Star.
London, England, 1826-09-25 00:00:00

EVENING, S.

MONDAY

FJIENCH PAPERS.

IRON THE ETOILE OS SATURDAY.
PARIS, 'Summits 22.
Several Journals have stated that the Conferences at
Akerrnann were broken up. Without guaranteeing all
the reports circulated of those conferences, we repeat,
that the latest letters arrived from thence announce that
they still continue.

FROM TUB JOURNAL DES DEBATE OF FRIDAY.
MADRID, &manly' 11.
PRIVATE CORRESPONDENCE.

M. de Sousa, Comte de Villa Real, is to remain, it is
said, two months at Madrid. He had, on the 9th, a long
conference with M. Salmon, Minister of Foreign Affairs;
immediately afterwards a Council was held, and sevet al
Couriers sent to St. Ildefonso. The proposals made by
M. Salmon have produced considerable effect on our
Statesmen ; to which must be added the uneasiness oc-
casioned by the desertion of the 4th regiment of cavalry,
and that of the garrison of Albuquirque, which has gone
into Portugal, and by the desertion which continually
takes place throughout the army, even from the Royal
Guards. There is a report that three foreign legions
are to be formed in Portugal, of which one is to be
Spanish. The desertion of the garrison of Albuquirque
is not official, but couriers arrive frequently from Rada-
jos, and the Government conceals everything which oc-
curs in that quarter from the knowledge of the public ;
except that the Decree subjoined has been published,
because the event to which it relates is known.

" The Captain General of Badajos, in a Report
which has been conveyed through me to his Majesty,
announces, that on the 2d of September, 115 men of tbe
garrison of Olivenza, with 111 horses, went to Portu-
gal, going towards Yelves, and having at their head
Lieutenant Moncada and De Gand. This scandalous
desertion deserves to be treated with a severity remark.
able in the annals of discipline. Incorrigible men re-
quire new lessons: this seduction requires a memorable
example of the active and vigilant Government of the
King. In consequence his Majesty, in concert with his
Ministers, orders :—Article 1. Lieutenants Moncada and
De Gand, the Sub-officers and soldiers, who deserted
from Olivenza, shall be hanged, whenever they are
captured, agreeably to the '26th Article, title 10th, of
the Milittry Ordinances. This includes those who ad-
vised this desertion, and the soldiers who, knowing it,
did not denounce it.-2. The decrees of the 17th and
21st of August, against rebellion, shall be appli-
cable to all persons who, by correspondence, advice, or
otherwise, assist or conceal the individuals included in
the first Article.-8. The corporals and soldiers, men-
tioned in the same Article, who shall give themselves
up within eight days, shall be exempted from the capi-
tal punishment.-4. The 4th Regiment of Cavalry is
disbanded; the soldiers shill be distributed among the
othei troops, as is convenient for his Majesty's service.
—5. The officers and chiefs of the corps, at Olivenza, at
the time of the desertion, ;ire suspended from their-em-
ployments, till what is prescribed in the Seventh Arti.
cle shall be executed. The chiefs of staff at Oliveoza
shall alio be suspended.-7. A Council of War shall
be immediately formed, which. shall act sUmmarily„
and examine if the chiefs of the above regiments have
watched over the preservation of order, and for the de-
fence of the place. The Council shall use the greatest
activity in collecting information relative to the origin
and progress of the event mentioned in Article 1.-8.
The Council shall cause its judgments to be immediately
executed, giving an account of its proceedings to his
Majesty.-8. His Majesty will hold the Inspectors Ge-
neral of the Army responsible for the officers they re-
commend. They are to require the dismissal of such as
do not merit their confidence; for the King requires
that loyalty and honour shall be the chief qualities of
the officers employed.—lo. Whenever an officer loses
the confidence of his superiors, his Majesty is to be im-
mediately informed of it.—Finally, his Majesty observes
that the suggestions of the revolutionary contagion have
been carried into execution by two subalterns only ; he
is pleased to think that his Royal Guards, and the army
generally, will share his noble indignation against those
who have forfeited their military honour ; that they will
demonstrate on all occasions their honour and fidelity,
and banish from their ranks all those who display any
ingratitude for his Majesty's goodness, and shew them-
selves unworthy to belong to their country and the mi-
litary state. The King also hopes, that the guard and
the army will rival each other in loyalty and zeal—
that they will preserve the most exact discipline, and
shew themselves worthy of the ancient Spanish loyalty.
I communicate this by order of his Majesty, that you
may publish it to the army in the place where you
command. (Signed) 14 SANBRANO.
" Madrid, September 9, ISSNI."
FROM THE COURIER FRANCAIS.

ON THE TREATY OF GULISTEN, BETWEEN PERSIA
AND RUSSIA.
PARIS, Simiassa 114
The invincible tendency to aggrandizement which
pushes-the Russian empire towards the southern coun-
tries, menaces Persia nct less than Turkey ; and if these
two Powers had better understood their interests, fot the
last two ages so constantly and narrowly united, they
should have sacrificed their respective prejudices, :ming-
ing out of schism, for the purpose of defending the cause
of Islamism against a common enemy. Instead of this
conduct, these tu o Powers, so full of pride, and so void
of foresight, have made war on each other at all times
that it was • convenient for any of the great Powers
of the West to embroil them against each others While
Peter I. profiting by the revolt of the Afghans, who deso-
lated Persia, invaded, under the most frivolous pretext,
the frontier provinces of that empire, Turkey, so far from
succouring her natural ally, thought only of extending
her own limits at her expense, and thus allowed the Czar
to possess himself tranquilly of the cast territories of Dog-
Lestan, Schirvan, Guilin, Mazendaven, and Asterabat.
There had been, indeed, some voices in the Divan in
support of the party that advised the path of honour as
well as policy. but these voices, conscientiously Mussul-
mans, were overpowered by the influence of the French
Ambassador, M. de Bonnar. What interest, then, bad
France herself in preventing Turjtey from joining Per.:
sia, to oppose a barrier to the ambition of Russia ?
Was she not the first dupe, in a manner, of viewing the!

lEPTEMBER 25, 1826.

future absolutely contrary to her interests ? The pro-
vinces of which we speak, even the cities of D!rbent
and Bakou, remained then with Peter I. Restored in
1732 by the Empress Anne, to the fortunate Thomas
Kouli-Khan, they Were retaken under Catherine, and
ever since they have been a perpetual subject of conten-
tion between the two Powers, Persia being able, at her
pleasure, to provoke an insurrection of the mount.in
tribes of the Caucasus, and particularly of the warlike
population of CarJistan and Leghistan, would, for. the
same reason, have been able to eternize the quarrel, if she
had known how to have retained Georgia in her interests.
But Christian Georgia, in the midst of these Mussulman
tribes, and constantly at war with the Turks, as well as
with the Persians, adopted the decision, in despair of
their cause, to give themselves up to Russia. Hera-
clius, King of this country, and of those countries that
depended on it, such as Mingrelia and Abhkasee, made
his act of Submission to the crown of the Czars in 1783.
In spite of the protection of Russia, Teflis, the capital of
Georgia, was taken and sacked by the Persians in 1795.
At the same time, Paul I. being definitively declared
direct Sovereign of Georgia, and having caused to be
brought to S. Petersburgh the wrecks of the dethroned
family, Russia had thenceforward, as it were, a tete du
pont over the Persian provinces. The definitive incorpo-
ration of Georgia wi:h the empire was accomplit.hed
under Alexander. The ukase of the 24th September,
1801, which consecrates this requisition, had its motives
expressed in these terms:

41 We have consented to the union of Georgia with Russia. not
for the sake of augmenting our own power, nor from interested
views, but solely for the establishment of justice, and for the secu-
rity of persons and property."
After the Treaty of Tilsit, which appeared to unite
for a moment France, Russia, and Turkey, since the
interests of this last had been specially stipulated for,
Persia, yielding to the solicitations of the English Am•
bassador, Mr. Morier, recommenced hostilities, but this
was fruitless. • Napoleon was dreaming on his part, and
unhappily much too late for the party whom he was to
draw away from this power. He sent, in 1810, General
Gardane to Feth Ali Khan. Already was an European
military organization prepared at Teheran, while all
these measures were interrupted by the events of 1812
Discouraged by the misfortunes of her new and power-
ful ally, Persia abandoned these provinces, which she
believed she would not be able to defend without to- I
reign assistance, and the Treaty of Gulisten was made.
From this rapid sketch of the events which have im-
posed on Persia the treaty of Gulisten, it may be judged
whether Russia has really cause of astonishment, en
finding Persia disposed to break this treaty, as soon as
she finds a favourable opportunity. But it may be
asked, does such present itself at present ? To resolve
this question, it would be necessary to know exactly
what is the relations between Persia and England;
what were the promises made, and what the obligations
contracted by the latter power at Teheran. However
things may turn out, one circumstance is certain, that
Persia is too sensible of her military inferiority, ever to
begin a combat, without well knowing on what re.
sources she might calculate to support her through it. -
To return to the treaty of Gulisten. It has made
sacred the spoliation of territory against which Persia
had contended for one hundred years; and it is at the
same time a treaty of commerce, by which Russia ob-
tains the privilege of exchanging the produce of her
icy regions—tar, hemp, and smoked fish— wretched
commodities indeed—for the exquisite wines, volup-
tuous perfumes, coffee, various kinds of fruits, splendid
assortments of silks, rich cottons, and the precious wool
of Persia. And what doge Russia give to Persia for so
many advantages now and hereafter? She gives
nothing. What then does she promise to give? Oh !
Russia has always plenty of that—promises. She says
that " in case of need, she will lend her aid and assist-
ance to that son of the Shach of Persia who shall be
named heir to the Persian Empire, so that no Foreign
Power may interfere with Persia, and that the Court of
Persia may be fortified by the assistance of the Court
of Russia."

Any commentary on a clause, the invidious tendency
of which can be bidden from nobody, would be quite
superfluous. Such then is the treaty of Gulisten, which'
the Persians are accused of baying violated. Neverthe-
less, as this Violation does not seem to have consisted
in any thing else than the incursions of the tribes of
Caucasus, the Court of Teheran may be able to give
a satisfactory explanation, and thus exculpate itself
from any participation in the acts of these brigands.
If, however, this language of good faith, or vf weak-
ness, be not sufficient, it should be remembered,—and
we are free to say so, for it is matter of history,—it
should be remembered, that long ago, before the abso-
lute submission of the Tartars of the Crimea, when
Russia wished to make war against the Turks, she had
always some complaints to make of the brigandage
(rapine) end incursion of the Tartars on her undefined
boundaries. Should we be asked, how, considering the
crisis,. as regards her own domestic affairs, in which
Russia is placed, she can think of war, we shall only
observe, that foreign warfare is frequently a very good
means of avoiding civil war at home.

FROM THZ DRAPIAII /BLANC.
In considering the vastness of the capital drawn Irons
England by loans, capital which is returned only from
time to time by dividends, and partial repayments, to
be employed again as the basis of new loans, we may
conceive the embarrassments to which, under certain
circumstances, its commerce might be exposed, in order
to sustain its operations and fulfil its engagements.—
More than two milliards, two hundred millions of francs
(88,641,80714 have been sown by the English upon the
surface of Europe and America, and the imagination_is
astonished at the prodigious results, and the richness of
the harvest which this country is destined to reap when
all these loans shall have been repaid. When we
calculate the difference between the price at which
these loans were contracted, and that at which
they ate repayable—when we add the interest which
will have accrued before they be entirely liquidated;'.
and, finally, the commercial advantages which its situa-
tinn of creJitor will assure to it, We thall have the result
the boldest and most gigantic series of financial opera-
tions which were ever erected. There must be a total
revulsion, and the most extraordinary events, of which,
at the present moment, there is not the smalle►t

[PRICE SEVENPENCE.

lion, before this vast wealth can be swallowed up, rrir
tected, and assured, as the British capitalists are by the
policy of their Government. But on this subject the
figures we present speak more th in all the commen-
taries of our political specula.ors. This country, which
can open its purse to all the world, which reckons the
greatest empires of .the present age among its credi-
tors, covers, as it were, tire whole globe with a vast
mortgage, whose preservation requires a new and deci-
sive policy, adapted to the magnitude and novelty of
these en ter prises."

Such testimony to the resources and energy of Eng-
land, proceeding from one of the organs of the French
Government, assume, a mew and important character,
manifesting, as it does, an enure change of feeling in
the minds of a large portion of the French people.--,
What a contrast to the hAbitual and braggart dispa.
ragementi, which, in their State Papers and Pamphlets,
they were, up to a very recent period, in the habit of
pouring on every thing that was English I