The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1836-11-04 00:00:00

THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD

Nov. 4, 1836.

LECTURE ON OPTICS.-MECIIANICS' INSTITUTION

of
On Sitturday evening Mr. Addams delivered the 01_11111 hs.ture
• the course, and, notwithstanding the inclemency of the evening, his
audience was large.
We are obliged to exercise our reason in conjunction with our
sight in order to arrive at the true relations of an object in size and
s distance, otherwise we should be greatly deceived ; the moon, for in-
stance. does not appear to be larger than a piece of circular paper a
fOot in diameter, yet we know this is by no means her magnitude.
When we see a body associating with others in the neighbourhood,
such as a horse in the neighbourhood of a house, or a house in the
Ss OSighbourhood of other houses with trees beyond, we are enabled to
J°(l6 of the magnitude of the house better than we should be were
--avelo'see it insulated and alone. Generally speaking, our notions of
- the Magnitude of bodies will be regulated by the angles which the ex-
tremes of the bodies will subtend. But this is not all ; for if we were
to take a disc of paper and hold it at a certain distance from the eye,
it will cover a hundred houses placed at the distance of a mile, so
that we judge of a body partly by the angle it subtends, and partly by
knowing that a certain space intervenes between us and it. There is
another circumstance which will give us some idea of the magnitude
of a body—namely, the muscular motion of the eye. We find that
the angle subtended by bodies is inversely with the distance. The
degree of illumination of a surface tvill influence very much our no-
tion of its magnitude and distance ; it is very well known that a snow
clad hill looks nearer to us than one covered with verdure. It receives
the light of the sun and reflects a portion of it into the eye. If an
artist represents a globe he makes its centre light and gradually dar-
kens the remainder towards the circular edge, and the reverse if he
is drawing the concave appearance of a basin, &c. If we see any
objects through a fog they appear unnaturally distended. This arises
from our misconception of their distance, and our deeming them fur-
ther off than they really are. This is taken advantage of in theatrical
representations, gauze screens being stretched across the stage to
• keep off the light and convey an idea of distance.
We do not all of us see objects either of the same colour or of the
same size, but our ideas as to size are similar, because we see different
objects in the same relative proportions to each other, It is by no
means improbable that a sparrow sees things larger than we do, and
that a grain of mustard seed would seem to it as large as a globe a foot
- in diameter. With regard to colours, some persons cannot determine
them at all. A gentleman of Mr. Addams's acquaintance could not
tell the difference between bright scarlet and green. Dr. Dalton, of
Manchester, is afflicted with a similar kind of vision ; he is not able
to examine the colour of chemical precipitates, but on occasions of
great delicacy is obliged to call in his apprentices to give him the re-
quisite inforination. A story is told of-basTurchasing a pair of scar-
let stockings instead of drab ones. Some persons see the apparitions
of objects when their eyes are closed, although wide awake at the
time. Mr. Addams instanced several individuals so circumstanced,
amongst others a gentleman residing at Hull, to whom the most terri-
ble and hideous forms appeared the moment he lay down in bed and
closed his eyes. The only mode of accounting for these waking
vi-
sions is by supposing them to be caused by the action of a blood vessel
Upon the retina so as to put it into a state of vibration.
We are deceived almost daily with regard to the images of bodies,
4tit -seeing the resemblance of things in a directior. where the real objects
assil belonging to these resemblances are not. For instance, when be-
bolding our image in a looking-glass we would imagine that some '
`l.:'*one was placed behind the glass, did not reason tell us different.
When a looking-glass is first shown to a monkey, and even to a sa-
vage, f: they look behind it to see whether any being is there. The
image always seems at an equal distance on the opposite side of a
looking-glass to that at which we are from the glass, and in a straight
direction. This will apply to the drawing of landscapes in which a
sheet of water occurs, as by this rule is is very easy for us to deter-
mine the length of shadow which any tall object near the water
ought to cast upon its surface. All we have to do is to draw a perpen-
dicular line from the base of the object into the water equal in length
to the object itself, and then the point where a straight line carried
from the eye will cut the water in its passage to the lowest portion of
the perpendicular line will show how far the shadow of the ob-
ject should project into the water.
If the axis be true in both eyes, they will both of them form a focus
,at the same point, and every thing placed there will appear as one ;
but if the axis of the eye be distorted, two bodies will be seen. This
will readily be illustrated by pushing either eye on one side, when
we shall see two bodies where we previously only saw one. Again,
If we look at our finger when placed near the nose, we see objects
doubled at a greater distance ; in this instance the angle described by
each eye is different from the focal angle of the objects we see dou-
bled. If a wafer be put upon a slip of card board, and the card board
be placed near the eye, the wafer will appear to separate into two.
We may see three images by having two wafers put at the distance of
di inches upon a piece of card board 7 or 8 inches in length if the end
of the card is placed near the side of the temple, so that we may look
at the card board with both eyes open. The first wafer becomes dou-
ble owing to the oblique vision compelling the eyes to shift their axis
Into a very inconvenient position. We are not unfrequently deceived
in looking over an expanse of level water, and suppose that the water
rises up an inclined plane as it recedes from us. This we know is
not the case. but on the contrary it dips down in a trifling degree the
Contrary way. This circumstance depends upon the different mag-
nitude of the angle subtended by the portion of the water that is near
to that which is far off. If a line be drawn from the eye to the water
that is at our feet, it will ascend as we carry it to the extreme distance
of the water, and as the eye ascends in following the line it appears to
us that the water itself rises. If we stand at one end of a long gal-
' lery the, door will appear to ascend in the distance for the same rea-
son, and when it reaches the level of a line drawn horizontally from
the eye. called the point of sight, both these lines become united, and
'become what is called the vanishing point. A knowledge of this
principle enables artists to represent nature in perspective with the
'utmost accuracy and truth. Some curious toys are constructed on
this principle, namely, that when we look along a fiat plane, the sur-
'face appears contracted in every direction as it is at a greater distance
from the eye. Coloured representations of objects are painted on
cards increasing in every part as they recede from the end to which
the spectator applie4 his e-ye, when the receding parts being fore-
shortened, a natural appearance of the object is presented to the eye.
This shows us why in looking at a picture the eye should always
• .strike its plane, and that is the reason pictures hung up at any height
are always placed in a sloping position, so that the eye may always
fall upon them at right angles. The eyes of a portrait often appear
to look at a person in whatever part of the room he may be, and
some persons are so ignorant as to say, it is a very good picture be-
,. cause the eye always looks at the viewer; but we find that the direc-
tion of the eyes is caused by the direction of the rest of the face.
Thus, if the nose and math should be in one direction and the eyes
'll's".o;rs in a contrary one, every body will think that the eyes are looking at
him ; but when both the eyes and the rest of the face are turned in
the same direction, they appear to look at any person but the viewer.
This Mr. Addams illustrated by a representation of the human face,
:suite tower part of which could be altered at pleasure, and the direc-
-12 ajji ten of the eyes was shown to depend upon that of the lower portion
(no fi of the face. He also exhibited the drawing of a cannon, which ap-
aol{4 ,a
Peered in like manner to be pointed at every observer in whatever
`C` Position it was placed. Our experience will enable us to comprehend
'the reason of this. We know that it we stand before the mouth of a
r, cannon mounted upon an axle and wheels, that we see the rims of
the wheels and the circular mouth of the cannon, but not the sides of
the wheels ; consequently the cannon, being thus represented, ap-
tiondt,s ;peon still to be directed towards us. In a work which has just
ti'ess been brought out in Paris we have representations of the Elgin mar-
-It4 hies, in which the figures of horses and men appear to be in high re-
" lief, standing up above the paper when the print is viewed in one di-
rection, and to sink in like a die when viewed in a contrary direc-
Zin Li,„ lion. This is effected by the management of light and shade. The
IE3/ engravings are executed by a machine. with curved lines.
2i• Some of the optical deceptions to which the eye is exposed are oc-
''easioned in part by the duration of the impression of a certain por-
-10/1 tiun,of light upon the retina for a certain time ; that is to say, if a
cif lai 'candle Were 'to be extinguished it would appear to be lighted for a
ithort time after the operation of extinguishing it took place. A star
-''ln the heavens might be obliterated and we should see it for a short
'11c)1 sj time after. Now a body may appear before the eye but a very tran-
leo sient period indeed and yet leave a very vivid idea of its likeness on
• the mind. Mr. Roberts, of Manchester, constructed a wheel, with an
opening in it, which allowed an object to appear to the eye for a
short period of time—the 30,1000 th part of a second—and yet it was
possible to distinguish the form, colour, size, Sze. of the object in that
limited space. Mr. Addams exhibited this experiment, as well as
)) another, to prove that the rays of light which fall upon the eye will
.endure for some time when the object has vanished. A piece of card
'board covered with white spots, of which four were in the centre and
the'remainder disposed round its edge, was made to traverse in a cir-
cular orbit at the same time that it revolved upon its own axis ; the
consequence of this was, that the four central spots appeared as dia-
gonal lines shooting across to each other at right angles, and the spots
around the circumference described a number of beautiful curves.
For ought we know there may be bodies of amazing size continually
passing to and fro between us and the sun, for if they travelled at a
certain speed we should not be able to see them, and should sustain
no visible diminution of light. Several toys are constructed on this
principle; in which on looking through a small aperture, we see a
number of figures in active motion. Stc.. and a parrot being placed on
one side of a candle, and a parrot cage on the other, the bird appears
in the cage during the quick revolution of the card. A number of
very beautiful and curious phenomena are caused by the superposi-
tion of one-half of two revolving wheels going with rapidity in diffe-
rent directions, the cause of which Mr. Addams explained. The phe-
, nomenon was brought under Dr. Farrady's notice by a gentleman
who observed that whilst a pair of cog wheels were travelling in op-
' posite directions, the cogs appeared to remain stationary. This lec-
ture was illustrated throughout with beautiful and appropriate appa-
`'/S.iss eatus and diagrams, by which the above remarks as well as many that
we have been compelled to omit, lest they should be misunderstood.
• .Were rendered clear and intelligible.
• 141; 'On Wednesday evening Mr. Addams continued.
.?'°l 1)2,: 'The light and dark streaks which are to be perceived in rays of
lgUJa 'light are occasioned by the interference of undulte, the light ones be-
a' ' ,ing the result of the united waves, and the dark ones that of their op-
-4:1
7.1 a ss position, whereby the light is destroyed. This was beautifully ass-
' g 'trded by means of a glass cistern of water illuminated from beneath
'44 s, by a lamp ; two series of waves were simultaneously formed in the
Ss/.3,';
,„ 'cistern. with two balls, and the streaks exhibited on a transparent
Screen placed above the water. Double refraction is caused by all
&r 4 is crystalline bodies, when looked through in a certain position, in ano-
flier position only one body is to be seen. It is accounted for by some
.• :4 philosophers by supposing the molecules of the crystals and the ether
T 4,„ lc filling up their intervals, to have different refractive powers so as to
• form a double image.
The polatization of light is a phenomenon caused by the transmis-
sion of light in such a manner as to cause its total absorption or de-
struction. Suppose we take a plane piece of glass and reflect light
1111, to from it upon another piece of glass at an angle of about 60 degrees.
7,4b55,, If the second glass is turned, although the angle he the same, the light
is polarized or destroyed, but if a piece of mica be interposed between
the glasses the light is again visible. Mr. Addams then exhibited and
.444 4rrists, described the various kinds of polaroscopes in use, as well as the po-
lasz "va4 larizing and depolarizing axes of crystals, terminating his lecture with
Nit .1e; an.exhibition of coloured rings and other figures by polarized lights
To-morrow evening, Mr. Addams terminates his course, and will
' ' treat upon colours—opacity and transparency—absorption of light—
tuo lines of the solar and nitrous acid gas spectra—theories of co-
o r
,4n;rf„ louriilc phenomena—colouring of thin plates—Newtonian rings—re-
sultant colours and complimentary tints—homogenous light—mono-
visni chromatic lamp.

REPRESENTATIVE Pagn.—The election for a representative
peer in the place of the late Lord Dufferin, closed at twelve
o'clock last night in the triumphant return of Lord 1-lawarden,
the conservative candidate. by a majority of fifty-eight over
Lord Lisniore, the nobleman set up and supported by the go-
vernment. The number of wilts returned to the Clerk of the
Hanaper hood thus : —For Lord Hawarden, 85 ; for Lord Lis.:
more, 28; majority, sB.—Dublin Evening Marl.

4 -.1,
-v]

LIVERPOOL POLICE.

CLTTING.—Oa Tuesday, at the Police-office, a respectable-
looking man was charged by Inspector Cottam with having
been drunk and very disorderly in the streets the night before.
The inspector said, that, not satisfied with cursing the whole
body of the police, he had called hint "a prig, and such like," in
particular. Ile accordingly told him, if he would not put a lock
on his mouth, and cease such expressions, he (the inspector)
would put a substantial lock on hint. Threats being of no avail,
he was obliged to resort to the vi et acmes, and bring the de-
fendant a prisoner to Bridewell. Not liking to drag him along
the streets, as he was a respectable-looking man he let him
walk before him; but when he got opposite the Bridewell-door,
he "cut." (Laughter.) Defendant: "For sure, I was like."
(Continued laughter.) He was mulcted in the usual fine of
topers and discharged.
SHOPLIFTING.—On Tuesday, at the Police-office, Ann Ri-
chardson was charged with having stolen certain waistcoat-
pieces from Charles heat, tailor and draper, Paradise-strait.
John Newton Gleister, shopman with the above, stated that ou
the preceding evening, at ten minutes past five o'clock, the
prisoner entered the shop, and requested to be shown some ca-
lico. She ordered him to cut off a small quantity. There were
some waistcoat-pieces on the counter which had just been shown
to another person. As he turned his back to get a measuring
stick, the prisoner snatched up the waistcoat-pieces and darted
out of the shop. He missed them immediately, and ran out in
pursuit of her. Ha overtook her in a few minutes, and saw the
goods under her arm. He seized her, but she struggled so vio-
lentiv that she broke from him. He pursued her into Church-
street, when she was stopped by poliee-officer Shaughnessy, who
found the property in her possession, The prisoner was com-
mitted for trial.
ExreNstvE ROBBERY.—On Tuesday, at the Police-office,
Matilda Hunt was charged before the magistrates with having
been concerned in the robbery of Mrs. Sarah Price, wife of
William Price, butcher, Cleveland-square, of a large sum of
money in notes and sovereigns. Mrs. Price stated that at noon
on Tuesday last she had placed a Bank of England note for
£5O, two ditto for £2O each, and a number of £lO and £5
notes, to the amount of £145, with two sovereigns, in her purse,
the notes in one end and the sovereigns in the other. At three
o'clock on that day she left home, having previously examined
her purse and seen that all was correct. She went to a house
in Fraser-street, Islington' where she remained till ten o'clock,
when her husband called for her and accompanied her home.
She went to her bed room and immediately missed her purse.
She ran back to Islington and searched the house of her friend,
thinking that she might have dropped it there, but she could
not find it. She gave information at the police-office, describ-
ing the bills, which were marked with her husband's initials.
Richard Worsley, shopman with Mr. Gressier, Great Charlotte-
street, stated that he had received a bill describing the robbery
from the police-office. At twelve o'clock on Saturday, the
prisoner came there and purchased some lutestrings and other
articles which amounted to £3 6s. 71d. She took out two
sovereigns and some silver, but, finding that she had not
enough to pay the bill with, she tendered a £5. Witness took
it to the other end of the shop, and, on looking over the notice
which he had received from the police-office, lie found it lid the
initials of Mr. Price upon it, in the situation described. Mr.
and Mrs. Price both identified the note. When the witness
Worsley asked the prisoner where she had got the note, she
said a gentleman had given it to her. She was searched at
Bridewell, but the two sovereigns were not found. When ask-
ed what she had done with them, she replied that she had not
any sovereigns. On her way to Bridewell she informed James
Ainsworth, constable, that she had found the note in Bold-
street. Ainsworth asked her where she lived, and she gave
him a false direction. He, however, found, on inquiry, that she
had been living for some time past with a man, at the Sham-
rock Tavern, in James-street. Ilia prisoner was committed for
trial.
ROBBERY UNDER SINGULAR CIRCUMSTANCES.—On Tuesday
Americus Salisbury and Henry Warren were brought up at the
Police-court, having been remanded since Saturday last, charged
with the commission of a felony, under the following circum-
stances.—Edmund Simmonds deposed that he was a merchant.
His warehouse was situated near the Old Custom-house, and was
three stories high. The middle floor he occupied himself, the
ground floor and cellar he let off to Mr. Lucas, wine-merchant,
and the upper floor to Mr. Salisbury, sailmaker, who had occu-
pied it for the last twelve months. During the last six months
he had missed various articles of property of different descrip-
tions. There was a common stair through the warehouse to the
top room. On Friday, the 23d September, he (witness) had
purchased from Messrs. Corrie, Wilson, and Co., a box contain-
ing fifty pieces of muslin, which were placed in his counting-
house. The latter was partitioned off from the warehouse room,
from which it was entered by a door, which was never locked.
The lid of the box was taken off, and it was left open. About
a fortnight ago a gentleman called to look at the muslins, when
witness saw that they were all right. On 'Wednesday last he
sold the muslins, and told the purchaser to count them before
he took them away. The gentleman complied, and counted
only forty-one pieces, which Mr. Simmonds, to his surprise,
found was all that remained out of fifty which he had purchased.
In consequence of this, witness went up stairs to Mr. Salisbury's
room. He found Mr. Salisbury there, and also the two priso-
ners. He said to Mr. Salisbury, in the hearing of the two latter,
that he had lost some more goods, and would like, if Mr. Salis-
bury would permit him, to look among the sails, &c., in his
room. Mr. Salisbury acquiesced, and assisted him in the search.
In one corner of the room stood an old sofa with its back from
the wall. It was covered with old mats and lumber of various
descriptions. Mr. Salisbury and he began to remove the things
from this, and had proceeded but a short time when the former
pulled ont two bottles of wine exclaiming--" What is here?"
On searching further they found upwards of thirty bottles of
wine. Witness went down and sent for Mr. Lucas and for a
police officer. He proceeded up stairs with the latter, and asked
the prisoners where they had got the wine from ?—One of them
said that he had got it about a month before from the mate of
the Vigilant from Surat. The other said this was correct. Mr.
Salisbury who was standing near said, "It was not here yester-
day." Witness gave the prisoners into custody. He then went
and examined his own warehouse-room. On trying the ceiling
with his stick, some of the boards its one corner yielded to the
pressure, and were raised up. He then went down accompanied
by the policeman to the wine bins underneath, and on examina-
tion he found that a trap door opened from the vault into his
office. About three or four inches of the partition which sepa-
rated his office from the warehouse room rests upon this trap
door, and that part of the latter had been broken by its being
opened. Witness had occupied the warehouse for above eighteen
years but had never been aware of the trap door. He examined
the hole that had been made in the floor of Mr. Salisbury's
warehouse and found that other hoerds had been placed over
it, and that it was large enough to adiuit a man through it. His
room was seven feet high, and had no plaister on the ceiling.
Witness went round with a police officer to several pawnbrokers,
and at the shop of Mr. Cohen, in Paradise-street, he found one
piece of muslin which lie knew to be one of those which had
been taken from the box above mentioned. Police officer John
Hailes corroborated those portions of the above statement in
which he is alluded to. He further stated that he had made
further inquiry among the pawnbrokers, and had found three
other pieces of muslin which had been pledged recently at three
different shops. Mr. Simmonds identified these also as his pro-
perty. Mr. Henry Cohen, Mary Wilson, John Woolley, and
William Galway, all pawnbrokers, or their assistants, identified
the prisoner Warren, as the person who had pledged the pieces
of muslin with them. 'l'he evidence as regards the robbery from
Mr. Simmonds is complete.
On Wednesday this case was further gone into. Mr. Henry
Walker Lucas deposed to his father being a wine-merchant,
and to his occupying the cellar and ground floor of Mr. Simonds'
warehouse in Canning-place. On Friday he was sent for by
Mr. Simonds to the warehouse, and on going into his sale-room
he was shown 35 bottles of wine. Salisbury said they had got
the wine from the mate of the Vigilant, and that it had been
smuggled. In consequence of seeing this wine, he went down
into their wine bin to examine their stock. According to their
books, there ought to be 206 dozen and three bottles in their
bin. Two of the bottles found had the word " Lisbon" on the
seal of the corks, which was their seal, and he had no doubt
whatever but they were his father's property. Mr. J. C. Bill,
the clerk of Mr. Lucas, had on the '2sth of October, in accord-
ance with directions he had received, counted the wine in the
bin, and found only 161 dozen and four bottles. Ile had ex-
amined the bottles found, and lie had no doubt whatever but
they were the property of his employers. The prisoner War-
ren, in defence, said that about the middle of September last he
hoisted a sail by the jigger, and under some straw in the jigger-
room he found seven pieces of print; afterwaids, on looking at
them, he found one of the pieces gone. No inquiry was made
about them, or he should have told about them. The prisoners
were committed to take their trial.
COWARDLY AND BRUTAL ASSAULT.—On Wednesday, at the
Police-office, a cadaverous-looking Irishman was placed before
the magistrates charged with a most cowardly and brutal as-
sault. A gentleman deposed that he was passing up Crosbie-
street the afternoon before when he saw two men fighting; he
looked about to see if any policeman was near to separate them,
but seeing none he went up and separated them himself. Af-
ter lie had got the men separated, the prisoner cent deliberately
behind a man who had been looking on, and struck him a vio-
lent blow apparently with his fist on the side of the neck, and
the man fell as if "dead. The prisoner then as deliberately
walked away. He (witness) followed him and watched him,
and shortly he met a man in the street, and asked bins if he
would assist him to take the prisoner into custody. The man
replied, "No, they are only a parcel of Irishmen ;" to which
witness replied that he too was an Irishman, but he saw no rea-
son because of that that a man should be allowed to murder
another. Shortly after a policeman carne up, and he gave the
prisoner into custody. The man the prisoner struck had not been
fighting with him at all. Butler, the inspector, said he had
been to see the man who was struck, and found him very much
injured; his skull was fractured, and ho was in great danger.
Mr. Hall said very great credit was due to the gentleman pre-
ferring, the charge, for his interference. His information was
ordered to be taken, and the prisoner was sent back till the evi-
dence of the injured man can he gene into.
BRUTAL ASSAULT.—On :Wednesday, at the police-office, a
dirty cadaverous-looking young man, named Henry Mercer,
was placed before the magistrates charged with having corn-
ncitted a most brutal assault on his mother. The mother ap-
peared with her face bruised in a most dreadful way, with
scarcely a feature distinguishable. The father of the prisoner
then stated that the day before his son, who he was sorry should '
be a son of his, "such a transgress as he was," came to their
house, and began abusing and striking his mother. She called
witness down stairs, and he endeavoured to protect her, v.hen
he began at witness " like on a day's work," and thre;ened his
life, swearing he would murder him, and beat him also severely.
The complainant then deposed to similar facts ; that the pri-
soner began heating her with his fist, like knocking down a bul-
lock. He first came into the house with a child of his in his
arms, and something appeared to have vexed him, and he began
" vasperating and crabbing against her," and at length beat
and abused her in a most dreadful manner, and she had lost be-
tween a pint and a quart of' blood in consequence, and had had
to have leeches applied to her face. The prisoner said, in de-
fence, that he was drunk at the time, and did not remember
anything about it. This was, however, denied by the police-
man, who took him into custody on hearing the noise in the
house. Mr. Hall severely reprimanded him on the brutality of
his conduct, and fined him £5 and costs, in default to go for two
months to the Borough Gaol; and further, to find bail.
ASS A ULT.—On Wednesday, at the police-office, a stout, fresh-
looking Irishwoman, named Ann Platt, appeared before the
magistrate to complain that a grievous " assault and battery"
had been committed upon her by a countryman of her's, named
Geo. Neale. The complainant, addressing the magistrates,
said, " Place s'er worships, on Saturdhay night wog tree days, I
met dhis man in London-rod, an he lives nabur to me, so sis
he widout sayin' anythin' he knocks me down, an I fell on me
arm an hurt id very bad intirely, an' he's olers a doin' dhat
same." On being asked what he had to say to this the defend-
ant put himself in an attitude of defence, and then addressing
the magistrates, said, " I begs pardon yer boners, but no sich a
thing. I was coining along opposite some liquor vaults, whin
this woman ses, "what are you doin' there ?" an' she up with
her arm, and shoved me back'erd way down, this fashion,
(suiting the action to the word, and nearly upsetting a gentle-
man who's fortune it was to sit near him, amidst much laugh-
ter.) I axes ver pardon, sir. Well, yer banners, down I come
flat as.a griddle. reight on my boddam in' the chennel. Well,
up 1 gets, and when I had scraped the mud off on me, she says,
'you d—d orange thief if I get you into our cellar I'll smother
ye as we've smothered many a protestant afore." She's olers
agate on me this road a cause l'se a member of the Of

England, calling me " a—d orangeman." and I defy 'em to
pruv that I belong to any orange society at all." He called a
witness who deposed to the woman knock him over in
the channel. The magistrates, however, said it was not the first
tune he had been -before them, and fined him ss. and costs, or in
default, seven days to the House of Correction.
IMPUDENT ROBBERY.—On Wednesday, at the Police-office,
Four Irishmen, whose names were Thomas Reynolds, Richard
Mercer, Terence Lynch, and John Gibney, were pieced at the
bar on e charge of receiving several sacks of oats which had
been stolen from the warehouse of Messrs. Blain and Sons, in
Campbell-street, near the Duke's Dock. Aaron' Partridge, a
carter, in the employ of one William Swift, who keeps carts
for hire, deposed that he was engaged with his master's cart,
on Tuesday week, to fetch some corn from a warehouse
in Campbell-street. The man who hired him, also accom-
panied him to the warehouse where they found another man
ready waiting, and they two then lowered, from an upper room
in the warehouse, ten sacks of oats into his cart. The two men
then directed him to drive to Key-street. He did so, and the
men overtook hitu on the road. When he came opposite to a
yard in the above street he was directed to stop there. The
man who accompanied him from the warehouse then went into
the yard and spoke to the prisoner, Reynolds, whom he saw
there, and who said there was not room for the oats there, but
that they had better be taken to Waterloo-road. The yard of
which the prisoner spoke in Key-street, was used for the purpose
of feeding pigs. The witness then drove as he was requested
to do to the back of a Public-house in Pennington-street, kept
'by the prisoner Terence Lynch. When he had arrived there,
the two men who had loaded the corn at the warehouse, un-
loaded it, and carried into Lynch's yard ; they were assisted by
the prisoner, Mercer. Information of the robbery having been
conveyed to John Walker, a serjeant of the dock police, he
made inquiry, and having secured Partridge, the carter, matters
were put in a train for the detection of the offenders. Partridge
denied all knowledge of the men who had hired him and loaded
the corn, but accompained the officer to Lynch's house, where
he soon ascertained that the corn had been removed to the house
of a man narned.Gihney, one of the prisoners. As the whole
of the prisoners appeared to be concerned in the affair, and
would not disclose the names of those men who had brought the
corn to them he took them into custody.
Mr. Crewe, solicitor, appeared on behalf of Lynch, and Mr.
Davenport, solicitor, on behalf of Gibney. They were all
committed to take their trials at the ensuing sessions. Lynch
at the intercession of his attorney, was permitted to give bail
for his appearance.
INHUMAN BARBARITY OF A MOTHER.—Yesterday, at the
Police-office, an interesting looking child about 8 or 10 years of
age, named Ellen Alcock, and who presented an appearance
of being much neglected, being dressed in filthy rags, and very
dirty, was placed at the bar charged by one of the constables of
St. Martin's Market, with having committed petty thefts in the
market. The policeman stated that it was his belief the child
was forced to it by its mother; and its back was striped with
severe beating from top to bottom, in a most shameful manner.
A respectable looking woman named Gibson here stepped for-
ward, and said she lived neighbour to the mother of the child,
and the manner she had seen it treated was most disgraceful ;
sho had seen the mother beat it with a cane till its back was one
mass of wreaths, she had seen her burn her, and hold her by the
heels with her head in a tub of water, and she herself was
living with a man in the house whilst her husband was out.
The child too she had had before she was married. Mr. Hall
here ordered the child to be turned round, and its back pre-
sented a most dreadful spectacle, being red wreaths from top
to bottom ; one side of its face too, was seared with a severe burn.
The mother of the prisoner, quite a ,young woman, here
stepped forward, and exhibiting a birch roil, said, " this was the
very thing I beat her with, I bought it on purpose, and I beat
her for stealing a penny cake."
The witness said the child was taught to steal ; she had told
its father, who was a butcher, and lived out of town, of its treat-
ment, and he had promised to take the child; he made an
al-

lowance to mother for its keep.
Mr. Hall said the mother's conduct was disgraceful. From
the evidence; she had heat the child, she had burnt her, she had
held her in a tub of water, and tied her to the bed-stock.
The mother denied this, and behaved in such an unfeelinr,
manner that Mr. Hall ordered her to be placed in the dock,
which appeared to have a softening effect upon her. On its
appearing that the mother was a housekeeper, she WtiS liberated
on her promise to attend to-day, when the overseer is in attend-
ance, in order that the child may be placed in the workhouse.
On its being told to her that the child would be detained, she
squeezed out some hypocritical tears, and falling on her knees
in the dock entreated that she might take the child with her.
Mr. Hall, "Oh dear, no; certainly not; I shall see the
overseer, and get her put into the workhouse.' 'rho unfeeling
wretch then left the court.
A PRETTY COUPLE.—Yesterday, at the police-office, a good-
looking female, named Mary Eaton, stood up to complain.
against another female, named Elizabeth Crutchley, to whom 4
nature bad dealt female charms with a most sparing hand, for
having, as she stated, broken the windows of her house the day
before. The complainant said that the prisoner had come to
her house, and created a great disturbance outside, and because
she would not let her in she commenced breaking her windows,
Prisoner.—" Why your worship she lives with my husband as
is separated from me, and because he's stopped his 'lowance to
me 1 went to his house, and all I said to her was, Mary,' says
1, if he keeps you he's like to keep me.' That's all I said ;
and I only wants my rights your worship." (Laughter.) Com-
plainant.—" Why, she'd need talk, she's in the family way of
her second since she left her husband." Mr. Hall.—" Well, if
she is so, you have taken the husband." Complainant—(drop-
ping a curtsey)—" Oh, no, sir, I'm his housekeeper." Pri-
soner.—"Why, sir, there's only two beds in the house, and his
two brothers sleeps in one bed, and she and him sleeps in t'other.
All I did was to go and ax civily what was the reason they
'stopped my supplies.' " Mr. Hall.—" One seems as bad as
the other. Will you promise not to go and create a disturbance
again if 1 let you go?" Prisoner.—" Oh yes; thank yer ho-
nour." The prisoner was then discharged.
A DELICATE FEMALE.—Yesterday, at the police-office, a
respectable-looking female, named Alice Yates, having the ap-
pearance of a respectable mechanic's wife, appeared to com-
plain before the magistrates against another female who was in
custody, and who was also very decently dressed, for getting
drunk and abusing her continually. The complainant stated
that the prisoner was continually getting drunk, and when so,
she was in the habit of coming and creating a_disturbance in
the street before her door. Prisoner.—" Oh you woman ; please
your worships that person has illified my character in difficult
circumstances, and says lam a common prostitutioner. 1 defy
her to soy anything against my character, barring 1 gets a. lit-
tle drink nows and then; if she can—let her. (Laughter.) I
made a confidant of her, and told her a few frivolous things, and
that's all she can say against me. (Continued laughter.) And
yer worships, my husband hag come home yesterday, and she
has done this to prevent my living with him." Mr. Hall.—
In what state was she, officer, when you took her into custody ?"
Constable.—" Back Portland-street, sir." (Loud laughter.)
Mr. Hall.—"ln what state was she?" Constable.—" Oh ; very
drunk." Complainant.—" As soon as ever she gets out she
will do the same again." Prisoner.—" There's a woman for a
neighbour!" (Laughter.) Mr. Hall.—" I shall fine you ss.
for being drunk." The prisoner giving a most colloquial nod
at the complainant, as she was being removed, said, "thank
ou, Mary."

Ice three-quarters of an inch in thickness, was, on Monday
morning last, carted from the ponds iu the suburbs of the
metropolis.
Commission signed by the Lord Lieutenant of the county
palatine of Lancaster :--2d Regiment of the Duke of Lancas-
ter's own militia—Joseph Withers, gentleman, to be Lieut.
vice Oglethorpe, resigned.
Ductiv OF LANCASTER.—The two patent places of receivers
for the duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster, held by the late Sir
W. Knighton, have been conferred on Sir Henry Wheatley,
Lancelot's hey. He was rrooms of a ware_
h
and Colonel ofm being in the gift of her Majesty,
and the latter in that o Lord Holland.
SUDDEN DEATH.—On Friday a labourer, in the employ of
Morn.sle4.larle,
was
belonging to rkt
natg g
left alone by his fellows for a few minutes; when they returned
they found hun lying dead upon a bale of cotton. wodi nii t(len tena oft i , thein up
On a post
mortem examination of the body by Mr. Simpson, death was
found to have ensued from congestion of the lungs.
Bony Foeten.—On Saturday, an inquest was held before
James Haves, Esq.' county coroner, at North Meols, near
Southport,-on the body of anon, name unknown. The deceased
had been washed ashore, and from the appearance of the body
there is reason to believe that he had been some weeks in the
water. He was about 5 feet 7 inches in height, and his linen
was marked with the initials "'T. A." The jury returned a
verdict of " found drowned."
The St. Mungo, Rhyl steamer, sailed from George's pier-head
on Saturday last, at half-past 10 in the morning, but owing to
the rough-state of the weather did not arrive at her destination
before one o'clock on Sunday afternoon. The captain very
prudently put back and anchored at Hoylake. She had on
board from 50 to 60 passengers, and rode out the storm most
gallantly.
At a full assemblage of the Operative Conservative Associa-
tion at Manchester, it was resolved that Mr. Charles Wilkins
be respectfully requested to address that numerous body upon
the leading principles of conservatism. We understand that
the learned gentleman has acquiesced; and appointed the even-
ing of the 2d of December for that purpose. - The folloling.ticl-:,
ditional fact will tend to show in what esteem that gentleman',
talents are held by the party whose cause he so ably advocates.'
'rho dinner of the Operative Conservative Associationt War-
rington, was fixed for the 10th of this month,
but finding that
Mr. Wilkins's professional engagements would prevent big at
tendance, to insure his valuable aid, and to tncet his eonveni-
ence, the dinner is postponed to the Nth, when we have not the
least doubt that the Conservatives of Warrington will muster in
full strength.
The Liverpool Protestant Association have fixed on Tuesday'
next, fo th first anniversary meeting. The meeting is aact-vertisedr to beeir held in the Amphitheatre, Great Charlotte-street,
and the Rev. R. J. M.'Ghee, and the Rev. Mortimer O'Sullivan,
ate announced as expected to attend. From the well-known
talents of these gentleman, and others of the resident cleigy,
the meeting is expected to create great, and unusual interest.
But, without their valuable aid, we feel well convinced that the
cause for which the meeting is convened, for the " maintenance
of Protestant principles, and the diffusion of Protestant infor-
mation," would draw together a firm phalanx of suppertet.
such as has on more than one similar occasion addorned with
its thousands the spacious interior of the Amphitheatre.
UNwitot.EsOsin '.BEAT.—Yesterday, at the Police-office, an
information was laid against John Chears, butcher, for having
exposed a large quantity of meat for sale, unfit for food. The
market leave-looker deposed that the day before, he found the
carcase of a beast weighing 3001b5., in the public slaughter-
house, exposed for sale, belonging to John Cheers, butcher,
which was unfit for human food. The wife of the defendant
appeared, and complained that it was a heavy loss to them.
Mr. Hall really thought that it would be useful to inflict very hea-
va fines in those cases, whenever immense quantities of meat were
Cnind. The constable said the husband had been very abusive
when they had seized the meat. Defendant's wife. (‘ Yes, he
was in a great passion at its being seized, for it is a great loss.
He bought the beast alive, and it has turned out worse than was
expected." Mr. Hall--" I must enforce the law; it is one of
the worst eases which has come before me." The defendant
was then fined 20s. and costs.
VERB Coot..—A "Traveller," who has just published a work
on the "Art of Duelling," among other observations on the
" Method of Practice," observes, "Do not omit either, if you
puncture your adversary when engaged, to carefully free our
sword from any moisture, previous to returning it to theb-
bard. I had a beautiful toledo considerably damaged by the
carelessness of a friend in this respect. During the confusion
that necessarily arises upon a principal receiving the coup de
cceur, such an accident is very likely to occur." A little further
on, under the head " Precautions to be observed," he tells us,
"lf, upon the discharge, his adversary's ball has taken effect,
he must not be alarmed or confused, but quietly submit the part
to the examination of his surgeon, who should close round him
with his second the moment the discharge has taken place. I
cannot impress upon an individual too strongly the Propriety of
remaining calm and collected when hit; he must not allots him-
self to be alarmed, or confused, but summoning up all his reso-
lution, treat the matter Coolly Land if he dies. go
off with as
good a grace as possible." .We " calculate " this gentleman
would find some difteulty itt putting his theory into Practice:

MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS.

--
EVIDENCE OF RE-ACTION.

FINAL STATE OF THE POLL AT LIVERPOOL.
No. I, EVERTON WARD.
Mr. James Heyworth (c)....
Mr. Quayle (R)

No. 2, SCOTLAND WARD.
Mr. Richard Houghton (c)

Mr. Sheil... (R)

. 163
- 30

No. 3, VAUXHALL WARD.
Mr. W. Shand (c)
Mr. Muspratt (a).
- 18

No. 4, ST. PAUL'S WARD.
Mr. Barton (c) ..
Mr. Stitt (R)

. 138
. 116
- 22

No. 5, EXCHANGE WARD.
Mr. Mellor (R)

Mr. Sands (c)

No. 6, CASTLE-STREET 'WARD.
Mr. Bolton (R)
Mr. Wilkinson (c)

No. 7, ST. PETER'S WARD.
Mr. R. Bright (R)
Mr. N. Litherland (c)

No. 8, PITT-STREET WARD.
Mr. Bibby (c)..
Mr. R. W. Preston (n)

No. 9, GREAT GEORGE'S WARD.
Mr. Charles Lawrence (c)
Mr. Henry Ripley (a)

NO. 10, RODNEY-STREET WARD.
Mr. J. N. Wood (c)
Mr. Thomas Holt (R)..

No. 11, ABERCROMBY WARD.
Mr. T. Brocklebank (R)
Mr. Thomas Kaye (c)

. 1S;
. 79
-109

. 199
. 192

. 192
• 151

- 41

. 160
. 120

- 40

. 217
. 193
- 14

. 192
. IGS'

--- 24

No. 12, LIME-STREET WARD.
Mr. Vincent Higgins (a) 295
Mr. A. Lace (c)
- 20

No. 13, ST. ANNE'S V
Mr. Mason (n).
Mr. J. Wtight (c)..

No. 14, WEST DERBY WARD.
Mr. John Smith (c)..,
Mr. R. W. Wood (R)

. 200
. 180
---- 20

No. 15, SOUTH TOXTETII WARD.
Mr. Jordan (R).
Mr. Alex. Smith (c)

Mr. Platt (R).
Mr. T. M. Gladstone (c)

No. 16, NORTE' TOXTETH Ward.
Mr. Rarnsden (a).
Mr. Sheppard (c).

. 16
. 138
--2:

. 109
. 100

. 112
. 98

. 195
. 133
- 62

LYMINGTON, Nov. 1.
M.ssrs. C. Finder, T. Gatrell, J. Skeats, and H. Figg, the
conservative candidates, have been this day re-elected council-
lors of this borough.

GUILDFORD, Nov. 1.
The conservatives of this town obtained another triumph to-
day, on the occasion of an election of four members of the
town-council, the numbers at the close of the poll being as fol-
lows ; -
CONSERV ATIVES.-Mr. Palmer, 198; Mr. W. Lockwood,
183; Mr. W. King, 173; Mr. W. 11. Slater, 172.
WHIG-RI DICA L3.-Mr. Nichols, 116; Mr. Filmer, 102;
Mr. C. Foster, 92; Mr. G. Austen, 86.
Messrs. Palmer and Slater were conservative members of the
town-council, and have been re-elected, while the only two ra-
dical members of that body have been rejected. The whole of
the four conservatives who are now elected, were members of the
old corporation previous to the municipal reform act.

DOVER, Nov. 1.
At our municipal election, held this day, the conservatives
have nobly clone their duty, notwithstanding the utmost exer-
tions and influence used by some of the government officers,
particularly one of the principals of the ordnance department,
in favour of the self-styled liberal candidates; and this, too, in
the face of the investigation instituted by the governmeni itself
after the last municipal election, into the conduct of some of
their officers here who were charged with undue influence on
behalf of the then conservative candidates, but of which they
were honourably acquitted. It remains to be seen whether the
same inquiry will now be made. The result of the election is
as follows:
CASTLE WARD.—Mr. William Moroll, (conservative,) 144;
Mr. G. H. Loud, (conservative,) 143; Mr. Edward Knocker,
(radical,) 125; Mr. James Walker, (radical,) 113.
TOWN WARD.-Mr. W. H. Payn, (moderate,) 190; Mr.
John Purbrooke, (conservative,) 169; Mr. J. A. Walker, (ra-
dical,) 166; Mr. Robert Barton, (conservative,) 144.
PIER WARD.—Mr. Dauiel Nazer, (conservative,) 164; Mr.
Edward Seward, (conservative.) 156 ; Mr. Thomas Birch, (ra-
dical,) 143; Mr. James Woisfuld, (radical,) 130.