Star.
London, England, 1829-11-24 00:00:00

TUESDAY EVENING,• NOVEMBER 24, 1829.

lute and uncontrollable power over the Portuguese army,
independently of any government in that kingdom. Here we see
an English viceroy la Portugal. Under what power was Portugal
then? If this fact does not prove interference, we know not What

Interference is. Nor will we admit that Lord Beresford came

then to Portugal as a private individual ; it was not in that capacity
that he came, nor was he desired to come by the Portuguese nation,

as every body knows.
" Fourthly_ When Don Miguel, on the 30th April. 1824, im-
prisoned and attempted to dethrone his father, Lord Beresford was
at his side ; and what occurred between them and Mr. Hyde de
Neuville, is too notorious to need any comment. Sir Edward

Thornton was present, and it was by his authority that his most
faithful Majesty Don John VI. repaired on board his Britannic
Majesty's ship Windsor Castle. There be legislated, and issued
proclamations against this very ldiguel. Then England, through
Mr representative at Lisboa, offered protection to the person of the
King of Portugal, and Interfered is such a manner as to baffle the

- -
plots sod arrest tho movements of the tbstronsueeessful usurper.

Was there

u that titer ? No, ay. *as DO

.
invasion ; the ease did not exceed the bounds of Portugal and its
government; it was a revolution; an usurper against his legitimate
king ; a rebellious son against his father ; aod, finally, a domestic
affair altogether : yet no neutrality (as they are pleased to call it)
or non-interference was observed.

" Nor let It be said, that these facts do not amount to a direct
interference, bemuse those appointments emanated from the King
of Portugal himself. We shall answer this by saying, that aU these
personages are so remarkable, their functions so pre-eminent
and conspicuous, that, we venture to say, without the sanction, ad-
vice, influence, and Instructions of the English Cabinet, they would
neither be appointed nor have filled such situations. Now let us
be permitted to ask if this advice, council, and influence, do not
amount to interference? As every nation is essentially indepen-
dent, the acts pf interference practised against it ate always
indirect. Thus the interfering nation disguises these acts under
the mask of council, with a sophistical persuasion ; as he who asks
a favour, with a pistol or any other weapon in his hand, disguises
his violence by asking as a favour what he knows he will obtain by
his indirect threat. Both for truth's sake we must say, that even
this ceremony was dispensed with, when the English Ambassador
at Lisbon compelled the King of Portugal to dismiss his Premier ;
then the English Ambassador threw off the mask, and imperiously
commanded it : his wishes were immediately complied with and
the Count of Subserra was no longer a member of the Portuguese
Ministry.

" The existence of positive facts of interference of one nation to-
wards another, cannot be denied or destroyed by alleging that
thaw acts were approved and sanctioned by the nation that suf-
fered them. Coercion is still coercion, though palliated and dis-
guised. Advice becomes compulsory when the adviser has power
on ,his side, and his threats are equally as compulsory when he
says, " I advise you to do so and so, and I will assist you," as
when he says, " You know you are the weakest, and if you do
not do as I tell you I will forsake you," or, to reduce it to a
simpler expression, " Do as I bid you."
Fifthly.l—After the arrival of the charter given by the Em-
peror Don Pedro, and brought front Rio de Janeiro to Lisbon, by
Sir Charles Stuart, when the regency of the Infanta Donna Isabel
Maria was established, some commotion, took place at Lisbon,
during Sir William A'Court's embassy to Portugal; and, in order
to support the constitutional government and the charter, it was
deemed necessary to land a regular corps of marines from the
British forces then stationed in the Taps, which was done accord-
ingly. Now, if this is not interfering, with an armed force, in the
internal affairs of Portugal, we do not know what to call it. Aid
danda non est,fides,aut data servanda.
"Sir William A'Court meddled and interfered in such a manner
in the affairs of Portugal. and the establishment of the Constitution
in 1826, as even to regulate the election of deputies. There are
very few well-informed Portuguese at Lisbon, Oporto, Coimbra.
and Aveiro, but know bow far Sir William A'Court was concerned
in these affairs, and was not either an instrument or a dupe of his
manceuvres. Sir William and his emissaries were, however,
greatly dilappointed ; for, with all their preaching, writings, and
intrigues, (with the support of some of the ministers) for the pur-
pose of circulating the report in the electing districts, that Europe
would not allow any of the deputies who were elected in 1820, to
enter into the present chambers ; that is to say, none of the true
friends of liberty and of the charter, none of those who were re-
cogoised by Europe in 1820, and treated with, and whose number
amounted to three quarters of eligible persons in Portugal
" A noble member said, that the history of England, concerning
Portugal, was nothing but a series of uninterrupted interference.
This assertion we consider as difficult to contradict as it is to de-
prive the sun of its light.
" Let us be allowed to quote a conclusive fact comparing Eng-
land, of the seventeenth century, in respect to Portugal, with
England of the present time. This fact is so analogous to the pre-
vent circumstances of Donna Maria 11. so exactly similar with re.
gard to the question of succession, the recovery of an usurped throne.
and even for being verified at Terceira4that we cannot refrain from
transcribing the very words of an English writer. " Thus, ! hilip,
with all his policy and endeavours to please, found hia subjects still
more and more disguited with his government, especially when they
found their king treating with the utmost severity all those who bad
supported Don Antonio. The exiled prince, however, still styled
himself King of Portugal. At first he retired to France, and there
demanded succours for the recovery of his dominions. Here he
found so much countenance that, with a fleet of near sixty sail, and
a good body of troops on board, he made an attempt on the Island
of Terceira, where his fleet was beaten by the Spaniards, and a
great number of prisoners taken ; all the officers and gentlemen
were beheaded, and a great number of others hanged. Don An-
tonio, notwithstanding, kept possession of some places, coined
money, and performed many other acts of legal power, but was at
at length constrained to retire, and it was with some difficulty that
he did so, and returned to France. He passed from thence into
England, where he was well received, and many fitted out pri-
vateer! to cruise against the Spaniards under his commission. But
after King Philip bad ruined the naval power of Portugal, as well
as Spain, by equiping the Armada, Queen Elizabeth made no
difficulty in acknowledging and assisting Don Antonio, and even
of seiding Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake, with a strong
fleet andstremg army, to restore hint."
" Nor let it be said, that England was then at war with
Spain, and helped the pretended King of Portugal to injure her
enemy; that was not the principal cause, though it was her in-
terest to do,so, as a power at war wilt Spain. England protected
him because she, knew his legitimacy, the justice of his cause, and
the usurpation of. Spain ; she helped him, because, in those times,
she professed a maxim; that to have treaties with a nation, is not
having treaties with an usurper, but with the legitimate sovereign
of that nation.

" An usurper bat no,domioion, because the thing usurped belongs
to smother person ; belia.not even that pomesaion, the continuation
of ;which is equivalent. and attains dominion in the course of time;
be has a mere detention ; his possession is not de jure ; he posses,*

a thing as a thief retains his theft; therefore he cannot enter into
any valid contracts respecting it, either in giving or accepting; he
cannot alienate nor acquire any thing on or by it ; nor can that
possession, however long, be equal to a right, because it has, from
the beginning, been tarnished with the bad faith and fraud of its
acquisition.
A nation, therefore, that should recognise an usurper would
share the Ignominy of the crime, would sanction it, and would thus
legalise the theft. On the contrary, the nation that *joints the
rights and legitimacy of the claim, and assists the right owner in
the recovery of his property. practises a virtuous action, fulfils a
duty, and satisfies a social precept founded on the law of nature.
But, supposing for a moment that the protecting nation happens to
be at war with the usurper, this nation, by protecting the real
owner, for the same purpose, endeavours to attain its end by two
different means, which, though tending to the same end, are dif-
ferent in their principle of action. Elisabeth, by protecting Don
Antonio, assisted legitimacy against usutpation, and employed, at
the same lime, new means, under new pretests, to hart her
enemy.

" The relations of Eitsland; at this moonlit, with respect to
Portugal, are exactly the unit in this case as they Were then.
But, alas! how justly hlts:Monteiquieu raid, Le droit public eat
plus connu en Europe qu'en Ask; cependant, on peut dire pie les
passions des princes, la patience des peoples, la Mamie des ecri.
vain. en ont corrompu toes les principes. Ce droit tel qu'il eat
aujourd'hui, est une science, qui apprend aux princes jusqu'a quel
point ilspeuvent eider la justka, sans choquer lee interets.'
11 When posterity casts her eyes on the nineteenth century, and
sees that a nation who had for 450 years entertained constant and
uninterrupted relations of friendship and alliance, leaves her ally in
the hands of an usurper, who dooms to the gallows, the most hor-
rible and filthy dungeons, and exile, the best part of the citizens,
whose sole crimes were resisting his usurpation, and adhering to
the legitimacy already recognised by this and all other nations:
when posterity sees a youthful Queen, not more than ten years old,
who sought an asylum in England, imploring her ally's protection ;
and the latter, knowing her right, and proclaiming the legitimacy
of her claim, answering, 'You are undoubtedly the Queen of
Portugal; Don Miguel is an usurper; your faithful subjects are
enduring the horrors of the most barbarous and the vilest of all
tyrants; you have a possesaion, you have an island in your favour;
you have on your side justice and general sympathy ; your rights
are incontrovertible : but I will not prot►ct you, because
Let us draw here a veil that posterity siotiiwill rend asunder; and
we shall conclude by saying, that although the Law of Nations
may appear an aggregate of laws, at first sight, without sanction,
this sanction exists, however, in what is termed opinion ; in what
is termed the approbation or disapprobation of mankind.
" We need not quote any other document than the Conventie

of the 22d of October, 1907. ' The seat of the Portuguese mo-
narchy being established in Brazil, his Majesty engages, in his name
and in that of his SIBCCCISQII, never to acknowledge as King of Por-
tugal any other than the heir and legitimate representative of the
royal family of Braganza: We leave to our readers to say
honestly, lstly, can England recognize Miguel, he not bring the
heir and representative of the house of Braganza? Scully, can she
remain neutral, having recognized the above-mentioned qualifica-
tions in Donna Maria IL? Srdly, can it be said, in good logic, that
this Convention does not apply to the present case, because it arose
from such or such an usurpation? This article is general and-po-
sitive; it has no particular reference ; it presents an absolute thesis,
a general expression, and a principle without exception. Hall the
Conventions be thus answered, what nations will think of entering
ipto Treaties, or even dream of them ?
" Here our observations ought naturally to terminate; but the
subject in agitation will, perhaps. carry us into a discussion that
may absorb all we have said. No one, much less a government
that deserves the name, would act against the interests of the na-
tion it governs. Is then the system of non-interference, pursued by
the Ministry of his Britannic Majesty concerning the affairs of Por-
tugal. consistent with the true interests of England ?
" This proposition, which may, to some persons, appear rather
nice, and difficult of solution, seems to us, however, very easily de-
monstrated in the negative : that is to say. England acts against her
true interests if she I Portugal to herself in the present state of
things, whatever may be the result of the actual conflict.
" Before we enter in this investigation, it is necessary to esta-
blish a proposition, which all those persons who are well acquainted
with the Peninsula cannot deny to be a true one. In the Penin-
sula, that is, in Spain and Portugal, there are, at this present day,
but two different parties ; the aristocracy by birth, and the aris-
tocracy by merit; or apostolicals and constitutionalists; the rest
Is a mere dream. The hatred which these two nations once
entertained for each other no longer exists ; religion, laws,
and even customs are nearly the same. The parties
1n both these countries wish for the same thing, and their labours
aim at the same object. Never was tbe fusion of these two king-
doms into one so near ; nobody has calculated it ; nobody has
planned it ; the natural course of things and circumstance have
produced it. Therefore, assisting none of the parties in such an
emergent crisis, is to remain unfriendly with both of them ; and,
in the event of fusion, with the whole Peninsula ; and the Penin-
sula, though in such a ruinous and dilapidated state as it is at pre-
sent, is a power of great importance, which weighs in the balance
of Europe.
" There was a time when a nation, to aggrandize itself, deemed
it necessary to overturn and ruin any other flourishing nation.—
Now, a manufacturing people knows that the nation that consumes
the articles they manufacture, should be an opulent and prosperous
nation. Commerce, arts, and knowledge, have at length altered
the politics.
" Of what use would Portugal be to England in a state of
wretchedness and poverty? And how can it be otherwise whilst
it Is governed by a tyrant, who respects neither rights, property,
duties, sex, or age; who scourges virtue, hangs honesty, attacks
Englishmen as heretics, and obeys, while be fears them, but loves
them net ; and, finally, hates thens fanatically, and detests them
as freemen? Can England expect that such a notorious perjurer
will ever fulfil any conventions that he may enter into? She will
be obliged to threaten bins continually, and have a force always is
readiness to keep him within the bounds of his conventions. Be.
sides this, does not England, and all the world, see, that this
tyrant is obliged to keep a party in constant action to fetter the
nation, and thus he enabled to support himself on the usurped
throne? How can it be sincerely said the Portuguese nation has
chosen him, whilst we see thousands of emigrants scattered over
France, England, Holland, and North and South America ;
whilst we ere the dungeons of Lisbon, and all prisons in tbe king-
dom, crowded with victims; garrets. caves, and every hiding-
place, fillet with unhappy persons flying from his dreadful per-
amnion ?
" Is the Portuguese nation composed only of a few priests,
friars, the officers that followed Oases. and a few men in office ?
",If the nation chose him,why should he then prop up his throne
with the gallows and lay its foundations on innocent victims? Why!
should he preach fanaticism, murder his prisoners; divregard •fez.
law, and spread tenor everywhere? If the informations his Ms}

PRICE SEVESPCNvr.

ty's Ministers have received from that quarter do not contain these
sad truths, alas! how ill-informed they are! Are they deaf to the
voice of humanity? Have those feelings of sympathy which niovel
them to liberate Greece, and to free *the African blacks, slackened
towards the Portuguese, their oldest friends and allies groanieg
now under the heaviest and worst of yokes, imposed by the most
barbarous of tyrants? Do they think an expensive war necesiary
to put down the tyrant, reduce Portugal to its former prosperity,
and place the legitimate Queen on the tbron e? No, if they du
they are mistaken. We only want them to discountenance the
Usurper ; his fear of not being protected would be sufficient. The
affair would soon be settled were the Portuguese nation sure. that
England would not assist him. The nation does not fear the
monster, but fears those Powers which seem to espouse his cause.
Had England protected the legitimate Queen of Portugal, would
she not be paid for her advances, and would not her protection be
compensated by an eternal affection? Would not her generosity
find its own reward in the very justice of the cause? What can
England expect from the
are
tyrants of the Peninsula, whose
views, means, and objects, are idiliesal? Llosce the British Ministry
forgotten that when the duties upon the Spanish wines imported
into England were diminished, Ferdinand augmented them upon
the exportation of the said wines? Have they forgotten the pro-
hibition of English manufactured cotton goods in Spin?
" The history of late events Is yet very fresh in our recollection ,
and had Portugal not helped England in the great struggle, happily
terminated in 1814, what would have become of England?
" Finally, let us glance at the Brazils. Will Don Pedro, whose
birth has given him right to the crown of Portugal, whose abdi-
cation was suggested, hastened, and accomplished by England, in
favour of Donna Maria, forget, that it has been England that
persuaded and compelled him to abdicate; that it has been Eng-
land who has espoused and recognized the legitimacy and succes-
sion of her ally ; and has, finally, remained indifferent in the pre-
sence of an usurpation, and witnessed with apathy the robbery and
destruction of her own work? If it happens (we hope not) that
Don Pedro should lose the Brazils, having Portugal, what will he
have left? Who has been the cause of it? Sensible of this truth,
will he any longer look upon England as the same nation that, for
centuries, respected. advised, protected, influenced, and even ruled
the throne of his forefathers? will he not regard her, in his for-
, born situation, rather as an enemy than as a neutral parry?"

SOUTH AMERICA.

From the Mercurio de Valparaiso.
DESPATCHES RESPECTINC THE MUTINY OF DON
PEDRO URIOLA.
Santiago de Chile, the Bth June.
TO TUN CHITT OF TIM STAFF, DOE ►RANNCISCO ZLIZALDT.
According to your Excellency's orders, on the night of the 6th
instant, I put myself at the head of the force you had destined to
surprise the mutineers, consisting of two picked companies of the
battalion of Conception, 48 men strong, added to 50 militiamen,
under Colonel &rex, and of eight Cuirassiers, under Capt. Joffre.
With this force I left San go at half-past nine at night. Ott my
road I received inteUigenc at the enemy was posted at Colima,
in the house of Don Ignael cufuegos, at which point we arrived
at four o'clock in the mornin the 7th.
[reconnoitred the place as II as possible during the darkness
of the night, and satisfied mysel to the inutility of an open attack
with so small a force; I put, therefore, the Infantry in ambush
about the houses on the road of Aconcagua, and placed the cavalry
so that it could charge the enemy's rear as soon u the firing com-
menced.
The mutineers sallied forth from the house at di o'clock in the
Morning, moving along the Aconcagua sued, and when ysabig
ambuscade a discharge dispersed them instantly, some lying across
the fields, others towards the houses, closely pursued by the in-
fantry, who arrived in time to prevent the doors being shut.
When the enemy perceived this, they leapt off their horses, and
jumped over the walls of the vineyards, orchards, &c. with so much
precipitation, that they succeeded only in killing two cuirassiers,
and in taking two others prisoners, although there is reason to be-
lieve that there must have been some wounded on account of the
blood that was found spilled copiously. We took some sabres and
pistols, sod from 30 to 35 horses, 15 of which were saddled, On
our side we suffered no loss except that of two or three horses.
The officers and troops under my command displayed much en-
thusiasm and gallantry ; I recommend them, therefore, to his Ex.
cellency's notice. (Signed) Gen.taasto Teresa.
I received this moment the order to put the prisoners in my pos-
session at the disposal of Captain Jose Joffre. The individuals
taken are Captain Larrosa, and one Ramirez Orellatn, one cuiras-
sier. and two peasants. lam carefully exploring the field with
my men to pick up such as are•there to be found.
Colina, June 9. (signed) Nicouts La RAIN.
To the Secretary of the War Office.
Ey a despatch received from the Intendant of Aconcagua, dated
yesterday (the 9th) it appears that the rest of the routed mutineers
have surrendered themselves at that place.
SANTIAGO, .luest 6.
At three o'clock this morning a certain Captain Larrosa joined
a, guard of militiamen, in the Mint. At half-past six a corps of
Cuirassiers formed themselves in the Square, and at half-past seven
arrived the 7th Regiment. The consequence was, an engagement
between the 7th and the Cuirassiers, some of whom were killed,
and the remainder lied to San Pablo, where the rest rallied. Uri-
ola is at the bead of them, he having secured them by a donation
of four dollars given to each soldier. Larrosa has sixty odd men
under him, who hover round the city. The 7th Regiment, with
three pieces of artillery. h.s formed itself in order of battle on the
Square. At ten o'itock in the morning the Cuirassiers passed
close to the Square. A cannon .hot was fired at them, and they
were summoned th change sides—until half-past twelve every thing
remained silent. The greatest part of the people are in favour of
Pinto, although his opponents have their adherents too, We ex-
pect that by four or five o'clock in the afternoon, or at night, they
will come to blows, for the enthusiasm of the people is highly
excited. These fellows have neither a settled plan, nor a party
to bring about a revolution, and thus the thing must terminats
badly with them.