Star.
London, England, 1820-01-12 00:00:00

THE FUND&

?RIC& OF STOCKS THIS DAY AT ONC O'CLOCK ••
3 per Cent. Reduced 68i -
S per Cent. Consols 671 68 671 ex. div.
Si per Cent. 77/
4 per Cent. 861
5 per Cent. Navy 1021 I I mt. div.
Bank Long Annuities 17 15-16 18
Imperial S per Cent. Anns. 671
India Bonds 9s. pr.
Exchequer Bills(2d.) Is. 2s. dis.
Commercial 13 11 discount
Consols for Acct. 691; 1.

For a long period we have advocated the cause of
justice, as relating to the prices of labour; doing
what was in our power to open the eyes of the Public,
generally, to tire iniquity and impolicy of a system,
but too long permitted to operate, at the will and
discretion of the employer, on the pretended principle
that the- rice of labour should be left, like water, to
find its own level. This question has nothing to do
with politics, and none but arose who wish to persist
ia an iniquitous system, with a view to their own
personal interest, will attempt to identify the two...—.
We have never disguised our opinion, that the laws,
as applied to combinations, though on the face of
them just and equitable, have always operated to
the injury of the workmen. The reason is obvious—
Masters have the means, without shew or bustle, of
combining to defraud thetworkmen (and they are
defrauded as often as their wages are reduced to a
lower price than is sufficient for their maintenance) ;
but the workmen can with difficulty form any agree-
ment among themselves, without incurring the pe-
nalties of the law ; and this is rendered impossible,
when a want of a full supply of employment is ex-
perienced, for then the work is put up to Dutch sale
—that is, bidding downwards—and men will be
found, anxious to obtain hey'a lonf instead of a whole
one—submitting to become, for the Masters, agents
in a robbery upon the Public. The steps and rami-
fications of the robbery, though not obvious at first
sight, lie very near the ,surface, and are easy to be
traced. Sonic workmen being induced to take an
inadequate remuneration, others are led to comply,
that they may not be left among the unoccupied ; andi
the result soon is, that the whole Master Manufactu-
rers in that particular line (whatever it may be), get
their goods manufactured at a price not sufficient to
afford half sustenance to the workmen. Who fur-
nishes the other half? The Public, in the shape of
Poors' Rates !—And that too without any real benefit
to the Misters as a body ; for, whenever the first
thieves, by robbing the workmen, have laid in goods
somewhat lower than their neighbours in the same line,
they instantly begin to undersell the others ; and these
(soon finding out the cause) become thieves, in self-de-
fence, to be able to meet their rival in the market : and
thus the goods, notwithstanding that part of the price
of their fabrication has been kept out of the belly of the
workman, and another part of the price surreptitiously
taken from the Poors Rates, get reduced in price,
till they yield as little profit to the Masters as when
they paid full wages. Nay, the case becomes even
worse than we have stated, for the Master is enabled
to.prepare a larger stock of goods, with the same
capital, than when paying a fair price for labour;
and the workmen, to eke out their scanty wages, in-
stead of working twelve hours, are induced to work
eighteen hours out of twenty-four—thus increasing
the quantity, and overstocking the market.
_

We endeavoured, oftener than once, to make the
injustice of this system obvious, by comparing the
two legged and thefour-legged labourer. The Manu-
facturer will not tell his horse, " I cannot get such a
price for my goods as I would need, considering their
cost, and therefore you must, for your share in the
labour of manufacturing them, be content, in future,
to have only half your quantity of hay and corn."—
Ile will not try this experiment with his horse, be-
cause, as we have not yet Palish Rates for the sup-
port of famished manufacturers' horses, he would
soon be obliged to buy a new horse. But he does
not need to buy men when he wears them out, by
labour exaeted h ithout due sustenance given in return.
The Public are at the expense of rearing his la-
bourers—and, by the present system, also at the ex-
pense of maintaining them.
Our labours in exposing the iniquity of this system
have not been unavailing. It is months since many
of the Parishes in Leicestershire and Nottingham
opened their eyes to the robbery to which it con-
stantly exposed them, and wisely resolved to protect
the workmen—not in combinations to obtain more
than a due remuneration, but by ascertaining what
prices they should be paid, to yield them sustenance
under their labours ; and resolving not to give relief
to workmen taking lower wages—these being em-
ployed, and consequently having no right to Parish
• ;chef. The more this question is examined, the more
gels eral will the protection of the workmen become.
the sensible men among the Masters, who have
any feelings of humanity or justice, deplore the evils
which we have exposed, as much as any other mem-
bers of the community ; and, in various placps, are
lending their efforts to apply the proper remedy.

Our Readers cannot have forgot the sensible letters
which that most
_respectable Manufacturer, of Man-
chester, Mr. HOLT, addressed to us, and which ap-
peared, some time ago, in our columns. They
were read. with great interest, and had a powerful
influence in recommending the principles which we
hat advocated, to the serious consideration of all
classes ; and the fruit is now stewing itself. The
system of protection is not now confined to Leicester
and Nottingham : it has extended itself to York-
shire. On Thursday, the 6th instant, a very large
Meeting of persons assessed to the Poor►rates, inclu-
ding many Master Manufacturers and others, was
held at Soothill, to consider of the Wages and 4e-
gulations of Labour in the Woollen Trade in that
Himlet—when the following Resolution was passed
unanimously:
" Rantit,vsa—That this Meeting views with ghat concern the
disputes existing between the masters and the men employed in
the Woollen Trade in this Hamlet ; but having taken into our
consideration the demand for Wages, and the Regulations adopt-
ed by the men, we are of opinion that they are entitled to the
protection of this Meeting : and we hereby direct the Overster
in any case where relief is applied for by any MIN who shall:
after this time, accept of work but at these Prices, and subject
to these Regulations, not to grant such relief as long as the ap-
plicant has a pair of bedstocks, or a single article of furniture
left in his possession; and that the Overseer shall be, and he is
hereby directed to band this Resolution to all the Magistrates
usually acting in this District."
We are confident that the system of Protection
needs but to be fairly examined; to become general
throughout the kingdom : nor can we conceive any
mean more powerful to prevent those excesses, to
which workmen are sometimes goaded on, by real or
supposed oppression, when they are left to act alone ;
for the Parishes would thus become the umpires be-
tween the masters and the men—and the cause must
be a bad one which would shrink from the investi-
gation of such a Tribunal.

The Paris Papers of Saturday arrived this forenoon.
M. de CAZE still continues indisposed.
It is now stated, as a matter of which there is no
doubt, that the KING has granted a free pardon to
the celebrated LAVALETTE. The letters of pardon
are addressed to the Royal Court of Strasburgh, be-
fore which M. LAVALETTE must appear to claim the
benefit of them.

The Alonitenr contains the following apparently
Official Reply to the Statement made by our CHA NCEL-
LOR of the E 'CC EQU En, respecting the testamentary
power of Foreigners over Property vested in the
French Funds:

" It may have been observed, that the Chancellor
of the Exchequer, in the sitting of Parliament of the
Vd of December last, thought proper to say, " that
according to the French laws, Englishmen who had
property in the French Funds could no: dispose of it
by will, conformably to English law, but that it
must be distributed agreeably to the French law.
" French law is necessarily less known in England
than in France. Whatever errors, therefore, may be
committed on this subject, even by men eminent for
their information and sagacity, ought not to excite
any surprise ; but it may be advantageous to both
countries to rectify such errors.

" The law of July 14, 1819, had no other object
than to alter a pre-eListing right. It merely intended
to give to foreigners, possessed of estates situated in
France, that dispo.ition of their property which they
had not, except where their own Government, by
reciprocity, had given the same power to French.
men. It abrogated the Articles 726 and 912 of the
Civil Code. Thee Articles concerned only real
property—property in land (Article 726), property
which a foreigner could not dispose of in favour of a
Frenchman (Article 912).

" Now, the established law of France, and which
neither the Articles 726 and 912, of the Civil Code,
nor the law of the 14th July, 1819, have in any way
infringed, is, that foreigners may, notwithstanding
the thoit d'aubaine, dispose, with a view to their de-
cease, of mites (or dividends) which they may pos-
sess in France; that their heirs, whether testamen-
tary or ab intestat, will be recognized with regard
to these :mites, which are transmitted to those heirs in
the same manner as they themselves enjoyed them.
" This right is founded on a great number of laws,
too well known to render it necessary to cite them
here; and in respect to England, without mention-
ing anterior Treaties, it was still more particularly
recognized by Article 13 of the Treaty of Utrecht,
and by the declaration made thereon on the 19th of
July, 1739, and registered in the Parliament of Paris
the 4th of August following :
" It is free and permitted to the subjects of Great Britain to
dispose of all tle moveable property which they may possess, or
which may belong to them in any territories or places of our
dominions; and farther, whether they die after making a will,
or iatebtate, their legitimate heirs, executors, or administrators,
residing in our dominions, or coming from other places, though
not admitted into the number of the citizens of our State., may
recover and peaceably enjoy all the said effects and property, of
whatever description, according to the knee of Crest B►ritain."

It would, therefore, be an error to suppose that the
right of succession for English subjects, with regard
td renter and other moveable property, should be re-
gulated in France conformably to the French laws,
unless the law of the 14th of July had infringed the
above cited laws, which have been observed up to the
present moment ; and also even the common law of
France, which holds that the place in which the suc-
cession opens is not that of the death, but of the do•
micile of the deceased (Art. 110 of the-Civil Code) ;1
and that the succession is determined, with respect to

moveable property, by the law of the domicile, and'
with regard to real, by the law of the place in which
such property is situated.
" The law of the 14th of 1819, is, however,'
far from making any such infringement.
" Article 1 gives to foreigners the right of succeed-
ing to property, of disposing of and receiving it in
the same manner as French subjects.
" With respect to moveable property, it gives no-
thing to those who already had the power of dis-
posing of or receiving that property. It merely gives
to those who before had it not, the power of suc-
ceeding to real property, and of disposing of and re-
ceiving it in the same manner as the French : that is
to say, as if they were in this respect Frenchmen.—
In granting them a new right, no pre-existing one
was taken away. Such an intention is not in the
law, and would have been contrary to its object,
which was to favour foreigners more than they had
hitherto been favoured.:
" Thus, then, suppose that an Englishman holding
French stock should die either in England or France,
if he be not domiciled in France, his renter will be-
long, as before the law of the 14th of July, 1819, to
his heirs, whether testamentary or ab intestat, Ac-
cording to the English laws; for the French law
does not regulate successions to moveable property,
except in so far as they are open in France, and
they are only open to them who are domiciled. A
foreigner is not domiciled in France until after ten
years' residence, preceded by a declaration of his wish
there to fix his domicile.

" Can the provisions of Article 2, have excited any
alarm among the English Capitalists in France ?
Nothing could be more unfounded.
" That Article, which relates to the case in which
French heirs may concur with foreign heirs, dues not,
any more than the preceding, innovate on the right
of foreigners to dispose of rentes at pleasure; for
that Article, like the law, merely respects real pro-
perty, with regard to which it was thought desirable
to remove the existing incapacities.
" The Article speaks of property (biens) situated in
France. The property here to be understood is teal,
for though moveables are also property, the word
property is particularized by the following word—
situated. The words property situated in Francesig-
ni:y territorialproperty.
"No rentes, unless it be ground-rents,fencieres, are
attached to the soil ; they are due, but not situated in
France, since by common law they are moveable,
and the succession to moveable property opens with
the domicile. They are held to be in the bands of
the proprietor, who, in fact, has in his own posses-
sion the title-deeds, without which they cannot be
touched. His heirs take them out of his desk, or re-
ceive them from his testament ary executor. They
can only participate in the distribution of the move-
able property; and that distribution takes place ac-
cording to the law of the country in which the de-
ceased was domiciled—to the English law, if he was
an Englishman.
" The Article applies only to the distribution of
prOperty situated in France, when the rights of
Frenchmen are implicated therein. The reason and
object of this Article are as fellow:
"Permission has been given to foreigners to dispose,
either by testament or a intested, of their property
situated in France. • Anterior to this permission, the
State would have succeeded to them, unless they bad
heirs who were denizens or suhjects of France. The
State, which renounced this right of succession, could
attach thereto a condition. The State deprived the
French heirs or denizens of the right which they would
have had of excluding foreign heirs. It was fit they
should be indemnified. That condition and this in-
demnity are stated in Article 2.
" A foreigner can convey his property situated in
France, but under the restriction of not infringing
the laws which regulate that property. Accordingly,
he cannot subject it to entails, for entails are prohi-
bited in France. This is not said in the law, because
it is in the common law; but it was necessary to re-
gulate whit was a new and special right, and this
the law has done by providing for the case of distri-
bution among French and foreign heirs.
"The French law has no authority over property
situate out of the French territory; but its authority
is complete over property within that territory. Its
intention is to establish, as far as possible, equality of
distribution, in the same manner as would take place
if all the property existed in France. For this rea-
son, the French heir is indemnified out of the French
property, for what he may lose out of the foreign pro.
perty, in consequence of the law which governs it.
"For example: An Englishman possesses 600,000
francs in property of every kind, in England. He
possesses also, in France, real property to the amount
of 300,0(X) francs. The whole value of his succession
is, therefore, 900,000 francs. He has a son and
a daughter : the latter is married in France.. In
conformity with the liberty afforded him by the
English law, he leaves the whole of his property to
his son, or bequeaths to his daughter only a part in-
&rior to the reservation made by our laws in favour
of children. The daughter has a claim on the real
property in France for as much as is necessary to
complete this reservation.

" The property being 900,000.fpncs, and the part
at the disposal of the deceased being one-third, when
there are two children, there remain 600,000 francs
to be divided. The daughter would have 300,000 to
;Wilts she finds them in France, and they are ad-

judged to her. • She will thus °Warn the lam
her father could not convey, except under tilt
tion of Article 2 of the Law of the 14th July,

“ But if the father has no property in France.
rentes. Can his French heir obtain payment
legal reservation out of those rentes? No,
renter are not included in the descriptions
perty situated in France, on which the law
served a right of indemnity. No; because the
did not acquire his tenses under the condition
law of the 14th of July, but under the guar.].)
the preceding laws, and of all the legislation
ing rentes, which leave to foreigners the po
conveying or bequeathing them according
laws of their own country, according to the
Great Britain, with respect to Englishmen,
stated in the Treaty of Utrecht, and the Decl
of 1739. Finally, no, because, by common
the inheritance of moveable property is mg)
by the law of the proprietor's domicile, and
that of the place in which the property ma,
pen to be.
These examples shew the Meaning and al
tion of the law of the 14th of July, the enactmi
which extend only to real property, because thi
object was to permit its conveyance, and not'
moveable property, which existed before in

lest latitude. It is then manifest, that forei
who are proprietors of rentes in France, have
more to far from the new law, with respect
free conveyance of such rentes after their tit
than during their life ; that this law, which
solely to the conveyance of real property, cli
affect the conveyance of renter. That yolks
inoveable property by the determination If th,
(Art. 529,0 f the Civil Code), are governed
law of the domicile; and; with respect to fort
by the laws creating rentes, and specially
English, by the Treaty of Ut!echt, by the
ration of 1739, confirmed by Article 28
Treaty of the 20th of November, 1815, whi
pressly maintains the abolition of the droit
tie detraction, and others of the same nature.
countries which reciprocally stipulated with
Now England did reciprocally stipulate with
the abolition of every distinction between
men and Englishthen, relative to moveable p►
The English can, therefore, since the 14th of
1819, convey their rentes in the same man!
they have always done, without experienci
obstacle from the present law."

We have received Charleston Papers to the
last month, but there are no later advices fro,
seat of Government than those obtained prey'
The following is an extract from the Speed
Governor of South Carolina, regarding the
ences with Spain, in convening the Legislai
that State:

"To the &mate mid House Repeseioadities of the
South Confirm,
" FscLow Crrizmis—Since your last Session, nothing
curred to impair the resolutions of amity subsisting between
United States and any of the Powers of Europe, exc.-
Spain. With her we have differences, as she has refused
ratify the Treaty Which cecied to us the Floridas,
equivalent. This country, which neither yields .her
nor adds to her power, would be to us a valuable
from its relative situation : while in the possession
it must bt a source of perpetual collision with our
bowing States, threatening sooner or later to eventuate
war. Public opinion is unequivocally in favour of
system on the part of the United States, as comporting
with our interests, as long as It can be maintained,
with the: honour and rights of tie Nation; but where
become implicated, there can be no doubt that there
ways be found, in the breasts of our countrymen, a manly
rit ready to act in their Nindication. What may be
of these differences with Spain, we know not; but,
appeal to arms become necessary, there is every
believe that the people, mindful of the wrongs they
ceived from that Power, will rally round their
and maintain the dignity and independence of the Nation.

All the principal towns is the United States,
general, were free from the Fever; in the
States, however, it still lingered, although
lence had abated in a great measure. In Mobile,
deaths were averaged from six to eight dail
doubt the cold weather has, by this time, put
to the malady altogether. The Charleston
of the 4th of December, says—,, After several
of cold weather, it was supposed all danger
in Mobile, and a number of the inhabitants,
had been in the cowry, returned, under the
that the infection had entirely subsided, but
gret to say, that a number of persons, in full
have met with an untimely grave, from the

proper precaution."
ST. LOUIS, (M. T.) NOVEMBER gh
EMIGRATION.--Notwithstanding the great
of persons who are held in check by the agit.
the Slave question, in Congress, the emigral
the Missouri is astonishingly great; proba..
SO to 60 waggons, daily cross the Mississippi
different ferries, and bring on an average f.
to 500 a-day. The emigrants are principall,
Kentucky, Virginia, &c. and the States farther
They bring great numbers of slaves, knowii
Congress has no power to impose the agitated
tion, and drat the people of Missouri
adopt it.

The Duke of Mowrnosz arrived yesterdl
house in Grosvenor-square, from a visit to
quis and Marchioness of CAMDEN, at their
Wilderness, Kent.

The Duke of WELtINGTON is expected
town in a few days, for the Wilderness, K.
visit to the Marquis tux! Merchioneee of CAM

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1 States, in
to Southern
gh its viru-
Mobile, the
daily. No
put a stop
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event' days
der was over
iitants, who
the belie
but we re.
full health,
the want of
s.
reat number
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migration to
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ssippi at the
from four
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vowing that
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to the Mar-
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Kent, on a