The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1838-01-16 00:00:00

L1TZ:3.11117 NariC7l3.

The Miseries and Beauties of Ireland. By Jonathan
Brous, Assistant Ag-rictilt oral Commissioner on the
late Irish Pour Law Commission. London : Longman
and Co. Liverpool : J. F. Cannel'.
These two volumes comprise a large mass of ex-
tremely interesting matter relative to the present condi-
tion of Ireland. Tuev comprise well-digested abstracts
of the most important parts of the (Alicial exam;nations,
and a dispassionate analysis of the evidence offered on
the subject of a provision for the poo► of Ireland. They
uholugd with sen4itile and appropriate remarks on the
state of a,,tricult ore in the sister island, togeth•-r With
various suggestions fir the improvement of the rural po-
pulation. Toe condition and habits of the people are
freely commented upon. The author had visited thirty
of the Irish counties, and he has presented us in the vo-
lumes before us, with the result of his observations upon
the domestic economy, the social enjoyments, the pri•
vations and poverty, the chequered fortunes, and the
comparative ignorance of the inhabitants of the various
districts which he traversed. His suggestions for re-
viving the industry and prosperity of Ireland are in
many respects truly valuable. His remarks on the sce-
nery and natural advantages of the country will he pe-
rused with considerable interest. We shall hereafter
endeavour to give several extracts from this. interesting
volume, which we recommend to the notice of all who
,eek the amelioration of the sister kingdom.

The Hearts' Ease, or a Remedy against all Troubles.
By Svmon Pal rii k, D. D. Bishop of Ely, Cambridge :
Stevenson. 1337.

We are glad to see a reprint of this admirable tract,
which contains much sound advice to those who are
labouring under domestic calamities. 'We approve of
the system of reviving the theological literature of the
fifteeoth and sixteenth century, the present age especially
calls for such publications as the present. There is so
much laxity. of principle, and so much delusion from the
doctrines and spirit of the reformation prevalent in the
present day, that it is essential to call the church of Eng
land to contemplete the original writings of the earlier
reformers. The work before us is a valuable contribu-
tion to the library of the christian reader, and as such
Mill be generally appreciated.

Babylon; or the Conservative System: with the Ana-
torny of each, as developed in the Word of God. By
R. B. Sanderson, Esq. London : Hamilton, Adams,
and Co.

This is little else than a rehashing of the calumnies
heaped upon the church by Parson Squire Bevet ley, of
pamphleteering notoriety. There is nothing new ad-
vanced on the subject in the pamphlet before us, unless
it be a larzer share of impudent assertion, and coarse and
vulgar abuse of the clergy, than other tracts on the same
subject. The Rirallel which the author seeks to sustain
is a miserable failure. We shall probably notice some
of his statements in our editorial remarks on Friday.

Pietas Dunelmensis: or the Relioion of Durham illus
traced. By R. B. Sanderson, Esq. London: Hamil-
ton, Adams, and Co.
This is another stupid attempt by the same author,
to bring the church of England and her ministry into
contempt. The author is here as unfortunate as in the
preceding tract. All that he demonstrates is his owit
malignity of disposition towards the establishuient, and
that uncharitableness of opinion which leads him to im-
pute to the clergy plans and intentions which they never
entertained. We are, however, glad to find our advo-
cates of the voluntary system speak out as boldly and
Plainly as Mr. Sanderson does. The church will be bet
ter able to deal with its adversaries by this system of
speaking out.

The Age. of Intellect, A Satire, written in the Dog-
Days. By Melopoins. London: Mitchell, 1837.
There are some very excellent points in thiS pleasant
satire. The language and composition throughout t,
classically accurate, and the wit and truth which pervade
every line render it a poem of no ordinary attractions.

The Sportman. January, 18.37.
• The. present number of this truly spirited magazine. is
by no means inferior to any of its predecessors. This is
accompanied by two excellent plates, one of which is a
portrait of Mango, the winner of the Doncaster St. Leger
in 1837, and the other a view of " Wild Ducks Dis-
turbed." Both are admirably executed. The articles in
the present number are as varied and as spirited as usual.
Our sporting friends will find in them, an ample fund of
amusement.

The •Farmer's Magazine, and Monthlu Journal of Pro-
ceedings affecting the Agricultural Interest. Janu-
ary, 1833. .

This is truly a splendid number of this national maga-
-4ne, which may be considered a repertory of all that is
essentially useful to the farmer. The articles are char-
acterised:by their usual ability, and will be found of
„;pnti„i value to the practical agriculturist.
The iSreto Monthly Belle ARsemblee. January, IS3g.
We have seldom met with a more interesting number
of this truly amusing magazine. The poetry, tal;;s, and
general selection of light reading, of which it is composed,
render it one of the most enchanting miscellanies of the
day. The present number is illustrated by the usual
plates of fashions, superadded to which we have a beauti-
ful portrait of her Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria.

The Musical Bijou for 1838. London: D'Almaine

and Co.

This is an admirable sPlrctin►: of beautiful songs anr.l
pieces of-music by some of the mr st favourite composer%
and also a set of quadrilles, tcr ch are entitled to the
highest praise. The work is perfectly unique and worthy
otAtAteniind patronage.

The Piano Forte Album of Her Most Gracious li✓ff o
jesty, Queen Victoria. L'ondon : D'Alwaine and Cu.

This splendid collection of music is embellished with
portraits of Thalberg and Herz. Amongst the contri
butors we may enumerate some of the most celebrated
composers of the present day. This, as well as the pre.
cedin4,,, may be classed among the most suitable presents
of the present season. The spirited publisher merits
every praise for his persevering exertions in catering for
the public atuusetrieut.

LIVERPOOL MECHANICS' INSTITUTION.

LECTURES ON CHEMISTRY.

On Wednesday evening, Dr. Kane delivered his third lecture
to a numerous and fashionable audience.

We find that the mass of atmosphere by which we are sur-
rounded is constituted of oxygen gas, and of another air, the
utility of which is nut immet7tiately obvious, but which would
rather appear to be Wended merely for diluting the oxygen, so
as to reduce the intensity of its effect upon combustion to that
state which we see take place around us. We saw that if an
animal were placed in a jar of atmospheric air, front which
oxygen was withdrawn, it would be suffocated: the saute effect
would be produced if it were immersed in pure oxygen, front
the over stimulating effects which it would produce. The at-
mosphere is the greatest storehouse we have of nitrogen gas.
After having withdrawn the oxygen from the atmospheric
we find the residuum to he transparent, colourless, and incapa-
ble (4r:hanging vegetable colours. We may effect the decom-
position of the air in a variety of ways, alt depen lent, however,
upon the abstraction of oxygen. One of the simplest is to ignite
phosphorus in a jar containing it, over a pneumytic trough.
Nitrogen is sometimes tatted azote, because it has not the pro- •
petty Of supporting life. Phosphorus, when ignited in atmos-
pheric air, produces phosphoric acid, which is not so readity
absorbed by water as phosphorous acid, a product which is form-
ed by the stow combustion of phosphorus in atmospheric air, at
all temperatures, without ignition. Therefore, where nitrogen
is wauted for the purpose of immediate experiment, the latter
mode of procuring it is resorted to, as wel4as tor quantitative
analysis; a long, narrow, graduated tube being emplu)en in the •
latter instance, in order to ascertain the amount of oxygen gas
displaced by the water which enters the tube. We had, trout
the most careful analysis, that nitrogen constitutes about four-
fifths of the atmospheric air. So rapid is the diperstrin of
gasses through the atmosphere that the air in a room containing
a number of persons will possess nearly as much oxygen as the
external air, although it is consumed in a rapid manner.
means of delicate experiments, it has been ascertained that there
are particular hours in the day when the atmosphere contains
more or less oxygen than at others. This shows that there are
other fluctuations in the atmosphere besides barometrical ones.
Another mode of obtaining nitrogen is by passing a current of
chlorine through a solution of ammonia, when- the chlorine
unites with the hydrogen of the ammonia and forms muriatic
acid, whilst nitrogen, :he other constituent of ammonia, is st
free. Nitrogen may also be -procured by distilling with nitric
acid the muscular flesh •of an animal, which contains a very
large quantity of nitrogen, in combination with hydrogen and
carbon. The oxygen of the nitric acid unites with the carbon
and hydrogen of the muscular flesh, by which the nitrogen of
the latter, as well as of the nitric acid, is set flee. No matter
by which of these methods nitrogen is obtained, it possesses
the saute ptopeities.

11111,pendellt of these chemical phenomena of respiration and
contimstloo, it is necessary to advert to one or two physical
properties of the atmosphere, in consegaence of their im-
portatice in chemistry. The atmosphere is not a chemical cow-
oiustiim of oxygen and nitrogen, although the unvarvina pro.
portions in which it is constituted would seem to favour such
111 idea. It is now established that the atmosphere is merely
mechanical mixture of the two gasses. as we find that oxygen
is abstiacted from it by almost every substance exposed to its
influence, whilst, in every case of chemical combination that
we know of, the elements are united with a power which it ',-
quires some superior power to overcome. We find ourselves at
the surface of the earth immersed in a sea of atmospheric air,
to a depth which has been ca.culated at forty miles. This at.
mospherie air, being positively heavy, and possessing a deter.
mina' ine• gravitating power, exercises a considerable pressure
on our bodies in a variety of ways. According to a law of fluids,
:his pressure is cuminunicated to every direction, so that al-
though the atmosphere presses with a force or fifteen pounds upon
every square inch of our bodies, still, as this pressure is in every
direction, we experience no ill results from it. The existence
of atmospheric pressure was conclusively shown by the lecturer.
He exhausted a common receiver, covered with it bladder, and
the liiitilder, being exposed to a pressure
,beyond its power to
sustain, horst with an explosion. NI/W. volume is inversely as
the pressure, and the chemist, in order to estimate the bulk of
his gasses. must take into consideration the batiomettical pies-
sure. as well as the thermometer, or his calculations will be
incorrect, for heat, as well as pressure, causes a difference
of hulk in all gaseous bodies. That this is the case, so far
as heat is concerned, is evident ft oin the ascent of Monigolfier,
or tire balloons.

Nitrogen gas is remarkable for the number of combinations
into which it enters with oxygen gas. Nitrous oxide (the first
of its five combinations) was discovered by Priestley; but its
properties having been analyzed by Sir H. Davy, he may,
with more propriety, be said to have deserved that honour. If
we saturate anitntinia with nitric acid, we obtain a salt called
nitrate of ammonia. When this salt is heated in a retort, we
find it melts, and, as it is fused, effervesces, and the whole of it
passes off in the form of nitrous oxide and water. The nitric
acid is said to consist of five equivalents of oxygen and one of
nitrogen. Ammonia consists, of one equivalent if nitrogen and
two of hydrogen. A pinion of the oxygen and the hydrogen
unite together to form water, and she iemainine oxygen unites
with the nitrogen to compose nitrous oxide. Nitrous ox ide is co-
lourlessoransparent,and incapable of a-etit.ix on vegetable colours.
It is tine and a half nines as heavy as ;atmospheric air. If a light-
ed taper is introduced into a jar of ii, it w,if horn anti nearly
as witch brili ones, as in oxvgei ; but if the taper be previously
extioguished, it wilt not, be relighted as in oxygen. Nitrous
oxide has become very remarkable in science, on accouet of
the infltence it exercises upon the animal system when respired.
It may be known to some, that the first introduction of Sir
1-Ininolirey Davy to public life, was the establishment of an in-
stitution in Bristol, for the recovery of persons in certain dis-
eases by the inspiration of different gases. A well-known phy-
sini in was led to suppose, that the appearance of too much red
in the faces of consumptive persons indicated the presence of
tiro 'noel) oxygen; and he tnought, that bs respiring a gas con-
taining less oxygen, the patient might be cured. Ibis led to
the respiration of the different gases, but only one gave any re-
markable result. In the respiration of nitrous oxide, there is
tea a most agreeable species of intoxication, and, altogether, a
sense of great delight is produced, which is, however, but nio-
mentary. in which respect it differs from the ordinary species of
intexication• in not ...-tiving belsind it any trace of weakness.
D,ivy was the first to hod out this property of the gas. A vent
areatsliffereuce takes place in the effect of the gas upon the
various persons inhaling it. It happened that the associates of
D.IVY tier men of a highly imaginative and poetical tempera-
ment. li'is well known that Davy himself would have been one
of our first-rate poets, had he not been our leading; philosopher.
Censequently, the effects of the gigs upon these individuals was
peculiarly energetic. A singular instance of the force of ima-
gination happened at Paris at the tune of the discovery of the
intoxicating powers of this gas. A French efiemist was pre-
vailed upon to administet it on a certain day to a number of his
friends. Having previously prepared his firs in bladders, lie
sent his assistant into ins la.:oratory for it when required. The
company all respired it and became intoxicated. The fleet
meriting, on going into his laboratory, the chemist found that
his assistant had brought him bladders filled with atmospheric
air instead of those containing the nitrous oxide.
Nitric oxide contains sane more equivalent of oxygen than
nitrous oxide. We cannot form it by the direct combinatit,u of
nitrogen with oxygen. If we place nitric acid, which contains
most oxygen of all llie combinations of nitrogen, in combination
with a metal, the nitric acid is reduced to the situation of nitric
oxide. For this purpose, we may take tin, copper, or quick-
silver. The acid requires to he used somewhat weak, otherwise
a portion of the oxide would be distilled over in the state of
nitrous oxide, or even in the stale of nitrogen. It is remark-
able, in having almost the same density as atmospheric air, it
consists equal volumes of oxygen and azote, or -two equiva-
lents of oxygen and one of azote. If we allow a quantity of
atmospheric air to pass into a jar containing the nitric oxide, a
quantity of dense red fumes at ise, which is not the case with any
other gas. This is a perfect test for nitric oxide. Nitric oxide
resembles nitrous oxide very nearly in its power of supporting
combustion. Unless a body be in estate of powerful inflamma-
tion, it will not burn in it, hut in that state it will barn with equal
brilliancy as in oxygen gas. The reason why it behaves in this
way towards conibus:ilite bodies is simple. Its elements are held
together by a very feeble affinity. A body which is burning
slightly is not able to decompose it. and is therefore extinguished;
but the gas being decomposed by the heat of burning phosphorus,
the phosphorus burns with great brilliancy iu the oxygen which
is set ttee. Ifaulphuret of carbon be thrown into a jar Of nitric
oxide, in the riper quantity, and a taper applied to the mouth
of the jar, a most brilliant combustion ensiles. -It is an experi- •
ment which does not alums succeed, but Dr. Kane per-
form.ed it very beautifully. .Nitric oxide has. been used in eu-
diemetry to indicate the proportions of oxygen in atmospheric
air, but it is found not to lead to any accurate results. -If the
red fumes which this gas presents upon being mixed with at-
mospheric air be absorbed try water, they will be found tu pos-
sess acid properties.
Hyponitrous acid cannot be obtained except in combination
with nitrous and nitric oxide. We only know a few of its salts.
If' we take common saltpetre, and beat it to a dull redness until
it "eases to out oxygen gas, and then examine it, we shall
find it to he hypotaitrite of potash, the nitre having given out
two-fifths of its a,xy.1,,P11.
The most important of the compounds of nitrogen and oxygen
is nitric acid, which can be made in a variety of ways. Its
composition was determined by Faraday in a verv-extraordinary
manner. He look a quantity of nitrate of potash, and put it
in. a tube containing atmospheric air, and passed a selies of
electric sparks through it, so as to produce crystals. Evers- slay
the fort ation of nitric aeid is going on in the atmospheric air.
Hain water, particularly that which falls after thunder storms,
is found to contain nitrate of ammonia. From the experiments
of Cavendish this formation takes plact, on a large scale during
a thunder Mom. By the action of the thish or lightnlw-t ne
have the oxygen and the nitrogen of the air formed into nitric
acid, and atntic-nia hieing so generally set free during the de-
composition of bodies the nitric acid unites itself with this base.
If we mix mortar with organic .bodies, and expose them to the
action of the atmosphere, w e
e shall find that aftr a certain time
the mass will effloresce, and we shall get from it a considerable
quantity of nitrate of potash. In some countries a process simi-
lar to this takes place spontaneously, thus our nitrate of
potash is the result of a natural efflorescence which takes
ghee upon the stutter of the earth in the .East
Indies,
and our nitrate of soda is idle result of a similar process
of nature carried on in Smith America. The salts or
nitric acid are prepared in this way by nature or art. The •
preparation of nitric acid is carried on for commercial pur-
poses loon the dr•compobition of nitrate of potash. 'lite ni-
trate of potash, which vonsists of nitric acid and potash, is dis-
tilled with sulphuric arid. The sulphuric acid takes the preash
from the nitric acid, and the nitric acid takes the water which
has been united with the sulphuric acid. 'rhos we have sultihate
of potash and nitrate of water. Nobody litt• ever SPPII nitric
acid by itself,iii„.,„s in combination with other bodies; and
what is obtained in shops is neither more nor less than nitric
acid and water. Nitric acid contains five r•rio,,,,leot,or oxs gen,
and it is remarkable for the facility with %chief' it yields oxygen,
and in consequence• whenever we want to oxyd-ize bodies we
make use of it, and the acid itself is reduced to the state of nitric
oxide, and frequently to the state of nitrogen. The action of
nitric acid upon tin produces nitric oxide. There is no more
certain test for nitric acid than the evolution of these red fumes
from it by contact with tnetalie substances
To-morrow evening
Dr. Kane will proceed to consider the
proportion and formation or sulphuric acid--of sulphuret of hv-
drogen —of the livsulphoret ortivdrogen and of chlorine. This
will he a highly interesting lecture.

GREAT 'WESTERN STEAM SHIP.--This splendid vessel. of
1,310 tons, (actual builders' int,,,ureinent,) propelled liy two
engines of ,-150.1irse pomet cavil, is so hr mkaneett in her
equipments that the directors have officially announced the.
pl.rioff uf her first voyage fur Affil next, from Bristol to New

The Times.—* A bil'ake --ad

The cost of human life on the constitutional side alone, in
the present Spanish struggle, is said to exceed a hundred thou-
sand men.

THE NEW COMMISSION OP THE PEACE.—We understand.
that the new commission of the mace, for the county palatine of
Lancaster is expected to be issued in February next.

INCoItPoILATION OF SHEFFIELD.—A public meeting of the
inhahitanis of Sheffield, called by the master cutler,n com-
pliance with a most respectable requisition, was held on Wed-
nesday week, in the Town Hall, to consider the propriety of
petitioning the queen fur a charter of incorporation; the master
cutler in the chair.

STATE OF TEADE.—,There was no chance in the market
yesterday, as compated with the preceding week. The fl ttness
usually consequent upon the Christniasholidays stillcontomed;
and though there were many inquiries. very little business
was done. It was stated thus in some cases taiher 'ower prices
were accepted for some descriptions of gain. and for power-
loom cloth; but we believe that instances of this kind were ex-
sceedingly rare, and they certainly did not represent the geueral
feeling in the market.—Manchester Guardian.
Iler Majesty, in becoming the patroness of the Royal Naval
School, has been graciously pleased to signify her intention
throuah Sir Henry Wheatley. of granting the same subscrip:
lion as his late lamented Mjesty, who contributed £lOO. an-
nnallY, from the period of the first projection or the school, in
1831: His Rot it Highness the Duke of Cambridge is a donor
of £lOO. to the institution.

The Lord Chief Justice of her Majesty's Court of Common
Plea., at Westminster, has Appointed John Shearson.
one of the perpetual Conionssioners for the county of Lain as_
ter, for taking the aeknow!edginents of Deeds to be exi.coted
bv married women, under the act pas-ed for the abolition ul
fiiit's and recoveiies.—Munche,ter Guardian.

BELL HOCK LIGHTHOUSE.—It appears from the Bell Rock
Liahthouse rettlill for the ioonth of Nov.•tuber, that on ihe 12:h
lhere was a strong breeze of wind front the noith, with clear
weather,.and a heavy swell setting in upon the Rock from the
north-east. the sea sprays rising seventy feet on the lighthouse.
The day following the wines were variable, with light ails and
clear weather; towards high-water, a heavy sea collapsed the
tower, a hile•the sprays rose rose one hundred and sixteen feet,
and were thing over the dome of the lantern, noiking thelautp-
glasses tingl,- upon the reflector frame. Tnere did not appear
to be a great sea in the nflinv, and the swell upon the Rock
abated in the course of a title or two.

PUI.ITIC.II. VIRTUES OP A RUBBING STONE.—Mr. Slade,
one (tithe revising banisters on the western circuit, in a pam-
phlet which he has lately published no the defects in the reform
art, says, " In some parts of Devonshire it is the custom to
erect a large stone in the centre of a field fur the sheep to rub
themselves against. It was gravely contendod before Inc' that
an ermion of this kind would be a building within the act."

MISERIES OF INDOLENCE.—Naive so little enjoy life, and are
such burthens to themselves, as those who have noilvng to do.
The active have only the true relish of lite. fi e who knows
what it is to labour knows what it is to enjoy. Recreation is
only valuable as it unbends us; the idle know nothing of it.
ft is exertion that renders rest delightful, and sleep sweet and
undisturbed. That the happiness of lire depends on the regular
prosecution of some laudable purpose' or lawful calling, which
engages, helps, and enlivens all our powers. let those hear
witness who, after spending Yeats of active usefulness, retire to
enjoy themselves. They ale a hurthen to themseives.—Rev.
W. Jay.
NEW SUITOII Putt THE QuEEN.—A mysterious article from
the Court Journal, is goilig the round of the
.journals, pointing
to a rival foible suitor for the Queen, in the person of the lineal
descendant of the last on he Stuarts. The ‘tir.ng nobleman
alluded to is the Marquis of Douglas and Clydesdale, eldest
son of the Duke of Hamilton, and brother to the beautiful
Lady Lincolo, whose name has been so recently before the pub-
lic, as hating given rise to a late singular proceeding at Paris.
The marquis was born in 1811, and is, therefore in his 27th
year; soil his father who sits in the ii wise of Peers as Duke
randon, is the
(toluri. stßisi epe
baud tF :11a;y ;rfeili
f
tors of the family, James 111. Earl of Hamilton in 1561 aspired
of the wlth's of
ISi
ociiiit I aonnde, and,,
t hiet saltriert,i us:
sent
een of Scuts; but, owe-int:the Queen
in the exercise of her religion, he forfeited her favour, and in
consequence he lost his reason. Another ancestor, Lord John
Hamilton, was the attached friend of the unfortunate :aty;
and, as the reward of his unshaken fidelity, one of the last acts
of her life was to transmit to hint a ring through the :medium of
one of her attendants on the scaffold. Anothei ancestor, James.
created Marquis of Clydesdale, espoused the cause of his royal
master and kinsman, Charles I , and, having been taken pri-
soner at the battle of Preston, was beheaded in Old Palace,
yard, on the 9th of March, 1649. 'William. the first Duke of
Hamilton, was mortally
at the unfortunate battle of Worcester.
wounded in the service of Charles 11.,

FIGHTING ON His OWN HooK.—Some fun took place on Sa-
turday, at the North Riser, owiug to the doggedness and belli•
cose propensities of a John Buil captain, commander of the
brig Niagara, who, as his mime was Newbold, determitied to let
the Yankees see that he was bold in a new and. navel way. Our
captain, it seems, had refused to haul Off his brig to make way,
for another vessel, according to custom, for which be was fined,
and Marshal M•Cormick was sent, ou board to collect the mo-
ney. Captain Newbold. however, set him at defla ore, and said,
" If sou don't sheer off, I'll make crab's meat of you. by
throwing you overboard." The marshal not wishing to die a
marts r, even in the good cause of collecting his own fees, de-
parted to seek further aid, with which he returned, thinking to
overawe the warlike captain of the hrig Niagara. The officer
reckoned without his host Upon his hailing the brig, the Bii-
tish ensign was run up, and the captain, calling upon his crew
to stand by him, declared he would fight his ship to the last ex-
tremity. A second time did the brave marshal retreat, and
came full of his wrongs to the police, where he obtained a large
reinforcement, which immediately made way to the pugnacious
Captain Newbold, determined upon reducing the obstinate
Englishman to reason, and to compel him to lower his flag to
the constituted authorities of the city. Dreadful sut wises were
formed as they proceeded, Fide less than war to the knife's
point being expected; but when they arrived, they found our
heroic captain hail gone to bed to sleep upon it, and was then
actually snoring away in his berth. The enemy, therefore, was
easily surprised—was overpowered and a prisoner almost future
he had time to exclaim against .the invasion of his state depart-
ment. He was borne away captive, and, not being particularly
sober, remains in brideweil until he recovers his senses, pays
cnarues, and apologises for the fright he caused the marshal,
and the trouble he gave to the police officers. Ile may then
cut his stick; so it is decreed.—New York paper. •
NEW AND IMPORTANT SUBSTITUTE FoR WOOD ENGRAV.
MG.—We have this week had submitted to us, a very ingeni-
ous discovery made by a gentleman of the name of Woone, the
full influence of which, (111 the arts and manufactures of the
country. it is difficult at this moment to foresee. The new art,
for whirl' Mr. \Yonne has taken out a patent, is called Metallic
Relief Engraving, and will, it is believed in a great degree,
supersede wood engraving. The principal advantages of wood
engraving, as is well known, are the comparative cheapness of
printing, and the facility it affords of taking impressions front
the engraved btoek, along with the letter-press, at one operation,
and without much additional expense. The cost of engraving,
however, is considerable, anti while all advantages are b-lieved
to be in common between the new and the old method, the great
cost of engracinv, is saved !iv Alr, Woone's discoveiy. The
new process may lit. thus briefly described. Preparea plaster
of ['iris laid on a smooth surface Metal, is the material on
which the artist etches the subject he proposes to have engraved,
with a steel point, as it were—and this drawing or etching is
at once cast in, metal. It must be obvious, that the time occu-
pied for producing a design by this method, barely exceeds that
required by the artist to sketch with his pencil on the block of
wood, previous to its being put into the bands of the engraver,
so that nearly the whole labour and expense of engraving the
design on the block is saved. Wood engravings, too; cannot
be executed nu a large scale; whereas, by this process, relief's
may be obtained of any size, A anther great advantage is, that
the design &tea not require to lie reversed, as in ordinary en-
graving. but is drawn the same way as it is aftei wards 11, i•pllear,
on the paper, which renders this method particulai Iv apphealOe
to works in which wtiiing occurs, as maps. pia The
method is applicable to all relief work, in..Nau,,, Ibe hi„,•ks,
emplo:red for the printing f cotton, silk, paper hangings,
We are not, however, so fascinated with this new 311, as to he
without some misgivings as to the p,aiblliry ,if its iivalliN;
wool engraving in certain tracts Air. 'Weone's arrangenients
for undertaking winks twin shortly be completed, when we shall
have an opportunity of testing its power, and our readers shall
Judge for themselves.—Athenceum.

PRICES OF SIIAREs.LIVEILIytiOriI,,,s Th,
~:JANil3;lay,,
Persh ill e. Prices.
RAILWAYS, 3tc.
BirMingbam and Oltmeester l2 10s 212 6
2
Ditto and Derby._
Birkenhead and Chester 2
papa 0 04 0
papa
3 .... 1 2 .... 1 1 6
E•tsterrt Counties
Edinburgh and Glasgow (0 •••• 3 •••• L () 00 papa
Ditto 'l4t."- (""v) •• • • 5 ••••
3
,) papa
Ditto Leith and Newhaven ••..
' Greenock 1 .... 0 1 0 ....
Gi"sg"w• Paisley,
Gam) Junetio►t .... 229 0 0 ....231 0 0
(Tr-at Western
Hull and Sellty
'OO 197 0 0 ....
Lit •• rpool and Matteliester
Ditto quarter shares 25 .... 47 )0 0 ...
20 56 G 0 ....
Ditto half shares
90 .... 163 11 0 ....161 1r) -0
London and Birmingham
5 .... 28 5 0 .... 28 •5 0
Ditto new quarter shares
Ditto and Southampton slt paid 34 10 0 ....
Ditto, new shares
Ditto & Brit:lll.m (United) 5 5 o 0 .... 5 2 6,
1,1•11t4 aell Maiteltester l5 .... 15 12 6 ....
awl Sw“nnitigton
& linty 57 10 0 .... 57 10 0
llni,liester :in') Birmingham. 5 .... 312 6 ..• •
NtiiPami Counties l5 .... 10 0 ••••
North 11 iilland 25 .... 25 0 0 .... 25 0 0
Bondi Elsterti and Dover
North Union, (new) lO .... .6 0 0 • •
Ditto, (old)
BANKS.
[Link of Liverpool..
...£l2 It's paid 21 10 0 .... 24 2 6
Commereial of Liverpool 10 .... 19 5 0•• • •
-- Liverpool Uoion
Northern and Central I.)
.. 3 (1 0 •• •
------- ftdbion
5 • • 5 2 6•• • •
-- fed Trades' ditto lO • •
10 0• •
••
--- North and South Wales 10•• 8176. • • •
---of Manchester
NCeliester L'pool Dset 15 19 IS 0•• • •
Soul]) Larcaslatre 7 10s 617 6 ••••
Borough Bank ....
7 10s 1:3 0 0 •
Cots inereia • ••
l Rank of England 5 415 •• • •
East of E
_land
• • 6 'Rural Bank of Liverpool 500 .. 412 0 ...
—.602 10 0 wilts and Dorset 597 0
..... .
10 7 6 ....
%S, WATER WOBKc Rce. • Eseltange 111iihtimo
..... £lOO paid 141 0 0 .
L'poolgt llarritigtottWaterWork.2oo .... Bootle Ditto 450 0 0 • ....... Stock .•. 312 0 0 . L'verpoin Coal {,as.
as Company .Stock •
L'ltiool New 11as & Coke .1946 00 (0)
Ditto New Si•ares. ......... .. 91 • papa
176 0 0 ....
ASSURANCE COMPANIES..
Liverpool Marine Assurance C0.k2.5 paid 10 2 a ....
Oettan Assoranee CompaliV. ,
7 2 6
Liverpool Fire and Life
DOCKS. FERRIES, NEW COMP2ICS. 2 3 0
k ANIES. '•••
A nderton Carrying Company l2 10s. 1,1.2 6.. Woonside Ferry 95 ..
Egremout Ferry lGs
Rock Ferry
Steam 'Fug Company
Harrington Docks 6O

11 5 0
1 17 .
44 0 0