Star.
London, England, 1828-08-27 00:00:00

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. / ; [PRICE SEVENPANCE: •

iastittition, 'and his late Majesty *ould eitend to it his'
#Ounterince and protection, he met with a silent refusal.
It was therefore only by stealth, and by means not re-
. , ,
oy
cognizeathe law,'that the teacher was; enabled to
placate subject's. These means it is notorious from the
time of Dr. Hunter doVvn to the present :tinie, have been
principally. diiinterment ; though of late other illejal
modes and contrivances, such as stealing before burial,
personation 'of relativesior the purpose of -claiming
bildies. Sic. have occasionally been bad recourse to.
For some time after • the first estahliitiMent of dissect
ing schools, while the number of teachers and stu-
dents was small, and the demand for subjects vet),
limited, the means which were resorted to for obtaic,
hag a suprily, were adequate to the wants of the stu-
dents, and bodies were obtained in abundance and
theaply... The exhumators, at that time, were few,land
Clittsmspect iri their proceedings; detection Was rare,
the offence was little noticed by the public, and was'
y regarded ai'penal; so that (acccOrding to one
..- ...-selitietiself long affei the decision of thesJudgee,
: 88, that disinterment was a misdetheanour,•prose-
c ions for this offence Were not ceuschtm, and offenders
taken in the fact were usually -libeiated: .11 this state
Of things had continued, though the illegalityof the
pfictices' had recourse to must be cenieded, yet they
coild 'tamely be said to occasion eves of such magni-
tude as to' require a legislative remedy. But the num-
bar,of itadeatiama teachers having greatly increased,
and with theM;thademand.for subject; and the number
artzlitithitbrs; detectiolis becime frequent, tbe practice
of eitnisuatiou notorious, and Public odium' and aiyi-
'WOW:Fere directed' atioogly against the offenders. It
itf* be collected froth the debates in Parliament which
tai 'place sii.the. year . J1798,' daring the progress of a
Bill for isibjecting tdaissectiOn the bodies of feloni exe-
caterlfoilststOiry 'and-robbery, that even at that time,
the' public regardeedliitileratent • with*au ong feelings
of eidoity. s '... - '''" • '
.
''''. igsvOsikti is.44:•Pahlic became Sig• ilant, the laws
teawig to sepnlirare trete interpreted and executed with
iimeitsam. sigma ; end as the priceld subjects lose with
the lliflictilty ,Of obtaining theta, 0.1. e premium , for
bigakiai the laws. increased with the penalty. The
eahnerators increases( iinimber, and being now treated
. . . .
as eija.inalie. bicamii Of. a pore.
.. desperate and degraded
ciiiiisicter . .. ' . .
... . ..
„The parties of - daring me; who tiow, took to raising
*lies, did it happen (as was frequently the case), that,
adAile in pursuit of the same spoil, they. fell.. in one with
another, actuated by vindictivefeeling and reg;ird less of
the caution and secresy on which the b uccessf ul continu-
ante of:their hazardous occupation must depend, bad
contet..ts in. the places, of sepulture—left the graves open
to public gaze, or gave information' to Magistrates, or
the relatives of the disinterred, against their rivals. Fre.'
qgently, with a view to raise the pr ice of subjects. toe',
tort,mopey, or to destroy rivalry, they have proceedecito
aciadafoutrageous violenceoeoding to excite the pogu-
latea•agaimt the teachers of anatomy. These, and semi r
acasokviolestee:'on imprudence, have been constantly
bridging ezburaation_to light, and 144:exasperated dtt
pOblic against both the eshumator and the anatomise;
and this tu_such,a degree, that of late, in many cases
404v/ids:fills,. out of solicitude to guard the dead, have
taken upon themselves to dispense.with.the laws of their
coutury, artd have fired-upon• parties attempting disks.
terment..other circumstances, but 4 minor importance,
hoe been assigned by some cf:the witnesses as augment+
'fn&the difficulty of obtaining subjects in London, or ia-
'ereasing the,demand for them ; but as.regards them, the
Committenheg leave to refer to the evidence itself. The
-general renal; has-been, with some difference, according
'l4.4ifferences rf place and season (sometimes owing to
sthesOprice and mercenary motives of the agents em-
140foilt- at-other, times owing to the real. difficulty of
Obtaining -a supply), that, of late, subjects have been
toubcptocuredeither not at all,•or in very insufficient
scentityv, and at prices most oppressive to the teacher
cad student... . . ..

England, who, under.the law, if truly thus interpreted,
'is not indictablefor a misdemeanour.
According to the opinion of the last cited witness, to
he a party to the noninterment, as well as to the disin.
te:ment of a dead body, would render a person indict-
able. for a misdemeanour. Two cases are cited in
support of this opinion. In the one, Rex v. Young, a
non•reported case, but rote: red to by the Court in
case,of Rex v. Lynn, the master of a workhouse, a
surgeon, and another person, were indicted for, and
convicted of, a conspiracy to p-event tht burial of 4
person whodied in the workhouse. In the other, Rex
v. Cundick, which ocru'red at the Surrey Spring Asm
sizes, in the year 182 g, the defendant .was fund guilty
on an.inJictment for a misdemeanour, thrilling hint
with not having buried the body of an executest felon,
entrpsted.to hisn by the gaoler of the county .for that
purpose; but with hiving sold the body for lucre aisd,
gain; and for tha purpose• of being dissected ; and. on
this trial, it was slot considered necessary .to.prove that
the body bad been sdld for Incr.-, or for the purpose of
dissection. The witness infars,from the analogy of all
these cases, that to treat a dead body as liable to any
thing but funeral rites, is an offence conirahcnos mores;
and therefore misdemeanour. •

This state of the law is injurious tosidderiti, teachers,
and practitioners, in every department of Medical and:
surgical science, and appears to the Committee to be
highly prejudicial to the public interests elsO.„.
~ ~
It is the'disty of the student to obtain, before entering
a
• into practice, the most perfect knowledge he is, able of
!his profession. and for that put pose to study thoroughly
the structure and functions of the human body, in which
study he can only succeed by frequent and, repeated dia..
section. But his wants cannot adequately be supplied
in this country, except at an expense amounting. nearlyf
to a prohibition, which can be afforded only by the:
most wealthy, and precludes many students from ..dis4-
secting altogether. From the precariousness or j.nsuik;
ciency of the Supply, the dissections' and lectures ere.
often suspended for many weeks, duiingwhiehlhe pu!?.
Oils: are exposed to the,xlmiger of accitiring.habits.n&••
disiPation and indolence; and fscisp ttle,seMccan.l9.ol4 •
important part of surgical etin,catio4 iknautOlyoPirtii-
tedorshich consists in teaching ha* to petfot 9 on Osgi;lefsk-
bodY those operations which, the student may afteryf *._ .s•
Ise requited to.practise on the living,. lipt,not,n4_,
rot
the student find dissection expensive aixd..tlitOctilt..o i Ali,
tainmenr, but he canuot practiie it, withn* ut eit.her:cop.,
miffing an infringement,: of the law- himself., or,.itaking
advantage of cane committed by others. 14 the former,
case, he roust espose hintself t i inispinent hanfail., FA
in either he may incur severe penalpes, andrike.expOlfik•
td public obloquy. The jaw, thong's. khe.nise,iunis of,
the ,authorities, entrusted pith 40floriog 4iFbgmas,.sl4.
of the Board} deputesibt,thens :in eaansine,carkikdsicif
for .public service, requires .sitiara4tr...pi e of, cf., pse!!:
;ficienCy in anatomical science,. atiiitcmgh ther.q. ar.f PA
rneaninf acquiring that pioacieney.:Withoist.commiglilg.:
daily offences against the law. ‘ The .01,egAity surd,M
.difficulties attenling. t'ie acquiitioitstpt tliks.cienex."4i4t
pose the, examiners in spin* eases to tfiAz.olPBll4c,Plom
of theii examination, and induce ;Oen), in,the,4-‘44..
the A pother atias' C,OinDany,, to. ,dissen se. w irelk 4 hawing.,
altogether; the persons. to whom ceitificexteNere•grMe4
by the examiners of this comp.'s's'', Acing: tlif4e wlusa:
from their numberst. and extensive, practice,;. otig. he,
especially for the
,sdlety of the public,. to be well in...
strutted. The annual number. of certi4cains so,granteil.
exceeds 400.. . - 4... ‘'.1.4; .4

The teacher of anatomy, besides the'evils which befaW
him in common with the student; har-to t,ulFer: rtheris•
arising also out of the state 'of the laW, which Affect hhis
with peculiar hardship. The obstacles which impede tlre
study of anatutny in this country ate such, and.the
ties presented to thestudy its foreign'coUntries are Ripe*
'that those. English students who've deiirons of obtaiaing
a thorough knowledge of the sciencei deset tithe school%
at home, and repair to those abroad. Theit principal ma
sort is to Paris, where 200' English students Of anaviey -
are now pursuing their course of instruction. Dissectitisi
probably, under these circumstances, would scarcely-be
followed-at home, we, it:not for the regulations of the
College of Surgeons, which require the candidates.for
the chplonia of the College to have learned the practife
of surgery. in 'a •ieeognised • school within the United
Kingdom ; so that the Atudetir; during the period -its
quired for learairig this practice, in order that he may
the sooner become qualified for his profession, employs
a part of his tithe in *learisifig • abo to dissect. These
disadvantages, affecting' the teacher, ate such, thrtt•eta
cept in the most frequented schools, attached th the
greater hospitals; few have been able to continue teaching
withprofitAnd some private teachers bate beerftorit paled
to give up their schools. To thetvils enutterathdit sktiy
be added, bat it is disttessing to men of gord•e4ticaa
lion and characterto'be compelled to, resort, for their
means- of teaching, to h constant infraction of 'the:Uwe •
of- their-country,' and to' be Ina de-ilependint; for their •
professional existecce, on the mercenary tapsicesZf the*
most abandoned distils-seise commbnity. • •••
But it is not only student, white liirtinf
rudiments Of .tleicictseisindlo theleacher, ?rhi e•ett;
clea4niing it, that dissection uereslaryi.,. •
anclYhe'dperation t4e la*injurious: It i,i essential.ht.w
to the frectitiOner, that dining cflewhole Cookie iTtif.,
prisfelsioriat cheer hil.slweld dissect, in order to keep up.,
his stock ofkaOtiledge, angtoitactise frecjirtnily on tn.:.
dead Subject, lest; by• venturing to do 'so nnsfilrON
" on the living, he expose his patie.ots to irmainent
He is. tequirecr alsovin many irriportatit cases, civil pod
criminal, 'to guide 'the • judgment of .Judges and',9l-
Jurors, and would fie rebuked- were:heto Ugo 4
any such occitioi, that, from 'hiving neglected the
prictice of dissection; hiwas enable int** light apri
a point at issue in that science which be prntessed: Ile
is liable, in it Ciiiffiction, to damages for erfors:in prat:
tiCe,"dde,• 14 prigessibnil ignolunte, though • ac the
sitrietWerhipAy be' visited- With penalties' as a eri:
mina?,' for. indeatoorkpg to fake the only means of ob;.-
-. •
mining professional knotaledge.
Under these circumstances, affecting equallt7the
dent, teacher, and .practitioner, the Committee were
not surprised to find that this inquiry excited con..idera
able interest in all parts ai the country, and that nu;
rnerous petitions from all classes rf the profession, con-
nected with the science of anatomy, were laid upon the..
table of ..the :House,-uniformly praying for an amend.
meat-of the existinrlaw pn.the-subject.

JEht price of a subjeet.abont 30 years ago was froil
otte.tvitvrogoineast;•the teacher now pa ys trom eight to
tett guintis; and the price has risen even to 16 guineas.
Thviereiters deliver subjects t•> their dissetting pupil%
st alciwer price than that at which they purchase them;
having keen compelled to resort. to this expedient lest
dissection in London should be abandoned altogether.
The4loss'whicic they thus sustain is made good out el
the -freer which they receive for attendance an their
lectures in the Anatomical Theatre. The cost of pro.
vidiog.subjects is also entianeed t 1 the teacher, by his
being-required occasionally to defend the exhumator
against legal provecutionoind to' maintain him against
,warit!.if sentenced to imprisonment, arid his family, in'
case 'be has one; until the period' of his punishment
•

.-..t4oris it only of a)ireearronsi iaafcienti and even-
if* spode of Ohtaining sibjecrs;that the cultivators r 1
finettraryconsplaiti-it is by the law 'at as regards the
ealti,lbelOrs, brit as it affects thentselies, that they ate
abtieved. • . .
6ftellist reported ease" of trial for disinterment; is
Idunp in the year 1788; when the Court
of liCing'sllench, naulnotion for an arrest of judgment,
deadest it %o be a triiiderneanOur to carry away **dead
bOdy from it charchiard, although' for the purpose of
ditsettiiiii, as being an offence coning bonos mores and
common deteucy. In this state, the law on the subject
of disinterment, as interpreted by the Court of King's
Bench, appears to have remained, until the present year ;
when Davies and another were tried and convicted at'
the assizes at Lancaster, and subsequently received the
sentence of the Court, sitting •at Westminster, IT'
having taken into their possession, with intent to disH
sect, a dead body, at the time knowing the same to have:
been unlawfully disinterred: A respectable teacher,
of Anitirtey, residing at Liverpool, had been tried slind
fotind 014 ou a moiler indictment at the Quarter
Sessions at Kirkdale, in the niciniti of February in the
same'year. With these exceptions. Magistrates appear
hitherto to have taken no cognizance of receiving into
possession a acid body, unit* there were strict evidence
that ths-receiniei Via* a F 14.4 to the disinterment; and
On ihii practical view of de state of the law, profes-
sional Men also appear hitherto to have acted. At pre-
,seet; holivever, i tzicst intelligent Magistrate, one of the
:considers thrii very slight evidence would
Ontrirct the receiver' with the disinterment; and that
thertichas;se from the exhumator would suffice to send
thesate to a Jiity, the knowledge of thelact of disinter:
taieik biing to' be collected from the circumstances' if
atrbejs enough itijustify the inference. Ins stated, that
-mg!) it Scarcely a 'Student Or' teacher of 'Anaroiny in'

~:..

t • ‘i • • (Te•br contialed).
taitliiusuid England . . • • •

'4...

11P-- _
FRENCit PAPEAS. -
FROM ins GAUTTE DE eltA.ce, AUG. ifss,
PARIS, Avo. au .
-The. Islands of SAptenna. near Modon. ate designated
as the place of rendezvous for the veslels b:longing
the expedition to the Morea, in ease they should be dis-
persed by any accident.
It is calculated that, with a favourable wind, the es •
pedition tbay teach the Mose& by the end of this month ;
we.cannot, theielore, hope to teceive the news of its ar-
rival earlier than between the 10th and 15th Septem.
bee, assuming all the chances to be in its favour.
. PROM ilia MRS./4CM' DES CAMSREst AUGUST 2-1.
PARIS, Avow 43.
We are able to affirm that at the moment of out go-
ing to press no information has arrived directly at Paris,
which can give us rea-on to believe the news that has
been circulated this morning. of a defeat of the Russian
army before Schumla.
We repeat it, every measure has been taken that such
bulletins as are of paramount importance shall come
direct to Patii, and the public maybe assured that they
shall be immediately published, whatever may be their
contents.
We have no need again to warn our readers against
she news or the Bulletins which the German :Journals
published upon the present war, even thOtigh they
abould beaethe title of official. We have not yet ke-
ener' the famous Bulletin reported to have been ex-
tractrd from a German Journal. in which it never ap-
peared.
A inUrnsl expresses surprise that the Russian army
has nut attaiked Schumla, from which it infers that it
mast have suffeied great losse.-. It seems to us that
the attack ur so formidable a position must have re-
Tilted a considerable development of force, and con-
sequently the concentration f the several corps s f the
Russian army on one point, which cannot be effect:a
in a few cliff.
The Aloniteur contains a Royal Ordinance relative
to the proceedings-in criminal causesin French Guiana.
FROM THE COURIER FRANCAIS.
PARIS, Aug. 24.
The German Journals which arrived yesterday
brought no news et importance from the theatre of war
The last bulletins announce that the Russian army was
concentrating itself before Schumla, and that this im-
portant post would be speedily attacked. These bulle-
.tini are dated Jody 16, and we might now have new;
tirt;m Abele of Augu.t 1. That none has an ived
surprise, and bas occasioned rumours that the Rus-
sians bad sustained a defeat on attacking Schumla
These rumours rest at present on no authority what.
ever; they are plainly an induction from the probability
of d battle, and from the fact that the Russians would
have hastened to make known [heir success had they
betiS succei.ful. Without admitting the correctness of
this condition, we must say that hitherto their opera-
tions have not beeri`ao decisive and rapid as might have
Is, en expected from the, ntlitiber of their tro..ps and
their immense preparation.; Theis Generals appear not
to hive profited by the instructions of Napoleon. The
campaign began briskly, bat the resistance met with at
brailoa seems to have brought back theßussianGenerals
to the system of circumspection followed in the cam-
paigns of 'lBlO and 1811. At that time the system was
ezplaineal by the numerical weakness of the Russians,
and by the hesitation of the Generals. whom defeat
tipigltt tubjest to disgrace. Now the Itossiati as my is
islotissaabie from its minsbees, as hum its bravery,
diseiplirse, and skill. Tile Emperox is present, and the
Getters& catmint tear being mistepresented ai Court.
Wkat. slice; delays the Russians? Are the Tusks more
niitneions and resolute than wartexpected? The news
boa* the East bas represented their army as weak. and
the population of the countcy as indifferent to what was
king ae. Ate the diffituhies of the couhtry gtea ?
of resources; the heat of the climate, and the
ill hulas of the army; perhaps, render the upesations
Itiithestb the Res:ilia bulletins have told us chiefly

gi•advastages obtained, and tithe probabilities of WIC-
itst ; but it these probabilities are not realized, as an*
shim be told of the difficulties which could.not be (Weida
some. It is certain-that the sneer* el thy Romans b*
pat espealled the expectations of Etsinae: Their
.9,i:s-
ailed faces ase -.stopped by Varna and Schurola ; the
faewesses on the [Moshe resist, and the garrisons set
On the offensive against the troops besieging them. If,
tAsa causpaign continues to nroceed so slowly. and if the
Resnais bulletins are not strongly marked by eiaggera-
tbe army of, Asia will have accomplished its task
before that.commanded by the Emperor. . _ _

- - -
• .1-otters from Vienna, arrived today, say, so that the
itessiarr army has Oren up the idea of carrying
hebovida by assault. and is to blockade it. The block-
ade will be long. if we may judge from the obstinacy
with which the Turks defended it in 1811. The camp
which the V.zier bad so boldly formed on the left bank
of the Danube—the prey both of famine and disease,
they defended every inch of s situation that was acti...
map ploughed by the Russian hUllets. The blockade or
B:haral. may last till the rainy seaion. and then the
'campaign will be finished. The Turks will have time
too recruit their courage, and to arm .themse az.; and
Coastantinople, saved this year. stands a !etter chance
of being preserved the next. 'The adjournment also vf
the -Russian plans may have some influence on the
liessboa of the corps which we are senJing to the Mcs-
trim:The Sultaksecure of his c.pital fir borne month.,
ccity send tin• ps to Greene to dispu•e its possession wi h
Imo The Duke of Wellington's Alsnistty
will d€li-
ye ed of a great ionise of ueleasiness, and esierit mac
marvellously supply the want of ability, but.we a ..tot
authorised to rejoice. The Emperor f Kussia i.g:
that the eyes of. Europe are used on him—he kab.ws of
ilbsi importance it will be to his political re potation
and power, that an expedition begun with t•cs much pa-
rade, should not terminate is au obscure manner.. B •
fare he gives up such a proceeding, a great effort must
be made, and an effort made by such an army as his,
wilt overcome many obstacles. At the very time when
it is supposed the Russia) army is sopped at Schumla,
.tlt has perhaps capteind this bulwark of the Balkan.
• • This hews, like a clap of shundee, may destroy the last
Napes of the Turks, .04 of those who put by prayers
to. the peservation of their political existence."'
Thy Superior Council of War continues to occupy
itself pith the new organizalioncf the army. We are
to e. like the Prussians, and tither Power?, an active
army nd an al my of reserve; the duration of the service
in the active army to be limited to theee years. The dif•
feierent eb.ps of the army of reserve will be divided into
lberiuus territorial portions. and will be collected . once
...pear, during one nsontb. to be exercised. The active
will will .emain 200.000 men strong. not including
the gendarmerie and the veterans. These alterations,
'with tr- adding to the expense, will enable wpm employ
~??hers of the offices, who now offly eacenzbet our
iota'. They will give Fano:smote imposing who*
by efearing a national army of tbehest element., DIM. •
biaea rwirts, tbriNajonal Gu.rd, the troops will ,ire-'
best a Ihrto statriebent to guarantee the seen Itrof the
country fillmbilletempts made either at k )sae oy isbrotki
A !eget from T akin of Use 17th coottios Obit foi-

lows At tengeltillit tt mpest il-1M d, awl the et '
+edition s.iied this morning, at eight o'clock. The
.wind is light, but contrary, Sand the ships get slowly
out to sea. At this moment (noon) they are hardly OW
of the harbour, and no doubt will be seen till night. A 1
the people, in order to witness dm-magnificent spec•
taclr, posted. themselves on heights near the fort of
Lam• gue. Nothing can be mite majestic, mole im-
posing, than the sailing of ti:e•e sissy vessels,. among
which t -e tout frigates, and the Vale de Marseilles, of
the line, having on board t e Commander•its-Chief, ar,
visible. The fleet saluted with music, and was answered
by the acclamations of the people. Cheers resounded
both on board the ships and among the spectators: the
accents of enthusiasm were mixed with those of grief:
mothers, wives, brothers, friends, eagerly sought to
recognise the objects of their affections, and give them
a last adieu. 1 know not whether the scene was more
sublime or affecting. Add to it the sentiment of glory
belonging to the missio s on winch our soldiers are
going, and it seems that France is re-animated."

THE RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN.