The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1836-12-06 00:00:00

PET. 6, 1836

don), v ilh applawl the faithfulness With which the BiShop
of Ex,e,er has tiscliarged,- perhaps, a painful, but an in-
clunheti! duty. He is too elevated in mind and charac..
tar for the shafts of slander.; when they have reached
their utniost.height'-, they fall 'far short of him, and return
harmless ; or prove weapons of destruction in their fall
only, wrnmding those from whom they received their
force. We leave his lordship safe, resting on his own
integrity, in the hands of protestant England.
Us now turn to the charge preferred against Dr.
Whatelf, Archbishop of Dublin--Lit is the-complete anti-
parallel of that of Diocese of xeter. Observe the
contrast. That of the Bishop of Exeter was a prescribed
d:'r,!--7this of the-Archbisbop of Dublin was an arbitrary
exercise of power. The former only secured the fences,
established by the canons of the Church.; the latter for
14eobedierice to the cOmmand'of Christ, "preach the
gospel to every creature." The- one sprang from the
gill of law, foiinded ripen religitin; theother from the
will of man, contrary to its express precepts. But, to
rriarli the contrast 'More plainly,-the very motive which
led to the act: of the Bishop of Exeter, 'would have -re-
strained the act of the ArchbiShop of Dublin.

o.
Having thus, pointed., out the manifest contrariEty
principle which ilictated the two proceedings, and having
!indicated those of the Bishop of Exeter, upon grounds
which no candid mind can impugn, we shall briefly ex-
pose the perverse, unholy,,degrading, and political con-
duct of the Arch-prelate of Dublin. We do not, for One
,moment, question hisright=—we know that in any court,
:civil or ecclesiastical, be would stand acquitted;but there
is another court in whialie will be condemned-LJ
Toro conscientice"—in the court of conscience—except-
ing the conscience, which sits in judgmentAhere, has
been " seared with a hot iron." For what was the of
. fence of Mr. Nolan ? Did he refuse'to read the Litany,
or cast any shade of discountenance over die rituals of
our Church in Ireland? No, nothing of this kind—his
offence, his grievous and unpardonable Offence:was- a
zeal to bring men from " darkness to light" through the,
Gospel. Having " tasted the good wordof life"lim,
self, he "was ready to preach it unto others"—and, as his
soul was enlarged, Ile had " continued sorrow" in his
heart for his brethren Roman' Catholic bondmen. He
desired "to open the eyes of the blind"—to "bring good
tidings" to those " sitting in the shadow of death; 'over
whom "the prince of this world," and his cruel agents,
exercised spiritual and temporal dominion. This, this
eonly was the oWenco at the palace of the Archbishop,
_though, perhaps, the interdict was signed at the Castle;
and, probably, the Castle was"moved to interference, by
authority of Mr. O'Connell.

We have always been favourably disposed to the esta-
blishment of an efficient police force for the protection of
life and property, and have on every occasion given them
our unqualified snpport so far as they have discharged
their duties with faithfulness and -moderation. Acting
.upOn thiaresolutiOn, we have hesitated to give publicity
to, the numerous complaints of our -correspondents, nu-
less previously authenticated ; and even then, our usual
mode 'has been to hand over these complaints to the Su-
perintendent, .and we can bear our testimony to the
prompt and-searching inquil-y Which he has instituted to
ascertain the truth, of such complaints, and to redress any
grievances that might be found to exiat. It will not,
hoWever, be denied that several cases of aggravated as--
sault have 1., :en proved against both inspectors and pri-
vates; and several of them have received notice of trial
at the approaching. assizes. The case. of Andrew Ed-
ward Lyons will be fresh in the recollection of our read-
The great interest which has'been excited froth the
natufe of the evidence elicited upon his cross-examina-
tion will justify our again referring to this subject. We
recollect that when Mr. Councillor Walmsley endea-
voure:.: to prejudice the public mind in favour.of the new
Council, by presenting a summary of what they had done
(luring tile first year of their dictatorship, heexpressly
declared, that persons had not been selected to fill
situations on "account of their political opinions, but
solely on account of their posaessing the necessary quail-
, 4cation for their offices: Now, we do not mean to deny
Ora C uncillor Walrngley believed what he said
lla~° 'Hat
e J,Dtakr, , • • •
tope Tito; but it is passing strange that all the necessary
qu'a*cations could be found only in' those who were dis•
tininiiVeo for their violent partisanship. It is entirely
oat of 'de ranae of probability to suppose that talent
could ord),,b3o!:jzd in exact proportion to the liberality
of Potilezi?se"t;tiMent. Can any man in his senses be-
hove Ord: Radcliffe was selected to fill the situation
of Town-clerk solely because his talents were of a higher
order than' those of the late Mr. Thomas Foster? Was the
t elfittiop,pf#.,solicitor. to. the Dock Trustnot influenced by
Is Iftw).9lAhlguppintaip the ascendancy of party ? We knnw
rzitthat•gri Crooke was Solicitor to the Reform Association,
• and -became !‘ Deputy . TCwn-clerk." Mr. Hall, a
z well knownlihieral in politics,. became a stipendiary_ma•
Alzgistrate. Dlr. Wyberp.:,, Chairman of the Reform Asso-
-s(ipciation, became the Treasurer of Mae. Corporation, in the
~I:Lflace of :Mr. John. Deane Case, -a well known Tory.
voghere was no design in all this, if we are to believe Mr.
L 97,
„Councillor Walmsley.; it was. rather the result of acci-
lo ~dent than of previous
.arrangement on the part of. the
n.E Town Council._ The frequent meetings held at the
~,Angel, the circulars of. Mr. Rathbone, confined exclu-
s?6: siyely to the liberal:party, were all the result of atei-
retttlent. But we pass .ort.t.o. notice the case of Inspector

•
We shall not, stop to inquire into the cause of his im
prisimment,- but at once address ourselves to those points
in• his cross-examination, which clearly prove his eon •
nection with the Town Council, both in his appointment,
and in his
,subsequent delinquency. Previously to his
appointment, he was clerk to the Reform Committee of
.st, George's Ward, at a salary of a week., He was
also engaged to canvass before the election, and for these
services he was recommended to the favourable notice of
the Council. We suppose it was also, by pure accident
that this worthy obtained his appointment as Inspector
of Police. Such are our Reformers ! Not content with
the .appointment of one of their own canvassers to
the important situation of Inspector of Police, they ac-
tually, appropriate the public money to defend a man who
has been adjudged guilty by a legally constituted court.
Well may that portion of the press, which has usually
been founil enlisted on the .side of the Council, be
ashamed- of such conduct, and
.not even attempt their
defence
:.;A:a7,Jaeve
A letter appeared in our contemporary of yesterday, pro-
.
fesse4ly from idle pen of this worthy Inspector, who very mo-
destly tells us what he has not done,. but very carefully
conceals what he has done. We know he is in prison, and
acquiesce ,iothe decision of,the commissioner, becanse we
bow to the authority of the law. The case is very differ-
.eat with.our reformed Town cd'.ouncil.' . What a mockery
of justice ! What a practical lesson will it afford of the
.value.of municipal reform ! The council possesses the
„right of nppointing a stipendiary magistrate, and is
,tglbounct to support his,decisions, so long. as they are con-
-I,o'(formable .ta,the existing laws. But can it be possible
ag gut the same.council has been. supporting this man in
)ruprison, and
,conducting his defence with the public tni)-•
,ney, and moloying the public servants of. the town for
smthe same equivccal purpose? But we are unwilling to
gsvursue the sul-.ject farther at present. It is a matter for
Pliinquiry, and we promise our Tovin Councillors that, so
o—far as our humble efforts are available, we will have a
•tr.:4llorotigh investigation of the whole affair. We look
o with some interest to the course which they (the reformed
Corporation of Liverpool) will pursue with regard to this
- question, and shall narrowly watch their proceedings.

.I'•t is with great pleasure that we return to Mr. Hemming and
onr operative friends; and we shall, in the same spirit and with
the same freedom as in our last article, comment upon such parts
of the present interesting lecture as we think need "either eluci-
dat'mn or correction. Mr. H. opened his lecture by observing,
that " a number of laws have beAt laid down, according to
which chemical affinities act." Whilst nothing so facilitates
the acquisition of knowledge as the establishment of laws, no-
thin, is more dangerous or more liable to exception than philo-
sophical legislation. To enumerate all that have heen'Promul-
gateil and abrogated in every department of science would be to
furnish a library comp•tnion tai the statut,,s at large. After
of the first law, "that chemical affinity can only take
plrica between different bodies," as supet•fluous, Mr. H. also
ascribes the same superfluity to the secoirl, that chemical af-

finity "'will take plane only between the ininittestatomscga,As
a practical law, it is certainly "superfluous," and as a law of
any kind, it is very questionable; ler we know nothing of the
manlier or state in which bodies chemically unite. Mr. Dalton's
diagrams are as intelligible and as rational as any other hypo-
theses; but, unfortunately, we, have none supported by even a
shadow of evidence. . How a particle of one kind of matter,
small almost to evanescence, a German monad, can combine
with another particle of Matter so as wholly to lose both their
original properties passes our understanding. Whether it be
juxta-position, or intro-susception, or any other mode, we must
leave for the future Alexanders of chemistry in their scientific
conquests to determine. The third law is very fully and very
perspicuously explained, and it would seem almost hypercriti-
cism to notice the identification of ferro-cyanuret of potash and
prussiate of potash as incorrect, inasmuch as the ferro-prussiate
yf potash is frequently called prussiate of potash; but since there
is a delicate salt distinguishable from the ferro-prussiate, viz.,
'a simple prussiate of potash, or cyanuret of potash, we may per-
,baPs be pardoned for our scrupulous regard to accuracy. So
:also the double salt called alum is not a compound of sulphate
of alumina, and sulphate of potash, or soda, and, we may add.
or sulphate of ammonia, but of a super sulphate or bisulphate of
alumina, with any one of these three salts. Mr:' H., we know,
will pardon us for these observations, and our operative friends
will not blame us. The fourth law is, that " a change of tem-
perature acComPanies chemical affinity; and always a change of
density." Mr. H. very
.justly observes that " in many cases
these changes are not evident;" and it is even supposahle,that
on the formation of a double salt from a mixture of acids and
bases, ~A;if:',-iOn4 pair may combine and evolve heat,- in' conse-
quence of increased specifie gravity,,another pair may combine
and absorb it, or render it latent, in consequence of expanded
/plume, and; thus neither a change of density nor a variation of
temperature ensue. Nevertheless the, law is a goo' one;. and
one of-great practical utility. We cannot unqualifiedly sub-
scribe to Mr. IL's:observation, that in all chemical union, if
the eleine,nts.a.re noxious, the compound is innoxious, and vice
versa. If the compounds of oxygen and arsenic, oxygen and
mercury, favour the conclusive, the compounds of oxygen and
magnesium, Oxygen and silicon, and even, perhaps, oxygen and
' bismuth, are adverse' to it. We have, moreover, compounds of
the same elements in different proportions with opposite quali-
ties; thus oxygen •and, nitrogen, in one proportion, constitute
atniusplierie.air--in another, nitrous oxide gas—in 'a third, nitric
acid; the tWO'former innoxious, the last destructiVe of annual
life. Still, we acknowledge t,tiat in many cases the remark is
true; but there are known principles to raise it into a law.
The.next point in Mr. H.'s admirable lecture to which our
attention has Ibeen drawn is the explanation he offers of the
catise'of the destruction of colour in ink. We have two or
three objections to his rationale. First, if the gallate of iron be
decomposed.by unconthined.muriatic acid, (we use this designa-
tion id confOrmity with the lecturer,) we cannot understand
why it should require years for that purpose; secondly, although
the process adopted by the manufacturer of paper may generate
muriatic acid, yet it is hardly conceivable that an acid which
has so powerfUl an affinity for water should remain in the paper
after the repeated washings to which the pulp is exposed; and,
thirdly, we think that gallic acid, being composed of oxygen,
hydrogen, and carbon, may itself undergo spontaneous decom-
position, and the presence of iron would greatly facilitate it.
We ,koow many instances in which the peroxide of iron will
occasion the oxidation of other metals, and also • decompose ve-
getable compounds. The subject is highly important, and
`deeply interesting to the manufacturer and the public, and we
think both• are under obligations to Mr. H. for having brought
the subject under their notice. We must be pardoned if we
withhold our assent to Mr. H.'s explanation of the evolution of
carbon prOducing " blackness" on the addition of sulphuric
acid to sugar. That sugar contains oxygen and hydrogen we
know; but that these exist in that proportion which constitutes
water, we have no proof. Atomically they do not. Sugar is a
triple compound of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon; and sul-
phuric acid, as was first observed by Vanquelin and Fourcroy,
will occasion the oxygen and hydrogen to unite and form water;
but they always fouud a portion of acetic acid with the evolved
carbon, which circumstance seems fully to negative Mr. H.'s
hypothetis.- Besides, starch or gum will exhibit the same phe-
nomena with sulphuric acid as sugar; and must we, therefore,.
infer that all these are mere compounds of carbon and water?
Mr. H., in stating the atomic weights, assumes, as many che-
mists do, and we think inconveniently, hydrogen as the atomic
unit. Though' decimals are thus avoided, the memory is bur-
dened with large numbers; thus lead, which Mr. H. calls 104,
would be 13, if oxygen were made the atomic unit. It is, how-
ever, much a matter of taste. We have learnt from tables
which make oxygen the unit; and since one series of numbers
may he converted into the other by simply multiplying or di-
viding by eight, it is not of.nauch importance which the chemical
student may learn. Mr. H. very dexterously, if demonstra-
tively, gets ever the difficulty of " sesquioxides." He may he
right, but he cannot prove it; it is only an hypothesis to remove
the apparent absurdity of half atoms. Whether we may or not
" for a moment suppose that an atom is capable of combining
with l of another," this we know, that the theory of half atoms
explains the propertions of the elements constituting such com-
pounds as satisfactorily as that of multiplying integrals. 'The
equivalents of carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, ammo-
nia, Potash; and soda are all correct, eicepting that of potash,
which 'should 'ire 48 instead of 41. The explanation given by
of cheMical nomenclature is very lucid, but to,one of
the examples •we have an exception. Sulphuric acid is not
composed of "one atom oxygen and one atom sulphur," as
stated, but of two atoms or equivalents of oxygen and one. atom
or equivalent of sulphur; and sulphuric acid does not contain
two eqUiValents of oxygeti,;' but three to " one equivalent of
sulphur.haste or inadvertence might occasion the mistake;
but they who listened to the lecturer were not likely to correct
him. Wo doubt atso whether Mr. H.'s definition of an. acid be
quite unexceptionable—" the power of dissolving metals." That
this is his definition is evident, because, to speak logically, he
makes it the. " essential difference." There are some metals
(metallic oxides Mr. H. means) which, acids will not dissolve,
and there are many metallie oxides which are soluble in alka-
lies, and even alkaline earth. Oxides of lead and mercury will
dissolve in lime water. Again, the salts composed of sulphur-
ous acid and bases are not sulphurites, but sulphites. These
little mistakes are not in the least detractive from the merit of
the lecture; because, though they might occasion a momentary
error, the solid foundation of truth which was laid by Mr. H.
would soon receive a correct structure of science. We assure
Mr. IL, in perfect sincerity, that we hail his visit to Liverpool
as a blessing to the operatives of our town, many of whom will,
we'hope, acquire a taste for the fascinating and important sci-
ence of chemistry, and find in it such a rich repast as will dull
the appetite for the gross garbage of political agitation.

CLOSE ON• THE EXHIBITION.—The Exhibition of Paintings
closed on Tuesday, after one of the most successful seasons
which its'promoters have ever experienced. We are gratified
in being enabled to make this announcement, so creditable to
the taste and intellect of the town. On Wednesday the prizes
were drawn. "

INSOLVEN:I_(;OURT

A POPULAR COURSE OF CHEMISTRY
MECHANICS' iNsTITurioN.
LECTVItH vi.
On' Saturday evening, Mr. Hemming proceeded with his
valuable lectures to a crowded audience.
The subject for consideration in the following lecture is the
new and improved modes for supplying and continuing the sup-
ply of light. From time immemorial until within a very re-
cent period, the contrivances rot a supply of artificial light were
very few, and almost entirely confined to the combustion of
animal; vegetable, and mineral oils. The animal and vegetable
oils are well known: by mineral oil is meant that bituminous
fluid which is obtained in such abundance in Persia, called
naptha, or petroleum, as to allow of its being used for culinary,
and other domestic purposes. Until very recently, these sub-
stances were all decomposed by combustion in lamps of a very
similar kind; for before the introduction of the candle, tallow,
wax, and fat, as well as oil, were burned in a lamp. The lamp
contained a mass of fibrous matter, commonly called a wick.
The wick was not always combustible and destructible, for in
some cases, amianthus and asbestos wete employed. The wicks
consisted, as already stated, of a fibrous material, and con-
tained a great number of pores, up which, by virtue of capillary
action, the oil, &e. would rise above the ordinary surface of the
fluid in the vessel, to feed the wick. When in this state, an
ignited body is applied to the wick, it meets with the wax, tal-
low, or oil, in a very minute state of division; and, by decom-
posing them int a their elements, as we must always du to effect
ignition, we produce a light. In almost all these cases, the
quantity of light we produce, depends, almost entirely, upon
the quantity of carbon we burn; and not upon the quantity of
carbon or charcoal the substance may contain. The greater the
quantity of carbon which enters into combination with the oxy-
gen of the atmosphere at a high temperature, the whiter and
more intense will be the quality of the light. Indecal, we may
take it as an axiom, that the quantity of light produced by fiurn-
ing these substances, is in proportion to the quantity of carbonic
acid formed., We must, therefore, have a due supply of atmos-
pheric air, or oxygen, to'enter into combination with this car-
bonaceous matter, to form carbonic acid gas. '!'he principal
elements we find in these substances, are combinations of car-
bon and hydrogen; which are the principal components of all
matter which burns with light and heat. Hydrogen will burn
with a faint flame, scarcely visible by day, when uncouabined
with carbon; but when hydrogen contains carbon united with
it chemically, and we burn them in intimate connexion with
oxygen, we produce intense energy of combustion, and a beau-
tiful white flame. Now although the quantity of light depends
upon the quantity of solid matter contained in the substances
we burn, yet more depends upon our mode or manner of
burning them. Thus, if a current of hydrogen gas be directed
upon a piece of lime, and ignited, the lime will be dissipated in
minute particles of intense whiteness. Charcoal, burned in
oxygen gas, throws off similar particles, and affordit a brilliant
light; but, when charcoal is burned under ordinary circumstan-
ces, it merely affords a dull red light. If, however, a stream
of atmospheric air be urged upon the ignited charcoal, its light
will be much increased : a white light is more 'iutense than a
red one; and a white heat than a red one; and it may be con-
sidered an axiom, that the _intensity of light. and heat, is in
proportion to the whiteness of the substance in cotribuat',;a. 'ln
miler to increase the heat of oil, tallow, Ste. in combustion, we
must force through them a great deal of atintispheric air.. In the
old lamp, this was impossible; and the invariable consequence
was, that the combustion was not perfecto and that a dense
red flame, with a great quantity of smoke was the result. In
this case besides losing a quantity of light, the smoke, which
is the most valuable portion of the material, likewise escape,
merely. on account of a deficient supply of atmospheric air, as
the air could only play around the external portion the flame. It
occurred to Monsieur Argand, of Geneva, that if he could force
a quantity of air through the flame he could effect a inure per-
fect combustion of the oil. This may be proved' by a very snn-
ple experiment. If we take the bicarburetted hydrogen or olefiiii:t
gas, which is the most valuable illuminating gas We possess-, and
ignite it as it comes out of a tube without a burner, the light will
be much interior to what it would give if it issued front a gas-
burner through which a current of air passel' Notwithstand-
ing this it will afford a brilliant light, much superier to oil or
coal gas. This light arises from the union of the carbon con-
tained in it with the oxygen of the atmosphere, for if we burn this
gas in an atmosphere which will not unite with the carbon, theme
will be very little tight, and a great quantity of smoke or carbon.
Mr. Hemming then mixed some of this gas with chlorine, Which,
though a supporter of combustion, will not unite With carbon,
when the effect he described ensued. M. Argand iutagiued
that if he passed a current of air through the centre of the
burner and of the wick he should produce a whiter light by the
more complete combustie tof the carbon. He therefore con-
structed a lamp with a circular burner, through the centre 01
which the atmospheric air being rarified by the heat passed
with some degree of force. Still, however, this lamp did not
altogether realize his expectations, for the flame was somewhat
red, and there was a portion of smoke evolved from it. But it
happened by accident that his brother inverted a glassa tube
over it while the lanai) was ou the chimney-piece, when a perfect
combustion of the carbonaceous inattter was effected, and this
showed him that what we call a chimney was, in fact, a chiin-
ney because it caused a draught around the flame. These lamps
were shortly after introduced all over Europe, and have super-
seded every other description of lamp. It than became neces-
sary to get rid of the shadow of the lamp. Those which are
now used on the drawing-room table contain the oil in a rim
round the burner, and hence cast a circular shadow. The foun-
tain lamp was then constructed, but owing to to the inconve-
niences attending its use it never became generally patronized.
A very curious lamp was afterwards constructed in France, in
which the oil was foreed a considerable height to supply the
wick by means of a couple of small pumps, worked by clock
machinery placed underneath the lamp.. One great peculiarity
attending this lamp, which casts no shadow, is, that however
high the wick is raised above the metal surrounaing it, the flame
has no tendency to descend, in consequence of the free supply.
of oil which it receives from the pumps. The glass chimucy is
also capable of being raised or lowered at pleasure. It was
early discovered that if the lower part of the chimney' was
flanged the lamp would burn better. Few persons know thews
of this flange. Its upper portion should be exactly oppoSite the ig-
nited portion of the wick, for if it is situated higher or lower the
flame will be less. The reason is, that by means of the flange
the air is thrown upon the ignited portion of the wick. We find
in many lamps the flange to be of a certain height, and that the
galleries are constructed of a similar height to contain the. chim-
neys. There is a great advantage in having the metal at a
great distance from the light because the metal getting hot cat-
ries off the heat necessary for the perfect decomposition of the
carbonaceous matter. 'fhe advantage of:not allowing the heat
to he thus carried off is illustrated by the tar lamp of Mr. Beale,
an economical and valuable contrivance for burning tar atter the
naptha has been distilled from it. it was found, Mr. B. said, that
the ritu,must be as thin as possible; if thick, so great would be
the quantity of heat ahstracteil that the tar was not con su med, as it
would otherwise be. The Naptha lamp is a very valuable cots,
taivance if properly managed, and is much cheaper than si-gataa
light would be. The Nantha is a distillation from coal tarty
and requires to be burned with a fine wick, which must not be
more than 1-50 of an inch above the surrounding metal. It
burns with a dense smoky flame until a glass is produced over
it, when it emits a brilliant white light. The great improve-
ment of modern times is oil and coal gas; these, however, being
so well known, and air. Hemmiug having entered 'so fully into
the subject on his last visit to Liverpool, he merely glanced at
them en peasant. An improvement has been made on the safety
tamp of Sir H. Davy by Mr. Roberts, of London. This con-
sists iu encircling the wire gauze of his lamp with a glass
cylinder, and causing the air admitted for the consumption of
the lamp to pass through the flame by means of a cone, where-
by all danger is removed. Mr! Hemming considered the
Davy lamp, if properly managed, to be perfectly safe, even in a
blower; hut, certainly, were there any danger in a blower with
Sir H. Davy's lamp. that danger must be removed by the use of
Mr. Robertres contrivances.
We have now to consider a few other improvements in the
mode of producing artificial light; amongst these are to be
noticed the improvements which have recently been made in
the manufacture of candles and candlesticks. *There was one
which the lecturer wished to have produced could be have
procured it in any of the London shops. It was a patent
candlestick, by which the candle was made to burn in an in-
clined positien, so that there was no necessity to snuff the wick.
The reason why a candle requires snuffing is. because the car-
bon at the top of the wick is enclosed by the flame so as to pre-
vent the access of the oxygen of the alr remove it. Un-
fortunately, however, for the invention, while this beneficial
effect takes pli.te another evil is produced, arising from the
dropping of the tallow. Like many other patents, this has
been productive of very little advantage to the patentee. Theae
•
is, however, another invention which renders the snuffing of
the candle unnecessary. It is a wick twisted iu two spiral di-
rections, which, as it becomes ignited, untwists and turns in
the opposite direction, and insensibly smoulders away. These
are what are called candles with metallic wicks. At first, oxide
of bismuth was applied to the wicks; but this is not necessary.
neither is it any longer used. A great improvement has been
made in tallow and oils within a short period; indeed, until very
lately, very little attention was paid by chemists to this sub-
ject. It war not thought that they could decompose these sub-
stances into their proximate elements. A little attention has,
however, proved that they are easily divisible into two sub-
stances—the one fluid, called elaine, and the other solid, called
steariue. 'The stearine of cocoa-nut oil has been arcordingly
used in making candles, which are little inferior to wax. iii"
spring which we find employed to keep the candle at an uniform
height in the improved candlestick is by ne ineans a new inyea-.
eice
tion, as it has been applied to carriage lamps for a long pheir
After the last lecture upon instantaneous lights, Mr.
cm:,
ming said he had been presented by a member of the institu
with a bundle of josticks, which were used in China, asorsithe.
matches. Accompanying the present was a descriptionnese. is the
uses to which this article is applied be the Chi
before-
Chinese word for god, and the jostick is a candle burn,
the image of their god, which is kept in evernykrtoomtihi
einngehlilna,
sma eat
and in every vessel, from the largest rear) u
boat. To last the longer, it is dipped into water. It is fre-
quently perfumed; indeed, it is to the Chinese we.aurme indebted
for the idea of our pastiles. These jostickeare b ung near
what is called the scrapers 'of our houses. It used to be the
practice of our youug European r sieo
denteets at. Canton
.to. over-
might. happen t m with. which caused
The joatick was alSo used
turn the josticks they
no small hubbub among the natives-
•
for the purpose of lighting cigars.
We have now only two other cases of artificial light. The
most beautiful of all, arid the most splendid, is caused by burning
a current of oxy-hydrogen gas upon a piece of lime. This light
is commonly called the Drummond light, but-erronemisly so,
as it was not invented by him. It is most extensively employed
in microscopes instead of the solar light. Professor Daniel's
safety tube is the One most commonly employed, in which the
two
gasses meet near the orifice. Mr. Hemming had invented
a safet tube by which the two asses ight be used a mixed
state wiy thout danger, but a strong prejudice existed against it.
Mr. gemming then exhibited the light produced by these
gasses when burning on lime, which afforded general satisfac-
tion. Mr. Beale 's tar lamp is a very useful invention; it con-
sists of an argand receiver to hold the tar. In order to ignite
the tar, which requires no wick, we must introduce some sub-
stance which will take time at a low temperature, such as tur-
pentine, and set file to it. This will ignite the tar, which will
burn with a very dull red flame; when it is pretty well ignited,
a double cone is placed over it, which supplies the lamp with a
continual succession of heated air. A current of air is then
forced through the middle of the flame, up a small tube the 1-10th
or the 1-12th of au inch in diameter. Under ordinary circum-
stances, the excess of carbon contained in the tar is evolved;
but, if we blow through the centre of this ignited tar, a portion
of the carbon which would otherwise escape as free carbon will
enter into combination with the oxygen and form a very beauti-
ful white light. These lamps can only be -used where there
is a moving power on the premises; nevertheless, Mr. Hem-
ming had seen, in London, a shop lighted up with an apparatus
of the kind. To supply 'the requisite blast, the shopkeeper
had inverted one butt within another containing water, the air
colitained in which supplied two of these lamps for twenty
minutes. There is a slight noise made by the blast in passing
through the flame. However, for lighthouses or manufactories
there is nothing which bears a comparison with these lamp!
for economy or beauty., for the tar is sold at 6d. per
ive as
when the tar is duly' burned one of these lamps es Hon, aud
will g
much light as al argand burners, accordingao Dr. Faraday's
calculation, whilst it only costs Id. per hour. will
In the lecture of to-morrow evening, Mr.. Hemming
treat upon the nature and properties orwritFrs; in which e
show its chemical composition its these
nicel and chemical mode of its impuritie , and the meebi-
etecting and separating
impurities.

~..! Lei

•
Standard Office, Three
14)•:;`,1
LIVERPOOL MARKETS%
•
CORN EXCHANGE:—TUESDAY, DLc 6 l'l6 i.;•*:'`•/:.-*/
• •
44, - 4%,
The supplies of. Flour and Oatmeal have been large, ACV
other articles to a small extent.
There has been less activity in the Wheat trade throughout
the past week than for tome time pest; the little business done
was at a decline of 3d per 701bs on all descriptions.
Oats were also dull of sale, and Flour and Oatmeal hardly

~~~J~,
1
i~ y
~/~

maintained previous rates.
At this day's market there was a thin attendance, and little
done in anything; Wheat ld per 701bs under Friday's retitle.
tion.—Oats scarcely inquired for—and the best Oatmeal sold at
35s 6d to 36s per 2101bs.
The Flour trade extremely heavy, and nominally at a de-
cline of 3s to 5s per 280Ibs.
The demand for Barley was limited at the price of last week.
The imports of Butter are 4881 firkins; there has been very
little inquiry for it, and the prices of last week scarcely main.,
tained.

PRICES,

OF BUTTER, fte.