Star.
London, England, 1828-12-29 00:00:00

BUCHAREST, Da. S.

The head quarters of Count Wittgenstein are still at
Jassy, %Imre most of the Russian Generals now are.—
Generals Diebitsch and Bog are to lose no time in draw-
ing up the plan of the next campaign, and are is) make
the requisite preparations for it ; twelve thousand in-
ani ry, which belonged to the corps besieging Silistria,
have gone into winter quarters in Wallachia; six
thousand infantry and must of the field artillery are
di.t'ibuted in Moldavia. General Lanperon hes the
command in chief of these troops. The t thet corps that
a ere employed before Silistria and S:humla are posted
betty, en the Danube and Verna, and have thri.svn up
inirenchments at Hirsova, Barzardjik and Debina, tut .I.er
the protection of which they will wait for the spring.
Varna itself is said to hare a garrison of 5,000 men, and
is the head-quarters of General Roth, who commands
All the Russian troops on the right bank of the Danube.
The citadel of Verna is unyuched, and provided with
everything necessary; so that any attempt of the Turks
to get possession of it would probably fail, especially as
part of the Russian fleet is stationed there. It seems,
indeed, that the Turks intend to remain quiet, and take
advantage of the winter to recover after the hardships
they have undergone. Only small marauding parties
hover on this side of Mount Hsmus, and all serious
operations have ceased since an action at Paravadi, iu
which it ii said the vanguard of the Grand, Vizier
had attacked the Russian advanced posts, but, after an
unavailing contest of several hours, not being able to
get possession of the road,to Varna, retreated beyond
Aidos.

It is affirmed by scouts that 30,000 Turks have gone
into camp between Aidos and Bourgas, and it appears
from their proceedings that this position is intended to
be the winter quarters oh that corps.

FROM TDB DANUBE, D.c. t 7.

According to authentic accounts from the Ru.sian
head (patters of the 7th of Decembir (N. S.). the Tusks
had collected 80,000 men at Aidos, whence it was pre-
sumed that they intended to proc, ed to act on the offen-
sive ; when, all at once, without having made any
serious attempt, they withdrew from their positions
lore Paravadi towards Ardone and Schumli, so that
the Russians were divided from the Tusks by 'the
Kamtclisk. lhe larger half of the Russian army is
about Babadag and BAsardjik. The fortifications of
Matchin, Ilirsova, and Kustendji and Yarns, have been
repassed, and other points fortitied 'which are essential
to the defence of this part of Bulgaria. After the be-
;inning of Nov. after all the roads bad been rendered
impassable by rains and inundations, the winter set in
on the north side of the Balkan with such sevesity, that
the hands and feet of the sentinels were frozen, and it
was evident that the disadvantages of the raising the
sier t Silisaria yews less thin those which the prose.
cotton of it would ocoation.—Algenteine Zeit. Dec, 22.

--....- .
,
WASHINGTON, Dsc.S.
The President of the United States transmitted this
day to both Houses of Congress the following Messaget
TO TUC SINATZ AND HOUSE OP RAPIIMINTATIVIS Of
TDB UNITED ATATLII.
Fellow Citizens of the Senate, and of the Home of
Reresentatives,
If the enjoyments in profusion of the bounties of
PROVIDENCI forms a suitable stetject of mutual contra.
tulatial and grateful acknowledgment, es are admen. •
in al this return of the season, when the Represea.
wise, of the nation a. e asientbled es deihet ate upon
their c. twin-, to offer up the tribu e of fervent a- d
grateful hearts for the neree.failing mercies of Hut
who need) over all. Ile has again flavoured us with
healthful mein and abundant harvests. He has sus-
tained us in peace with foreigu countries, and in Kan.
quality within our borders, Ile bas preserved us in
the quiet end undistui bed possession of civil and sell..
gious liberty. He has croiviied the yen with his
ness, imposing on us no other conditions than 111
previa% fir our own happiness the blerings bestowed
by las hintS ; 4419 the Inseam of all his fovea's, of
Ales otinkthe.l etas with -which we have been en.
&ivied hedir
.' his glory and to our own temporal
iet
and eternal we ate.
Iri the relaeon of our fedes al union with our brethren
of 'tee human race, the changes which have occurred
since te close I f your lasi Session have generally
tended 'tatthe preservation of peace and to the cultiva.
hob of halfway. B.fore liter last separatien a war
bad unhappily been kind:e4 between the empire of
Russia, oire.ot those with which our intercourse has
been no other than a constant exchange of good °Blies
and that Ili the Ottoman Poste, a ninon' firm which
geogr .phikal distance, religious opinions, and maxims
of government, on their part little suited to the forma.
doe of those bonds of mutual benevolence which re ult
from the be.nefitt of commerce, had kept us in a mate
p dupe too Much prolonged. of coldness and aliena.
lion. The extensive, fertile, and pointless dominions
if the Sultan belong rather to the Asiatic than the Eu.
ropean divisi-n of the human family, they eater but
partially into the system of Europe; not have their wars
with Russia and Atettia. the European States thicin
which they border, fa more than a century pat dis-
turbed the pacific r-lations of tiptoe States with the other
great Pea owers of Eurape. NeitSser France. nor Prussia,
not Grt Britain, has ever taken past in them; nor is
it to be expected that they will at this time. The de.
claration of war by Russia has re,:eived the appiabation
or acquiescence of her allies, and we may i.idulge the
hope that its progress and termination will be sign*.
fixed by the mAeratioil and fa, hematite. no less than
by the file, gy, of the Empeior Nicholas, and that it
wil;airos d the oppottunity f a such collateral agenCy in
behalf of the strafing Greeks as.-will secore to them
iiiiiinaNely. rte is iuniph of humanity and of freedom.
The state of our parti.ular selations with Frank Me
scat cey v arie A iii.the course of dm poisent year: The
consemsecial inetweewisebetinfen the two countries has
corhispled to increase for the mutual benefit of both.
The claims of indemnity to numbers of our fella*.
citizens for deptedations upon their property, hereto.
foie corn nutted during the Revolutionary Governments,
still remain unadjusted, and still form the subject of
ear nett repieventation . and semonstrances Recent ad=
vices hom the Minister of the United States at Paris
encourage the exp. elation that the appeal tothejustite
of the french Government will ere long receive a tae
vouratle consideration.
The last friendly expedient has been resorted to for
the decision of the controversy with Great Britain re.
lating es the North-eastern boundary of the United
State!. lay an agreement with the Bs Irish Governaient,
csrrying tnto eff'ict the provisions of the fifth Article of
the Treaty_ of Ghent, and the Convention Of 29th Sep-
tember, 1527. his Majesty the King of the Netherlands
has, by common consent, been selected as the thspite
between the patties. The proposal to him to accept
the designation fur the performance of this friendly
office will be made at an early day ; and the United
States, . relying upon the justice of their cause, will
cheerfully commit the arb.vemeet of it to a Prince
equally distinguished for the independence (ibis spirit,
hi., indefatigable assiduity to the duties of his station,
and his infix xible personal probity.
Our commercial relations with Great Britain will de-
serve the serious consideration of Congress, and the
exercise of a conciliatory and forbearing spirit in fte
policy of both Governments. The state r,f them has
been materially changed by the Act of Congress pasied
at their last Session, in alteration of the several Acts
,imposing duties on imports, and by Acts of more recent
date of the British Parliament. The effect of the inter-
diction of direct trade commenced by Great Britain,
and reciprocated by the United State., has been. as was
to be foreseere'only to substitute diffesent chani.ets fbe
an exchange of commodities indispensable to the colo-
nies, and profitable to a numerous class of our fellow.
citizens. The exports, the revenue, the navigation of
the United States have suffered Po diminution by our
exclusion from direct access to the British colonies. The
colonies pay more dearly for the necessaries of life,
which their Government burthens with the charges of
double voyages, freight, insurance and commission, and
the profits of our exports are somewhat impaired, and
more injuriously transferred from one portion of out
citizens to another. The presumption of this old and
iithei wise exploded system of colonial exclusion has not
s. cured to the shipping interest of Great &jean the
relief which, at the expense of the distant colonies and
of the United States, it was expected to afford. Other
me mites have been tenoned to more pointedly bearing
upon the navigat:on of the United States, and which,
unless modified by the construction given to the recent
Acts of Parliament, will be manitestly incompatible
with the positive stipulations of the commei cad colleen.
lion existing between the two coot tries. That convention,
however, may be terminated, with 12 months' notice, at
the option of either party.
A treaty of amity, navigation, and commerce, be.
tween the United States and hit Majesty the Emperor
of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, lias been
repared for signature by the 'Secretary of State, and
10 the Baron de Ledretier, eotrusted with full Fosters
it the Austrian Government. Independently of the
Sew and friendly seelatioos which may be thus com.
enenced with snr at the most eminlit and powerful na-
tions of the earth, the occasion has been taken in it, as
in other recent treaties concluded by the United States,
to extend those principles of liberal intercourse and of

----..--

fair reciprocity which intertwine with the exchanges of
commerce the principles of justice and the feelings of
mutual benevolence. This system, first proclaimed to I
the world in the first commie isltredty ever concluded '
by the Ulited States, that of 6th February, 1778, with
France, has been invariably the cherished policy of our
union. It is by treaties of commerce alone (hat it can
be made ultimately to prevail as the established system
of all civilised nations. Wi•h this principle our fathers
extended the hand of friendship to eves y nation of the
globe,'and to this policy our country hat' ever since ad-
° hared ; whatever of regulation in our laws has ever
been adopted unfavourable to the intere,t of any foreign
nation has been essentially defensive and counteracting
to similar regulations of their's operating against us.
. Immediately after the close of the war of indepen.
Bence Commissioners were appointed by the Congress
of the Confederation, autholised to conclude treaties
with every nation of Europe disposed to, adopt them.
• Before the vats of the French Revolution such treaties
'had been consummated with the United Netherlands,
Sweden, and Prussia. During those wars treaties with
'Great Britain and Spain had been effected, and those
with Prussia and Fiance renewed. In all these some
concessions to the liberal principles of intercourse pro-
posed by the United States had been obtained; but as,
in all the negociations, they came occasionally in col-
lision with previous internal regulations. or exclusive
and excltrAng compacts of monopoly, with which the
other parties had been trammelled, the advances made
in them towards the freedom of trade were partial and
imperfect. Colonial establishments, chartered com-
panies, and ship-building influence, pervaded and en-
cumbered the legislation of all the great commercial
States; and the United States, in offering free trade and
equal privileges to all, were compelled to acquiesce in
many exceptions with each of the parties to their
treaties, accommodated to their existing laws and ante-
rior engagement..
The colonial system by which this whole hemisphere
was bound has fallen into ruins—totally abolished by
revolutions, convetting colonies into independent nations
throughout the two Ametican continents, excepting a
portion of territory chiefly at the northern extremity of
our own, and confined to the remnants of dominion re-
Seined by Great pertain over the insular Archipelago,
geographically the appendages of our part of the globe.,
With all the re,t we have free trade—even-With the in-
sular colonies of all the European nations, except Great
• . Britain. Her government bad also 'manifested ap-
. proaches to the adoption of a free and liberal intercourse
between her colonies and other nations, though-, by a
sudden and scarcely explained revulsion, the spirit of
exclusion has been revived for operation upon the

United S aces alone.
The conclusion of our last treaty of peace with Great
Britain was shortly afterwards followed•by a commer
vial convention, t lacing the direct intercourse between
the two countries upon a footing of more equal recipre-
city than had ever before been admitted. The same
principle has since been, much farther extended by
treaties with France, Sweden, Denmark, the Hanseatic
Cities, Prussia, in Europe; and with the Republics of
Colombia and of Central America, in this hemisphere.
The- mutual abolition of discriminating duties and
charges upon the navigation and commercial inter-
itirsebeta een the parties is the general maxim which
eireracter:zes them all. There is reason to expect that
it will, at no distant period, be adopted by other nations,
both of Europe and America, and to hope that, by its
universal prevalence, one of the fruitful source) of wars
of-commercial competition will be extinguished.
Anions; the nations upon whose Governments many
eirour fellow-citizens have had long,pending claims of.
Indemnity for depredations upon their property during
a period when the rights of neutral commerce were dis-
legardeal, was that of Denmark. They were, soon after
the emits occulted, the subject of a special mission
• 'from the United /Irate., at the close of which the is-
''-eura.t.ce. was givewby. his Danish Majesty that, at a
' •peitod of more trarAitillity and of less distress, they
sedold be considered, examined, and decided upon, in a.
epitit of determined purpose for the dispensation of
• price... I have much pleasure in informing Congress
- that the fulfilment of this honourable promise is now in
• ptogresi; that a small portion of the claims has already
been settled to the satisfaction of the claimants ; and
that we have reason to hope that the temaieder will
shortly be placed its a train of equitable-adjustment.—
This result has alivays been tonfidently expected, from
. the character cf personal integrity and of .benevolence,
which the Sovereign c f the Danish dominions has,
thiowth every vicissitude of to, tune, maintained.
The genet al aspect of the affairs of our neighbouring
American nations of the south has been rather of ap-
proaching that of settled tranquillity. Internal distur-
bances !save been more frequent among them than their
cenitnon -rids would have desired. Our intercourse
wish all'has continued to be that of friendship and of
enuteal good will. Treaties of commerce ai:d of beun-
dates wi h the Unit•-d Mexican States have been nego-
ciaied, but [ram various successive obstacles, not yet
hr-ught to a final conclusion. The civil war which im-
ps: cue telv still prevails in the Republic of Central
America has been unpropitious to the cultivation of out
commercial relations with them ; and the dissensions
and tevolusionar, changes in the Republics of Colom-
bia and fern hive been seen with cordial regret by us,
.who would gladly contribute to the happiness of both.
It is with great sati.faction, however, that we have wit-
nesied 'the recent conclusion of a peace between ti.e
Ciievernment of Buenos Apes and Brazil, and it is
equallt grat.fying to observe that indemnity has been
obtained for some of the injuries which out fellow citi-
zens had sustained in the latter of those countries. The
test, are in a train of negociatien, w hich we hope may
termina.e to mutual a.atisfaciion, and that it may be
'aucceeded by a treaty of commerce and navigation upon
Liberal, principles, propitious to a greet and grossing
conimerce, already important to the interests of our
country.
The condition and prospects of the revenue are more
favourable than our most sanguine expectations had
anticipated. The balance in the Treasury on the first
of January last, exclusive of the monies received ander
the Convection of 13th November, 1826, with Great
Britain, was five millions eight hundred and sixty-. ne
thousand Wore hundred and seventy-two dollars and
eighty-three cents. The receipts into the Treasury horn
the first of January to the 30th of S...ptember last, so
far as they have been asce.tained to form the basis of
an estimate, amount to eighteen millions six hundred
and thirty three thousand nine hundred and eighty
dollars and twenty-dhven cents. which, with the receipts
or the present quartets estimated at fire millions lour
heated and sixtyikine thousand two hundred and
eighty three dollars aAd forty cents. fo m an aggregate
of receipts during the year of twenty-four millions arid
stingy-four thous .nd eight hundred and sixty three
dollars and silty-seven cents. The expenditures of the
year nuy probably amount to twenty-five millions six
bunched and thirty-seven thousand five hundred and
eleven dollars and sixty-three cents. and leave in the
'beltway on the first of January neat, the sum of five

•

millions one hundred and twee ti-five thousand Six
u 'died and thirty-eight dollars fourteen cents.
The receipts of the present year have amounted to
near two millions mote than was anticipated at the
commer cement of the last Session of Congress.
TI e amount of duties secured on importations, from
the lsf of January to the 30th September, Was about
twenty-two millions nine hundred and ninety-seven
thousand, and that of the estimated accruing revenue
is five mi lions; leaving an aggregate for the year of
near twenty-eight millions. This is one million more
than the estimate made last December for the accruing
revenueof the present year, which, with allowances for
drawbacks and contingent deficiencec, was expected to
produce an actual revenue of twenty-two millions three
hundred thousand dollars. Had these only been re-
alixed;the expenditures of the year woulJ have been also
proportionally reduced; for, of these twenty-four mil-
lions received, upwards of nine millions have been ap-
plied to the extinction of public debt, betting an interest
of six per cent. a year, and of course reducing the bur-
then of interest annually payable in future by the
amount of more than half a million. The payments
on account of interest during the current year exceed
three millions of dollars, pieseneng an aggregate of
more than twelve millions applied during the year to
the discharge of the public debt, the whole of which
remaining due ott the Ist of January next will amount
only to fifty-eight millions three hundred and sixty-two
thousand one hundred and thirty-five dollars and
seventy-eight cents.
That the revenue of the ensuing year will not fall
short (if that received in the one now expiring, there are
indications which can scarcely prove deceptive. In our
country an uniform experience of fraty yeats-has shown
that, whatever the tariff of duties upon articles imported
from abroad has been, the amount of imyrtations has
always bone an average value nearly approaching to
that of the exports, though occasionally differing in the
balance, sometimes being more, and sometimes less. It
is, indeed, a general law of prosperous commeice that
the real value of exports should, by a small, and only a
small, balance, exceed that of imports, that balance
being a pet manent addition to the wealth of the nation.
The extent of the prosperous commerce of the nation
must be regulated by the amount of its exports: and
an important addition to the value of these will draw
alter it a corresponding increase of importations. It
has happened, in the vicissitudes of the seasons, that the
hat vests of all Europe have, in the late summer and
autumn, fallen short of their usual average. A relaxa-
tion et the interdict upon the importations of grain and
flour from abroad has ensued ; a propitious market has
been opened to the granaries of our country ; and a new
prospect of reward presented to the labours of the hus-
bandman, which, for several years, has been denied.—
This accession to the profits of agriculture in the middle
and western portions of our Union is accidental and
temporary. It may continue only for a single year. It
may be, as has be. n often experienced in the revolutions
of time, but the first of several scanty harvests in suc-
cession. We may consider it certain that, for the ap-
proaching year, it has added an item of large amount to
the value of our exports, arid that it will produce a cor•
responding increase of importations. It may, therefore,
confidently be foreseen that the revenue of 1829 will
equal, and probably exceed, that of 1828, and will
afford the means of extinguishing ten millions more of
the principal of the public debt.
This new element of prosperity to that pelt of our
agricultural industry which is occupied in producing
the first aid, le of human subsistence, is of the most
cheering character 'to the feelings of patriotism. Pry
ceeding from a cause which humanity will view with
concern, the sufferings of scarcity in distant lands, it
yields a consolatory :election that this scarcity is in no
respect attributable to us—that it comes from the dis-
pensatiPo of him wilts ordains all in wisdom and good-
ness, and who permits evil itself only as an instrument
of good—that, far from contributing to this scarcity,
our agency will be applied only to the alleviation of its
severity ; and that, in pouring forth from the abundance
of our oan garners, the supplies which will partially
'restore plenty to ttto.e who are in need, we shall our-
selves reduce our stores, and add to the price of our
own bread, so as in some degree to patticipate in the
wants which it will be the good fortune of our country
to relieve.
The great interests of an agricultural, commercial,
and manufacturing oat oa are so linked in union toge-
ther, that no permanent cause of prosperity to one of
them can (met ate without extending its influence to the
others. All these interests are alike under the protect-
ing power of the legislative authority ; and the duties
of the representative bodies' are to concili ite*thens in
harmony together. So far as the object of tax aim it
to raise a revenue for discharging the debts and defray-.
ing the expenses of the community, it should, as much
as possible, suit the burthen u ith equal hand upon all,
in proportion t • their ability of bearing it
jwithout op-
pression. But the legislation of one nation is sometimes
intentionally madeto bear heavily upon the interests of
another. That legislation, adapted, as it is meant to be,
to the special irate eats of its own people, will often press
most unequally upon the several component interests of
its neighbours. Thus the legislation of Great Britain,
when, as has recently been avowed,, adapted to the
depression of a rival nation, will natut ally abound
with regulations of interdict upon the proJuctions of
the soil or industry of the other which come in
competition with its own; and will present encourage.
meta, perhaps even bounty, to the raw material
of the other State which it c tonot produce itself,
and which is essential for tht use of its manufactures
—competitors in the tnarkets of the world with those
of its commercial rival. such is the state of the corns
mercial legislation of Great Britain as it beats upon our
loaves's. It excluder, with interdicting duties, all im-
portation (except in time of approaching famine)of the
great staple productiuni of our middle and western
States; it proscribes, with equal rigour, the bulkier
lumber and live stock of the same portion. and also of
the northern and eastern part of our Union. It refuses,
even the rice of the south unless aggravated with a
charge of duty upon the northern carrier who brings it
to them. But tlie cotton, indispensable for their looms.
they will receive,almost duty tree, to weave it into a
fabric for our own wear, to the destruction of our own
manufactures, which they are enabled thus to undersell.
Is the self protecting energy of this nation so helpless'
that theta exists, in the political institutions of our courts
try, no power to counteract the bias of this foreign le-
gislation; that the grow ers of grain must submit to this
exclusion from the foreign markets of their produce—
that the shippers must dismantle their ships, the trade
of the not th stagnate at the %shams, and the manage-
toter: static at their looms, while the whole people
shall pay tribute to foreign indu try to be clad in a
foreign garb—that the Congress' of the Union are im-
potent to rotor: the balance in favour of native indus
try desttoyed by the statutes of another realm ? More
just and more generous sentiments o ill, I trust, prevail.
It the tariff adopted at the last Session of Congress shall
be found by experience to bear oppressively upon the
Wenn of any one itCllO4, Of one Wont it °Debt to be,
•

and I cannot doubt v ill be, so modified as to alleviate
porno
its hunrt
States end people will never turn•away their ears.
. Bias
ofiltntheirTocotnhsetivtuoeicnetsi.fthjeuslit ecpuirtieseinaiteftlthrricsninof ably
so bang as the dtstref the foreign shall Operate only as
a bounty upon the domestic Reticle—while the planter,
and the merchant, and the shepherd. and the husband
man, shall be found thtisia gin their uccupatit ns tinder
the duties imposed f the protection of domestic menu-
factures—they will not repine at the prosperity shared
with themselves by then fellow-citizens of other profes-
sion,, nor denounce as violations of the Constitution the
deliberate acts of Congress to shield "from the wrongs
of foreign laws the native industry of the Union. While
the tariff of the last Session of Congress was a subject
of legislative delib 'ration, it was foretold by some of
its opposers that one of it, ne cease, y c ,nsequences
would be to impair the revenue. It is yet to, soon to
pronounce with confidence that this pi ediction was er-
roneous. The obstruction of one revenue of trade not
ui.fiequently opens au issue to another. Thu conse-
quence of the twill will be to increas2 the export tion,
and to diminish the importation, of some specific arti-
cles; but, by the general law of trade, the increase of
exportation of one article will he tolloned by an in-
creased importation of others, the duties upon which
will supply the deficiencies which the diminished im-
pot tation would otherwise occasion. The effect i.f
taxa-
tion upon revenue can seldon, be foreseen wiih certainty.
It must abide the test of experience. As yet no symp-
toms of diminution are perceptible in the receipts of
the treasury—as yet little addition of cost has even been
expetienced upon the articles borthened with heavier
duties bj the la t tariff. The domestic manufacture,
supplies the same or a kindied article at a diminished
rtice, and the consumer pays the same tribute to the
labour of his own countryman which he must otherwise
hay, paid to foreign industry and toil. •
The tariff of the last Session was, in its deta ls, not
acceptable to the great interecs of any poi 'nit of the
Union, not even to the interest which it vial specially
intended to subsetve. Its object was to b .lance the
but thews upon native industry ,mpu,ed by the operation
of foreign laws; but not to aggrav to the butthrhs of
one section-or the Union by the *chef aff rded to ant they.
To the Teat principle sanctioned by that act, one of
those usam which the Constitution was foamed, I hope
and trust the autho•ities of the Unien viii A.:bele. lion
if any of the duties imposed by the act only r.l.cve
manufacturer by aggravating the burthen t f th. planter,
let a careful revisal of its provsioes, enlightened try the
practical eat erience of its effi cts, be directed eo team:,
those which impart protection to native industry, and
remove or supply the place of ihote which only r
one great national inetest by the depression of :tam het.
The United States of America, and the penile of
every state of which they are compose.!, are each of
them sovetign powers. Tile legislative author ity tit the
whole is exercised byCongress under authority granted
them in the common constitution. 'fire legislative
power of each state is exercised by Assemblies deriving
their authority ftom the Constitutii.n of the State. E •ch
is sovereign within its own province. The di,tribution
of power between them pi esupposes that these author i-
des will move in harmony with each other. The Mem-
bers of the State and general Govertimelas ale all under
oath to support both, and allegiance is due to the one
and to the other. The case of a conflict between these
two powers has not been suppmed, nor has any provi-
sion been made for it in our
_lnstitutions; as a sit mous
nation of ancient times existed more than five centuries
without a law for the punishment of parricide.
More than once, !weever, in the progress cif our
tory, have the people and the legislatures of one or
more States, in moments r f excitement, been insti-
gated to this conflict. and the means of e frecting
this iivpulse have been allegations that the Acts ot,Coo:
gress to be resisted were unconititutionat: The people.
of no one State have *ver delegated to their L-gisla-
ture the power of pronouncing an act on .Congless un-
constitutional ; but they have delegated to-them powers,
by the exercise of se hich the ezecu: inn of the laws of Con-
gress within the States which may be resisted. If we
suppose the case of such conflicting legislation sustained,
by the corresponding executive and judicial authot ities,
patriotism and philanthropy turn their eyes from the'
condition in which the parties would be .placed, and
From that of the people of both,which must be its victims.
The Reports born the Secretary of War, and from
the various subordinate offices of the resort e f that de
partment, present an exposition of the public adminis-
tration of affaii s connected with them through the
course of the curt/WOW/. The present state of the
army, and the distribution of the force of which it is
composed, will be seen Iron, the report of the Major
General. Several alterations in the disposal of the
troops have been found expedieilt in the course of the
year, and the discipline of the al my, though not entirely
flee from exception, has been generally good.
The attention of Congress is particularly invited cos
that part of the Report of the Secretary of War which
concetns the existing system of our relations with the
Indian tribes. At the establishment of the Federal
Government, under the present Constitution of the United
States, the principle was adopted of considering them
as foreign and independent Powers, and also as pro-
prietors of lands. They were, moreover, considered as
savages, whom it was our policy and our duty to use
our ii.flaence in converting to Christianity, and bring-
ing within the pale of civilization.
As independent Powers -we negotiated with them by
treaties , as proprietors ue purchased of them all the
lands which we could prevail upou them to sell; as'
brethren of the human race, rude and ignorant, we en-
deavoured to bring them to the knowledge of religion
and of letters. The ultimate design was to ineurpo.
rate in our own institutions that portion of them
which could be converted to the state of civilization.
In the practice of European Sates before cur revolu-
tion they had been considered as children to be governed;
as tenants at discretion to be dispossessed as occa-
sion might require; as hunters to be indemnified
by trifling concessions for removal from the mounds
upon which their game was extirpated. In changing
the system, it would seem as if a full contemplation
of the consequences of the change had not been taken.
We have been far more successtul in the acquisition of
their lands than in imparting to them the principles, or
inspiring them with the spirit of civilization. But in
appropriating to ourselves their hunting grounds, we
have brought upon ourselves the obligation of pro-
viding them v ith subsistence ; and when we have had
the rare good fortune of teaching them the at ts of ci-
vilization, and the doctrines of Christianity, we have
unexpectedly found them forming, in the midst of our-
selves, communities claiming to be independent of ours,
and rivals of sovereignty within the territories of the
Members of our Union. This state of things requires
that a remedy` should be provided; a remedy which,
while it shall do justice to those unfortunate children of
nature, may secure to the members of tier confedera-
tion their rights of sovereignty and aged. As the out-
lines tf a project to that effect, the views presented in
the report of the Secretary of Wee 'are recommended
go the coo&delation of Congress.

.

. !":. et

tootstii blri tierbdlif i
st 0 f
The tieport from the engineer departmei t pretests
co.i.prebee:sive view I f the progress which has
made its the great systems promotive of the public •
terest, commenced and orgaossed under the stuff
the.reoto t
the
es ehcoutriol tuy:
and
dthey :willty ohi e
ther e.enfhtaeetti
IfielraB.4,fio i
these great systems is that of fniti
of Cungtesf, and the effects of which have ahead,
odium ii Cetera
ti,.ns, commenced immediately after the tine of
eincayclwhich the valve
last war, under the salutary experience w' ich thee,
of that war had impressed upon our countrymin. of
neces-ity. Introduced under the au.picr, of
011,111
mediate predecessors, it has been contii,u d sith ii,
persevering and liberal encoutagement GI
cure ; and, combined w.th correspondint exertion, f(
the gradual increase and improvemei t . f the n.4„..1,4
adaptedpatesf ine rat:et:tit;
course of events may bring, froth. Our advances!
"toollairtyelctrrin,
these ccuicerfeJ systems have, for the last 'en yt4l
been steady and progressive; and in a few years m,„
• will he so cimpleted as to leave no cause fur ail.
pension that our sea coast will ever again offer 4 ato
of hostile invasion.

The next of these cardinal measures of policy
preliminary to great and lasting svot'..s of public,
provement in the 'wails of roads, examination
of •
course of canals, and labs urs for the removal of t,
obstiuctions of rivers and harbours, first monk,
by the Act of C ngress of 30th of April, 182%
The Report exhibits in one table the funds app,r.,p,.
aced at the last and weeding Ser.si,,ns of Cons,
for all these fortificati ns, survey., and work: of 13
lic improvement ; the manor in vitich these rands 1.0
been applied, the amount expended upi.n the sou
wot ks under con.,truction, and the tui ther surns airh
may be necessa,y to complete them. In a second Ite
works projected by the Boarded Er4,ineers, '81)106,
not been commenced, and the estimate of 01,4 co,t.
In a third, the Report of the annual hoard ()f si„toti
at the it litary Academy at Wed. Print. For ti itvel
fortifications erecte J on various points of our A.iai,tc
coast, front Rhode Island to Lonis,aita, the aggi
expenditure of the year his fallen a little short ct 341
oollion of &dials.

Er the preparation of five additicnal repoits of
cohnotsatices and surveys since the last Session of cu.
gross, for the civil constructio• s upon 37 different pai
works commenced, eight others for which sieciac +
propriations have beers made by Acts of Cong,e,f, aq
t a city other incipient surveys under the authcrit) else
by the Act of 30th April, 1324. abt at one million ar4
.rf do Lis have been drawn from the Trea:ury.
To Giese two millions of. dollars are to be aiVeiltle
ipptoprrations 4'250,000 dollars, to commence
etectimi of a brzak. %met near the mont:s of e,4
' Delaware river ; the subsctiptions to the Delorat
and Chesapeake, the Louisville and I'm (land, N
Dismal Swamp, and the Crieiai.eAlte and Oi.io mai;
the large tion..tions of lands to the States r I Orlio, It.
diana, 11.i..0i5, and Alabaina, fir objects of import.
went. u Wins these States, and the sums appropriatd
for light Ise.urei., buoys, and piers on the coast, malt
.ull view will be taken of the munificence of the thilict
.in ibe application of its resources to the improvema
of its own condition.
01 these great national undertakings the Acsdem
4 West Point is.among the most important in usi,4
and the most comprehensive in its consequences. la:!ut
institution a part of the revenue of the nation is.appiad
to defray the expense of educating a competent portico
of her youth chiefly to the knowledge ot duties et mi.
limy life. It is the living armoury of the intim
While the other works of improvement enumerated a
I the reports now preented to the attention of Congress
are destined to ameliorate the face of nature; to muli•
ply the facilities of communication bzt weer' the dilate
parts of the union; to assist the labours, increase the
comforts, and enhance the e:•joymeatsid
the instruction acquired at We;t Point enlarges the do
minion and expands the capacities of the mind. Its
beneficial results are already experienced in the comps.
sition of the army, and their influence is felt in them.
tellectual progress of society. Tne initit upon is suscepi•
ble still of great improvement from benefactioms pia
posed by several successive boards olvisitors, towhee
ease :t and repeated recommendations l cheerfully 14
my own. ,
With the usual amnia reports from the Secretary of the Nog
and the Board of Commissioners will be ezbibited to the view a
Congress the execution of the laws relating to that departmet.t
the public 'evoke. The repression of piracy in the West Itids.t,
and in the Grecian seas, has been effectually maintained—seam-It
an excnition. liming the war between the Governments of Meta
Ayres and of Brasil frequent collisions between belligerent acbsi
power and Ilse rights ot neutral commerce oecurred. Licesbost
blockades, is regularly enlisted or impressed seamen, and the re
perty of bonen commerce seized witji violence, and even plulaitrel
under legal practices, are disorders never separable hum the ca .
filet ot wars upon the ocean. . .
With a portion of them the correspondence of our Comnismito
on the eastern aspect of the South Ameticats coat, and among tie
islands of Greece, discover how far we have been involved. 11
these the honour of our country and the rights of our citizens he
been asserted and vindicated. The appearance of new squadrea
in the Mediterranean, and the blockade of the, Datskonelles, km-
cave the danger of other obstacles to the freedom of commerce, ;A
the necessity of keeping weave' force in those seas. To the sisk '
potions repeated in the Iterunt of the Secretary ot the Navy, cal
tending to the permanent improvement of this Institution, I Una
the favourable consideration of Congress.
A Resolution of the House of ltepresentativea, requesting the
one of our small public vessels should be sent to the Pacific Oce.i
and South Sea to examine the coasts, islands, harbours, shoals, aid
reefs in those seas, and to ascertain their true situation and de-
scription, has been pot in a train of execution. The vessel is neaey
ready to depart. The successful accomplishment of the exp.ilitiot
may be greatly facilitated by suitable legislative provision.. 0-4
particularly by an appropriation to defray its necessary eapenie.--
The addition of a second, and, perhaps, a third vessel, with a stisn
aggravation of the colt, would contribute much to the safety di
the citizens embarked on this undertaking, the results of winching
be of the deepest interest to our country.
With the report of the Secretary of the Navy will be subra;ttel.
in conformity to the Act of Congress of the 3d ot March, Is-a, for
the gradual Improvement of the Navy of the United S;ates, state'
mental of the expenditures under that Act, and of the nwoll"
taken for carrying the same into ;effect. Every section at
that statute contaios a distinct provision, looking to the frail
object of the whole—the gradual improvement cl the Navy.--
Under its salutary sanction stores of ship• timber have been pro-
cured, and are in process of seasoning and preservation fur the Isom
uses of the Navy. Arrangements have been made fur the presets's•
tion of the live oak timber growing on the lands of the United StAtes
and fur its re-production, to supply, at future and distant days, the
waste of that most valuable material for ship-building by the god
consumption of it yearly for the commercial as well as for
the military marine of our country. The consteuetion ot the ten
dry docks at Charlestown and at Norfolk Is making satisfactsy.
progress towards a durable establishment. The exaininatiens es 4
inquiries to ascertain the practicability and expediency of a mania
railway at Pensacola, though not yet accomplished, have been pa:.
potted but to be the more effectually made. The navy y..rds
the United States have been examined, and plans for the improve;
meat and the preservation of the public property at IV: ,
mouth, Charlestown, Philadelphia, Washington, and Gown
e, "
to which two others are to be added, have been prepared, sou re.
celved my sanction ; and no other portion of my public Busies bo
been performed with a more intimate conviction of its imputes.
to the future welfare and security of the Union.
aeWttrovilfie
vtvheei view
sßeporti of hLogcrertalT7usalritccu'rateltba eisesr
time—in ntehraa tl etiitea sus
m exhibitednbieere tao,fci
Fr:
offices, which has growls from less than two hundred to nearly el
th.thelan:duhuinsaplauste4Pliuninuandmlllehrs
forty
.
feurtren thousand Ave hundred mid thirty ; while in the ism'

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