The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1847-10-26 00:00:00

THE 'LITERPOOL STANDA/tli.

LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN.—IL is stated that the
directors of this company have issued circulars to all
On Thursday, the new chureh of Byley-cum-Lees, on companies with which they are connected, urgently re-
the road between Middlewich and'Knutsford, was conse- commending that, wherever it was practicable, railway
crated by the Lord Bishop of Chester. works should be suspended for the present; and the re-
SALTFLEET BY ST. CLEMENTS.—On Sunday se'nnight commendation has been adopted by most of the compa-
the incumbent performed divine service to one person be- nies to which it was made. In one instance a railway
sides his own family. So much forPuseyism in the Marsh. board, whose stock ,has been guaranteed a fixed per cent-
Stamford Mercury. age by the London and North-Western Company, imme-
CHURCH PASTORAL AID SOCIETY.—The number of diately announced their intention of not making another
grants now made by the society are two for populations call for twelve .months. All works on the London and
over 40,000 ; five for populations varying from 23,000 to North-Western line (and those lines now exceed five
26,000; two for populations of 20,000 ; sixteen for popu- hundred miles in extent) which could be postponed have
lations from 13,009 to 19,000 ; six for populations of been suspended indefinitely ; thus carrying out Mr.
12,000 ; five for populations of 11,000 ; twenty for popu- Glyn's declaration at the last meeting of the company,
lations of 10,000 ; and 130 for populations varying from that no works that were not immediately necessary would
5,000 to 9,000. The number of additional Lord's day be commenced.
services is 506, and not 1506 as reported last week ; and I FATAL ACCIDENT AT A RAILWAY VIADUCT.—A stu-
instead of the five parishes of Westminster comprising pendons stone viaduct over the river Wharfe, near Otley,
32.-996 children, it should be 42,996. and about seven miles from Leeds, for the Leeds and
THE NATIONAL THANKSGIVING.—Considerable diffi- Thirsk Railway, has been in the course of erection for
culty was experienced on Sunday week by the clergy, with about 18 months,' and is now fast approaching completion ;
regard to the form of prayer ordered vo be read, inasmuch but, owing to one of the arches giving way on Tuesday
as it substituted various psalms, collects, lessons, gospels, last, not only will the finish of the structure be for some
and epistles, in the place of those appointed by the book time delayed, but the cause of delay will be long remem-
of common prayer. Many of the metropolitan clergy bered in the neighbourhood with feelings.of pain. From refused, therefore, to read them, conceiving themselves some cause or other, the seventh arch of the noble erec-
bound by the act of uniformity, by which they have made flan, which spanned the river, fell with a tremendous
a solemn declaration to abide, "to use the matins, even- crash, when several workmen were upod it, the whole of
song, celebration of the Lord's Supper, and adtninistra- whom were more or less injured. One young man, James
tion of the sacraments, in such order and form as is men- Verity, of Otley, was killed on the spot, his brains being
tioned in the same, and none otherwise." literally knocked out. Another young man, named Drake,
The Bishop of Adelaide (Dr. Short) has appointed as was buried in the ruins ; and the writer f this account
his chaplains and assistants, the Rev. Matthew Hale, the has heard that he expired soon after being got out. Two
Rev. J. C. Bagshawe, the Rev. J. P. Wilson, and the or three others are a good deal injured, and two men had
Rev. A. B. Burnett. The Bishop of Newcastle (Dr. narrow escapes with their lives, by clinging to the sides of
Tvrrel) is accompanied by the Rev. H. 0. Irwin, the the adjoining arch. The arch which fell was of a very
Rev. R. G. Boodle, and the Rev. A. Douglas. The Rev. great height, and the crashing of the timber and the fall-
W. Bousfield, Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, has ing of the stones were heard for a great distance.
been selected by the Bishop of Cape Town as an assistant I PROGRESS OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC.—We find that the
to the chaplain in the island of St. Helena. Towards the I railway traffic in the United Kingdom, by the returns
support and endowment of the new dioceses there has published in our table, for the three quarters ending the
been contributed, up to the present time, the sum of 25th September, 1847, amounted to £6,666,380 • corres-
£ls,ooo in donations, and £l,OOO in annual subscriptions. ponding period of 1846, to £5,739,100 ; and in '1844, to
REFUSAL OF CLERGYMEN TO USE THE " FORM OF £4,195,490. There is every probability, judging from the
PRAYER AND THANKSGIVING.."—Considerable difficulty present receipts, that the traffic for the year 1847 will
was experienced on •Sundayweekby some of the clergy, with amount to £8,890,000; that for 1846 amounted to
regard to the form of prayer ordered to be read, inasmuch £7,664,870; and for 1845, to £6,649,220. It appears
as it substituted various psalms, collects, lessons, gospels, that the amount expended on those railways in July,
and epistles, in the place of those appointed by the Book 1842, amounted to £52,380,000, and the traffic returns in
of Common Prayer. Many of the metropolitan clergy re- that year amounted to £4,341,78Q, being at the rate of
fused, therefore to read them, conceiving themselves hound £2894 per mile per annum ; the amount expended on
Act of Uniformity, by which they have made a them in July, 1847, amounted to £107,663,500, and the
solemn declaration to abide, "to use the matins, evensong, receipts this year will amount to about £8,890,000, or
celebration of the Lords Supper, and administration of £2867 per mile per annum. The traffic per mile is rather
the Sacraments, in such order and form as is mentioned less ; but, comparing the amount of the traffic to the total
in the same book, and not otherwise. expenditure at the former period, it amounted to 8'29 per
SCRIPTURE READERS.—The Bishop of Exeter has pub cent., and will, in all probability, at the latter period,
lished a pamphlet addressed to the archdeacons of his amount to 8-25 per cent. It may be mentioned, that the
diocese, in which he enters, at very great length, into his traffic per mile per annum amounted, in 1845, to £3255,
reasons for forbearing from joining in a proceeding entered and in 1846 to £2941. The result shows, at present, a
into by various other bishops of the established church, decrease in the traffic, both as regards the capital expended
the object of which proceeding was to raise a new class of and the miles opened. In 1842, the average cost per mile
church officers, under the designation of " Scripture- amounted to £34,920; and in 1847, to 34,730. This high
readers." In the outset, the bishop states that he is far figure probably arises from the practice of keeping the
from wishing to persuade the minister of any populous capital accounts open.—Railway Journal.
parish from availing himself in any lawful manner, of the SUSPENSION OF RAILWAY CALLS.—On Wednesday,
assistance of his lay parishioners who may be able and the deputation appointed at a meeting of shareholders in
willing to co-operate with him in the great and holy work the Liverpool, Manchester, and Newcastle Junction Rail-
which he has undertaken to perform. This admission way, lately held, waited on the directors of the company
would look very much like a sanction of the proceedings by appointment, at Manchester. The proceedings on the
from which the Bishop of Exeter really dissents. part of the shareholders' deputation resolved themselves
THE BISHOP OF MANCHESTER.--The Rev. James into three questions :—First, whether the directors were
Prince Lee, M.A., (late fellow of Trinity College, Cam- disposed, in the present state of the money market, to
bridge,) Hon. Canon of Worcester, and head water of abandon the undertaking ; secondly, whether they were
King Edward's Collegiate School, Birmingham, is to be disposed to return any portion of the £98,000 now in
the first Bishop of Manchester. The rev. gentleman hand, and wait for more favourable times; and, thirdly,
stands very high as a scholar, and the distinguished ho- if not disposed to do either, what they really were disposed
nours obtained at the universities by exhibitioners from to do ? The directors replied, that after mature consider-
the school under his charge demonstrate the excellency ation they found they could not do the first without a new
and efficiency of his labours. Much good is anticipated act; that their legal advisers informed them that to do the
from his deserved promotion to the episcopal bench. The second would be ill?gal ; and, as regarded any reply to the
rev. gentleman was formerly second master of Rugby at third inquiry, they might state that they were perfectly
the time the late lamented Dr. Arnold was principal, and aware of the condition of the money market, that they
succeeded to his present situation in Birmingham on the would do all they could to suspend works and curtail ex-
appointment of his predecessor, Dr. Jeune (now Master penditure, that they had let no contracts, and had bought
of Pembroke College, Cambridge), to the Deanery of no land, except conditionally, and that it was their inten-
Jersey. tion to suspend all operatiors, in so far as was consistent
PROCEEDINGS AGAINST A CLERGYMAN UNDER THE with their engagements. This announcement is expected
CHURCH DISCIPLINE ACT.—Proceedings have been taken to form a precedent that will be pretty generally followed,
within the last few days, before the Commissioners Mar- at least as regards this district. The total deposits re-
tin, Harrington, Bartholomew, and Turner, at the Chapter ceived amounted to about £17.9,000, and the total ex_
House, Exeter, against the Rev. Wm. Rawlings, M.A., penditure to about £80,500, leaving a present balance of
rector of Llansallos. in the county of Cornwall, for an £98,500. Nothing beyond the finishingof the surveys and
offence against the 68th canon, in refusing to bury the plans for the portion of the line from Kettlewell to Bol-
body of a woman named Hitchins, she not having been ton Castle, 15 miles, which it was intended first to com-
denounced excommunicated majore exeommunicatione. mence out of a total of 60, and which includes a summit
It appeared that the reverend gentleman had misunder- tunnel, has been done, and this only has been staked out,
stood the law on the subject, and having returned home The line is to a great extent in alliance with the Lan-
and looked more closely at it, he found he had made a cashire and Yorkshire Railway.
mistake. He proceeded back to the church in leas than THE RAILWAYS FROM LONDON TO THE NORTH.—III half an hour, and offered to go on with the service. He the course of a few weeks, by the completion of the Cale-
was told he was too late, in fact the body had been in- donian railway, the communication from London to Glas-
terred, and the parties were singing hymns over the grave. gow and Edinburgh will be continuous ; and parties may
The commissioners expressed their belief that Mr. Raw- proceed in winter rapidly, without changing carriages,
lines had acted under the full belief that he was obeying from the metropolis to these places. The distances are as
the law instead of violating it, and it was ultimately ar- follow : Miles.
ranged that, as the reverend gentleman proposed to sign London to Carlisle, by Birmingham
a consent to submit to such judgment as the Bishop might Carlisle to Glasgow .. lO9
think proper to announce, his written explanation of the Carlisle to Edinburgh lOl
circumstances should accompany that consent.
419
MATRICULATION.--The steps to be taken for matricu- London to Glasgow
London to Edinburgh 4ll
lation in a college are for the candidate to address himself If the route of the Trent Valley Railway be pursued, the
to the head of the college or hall to which he wishes to distance from London to Carlisle will be considerably
belong, stating his age and place of education, and giving shortened. The distance from London to Edinburgh, by
a reference to some competent person (usually a clergy- the present Midland lines' route, is 4261emiles ; but there
man) as to character and conduct. Should the applicant are at present serious interruptions at Gateshead and
exceed 19 or 20 years of age, it is usual to enter a hall in- Berwick, on account of the bridges across the Tyne and
stead of a college; and should he be married lie can only Tweed, which, from their magnitude, cannot be corn-
be admitted, ordinarily, at certain halls. Magdalen and pleted for some time, and the communication has to be
New Inn Halls are the usual resort of married undergra- effected by omnibuses. When the Great Northern Rail-
duates, and there are some, we believe, at Worcester Col- way is completed, the nearest route from London to Edin-
lege. On giving satisfactory references, the candidate for burgh will be by the Great Northern to York, then by
matriculation is informed at what time it will be conveni- Newcastle and Berwick, or by the branch from the Great
ent for the college, or hall, at which he applies, to admit Northern, five and a half miles north of Doncaster, to
him. In some colleges admission is offered at a distance Leeds, thence by the North Western, through Skipton,
of from a twelvemonth to three years from the period of to join the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway. The distance
application ; but this is shortened in favour of such as will be— Miles.
come peculiarly recommended, who are admitted as chance London to York .. • 1854
vacancies occur in the rooms. It is not necessary to visit York to Edinburgh,.by Newcastle.
Oxford until the time of matriculation. The usual fees
on matriculation vary, according to the rank of the party.
A clergyman's or gentleman's son (clerici aut generosi
filius) pays £2los. ; the son of an esquire (armigeri filius)
£3 10s., and the son of a baronet, or person of higher
rank, in proportion ; besides this there is a deposit to the
college or hall, technically called " caution money," vary-
ing, in different societies, from £25 to £45, returnable
(in some cases with deductions) at the period of removal
from the books of the University, but the practice varies
in almost every college. Another expense attending ad-
mission is a payment for the furniture, &c., of rooms,
which varies according to quality from £2O to £5O, or even
£7O. On the average, £3O or £35 may be stated as the
sum which is requisite. The batted accounts usually in-
clude charges for tuition, (from £l4 to £2O annually for
commoners, with a reduction to scholars, and an increase
to gentlemen commoners ;) room rent (from £l2 to £2O),
dinners, bread, butter, &c., &c., coal; window-tax, wash-
ing, and college and university dues, an amount, on an
average, to a sum varying from £7O to £lOO annually for
commoners ; the other expenses for dress, books, wine,
grocer's account, travelling, and gratuities to servants,
depending wholly on the economy observed. The average
total expenditure of commoners may be stated at about
£l5O to £lBO exclusive of private tuition, which is not
usually necessary. We have known undergraduates who
have managed to pass through the university at an annual
expenditure of £l2o.—Oxford Protestant Magazine.

CLERICAL INTELLIGENCE,

RAILWAY AFFAIRS.

StTalt oirsdsshtairteedßtaliilawtaythwe
ilslobuelhoeprenriepdoeratirolynsnoefxtthsperiNngo.rth
the Ist of November next. A splendd carriage been
ffhe Warsaw and Cracow Railway will be opened on
i
built for the Emperor, at the cost of 120,000 forms.
Acts for 1,523 miles of railway (some of them so far
back as 1836) have been obtained for Ireland ; but up to
this time about 123 miles only have been completed,
while 164 miles only are in course of construction.
It has been decided, at the Small Debts Court, Glas-
gow, that a railway company is bound to provide accom-
modation for a passenger who has booked for a certain
train at one of the company's principal stations, in that
train, or afford him compensation, for any loss he may
have sustained.

RAILWAY PROPERTY AT A DISCOUNT.—At the sale of
the effects of a Mr. C. A. Caddy, at Barnstaple, last
week, 50 shares in the Taw Vale Railway, upon which
£2 per share had been paid, were sold for ls. per share;
and 100 shares in the Cornwall Railway Company, upon
which £7 per share bad been paid, were also knocked
down at ls. per share.—Plymouth Times.
WHAT A FALLING OFF !-At the commencement of
the Michaelmas. Sessions at Knaresborough, in October,
1845, the doors of the Court-house were besieged by par-
ties anxious to put up notices of intended applications to
parliament for railway a'nd other bills. The doors of the
Court-house were not large enough to receive the 101
notices that were affixed. This year not a notice has been
posted!

From our official returns it appears that the amount of
traffic for the last week, on upwards of 3,152 miles of rail-
way, was £196,190, thus accounted for :—£101,483 for the
conveyance of passengers only; £50,499 for the carriage
of goods, and the remainder of £44,208 for passengers and
goods together, not respectively apportioned ; being an
increase of £29,960 over the corresponding week of last
year, when the mileage was about 2,525.
CONFLAGRATION AT THE SOUTH-EASTERN RAILWAY.

—A temporary range of shops, about 300 feet long, and
nearly 40 feet wide, in the vicinity of the Bricklayers'
Arms terminus of this railway, was on Friday entirely
destroyed by fire. The place was filled with pitch, tar,
and other inflammable articles. The origin of the dis-
aster is unknown, but it is generally supposed to have

been caused by the boiling over of a co-pperOf oil and pitch:
QUADRUPLE RAILS ON THE LONDON !AND: NORTH-
WESTERN.—After much discussion in the board, during
which there was considerable opposition to the measure,
it has finally been resolved by the directors of this rail-
way that quadruple rails shall be laid down upon their

down the line. The time, however, for the commencei
ment of these new, and as they appear to us unnecessary
works. has been postponed indefinitely.
THE BIRMINGHAM AND OXFORD JUNCTION.--The
company
directors of this appear determined, it is said,

in spite of Mr. Mozley's— advice, to enforce the payment
of the last call. Within the last few days, between tbur
and five hundred writs have been issued against " dissen-
tient " shareholders, and some, under the influence of
legal consequen6s, have paid up the amount of their
disputed liabilities. A feeling exists that pending the
bills in Chancery, to be argued next term,
_such
_proceed-

ings are unnecessary, entree n be profitable only to the

lail',yers employed

London to Edinburgh
London to Leeds
Leeds to Edinburgh, by Carlisle

London to Edinburgh
This last is undoubtedly the shortest route; but the way
by the London and North Western, Lancaster and Car-
lisle, &c., as being performed in less time, and under one
management, offers many advantages for through pas-
sengers.--Carlisle Journal.

Oct. 26, 1847.

then the peril and the panic had passed away." But a characterised its proceedings among men in °lll.
-
recurrence to so well-tried and efficacious a remedy would business." We
are assured, on good authority,
rms'
be tainted too strongly with the spirit of Protection, and first place, that the latter statement is greatly exagge,:
would savour too much of the policy of Pitt, to be
pala- With respect to the charge of neglecting men of ann.,'
table to a set of Ministerial philosophers "distinguished business, we are authorised to state that the RoYell,%-o,
only for their knowledge of the science of political econ- has been ever ready to assist, as far as applied to, the ch it is ex
omy," and, of course, "caring nothing for the two or mercantile community; and in many instances ithaset*,,eeti L /
three millions of people who may be reduced to beggary extended its assistance to the constituents of some ° twee end '''
kr of
by their operation."
banking houses.
Itad.' Ge(
We regret to observe symptoms of a movement .t, leals ,
place, which, if persevered in, must still further in it ueh.Catisei:
the difficulties which surround commercial men. ° ' I;tlc.nry
refer to the demands which are being made upon C 4 Zieetlzed
banks by depositors, who have taken alarm for tbeiee` titi *l3ll, I
of their deposits. It is most important that this ' upg, ki illiarn.
should be allayed •, and we would earnestly impress A h estate c
our readers and the well-informed portion of the Pb. Feet
to do everything in their power to allay the aPrileor "'et, '
sions of the few timid people who are making such it,4 the I
chief.
, , itt t. thePati
These parties should be reminded that the banktof lift 4. Sin terest of the country is now in a very different posio,oi tfee,r to 0,,
that which it occupied in the disastrous crises of 1811',01 2,lied of
1823, in the latter of which years seventy banks faileuotok ii 'it Ro the average dividend paid did not exceed ss. in the P kio; 1,40700,0 D
The majority of our banks now are conducted on th,e? ,04 un•
stock principle, by which the whole property of ever. 4 0 he e sellinl
prietor is liable in case of the bank not meetl" f klreution
engagements. It is a fact to be set against tb,,,e00 otbat it
colt ection of former losses by the failure of private '4O NO, lon,
issuing their own notes. that there has not been asleee the'dound
instance of a joint-stock failing, in which every “•thr Nt'eceas(
tor was not paid in full, with interest. Moreover, 'di qtday.
few cases of suspension, the depositors have been ivateellee wa
first.
0 r',,_ With respect to the present position of the banks-00 kill '101.4,
verpool, we are certain that the depositors need be roll eitie 'ltider
no apprehension. It is well known that our three P. be lyt,ie he wa,
banks are full of money, having prepared themselce? tf t}4l at the
e:ed:
forehand for the possibility of a contingency like the el
sent. Our joint-stock banks have also for montbs/ Tp worse.
been restricting their operations, and providing theo3- 0 44,ne prize with cash to meet any sudden demand upon theme. .4 k'',,
have authenticated information of one which, if nee ,
is prepared to pay back the whole of its depositors' r9if
to-day; and we have little doubt that others are,' epa"'eats, 1
altogether, at least nearly as well situated. I'l•4i,,,,,„,dlifeteat
„rill by ~ateir ,
ow , 1. 4, .., i
There can be no doubt of the fact that the res the , +I, •
efforts which the Banks have had to make to place ',Oll 5)-:attled
selves in this position has seriously increased the preefit 11,14 kr, n
on the public and the embarrasment of our cornftd, 4,l,befor
Each Establishment has been placed under the nece-elad t' ''' Ca '1
keeping a large mass of capital locked up at, d wk. ines "eassianni-
its being circulated in the ordinary chauneis of bus this gaged ta
1 h.
Only let those for the payment of whose claitassio ili lost his f
hoarding system has had to be practised--the deP° corr Ikt° save I
—throw away their absurd fears, and manifest luoretocle, th,t,ll k aim
fience, and the money, at present withdrawn from of ill ''.----Ver(
will be brought out, and the commercial energies ~hi I,t,s_
country receive new life, and assume their usual be 3i' '''ete'rullE
and both ,
action.
Boa Nctict
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!,

LAW INTELLIGENCE,

-4
At the Westminster County Court it has been decided
that a servant has no right to refuse to shake mats on a
Sunday, unless she has made an express agreement with
her mistress to that effect.
SHAREHOLDERS IN JOINT-STOCK BANKS.—There is a
very general misapprehension entertained that a joint-
stock bank cannot sue any shareholder for money due to
said bank • but the error will be immediately dispelled by
reading the Bth clause of the " Act to regulate Joint Stock
Banks in England," passed on the sth September, 1844,
and which is as follows :—" That no action or suit by or
against the company shall be in any wise affected by reason
of the plaintiff or defendant therein being a shareholder or
former shareholder of the company ; but any such share-
holder, either alone or jointly with another person, as
against the company, or the company against any such
shareholder, shall have the same action and remedy, in
respect of any cause of action or suit whatever which such
shareholder or company might have had if such cause of
action or suit had arisen with a stranger." The 10th
clause of the same act also sets at rest another point of
discussion, as to the liability of shareholders, whom, many
believe, could be immediately sued for the bank's debts;
but it appears that judgment must first be obtained against
the bank, for it enacts, " 1 hat it shall be lawful for the
plaintiff to cause execution upon any judgment, &c., to be
issued against the property and effects of the company;
and, if such execution shall be ineffectual to obtain satis-
faction of such judgment, then it shall be lawful for him
to have execution against the person, property, and ef-
fects of any shareholder, &c.
CURIOUS CASE.—The Morning Herald of Saturday
says, " There are some things that may be made so ex-
cessively cheap as to become excessively dear, and the
New County Courts are every day showing that law is
one of those commodities. A meeting held on Wednes-
day evening at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, to take
into consideration the late decision of the Judge of the
Westminster County Court, in the case of Lord Bury ty.
Clark, arose out of a circumstance which would seem to
prove that a shopkeeper has no remedy whatever against
the most galling impertinence, and also, that matter
clearly fit for a jury to consider, is, under the new system,
left to the discretion of a single individual. The case of
Bury v. Clark, we gather from the report, and a subse-
quent letter of the defendant, to be this, Lord Bury, it
appears, entered the shop of the defendant. a stationer in
Jermyn-street, and requested to see certain penholders,
marked price fid. These were shown to him, according
to his request, but not liking their quality, he said,
These things are of no use,' and added, addressing
Mr. Clark, ' It is very well for you to puff off your trum-
pery articles.' Upon this Mr. Clark, who does not seem
to be the most long-suffering individual in the world,
feeling naturally insulted by a charge of fraudulent deal-
ing,—replied that his lordship was " a trumpery fellow,'
directed him to leave his shop, and on his taunting' re-
fusal sent for a policeman. Lord Bury now left the shop,
but again returned to it, when Mr. Clark removed him
by force. For this an action was brought, and Mr. Clark
mulcted in dadiages of twenty pounds."

STATISTICS OF CRIME IN LANCASHIO'

FROM THE PRESTON CHRONICLE.)
The Rev. J. Clay's annual report on the Preston 1100°1.
of Corection has been published during the week----8,u4e51
ment which is always of great national as local in"oje
and importance. We are unable to afford space for 11l
than a meagre reference to its contents. the
It appears that, upon the whole, notwithstandinti
severe pressure of the times upon the working flaslbs
crime has hitherto been but little increased during isi
year ending on the 30th of June last. The following e of.
summary of the committals to the Preston 11"5
Correction for the last five yea

1847'
1843. 1844. 1843. 1846. 0
Indicted at Sessions
620 .. 433 .. 301 • • 289 78
Summary Commitments
/105 11.44

Total
Mr: Clay remarks upon this, that 2050 1549 epr
bered that the three years • the last were, ff
regards employment, very fa receding the
to the conditioVa;
the working classes, and that the year just closed Ori,
been of an entirely opposite character, it must be co„
eluded that crime and disorder spring less directly thew'
1118e3n it is rem ,
generally supposed from want of employment, ane,so
poverty consequent upon it ; or that some causes °di
begun to operate eminently calculated to repress
ten
The
to bad conduct.
" The y excess in the number of criminals for the 115
01,
year over the one immediately preceding is not vel
portant ; and when we come to investigate it, we eo'find that, though traceable eventually to the want 01 vot
ployment as the remote cause, the immediate one 15th' distress, but the idleness arising from the Inenufafiledl
ing depression. If the nature of the offences be exar'2D‹
it appears that puch are not likely to arise from discr;seil
pilfering expoSed articles, for instance—have de,,eivel
from 49 to 33., Robberies consequent upon druP„s,
and' disorder, viz., those committed in public-hou%reaseu
from the person, after visiting such places, have itin'scorl''
from 45 to 52. Robberies, again, committed by lation
people from their employers, and which, from the refessee
of the parties, precluded the idea distress, have inc. cls
from 26 to 37. Instances of obiaining money or ge° fob.
fraud, have arisen from sto 18. The excess in sb°,,P;r of
beries must be attributed to the increased e°111"-yest?
young offenders. As compared with the previous csot,
juvenile delinquency has been aggravated 92 Per
porgy
This, however, I must repeat, is not owing to the
but to the idleness consequent upon the stoppage or
ted working of so man mills." s of
With regard to they general and particular causecon,
crime, Mr. Clay states,—and his assertions are atePlYner
firmed by the evidence he adduces in the valuable aPethe
dices to his report,—that ignorance and irreligiontrecrirae
chief; and that in proportion as they are remove"
will disappear.
b-"°-•llnff t into
"The intermediate or secondary causes r°— 01
activity by the primary ones just named, and so gene of
admitted, are:—idleness, parental neglect, desecrau gel
the Sabbath, and,—mingling with all other eause6;fier'
predominating above them—drunkenness ! I believe/as'
but for this besetting sin, the population of North rfttis
cashire would exhibit virtues of the highest orderVer'
opinion is justified by the present state of things. biS'
ing under difficulties almost unprecedented in the! i4'
tory, their conduct involves moral phenomena of a '',ll'efer.
cant, and in many respects of a most hopeful elu'cors'
Never, within the term of my chaplaincy, have the
meat,
bined evils of scarcity of food and scarcity of emPleYioter;
pressed so heavily upon them as during the last ic
and never—to the great credit of thousands of suffer-
have offenders pleading distress for their faults been
in number "

The report shews that habitual drunkenness 1_5., 111:1-•
limited to la classe dangereuse"—the criminal plod
tion of the country ; but extends more or less pie in.
almost the whole working part of the people.
stances, in support of this opinion, the weekly exP_
and
ture in drink, of all the men—hard-working labourers
bet
n
skilled artizans—employed by one master. The
on of
of persons employed was 131, the collective !Tor,
their earnings—varying from lls. to 40s. per weekoor --
was £154 165., and the aggregate sum spent in
wacres,
£34 155., or nearly 224 per cent. of their gr°-" A
ties sabstaine-
In 12 cases, among the 131 cited, the Parc;es the Pd
from strong drink, and in the other es rose
5g and it'
centage of earnings wasted on intoxicatingl bevera
from under 5 per cent. in 5 instances, to between _
in 17, between 10 and 15 in 19, between 15 and 20 m
between 20 and 25 in 7. between 25 and 30 in 15, betvv, j
30 and 35 in 11, between 35 and 40 in 4, between 40 al?
45 in 11, between 45 and 50 in 4, between 50 and 55-10 ;0
between 55 end 60 in 4, between 66 and 60 in 3; and
one case the expenditure in dissipation was 75 perr „,,oelf.
£2
—three quarters of the income of a man earning
week !
COr
From other facts, and from official returns, Mr. /0
arrives at the conclusion that more than sixty-five mihliod
of pounds sterling are annually spent in the purchase i°
consumption. in the United Kingdom, of intoxicates'
liquors—ten times the amount of the English poor rf,;' be
This may seem an enormous amount; but it wow' we
difficult to show that it is over-stated, especially when e 1
know, from the most authentic sources, that in they ty;
1845, 24 millions of gallons of British spirits paid d 1
that upwards of 10,300,000 gallons of foreign wines the
spirits were retained for home consumption ; that
retailers of beer were 123,596, and the retailers of sP'
93,545
The ignorance of the general criminal population 0
fully established, with regard to the northern division ri,
this county, by the following details :—Among 1061 Pbje
soners committed to Preston gaol, 560 were whollyiloaid
to read ; 262 had some small ability to read ; 229 001
read, and had some knowledge of writing ; nine only 0,11,
read and write well ; and but one person, who was suine,
rily convicted for some petty offence by the magistra`ol
had enjoyed the advantage of a superior education.
these parties, 377 were wholly ignorant of the Savl°_:jj,
name, and unable to repeat the Lord's Prayer ; the P„01
gious instruction of 605 was comprised in a knowledee/
the name of Jesus, and ability to repeat the Lo'7t)
Prayer more or less imperfectly ; 74 were acquainted 0,;0
the elementary truths of religion ,• live only possessed io
t'
degree of knowledge which might be considered levelA,
the capacities of the uneducated ; and not one was
liar with the Scriptures, or well instructed in reliee
knowlege. To show further the extent of the ignorance
prevailing, it is stated that 556 of the prisoners ivcti
unable to name the months of the year; 560 did me
know the name of the reigning sovereign ; 531 were igli;
rant of the meaning of the wprds, " virtue, vice," 6';gl,
117 were unable to count a hundred ; but 513 had lot)
or heard read, books about Dick Turpin and
Sheppard.
0
This state of things is justly stigmatised by Mr. ClOlO
"the practical heathenism suffered to exist among usf
home, to an extent which can scarcely be credited °i•of
people among whom the gospel has been preached ,ioti
twelve centuries." It offers matter for serious retlee',
to all persons, but more especially to those who are ~,
posed to the principle of making grants of public rii,°oo,
in aid of voluntary subscriptions for the promotion or go,
eral education among the people. And there ist,llll°o9
over, in the report before us, abundant matter for_./

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consideration of the supporters of mis.
" I have often," says the chaplain, "
for their sakes—' why are our home-heathens so l'elot
lected ?' I repeat the question for our own sakes ; re,
the sake of our credit—of our own safety. In what gt
spect are they for whom I plead less deserving of Lis.
Christian solicitude than the strangers of another hold'
phere * * * lam far from unmindful of the go
command to ' go into all the world and preach the GrosPeld
but I remember that Divine wisdom directed the disciybre

on "eee
tho

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A.- end
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14t:deir busi
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et 41410 teStl
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.ovary soc,iteotiae,

to begin their task at Jerusalem. * * * When w„b,
so emphatically required to keep in view, as the graw!iisli
ject of this Christian country, the conversion of 131140,
India to the faith of ChriPt, during the present ge bin'ect
tion,' ought we not to feel that there is at home an ° tea
yet grander in itself; more momentous, whether negies;oo
or fulfilled ; involving duties to which we are et
bounden ; and most certainly under God's blessing-
practicable."