tumultuous, and violent description took place," by means
of which "the electors in the interest of the petitioner were
greatly interrupted; insulted, and assaulted," and others who
would have voted for him, were in consequence of the said riots,
deterred and prevented from so doing; and others "were influ-
enced by fear, threats, and violence to vote for the said John
Edmund Elliot, in violation of the freedom of election, and of
the rights of electors," that these riots were countenanced by
:the partisans and friends of Mr. Elliot, and by divers persons
in his interest, for the purpose of intimidating and preventing
the electors from supporting and voting for the petitioner, ; and
on the two days of polling, as well as the day preceding, a mob,
consisting of many persons who had no right to vote, publicly
tforlisaiwni(t petitioner's interest were vio-
lently rpaagreasd;edthtabtemsainreyetesieco Committing, assaults and out-
rages;
assaulted and beaten, stripped of their clothing, and put
in (linger of their lives; that others were carried to the river
Slitrig, which runs through the town, and thrown in; that by
authority of her Majesty's advocate for Scotland, the responsi-
bility of keeping the peace during the election devolved upon
the magistrates of the town, who greatly misconducted them-
selves in the discharge of their duty, by not affording sufficient
protection to the voters in the interest of the petitioner; that in
the course of the first day's polling, on account of the riotous
proceedings which had already taken place, the sheriffs substitute
declared at the polling booth the adjournment of the poll for
two hours; nevertheless, that he, after a short interval, allowed
the polling again to go on, which was an illegal act; and that
Mr. Elliott was, "by himself and his agents, guilty of divers
acts of bribery and corruption, in order to corrupt or procure,
-and did by himself; and his agents, friends, managers, and others
on his behalf, by gifts, presents, money, rewards, and promises,
agreements and securities for money, gifts, &c., and by threats
and intimidations, undue influence, and other corrupt, illegal,
and improper practices, procure divers persons, having votes, to
give their votes to him, and to forbear giving their voles to the
petitioner." The prayer is, that the election may be declared
null and void.

IPSWICH ELECTION.
This petition is at the instance of certain electors, praying
that Henry Tuffnell, Esq., may be declared not duly elected,
and that Fitzroy Kelly, Esq., inay be declared duly elected.
The chief allegations in the petition are, that many persons,
voting for Mr. Tuffnell, were not qualified (there being a ma-
jority of two only over Mr. Kelly at the close of the poll, the
numbers being, for.Mr,::,Ttiffnell 595, for Mr. Kelly 5930 that
others were ".admitted to vote for him who had asked, received,
and taken money, or other reward, by, way of girt, loan, or other
device ;".- that other electors had been prevented from giving
their votes to Mr. Kelly, having been improperly and illegally
excluded from voting by the returning officer ; and that Mr.
TulTnell was, " by himself, his friends, agents and managers, on
his behalf, guilty of acts of notorious bribery, corruption, and
treating at the said election."

SALFORD ELECTION.

In this rase the petition was from the unsuccessful candidate,
with several electors, against the return of ,Mr. Brotherton, and
in favour of the return of Mr. Garnett (one of the petitioners,)
alleging that many votes given to the former gentleman were
bad, and ought to be struck off the poll. There are likewise in
the petition allegations of briber) and corruption on the part of
Mr. Brotherton himself, or his agents, friends, and managers,
in order to induce and procure the electors of said borough
to give their votes to him, and to forbear to give them to-Mr.
Garnett." It is moreover alleged " that after the taste of the
writ, Mr. Brotherton, by himself, his agents, friends, and others,
(lid give meat, drink, entertainment, and provision, and make
promises, agreements, and engagements to give and allow the
electors money, meat. drink, &c., in order to be elected." The
petition seeks, either to have the election declared null and void,
or that the return may be amended " by substituting the name
of Wiiliam Garnett fur that of Joseph Brotherton."

THE AUTHOR OF JUNIUS'S LETTERS.—On Saturday began
the sale of the late Sir Philip Francis's books, at Mr. Evans's
Pall-mall, rendered remarkable in consequence of various
writers having argued that Sir P. Francis was the renowned
" Junius." Many of the books brought good prices, in con-
sequence of there being sonic of Sir Philip's M.S. notes in
them, they showing, at least, particularly, in marks in Black-
stone's Commentaries, that he and' Junius had marked the like
passages. His additions ufJunins remain to be disposed of.

g:4-Dipping Enteittcnr?.

TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 6.—Wind E,

ARRIVAD.—Kenn Leeds, from. Charleston—Eli Whitney, from
Savannah—Strafford, Winslow; and C:.le onia Brander, Nicholson,
from New Orleans, sailed 6om the Bar sBth Dee. left the Formosa,.
for this port, on the Bar—Jackson, Williamsyyn, from T'./onto Video,:
sailed 6th Nov.—Mary, Queen of Scots, Killef, froM Paraiba, sailed
!Atli Dee. Loft the Pink loading for. London—Duchess of Clarence;
James, from Messina—Amphitrite•, from Smyrna •
Saman—liverpool, Row, and Irt, Ludlow, for Calcutta—Niagara,
Pike, for New orleans—Susannah. Watson; anti Tu.oany, Freeman,
fir Havana—Unity, Kendall, for Rio Grande—Amelia and Hannah,.
Williams, for Nantes—liarmony, Brown, from itha.seilles—and For-
tune, Pirie. for Genoa.

Pekin, Blair, hence, at Trinidad
Mary Worrall, Gardner, hence for Lima, off Kinsale
Co4llae Packet, from Cape de Vercis. at Pernambuco
Cawton, Boyce, hence, at Dardanelles, aground, and will be obliged
to discharge part of, her. cargo
.'Treasurer': Farrago • and Stanley, Thotrt, hence at ditto
Skeen, BoYd, from St Domingo, at London -
Commerce, Prowse, from St NI ichael's, at Waterford

• •
Beiram NVoolner, from ribizond,' at Constantinople, bound to
Odessa, with loss of all the sails, main boom, &c., having been over-
taken by a squall, within a few miles of the latter port.
cROOKTIAVRIsT. FEE. I.—A great number of Casks of Flour, marked
D. and Co., having the usual Harnbrc brand, and a great deal of wreck
apparently part of the gangway of a large vessel very much burnt,
•
were passsed, 7th ultimo, by the Julia arrived here.

WEDNESDAY. FEBRUARY 7.—Wind S.S.E: to S.—Fresh.
Mtts-Eu.—Farmer, Smardon, from Seville—and Lynx; Forsyth,
from Terceira, in I I clays.
' •SattEn.-41irmingliam, Drummond, for New York—Mattakeeset,
Drew, for New Orleans—Wilton Wood, Russell, for Monte Video and
Buenos A yres—Mecloira, Pyke, tor Boston—and Eliza Scotland, Bale,
fur Ancona.

Alecto, Arsh ford ; Mountaineer, Williams; Shannon, Wilden,Jand
Brilliant, Gibson, hence at Jamaica
Fanny Ann Garrigues, Murphy, from Cork, at ditto
Cleopatra. -, from Dublin and Lisbon, at Monte Video
Snowdrop, Trewavas, hence at Messina
Matilda, Hodgson, from Genoa, at di:to
Feronia, Jarvis, hence at Gibraltar
Rhoda, Matthews, from Swansea, at ditto
Rebecca, Sayer, hence at Marseilles
Mauricio, Illaramedi, hence at Cadiz
Lady Middleton, Barker, hence at Lisbon
Lovely Cruizer, Cox, from Swansea, at ditto
Daedalus, Hemmingway. froM Bonny, at the Cove in n 5 days. The
Shannon sailed from Calabar for Fernando Po a week previous
Sarah, Dart, from Valparaiso for Swansea at the Cove. On the Ist
instant in lat. 14, spoke the Bolivar, front this port
Bride, Porter, from the Mauritius for Leith, at the Cove
Emily, Wardle, from Aricati for this port, at Waterford
Adelaide. Roberts, hence for Dunkirk, at Falmouth
Hortensia, Reed, from the Mauritius, at Portsmouth
Mary Laing, Shearer, and Fair Arcadian, Rogers, from Honduras,
at ditto
Carabyses, Hutchinson, from Gergenti, at ditto
Dampier, Newlands, was to sail from Savanilla for this port about
Pith Dec.

Mary Brade, Dillies, sailed from Cadiz for Vera Cruz 12th
Mischief, Jones, sailed from Trieste for Cephalonia 23rd Jan.
Syren. Foster, sailed from Marseilles for this port 28th Jan.
FALMOUTH, Feb. s.—The Ann, from. St. Andrew's for this port, was
abandoned 14th Jan, in lat. 38 5, long. i 3 52, having lost spars, sails,,
&c. and being full of water; crew, with the exception of the cook
lost overboard, saved by the Fame, from Trinidad for London
DEAL, Feb. s.—The slartin, Addison, from Sunderland for Liver-
pool, struck upo❑ the South Sand Head this morning, and sunk ;
master, mate, and five seamen saved; three boys drowned

THURSDAY,•FEBevaRY 8.
ARRlVED.—lntrepid, Stewart, from Demerara—Wolf's.cove,
from St. John, N.B.—and Duchess of Clarence, James, from Messina.

Madras, Thornton, hence at Demerara
Caledonia, Graham, from St, John, N.B. off Waterford
Queen Victoria, Stephens, from Pietou for this port, at Londonderry
Delhi, -, from Monte Videe, at Buenos Ayres
Blucher, Heron, from Buenos Ayres, at Trinidad
James Hunt, M'Donald, hence at Partan
Charles Hamerton, hence at Cape Hayti
Ellen, M'Donald, from De-, merara, at Jamaica
Bootle, Wilson, hence at St. Thomas
Guaditano, hence at Cadiz
Havana Packet, -, hence for Africa, was spoken 30th ult. in
long. 9
Indian, --, from Fernam for this port, was spoken 29th Jan. in
lat. 46, long. 18 .
Stormont, Mister, from Demerara, at London
Bnykett, Austin, from Bayonne, at Portsmouth
W in. Hamby, Ogilvy, from Rio Janeiro, off Scilly, with loss of
,tuain yard and bulwarks

LATEST DATES AT LIVERPOOL. .
From Direct. Indirect. Prom Direct. Indirect.
Calcutta Nov. ..16 Maranham Dec ....28
Bombay Nov. ..3a N. Orleans Jan .... 1
Mauritius Oct ....19 Mobile .. Jan .... 2
Rio Janeiro Nov. ..28 Savannah . Jan .... 2
Bahia Dec.... 7 Cbarlestor Jan .... 3
Pernambue( Dec.... 21 New York. ,Jan ...JO