Star.
London, England, 1829-11-06 00:00:00

CORN-EXCHANGE, MARK-LANE, Nov. E.

Although our market was tolerably well attended this rimming
by purchasers, very little has been done, as the consumers expect...l
front the large arrivals, a reduction of prices,:which are nominally
as on Monday.

IMPORTATIONS MOCK MONDAY.

Wheat, English (qrs.), . 2,5001 Barley, Foreign
Irish . . 6.50 Oats, English .
Foreign . 3,550 Foreign
Barley, English . 5,050 hush
Irish . . Flour (sacks)
SMITHFIELD MARKET. Nov. 6.
CATTLI AT NA RIOT.

13,200
6,700

Beaus
Sheep and Laiut.a
Beef 3. 4d to 31 10J
Mutton 3l 10d 4. 4d
Lamb W Od Os 02
Hay per load, £2 15.. to £4 8.. Clover £3 10, to £5 10•.
Straw £1 154. to 6E2 24.

Calve,
Pita
Vra1........ ..5. 4d to 4i
Pork 3. 4d 44 5d

COAL NIARKET—Tnts DAY.

HALP.PAIT thus—The arrival of Coal front Sunderland and
Newcastle was not this day so great as it has been for atveral
market-days past. only 11 new ships being at market ; but owing
to the number of ships left on band on Wednesday last, the supply
is greater than the demand. The Coal Exchange was respectably
attended by merchants.
Ships arrived during the month
Best Welland Coals .... 365. 6d. 375. Od.
Other sorts 294 Od. 335. 6a.
Ships at Market

. 2,650
. 4,900
. 1.030

LI!

~'

ON ROADS, CANAL.

c AND RAILWAYS.

From the Register of Arts.
The immense advantages that result to a country from
having rapid, cheap, and regular modes of conveyance. have been
admitted by the most enlightened politicians in all ages. The ex-
change of manufactured articles for the products of agriculture,
at a rate of cost but very little more than their value where they
are produced, must tend, under • proper system of government,
to bring, not only the necessaries of life, but comforts and even
superfluities, within the reach of every individual.
So sensible were the ancient Romans of the importance of rapid
conveyance, that all the cities of their vast empire were united by
roads far superior to any that have been executed in later times,
and of a much more expensive kind than the best rail-roads in this
country. The Roman roads were made so firm and solid that
they have not yet entirely yielded to the dilapidation, of fifteen
centuries. Their total extent, according to Rondelet, was about
48,000 English miles.
After the decline of the Roman Empire, the construction of
good roads was generally neglected, and, in later times, canals
have been employed as the chief artificial means of conveyance, as
affording much greater facilities for the transmission of heavy bur-
then, than any other mode, e.pecially where great celerity is not
required. Canals have, however, these disadvantages ; a com-
petent supply of water is necessary, which is not always obtained
without incurring great expense ; a canal is limited to compara-
tively small changes of level • otherwise the delay and expenses of
locks become too great. Canals are likewise liable to frequent
stoppages from frosts, floods, repairs ; they interfere with the
right of streams and drainage, and are generally injurious to the
property through which they are made. The first costs of canals,
as well as the keeping of them in repair. are greater than those of
railways; and the further are only preferable to the latter on a
level surface, and where a greater speed than three miles per hour
is not desirable, as a much greater weight can be moved at that
velocity on a canal than on a railway with a given power.
The following Table, which shows the work that may be per-
formed by the same mechanical power on canals, railways, and
turnpike roads, places the 'abject in a very clear point of
view :
Velocity of On a level On a level Turn-
Motion in Miles On a Canal. Railway. pike Road.
per Hour.
2 1 third..... 55,500 14,400 1,800
3 14,400 1.800
3 1-third 28,316 14,400 1,800
4 ...21,680 14,400 1,800
5 .13,875 14,400 1,900
6
7 ..... 7,020 14,400 1,880
8 ..... 5,420 14,400 1,800
9
10
13 5 1,900 14,400 1,800
At the several velocities less than five miles per hour, it will be
perceived that the effect of the same power is greater upon canals
than upon railways ; but at the higher velocities, the effect is
greater on a railway than on a canal ; and when the speed reaches
to thirteen miles per hour, the effect of the power on a canal is
about the same as on a turnpike road, the resistances to the motion
of the load being nearly equal; but the effect of the same power, at
the same velocity, upon a railway, is eight times greater than
either on canals or turnpike-roads ; therefore, the immense advan-
tages of railways, where rapidity of transmission is required, is
sufficiently conspicuous.
The lowest velocity stated In the table, namely, two miles and
a half per hour, at that at which a horse can produce the greatest
effect in drawing a burthen; if the velocity be incteased beyond
three miles per hour, the useful effect is rapidly diminished; that
is, a horse will move a greater weight through a given space,
during a day's labour, by the lower velocities than by the higher.
On canals an advantage is found in travelling at about the velocity
corresponding to the maximum of useful effect to a day of ten
hours long, and they continue their labour with little intermission
throughout this long day, except while the boat is passing through
the locks. If they attempt to go at a quicker rate, the increase of
resistance becomes very considerable, as the resistance to the
motion of a body in fluids increases nearly as the square of the
velocity. On the contrary, in rail-roads the resistance remains
nearly the same at all velocities. The effect of a given force on a
level railway, being eight times that on a level turnpike-road,
one horse will draw upon the former eight times as much •
weight as on the latter ' • but as horses cannot increase
their speed materially, without reducing their power of
traction—and, as the resistance upon a railway does not in-
crease, however great the velocity of a body moving thereen,horte
power cannot be so advantageously employed as the means of pro-
pulsion, as steam power, in which the force upon the piston may
he rendered nearly uniform at all velocities • indeed it is difficult
to assign any limit to the velocity of a steam Carriage properly con-
structed, and duly supplied with fuel and water, as heat of the
furnace may be augmented in proportion to the velocity of motion.
Locomotive steam-carriages have accordingly been brought into
use on most of the principal railways in the kingdom.
The first railways appears to have been used in the neighbour-
hood of Newcastle.upoo-Tyne, about 1680. The rails were of
woad, resting upon wooden sleepers ; and in some places near the
Tyne. the same species are still in use. The wooden ones are,
however, nearly abandoned for the iron ones, and of the latter,
there are an immense number of them branching in various direc-
tions, from both sides of the Tyne to the various coal works • and
also, several inclined planes on which the waggons are moved by
stationary engines. The rails employed are all of the kind called
edge-rails ; and it appean from experiments, that on the level
rails, when they are in good condition, 11b. will draw 1701bs. or
one horse will draw 25,5001b5. including the weight of the waggon,
at the rate of two miles and a half per hour. The,same kind of rail-
ways and waggons are employed in various parts of the kingdon.

TILE EFFECTS OF BAD EXAMPLE.—lhursday hat,
at a village not far from Newark, a man and his wife were din-
greeing ; although the quarrel began with words, it ended with
blows. A gentleman going by interfered, and requested him to'
desist from so unmanly an act. " What's that to you," replied the
angry husband, " have I not a right to do what I will with my
own ?"

There is now living with "mine host" at Scarthing
Moor, a post boy, who has attained the age of 75 years, well known
by the name of " Old Rhodes," or Old Roads," as brisk as a
lad of 18. He has been on the road for 52 years, and during that
time has never been prevented attending his post. It is calculated
be has rode upon an average, daily, 31 miles ; consequently, In that
time, be has gone over 588,380 miles. In 1828, during the Don-
caster race week, he in one day (24 hours), rode five times from
Scarthing Moor to Barnby Moor, a distance of 13 miles, making
altogether 130 miles.
EVILS OF EXCESSIVE TAXATION.—When taxation
is curled beyond certain limits, it invariably becomes, either by

diminishing consumption, or increasing smuggling, less productive
than it would otherwise be. In 1829, the duty on spirits in Scot-
land and Ireland was reduced from 54. 6d. to 2s. the wine gallon;
but instead of being diminished, the revenue I. now greater than it
was previously to the reduction—a result which is not to be as-
cribed to much to an increased consumption of spirits in those
countries, as to the almost total suppression of illicit distillation.
Nothing, therefore, can be a greater fallacy, than to confound a
reduction of the duties affecting a commodity, with a diminution
of revenue. In very many cases, a reduction of duties is the only
effectual means of increasing revenue. The revenue derived from
French wine is greater at this moment, when the duty is only 6s.
the wine gallon, than it was in 1825, when the duty was Ils.
and were it reduced still lower, and imposed on an ad Worms
principle, we venture to say that it would still be more productive.
In 1823, the duty on coffee was Is. per pound, and the gross re-
venue derived from it during that year, amounted to X 385,708.
In 1825, the duty was reduced from Is. to 6d. and last year the
total gross receipt amounted to X426,lB7.—FAfirsbures Review.
SIGNS OF TIIE TIMES.—This week, a list of persons
receiving parochial relief at Mansfield, has been printed and circu-
lated ; by which it appears that two hundred and twenty-four are
relieved weekly, and the names of one hundred appear as tidying
received discretionary assistance. These are exclusive of those
relieved belonging to other parishes, who amount to forty.two.
At the foot of the liar le this request ! " Information detecting im-
position in any of these paupers, will be thankfully received by the
ovetseers of the poor, select vestry, or their clerk." A short rinse
ago, a notice was issued, under the authority of the Magistrate*,
that no tkericia Woolli be 'relieved in Mansfield who kept a dog or
a fighting cock: ' •Siniie'Vrill argue that it is unjust publicly to ex-
pose the name of every individual who may be under the painful
necessity of applying fot parochial relief (and to some, no doubt, it
is painful) ; but in answer to this, let it be observed, that it would
be unfair to publish an abstract list, and therefore the only course
is to send out a full statement. In doing so, there is more pro-
priety than impropriety, by far; and for this 'reason—because it
attaches not the slightest reflection to any one who is known to be
a mot object of charity,...-while, at she saint time, it may darts ins- •
pasifiefts Upon the' parish fund, which' Othereitseinfght, and nu
doubt wbeild, peril undfseovered...—NelfkigkamlfedibA . •
The'vrethiaes of Mr: Goodwin, of the Red iioo, Ralf-,
way House, Lower Deptford-road? were on Wednesday night'
arokeb into %yarn.' ' The thielrestiond theirmiy to the hen-
.
house, and at ale etal geese, ducks', and ?owls, and iris supposed
they killed the *hole of them instanter, a 1 a quantity of blood was
found on the spot.

ESTIMATED EXPENDITURE

ON THEIR OWN CLERGY BY THE PEOPLE OF
IRELAND, WHO ARE NOT OF THE ESTABLISHED
CHURCH

Hearers 6 600,000
_ . . ..

Computed at follows :

Catholics..
Presbyterians
Methodists and other Sects...... 300,000
Places of Worship .......
Being at the rate of one for every 2400 hearers, and one fnr
every clergyman. If in some places there are more than one cler-
gyman to a plate of worship, so in the country, there very often
iare more places of worship than one to a clergyman. There are
districts where they have the service Ott the open field, for want of
places of worship; where the minister, and the altar, or commu-
nion table, are defended from the weather by means of carts,
blankets, and quilt., purposely disposed. In very few districts,
are the places of worship large enough to contain those who attend ;
and numbers are to be seen standing outside. It has been lately
mentioned in the French House of Deputies, that in some places
the Protestants, for want of churches, performed Divine worship
in the open air. Surely these two great nations which have ex-
pended so much on barracks in time of war, ought to employ a
pat t of their revenues, in time of peace, to provide plain substantial
places of worship for their people, who, whatever be their denomi-
nation, are all of the faith of Christ.

There appears to have been a considerable want of political skill
and foresight in the management of Ireland, from its conquest by
England up to the present day. It presents a contrast to that of
Silesia, by a man whose political sagacity was as great as his mili-
tary talents. When Frederick the Great conquered Silesia, the
excitement amongst the Catholics, fearing for their religion under
a Protestant King, was extreme. Frederick made no distinction
between the Sects, placed all upon an equal footing, and educated
all. The excitement was not kept alive, and the Catholics, of their
own accord, have joined other persuasions in great numbers. Fre-
derick did not employ Protestants to educate a bigoted Catholic
people ; he took them by their prejudices, and sought out an Au-
gustinian monk, the ingenious and indefatigable Felbiger, placed
hint at the head of his institutions for education, and the success
was immediate and general.

Clergymen
The number of all the Clergymen is thus given, In the DukM
Evening Pont, of the 14th March, 1822, at foot of the population
returns to Parliament. 1,697 Ratablished Clergy.
Catholic Clergy .. ... 1,994
Presbyterian ... 239
Other Sects.

Topther 2,3T8
One Place of Worship for every 2,400 hearers.
One Clergyman for every 2,400 hearers.
Income ..
Voluntary contribution, at an ge of £llO each for
2,378 Clergymen.
8,600,000 heaters, at £40,000 per million of
bearers...
_

Government grant, yearly, the sum of £13,487 to certain Pro-
testant Ministers, vls. to Presbyterians, £8,697 ; to seceding
Presbyterians. £4,034; to other Protestant Dissenting Minis.
ten, 5e756.

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.

TATTERSALL'S

It was evident from yesterday's betting that Wat Tyler must be-
come a great favourite, not that he was backed, for the anxiety
manifested by some of the best judges to take the odds about him
had the effect of stopping the offers, which at the close were only
17 to 1. The Crusader colt gave way a point, and had scarcely
any friends present. Mouse, Sister to Sailor. Darioletta,; and Mina
are looking up, the odds, however, being taken to small amounts.
The Leeway filly was backd at 12 to Ito a hundred pounds. and
left off at 10 to lat the outside. There was some talk 'boot the
St. Leger, but no business. The following are the present odds :

DII)Y.

15 to 2 apt Sir M. Wood's Mummer
13 to 1 Sir M. Wood's Cetus
14 to 1 Mr. Petre's Brunswicker
17 to 1 Mr. Thornhill's Wat Tyler
17 to 1 Lord Exeter's Mahmoud
18 to 1 Mr. Chifney's Cressida colt
18 to I .-- Lord Sefton's Sal. Colt
20 to 1 Lord Sefton's ?douche
go to 1 Lord Cavendish's Mouse colt (taken)
20 to 1 Mr. Petre's The Major
25 to 1 Lord Exeter's Red Boyer
25 to 1 Col. Wilson's Brother to Lamplighter
25 to 1 Ld Anson's Mina colt
30 to I Mr. Roberts's Suter to Sailor (taken)
30 to 1 —.- Mr. Vansittart's Darioletu. colt (taken)
OARS.
15 to 2 Lord Sefton's Mouche
10 to 1 Mr. Stonehewer's Leeway filly.
No others mentioned.
WORCESTER RACES.WIMIZIDAT.

Match, SO soya p p—Mr. Thorne s Maid of Mansfield, aged,
71b. beat Mr. Price's Cholatrey Lass, aged, 9st. Two beats.
Won easy.
A Sweepstakes of 10 soy each, and 10 added, for horses not tho-
rough bred, was woo in three heats by Mr. Hobsoa's br. e. by
Shuttle Pope, 4 yrs. beating Mr. Newnham's b f Daylight and four
others.
Handicap Sweepstakes of b sow each, and 20 added. Heats, a mile
and a quarter.
Mr. Vevers's ch c Villager, 4 yrs, Set 4lb
Mr. Pickernell's Miss Everley, S yrs. sat 21b
Mr. Griffith.'. Musquito, 4 yrs gat
Four others started, but were not placed.
Match 50 sow. p p. heats, two miles.
Mr. Thorne's Maid of Mansfield. Set 131 b
Mr. Onion's b f Garlick, tht 41b
The mond heat was not run when the post left.
COURSING.

A Silver Cup having been given by the Right Hon. Lord Doug-
las to the Biggar or Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Coursing Club.
tie running took place on Ma Lordship's lands of Sornfallow. and
his other 'mends adjoining, by dogs bona fide the property of
Members of the Club.