The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1839-04-16 00:00:00

RURAL POLICE.

`The fret report of the commissioners appointed to inquire
4s to the best means of establishing an efficient constabulary
force in the counties of England and Wales, has just been laid
on the table of the House of Commons. It is very elaborate
and minute, inquiring apparently with great care into the
whole subject. We have not at present either time to exa-
mine the details, or space to insert anything more than the
chief recommendations of the commissioners. They are as
follows :

I.—That as a primary remedy for the evils set forth, a paid
constabulary force should be trained, appointed, and organized
on the principles and management recognised by the legis-
ture in the appointment of the new metropolitan police force.
2.--That for this purpose an application in writing, under
the hands and seals of the majority of the justices assembled
at any quarter sessions of the peace for the county, setting
forth the insecurity of person and property, and the want of
_paid constables, the commissioners of police shall, with the
;, approbation of the Secretary of State for the Home Depart-
meat, direct a sufficient number of constables, and such
:officers as may, upon such examination as the said commis-
sioners shall make or direct, be by them deemed adequate
,for the due protection of life or property within the county.
3.—The force shall be paid one-fourth from the consoli-
dated fund, and three-fourths from the county rates, as a
part of the general expenses of the whole county.
4.—That the constables so appointed shall report their
-.proceedings to the magistrates of the quarter and petty ses-
c'tions where they are stationed.
a.—That the superintendents shall be subject to dismissal
upon the representation of the justices of the peace in quarter
sessions, and that the sergeants and constables shall be sub-
ject to tlismissal upon the representation of the justices of the
peace petty sessions.
6.—That the magistrates shall frame rules and regulations
for the service of process, and attendance at petty or quarter
sessions of such force, which rules shall be submitted to the
Secretary of State, and if approved by him shall be binding.
7.—That the commissioners shall frame rules and regula-
tions for the general management of the police, which rules
shall, on the approbation of the Secretary of State, be binding.

;:f THE CROPS.—The wheats on the hills do not make much
progress ; yet, on the whole, they look healthy, though back-
ward. In the weald, on the wet soil, they looked chilled ;
bob not so much so that a few days of warm weather would
not restore them. The oat sowing is nearly finished, and
barley sowing is commenced with every prospect of a good
Ef4lion,.. excepting the cold.—Sussex Express.

" Could a
_foreign enemy have dismantled your arsenals,
destroyed your fleets, deprived you of your ordnance, your
ammunition, and your stores ? Could a foreign enemy have
reduced your marine artillery, disbanded your yeomanry,
and done away with your militia ? Could the Bourbons and
Napoleon, conjointly with the United States, have realised
by war the position you have made for your kinsmen and
your troops in Canada? Could foreign enemies have con-
verted into foes those who twice defended your possessions
against three armies of America, supported by France, bound
to them by the ties of kindred, of language, and of faith ?
Could foreign hostility have made your rulers withhold from
your representatives the official data* on which alone an im-
partial judgment could be formed of your North American
affairs, committing the tribunal of nationar justice itself to
mistake the accused for the witnesses, the innocent for the
guilty, to assume the responsibility of the blood of popula-
tions which they had allowed to be governed ' on antagonist
principles,' and to be incited to their mutual destruction by
the plunderers of both ?
" Could a foreign enemy have turned British arms against
the Basque provinces, the ancient barrier of Spain and Eng-
land against France ?—have compelled you to brand, as
' underhand political intriguers' British merchants trading
with Circassia under the protection of the passport of your
own ambassador? Could a foreign enemy have arrayed
British arms against the Mussulman race, your ancient and
most valuable ally against Russia and France ?—made you
attack Persia and Affghanistan, the barrier of India against
the Muscovite ? Could a foreign enemy have made you vio-
late, in self-sacrifice, every treaty whereby the commercial
rights of England were guaranteed ? Could an enemy in
war have torn a foreigner from the deck of the Queen of
England, to fight against his country, compelled you to
acknowledge the insult, and to ratify your dishonour by as-
cribing it to a mistake ?
" And can you wonder at not having been attacked, when
a countryman of your own has realised in every quarter of
the globe the most sanguine aspirations of your foes I—when
every hour that elapses enables them to support him in ruin-
ing your finances, degrading your name, falsifying truth,
alienating your colonies, and compelling your expatriated
sons to seek from other governments those advantages and
rights denied them by their own ?
" Such having been the advantages derived by foreign
powers from strengthening the hands of your dexterous
foreign minister, with his confiding and deluded colleagues
in the management of purely British affairs, examine a few
of the advantages they have in return derived from the sup-
port of England granted for their own affairs.
" Could the state of Maine have dared to invade your
North American possessions without the support of the vio-
lator of the convention of 1827—viz. your foreign minister ?
Could Russia have dared to extinguish the nationality of Po-
land—destroy the republic of Cracow—invade Circassia—
appropriate and fortify the mouths of the Danube—insult
your admiralty flag at Odessa—prohibit your commerce with
an independent country—incite Persia, Caubul, Burmah,
Nepaul, against you—domineer in the Baltic—the Caspian,
and the Euxine—but for the support of England herself,
obtained through her foreign minister ?
" Could France have ventured to violate every principle of
justice, to outrage the feelings and interrupt the commerce of
all nations by her bucaneering expeditions and paper block-
ades in Algeria, Senegal, and North and South America, but
for the support of a nation whose alliance disarms resistance,
enables her to substitute anti-national governments and parti-
sans of her own, in the room of the friends of England and
of peace, to secure her fortified positions in every clime, to
protect the partisans whom your national support has enabled
her to create and arm against you ?
" But, independently of the gigantic power lent by Eng-
land to each of her rivals for the accomplishment of their se-
parate designs, there remains another cogent reason why
England has hitherto escaped attack. There has been deeply
rooted and widely spread, not only through Europe, but
throughout the world, a strong love of peace. There has
been implanted among the liberal spirits of the great powers
(Russia excepted) a warm attachment to the principles, and
a great respect for the character of this country, and at the
same time a dread of that enormous power, of which they
had marked the efforts, and mourned or gloried in the effects."
In another section of his work, the author of this
treatise furnishes a most complete (would we could add
satisfactory) reply to the statements of Sir John Bar-
row in reference to the relative strength of the English
navy, and of the navies of foreign powers. We select
that portion of the exposition which refers to the state
of the Russian navy as compared with our own :

" Both secretaries of the admiralty admit that, within a
short interval, England can muster 49 sail of the line and five
steamers of war, for the defence of the island, leaving the
whole of our colonial possessions at the mercy of our foes,
and admitting the hypothesis of the safe return of twelve sail
of the line scattered over the ocean.

" Grant that we have a respite even of a week for prepara-
tion. Within that period the return of your Mediterranean
and distant ships being impossible, you can in reality muster
only 37 sail of the line, with new and untried crews, many of
them neither soldiers nor sailors, but men, torn in peace from
their homes, unaccustomed to the sea and to war, and exe-
crating the improvidence of the country they are called upon
to defend.

" The ' emergency' is of course an attack from a foreign ene-
my, having the advantage of a week's priority of preparation.
Suppose it be from Russia. Within a fortnight from the
order being given at St. Petersburgh and Sevastopol, the
Russian armada of the north, of 30 sail of the line, 17 heavy
frigates, 8 steamers, and 30,000 men, with 10,000 of the
guards, commanded by the Emperor in person, with or with-
out an ambassador of England on board, would have appear-
ed off Stockholm, added 10 sail of the line, 7 frigates, and 2
steamers of war, with all the disposal troops and artillery of
Sweden, to its own strength, sailed onwards to Copenhagen
with double the force with which Nelson attacked it in 1801,
when Denmark had 23 sail of the line, and the Swedes 18.
Hailed by the Danes as the avenger of their former defeats,
the Emperor mans and adds five sail of the line and the artil-
lery and troops of Denmark to his ranks. The gates of the
Baltic are closed, and the whole of the mercantile marine
within its circuit is at the Emperor's disposal for the pur-
pose of transport ; and on the 14th day 45 sail of the line, 13
steamers of war, 24 frigates, and 70,000 disciplined troopst
appear along our unfortified coast protected by our 37 sail.
Do you count on Holland as an ally ? Is not the house
of Orange trebly connected by marriage with the Emperor ?
Have you been the friend of Holland ? Has not your foreign
minister blockaded her shores, united with the French to
bombard her fortresses, to dismember her provinces ? Will
not her five line-of-battle ships, eight frigates, and three
steamers of war, her artillery, and her arms, be placed at the
disposal of the Emperor against you, making his force 51
sail of the line, and 30 frigates ?
" Meantime you have ordered your Mediterranean fleet to
return. Has the Emperor given no orders to his own Medi-
terranean squadron ? Have you not submitted to, and ac-
knowledged, the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, whereby Turkey
is the offensive and defensive ally of Russia, and whereby,
in case of need,' to be judged of by the Russian government,
tne Russian fleet appears off Constantinople, adds the Turk-
ish fleet to its own, mans it from its own crews, and your
Mediterranean squadron is passed or followed by a Russian
squadron of 24 sail of the line, which intercepts or engages it
on its way to join the Emperor's forces on your coast.
" Your admiralty boasts of 49 sail of the line, being mus-
tered on an emergency.' That ' emergency' created by your
antagonist, or, to speak diplomatically, by your ally, cuts off
12 sail of the line and surrounds your shores with 75 sail of
the line, 45 of which have been exercised for the last five
years, and lands in England, or in Scotland, or in Ireland, an
army thrice the amount of yours, without the slightest diminu-
tion of your antagonist's power, without the necessity of any
declaration, or any expense •, his present position having
been entirely provided for with the support of your foreign
ministers.

" Your 37 sail of the line have to be got ready in two parts
—at Sheerness, Portsmouth, and Plymouth, within a week.
Would your three squadrons be permitted to unite ? Would
they not be called upon separately to surrender ? Would not
the loss of one of them be fatal ? Would your enemy hesi-
tate to expend 10,C00 men in the storming of any one of your
dock-yards ? And, in the meantime, what becomes of the
central point of your directing power, the metropolis? Do
you imagine that the delay of an hour would intervene be-
tween the appearance of a hostile fleet and an attack with its
whole force on a single point? The first lord of your admi-
ralty says that in a week your squadron may be got ready.
And you believe him. Does he mean under the enemy's
fire ?"

The dangers which beset us on the side of France,
and of the United States are scarcely, however, less
imminent than those which are involved in the over-
whelming naval power of Russia. The situation of
England at this moment, in point of fact, is beyond com-
parison more critical, than during the continental as-
cendancy of Bonaparte. Then, mighty as was the
force opposed to England, the productive energies of
England were in a far more healthy condition than they
are at present; whilst the rulers of England had not
yet acquired Lord Palmerston's habit of regulating all
their official movements, so as best to suit the purposes
of England's deadliest enemeis.

*The evidence before a select committee on the affairs of
Lower Canada, in 1834, was withheld from Parliament till
after the passing of the resolutions of March, 1836. The
depositions before the magistrates of Montreal, on which the
writs were issued against the nineteen, have never been pro-
duced. Where is the official report of the first affray at Lon-
gueull ?
frhe " France" announced a month ago their preparation
to embark.

LORD GLENELG.—" Our readers will, in the course of
these remarks," says the Quarterly Review, in an article on
the Canada question, " often have asked themselves how it
can have happened that Lord Glenelg, a man educated in a
school of high toryism, of good moral and strict religious
principles, of gentle manners, of a lettered mind, and so
essentially aristocratic in his personal feelings as to have—
undistinguished by any one of the circumstances which usu-
ally lead to such an honour—slipped by some silent process
into the House of Lords, and assumed a feudal title to which
he had, we believe, the slenderest claims ; how such a man
in England should be the favourer of democracy in Canada ?
The answer is, that his lordship was no intentional favourer
of democracy; but that the love of quiet, and the love of
peace, operating on no very masculine understanding, made
him what is vulgarly but expressively called the cat's paw of
some stronger, or at least shrewder, intellect, which directed
to its own aims his lordship's frequently unconscious move-
ments."

AUSTRALIA..—Persons acquainted with the colony of New
South Wales twelve or fourteen years ago could not but re-
mark, at the present time, a great change in its aspect. This
was, in a great measure, attributable to the number of re-
spectable persons who had arrived on its shores, bringing
with them the moral restrictions and principles of their na-
tive land, thus infusing life through the body of the popula-
tion. The number of ministers who had come had also
tended, in a remarkable degree, to a change which was con-
verting the land to a land of the living. Another cause was
the establishment of schools for youth. The great propor-
tion of the inhabitants who, until within a few years, were
given up to matters connected with their physical existence,
now seemed more devoted to the cultivation of their moral
faculties, to which good effect the press had, no doubt, by its
influence, in some degree contributed.—Sydney Gazette,
Oct. 6, 1838.
RUSSIAN SPlES.—There are Russian ambassadors at some
' courts who employ spies in the house of the English minister,
who can neither receive a friend nor give a dinner without
the certainty that some of the servants will report every word
that has passed on the occasion. Nor is it always to needy
lackeys that these gentlemen trust for information. Persons
who, from their profession and standing in society, ought to
he above such treachery, are often dragged into this base
traffic. No Englishman would stoop so low ; but there are
foreigners, in English pay, who carry tales from the table
they dine at. In addition to such auxiliaries, the Emperor
has his regular hands as well as salaried scouts, men and
women, Russian and native, in every capital of Europe,
whose duty it is to ascertain the sentiments of the leading
men towards Russia, and to keep the ambassador on the spot,
or the political police at St. Petersburgh, acquainted with all
that may concern the views or wishes of the Emperor.—
Brenzner's Russia.
ITALI AN BEA UTI E A.—l have nowhere beheld more beauti-
ful women than in three or four carriages at the evening
drive on the Chiaja. I was peculiarly struck by the dazzling
brilliancy of their complexions, a beauty which, I fancied,
was denied to the inhabitants of this sunny clinic ; but the
fairness of the ladies I have noticed could not be surpassed
in London. The Duchess di Forli, one of the reigning belles
of Naples, is a lovely woman, with hair dark as the raven's
wing, and lustrous eye of nearly as deep a hue ; her com-
plexion is of a transparent fairness, and her lips are as crim-
son as the flower of the pomegranate. The Princess Tre-
cazi is another specimen of Neapolitan loveliness ; and the
Princess Centplla might furnish a faultlecs model for r. Hebe,
she is so fair, so youthful, and so exquisitely beautiful. The
expressive countenance of Italian ladies strike those accus-
tomed only to the less demonstrative ones of English women
with surprise. There is nothing of boldness in their physi-
ognomies. It is their mutable character, changing with every
emotion, and the changes conveying to the beholder the ex-
pression of the feeling of which they are the visible sign, that
strike one.—Lady Blessington's Idler in Italy.
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE CUTCHEES.—They are
simple in their habits of life ; their common food is rice,
parched grain, or a few vegetables, cooked with a little ghee,
and eaten with cakes of coarse flour ; the better sort of peo-
ple sometimes indulge in curry and sweetmeats. They pro-
fess themselves water-drinkers, but are really addicted to the
use of intoxicating liquors, which they distil in all the v lieges
from various vegetable productions. They drink also freely
of toddy, which is procured in large quantities from the date
and the cocoa-nut palm. Opium is prepared by them, and
used, both as kusumba and in its simple state, in large quan-
tities. It seems less injurious, however, than the Turkish
drug, and its effects are less perceptible. The men carry the
opium in little boxes about their persons, and take it at all
times. With this means of refreshment, they are capable of
great fatigue, and can journey long and rapidly without food,
smoking as they go, and stopping only for a draught of water
from the numerous wells. The Cutchees appear to feel re-
spect for the European character, and are obliging in their
intercourse with us. Amongst other notions of our supe-
riority, they believe us all to be astrologers and doctors. In
both astrology and medicine, however, they have their adepts;
and great men never hazard a journey without choosing a fa-
vourable conjunction of the planets for their departure. There
are no fewer than 35 hakeems or medicos in the city of Bhooj ;
but, unluckily for their fever patients, not one Sangrado
amongst them all. In this strait the sufferers apply to a car-
penter, who has somewhere learned the art of phlebotomy,
and operates on them with a phlegm. They are equally at a
loss for dentists ; and the absence of a polished key is
remedied by the use of a bent and rusty nail, urged against
the offending tooth, by an unskilled practitioner. Not one
of the sciences, either curious or useful, is known, even in its
simplest elements, to these poor people ; yet they show a de-
sire for information, when one wiser than themselves excites
their curiosity, which might, ably directed, prove a channel
for their general improvement. As it is, they evince that
simple result of ignorance so common in uncivilized minds,
the confounding of great and small things with reference to
the superior dignity of the former. The remains of many
specimens of great beauty prove the Cutchees to have early
possessed considerable proficiency in some of the arts, espe-
cially those of carving, sculpture, and design. I have already
remarked on the delicate skill f the goldsmiths, armorers,
and embroiderers ; and it is calculated to excite surprise, that.
uninformed as the Cutchees are, and unacquainted, by reason
of their local position, as they must be, which the arts prac-
tised in other more civilised provinces, they should yet prove
such excellent workmen. A view, however, of the general
policy of Indian rulers, which has its influence in Cutch as
elsewhere, explains this apparent difficulty. It was orginally
decreed, that only particular castes of men should practise
particular arts, and that the exercise of these vocations should
descend from generation to generation. In obedience to this
law, the members of each family are trained to one art, in
which they gain unusual expertness, and are enabled to pro-
duce articles of unequalled beauty.—Mrs. Postans's Sketches,
USE OF GEOLOGY TO FARMERS.—One of the most ob-
vious sources of advantage to the farmer from an acquaintance
with the distribution of mineral masses, is the facility with
which in many instances the injurious effects of small springs
coming to the surface may be obviated. The theory of the
earth's internal drainage is so simple that every man of com-
mon sense would be able to drain his lands upon sure princi-
ples, or else to know precisely why it cannot be drained, if
he were to become so much of a geologist as to learn what
rocks existed under his land, at what depth, and in what
position. Springs never issue from stratified masses, except
from reservoirs somehow produced in jointed rocks, and at
the level of the overflow of these subterranean cavities.
Faults in the strata very frequently limit these reservoirs, and
determine the points of efflux of the water. Let those faults
be ascertained, or the edge of the pointed rock be found, and
the cure of the evil is almost immediate. But some geological
information is needed there ; and landed proprietors, who
think it less troublesome to employ an agent than direct such
a simple operation, may at least profit by this hint, and choose
an agent who knows something of the rock he has to drain.
Another thing, probably of importance to agriculturists, is
the discovery of substances at small depths, which, if brought
to the surface, would enrich, by a suitable mixture, the soil
of their fields. This is very strongly insisted on by Sir H.
Davy in his essays ; and considering how easy a thing it is
for a landowner to ascertain positively the series of strata in
his estate, it is somewhat marvellous that so few cases can
be quoted, except that of Sir John Johnson, Bart., of Hack-
ness, near Scarborough, in which this easy work has been
performed. Finally, in experiments for the introduction of
new systems and modes of management, with repect to cattle
and crops, it will be of great consequence to take notice of
the qualities of the soil substrata and water, for these un-
doubtedly exercise a real and perhaps decisive influence over
the result.—Lardner's Cyclopcedia.
A RUSSIAN MASQUERADE.—About Christmas, masquer-
ades are much in vogue in Russia ; and even when an ordinary
ball is given at this season, it is not unusual to place candles
in the windows of the house as a signal that masks are admit-
ted without invitation. At the period to which this story
refers, namely, the Christmas of 1834, a ball was given at a
house at Petersburgh, which was mentioned, but I have for-
gotten the name of the owner ; and the ordinary signal was
displayed for the admission of masks, several ofwhom arrived
in the course of the evening, stayed a short time as usual, and
departed. At length a party entered, dressed as Chinese, and
bearing on a palanquin a person whom they called their chief,
saying that it was his fete-day. They set him down very
respectfully in the middle of the room, and commenced danc-
ing what they said was their national dance around him.
When this was concluded, they separated, and mingled with
the general company, speaking French very well, and making
themselves extremely agreeable. After a while they began to
gradually disappear unnoticed, slipping out of the room one
or two at a time, till at last they were all gone, leaving their
chief still sitting motionless in dignified silence in his palan-
quin in the middle of the room. The ball began to thin, and
the attention of those who remained was wholly drawn to the
grave figure of the Chinese mask. The master of the house
at length went up to him, and told him that his companions
were all gone ; politely begging him to take off his mask, that
he and his guests might know to whom they were indebted
for all the pleasure which the exhibition had afforded them.
The Chinese, however, gave no reply by word or sign, and a
feeling of uneasy curiosity gradually drew around him the
guests who retnained in the ball-room. The silent figure still
took no notice of all that was passing around him ; and the
master of the house at length with his own hand took off the
mask, and discovered to the horrified bystanders, the face of
a corpse. The police were immediately sent for ; and on a
surgical examination of the body, it appeared to be that of a
man who had been strangled a few hours before. Nothing,
however, could be discovered, either at the time or afterwards,
which could lead to the identity of the murdered man, or the
discovery of the actors in this extraordinary scence. It was
found on inquiry that they arrived at the house where they
deposited the dead body in a handsome equipage, with masked
servants.—Venables' Domestic Scenes in Russia.

WAKES.—Some deduce the wakes from the love feasts of
the ancient Christians, or from the anniversary feast of dedi-
cation of the Jews ; others from earlier rites of Paganism. It
seems, however, to have been ever customary in this island
to keep a feast yearly on a certain day, in remembrance of the
building of the parish church (the previous night being spent
in watching and praying in the church—thence the name,
wake) This custom, perhaps, originated in those temples
of Pagan institution which were converted and consecrated
to the use of the Christian church. Pope Gregory the Great
ordained that the solemn anniversary of the dedication of such
churches should be celebrated with religious feasts, kept in
sheds or arbories, made up with branches and boughs of trees,
round the said church. The assemblage of so many people
could hardly take place without the store of refreshment gra-
dually increasing somewhat beyond what was absolutely ne-
cessary. The traffic increased and varied : pedlars, with
their wares ; charlatans, with their powders, and charms of
all sorts, and even plays, "acted by companies of strollers,
composed of minstrels, mimics, dancers, jugglers, wrestlers,
and tumblers," profaned the precincts of the holy edifice.
But the disorders occasioned by all these entertainments very
properly caused their removal from the church and church-
yard to the public and private houses around ; the church,
however, being first repaired to for devotion, prayers, and
offerings. The custom of wakes prevailed for many ages, till
the Puritans exclaimed against it as the remnant of popery ;
consequently orders were issued for their suppression, which
caused Bishop Laud's interference on their behalf, and the
certificates of near a hundred of the clergy in their favour,
coupled with a petition on behalf of the people and them-
selves, that wakes might be continued ; therefore the king
ordered that these feasts should be continued and observed.
The modern wakes, as now held in the northern counties,
arc merely a series of rustic merriment. The most attractive
accompaniment of the modern wake is the rush cart ; an
enormous house (so to speak) is formed entirely of rushes on
the foundation of a farmer's cart ; it is of great height and
bulk, finished off in form like the roof of a house, the rushes
outside being woven in a variety of ingenious patterns, and
ornamented and garlanded with flowers. The front is pro-
fusely ornamented with silver spoons, cups, tankards, &c.
which arc freely lent and carefully returned. Triumphant on
the top ride those leaders of the revel who are capable of sus-
taining such a dizzy elevation. Four or six majestic horses,
in all the pomp of flowery decoration, draw the cart with be-
fitting dignity ; while its inseparable attendants, a band of
morris-dancers, in grotesque livery, exhibit the last fading
remnant of the remarkable dance, derived perhaps from the
morisco of Spain, which was formerly so important a passage
in the May festivities. The rush-cart, in its progress through
the village, stops before the houses of the gentry ; the family
appear to welcome it, the children to receive it with joyful
shouts, and all is pleasure and hilarity. Even so late as the
the time of Henry VIII. the aristocracy reposed on rushes,
and the floors of the churches were strewed with them ; and
on the day of the anniversary of the dedication, it was usual
to bear a fresh supply for that purpose, whence the festival
obtained the name of rush-bearing (a practice continued till
within these very few years at the chapel of Unsworth, in
Lancashire.) This use of the rushes is now superseded by
carpets and soft cushions, and the ingenuity of succeeding
times has converted them into the not inelegant pageant of
the rush-cart.

CONNECTION BETWEEN THE WORKS OF CREATION.—
The investigations of modern philosophy have shown us the
connection of the different sciences; bringing to light the
links of the golden chain that runs through the universe,
hinging element to element, and system to system. That
which, in the infancy of knowledge, was presumed to be
detached is found to be closely associated ; and that which
was supposed to act independently, add within a contracted
sphere, has been discovered to be in union or affinity with
other and unsuspected regions of nature,—operating on other
and sometimes far distant elements, by secret impulses or
silent combinations, that present themselves in new forms
and modifications. It is probable, reasoning from analogy,
that these remote associations lie much deeper, and extend
much wider into nature than we have even yet been taught to
imagine. It is certain, that the further we go, the simpler
become the elements of science, and the more curious and
more obvious their combinations. Many complexities have
already, in the progress of knowledge, been reduced to sim-
plicity ; and many distant departments, as they were once
deemed, of general science have been shown in connection ;
so that, in the case of language, the investigations of etymology
exhibit a few words, or it may be only one, as the radix of uni-
versal speech, the inquiries of philosophy tend more and more
to point to a few, and very few, simple principles, as the source
of all science—the root of the tree of universal knowledge.
We may, therefore, approximate this general truth, which
partakes at once of a moral and philosophical discovery, that
there is in the works of Deity at once infinite diversity and
magnificence in their unfolding, and infinite simplicity in
their element and origin.—Eclectic Review for April.

THE SKY LARK.—Notwithstanding the general attention
which this voice of the spring, both of the year and the morn-
ing, has received, and notwithstanding all that has been writ-
ten concerning it, in prose or in verse, there is something so
exhilarating in the song of the lark, and it is so completely
identified with the important labours of the field, and the
happy homes of rustic life, that one never tires of hearing it.
The earliest note which charms the ear of the infant,
NI hen it is old enough to observe, and taken out to inhale
strength from the fresh air of the morning, is the song of the
lark ; and the worn-out rustic, who is unable to contend long-
er with the variable weather of the spring, takes his last fare-
well of nature in the song of this interesting bird. Its soaring
aloft till it seems but a little brown speck against the blue
dome of the sky, or its total disappearance in that magnificent
expanse, while the notes of its song of invitation continue to
thrill sweetly on the ear, impart a train of thought which it
is not easy to commit to writing. The slow and solemn
Sabbath morning walk, which a man of right mind often takes
in order to commune with his own heart, and prepare him for
drawing near to his God, in the place appointed for solemn
worship, is certainly improved by the song of this bird, which
though it differs not on one day in itself from what it is on
another, yet brings home to the mind the particular object on
which it is bent at the time. As a herald of the spring, there
is a certainty about the lark which can hardly be predicted of
any other songster of the early season : for, though there
may be an occasional song of this bird from a small height,
upon one of those fine days wherewith a lingering winter is
not unfrequently spotted, yet when the lark mounts to the
top of flight, and swells his song to the full power of his voice,
one may rest assured that the spring has indeed arrived; and
that any relapse into winter, which occurs after this, will not
be either severe or of long duration.—Mudie's British Birds.

FREEDOM OF NEAPOLITAN WOMEN FROM VANITY AND
SCANDAL.—I have nowhere witnessed such a perfect freedom
from vanity or coquetry as among the women here : scandal
and slander are vices unknown to them ; and they consider
an indnisonoc in thorn oo indieuti L.d heart, that they
carefully avoid those who give way to this baneful propensity.
I have frequently been asked, " Why do the English people
tell such ill-natured stories of each other ? If founded in
truth, they ought, from a patriotic feeling, to be concealed
from the inhabitants of other nations ; and, if untrue, how
dreadful to propagate them ! But the English seem to relate
such tales with a spiteful pleasure rather than with regret for
the crimes they disclose." Such was the observation of a
Neapolitan woman of high rank and cultivated mind, ad-
dressed to me a few days ago ; and sorry was I to lnd, that
this besetting sin of my compatriots, the love of scandal, was
so well known wherever they sojourn.—Lady Blessinyton's
Idler in Italy.

BRIDAL FEELINGS.—The entire change of character ef-
fected by the ceremony which had so recently been per-
formed, the entire alteration of the duties of life produced by
the sacred rite, the vast futurity opening to her view, so dif-
ferent in its nature from the days that were passed ; the en-
tire surrender of herself to an authority which the day before
she did not acknowledge, and the abandonment, to a certain
extent, of that exclusive obedience which a few hours previ-
ously she implicitly yielded to her father ; the whole combi-
nation of circumstances, the balance between perfect happi-
ness and something less than happiness, the apprehension,
the doubt, the dread, the joy, the sorrow—for they all mingle
in the heart of a bride at the moment when she hears the
carriage door close upon herself and her husband, and finds
herself, for the first time in her life, confided to the care, the
protection, and the love of an alien to her blood. Helen
deeply and intensely felt ; and the pang which rent her heart
as she received her fond father's partingkiss, the last of those
kisses of devoted affection which were hers while she alone
was all his care, and while she had none other to look to or to
love but him, was one of the bitterest she had ever endured.
It seemed like the tearing asunder of a thousand tender ties,
the abandonment of home, and all its associations.—Hook's
Births, Deaths, and Marriages.
IMPROVEMENT OF IRISH BACON.—The shoulders of Irish
bacon may often be bought very cheap, and, as it is not very
well cured, the following method will make it like ham :
wash it well in hot water ; when quite clean, let it lie in cold
water five or six days, then rub it well with this mixture, 1 lb.
of sugar, I lb. of salt, and 1 oz. of saltpetre, turning it and
washing it well with the liquor for three or more weeks.—
The backs of very fat sheep may be salted and smoked to
great advantage, and will keep a long time ; so may very fat
parts of beef, but not lean.—Labourer's Friend.
GEESE.—Geese can be kept to advantage only where there
are commons ; there they are very hardy, long-lived, and pro-
fitable to their owners. If well kept, a goose will lay one
hundred eggs in the year. Water to swim in is quite unne-
cessary. You may put four or five of the eggs under a hen,
or nine or ten under a hen turkey ; but if under the goose
herself, you must feed her well, and regularly, at or near the
nest. The young ones should be kept, the first four days in
a warm place, and fed on barley-meal, mixed, if possible,
with milk ; then they will begin to graze. When you fatten
them, give them some sort of corn, Swedish turnips, boiled
or raw, with corn, carrots, white cabbages, or lettuces.—
Labourer's Friend.

ELLISTON ACTING KING.—The nightly greetings which
the mimic monarch received, the burst of loyalty that hailed
the placing of his foil-stone crown upon his managerial head,
by the Right Rev. Mr. Gattie, who personated his Grace the
Metropolitan Archbishop, sunk deeply into the heart of the
romantic and susceptible Robert William : he could not re-
sist fancying himself the being he personated. This innocent
mono mania was soon talked of out of the theatre : one even-
ing some men I knew were determined to ascertain its extent.
They went into the pit : their cheers were long and loud when
the royal form first came in view, every graceful action was
rewarded with an approving shout. When he knelt at the
faldstool tbey imposed silence on the audience ; but, when he
crossed the pit, they clun,,, to the hem of his robe, and en-
thusiastically uttered, " Long live your Majesty !" Overcome
by such symptoms of devotion, King Robert, extending his
arms over their heads, articulated through tears, "Bless
you, my people !"—Benson Hill's Home Service.

A NEW KIND OF CANDLES.—There is a new method of
making candies, which perhaps few of our readers have heard
of. The object of the manufacturers is to make tallow can-
dles resemble wax candles, both in appearance and burning ;
and this they accomplish in a surprisingly successful manner.
The process employed co transform the tallow into a sub-
stance like white wax, is very ingenious. It consists of
various operations of boiling and purifying, which we do not
consider ourselves at liberty to describe ; and, at a certain
stage, the tallow is run into moulds, so as to form cakes of
about an inch in thickness, and a foot or two in length or
breadth. These cakes, when cool, are piled one above
another, but with a layer of coarse mats between, to keep
the cakes from sticking to each other. The pile cakes, thus
interspersed with mats, is next put into a press of enormous
power ; and pressure being applied, a dark yellow oil is
squeezed from the cakes. No screw-press can give force suf-
ficient for this operation ; a hydraulic press is used, wrought
by a steam engine, and the oil is seen pouring down the
sides of the pile, and running away in troughs at the bottom.
After the oil has been sufficiently expelled, the cakes are
taken out, and they seem as hard as a piece of board ; in
short, the tallow has been waxified, and has lost both the
smell and taste of grease. The cakes are now ready to be
melted and run into candle moulds in the usual manner ; but
something else is wanting to complete the process. The
wicks consist of three strands of cotton plaited together, and
upon these the candles are moulded. The plaiting of the
wicks is of much importance. In common tallow candles it
is observed, that the wick in burning stands up in the centre
of the flame, and, therefore, weakens the light. Snuffing
remedies this evil, though only for a minute or two, and
snuffing is a serious annoyance. When the wicks are plaited
they do not stand up in the flame. As the candle consumes,
the burnt wick curls aside out of the flame, and presents a
nose to the atmosphere by which the substance of the wick
is dispersed, without any snuffing, as in the case of wax can-
dles. So close indeed is the resemblance which these com-
pressed tallow candles have to those of wax, that no nerson,
without careful examination, could discover the difference,
while they :are only about one-half the price. It was a
Frenchman, we believe, who discovered the process of
making candles on this principle ; but it has been brought to
perfection only by English capital and perseverance. At the
large establishment of Messrs. Edward Price & Co., at Vaux-
hall, which we lately visited, candles are now made accord-
ing to this ingenious process of manufacture, to an incon-
ceivably large amount ; and, though far inferior in brilliancy
of light to our own beautiful gas, they are, unquestionably,
a great improvement on the old kind of tallow candles,
which, indeed, they must entirely supersede in warm climates.
—Chambers's Journal.