The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1839-03-29 00:00:00

;arrison

Sir Frederick lost no time in communicating with the
Pasha, and informed hini of all he had done, and the scrupu-
lous care which had been observed respecting the privacy of
the ladies of his harem. The Pasha returned the most pro -
fuse 'acknowledgments to Sir Frederick for his kindness and
attention, stating the satisfaction he should have in repaying
the ransom, and requesting Sir Frederick to oblige him by
sending them to Lepanto as soon as possible. Sir Frederick
Adam engaged the first merchant brig he was able, and had
her fitted up for the reception of its fair freight with such
care, that none of the people on board could, by any possi-
bility, catch a glimpse of their passengers. Many of these in-
teresting creatures had.ingratiated themselves wonderfully
with the ladies who were allowed to visit them, by their en-
tire artlessness and unsophisticated notions of the world and
its ways. One was,tlie favourite of the Pasha, and was said
to possess great influence over him. She was a native of
Circassia, and was called Fatima, and possessed a greater
profusion of ornament and rich lothing than the others.
Lady Adam described her as the most decidedly beautiful
creature she had ever beheld. She had large dark eyes, with
a 'peculiarly soft and pleasing expression, which
,could not fail
to interest auy one who loOked upon her ; her eylashes were
very long.and black ; her complexion was of the purest white,
and her teeth like ivory. She was not more than eighteen
years of age, and Lady Adam could not refrain from tears at
parting with one so young and so beautiful, about to be se-
cluded for ever from a world which she might, under happier
circumstances, have adorned.
When the brig was ready for their reception, they were
put on board without having been seen by a single individual,
excepting the ladies already mentioned. Captain Anderson.
in the Redpole, acted as convoy, and Capt. Gilbert, A.D.C.,
was sent from Sir Frederick Adam with despatches for the
Pasha, and to receive the ransom money. I bad been cruiz-
ing for some time with Anderson, and therefore accompanied
him.

We had a most delightful trip from Corfu up the Gulf of
Lepanto, where we had orders to deliver up our interesting
charge. Some of the Turkish authorities, charged with the
orders of his highness the Pasha, were there to receive them.
They reiterated the Pasha's acknowledgments for the kind-
ness and care with which the ladies had been treated ; and
the ransom money was told into buckets of water, to prevent
contagion. The beautiful Fatima, at parting, left two hand-
some shawls as a remembrance—one for Captain Anderson,
and the other for Captain Gilbert. They were conveyed
from the brig so closely enveloped, that not even a figure
was discernible, and on their landing were surrounded by a
troop of blacks, or guards of the harem, 'and conveyed in
closed litters to the town.

The Redpole then sailed for Zante, whither Sir Frederick
and Lady Adam had gone to whom the captain gave an
account of his mission, and truly delighted they were to hear
that their protegees had been so kindly received. On our
return to Corfu, the following 'most distressing intelligence
awaited us. Scarcely had the two vessels sailed from the
Gulf of Lepanto, than the ruthless monster of a Pasha,
placing rio faith in the honour of British officers, and deaf to
all remonstrance, caused the whole of these unfortunate
creatures, the beautiful and interesting Fatima amongst the
rest, to be tied in sacks, and drowned in the waters of the
gulph ! The horror and indignation with which this shock-
ing intelligence was received at Corfu can hardly be de-
scribed. Not a man but would have gladly volunteered to
have burnt Lepanto to the ground, and have hung the dog
of a Pasha by his own beard. But we were poweress : we
had no right to interfere, and were to smother our indigna-
tion as we best could. There was many a wet eye in Corfu
for the fate of poor Fatima and her luckless companions.
But judgment speedily overtook-the perpetrator of this most
wanton deed of butchery,—though it is strange how noble
were the last moments of this man of blood.
By some means, Cherchid Pasha had incurred the suspicion
of the Porte. There is but one way amongst the Turks of
explaining these matters. A Tartar shortly arrived at the
head-quarters of the Pasha, bearing the imperial firman and
the fatal bowstring. The Pasha no sooner read the fatal scroll
than he kissed it, and bowed his forehead to the earth, in
token of reverence and submission.
" Do your instructions forbid me to use poison, instead of
submitting to the bowstring?" calmly asked the pasha of the
Tartar.
" His highness may use his own pleasure," answered the
Tartar. " I have with me a potent mixture which, with his
highness's permission, I will prepare."
The Pasha then called together all his officers and his house-
hold. He was attired in his most splendid robes, and received
them in his state divan, as though in the plentitude of his
power. The fatal messenger stood by his side. In one hand
he held a golden goblet, all enriched with precious stones, and
in the other he held the imperial firman. " I have sent for
you," he said, addressing them in a firm voice, " I have sent
for you all to shew you, by my example, that it is the duty of
a Mussulman to die at the command of his superior as well as
to live for his service and honour. The Sultan, our master,
has no further occasion for his servant, and has sent him this
finnan. It remains for me only to obey. I might, it is true,
resist; surrounded as I am, by guards and friends. But no;
I respect the will of God and our blessed prophet, through the
word of his successor. I value not life in comparison with
duty ; and I pray you all to profit by my example." With a
firm and unflinching hand he carried the poisoned goblet to
his lips, and drank it to the dregs ; then, shaking his head as
one who has had a nauseous draught, he handed the cup to
the-Tartar, and said, " Keep it ; your potion is bitter indeed.
Present my duty to our master, and say that his servant died
as he lived,— faithful and true. And you," he added, turning
to those who stood dismayed around him, " if it ever should
arrive that any of you should have to undergo—the same—
trial," his voice faltered, and his face became deadly pale,—
" remember Cherchid Pasha!—Allah—Achar !—God's will
be—" but before he could finish the sentence, his bead fell
.upon his breast, and he sunk back upon the cushions of his
divan, and expired.
The Tartar took a bag from his girdle, and with a knife
separated the head from the body, _the blood staining the
jewrlled vpis7Pts. Tb,l-1,44d he deposited carefully in the
nect round his waist, and in a few minuto. was on his fleet
steed on the road to Constantinople.

The Glasgow Chartists had a meeting last week, and it ap-
pears from the proceedings that they have had an accession
to their numbers of two clergymen. One of these, the Rev.
G. Harris, complained that the National Petition did not go
far enough for him, he was a decided Republican ! The
cheers with whicn this announcement was received showed
that the meeting felt the same dislike to monarchical govern-
ment as the preacher himself. The Rev. William Paterson,
of the Universalist Chapel, sent 1:3 4s. 9d., the amount col-
lected by him on the previous Sabbath for the " National
Rent."—Scottish Guardian.
STATE OF TRADE.—There was a rather limited demand
yesterday, both for goods and yarn, and the business done
was on a limited scale, but without any alteration in prices.
It is understood that the Liverpool steamer, which was
expected to bring a considerable number of orders from the
United States, has brought very few ; and it is even said, that
some countermands of former orders have been received by
her. The working of short time continues in the neighbour-
hood of Mossley, and in several other places where yarn is
spun for export ; but it is entirely at an end at Stalybridge.—
Manchester Guardian.

THE SWEDISH MOUNTAINEER.—The Delcarle still
thinks himself, as our Highlanders do, of a superior caste,
and adheres proudly to his white wadmal coat, his breeches
with huge buttons and knee buckles, his hose gartered below
the knee; and his wife to her red stockings, high-heeled shoes,
and yellow cap. Every parish or dale, however, has some
peculiar color or stripe ; but all the women use this shoe with
a high heel or prop under the hinder part of the foot. It has
given them a peculiar kind of gait, from the back sinews not
being so much exerted, and the fore sinews more. When
they are walking barefoot at this season, they bring the fore
part of the foot first to the ground, as soldiers of old used to
be drilled in vain to do. I can distinguish a Dal woman
Walking barefoot by her gait.—Laing's Tour in Sweden.
THE CHINESE.—There is perhaps no country in the world
where a greater degree of deception is carried on than in
China. The handicraft of the people is extraordinary, and
they contrive to turn almost every article, indigenous to the
country to some profitable account • which though valueless_
in itself, they manage, with the aid of labour and art, to im-
pose on foreigners who are in the habit of trading with them,
either as objects of value or curiosity. The grass cloth is
manufactured from the fibres of a specbs of iris, a plant that
grows abundantly in most parts of India. Their card-counters,
which they represent as being manufactured from rice, are
wrought out of the shell of the ostrea gigans, from which
that valuable article of elegance, the pearl, is extracted, and
which shells they procure in large quantities fron the gulf of
Mana, and other isles in the'lndian Archipelago, whilst their
rice paper is produced from the solah, an aquatic plant, which
is to be found in almost every bog in southern India. The
stamen of this succulent herb contains a very fine pith, which
is capable, by a turning machine, of rendering a most delicate
kind of paper. This pith is used the natives of Hindostan
in the construction of hats, one of which, of a commodious
size, will not exceed in weight two ounce. The wild hog feeds
voraciously on the root of the solah.
A DISTINGUISHED COOK.—The following anecdote of
Prince Talleyrand is from the Quotidienne:—ln 1772, when
the celebrated diplomatist, then a secret agent from some par-
ties in France, was compelled to quit London within 24 hours,
he embarked on board a Danish vessel, which was to convey
him to the United States. At sea the vessel met with an
English frigate, which made a signal to her to lie to, and
sent an officer in a boat to inspect her, the principle of
England in time of war being that a neutral flag protects
neither persons nor goods of a hostile power. Talleyrand,
who had an insuperable dislike to the idea of being taken
back to England, implored the Danish captain not to declare
him, and the officer could devise no other expedient than to
pass him off as the ship's cook. After some wry faces,
Talley rand consented to the captain's proposal, and with a very
ill grace assumed the cotton!cap, kitchen apron, carving knife,
and other appendages, in keeping with his new office. When
the English officer boarded the vessel, and demanded in the
usual terms if there were any French passengers on boiird,
the captain replied there was " only one poor devil of a
limping French cook," who being immediately called up for
inspection, Talleyrand made his appearance, saucepan in hand,
and with such a piteous countenance, that the English officer
laughed heartily, and consented not to make a capture of him.
M. Watersdorf, the Danish ambassador, under Buonaparte,
is said to have been acquainted with this anecdote, and to
have invariably brought it on the tapis whenever he felt a
grudge against the ex-Bishop of Autun.
PEDESTRIANISM.—On Friday and Saturday last, two of
the most extraordinary feats ever, perhaps, witnessed in this
town, were performed by Ensign Smith and Lieutenant Ste-
phens, of the 61st depot stationed here. The ground chosen
was the infantry barrack square. Mr. Smith undertook to
walk 30 miles in six hours, on Friday, and accomplished it in
15 minutes.less than the time. From the time lie commenced
until he had finished, .his. space never slackened, and on the
last round he appeared quite fresh, exhibiting no symptom of
exhaustion. On Saturday, Mr. Stephens undertook the her-
culean labour of walking 50 miles in 13 hours in the full dress
of a private soldier in heavy marching order, with knapsack,
watchcoat, canteen, firelock, and bayonet, and the usual ap-
pointments, weighing in all forty-six and a half pounds. The
day was very unfavorable for the undertaking—it being very
cold, the wind blowing sharply, accompanied at intervals
with heavy showers of sleet. He commenced his task at 20
minutes to six in the morning, and walked in gallant style
during the entire day, preserving all through the same pace
with which he set out. He stopped half anhour to breakfast,
and changed three . times when drenched with rain ; and in
despite of the numerous disadvantages with which he had
to contend, he performed. his task in splendid style, having
54 minutes to spare.. On. coming up on the last round, he
asked one of the umpires if he won ; being answered in the
affirmative, he threw up the musket with astonishing dex-
terity and marched off apparently quite fresh to his quarters
amid the loud shouts of the spectators. Large sums of money
changed hands on the occasion ; and the chagrin of the dis-
appointed parties was ludicrously visible on witnessing the
successful issue of what at first appeared a physical impossi-
bility.—Tipperary Constitution.

LIVERPOOL MECHANICS' INSTITUTION.

LECTURES ON ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.

On Wednesday evening Dr. Brett delivered the fourth
lecture of his course. [Owing to the excavations now in
progress for the sewering of Mount-street, it is extremely
difficult, if not dangerous, to effect a passage to the Institu-
tion, and we beg to call the attention of the commissioners
to the subject, with a view of urging them to increased•ex-
pedition in the prosecution of their operations, so as to render
the street again available for the numerous ladies attending
the lectures at the Mechanics' Institution, who are now un-
able to obtain access to it.]
In the present lecture I have to continue the consideration
of the artificial neutral organic products which come under
the denomination of ethers. The term ether was originally
applied to an extremely light and volatile fluid, obtained by
the action of sulphuric acid upon alcohol. Modern disco-
veries, however, have brought to light a very numerous class
of compounds, which are all arranged in the family of ethers,
in consequence of their chemical composition, but which
differ very materially from each other in respect to certain of
their physical properties. Some of them, instead of possess-
ing the great levity of the ether first discovered, are heavier
than water or even oil of vitriol, one of the densest fluids
with which we are acquainted; others again are not only'much
less volatile than common ethers, but actually exist in the
solid form at ordinary temperatures, so that the advances of
modern science now render it necessary to abandon that
apparently natural association between the term ether and
some substance possessing very light and volatile properties,
and apply the term generally, as indicative of a class of bodies
endowed with a certain and well defined chemical compo-

sition.
When equal weights of alcohol and sulphuric acid are
placed in a retort and heat applied, an extremely light and
volatile fluid comes over when the temperature is equal to 280
degrees Fahrenheit. If the temperature be not raised to that
degree, we obtain a very small quantity of ether. As soon as
the development of ether takes place, spirits of wine are al-
lowed to flow into the retort from a reservoir placed above, to
an equal amount with the, ether obtained. In this manner
we are able to produce as much ether as we _wish from the
same quantity of sulphuric acid. For this mode of preparing
ether, we are indebted to the French chemist Boullay, and it
is a process much superior to that first employed for that pur-
poSe. The ether which comes over under these circum-
stances; is always mixed with a certain proportion of water
and spirits of wine, and the specific gravity of the product is
equal to that of the spirits of wine originally employed. I
stated in a former lecture that alcohol was composed of
olefiant gas and water. Now ether on the contrary contains
just one half the quantity of water which alcohol contains,
consequently, if from this alcohol we take one half its water
we convert it into ether ; and this view of the question,
extremely simple as it is, is borne out by the chemical com-
position of still-its of wine and ether, respectively, as de-
duced from experiment : for if we mix sulphuric acid with
alcohol, we obtain ether mixed with water, arising from the de-
composition of the alcohol. This was the original view of the
mode in which alcohol was converted into ether ; but it was
found, by subsequent experiments, that certain other effects are
produced besides those to which I have alluded : that, for
example, when sulphuric acid is added to alcohol, a new
acid is formed, called the ethero sulphuric, or sulphovinic
acid. The fact of the existence of this acid was established
in a very simple manner. Sulphuric acid is known to pos-
sess the power of combining with barytes, or oxide of lead,
to form air insoluble compound ; but when alcohol was pre-
sent, it was found that the salts of barytes or lead then
formed became soluble in water, which proved the existence
of anew acid in combination with the metallic oxide. .How-
ever, although the existence of sulphovinic acid be admitted,
it does not militate against the previous theory, that the
change which takes place is
,due to the abstraction of the
water from spirit of wine. It has, indeed, been attempted
to shew, that the production of ether depends
.upon the con-
tact of sulphuric acid and alcohol, and it is certainly a fact,
that sulphovinic acid, when mixed with an excess of a base,
will not yield ether when subjected to distillation. We
therefore add the sulphuric acid in excess to the alcohol,
when we wish to obtain the ether. But, on the other hand,
if we combine the sulphovinic acid with lead or with barytes,
then, by the application of heat, we are enabled to get ether,
provided the bases be not in excess. All these circumstances
taken into consideration, we are led to conclude that the
simple change produced during etherification is the abstrac-
tion of water from the spirit of wine, and very recent expe-
riments have in my mind set this matter completely at rest.
It was formerly thought that no substance possessing a strong
affinity for water, excepting sulphuric acid, was capable of
converting alcohol into ether,—such, for example, as dry
muriate of lime, dry caustic potass, &c. ; but it has latterly
been discovered that the chloride of zinc, which has a great
affinity for water, is capable of converting alcohol into ether.
Thus, if we take an excess of chloride of zinc and alcohol,
and submit them to distillation, we shall find that ether will
flow over,, testifying, as far as it can be proved, that the mere
change in the conversion of alcohol into ether was the ab-
straction of water. I have stated that ether differs from
alcohol in containing only one-half its proportion of water,
and we find that this difference in the amount of water ac-
cords completely with the weight of the vapour of ether and
the weight of the vapour of the spirit of wine. Having spo-
ken thus much upon the mode of producing ether, I shall
direct your attention to a few of the more striking properties
of this substance. In the first place, it is characterised by
the properties of being extremely inflammable, and exceed-
ingly light compared with water, although its vapour is very
dense. So extremely volatile is this fluid, that it will actu-
ally boil in vacuo at the ordinary atmospheric temperature ;
and if a glass bulb containing water be enveloped with cotton
wool saturated with ether, the evaporation will be so rapid
as to freeze the water in the btilb even in a warm room.
The extreme inflammability of ether may be shewn by placing
a. little cotton wool, saturated with it, in an open tube, when,
by blowing through the tube, the vapour of the ether may
be driven out and inflamed, as it issues from the tube. Ano-
ther simple mode of exhibiting its inflammability is by drop-
ping a feW lumps of sugar, saturated with the ether, into
warm water, when the vapour of ether, being liberated, will
rise to the surface of the water in large bubbles, where it
may be ignited with a taper. If, again, we fill a jar with
warm water, and invert it in the pneumatic trough, and open
beneath it a bottle containing ether, the heat of the water
will at once convert the ether into vapour, which will occupy
the place of the,water. Ether has the peculiar property of
acting as a solvent upon a variety of substances. We find
that it exercises a very powerful solvent action upon most of
the resinous substances, as well as upon sulphur and phos-
phorus, with the latter of which substances it forms a corn-
. pound luminous in the dark. Certain gaseous as well as fluid
substances exercise a peculiar influence upon, ether. The
electro-negative substances—iodine, chlorine, and bromine—
arP of flPentnopioff it. and forming new substfin,os,
when mingled with it in proper propOrtions, and inflamed.
When chlorine and the vapour of ether are inflamed in con-
tact, we have a considerable evolution of carbon, as well as
the formation of muriatic acid.
Having stated the most remarkable properties connected
with ether; I shall direct your attention to those additional
eombinations termed ethers which have been discovered since,
and which differ materially in their properties from the ether
"which we have considered, riot only as regards their volatility
and weight, but as to the form in which they exist, some
being gaseous at ordinary temperatures, and others fluid.
The term etherin is given to olefiant gas for convenience,
'so that we call sulphuric ether the hydrate of etherin, because
it is a compound of olefiant gas and water. Muriatic acid is
capable Of producing another compound of etherin, the water
being replaced by muriatic acid, therefore the resultant com-
bination is termed hydrochloride of ether, or hydrochlorate of
etherin. Hydriodic acid also replaces the water, and produces
hydriodate of etherin. The nitrate of etherin contains one
proportion of water, with the addition of a proportion of
nitric acid. The acetate and the oxalate of etherin are simi-
larly constituted. It must not be imagined, that these ethers
represent all with which we are acquainted, as they do not,
in fact, represent one fourth part of them, but the considera-
tion would occupy more time than could be devoted to them
in a particular lecture. The combination of muriatic acid and
etherin produces an etherial substance, which at ordinary tem-
peratures is gaseous, and which does not assume the fluid
form unless it be submitted to a low temperature. It is in-
flamed on the application of heat, and burns with a cha-
racteristic green colour. The properties of hydrochlorate of
etherin are not of any further interest in any point of view,
but the acetate of etherin being used in medicine, is deserv-
ing of some notice. Like the common ether, it exists in the
fluid state at ordinary temperatures. It inflames like spirits
of wine, and during its combustion evolves a quantity of
acetic acid. The oxalate of etherin, is one of remarkable
interest. It is much heavier than any of the other ethers,
just noticed, and when acted upon by ammonia, forms a pe-
culiar substance, called oxamide. If to a portion of oxalic
ether, a little liquid ammonia be added, it will be found that
the oxalic ether will suffer decomposition, as will also the
ammonia. The oxalic ether is composed of oxalic acid, etherin
and water. The compound which results from its decompo-
sition, occurs in the form of a white powder containing car-
bonic oxide, and a substance called amygene. Now, if it
be true, that oxalic ether suffers decomposition by the addi-
tion of ammonia, oxamide being produced, which only differs
from oxalate of ammonia in containing less oxygen and
hydrogen, we ought to find that upon the decomposition of
oxamide by supplying it with the element of water it should
evolve ammonia. If we are able to prevent the ammonia from
entering into fresh combinations, we shall be able to demon-
strate its presence. This can be done by means of an in-
genious apparatus, of which this (contrived by my friend Mr.
William Radcliffe, whose chemical acumen is too well known
to most of you, to require my dwelling upon that circum-
stance now) is a specimen. Into one retort we place oxamide
and caustic potass, by which ammonia is driven off : this
ammonia, upon issuing from the beak of the retort into a
receiver, there meets with muriatic acid produced by another
retort,hy the decomposition of salt with sulphuric acid, by
which muriate of ammonia is formed. •
We now enter upon the consideration of a substance of a
peculiar nature, possessing many of the properties of alcohol.
It is called, in commerce, wood naptha, and is produced
during the time when the acetic acid, formed in the distilla-
tion of wood, is being manufactured. When we apply heat
to the harder kinds of wood, in an iron cylinder, it is found
that, besides the acetic acid or vinegar which comes over, a
spirituous fluid is distilled, for the most part mixed with a
quantity of tarry ,matter, which renders it brown, and gives
it a peculiarly disagreeable odour. By repeated subsequent
distillation it may be almost entirely separated from this
tarry substance, and thus it is 'introduced into commerce
under the term wood naptha, or pyroligneous ether, in con-
sequence of its supposed etherial propertids. When perfectly
pure, and it can only be obtained pure by repeated distilla-
tion, especially when mixed with dry muriate of lime, to free
it from-water, it assumes the form of a colourless fluid, with
a disagreeable odour, is extremely inflammable, and answers
many of the purposes to which common spirit of wine. is
applied. This fluid has undergone a severe chemical exami-
nation•by two distinguished French chemists, to whom we
owe almost all the knowledge we possess of it. I may state
to you that it has been termed alcohol of wood ; and that
term is very applicable to it, because it possesses almost
all the striking properties of alcohol, not only in its very
combustible nature, but also in' its properties of a solvent
nature. There are very few substances which alcohol is ca-
pable of dissolving which are not also dissolved in this fluid ;
and with respect to the action of acids, in converting alcohol
into ether, the same action obtains with respect to the alcohol
of wood. It is a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen,
differing from spirits of wine in containing a smaller propor-
tion of olefiant gas and a larger quantity of water. This will
be rendered very obvious by this formula. If we take half a
pint of olefiant gas and Combine it with one pint of aqueous
vapour, we shall form one pint of the vapour of methylic
alcohol as it is called. As methylic alcohol contains oxygen,
it is acted upon by potassium. It is likewise capable of
combining with acids, and forming a class of bodies analagous
to the corresponding ones of alcoholic ethers. I have already
stated that the olefiant gas which enters into the composition
of the ethers has, for convenience, been termed etherin ; now
that which enters into the composition of the alcohol of wood
has been termed methylene. When sulphuric acid acts upon
the alcohol of wood it converts it into the hydrate of methy-
lene, which differs from the alcoholic ether in containing less
olefiant gas. The hydro-chlorate of methylene'' except at a
very low temperature, exists in a gaseous state. The hydrio-
date of methylene is a very interesting ether, derived from
the alcohol of wood. It is one of the heaviest ethers with
which we are acquainted, being heavier than oil of vitriol,
aid is an instance of ether possessing a snperior density to
that of one of the heaviest fluids with which we are acquainted.
' This ether is not inflammable by itself, and requires to be
mixed with an inflammable substance before we are able to
inflame it. If we mix it with a small portion of alcohol we
inflame it ; and by afterwards inverting a bell glass over it, the
fumes are collected, the iodine being set free, and we detect
its presence with starch. There is one more compound of
this class to which I wish to direct your attention, because it
is the solid form, and is an etherial substance entirely divested
of fluid properties, existing in a solid state at ordinary tem-

p eratures. This compound is termed the oxalate of methy-
lene. It is very soluble in the alcohol of wood, and if a little
of it be be submitted to the action of heat it passes to the
fluid form, and is driven off in a white dense vapour. It is
somewhat interesting to mark, that if to this solid ether we
add .ammonia, it is converted into oxamide, precisely as the
oxalic ether from alcohol is. This circumstance, as well as
others already noticed, show the remarkable similarity of the
etherial compounds, whether derived from the alcoholic or
the methylic series.

On Saturday evening, It. H. Brett, Esq., delivered the
fifth lecture of his course, to an attentive audience.
In the present lecture I have to continue the consideration
of vegetable organic sub.tances of neutral origin. In the
last lecture we entered into the nature and composition of

those organic bodies of artificial production, and we have now
to treat upon those bodies which, although equally neutral,
are of natural production or occur ready formed in the plant.
The first of these are the resins which are diffused exten-
sively throughout vegetable bodies. They are to be met with
in almost every part of the plant, whether we examine the
. .

root, stem, flower, or fruit. ThiS peculiar proximate princi-
plei which has been termed resin, is for the most part obtained
from incisions which are made in the trunk or stem of • the

plant or tree, or from spontaneous exudation. The general
properties belonging to this proximate principle are the
following :—Resins vary very considerably in their colour ;.
for the most part they possess a yellow or a yellowish brown
colour. They are totally insoluble in water, but are readily
dis Solved by spirit of wine or ether. They possess the pro-
perty of being rendered electrical by friction, and are hence
frequently called electrics. They differ in the degree in which
they are rendered electrical by friction, and some chemists
have arranged the resins, according to their electrical proper-
ties, into those which possess very striking electrical proper-
ties, and into those in which electrical properties are by no
means very obvious. These substances are dissolved by the
alkalies—by potass and by soda. They are acted upon in a
peculiar way by the acids ; for instance, nitric acid•will con-
vert some of the resins into a substance very analagous to
tannin, which has, therefore, been called artificial tannin.
Some, but very few, of the resinous substances are converted

into oxalic acid by the action of nitric acid. These properties
are sufficient to distinguish the resinous bodies from the other

proximate principles which we are called upon to consider.
In their chemical constitution they also differ very materially
from the other forms of vegetable principles. Although
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, their carbon
predominates to a considerable extent, and the hydrogen and
oxygen are not present in the proper proportions to form
water, whereas in sugar, starch, and gum, and some other
proximate principlei, they exist in the proportions requisite
to constitute water. That substance which is commonly met
with, and is more frequently recognised by the term resin
than any other, and is more familiar to most persons than
any other, is the resin obtained from common turpentine.
It is procured froth those species of plants which belong to
the family of the pines, from which there exudes, especially
by incision, a large quantity of a resinous substance,
mixed with an essential oil. When this essential oil
is separated there then remains a brown substance.—
This resinous substance is exceedingly inflammable, and
during combustion sets free a large quantity of carbon. The
quantity of carbon being so great that the oxygen of the at-
mosphere is not capable of converting it into carbonic acid.
A very interesting substance, which may be classed amongst
the resins, is one obtained from the plant termed the guiacum
officinale, from iyhich the resin is termed guiac resin. Like
the one I have alluded to it is exceedingly inflammable ; it is
soluble in alcoho and ether, and insoluble in water. When
we take a solution of resin in spirits of wine, and mix with it
distilled water, we shall find that the resin will be separated
from its alcoholic solution, and the alcohol combining with
the water will set the resin free. The same thing occurs
with respect to guiac resin. This variety of resin, however,
possesses very peculiar properties in its relation to oxydizing
agents. As met with in a pure state it is found to possess a
yellowish brown colour. But when exposed for no very great
length of time to the action of the atmosphere its ordinary
colours is changed into green or blue by the absorption of,
oxygen. When the resin, therefore, is pure, and has not
been exposed to the oxydizing influence of the atmosphere,
or some gas or fluid capable of affording oxygen, it loses its
yellowish colour and becomes green or blue. If I take a so-
lution of this resin in alcohol, and place it upon a white sur-
face, and then expo-se it to the influence of some gaseous sub-
stance capable of acting upon it by supplying it with oxygen,
you will find a bluish green colour struck. This colour is
evanescent, and its place will soon be supplied by a yellowish
tinge. Now in this experiment I simply cause a current of
nitrous acid gas to flow against the white surface. This is
precisely the change which takes place when the guiacum
resin is exposed to the action of the atmosphere. The change,
however, is much more slow. If we allow a current of chlo-
rine gas to be passed through a solution of the same resin in
alcohol, in which it is soluble, we shall also find that a bluish
green colour will be struck. The cause of this change is the
same as that in the former experiment, the guiacum resin
receiving a quantity of oxygen,—the chlorine decomposing
the water which is present, and uniting with its hydrogen to
form muriatic acid, by which the oxygen of the water is sup-
plied to the resin. Not only does chlorine possess this pe-
culiar property„ but bromine and iodine, which in other
respects are very analagous to chlorine, also possess the
power of changing the original colour of guiacum resin to
blue. I shall trace upon a portion of paper a few letters,
and then I shall cause the vapour of bromine, which is ex-
tremely heavy, to fall upon them, and you will observe the
bluish green colour produced. This circumstance clearly
shows the strong properties which the electro negative agents
and oxygen gas possess in altering the colour of a resinous
substance, and we are not able to explain this change, except
on the supposition that the resinous substance abstracts oxy-
gen. The guiac resin presents the property of combining
with certain metallic oxides, and in this case also we observe
a change of colour; but there is in some instances a combina-
tion between the metallic oxides and the resin. I shall first
take a solution of chloride of gold, and add to it some of the
resin dissolved in alcohol, when we shall have a bluish colour
struck, and if we examine the compound formed, we shall
find that it is combined in definite proportions. The same
thing will take place with other metallic oxides. Here I have
sulphate of iron, and here also we observe a deep bluish co-
lour, and the change which takes place is precisely the same
as in the first instance. There is one rather strange exceptiqn
to this action of resin upon a metallic oxide, and this occurs
in the cases of the salts of copper. Thus, if the alcoholic
solution of resin be added to the salts of copper the blue co-
lour is not immediately struck, but upon the addition of a
small quantity of prussic acid a pale blue colour is immediately
produced. Therefore prussic acid and the resinous solutions
have been employed as a test for the salts of copper. When
I add a solution of resin to the cupreous salt, we observe a
white film upon the top, but as soon as I add a small quan-
tity of nrisirt .rid a very remarkable blue colour is produced.
A very minute quantity of the resinous solution, mixed with
a very small proportion of copper, ,will, upon the addition of
prussic acid, cause the blue precipitate to which I have al-
luded. There is no one substance amongst the whole class
of resinous bodies which possesses the characteristic besides
besides the guiac resin. And this circumstance is of great
importance in testing that substance, entering as it does very
.extensively into medicinal preparations.
Quitting the conversation then of the resinous substances,
I proceed to notice another interesting and important class
of neutral organic bodies, namely, the volatile or essential
oils, and here I may observe, that throughout vegetable
bodies, oleaginous substances exist in two forms. Inthe first,
the oil is volatile or essential as it is termed, in the other, it
is fixed or non volatile. To the volatile or essential oils, I
will particularly direct your attention. They are met with
in considerable abundance, and they occupy very different
positions in the plants from which they are derived, as re-
gards the different structures of these plants. They are
sometimes to be met with in the leaves, very frequently in
the flowers, and still more frequently in the fruit. We are
able to separate them by two different operations,—by expres-
sion, that is by subjecting that part of the plant which is
found to contain them to pressure, or by subjecting it to the ac-
tion of heat in combination with water. The latter mode is
the most frequently resorted to and the application of
heat causes the essential oil to be carried over by distillation
in connection with the water, and it is afterwards separated
by removing the essential oil which floats upon the surface
of the water, or by remas ing the water when the essential oil
is heavier than the water, a state which sometimes obtains.
We may, for the sake of convenience, divide the essential
oils into two classes, into those which contain oxygen, and
into those which are entirely free from that substance.
Amongst the essential oils which are free from oxygen, and
those which contain hydrogen, and carbon, and the oil of
turpentine, the essential oil of lemons, and one or two others,
I shall direct your attention to the essential oil of turpentine.
There is an oil which assumes the .solid state, the oil of roses
The essential oil of turpentine possesses the chemical corn•
position of the essential oil of lemons, although, every on.
must be aware of the difference of value between these oils,
but yet, they contain the same proportions of carbon and
hydrogen. The essential oil of turpentine is obtained by
submitting the resin derived from the pine tribe to distillation
with water. The oil being volatile, passes over with the
water while the common resin remains behind. This oil,
when pure, and perfectly rectified, is colourless. It contains
no oxygen, and ,consequentiy, does not act upon potassium.
This substance is extremely inflammable, the quantity of
its
carbon, which it contains is comparatively small with
carbon, consequently a large quantity of carbonaceous va-
pour is evolved during its combustion. Containing no oxygen
it possesses a very powerful affinity for that element, so that
if we place it under circumstances favourable for the obtain-
ing of oxygen, it is found to absorb it with the evolution of
.much light and heat. In this dish I have a small quantity
of the essential oil of turpentine, to which I shall add sul-
phuric acid mixed with nitric acid. The nitric acid possesses
a very large quantity of oxygen which enters into its compo-
sition, and when it is brought into contact with the oil, the
union is so energetic as to cause combustion. The action of
muriatic acid upon the oil of turpentine is somewhat inter-
esting in a chemical point of view. If we cause muriatic
acid gas to pass into oil of turpentine, we shall find that the
oil of turpentine will be converted into a solid crystalline
substance, which has been denominated artificial camphor,
because it not only resembles camphor in appearance, but
possesses also a crystalline form, whiteness, and transpa-
rency. In this case, there is a chemical combination of mu-
riatic acid and oil of turpentine. The action of chlorine gas
upon oil of turpentine is interesting. It sometimes happens,
when oil of turpentine is placed in chlorine gas, that spon-
taneous inflammation takes place, although both the gas and
the cil of turpentine were previously cold. - So energetic is
the action that combustion immediately takes place, a large
quantity of carbon is set free, and the chlorine for, the most
part combines with the hydrogen of the oil of turpentine to
form muriatic acid. This is an instance of the extraordinary
power of chemical union, in producing the evolution of light
and heat by the simple mixture of two substances, without
previously raising the temperature of either of them. The
essential oil of lemons has certain chemical properties, inde-
pendently of a similarity in its ultimate atoms with the oil of
turpentine, which are very analogous to those of oil of tur-
pentine. It is a combination of carbon and hydrogen,
which, when mixed with muriatic acid, is capable of forming
a solid substance very like the artificial camphor. Ordinary
camphor has, with some reason, been ranked among the
essential oils, although it might appear, at first sight, diffi-
cult to separate it from the resinous substances, because it
does possess several properties which belong to the resins.
But, in its checaical composition, it would appear to belong
to the volatile oils. Camphor is obtained from a species of
laurel, called the Laurus camphora, which is a native of
China and Japan. It is, like the essential oils, obtained by
taking a portion of the tree, boiling it in water, and collect-
ing the camphor, which is very volatile, in a receiver adapted
for the purpose. If a quantity of the Laurus eamphora be
placed in a large boiler with water, and a vessel of large
capacity, filled with straw, be placed over it, the heat of
boiling water will be sufficient to volatilise the camphor,
which will rise and crystallize upon the straw. When sepa-
rated from this straw, the camphor is in an impure state,
and is placed in a vessel to which heat is applied, when the
vapour arising is collected in a glass vessel. This mode of
obtaining camphor in a pure state is somewhat expensive,
because the glass vessel is obliged to be broken to obtain the
camphor ; but it is found to be the best mode of obtaining it
in a pure state. Camphor in this state is translucent. Al-
though so firm a solid, it is extremely volatile—so much so,
that if a large mass were exposed to the atmosphere, it would,
after a time, entirely disappear. In this it differs from the
resinous substances, which are not volatile at ordinary tem-
peratures, but agrees with the essential oils, which are vola-
tile at ordinary temperatures. Independently of this ana-
logy between the volatile oils and camphor, they possess
several other analogies. The essential oils of turpentine and
lemon differ only from camphor in possessing no oxygen ;
and if we were, chemically speaking, to supply the oils of
lemon and turpentine with oxygen, we should constitute
camphor ; and it is singular that these two oils are callable
of being converted into a substance very like camphor in
some of its properties, and which has been termed, as before
stated, artificial camphor. Camphor burns with a brilliant

•
flame with the evolution of carbon. It contains a very much
portion of oxygen, in consequence of which not so ~
carbon is released during combustion as in the case of regt.i',
A very remarkable property appertaining to camphor is th!s.'
if a portion of it be excavated, and a quantity of spongY
tinum, previously made red hot, be placed in the excavatTnr
the platinum will continue red hot as long as any earriPasd
remains, precisely as it would in the vapour of alcohol ;
it is a very curious fact, that the vapour of camphor sillNTed
possess the same properties with respect to finely-d. 'the
platinum which spirits of wine do. In consequence of .
inflammability of camphor. it burns with great brillianeY 'Ol
oxygen gas, if previously inflamed. Camphor is capable d
combining with certain simple bodies, such as sulphur pl
phosphorus ; and these combinations take place more rea;
when the substances are brought together in a fluid state. lily
compounds of sulphur and camphor have not been caref?eei
examined, but it will be found, no doubt, to be a cher° f
union. I shall place a small quantity of the combination a.
phosphorus and camphor in a spoon, and inflame it in ox);
gas, when an intensely brilliant light will be produced. ,he
last essential oil to which I shall direct your attention, e-
essential oil of bitter almonds, and in a scientific point. ori
view this substance is of much more interest than any °We,
which has previously been considered. Prior to taking, ne
tice of this essential oil, I may observe that the oil of ros.e.si
or that which exists in a solid state, is one of those essern
oils which is free from oxygen, consisting simply of ear fsj
and hydrogen. As met with generally, it is made tiP a •Li
fluid and solid oil, the solid oil readily separates from the /1,1" a
oil at a somewhat reduced temperature. The solid and fisiti,e
oils differ in the former, containing no oxygen ; and in
latter, containing oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon. To re1111:8
then to the oil of bitter almonds. This oil, unlike thee
which we have considered, does not exist ready formed eery
plant or in the fruit. The bitter almond, with which e
one is acquainted, the poisonous properties of which has,
been much spoken of, is not poisonous of itself. There ,I'o
ists, however, in bitter almonds a substance, which wae.4
brought into contact with water, at a certain temperatureo't
resolved into essential oil, and into that peculiarly poisontu'r,
substance called prussic acid. Without employing ws:he
therefore, we cannot obtain the oil or prussic acid from
..re
almond. I have already stated that the essential oils
soluble in alcohol and ether. Now, if the essential oil
isted in the almond ready formed, we ought to be able to e(e.
tract it by means of alcohol or ether, which is not the' I'l,,
But as soon as we bring the almond into contact with waLui
and simply allow it to remain at a temperature even bons
that of boiling water, the principle belonging to the alitionaci 'd
resolved into essential oil, and into that poisonous a
termed prussic acid. The substance met with in bitterhao
monds, from which these two principles are obtained' es.
been termed amygdaline. It is a substance which we eaa,,licl
tract from the almond by means of alcohol. It is 3
white substance, capabie of crystallizing. It is nut j 5
poisonous, but hen brought into contact with water, ki•
resolved into essential oil of almonds and into prussie2ere.
The essential oil of almonds when in a pure state, may be
garded as free from prussic acid. Under such circuintte...K
it differs very little in appearance from some other orcur;s
essential oils, and may be regarded as innocuous, as fafi'd
refers at least to prussic acid. When the essential onbe,
almonds is exposed to the action of the atmosphere, it
comes converted into the benzoic acid. aria
I shall now dismiss the subject of the essential oils, s
proceed briefly to consider nn important class of substages,„
connected with organic chemistry, namely, those subsiab'elt
which belong to the fatty tribe of organic bodies, and w,
are derived both from the vegetable and animal king Dint
and which are of such great importance in a practical 11°00
of view, because they involve the theory of saponifieaLeo,
I have stated that the_volatile or essential oils, more °Poo
ally the oil of roses, are capable of separating, into the
distinct substances by a reduction of temperature, .cell
one a solid body, and the other a fluid, and nreel- oil
the same is observed of fixed oils. The corinn'„teto
of olives, by a reduction of :temperature, is resolved ito•
a fluid and a solid substance. The same thing is
ary
served in many of those fatty bodies, which, at ordiO
temperatures, possess a certain degree of solidity. pr nee"
animal fat, such as common suet, consists of two substanieid
the one a fluid like ordinary oil, the other a solid. Tbe.i.oe.
ption has been termed oleine, the solid portion steui/efl
Ti same substances exist in olive oil, and certain other rjer
vegetable oils. A knowledge of this fact is necessary in °ion•
to have a clear scientific view of the theory of saponifiet,ito
If we take a portion of olive oil and boil it for some time
into
caustic potash, or soda dissolved in water, we convert itll'
what is termed a saponaceous mass, soluble in water'rties
other words, we destroy one of the very essential proPe„der
of oils, namely, their insolubility in water, and we re'the
them soluble in that fluid. It might be asked, what is the
cause of this change ? Is it a mere solution of this oil iarroe
alkaline fluid ? No ; the oil itself undergoes a change. eric
stearine, or solid portion of it, is converted into the s7ties,
and margaric acids, two substances possessing acid prolie ed.
while the fluid portion is converted into the oleic: ell
These acids, like those derived from the vegetable and al'ateift
kingdoms, possess the property of combining with cernhY
alkalies and becoming soluble in water ; therefore we see able
4
oils and fats, acted upon by potass and soda, become these
in water. It might be asked, hw dwe rove th,,,at,.; fact
oily substances have been converted into p
acids.
was proved some years ago by a most celebrated Freall)"
chemist, who has done more for organic chemistrythan life
individual before his time. He devoted ten years of
to the consideration of the fatty substances, and I 15as'i
a his
hesitation in saying that, until we preserved the result "attic°
labours, we had no very clear idea regarding the true a'" to
of saponification. He applied his scientific knowledgeoe
practical purposes, and showed the advantage of suell,l's
ledge in the manufacture of soap upon. the large scale' i 0
what I have said about the union of an acid with a base: ~10
the composition of soap, be true, we ought to find, that orone
the addition of a more powerful acid, that the weaker.
ge
would be liberated, and this we find to be the case, for frits
add a portion of muriatic acid to a solution of .soap in loud
of wine, we shall have a white deposit formed which is din
to possess acid properties, so that when carefully wasl'ef
water, dissolved in spirits of wine, and crystallized out, e,„00,
spirituous fluid, it is obtained in an isolated state, anu
capable of exerting an acid reaction. It is the stearic
also with the margaric acid. The oleic acid is of the fluid4o.
form. These several fatty acids combine with other ;leaf
stances besides potass and soda, and hence we have a ;015
exposition of the reason why what are termed hard 10
form so copious a milky deposit when mixed with soaPrtioo
proportion to the purity of the water, in the same proP° oftli
wil there be an inconsiderable milkiness when ordinar,YrobY
is mixed with it. Common water contains a consictetiao
quantity of lime ; and when the fatty acids are broug' 010'
combination with lime, a solid salt of lime is formed, induce
ble in water. A solution of a salt of barytes will Pratbing
nearly the same effect as a salt of lime. The sanle,aptlf
obtains with magnesia ; and lime and magnesia are abunuwor
met with in most of the ordinary waters. IndependentlY%':, 0
44
ever, of the formation of these three fatty. acids u`',;.6
saponification, we have another substance produced of
interest, termed, from its sweet taste, glycerine. Tills,;fidi
stance is produced whenever a fatty substance is saPl;,;le"
If a quantity of common oxide of lead or litharet'e be 001.!
with olive oil in water to form lead plaster, it is foul'', ear,
large quantity of this sweet substance remains dissu",,,`. ce
the water. Now the only source of this sweet subst'',ll4
the oil, because neither the water nor the lead could p..„0 DI
a substance of a sweet character, and it is actually 0700
a careful examination of the substance, that its el%defl,
when added to those of the acids to which I have an, IC!
constitute precisely the original oil or fat first employe'',
therefore find that by the simple presence of a base °I.,
together with water, that oily or fatty substances ar'o, ocl'
verted into four separate principles, three of them beias 0);
and the other neutral, sweet like common sugar 1111„oied
flammable. The vapour of Glycerine burns witlia foe
flame, but this inflammability does not depend 11P°":,,e1li
oleaginous property belonging to the Glycerine, for ititi;
soluble in water, and indeed it is with much diflien',its,
the last portions of water are separated from it ; the 1' rf,"
mablc oils on the contrary are not soluble in viateriajeift
hypotheses have been advanced for the purpose of esPoy
the changes which take place during saponification. .
one it is conceived that the stearine and oleine entelOrts
the composition of the original fat have their ocepj
ranged so as to produce three acid and one neutral sou.
viz. the stearic, margaric and oleic acids, and glycerine oil
the other it is supposed that the acids ore-exist intm:poi
fat, neutralized by the glycerine, and that the alkali' ofeiit
or soda merely take away the acid principles, and thrs.,s
the glycerine, The former of these views perhaPsnr4l',l
more rational, seeing that we can separate from the:" e,
oil two substances, the solid oleine and the fluid °lea' oft--
that these substances can then by the action of strong
be This lecture was o
illustrated byfore a varietyallud of novel as te'
resting experiments.

, ord
THE MANCHESTER VICTORIA BRIDGE.—On 4e '',3,
at twelve o'clock, the key-stone of the Victoria 13TrAit,y•
laid on the east side of the new erection, by Thomas '6O?
Esq., attended by the officers of the 2d Dragoon
~ ittai
The splendid band of the regiment was present, att,
afternoon the workmen were regaled with "a sn'''
luncheon on the new arch. ve'e;
SUDDEN DEATH IN A STAGE COACH.-ollTties,,,v4
ing, a gentleman, an inside passenger in the Cory:alit, if
from this town to Leeds and Wakefield, was suilae`';'r csylf
ill, near Slaithwaite. The only other inside passeliqjiii;ei,
out " Stop, coachman ; here's a gentleman sick. „4
within a hundred yards of the inn, at Slaithwaite ; 3",,,t5?
the coach drew up there, it was found that the gentlet:t, fr,
expired. At first it was not known who he was
..!ree'd
letters in his pocketS, and other circumstances, he W''',lolSeil
nised shortly afterwards as Mr William Naylor, a nl'•ver bi
a mercantile house, having establishments both at ',,,,01v
and Wakefield. We understand that he left L,.,iver,jeopt
the twelve o'clock train yesterday, and that at i"sl;iseilrly
was spoken to by a gentleman, to whom he apolo, pot et
not ;,quitting his seat, alleging that he was rathe,r,. jog°
We believe the remains are at Slaithwaite, where tn` Aio 1
we presume will be held.—Manch. Guardian. ifil,:ii
SEIZURE OF GUNPOWDER.—On Friday, MessS't, s'r
and Co., the extensive carriers in Montrose-st,l'-of Pi
charged before the Police-court with having 295 lurs:s, be
)
powder, contlined in seven Casks, on their prerV:), s
285 lbs. more than is allowed by the statute. 1-roarf 'of
that the casks had come from Edinburgh in the or"' 01
Of their business, addressed to a person in this city, oetill
they were ignorant of their containing gunpowder.,
_mei
son to whom the casks were addressed, an iro.Uge ,w,,,
town, stated that the powder was intended for a ito Ptlo
distance from Glasgow, and that the intention w!l.'es toril
had it removed directly from Mr. Howie's M'erni'-' AiteDi'lj
carrier who was to take it to its final destination' of 1
examination into the circumstances—in the cours,eeep pall
itwas'stated that the gunpowder ought to have '-'• „ilea' tV
in skin bags, according to law—the case was eiit;ea i 0,,, l
the meantime, the powder, for safety, was dePosibe e° •'
Infantry Barracks, and in all likelihood wills in
,t, sr/
confiscated, the act being quite imperative oni`t",,etlo9ol,ol
The attention of the police was originally directed 7: Oa
in consequence of complaints from the neighbour 090,
turally were alarmed at the near vicinage of 3,llgoatitv. iii
gunpowder large enough to blow up the half ol,,totet',,,
street. Of course, it is absolutely necessary t 0 /dole e
inhabitants against all risk from the explosion oi
iiile cos'
but it cannot be denied that, until a powder stag are ,
tablished, a great hardship is inflicted upon all w" 114
0
nected with the trade.—Scottish Guardian.
latlile6';'°l;
STEAM NAVIGATION.—We are glad to learn t!4ocl‘t fl
are in progress towards the forMation of a join'
e'st co7",ei
pany for establishing steam navigation on the `-',),' ttlo.iet j
the Clyde and Liverpool, for the. conveyance Of c;.,, ve7'.,,,
wool, &c. and that there is a speedy p
350 tons, having engines of 1.50 horse power, in 111, the 6,„ti)
prospect ?; ;o,.."t'A
being put on the station. The proposed route o' alter
vessel is, we learn, to be from Stornoway, call,,i tot `by•,,*
at.Lochinver,.Poolowe, Portree, TobermorY, Vi WI) 4
other intermediate places ; and on each secont , o,bo ~e ,0
Long Island, calling at Rondil, Dunvegam the co iii
Lochboisdale, Bahirva in Barra, &c. ; ana inoortsroc
these routes, calling occasionally at ColonsaY
_.(), tllerco),
Islay, by the Mnll of Kintyre, to Liverpool; an" or ',fiej
to the Clyde, calling at Campbeltown, Ardrol\,oo:;ts,,r,,
We understand this projected company is w.
,tilt, hag` of i)
and likely to be joined by nearly the whole of b_quititepe)
most influential of the landed proprietors and te"s to %. ej
West Highlands and Islands • and that a meeting.,ltietitn; II
on the 20th March, in Edinburgh,' to consider al`,,ecti..iforli
determine the mode of management ; and a lir°;o3' 0,4,
f to _Ai, ,Ir
soon appear from the Interim Committee 0 „25,uv- t lid"
The capital stock of the company is said to be has tne sjoy
raised in 2500 shares of £lO each. The schenollYe`osto;bit4 ,
very general approbation throughout the line , lei. job 011,y)
meeting of the merchants, shipowners, and otL's belktord ,
of Stornoway, and tacksmeu of the Lewis, v.ll the 11eifi
6th instant, on the subject. We heartily wlisoinglo°ve
every success, as we believe this will supply a►
,5.....P1
desideratum by all classes in the West Highlan'
Herald.

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tc
en Ticket
oenefits, ma

e
ngaged, i
Due Is
Under the s
WorBhipf
Edinburg,

On MoiN

, g 1 .117 ,
he Mx
i er t eet silt rieelep.l lAset: trt. lad. Si
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time in Live
tel;
ii, Rove 4
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also R(
appear
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Performei
t: e, under th
Augusta, an
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wonder of 1
4iees of adr
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the to 0 ..1
le bills, to
131,,,Xes Can b
'N'l3----M1
~...4'ellts for hii
smAttninicat
--------______
unnounee
with earl
executed