Star.
London, England, 1819-12-16 00:00:00

PART SECOND.

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According to promise, I proceed to explain, more ,
particularly, ;he causes which render a change of
system at this crisis necessary and unavoidable—the
objects.which Society should endeavour to attain by
this change—and the adaptation of the arrangements
1 propose to secure those objects.
The causes which render a change of system now
necessary and unavoidable, are two-fold—Moral and
Physical.
l st, Moral.— Because the knowledge acquired by
the mass of the'People will not permit them to be I
longer governed by assumed notions, which are 1
hourly opposed to the evidence of their senses, and
contrary to daily experierice. It has been hitherto
assumed " that the character is formed by the indi-
vidual," while facts prove that it is formed for him.
2d, Physical.—Because the rapid increase of Ma- I
chinery, and other improvements in Science, have I
rendered a change in Agriculture, Manufactures,
and Commerce, absolutely necessary to save the
mass of the People from starving, and all ranks 1
from the most imminent danger. For the means
have been discovered and brought into ac.ion, by
which produce or wealth can be created more abun- 1
dantly than it can be advantageously consumed, under 1
the existing arrangements among civilized nations.
For the proof of this, observe the present state of I
Commerce over the world.
Those who have attentively studied the progress
of the human mind, and the late rapid improvements
in Society, are not surprised at the dilemma in which
all parties find themselves. They anticipated the
arrival of this crisis with the same certainty that Ma-
thematicians calculate an eclipse from the.knoWn
laws of Nature. As these overwhelming causes must
force upon the world an immediate change of system,
we now conic to consider what are the objects which
Society should endeavour to attain by the new system,
which is to supersede the old?
The first general object should be, to enable the
world to understand the truth and great practical
value of the principle, " that the character of man
is formed for him, in part by the Powett which
creates him at • birth, and in part by the circum-
stances by which he is then and subsequently sur-
rounded." The knowledge of this principle would
rradually prepare the world to overcome the errors
of their respective localities, and would withdraw
ail came of•clisunion from Society. No party is yet
aware of the extraordinary beneficial consequences
which this principle is calculated to produce in
practice.
The second general object is, that the Public should
ba enabled to enjoy, in their full extent, the advan-
tages of the past and future improvements in Science.
To produce this important result, a union must be
eacted of Instruction, Agriculture, Manufactures,
and Commerce, so combined., that each part shall
have a direct reference to the well•being of Society,
individually and generally.
The third.and last general object which remains to
be considered, is, that each individual should be so
trained, physically and mentally, and so circum-
stanced, as to require the least from, and give the
most to, society, that shall be found by experience to
be consistent with the happiness and well-being of
the individual.
_ _ _

Such are the great and important objects, which
society should endeavour to attain by a change of
system ; and in no other way tan they be secured,
than by forming arrangements by which every indi-
vidual that may hereafter be born, shall be well
traked, from infancy, in good dispositions; well in-
structed, from childhood, in useful knowledge, both
theoretical and practical, and so placed that the cir-
cumstances which surround him shall present the
fewest possible incentives to evil, and the greatest
possible inducements to continue uniformly in a right
course, as well as the means by which his mental and
physical powers may be the most advantageously
employed fur himself and -ociety.
Having disposed of the first two questions pre-
sented to you in this part of my Address, I proceed to
show, that the new arrangements proposed are cal-
culated to secure the objects which society should en-
deavour to obtain by a change of system.
It may be rematkcd, that in forming these practi-
cal arrangements, I attentively considered what had
been done in other times, and other countries, as well
as the advantages to be derived from modern im-
provements. I know not if there be any discovery
in the system which I have submitted to the Public ;
should there be any, I set no value on the circum-
stance, knowing that no claim or merit belongs to
the individual, for any apparent invention or disc
very that may happen to occur to him.. In the preyl
liminary investigations which I made on the subject,
it soon appeared to me that the existing principles
and practices in society, could never do justice to hu-
man nature, or place man under those circumstances
which could alone ensure his happiness. I was obliged
to come to the conclusion, that to effect this society
most be re-arranged, under an entirely new combina-
tion, and that the change must be brought about,
not only without violence, but by universal consent.
The obstacles which on every side offered themselves
in opposition to this plan, were known to me in their
utmost extent ; but I also knew, that other indivi-
duals had succeeded in establishing new truths, in
opposition to long received errors. In the present
case, I was convinced that the real interest of every
individual was in favour of the change ; and when
so much error and misery were to be removed, and
so much practical good to be introduced, I could no
longer hesitate about the course which I ought to
pursue ; nor, from that hour to thins have I once re-
gretted the time, attention, and expense, which I
have devoted to the cause. The real obstacles which
.ay of the new arrangements have been
removed, and now I look forward with
their universal adoption.
• reflection made it evident to me, that
-.quire more than a very inferior
, under the-existing system of se-
igements, which prevails through-
that even thilflow degree of happi-
- uncertain continuance. I there-

fore considered what oraber
each indlvia
combine and associate together, so that
dual might the greatest .
amount of happiness:l
el-butnan beings. could
.
to many causes of inferiority, an
If single detached families are nedcestsoanmlyansuybjpercivteda.
congregated masses are necessarily lia-
tions, large con
bleto ye privationscases, the
e physical
sai
differenta
a n d men-
tal de-
scription
powers of all must suffer from such associations.
and,v and
hd
The country affords natural enjoyment to human
beings, of which a town deprives them. Association
offers advantages that cannot be obtained by single,
or by the union of only a few families, in the country.
Hence arose that part of the arrangement which com-
bines the benefits of association with all the pleasurg
and advantages of the country, by the formation of
squares and parallelograms, and the exclusion of
streets. It is a natural result, that the division of so-
ciety into single families, with individual property,
should *produce innumerable unnecessary disadvan-
tages to all, from the highest to the lowest.
It has had no other result, than to create ten thou-
sand causes of disunion among mankind, and to
place insurmountable obstacles to happiness in the
way of every individual. It never can have any
other result than to produce the most ignoraritly
selfish feelings in all, and to check every social sen-
timent, by the necessity it impbses on every indivi-
dual to act on all occasions for mere self-preserva•
tion. It must be superseded by a superior arrange-
ment before any great improvement can take place
in the. habits and conduct of mankind. Great as is
the force of the early prejudices of localized human
nature, on this and every subject, the time is now ar-
rived when they must give way to truth and supe-
rior knowledge.
Instead of this selfish arrangement, which is de-
structive of all the best feelings of humanity, it is
proposed that 1000 individuals should be united
in one family, or community, to have but one corn-
men interest, and that interest not opposed to the well-
being of any ether part of society. The principles on
which mankind may, with ease, be trained to act in
unison for their own happiness, being once under-
stood, the advantages of such a combination will be
seen to be incalculable.
All the efforts of man, whether exerted in the bu-
siness of agriculture, manufactures, or commerce, in
the professions, of its the pursuits of general learning
and science,*and all the institutions of society, have
but one object, that is, to secure the happiness of man.
But, it will be found, in practice, that 1000 indivi-
duals, whose interests shall be united in the way pro.
posed, will produce this in a higher degree,,and to a
greater extent, than 100.000 individuals could create
for them, under the existing circumstances of society.
So extraordinary will the difference, in this respect,
prove, by experience, to be, that whatever barriers
prejudice may attempt to raise, they will be utterly
insufficient to restrain, but lbr a short period, any
part of society, in any part of the world, from em-
bracing the palpable benefits to be derived from the
new arrangements. The old ones will soon appear,
to all, to be irrational. By this union, every indivi-
dual will centre within himself, all the advantages
which ale now scattered throughout society, and will
speedily accumulate others, which could not exist in
the state of society that has prevailed up to the present
period. The change indeed w ill be such, that no mind
is yet prepared to contemplate it; and I forbear,,
therefore, to desctibe more than a small part of the
beneficial consequences which I know will ensue.
Suffice it to say, that the best instruction, taken
is its .most enlarged sense, and the essence or real
.refits of agriculture, trade, manufactures, com-
merce, the profession's, and the sciences, will be sea
cured to every one without exception—and that al-
most all, if not all, the ten thouswid causes of misery, ,
which now fill the world with never-ceasing lamen-
tations, will be removed. The mind of man, once
I opened to the real interests of the species, will soon
discover that the present application of time, capital,
and intellect, to produce new inventions, is much leas
necessary than to employ them in. giving to society
the means to avail itself properly of the innumerable
.advantages which the inventions already known are
['competent to afford.
When the first principles ut a science are disco-
vered, that which before appeared inexplicable, and
beyond human capacity, becomes plain, simple, easy,
and certain.
Thus it will nowhe with human society, morals,
and government. An error had been introduced,
which necessarily created universal disunion among
mankind, and placed apparently insurmountable dif-
ficulties on the road to happiness. It was thence
naturally concluded, that opposition to each other's
interests and i:vell-being, and the endless misery which
fullua ed, were the natural and unchangeable state of
human society.
But as many of the great changes in the world
have been effected by the discovery of a single fact,
so will this misery be removed, happiness introduced,
and morals converted into a science of unerring cer-
tainty, by the universal establishment of the fact, that
f, the character of a man is formed for him."• And
of all the changes which have resulted from the
growing experience of the world, that which is about,
to take place will prove itself to be the most impor-
tant. Yet important as it will soon appear to be, it can
be regarded onlyas the commencement ofother changes
that will leave this in comparative insignificancy.
When you may thus, without violence, even to the
local prejudices of any of your fellow-creatures, re.
move the evils of which you all so loudly complain;
I again ask you, kg Why do ye disquiet yourselvel in I
vain?" The practical steps to relieve you from; your
present difficulties are obvious and easy. Let that
part of society that can exist under the present ar-
rangements, continue to proceed as they have done;
let there be no premature change of any kind ; let
the Government borrow ten millions, to re-lend to
parishes, or districts of parishes,' on the security of
the Poor-rates, from which the interest of the debt
should be paid—while it might be guaranteed by
Government to each parish, that their annual pay-
ment for the Poor, including the interest of this loan,
should not exceed the average amount of the rates
for the last five years ; let these ten millions be re-
lent by Government to parishes, or districts of pa.
rishes, in proportions according to their respective
utstloy
lhayoduin
r Provided
toa butjth eu
combinedwi
properchi judicious u
cs
amnailar
rlontatnnhfie
gern
eda lamdlhe:wnant
arrangements
advantages
icgaai are
occupation.bwcoeamnptperevs'tteinon
e
that may be salted in such employment, the British

Empire may, in six meinth4lse ptsiiiia state of general
active prosperity, without any increase of expendi-
ture, that shall not speedily re-penosee itself, and go
on increasing, so as to aferd a profitable and highly
beneficial return for the capital employed.
I assert, and am ready to prove the assertion, from
facts which co intelligent individual will attempt to
disprove, that the British Government possesses the
most ample means and power to relieve the existing
distress of the Country, within the next year, without
tailing for any additional burthen from the People,
and without interfering with the rights, privileges, or
property of any class or individual ; and that change
Is to be accomplished by the creation of new wealth,
,by the unemployed of the working classes, and by
Ike creation of new and improved habit*, to be ac-
quired in the production of this new wealth.
I offer the direction of these new arrangements to
the fostering care of the Government, and of the
higher orders, that all classes may be united in a
common bond of interest and mutual services, in their
respective situations. But it becomes a duty, which
'I owe to human 'nature, to state distinctly to the
'world, .that if the Government and the higher orders
will not now lend themselves heartily and cordially
to remove the evils which press so severely on the
working classes. and even heavily on many in the
middle rank's, I will develope those means by which
the middle aosi lower orders shall, without in any
degree infringing on the Constitution, effect that re-
lief for themselves.
It is not true that the idle rich create one penny
of the property which they expend ; and they often
squander that wealth which has been produced by
the severe labour of the half-led and untaught work-
man, greatly to the injury of themselves, and of all
around them.
If the wealthy and the upper classes do not occupy
themselves in devising and promoting means to ame-
liorate the condition of their fellow creatures, they
become of necessity a severe burthen and a nuisance
to society.
_ Ilowever flattery may have. deceived and abused
the rich, it is correctly true, that the capital, skill,
and industry now employed to create the numberless
baubles, which they have been ignorantly taught to
value, but which have no intrinsic worth, would, if
applied directly to create the necessaries and comforts
of life, give an ample sufficiency to millions of their
fellows, who are now almost starving for want of the
most common food. But, I ask tl:em not to deprive
themselves of one of their luxuries. I simply call
upon the rich and powerful to occupy themselves.
with an honest good will, and for their own benefit ,
and safety, in forming practical arrangements, easy
of execution, by which the labourer shall be permit-
ted to create food and the necessaries of lifer for him-
' self and family, and increased benefits for them and
their posterity.
New Lanark, Nov. 15,1819.

ROBERT OWEN.

SMITHFIELD CLUB CATTLE SIIEWODFriday and
Saturday the attendance at the Shew-Yard was ra-
ther numerous. These were several very fine ani-,
mals sent in as extra-stock ; Mr. SAMUEL ARNSBY'S
white Durham ow gained the first prize or 25 gui-
neas ; and 10 guineas was also awarded to Earl.Frrz-
WILLIANI, for au ox. On Monday the crowd was
very great ; and in the after twin' the Members ofthe
Club held a meeting at Freemasons Tavern, where
there was a very full attendance, and elected fifteen
new Members, among whom was Lord STRATHA•
YEN, who was also elected a Vice-President, along
with the Marquis of TAVISTOCK. The Club resolved
on offline., 50 gi'.;neas in premiums the next year
more than this. At five o'clock, about 130 Members
and their friends repaired to the great Hall, and sat
down to an excellent dinner, Sir Jous SEBRIONT in
the Chair. Among the usual loyal and agricultural
toasts given, was, Long leases to good tenants,"
which, SirJoirx said, was an excellent system to keep
agricultural improvements flourishing. On awarding
the ten guineas to Earl FITZWILLIAIf, for,his ox, the,
venerable Nobleman's health was drank with three
times three, and renewed again with redoubled ar-
dour.—The Duke of BEDFORD had met with an ac-
cident on. Saturday, which obliged him to keep his
room ; he was therefore prevented from attending
the annual dinner. Sir Jouw S. &BRIGHT was sup-
ported on his right by Lord STRATHAVEN, Mr. GUN-
NING, Mr. Towens, and a long string of experienced
Agriculturists ; and on his left, by Mr. HONTWOOD,
M.P. Mr. Asrtsv,ltc.—The company did not sepa-
'sate till a late hour.

good in the way of t
some time removed
certainty to their uni
, My earliest reflect
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r I rpan could never aco
1 degree of happiness,
I paste family arrang
obt society ; and tha
nos must be of very
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