The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1838-01-30 00:00:00

E LIVERPOOL STAN DARD.

Sir G. SINCLAIk intimated that he had no ittlentioo of agaia • LIVERPOOL MECHANICS' INSTI'TUT'ION.
bringing forward the proposition that Mr. D. W. Harvey be
placed on the pensions' list committee. '",TUBES ON
The -Lower Canada Government Bill was recommitted, on
motion of Lord J. RUSSIILL; in-the committee it having been On Saturday evening se'nuight, Dr. Kane delivered the sixth
proposed, agreeably to the usual form, that the preamble be of his delightful lectures.
postponed, . Chlorine is endued with a property still more important than
Lord J. RUSSELL stated that, agreeably to promise, he had that of supporting combustion. It enters into combination
communicated with his colleagues on the subject of the altera- with organic substances in a different manner to oxygen.
lions proposed by Sir R. Peel; and that the result was, that Oxygen not only combines with the hydrogen of an organic
they would not resist the amendments and alterations proposed body, but also with the carbon, and the result isthe forrnatiote of
by the right hon. baronet! At the same titan his lordship carbonic addend water; but chlorine having a vervslight affinity,
tught if Sir R. Peel, or others, disapproved of the pro Posed for the carbon, merely cominues with the tivarogeu and deposits
policy of the government, they were bound to express the same the cat bil. This is readiiv shown by Plunging a tape,- into
by address or .resolucions. hydrogen, when, should the flame be intense enough to allow
Sir R. PEEL said that he-had given the earliest possible no- combustion to go on, the carbon will lie seen to sepa ate. itself in
lice of the two insuperable objections he had to the provisions prodigious quantities. The action of chlorine is mote rapid
of the bill. His conviction was• that the ministers must have Upon organic:matter than that of oxvgen. anti the substance un-
conceded the alterations required. He was not disappointed. dergoes very quick alterations coinoosition, there being in
-Wishing the government to appear in the amiable light of ar- most bodies- an entirely new romienation containing less
biter, he had great objections to the restrictions proposed to hydrogen than it originally coutained. Now, if we consider
be placed on the governor; but with respect to the instructions these substances to be composed ofearuon, oxygen, and hydro-
given to Lord Durham. which, in his opinion, had been most gen, and teat a quantity of ibis hyr:rogen is removed by the
una6countably made public, he should express nu-opinion what- chlorine, it is evident that it comes very nearly to ibe saute final
ever, except that he was sure as he was that the alterations in result, that we can produce upon organic sulistances the saute
the bill would be conceded that those instructions would be sort of oxidalion as we have employed the eirect agency of at-
altered. With respect to inovim.7. 'an address, or resolutions, mospherie air. In fact, in oreanic chemistry. calico ""e want to
if he disapproved of the policy of the government, he should oxvdize a substance we male use of the indirect agetieY of
do neither one nor the other, because by pursuing such a course chlorine. The chlorine does not always act moon organic sub-
he should make himself a party to the conduct of the govern- stances itself, ,but chlorine possesses:the prOperty of decom-
ment. He should leave the government to act of its own re- posing water, especWly if eeposed to the solar light. Chlorine
sponsibiiity. united with the hydrogen of tine water and oxygen is set free.
Much general discussion then ensued ; in which Mr. Ellice, This is the reason why, if we keep chlorine. for a length trt.
time
Mr. D. Mr. Harvey, Sir W. Follett, Lotd Stanley, &c., took in a damp bottle, we find that it has been converted into
wuria-
part. The several amendments proposed by Sir IL Peel were tic acid, and that the bottle coniatns a quantity of oxygen. Let
conceded.
i us conceive in any process in the arts, that we are in the habit
Sir W. FOLLETT gave notice that he should move the intro- of making use of an organic substance, no matter for waat
duction of a clause, prohibiting. the proposed council to suspend purpose. it is evident that after decomposition it Nunot possess
or alter arty act of the imperial parliament, or any act of the the same properties as before, and, consequently, it must have
local legislature that had altered or suspended any act of the some new properties in lieu of •those which it previously pos.
imperial parliament.
sensed. Now this is the whole theory of bleaching. We decom-
The house having resumed, the report was ordered to be re-
ceived on Saturday, fur which purpose the house would meet at pose water anti bring a quatotity of oxygen to bear upon the
12 o'clock. body, anti the new substance is iendereti colourless. We cannot-
destroy tee colour ()fa body without changing the individuality
Lord J. RUSSELL said that he Proposed such course in order of ;lolly. When we pour a little of the solution of chlorine
That the report might be received and agreed to, and the bill i in water into an infusion of rea cabbage, the infusion is first
read a third time on-Monday. He also stated that in the mean reddened, owing to the formation of muriatic acid, and then
time the clause contemplated by Sir W. Follett should be con- wheu more chlorine is addeta rendered colourless. A great
sidered. His lordship added, in reply to Mr. Wakley, that the variety anther suostances are acted noon in the same way.
bill, as further amended,' should again be reprinted.—Ad- The well knoan colouring matter of indigo is capable a being
journed. I decomposed by a number of methods. We cant decompose it
either by taking oxygen trout it or- adding oxygen to it, and in
both cases as soon as its composition is changed it ceases to be
indigo or present a blue appearance.
We owe the first application of chlorine to the purposeS of
bleaching to the celebrated French chemist Bet thollet. Its in-
troduction as a bleaching agent caused so great a revolution in
the art of bleachitig, that it was proposed to connect his name
permanently with the new process, and for a long period this
mode of bleaching •was called Berlhollizing. The oh; way of
bleaching cloth was, by damping, the substance, and then ex-
nosing it to the influence of the son's rava„ Betttiereeens the
unit trsymitton. vetorine acts
immediately upon the colouring matter, but it required several
menths exposure to the solar light to bleach the cloth. therefore
we may at once understand the vast saving which resulted from
the use.of chlorine. After the lapse of a short period. chlorine
was employed not in the state of gas, but dissolved in water, that
being a much more convenient way of employing it, as by add-
ing the chlorine water to a solution or either animal or veget-
able colouring matter, it was immediately bleached. Even in
this form-, chlorine was of very inconvenient carriage from
one part of the kingdom to another, until a very important im-
provement was made by Mr. Charles 'Fennell% in the combine
lion of chlorine with lime. Chlorine is not very soluble in water,
and, consequently, in order to transport front place to place a
large quantity of chlurine, it would be necessary to take with it
a large quantity of water; but lime takes up a large quantity of
chlorine' :red thus reduces the expense of bleaching titan extent
unparalleled by any thing, except the reduction in the price of
sulphuric acid Gy the use of leaden chambers. Chloride of lime
has consequently, become of greater importance as a bleaching
agent than chlorine itself. Chemists are not perfectly agreed
as to what chloride of lime really is. The simplest view to take
of it is, that it is a combination of chlorine with lime. Simple
as that is, it does not appear to have much probability in it when
we examine it. The principle of the formation of chloride of
lime is very simple; a quantity of lime is introduced into a chain-
, her, and the chlorine is passed into .it. The lime absorbs the
chlorine very rapidly, and we find it to increase very consider-
ably in weight, 65 parts of lime combining with 35 parts of
chlorine. Chloride of lime is sparingly soluble in water, but
when we add to the liquids a very dilute acid, the acid may be
considered as seizing upon the lime, and the chlorine becoming
isolated, we get it in a form available for bleaching. In this
consists-the great superiority of this combination over gaseous
or liquid chlorine. Dr. Kane then illustrated the importance
.of chloride of lime as a bleaching agent, by discharging the
colour from a variety of cotton articles. Chlorine unites readily
with the metals, but not when they are oxidized. This copse.
quently militates against the probability of bleaching salt being
a direct combination of chlorine with lime. In fact, when we
bring chlorine in contact with a metallic oxide, the reaction
which takes place is somewhat complicated. Thus, if we intro-
duce chlorine into a solution contaitting potash, the consequence
is the following:—The potash is decomposed, one portion of the
chlitrine unites with the potassium, and the other portion unites
aith the oxygen which thus has been set free. Thus we get
chloride of potassium and an oxide compound of chlorine.
Chlorine is capable of uniting in no less than four proportions
with oxygen,—we have the hypochlorous acid, chlorous acid,
the chliirc and the perchloric acid. IWhen but a. small
portion of chlorine is passed through the potash vou get the
lowest, and when more and more chlorine is supplied you get
the higher combination of oxygen with chlorine. The par-
chloric acid, however, is not obtained by this process, but is
formed when the chlorate of potash is decomposed, by sulphuric
acid. The chlorate of petash, from which the other compounds
of chlorine and oxygen are obtained, is farmed by passing a
current of chlorine into a saturated solution of potash. when
two compounds—the chlurate of potash, anti the chloride of
potessient (muriate of potash) result. Dr. Katie then illus-
trated the method in which instantaneous matches are made by
the admixture of chlorate of potash with sutphuret 01 antimony
or sugar. Experiments of this nature are of a highly dangerous
nature, and young chemists should be very cautious how they
attempt them. During the early part of the French revolu-
lien, when the attention of French chemists was directed to the
manufacture of gunpowder, some of them proposed to manu-
facture it with chlorate of potash, and consequently there was
111WItt.i'Sk'p 1):v
the explosion. Phosphorus, when heated, or struck in con-
tact with chlorate of potash, oxydizes itself so rapidly at the
expense of the chlorate of potash that an explosion takes place
that is really dangerous. 'l'o exhibit this in a safe manner,
Dr. Kane placed some phosphorus at the bottom of a glass of
water. He then introduced some chlorate of potash, which he
bad previously melted into a mass and broken into large pieces,
and added stone oil of vitriol. The consequence -was, the bril-
liant ignition of the phosphorus beneath the surface of the
water. The rationale of this is, that the sulphuric acid liberates
the oxygen of the chlorate of potash, which immediately unites
with the phosphorus, the latter always burning wherever it gets
oxygen, no matter whether water be present or not.
If we pour sulphuric acid upon chlorate of potash, the latter
becomes of a dark orange colour, and the action is accompanied
by a considerable effervescence. Peroxide of chlorine, a gaseous
body rises, of a bright yellowish green colour, which is easily
decomposed, and highly explosive. In this experiment the
chlorate of potash is completely decomposed. The result of the
complicated dojo,' is, that we get three products, viz: Bisulphate,
and perchlurate of potash, and peroxide of chlorine. The heat
of a lamp is sufficient to explode the peroxide of chlorine. Be-
side this oxide there exists another compound of of chlo-
rine with oxygen, which has been recently discovered by M.
Balard, the celebrated chemist of Montpelier, which he calls
hypuchlorous acid. If we take a quantity of red oxide of quick-
silver, put it into a bottle of chtorine, and shake the bottle
about, we shall find that the red oxide will gradually be con-
verted into a white powder, and the bottle be occupied by a
greenish coloured gas like chlorine, which it was considered to
be before in. &third analyzed i:. We find the quicksilver to
be converted into corrosive sublimate, and that the chlorine
has been changed into hypochorous acid. We find one half of
the chlorine uniting with the quicksilver, and the other half the
oxygen.
Chlorine forms with hydrogen, a most important substance,
which was obtained at a very early period. Coinmon salt was
decomposed by sulphuric acid, and a volatile liquid separated
which was called spirit of salt, because all of those volatile sub-
stances were at that time supposed to belong to that class form
which spirit got. They had spirits of wine, spirits of hartshorn,
spit its of salts, &c., obtained by the distillation of wine, am-
moniacal matters, salt, &c. Spirits of salt (muriatic acid)
were first obtained by Glauber, whose name is so well known in
connexion with the salts of that name. Indeed, the connexion
of Glauber's name with sulphate of soda, ',resents an interest-
ing fact in the history_ of science. Chemists imagined in stone
way or other, that when they took the spirit or life out of any
substance, that what remained was worth nothing, and accord-
ingly they designated it caput ozortuom, or deaih's head. Glauber
was the first who examined residual pioducts, and found that
sulphate of soda was left behind after the distillation of spirit of
salt. Ammonia is one of the best Isms for muliatic acid, for it the
least quantity be present, it combines with it, and forms inmate
of auunionia (satainumnicac). Pure muriatic acid gas is colour-
less, like atmospheric air, it is absorbed very rapidly by water,
and therefore must be collected overquicksilver. Being heavier
than atmosphere air, it may likewise be collected as sulphurous
acid. Al uriatic acid unites with bases, which, until lately, were
called mu riates, but there is a doubt amongst chemists, whether
muriates are capable of existence. Muriatic acid is composed
of chlorine and hydrogen, and when it conies into contact with a
foetid, the chlorine only unites with the metal, in this man-
ner if we add muriatie acid to potash, the chlorine unites
with the potassium, and the hydrogen with the oxygen. It is
not improbable that a real combination of
the
cltlo:liedtet
rtc hydrogen
with with the oxide of a metal may exist_ i
paSseo through equal volumes of chlorine and hyditigen, an
explosion ensues. owing to the combination of these gasses,
and their formation into muriatic acid. The same result will
happen if these gasses be exposed to the direct light of sun.
By means of Cavendish's eutlimnieter the composition of
muriatic acid gas may be synthetically demonstrated.
These lectures are rendered highly intetesting by the value
able experitnents with witch they are illustrated. There is
scarcely an assertion or theory, which Dr. Kane does not thus
practically prove, and this is the reason why a lecture on che-
mistry is a much more efficient means of conveying iostruction
in the science than the best written work upon the subject.
To-morrow evening Dr. Epps will commence his introductory
lecture upon physiolOgy.

LECTURES ON CHEIIISTRY.

COMMONS.-SATURDAr.

BRADFORD (Thursday.)—The very brisk demand for long
and short wool, which has prevailed for some time, continues
unabated ; and the supply of new stocks of the raw material is
stilt rut off by the closing of the principal lines of conveyance.
A further slight advance has been obtained, and there is no im-
mediate prospect of prices receding.—Farn.—We continue to
do a very good business in yarn. The prices of last week are
fully maintained, and in some instances a further advance has
been obtained; yet still the spinners, from the very high price
they are compelled to give for wool, say they are not fairly re-
munerated.— Piere.—The market of to-day bears a similar aspect
to that of last week. Any sales effected, although at an advance,
are still not in proportion 19 the price of varus. If wool main-
, tain its present price, pieces must speedily obtain a still further
advance, as the manufacturers cannot realize a profit even at
the present price of yam us.
STEAM N AvicATIoN To INDIA BY THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE
—This is a question of too touch importance to the mercantile
world to withhold for a moment any information which may
have come to our Lnowledge touching its practicability. We
have learnt that a body of influential gentlemen, under the
chairmanship of Capt. Sir Julio Ross, have formed a company
for building steam-vessels of 1,200 tons, which can make the
voyage to India by the Cape, carrying between,6oo and 700'
tons of mercbaudize iu the almost incredibly short space of
52 days, with only one stoppage for fuel ; and that the appara-
tus (a newly-invented boiler, by Mr. Collier,) has been tried
in a voyage made by Sir John, the result of which ,more than
justified the expectations held out by the inventor.—illorning
Pest.

LIVER THEATRE, CHURCH-STREET.

For the benefit of MR. T. P. COOKE, and last night but one
of his appearance

rri HIS present TUESDAY, Jan. 30th, the performances
I will commence with a new Nautical Drama (never acted
here) called •

THE WRECKER'S HAUNT,
Ott, THE EAGLE'S TOWlift.
The music composed by —le, Esq. of the Theatre Royal,
Haymarket.
Bobstay Mr. T. P. COOKE, itt which he will sing his po-
pular song "All on the Toogo Island."
After which a new Billet caned
WRECK OF POLICHINELL.
'Fo conclude with the Drama of
THE MONSTER!
Ott, THE FATE OF Fit ANKENSTEIN.
The part of the Monster by Mr. T. P. COOKE.

On Wednesday a popular Drama, favourite Ballet, and The
Pilot, being positively the last night of Mr. T. P. Cooke's ap-
pearance this season.

On Thursday M A DLLE. CELESTE, the Celebrated
French Actor, Dancer, and Pantomimist, will commence an
engagement for a limited period.
Tickets and places for the boxes to be had of Mr. JOHN FOGG,
at the Theatre, each, day from eleven till .three. Boxes, 35.; Pit.
25.; Gallery, GI; Second Price, Boxes, 25.; I'it, ls.—Nosecond
price to the Gallery. Doors to be opened at half-past six, per-
formance to commence at seven precisely.

ROYAL ANIPIIITHEATRE,
GREAT CHARLOTTE-STREET, LIVERPOOL.

THIS Evening, TUESDAY, Jan. 30. and following night,
Lord Byron's interestinir and magnificent Drama of
MAZEPPA.
AND THE WILD Hoase.
In which Mr. Ryan's Stud of Horses and Troop of Amazons
will appear, with new magnificent scenery, extensive platforms
and machinery, &c. &c.
Ryan's Scenes in the Circle—A Burlesque Scene, called the
Cockney Sportsman !—Mr. Powell will appear and represent
his Picture Gallery ! Equestrian Imitations of Eminent Actors.
The whole to conclude with the admirable Burletta, called
RORY O'AIORE.

The public are respectfully informed that a BENEFIT wit

be given to the
SUFFERING POOR, on THURSDAT NEXT,

February 1, 1838, on Vk hich,occasian the Profits that may arise
front the liberality of the visitors will be given fur that benevo-
lent purpose.
Prices of admission—Dress Boxes, 3s. ; Pit, 25.; Lower
Gallery, ls.; Upper Gallery, 6d. Children, half price, from
the commencement, to the Boxes and Pit only. Second Price
at Half-past Eight o'clock : Boxes, Is: Gd. ; Pit, ls.; Galleries,
Bd.—Box Office.open every day from Eleven till Three o'clock,
when Mr. Hats will be in attendance. Doors open at
anu me reriormance begins at halrpasr. rrivate
Boxes may be had nightly Fur Parties, at 21s. and 425.
Instructions in the Art of Riding Given. Rid,ny Master, Mr.
Ginnett. Terms may be known on application at the Amphitheatre.
Proprietor, Mr. BATES.
Stage Manager, Mr. NEVILLE.

Under the Patronage of the tVorshipfitl the Mayor, and the
Liverpool Festival Committee.
GRAND 'MISCELLANEOUS CONCERT

AT THE
THEATRE-ROYAL, LIVERPOOL,
ON TUESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 13, 1838.
A 4 R - '. HOLDEN respectfully announces his intention of
Al g a MISCELLANEOUS CONCERT, on an ex-
tensiv ' - le, comprising Selections from the following Com-
posers:--Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Spohr, Rossini, Merea-
daute, Bishop, &c. &c.
PRINCIPAL VOCAL PERFORMERS:
MRS. ALFREI) SHAW,
MISS BRUCE,
MR. WALTON and MR. MACHIN.
Leader, MR. ALDIIIDGE.
The Band, consisting of the first talent of the town, will be
full and efficient and a select number of the Mcnihers of the
LIVERPOOL CHORAL SOCIETY, who have kindly offer-
ed their services upon this occasion, will forma full and itficient.
Chorus.

TUESDAY MORNING, JANUARY 30, 1838.

The Publication of the STA NDA R D commenced this morn

ing at 6 o'clock.

CANADA NEWS.—By the Siddons and the North
American, we have received New York papers to the 2(1
instant,.and also copies of the Montreal Morning Cou-
rier to the 25th ult., and of the Hamilton Gazette to the
26th tilt.

The accounts which are brought by these papers are
chiefly- confirmatory of those which we published on
Tuesday last, and which detailed the destruction of St.
Eustactre and the dispersion of the rebels at Grand Brill&
Little,is said respecting any subsequent movements in
Lower Canada. The New York journals contain vari-
ous conflicting accounts of the operations in Upper Ca-
nada. Very little reliance is to be placed upon the
statements of these
.papers. The only place in which
any thing like a protracted resistance is likely to be of- •
fered by the insurgents is Navy Island, where Al'Kenzie
and Rensselaer are said to have 1000 men, with stores
ema •

We proceed to lay before our readers such extracts as
we conceive to be most important. We must, however,
premise, that the quotations which we make from the
republican journals are to be-received cam gran° solis—
and that not a very small one.

The following is an extract from a private letter, dated
New York, January 2, received with the placard an-
nexed:—

" I have no important news to communicate, except from
Navy Island, where the. patriots, so termed, are assetnirlin -4 in
large force, with the intention of making a descent on Upoer
Canada. It is a disgrace that our government permits a force
to be collected ou ibiat spot with a view of aiding the subjection
of Canada. Arms, &e. &c. are constantly sent from the States
to aid the insurgents. I have just been informed, 'hat unless
some active measures ate adopted 657 the United sates govern-
ment, the minister at Washington., Mr. Fox, will demand his
passports."

" MEETING IN BEHALF OF CANADA.
"THE ESSENCE OP LIBERTY CONSISTS 1N :HE FREEDOM

or oiscusioN.
." Those who in quarrels interpose,
Must often wipe a bloody note!'
" A few facts from modern (Jimmy, lor th,ukiud: and calculating

A tuencli us.

" The King of France interfered in tie American revolution,
not for the love of liberty, out hi:, hatredito England. ltesult—
He revolutionised his own dominions, and lust his crown and
head.

" Austria and Prussia interfered in the French revolution.
Reply—Vienna and Berlin, their capitals, were entered try vic-
torious French armies.

" Napoleon interfered with Russia, and marched a victorious
army of half a million of men to rduscow. Reply—Paris cap-
tured twice IA lllading ainties.

" Napoleon bent all his powers and all his energies to the
subjection of England. Replv—He died a prisoner to England
on the rock of St. Helena. So much for the past.
" PROPH EC Y !

" Americans will interfei e in the revolt of Canada: Results
—A declaration of war against America by England.