The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1852-03-16 00:00:00

The-first impression of a

s an account of a man w

o makes money

v if he can

It is undeniable,

t a large nu

,er of .qualifications must coin-

bine to produce a successful merchant, and that his occu-
pations afford scope for the exercise of-the highest quali-
ties of the head and the holiest of the heart. Mr. Samuel
Budgett, of Kinaswood Hill, near Bristol, who is here
pourtrayed, was a man of the right stamp, large in his
possessions and large in his bounty, .sound in his princi-
..
ein his practices. Of his biographer
but what we see here. It is evident,
s principles and elegant in

pies and honc
we know not

however, t

. .
bis expressions, and that he can grasp general principles
as well as record details. There is a great deal in the
book of what may be called the philosophy of commerce;
and while men of all classes may read the work with
profit, the mercantile reader will derive peculiar advantage.
The following are extracts :

nearest. to the human form. 'The savage and the civilized
a deacon, and his grandfather a priest; but a correspondent
FLATTERING ONE'S SELF. man alike possessed this faeulty. In one sense, all men
If you are at all inclined to think you have a good nor- of Mr. Hone's was very anxious to get over this fact, spoke the same language ; they were guided in their re
tion of sense, I would strongly advise you not to take it because the Roman Catholic clergy now do not marry. of names by the qualities, the colours, the shapes, &c., of
for granted. True, you may have at band several in- His delicacy was quite misplaced, however, as Patrick objects. This use of speech eves one of the consequences
stances in which vou were right. But some of us have a of reason, and both were the prerogatives of man. Man-
never was a Roman 'Catholic, and the celibacy of the
e the cases in which we are right than kind were everywhere alike on the ricc,ssary acts of life,
ahich we are wrong. Take the wisest man clergy was not deei*;vely -fixed till the middle of the such as the use of fire, of artificial clothing, which was
you know; and when you find your opinion differing from twelfth century. It is now said that the saint himself found to some amount in every climate, of arms of offence
his, do not
.forget the fact. Watch -how that matter and defence. The habit of domesticating animals was
was married ; and tradition maintains that Sheelah's dsv
turns out. If you find that you are generally right in ' characteristic of man, and helped to distinguish him from
such cases, then begin humbly to believe that God has on the 18th of March, is kept in commemoration of the other creatures. It prevailed all over the earth. No
given you a fair understanding as one of the talents for good lady. I great division of the human family was to he found among
which you must account. But if you find you were When sixteen years of age, he was made a prisonerby I whom there was not some trace of it. The sympathies
wrong, first make the full deduction necessary from your _. and feelings, the natural conscience of man, formed
Neill of the Nine Hostages, and carried to the north of 'f
-confidence, and then try and find out what beguiled another of his distinctive peculiarities. Attempts had
a juster view at a future time. Ireland, where, being reduced to the condition of domestic I been made to prove that certain nations were destitute of
Again, when great events occur about which you are slavery, he tended -swine at Sleamish, in the comity ' all sense of religion, but such attempts had been based
much excited, either in the family, the business, the
Antrim. He was released at the end of six upon ignorance of their habits of thought. There was
church, or the state, remember the side you took, and years—some
always some invisible power whose favour they sought and
the anticipations you formed when thelnatter was yet say by miracle, but others maintain that the ardent Irisk, whose anger they deprecated. The vulgar readiness to
undecided. Then when the issue is known, test your like the Jews, had a sabbatical year. From his own believe in demons, ghosts and other supernatural pheno-
judgment by facts. Be honest : see whether you are right Confession we learn the manner in which he spent this mena was only a manifestation of the same tendency.
three times out of four ; and if not, be very humble; but I And closely convected with thin was the desire to share
if so, be humble still, yet hopeful that when -you have period ; and there is no doubt that he was of very pious
in the spiritual state of existence which it indicated. The
deliberately judged you are probably not far wrong. You habits. Here he learned the Celtic tongue, now called I rites everywhere performed for the dead, the ceremony of
have often met with people who, happen what will, always Irish, but then called Scottish ; for the name Scotia was embalming, sepulture, mummifying, funeral processions,
say, " I knew that would be it." Happy prophets they !
and pomps following the deceased, during thousands of
first applied to Ireland, though now exclusively used in whose foresight is always paulo-post-future. If you have,
or think von have, a strong intuition, take care Genuine reference to Caledonia. successive years, in every region of the earth; innumerable
tumuli scattered over the various countries of the world ;
intuition is allied to foresight ; but even such an intuition In a vision, a man from Hibernia solicited his return ; in the pyramids of Egypt and houses of the dead, the
must only have a limited sway. If left absolute, it over- but this is so like the man of Macedonia saying to St. gygantic monuments of the Polynesians ;in the power of
rides all the faculties of mind, all the opportunities of life;
sacerdotal or consecrated orders of men, who have caused
if reduced by check, restraint, and counsel to a limited Paul, " Come over and help us," that it is probably a
them to be regarded as the interpreters of man's destiny,
sway, it may reign with vast advantage. mediaeval addition. He was educated and ordained by and as mediators between the gods and men; in toilsome
RESPECTABILITY. the Bishop of Auxerre, in Gaul, when about thirty years pilgrimages performed by white and black men seeking
Among the gods of the world, Respectability is a great
favourite. He competes with Alammon. He is riot so of age ; and about fifteen years later he was consecrated atonement for gilt at the tombs of prophets and holy men :
all these and similar customs in the history of nations,
coarse ; his worship has more of grace to win the eye. Bishop. Some say he went to Rome for this purpose, barbarous and civilized, would lead to the supposition that
His worshippers abound on every hand ; yes, and he even but there seems to be no authority for the tradition ; all mankind sympathized in these deeply-impressed
sits proudly in the temple of God, receiving for his sole others say that he obtained episcopal orders in Gaul. The practices and feelings, which were as mysterious in their
honour the obeisance of many a brilliant plume, of many
nature as in their origin.
a perfumed head, which bow there at another name it is Hibernians had received Christian missionaries before his These were among the most striking and remarkable
true, but which come there at no call but his. and which time, yet in general they professed Druidism ; just as they mental and moral qualities peculiar to man ; and if they
seek there no blessing but his approval. He is a fair- have had Protestant clergy for centuries, but till lately were to be traced among races of men which differed phy-
faced, well-robed, goodly idol, with winning mien and
had a strong majority of Roman Catholics. sically, it would follow that all mankind partook of a
imposing adornments ; his presence is graced with all
common moral nature, and were, therefore, by this means
that is ancient, all that is brilliant, all that kings bestow There is some difference of opinion respecting the point i proved to constitute a single tribe. There was one point,
and princes covet ; with beauty and wealth, with valour at which the first convert was made, but the general hat- however, that had been overlooked by every writer on the
and genius. Prosperity seems to dwell in his temple, and Dression is that it was in the parish of Saul, adjoining unity of the species, namely the moral depravity of man.
Peace to dwell at her side. But he is a cruel, greedy idol, -
D I If there had been in one solitary spot of the earth's sur-
like all other idols. Those brilliant devotees worship in ownpatrick. When the Saint and his companions
face, at any age of the world, one perfect family or inclivi-
chains ; and, day by day, broken fortunes, broken fami- landed, near the spot where the Great Britain lately ran I dual, except the Son of God, all theories on the unity and
lies, broken promises, broken characters, broken hearts, aground, the people fled, thinking they were pirates; but identity of the species would have been scattered to the
are heaped in hecatombs upon his altar, albeit the blindl winds. Strange that not one instance of the kind,
the chieftain was soon convinced of their real character,
idolaters say that these offerings are welcomed only by his though so all-important for the purposes of infidel wri-
ill-favoured neighbour Misfortnne. and received them kindly. Ilanmer, in his Chronicle, I tern, had ever been discovered. But, inasmuch as " from
says that " Saint Patrickes manner was first to catechize, Greenland's icy mountains" to " India's coral strand,"
secondly to baptize, lastly to administer the Sacrament of from the islands of Great Britain to the shore of Polyne-
the Lord's Supper. * * The only doctrine Pa- sia, corruption and depravity universally prevailed, it
tricke read and expounded unto the people was the foure might he justly cited in proof of the unity and identity of
Evangelists, conferred (i. e. compared) with the Old Tes- the species.
tament. He is reported to have given many blessings, After referring to various minor points in which men
and to have denounced many curses. Ireland is greatly everywhere resemble each other, the lecturer shewed,
beholding unto him, for * * he procured, as it from the analogy of different orders of animals and vege-
is written of him, seaven hundred churches to bee builded tables, that the great diversities observed in different
in Ireland, ordained five thousand ministers, consecrated races of men formed no proof of independent origin. He
three hundred and fifty bishops, successively, understand, then described the characteristics of the several varieties
in his time." of the human species according to the usual classification,
We cannot follow him through the details of his ministry, comprising the Caucasian, the Mongolian, the Ethiopian,
but one or two points deserve notice. The superstitions and the Malay. This division, he intimatod, was not sa-
still attached to May Eve and Hallow Eve, especially in tisfactory to his own mind. Ile went back to the time of
Ireland and Scotland, have a pagan and not a Christian I the Deluge, and taking this as a starting point, he as-
origin. On the former occasion, the Beltane fires were turned it as an undeniable fact that mankind were then all
kindled in honour of the god of summer (the sun), and on lof one colour. Yet very soon after the Deluge, as could
the latter, in honour of the godOess of winter (the moon). be proved from authentic records, a diversity of colour
Every private fire was extinguished, and it was a capital prevailed. How was this to be explained ? Climate
offence to possess a light, unless it were given by the ' could not have caused it. The Moors of Africa had not
priests. They handed torches to the people, and thus degenerated in physical constitution from their Arabian
every hearth in palace or hovel glowed with the consecrated ' progenitors. Their children were just as white as if born
but—busine__ fire. In defiance of law arid practice, the holy man kindled I in Europe. They had penetrated far into the interior of
earn now : y a large fire; and the people believed,asLord Brougham said I the country, where the woolly-haired negro resided, but
'I gone. And this ia of Mr. Belienden Ker, that he was either mad or inspired. they had never acquired his characteristics. Most of the
the republic de- On being questioned, he spoke of the new doctrines so Moorish women would be reckoned hanosome in Europe.
'erstand it, but persuasively, that his hearers became converts. If the Though the boys soon grew swarthy from the effect of
of like that ;
in drink, legend be true at all, it may have been on this occasion the sun, the girls, being more within doors, preserved
that. he illustrated the doctrine of the Trinity by the plant their beauty of complexion. The swarthiness was the
-five it at his foot, which has since become the badge of his effect of the sun upon the individual, not upon the nation.
'ye adopted country. Tradition asserts that to him we are in- So it was in the West Indies, where the European races
debted for clearing the country of all " venemons beasts," who had kept distinct had preserved their characteristics
"except man," as some one wickedly and wittily remarked. for hundreds of years. The Jews presented one of the
Unluckily for the truth of this part of the story, there most striking cases in point, having remained unaltered
were no frogs, toads, or snakes, for him to drive out; for under the most varied circumstances. Dr. Buchanan
history records that they were wanting even before his had met on the coast of Malabar Jews whose documents
time, and philosophy says that the insular situation and proved them to have been located there for 1,400 years,
moist climate are the causes. Popular rumour, however, yet, having kept themselves distinct, they resembled in
loves to fasten on a corroborative fact, or one seemingly every respect, both of features and complexion, their
so,—a lie with a circumstance, as a plain Scotchman would European brethren. To this might be added the testi-
say. It is asserted, therefore, that no spider can live on mony of M. Charis and Dr. Pritchard, that, where negroes
any of the timbers of King's liege, Cambridge, because were protected from the sun by shelter or clothing, their
they are Irish oak ! skins were of a deeper black than that of those who were
On the 17th of March, 493, lie breathed his last, at exposed to the full force of the sun's rays.
Saul, in the 121st year of his age. There is great differ- Whence, then, were these varieties of colour? This he
ence among his biographers on the subject of age ; but now proceeded to show. The primary varieties of the
it is now admitted that he was buried at Downpatrick, human race were three, the Caucasian, the Mongolian,
and in the:small graveyard of the Cathedral, St. Bridget and the Ethiopian. This number corresponded with that
and St. Columba repose beside him. It is said that no of Noah's sons : assigning, therefore, the Mongolian race
plant will grow on his grave but grass and shamrock; but to Japheth, and the Ethiopian to Ham, the Caucasian,
it is difficult even for these to grow upon it, the mould is the noblest race, would belong to Shem. On these three
so utterly abstracted by devotees, or by friends who men and their posterity a separate destiny was pronounced.
desire to send it to them. To the race of Shem was promised blessing; to the chil-
The day of his death is still celebrated in memory of dren of Japheth extension • on the progeny of Ham a
him, and, from the court of the Queen to the union work- curse, combined with the fot of bondage. To each of
house, the anniversary is respected. It is said that, when these races would undoubtedly be given a moral and phy-
he was dying, he kindly recommended his friends to take sical nature in harmony which the destiny of God had de-
something to drink, for the purpose of keeping up their signed them to fulfil. Cush and Canaan had occupied
spirits ; and hence the Bacchanalian custom of drowning that beautiful country lying between the Mediterranean
care and the shamrock. In 1825, a large company of Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Indian Ocean, and the Red
noblemen and gentlemen were dining together in London Sea. The inhabitants of the district were called in the
to celebrate the day, and Mr. Vansittart, then Chancellor Hebrew Scriptures Cushites, and by the Septuagint the
of the Exchequer, broached a black bottle of poteen for Ethiopians. Both these words signified black. When-
the company, which had " never paid the king a six- ever these people shifted, the place of their abode was
pence." The refection for that day used anciently to be called Cush, and themselves Cushites. The Cushites and
a copious supply of oatcake and fish, provided by the the Ethiopians were doubtless the same people. The He.
innkeeper of each village, and " Patrick's pot" of ale, brew proverb used by Jeremiah, " Can the leopard change
when whiskey was less known than it is now. One of the his spots, or the Cush his skin ?" would have had no
most humorous of Mr. Lover's songs supposes that the force or meaning unless the people alluded to had been
17th of March represents the birth day of the saint ; but, remarkably different from the nations around them. Thus
as might be expected with an Irish birth-day, there is a there was important and weighty evidence for assigning
blunder:in it. Lover says that he was born on the Bth of the dark races of mankind to the descendants of Ham,
March, at twelve o'clock at night; but, from the baby Cush, Phat, and Canaan. The intervening shades of red
being too fast or the clock being too sksw, it was contended skins, and the like, might be referred to Esau, who was
that he was born on the 9th. In this dilemma, they described in the account of his birth, which the lecturer
applied to rather Mulcahy, to whom the bright idea quoted from Gen. xxv., 23, &c., as " red."
occurred that:he might be "a twins;" and if not, he was The lecture was well delivered, and listened to with the
certainly worth any two saints in the circle of their greatest attention.
acquaintance. •lle advised the applicants, therefore, to On Friday, the Rev. St. Vincent Beechey, of Worsley,
keep the 17th, as that number would include -both the will deliverehe first of two lectures on " Modern Astro-
-Bth and the 9th. >ln every part of the British dominions mny," illustrated by means of the trinoptric lantern.
where there is a regimental band, the spirit-stirring air of
"Patrick's Day in the Morning," is played ; and in Ire-
land the same honour is usually paid to it as to the
national anthem. It is unfortunate, however, that it is
sometimes regarded as a party tune; but that is because
all Irish Roman Catholiessvalue it so highly.
The tradition respecting the shamrock is widely spread,
and its applications are sometimes very interesting. About
eight years ago, an Irish lady of our acquaintance, rode
out of Mexico, on the 17th of March, to a cricket-field,
where she thought that she had previously noticed it. Not
knowing the ,name, she could net direct her Spanish
servant, and so it was sought in vain for some time ; but
at last he comprehended, and exclaimed, " I know, I
know, Senora ;it is "la santissima trini.d.ad." Moore, in
one of his melodies, associates the plant with the union
of Wit, Love, and Beauty, while others say that it
symbolises Faith, Hope, and Charity ; with equal reason
we might say that it represents pitch, tar, and rosin.
Campion, in his " Historie of Ireland," says of the
people,--" Shamrotes, water-cressee, rooks, and other
hearbes they feed upon ;" and Bicheno improves upon
this by suggesting that the real Shamrock is wood sorrel,
and not the ',Vellum repens. One argument is, that the
former possesses acidity, and, therefore, is better than
lemon for modifying punch ; but Threlkeld, an Irish
botanist, understood both the plant and the punch a great
deal better. He says,—" The trefoil is worn in their
hats, by the people, on the 17th of March, which is called
SAINT PATRICK's DAY, it being the current tradition
that by this three-leaved grass he emblematically set
forth the Holy Trinity. However that be, when they
wet their seamar-oge, they often commit tin excepts in

better memory fi

for those in

you, that you may take

THE DOCT

RISES OF EQUALITY

Emile de Girardin has no Gospel to preach, but he
sometimes says a true thing. When lying in the Con-
ciergerie, he wrote, " The English love liberty, the
French love equality." He was right ; and in that differ-
ence you have a key to much of what passes in the two
nations. The English do love liberty, and will have it ;
but beyond that they have no faith in equality, for if men
be free they cannot he equal except in this, that real li-
berty is the only equality attainable. Set about making
two men equal, and at once they cease to be free ; set
them free, and in a day they cease to be equal. Equal in
. .

ANTIQUITY QV CHESS IN EUROPE.—In his more pri-
vate hours of relaxation, the Norman knight amused him.
self with games of -skill or hazard. Among these, the
sztme of chess became -now very popular, and many of the
rudely-carved chessmen of the twelfth century have been
found in our island, chiefly in the north, where they ap-
pear to have been manufactured. They are usually made
of the tusk of the walrus, the native ivory of western
Europe, which was known popularly as whale's bone.
The whalebone of the middle Ages is always described as
white ; and it was a common .object of comparison among
the early English poets, who, when they would describe
the delicate complexion of a lady, usual, said that she
was " white as whale's bone." These, a; well as dice,
which were now in common use, were also made of horn
and bone, and the manufacture of such articles seems to
have been a very extensive one. Even in the lithe town
of Kirkudbright, on the Scottish border, thew was, in
the middle of the twelfth century, a maker of combs,
draughtsmen, chessmen, dice, spiggots, and other such
articles of bone and horn ; and stag's horn appears to ..hlive
been a favourite material.—Art Journal.

TRIAL OF THE MINIE RIFLE.—On Wednesday last, oti.*
townsman, Mr. Bentley, of Lime-street, accompanied by a party
of gentlemen, made a trial, at the Red Noses, in 'Wallasey, of
the new rifle musket, and a common rifle of the same bore,
the Minie ball being used for each. At 400 and 500 yards the
accuracy of the shooting was in favour of the common rifle;
but it is Mr. Bentley's opinion that from either one or the other
the minie bullet is driven with sufficient force to kill at 1,500
yards, it having been shivered to pieces against the rocks at
each discharge in the trial on Wednesday, We should mention
that the common rifle was 2 feet 6 inches ill the barrel; the
ripe PIPPW ie considerably longer.