Star.
London, England, 1821-06-23 00:00:00

GENUINE READING SAUCP.

None arc genuine bet Chase which have the corks sealed with
tie impression, " J. Cocks, licading;" and also the following
description of the Sauce, on an orange.coloured label, " Reading
Saue, for Fish, enriching Gravies, &c. Prepared and Sold,
Wholesale and Retail, by J. COCKS, Reading."
This Since is generally used at table with all sorts of Pish,
is preference to all other I ish Sauces, and is esteemed peculiarly
calicieus with Game, Wild Fowl, Hashes, Steaks, and Cold
Meat. Warranted to keep good seven years In any climate.
It is presumed that no Sauce ever met with such general appro-
bation and extensive sale. It is patronised and recommended
by most of the FIRST FAMILIES in the Kingdom, and is retailed
in London by 250 of the most respectable Oilmen and Fish
Sauce Venders; in Bath, by 30; Bristol, 20 ; Edinburgh. Glas-
low, Perth, and Aberdeen, 50; and by nearly all the principal
Fish Sauce Dealers in the United Kingdom, most of whom sell
Coats's Genuine and Superior Esselte': of Aiscuovies, made
with prime Gorgona Fish, tilt as possible.

BURGESS' ESSENCE OF ANCHOVIES.
Vuebeuse, 107, STRAND, corner of the SAVOY-STEPS,
LONDON.
JOIIN BURGESS and SON being apprized of
the numerous endeavours made by many Persons to impose
a spurious Article for their make, feel it incumbent upon them
to request the attention of the Public, In purchasing what they
c'aceive to he the Original, to observe the Name and the Ad-
Ores, corresponds with the above; the general appearance of
the spurious descriptions will deceive the unguarded, and for
their detection, J. Buttons arid SON submit the following Cau-
ttaes :---Some are in appearance at first sight " The Genuine,"
St without any Name or Address:—some " Braces'; Es-
t, cce of Anchovies:"—other, " Buzczes,"—and many more
t.ithout Address.
!OH\ BURGESS and SON having been many years
k-aoured with such distinguished approbation, feel every semi-
''rot of respect towards the Public, and earnestly solicit them
insirct the Labels previous to purchasing what they conceive
of their make, which they hope will prevent many disap-
i. titrth.ntS.
BURGESS' NEW SAUCE, for general purposes, harin;
pin such gnat satisfaction, continues to be prepared by them,
is recommended 43 a most useful and conveuirat Sauce—
': kerp geod iu all ei.inates.
liat4lstoc:-, to:, STItAND, corner of the Savoy-steps, Ltindon.
true ORIGINAL 11911-SACCR wA RRNOLSg).

The Report of the Select Committee of the House
of Commons upon the Petitions complaining of the
distressed state of the Agriculture of the United
Kingdom, has been printed ; it is of great length.—
The Committee say, " It is with deep regret that they
have to commence their Report by stating, that, in
their judgment, the complaints of the Petitioners are
founded in fact, in so far as they represent, that, at
the present price of Corn, the returns to the occupier
of an arable farm, after allowing for the interest of
his investment, are by no means adequate to the
charges and outgoings, of which a considerable pro-
portion can be paid only out of the capitals, and not
from the profits of the tenantry. This pressure upon
the farmer is stated by some of the witnesses to have
materially affected the retail business of shopkeepers
in country towns connected with the Agricultural
Districts. But, notwithstanding this diminution of
demand in particular parts of the country, it appears
by official Returns, that the total consumption of
the principal articles subject to duties of Excise and
Customs have increased in the last year, compared
with the average of the three preceding years; and
also that the quantity of cotton-wool used for home
consumption, and of cloth manufactured in Yorkshire,
was greater last year than in the-year preceding, al-
though the export of woollens in 1820 appears to
have diminished. Your Committee have not the
same authentic means of ascertaining the consump-
tion of iron ; but there appears every reason to believe
that it has also increased."
The Committee state that, " this revulsion is of the
same nature as many which have occurred in different
periods of our history, and the pressure has in many
instances led to a diminution of rents." The Com-
mittee then offer some observations on the effect of
the derangement of the currency, in deranging the
markets; and express an opinion, " that whatever
may he the ultimate operation of the restoration of
the currency upon the nominal rental of the king-
, dom, there is no reason to apprehend that the dimi-
nution can ultimately exceed that proportion of the
increase which, during the war, grew out of the de-
preciated value of the currency. •
The Committee aie also satisfied, by the result of
their inquiries, that " in the present year the price of
Corn has been further depressed, by the general
abundance and good quality of the last harvest in all
articles of grain and pulse; more particularly in Ire-
land, in which part of the United Kingdom the pre•
ceding harvest of 1819 was also uncommonly pro-
ductive. Several of the witnesses examined have
stated their belief that the prices of grain have further
been depressed, in the present year, by the very large
importations of foreign Corn which took place before
the ports were closed in the month of February,
1819 ; but looking to the very high prices, and to the
constant and brisk demand which prevailed in our
markets so long as the ports continued open in 1817
and 1818, it may be inferred, that the greatest part
of those importations was necessary, and was disposed
of during those years, to supply the daily wants of
our consumption; and that it is therefore only in a
remote degree that the present prices can be influ-
enced by the occurrences of that period."
" It can scarcely be necessary for the Committee
to remark, that the growth of wheat has been greatly
extended and improved, of late years, in all parts of
the United Kingdom, but principally in Ireland, since
the year 1807.

The Committee then proceed to state, that " in
the earlier and more remote stages of our agricul-
ture, similar alarms prevailed; but they were only
temporary, and the fears entertained were dissipated
by the natural course of seasons and events ; and it
°lien happens that those disorders are prolonged, if
not aggravated, by too much interference and regu-
lation. '—The staple commodities of other countries
have fallen in as great a proportion, if not greater,
than the fall in the price of grain in this country.—
That it is their opinion, " the annual produce of Corn
the growth of the United Kingdom is, upon an ave-
rage crop, about equal to our present annual con-
sumption; and that, with such an average crop, the
present import prices, below which foreign Corn is
by law altogether excluded, are fully sufficient, more
especially since the change in the value of our money,
to secure to the British grower the complete mono-
poly of the home market."

" Protection cannot be carried further than mono-
poly; and this the British grower has enjoyed for the
produce of the last two harvests."

They suggest to Parliament, as a matter highly
deserving their future consideration, whether a trade
in Corn, constantly open to all nations of the world,
and subject only to such a fixed duty as might com-
pensate to the grower the loss of that encouragement
which he received during the late war from the ob-
stacles thrown in the way of free importation, and 1,
thereby protect the capitals now vested in agricul-
ture from an unequal competition in the home mar-
ket—is not, as a permanent system, preferable to that
state of law by which the Corn Trade is now regu-
lated; but in .suggeAing this change of system for
further consideration, as a possible improvement of
the Corn L ices at some future time, the Committee
are fully aware of the unfitness of the present mo-
ment for attempting such a change, when a great
accumulation has taken place in the shipping poi Is
on the Continent, and in the warehouses of foreign
Corn in this cc:ill:II:.
But though Parliament would not now deem it
expedient to abandon- entirely the principle of the
existing law, the Committee roisceive that they might
modify its operation, by imposing a fixed duty upon
Corn, whenever upon the opening of the ports it
should become admissible for home consumption, in
which case, -however, if adopted, it would be neces-
sary that the present import price should he fixed at
a lower rate, becalse it is obvious that the duty would
other wise not only check the sudden and overwhelm-
ing amount of import, but also euk.auce the price be-

yond what it might reach undei the present law; an
effect which the Committee are so far from desirous
of producing, that they think it would be probably
expedient to guard additionally against it, by pro-
viding that after Cori should have reached a certain
I high price, the duty should cease altogethe..." The'
Committee further recommend, that " every oppor-
tunity should be watched, and every practical Mea-
sure adopted for reducing the amount of the public
expenditure." The Committee 6, are desirous, how-
ever, to correct the mistaken opinion, that the de-
pression under which our agriculture now labours is
either exclusively or principally to be attributed to
taxation." The Report continues verbatim:
" Your Committee have abstained from urging, in
favour of an open intercourse in foreign corn, those
general principles of freedom of trade which are now
universally acknowledged to be sound and true, in
reference to. the commerce of nations. If it be for
the wisdom of the House, on the one hand, to en-
deavour to revert to those principles, as far as Practi-
cable, in this, and in all other cases i on the other, it
is also fur its prudence and its justice to take care, in
that application, to spare vested interests, to deal ten-
derly with those obstacles to improvement which:the
long existence of a vicious and artificial system too
often creates, and sometimes even to modify and limit
that principle, in reference. to considerations of gene-
ral policy connected with the institutions, or the safety
of the State. Looking to the possible contingencies
of war, your Committee are not insensible to the im-
portance of securing the country from a state of de-
pendence upon other, and possibly hostile, countries,
for the subsistence of population. Looking to the
institutions of the country, in their several bearings
and influence in the practice of our Constitution, they
are still more anxious to preserve to the landed inte-
rest,. the weight, station, and ascendancy, which it
has enjoyed. so long, and used so beneficially. Their
' first wish, therefore, is, that, whatever general sug-
gestions they may offer, should be scrupulously exa-
mined with a due regard to these two considerations.
As they have adverted to the state of the country
between 1773 and 1814, as connected with the im-
portant subject of their inquiry, it may perhaps assist
others in their researches and reflections, to state, that
your Committee selected that period, because the
year 1773 was, in fact, the commencement of a great
change in the practical operation, if not in the avowed
policy of our Corn Laws. From that date, the aggre-
gate balance of our imports of grain, taken upon a
series of years, began to exceed the balance of our
exports. But upon looking back from that year to
the period of:the Revolution in 1688 (a space of 85
years), our exports taken for any number of years,
on the contrary, exceeded our imports. From the
year 1697 (the earliest date from which accurate re-
turns have been made) to the year 1773, the total
excess of espoits was 30,968,366 quarters; upon
which exports bounties amounting to £6,237,176
were paid out of the public revenue. A course, some-
what similar in principle, of exciting an export by a
bounty, but more desultory in its application, and
more freqently interrupted by arbitrary interference,
prevailed under the Princes of the llouse of Stuart ;
and if we look to a still earlier period, we find that
the same policy of forcing the growth of corn was
attempted, by harsher expedients, during the reigns
of the Tudors. Between the reign of Henry VII. and
the 39th of Elizabeth, numerous Acts • of Parliament
were passed, for the express purpose of encouraging
tillage. Those laws proceeded upon the principle of
compulsion, limiting, for instance, the number of sheep
and live stock, prohibiting the conversion of arable
into pasture, and enjoining the breaking up of pas-
tures, which had at any previous period been arable,
either under a pecuniary penalty, or a forfeiture of
half the land, 6 until the offence be reformed. .
" These compulsory laws (all of which it may be
observed preceded the introduction of that Act which
laid the foundation of the system of our Poor Laws),
appear to have been principally suggested by a wish
to find employment for the population, and to relieve
their misery, by enforcing an extension of cultivation
beyond the wants of the country. But, neither under
those laws, nor under the subsequent attempt to
augment the produce of our agriculture, by the crea-
tion of a fictitious foreign demand, excited by a large
bounty on exportation, did the agriculture of this
country make any advance, at all to be compared to
that unparalleled prosperity which began with the
decline of that system about the beginning of the
last reign, and which, with some few temporary in-
terruptions, has marked its progress up to the pre-
sent time. In comparing the two periods, each of
nearly equal duration, between the peace of Utrecht
and the commencement of the seven years war—and
I between the years 1773 and 1814—and recollecting
1 that the first period was one of almost uninterrupted
peace, and that nearly thirty years of the latter have
passed away in the exertions of two most extensivel
wars—that during the former period the market in-
terest of money was generally much below, and
!during the latter frequently as much above the rate
tire." by law—that during the fornier the aim of the
1 Legislature, was by artificial means, to divert the s
ap-
plication c.f capital from other employments to that
of agriculture, as well by positive bounties, which
forced an export of grain to other countries, as by
duties which generally altogether precluded its im-
port either from the Continent or from Ireland—that
during the latter, agriculture has, in point of fact,
been v ithout either of ,those stimulants—your Com-
mittee cannot look at these contrasted circumstances,
coincident during the first period, with a compara-
tive , stagnation of our agriculture, and, during the
I second, with its most rapid growth and improvement,
without acknowledging that there was nothing in
'the system pursued up to 1773, which necessarily
HI promoted this most essential branch of public in-
dustry and national wealth ; and also, that there is
I nothing incompatible with the succest of both these

• 4 lien. ✓II. c. 12; 7 }lon. VIII. c. I ; 25 Ditto, c. 13;
27 Dstio. c. 52; 5 and G inward Vj. c. 5i 5 ELzabo.h, c. l ;
pw, c. a.

objects, in the system which has practically prevailed
since tlfat date. If the quantity of wheat, the growth
of Great Britain, was trury e.timateci, as it was esti-
mated in 1773, at four millions of quarters, and if
it•cannot now be stated so low as at double that
amount, it is evident that the change of system has
been attended with no defalcation of produce; it,
since that year, the number of cattle and sheep has
been vastly augmented, their breeds improved, and,
by those improvements, • their size and aptness to
fatten, and in sheep their fleeces greatly increased;
if, by this augmentation of live stock, a greater quan-
tity of manta.: has been produced ; if all the most
important but expeasive melioratiBns of modern hus-
bandry have been introduced ; if scientific drainages
have been undertaken, and extensive% wastes enclosed,
to augment the produce of the land—it cannot be
said that there has been a want of encouragement
to invest large and adequate capitals in this branch
of national industry.
" lf, from Agriculture, your Committee look to
the perinanent improvements which have been made
in the country itself within the same period, the
bridges which have been built, the roads which have
been fornied, the rivers which have been rendered
navigable, the canals which have been completed,
the harbours which have been made and improved,
the docks which have been created, not by the Pub-
lic Revenue, but by the capitals and enterprise of in-
dividuals; if they look, at the same time, to the un-
exampled growth of manufactures and commerce, in
the contemplation of this augmentation of internal
wealth, which defies all illustration from comparivn
with any former portion of our history, or of the his-
tory of any other State—your Committee may enter-
tain a doubt (a doubt, however, which they wish to
state with that diffidence which a subject so extensive
naturally imposes upon their judgment), whether
the only solid foundation of the 'flourishing state of
Agriculture is not laid in abstaining, as much as pos-
sible, from interference, either by protection or pro-
hibition, with the application of capital, to any branch
of industry ?—whether all fears for the decline of
Agriculture, either from temporary vicissitudes to
which all speculations are liable, or from the exten•
sion of other pursuits of general industry, are not,
in a great degree, imaginary ?—whether Commerce
can expand, Manufactures thrive, and great Public
Works be undertaken, without furnishing to the skill
and labour which the capitals thus employed put in
motion, increased means of paying for the produc-
tions of the land ? whether the principal part of those
productions which contribute to the gratification of
the wants and desires of the different classes of the
community, must not necessarily be drawn from
our own soil, the demand increasing with the popu-
lation, as the population must increase with the
riches of the country ?—whether a great part of the
same capital which is employed in supporting the
industry connected with Manufactures, Commerce,
and Public Works, does not, passing by a very rapid
course into the hands of the occupier of the soils
serve also as a capital for the encouragement of
Agriculture?—whethsr, in our own country in for-
mer times, and in other naturally fertile countries
up to the present time, Agriculture has not languished
from the want of such a stimulus ?—and whether, in
those countries, the proprietors of the land are net
themselves poor, and the people wretched, in pro-
portion, as from want of capital, their labour is mot e
exclusively confined to raising from their own soil,
the means of their own scanty subsistence? If these
questions should be answered in the affirmative, it
follows, that the present solidity and future improve-
ment f our national wealth depend on the contktl-
ance of that union by which our agricultural prosre-
rity is so closely connected with the preservation cf
our manufacturing and commercial greatness.
" It will be for the House to appreciate this view rf
the subject, to watch the progress of events affecting
any of the great branches of our industry, and, ire
its wisdom, to determine, according to circumstances,
how far, and by what arrangements, it can best re-
concile those considerations of state policy which
make it desirable that this country should not be-
come too habitually or extensively dependent, for
the subsistence of its people, on foreign supply, with
the necessity of guarding, as much as possible;
against creating, by artificial means, too great a dif-
ference between the cost of that subsistence here and
in other countries ; not only is regard to the people
themselves, but also from the risk which must be in
proportion to that difference, of driving much of
the capital, by which their industry and labour are
supported, to seek employment in other counties.
For there cannot be a doubt that this difference ope-
rates, in the same manner as taxation, to diminish
ihe profits of capital in this country; and there can
be as little doubt, that though capital may migrate,
the unoccupied population will remain ; and remain
to be maintained by the landed interest, upon whose
resources, diminished in proportion to diminished de-
mand, this additional burden would principally fall.
" In some of the Petitions referred to your Com-
mittee,Jhe depression and distress of all those con-
cerned in auricuiture, are mainly ascsibed to the ex.
tent of our public burdens coupled with their dimi-
nished means of beatiqg tilem. The general ittPlu-
i ence of taxation upe..-. sate of the country, is a
subject too extensive t:, be entered upon Ly your
Committee, without exleeding the houl:ds prescribed
to them by the nature of the reference made to them
by the House. They lament its weight, because,
however imposed, taxes must atc:ssarily abridge dit
re.,ources and comforts of those by whom they as
ultimately paid. But the question for more inimc.
diate consideration is, whether, in the dittribution of
this unavoidable evil, the profits of farming capial
have been heietofoie, or can permanently be mole
affected, than the profits of capital engaged in other
branches of industry. They count t di.cover a y
giounds fur believing that, during the war, wl en
taxation was carried to its greatest amount, the profit
of Laming capital two lowered in its relative proper-