The Sun.
London, England, 1857-12-18 00:00:00

HE SUN LONDON, PRIDA
I

Treaty. Although Consuls were to be appointed,
and commerce liberated from all restrictions, she
refuses to recognise the former, and establishes a
virtual blockade, by which the latter will be, if
not annihilated, at least subjected to serious re-
strictions. Three ports only are to be opened.
All others are to be hermetically sealed against
mercantile enterprise. And the pretext for this
is " the internal state of the provinces of the
Caucasus," or, in other words, the continued re-
sistance of the people to the intolerable yoke, un-
der which they would otherwise be forced. The
pretext is founded on the exception respecting
regulations of " health, custom; and police,"
which were to be framed "in a spirit favourable
to the development of commercial transactions."
But how has this been carried out ? " Health
and customs" have been thrown overboard. The
specious fallacy has been disregarded—tbe mask
flung aside. "If, hereafter, circumstances shall
permit the establishment of customs
and quarantine authorities at other points
of the coast where foreign vessels can be ad-
mitted, due notice, will be given of the fact. In
the meantime, the approach to the ports, bays,
and harbours, with the exception of the three
referred to, are interdicted to foreign vessels.
The English Government have borne, and will
bear a great deal ; but this is really too bad. We
shall have other cases analogous to that of " The
Vixen," if the sharp end of the wedge be inserted
without remonstrance. The manly remonstrance
of the Circassian chief points out the danger
clearly and distinctly. It proves that Russia has
no real authority—that its attempted usurpation
is resisted to the utmost—that at most she only
holds a few points on the coast, and that the
fortifications which she is now seeking to re-build
were deliberately abandoned and destroyed during
the late war.

The following statement is perfectly convincing,
and the demand for a " consul" to facilitate
the traffic of his own countrymen, and the
promise to maintain the requisite police and
sanitary regulations, should decide the question.
They are as follows :--
"But now, in defiance of the Peace of Paris,
the treaty of which declared the Black Sea to be
neutral, the Russian Government prevents vessels
from approaching our coast—and assigns as the
reasons for this measure, that we Circassians will
not maintain the requisite police and sanitary re-
gulations.
" Now the 11th and 12th articles of that Parisian
treaty forbid all hostilities in the Black Sel, and
declares that trade shall be free at every harbour
and for every nation. For this reason we beg
your Excellency to adopt suitable measures to
the end that Russia may observe the Parisian
treaty of peace, and that our poor country may
not continue to be devastated.

" As for the organisation of a naval police, and a
sanitary office, we engage to organise and main-
tain the same, as they are in Europe.
" Lastly, we beg your Excellency to send to us
a consul to facilitate the traffic of his own country-
men, and to instruct us, to the end that we may
attain the same grade of civilisation as has been
reached by other peoples."

We trust that Lord CLARENDON will no longer
maintain the apathy and indifference which he
has hitherto manifested. But for his extraordi-
nary negligence, there would now be no difficulty.
It is, therefore, his bounden duty to endeavour
to repair, at the earliest possible moment, the de-
plorable consequences of his own carelessness.
We trust that he may do so. If not, the matter
will assuredly form a topic of discussion on the
earliest day available after the 4th of February.

While we look to the exemplary punishment of

the Indian rebels, we must also see that the Go-
vernment of that important province be rendered
as beneficial as possible, and beat calculated to
produce the safety, honour, and welfare of our
Sovereign Lady the guitar: and that portion of
I her dominions. It is manifest that such a result

cannot be obtained under the double, or rather
the treble, government, to which the Anglo-
Indian empire is subjected. Between the Boards

iu Cannon-row and Leadenhall-street and th•
Governor-General in Council, there is no efficient
administration, no real responsibility. The mo-
dern Mogul, Mr. SMITH, excuses his gross ignor-
ance, and still grosser negligence, under the cover
of the duties of the directors. He is a very small
TEuc, discharging his pointless shafts under the
protection of a Brummagem Ajax ; while, on the
other, the spurious son of Telamon seeks to cover
himself by exposing his puny half brother to the
missiles of the enemy. At a proper distance,
Lord CANNING and his coadjutors regard the contest-
with grim satisfaction, "It is a far cry t
Lochou," exclaimed the CAMPBELLS of the olden
when any threat was fulminated
against their chief, and notwithstanding the in-
creased facilities of communication, the Governor-
General, and the respectable old ladies with whom
he is associated, rely confidently on the dis-
tance between Calcutta and the metropolis of the
United Kingdom, which they hops and believe
will afford them practical immunity.

me,

But there is a spirit abroad that will not easily
be suppressed. We have too long remained
apathetic and indifferent, have permitted our
fellow-subjects to be misgoverned, and the whole
of the miraculous natural resources of that mighty
Empire to be appropriated for the benefit of a
petty clique. The regular system was that India
and all its products should be for the benefit of the
Civil Service, and for the friends and relatives
of its members. The rest of her MAJESTY'S
subjects, English and Hindoo, were eliminated
from the calculation. The prosperity or comfort
of the natives was of no importance. They could
be tortured with impunity, and their humble pro-
fits wrung from their hard hands by the most
unjustifiable means. The so•called courts of jus-

tice were so many mockeries of their designation,
being presided over by men ignorant of the primary
principles of law. If a man made a bad magistrate,
an indifferent collector, or a very so-so resident, he
was forthwith pitchforked on to the judicial bench,
which was the ♦ery refugiunt peccatortcm—the
place where every degree of mediocrity could find
shelter. These grievances must be removed.
Adequate remedies must be provided. The meet-
ing at St. Martin's Hall, last evening, shows that
the British People are at last in earnest, and
whin the pressure from without has been
su Relent!), potent, full redress must be
affirded. The Indian question will form one of
the great topics for discussion at the termination
of the Parliamentary vacation, and it will be well
for Lord PALMERSTON and his colleagues if they
should be found in advance, rather than in the
rear, of public opinion.

The Overland Route is so terrible an ordeal—
according to Mr. VERNON SUITE that the
Minister who should seriously propose it for the
transport of our troops to India would—again,
observe ! according to Mr. VERNON
deserving of impeachment.
Cextainly, rather a bold assertion, to say the
very least of it 1 And an assertion that im-
plies an absolute oblivion of such a historical
fact, for example, as that--large bodies of
French soldiers have been conducted t) and fro
across that very route, through that identical
"howling wilderness"
(about sixty years ago) by
General NAPOLEON BONAPAAT e. Conducted
across the desert, remember, before railways
were
aernO

heard of, before the steam-engine, either by land or
by sea had been applied to the purposes of locomo-
tion ! And conducted, moreover, not simply
down to the sea-beach to be leisurely conveyed on
shipboard—but to meet a formidable enemy in
battle array, first on one side of the de-
sert, and then bn the other. Mr. VERNON
SMITH, however, ignores the existence of
General BONA PA RTE, and afterwards of
course of General ABEncnommE—counts as nought
the Egyptian campaigns of 1798 and 1799
never heard, we suppose, of the defense of St.
Jean d'Acre by Sir SIDNEY SMITH, or of the
bloody fight at Mount Thabor -- has not
even the superficial acquaintance of the schoolboy
with certain feats of arms, said by one CUR-
TIUS, and by another, ARRIA.N, to have
been accomplished once upon a time by ALE:Lamm.
of Macedon. No—the route by way of Suez is
all but impassible to English soldiers ; or, at any
rate, would be so fearfully hazardous and destruc-
tive that the Minister who should recommend it,
would be deserving (Mr. SMITH thinks) of im-
peachment.
Now putting altogether on one side what has
already been accomplished—before the age of
steam engines, and railways, and screw pro-
pellers, and electric telegraphs —by such
men as NAPOLEON and ALEXANDER, let
us consider candidly for a few minutes what the
conveyance of troops across this terrible overland
route nowadays really necessitates.
Supposing our war-transports to have arrived
at the end of their voyage across the Mediterra-
nean, and to have entered the harbour of Alex-
andria.

It would then take just ten minutes to row a
boatful of them from thevessel to the wooden pier or
jetty at the mouth of the Mahruoudieh Canal—or
less than ten minutes, supposing that interval of
smooth water to be traversed by the light draught
steamers, there, ready at all times to be employed.
Disembarked on the wooden jetty at the mouth
of the Mahmoudieh Canal, our soldiers could
thence, easily, in another ten minutes—after
gathering their baggage together—march straight
on to the adjacent Railway Terminus.
At the station of this railroad, 130 miles long,
extending from Cairo to Alexandria, there is
ample " room and verge" enough for a couple of
thousand men to be readily and comfortably mus•
tered.

Along this railroad, going even at a moderate
pace, the distance of 130 miles might be easily
accomplished in seven hours—making an allow-
ance for the non-completion of the line at the
steam-bridge at Kaffre Azzayat. By means Of
which bridge passengers are transported over the
broad bosom of the Nile pretty much in the same
way, and with pretty much the same facility, that
other passengers, nearer home, are conveyed
across the gap of water at Portsmouth.
Arrived at Cairo—carrying their own provi-
sions and supplied with water abundantly, when-
ever and wherever wanted—our soldiers could
then proceed straight on (without quitting the
line, without pausing beyond the time necessary
to make a meal at Cairo) could proceed straight
on fifty miles further—into the desert—by rail-
way !

Thence—from that railway-station in the
Desert--it is a march of just five-and-twenty
miles across the sandy wilderness to Suez I

And at Suez there would be our own steamers
of course, in readiness to receive the troops on
board and to carry them along the waters of the
Red Sea, on their way towards Hindostan.

And this is the Overland Route, the selection
of which, for the transport of our British Warriors
towards India, at a very fearful crisis in the his-
tory of our Bengal 'Presidency, Mr. YFAINON
SMITH conceives would render any Minister de-
serving of impeachment !

TEARS AND GLORY.

MEMORIAL SAPPHICS.—BY W. CHARLES KENT.
Tears for the fallen! glory for the victors !--
Rapturous posans ringing thro' her dirges,
England fresh garlands strows of interwoven
Cypress and laurel.
Garlands of honour, won and worn by heroes
Brave as the bravest poet ever fancied,
Grand as the bards of eld e'er sang to harpstrings
Trembling with passion.

Tokens of tender pity and remembrance
Scattered with drops of reverent affection
Over you' grimly dens of buried slaughter—
Delhi and Cawnpre.

Scenes of despair and unutterable anguish,
Haunts where the Hindoo glutting his abhorrence
Dragged thro' the filth and scorn of foul dishonour

Innocent maidens:
Delicate matrons, gentle wives and mothers,
Tended from birth with exquisite devotion,
Guarded by love as sacred for their weakness—
Outraged— derided.
Mourn for yon' Dead—the calm, the grand, the dauntless :
Msrtyts to duty who sublimely perished,
Died by the thunder-blasts their brands had lighted—

Willoughby, Scully !
Weep for the noble Heart that fell is harness,
Fell with his glaive yet dripping red with vengeance ;
Fell with his manly eyes yet dim with pity—

Neill, the Avenger !
Mural the crown of purest gold awarded—
Radiant with triumph—for thy helm' untarnished,
Dinted and starred with lightning-bilts of battle,

Wilson, the Victpr
Long shall the records of One fiery Exploit
And of Inaction grandly self-forgetting
'Blazon, for aye, as types of knightly valour

Greathed and Outram !
Vilest and loathliest Chief of the Assassins ;
Dreadliest name of infamy and horror
Whose but thy miscreant title Nana Sahib ?
Minster of Bithoor !

Brightest and bravest 'mid the throng of heroes
Twined with our heartstrings like some home affection :
Ruthless, resistless--as the flamey lightning
Cleaving the storm-cloud :

Leading his phalanx of veterans right onward
Straight thro' the raging tempest of rebellion,
Flattering his banner_ bullet-tattered, blood-stained,
Desperate— launtless !
Who but the Saviour of the sore beleaguered,
Saviour and Champion of imperilled Luoknow ?
Whose but the genius—keen and bold—inspiring
Havelock's Death-March ?

Tears, then, and glory blending, as the deluge
Rolls back from Bengal, leaving calm reconquered—
Hope, with celestial sheen of dew and sunbeam,
Shines like a rainbow !

About 64,0001. In goli was taken to the Bank yesd
to rday.
The Patna, Sir James, and Mirage have arrived from
China, bringing in the aggregate 1,336,5001 b. of tea and
2,760 bales of Bilk.
The Pays says dates from China up to Nov 3 announce
the expected arrival of 1,200 men rent by the Governor
of India to Lord Elgin. This is the force which with
others must arrive before Canton can be occupied.
The indictment preferred by Stowell against Joseph
Bingham, an attorney, for perjury, came on for trial
yesterday, before the Common Sergeant, at the Central
Criminal Court, hut it entirely failed.
The Bank of France have reduced their rate of dis-
count t) 6 per cent. for all descriptions of bille. Since
the 6th irstant the rates had. been 6,7, and 8 per
cent, respectively for bills under one, two, and three
montht.

TOLL REFORM IN SCOTLAND.—Lord Elcho bas given
notice of his intention to bring in a bill wbed Parliament
re-assembles for the abolition of turnpikes in the Scotch
c'...unties. Last year the government passed an act for
t'ae extinction of the system in Ireland.
INCENDIARISM. Numerous incendiary fires have
occurred at Inkbarrow, an agricultural parish on the
Warwickshire border of Worcestershire, and although 'a
reward of 501. bas been offered for the detection of the
perpetrators they have up to this time escaped. No less
than nine fires of this description have broken ont in and
around Inkbarrow with the last three months, and agri-
cultural property to a considerable el.tent has been
destroyed. Accordingly, at the earnest request of the
parishioners, backed by the rev. vi.ar of the parish, tLe
Rev. G. R. Gray, a fire-engine has now ,been stationed
in the village.

GOLD AT THE MABKET PRIOR.

(FROM A CORRESPONDENT.)

The object of money is to act as a measure of
value in order to an interchange of property. As
men exchange their properties for equivalents, they
must first of all ascertain, by measurement, the
amount of value on either side, before the exchange
can be made. As a yard measure is a measure of
length, a thermometer of heat, so is money the
measure of value. Now, in all cases it is essential
to a measure, that it be invariable. For example,
an elastic band, capable of extension, can be no
true measure of length ; a porous and absorbent
article, as sponge, is unsuitable for a measure of
weight ; on the same principle, the measure of
value, to be perfect, must be an article of determi-
nate and invariable value. Now, it has been a
source of perplexity in all ages to discover a suitable
substance having this quality. The precious metals
have usually been selected on the ground of their
portability, their incorruptibility, and their nearer
approach to a uniform value than anything else
that has been discovered. The definition of value
has itself been a source of perplexity ; but, without
discussing the nature of any other value than the
" value" of commerce, we submit that " value" is
composed of three ingredients, viz., cost of produc-
tion, supply, and demand. Now, in all these par-
ticulars it must be admitted that the precious metals
do vary, and to the extent of their variation are
they defective as a standard. If the Monu-
ment were measured to-day, and found to be
200 feet, and again to-morrow and found to be
250 feet, we should conclude that the variation was
not in the Monument, but in the measure. And
so it must be obvious that gold, in recording a
general variation in prices of things, known not to
have varied intrinsically, records, not their varia-
tions, but its own. If, then, the precious metals be
adopted as a standard, they can only be admitted
as confessedly imperfeA, and in default of a
better.

Bat to argue from the general analogy of
standards and measures, we inquire whether a
similar variation is found in other standard;, ren-
dering them defective ; and if so, by what means
the defect has been cured.
I answer that the defect in some such cases has
been cared, by introducing a second fluctuating
element varying in the inverse proportion. By way
of example, I will adduce a few instance 4. Tie
vibrations of a pendulum of a certain length fur-
nish a standard of time ; but whereas, the tempe-
rature dilates and contracts the metal, the pendulum
becomes variable, and thereby defective—How is
this cured? By introducing a second element
varying in the inverse proportion ; viz., a column
of mercury ; and the mercurial pendulum is a per-
fect instance of this simple law, viz., that two incon-
stants, acting inversely and proportionally, form
one constant. The same principle may be observed
in chronometers having a compensation apparatus.
It may be observed again in the hydrometer. How
is the strength of spirits ascertained ? By tasting
the specific gravity. The stronger the spirit, the
lighter the fluid. Therefore plunge a graduated
staff, with a knob at the end, into the fluid, and
you may read off the strength. True, but the tem-
perature effects the specific gravity of the spirit, and
the bulb of the hydrometer, an I the same spirit
would, therefore, exhibit different strengths ac•
cording to the temperature. The thermometer
must, therefore, be introduced, and a sliding scale
graduated therewith, which shall act in an inverse
proportion with the hydrometer, and so a perfect
measure is obtained.

These illustrations will suffice to illustrate the
action of a most simple law, though many others
might be adduced. Let us apply this analogy to
gold, and start the inquiry—wanted a similar con-
trivance for rectifying the variations in the value
of gold. Mr. John Taylor, of currency renown,
seems to furnish a solution to this problem, in his
theory of the market price of gold. In 1797 the
Bank of England was really drained of its gold,
and was only saved from bankruptcy by a Govern-
ment order prohibiting cash payments, which order
was followed by the Bank Restriction Act, which
was repealed in 1819. In this interval, then, of
22 years, the bank note was not convertible on de-
-1
mand into gold, but exchange against gold at the
market price, on the principle of quantum valeat.
True, this was not the intention of the rulers;
their wish was that the pound paper should be as
good as the pound gold, and any shortcoming
thereof was regarded as a depredation of the paper.
Bat we think Mr. Taylor has shown that this was
no depreciation properly so called, but simply the
general enhancement in prices, consequent upon
the taxation of the time, in which enhance-
ment, gold being free to move, shared with all
other things ; and from the experience
of these 22 years, Mr. Taylor arrives at his theory-
of cu-rency, which may be briefly stated as fol-
lows :—Let the Government be empowered to issue
notes to the amount of the annual taxation. The
furor3l.,, ,
butof the
"thisnote n sovtoeul
isto pa
d b', notss current for ti." I.
"I promise to pay
would be a legal tender between man and man, be
tween Government and subject, and subject and
Government. If the amount correspon led with the
year's taxation, it would all return to the Exche-
qaer in the year's course, and so could not be de-
preciated ; nor would it be described as au unli-
mited or enormous issue of paper, being strictly
limited and governed by rule. But here arises the
great question of Sir Robert Peel, which has sorely
perplexed many of the paper currency school to
eive a short and easy answer to. If the " pound"
be not a definite amount of gold, what is it ; is it
the ideal unit ? The answer is, that by Mr.
Taylor's plan, the note would always be convertible
into gold on demand, but not always at the same
rate : the rate would vary with the market, and
would be declared by the Bank at stated intervals.
The pound paper would therefore be the pound
of account : it would always represent a definite
amount of gold, but not always the same amount.
And referring to the law of analogy with which we
set out, we submit that if gold have intrinsic
value, and vary in value, a uniform amount
of gold can never continuously be the ex-
ponent of a uniform value, but a fluctuating
amount be, and if the fluctuation be inversely pro-
portionate with the value, it certainly will be a
true and invariable measure of value. The plan,
therefore, seems to 'have this to recommend it—it
was practically in use for 22 years ;
it seems to be
philosophically correct, and in analogy with other
standards ; and it renders us secure against panics
and frequent paralysis of trade, whenever, by the
operation of the exchanges, there is a drain of gold.
The obligation to pay in
gold at a fired rate is toler-
ab'e only so long as the great majority of creditors
refrain from asking for it, but in times of panic,
eie her in this or any other country, it is a physical
impossibility, and will always result in a desperate
struggle and competition for the precious metal
(only one form of wealth out of a million), to the
ruin of numbers of merchants, and to the advantage
of those who do nothing else but watch markets,
and fatten upon other
people's disasters.
The bearing of this plan upon private banks is
simply that they would be bound to take up their
riots s on demand, in the Government paper money,
or in gold at the market price, like the Bank of
England. Credit can do great things for a country ;
the most important form of credit is paper money,
and the present moment affords lamentable evi-
dence of the mischief which results from a curtail-
ment thereof. The subject is admitted to ho per-
plexing ; and we do not pretend to have fathomed
all its depths, but we feel that a true theory of
currency, well e t iblished and well elucidated, is
a desideratum of the first class, and if we think we
see truths partially and imperfectly,
we also think
it may be advantageous to exhibit what light each
mly pose: s 3, in the hope that some more powerful
m'nd may gather all the scattered rays into a focus
for the advancement of the common good.

---
ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, - The following
marnbers of the College having undergone the necessary
examinations, were admitted licentiates in midwifery at
a meeting of the board on the 16th inst.:—Messrs.
Samuel Oliver, Guildford-street, Russell-square ; Charles
David Doig, Aldgate ; Thomas Elwin Edwards,
Gloceeter-crescent, North, Westbourne-park ; Frederick
Thomas Wright, Assembly row, Mile-end ; James John
Beer, .11olborn ; William Sly, Wincanton, Somereet ;
arid Uharlls Thsophilui Kelland, Plaistow; E 88",

DECF 13 L-1 P

COURT CIRCULAR.

OSBORNE, DEC. 16.
Princs Alfred visited the Queen yesterday, and
returned to Alverbank in the afternoon.
There was no addition to the royal dinner party.
The Countess of Gainsborough has succeeded the
Duchess of Athol as Lady in Waiting to the Queen.

A Cabinet Council was held yesterday at the official
residence of the First Lord of the Treasury in Downing-
street. The ministers present were : Viscount Palmer-
ston, the Lord. Chancellor, Earl Granville, the Mar-
quis of Lansdowne, the Earl of Harrowby, Sir George
Grey, the Earl of Clarendon, Mr. Secretary Labouchere,
Lord Pannaure, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir
Charles Wood, the Right Hon. R. Vernon Smith, Lord
Stanley of Alderley, the Duke of Argyll, and the Right
Hon. M. T. Baines.

The War Committee of the Cabinet had a meeting
yesterday at the office in Pall-mall of the Secretary of
State for War. Present : Lord Pannanre, the Duke of
Cambridge, Viscount Palmerston, Sir George Grey,
Sir Charles Wood, and Sir Charles Yorke.

SOUTHAMPTON, DEC. 17.
The Prince of Wales accompanied by the Prince
Consort, and attended by Captain Du Platt, Equerry
to the Prince Consort, and by Mr. Gibbs, his royal
highness's tutor, landed here this morning from the
royal yacht Fairy, for the purpose of inspecting the
Ordnance Map-affico in this town, where the operations
for completing the Trigonometrical survey of the
United Kingdom aro carried on. A splendid fire proof
building has just been erected at a cost of 8,0001., and
now forms one of the Ordnance Map-office buildings.
This place has been erected for the purpose of preserv-
ing the engraved plates of the maps, and the maps
themselves ; and also for the purpose of providing
additional accommodation for the officials employed in
the survey. Until very recently nearly 400 persons were
employed in the Southampton establishment, comprising
engravers and computers of the sides and areas of
triangles. The computations are of the most rigorous
character, their accuracy being proved by a variety of
methods. One of the officials is distinguished for
remarkable powers of mental arithmetic, and can detest
numerical errors at a glance. The triangulation is per-
formed by the Sappers and Miners, who travel all over
the country. Latterly the official staff at Southampton
has been somewhat reduced, in consequence of a parlia-
mentary decision respecting the scale of maps of the
survey. Prince Alfred inspected the Ordnance-office a
few days since. The royal barge from which the Prince
of Wales and the Prince Consort landed at the docks
was steered by a boy-looking naval officer in full uniform.
This was Lieutenant Hewitt, who distinguished himself
is the Crimea. When the Turks, who were stationed in
an advanced position, retreated before the Russian
cAvalry at the battle of Balaklava, a 64-pounder from
ono of her Majesty's ships, in charge of Mr. Hewitt,
quite a youth, was in danger of being captured. A
military order was received by him to spike the gun and
make good his retreat. He declined to obey the order,
because it was not sent by the captain of his ship.
Instead of spiking the gun, he loaded it to the muzzle,
clewed it round, and fired it at the Russians, amongst
whom it caused fearful havoc. Although so young, he
has the Victoria Cross and other honorary distinctions.
The Prince courteously acknowledged the attentions of
Mr. Levy on the part of the dock authorities as his
Royal Highness left the docks, in company with the
Prince Consort, to proceed to Osborne.

UER MAJESTY'S THEATRE.—Our favourite Giuglini
returns to us on Tuesday, December 29, in tho
" Trovatore," one of his favourite characters. The verdict
of the London public, which has been so amply confirmed
by the critical Germans will be again appealed to. Re-
port says Lis voice and style are more beautiful than
OVE r.

The command of the 3d Buffg, vacant by the death o
Lieut.-General Wodehouse, has been conferred on Ma,
jor-General Sir Henry Havelock.

SOUTHAMPTON DocK COMPANY.—The directors have
we understand, decided on declaring a dividend for the
current half-year at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum.

THE OUTWARD PENINSULAR MAIL.—The Peninsular
and Ozsental Company's steamship Tagus, Captai❑
Christian, left Southampton yesterday, with the usual
Peninsular mail, 24 passengers, a small cargo, and
5,384/. in specie on freight.

TELE OUTWARD WEST INDIA MAILS.—The Royal Mail
Company's steam-ship Magdalena, Captain Abbott, left
Southampton yesterday, with the usual West India and
Pacific mail, 111 passengers, a full cargo, specia of the
value of 10,4001., and jewellery 3,M81. Among the
passengers are Dr. Lyall, Captains Miller, Margesson,
and Barachievet, and Ensigns Corrie and Eyre.
THE ELGIN BURGHS. —Toe lion. George S. Duff hav-
ing resigned the representation of the Elgin Burghs on
account on continued bad health, Mr. Grant Duff,
Younger of Eden, a local proprietor and barrister-at-
11w, has announced himself as a candidate in the Liberal
interest. Sir James Weir Hogg, late M.P. for Honitoa,
is also in the field. The nomination takes place at Elgin
on Saturday ; the content is likely to be a keen one.
EMIGRATION.— Her Majesty's emigration commission
ore chartered four ships yesterday afternoon (17th inst.)
—viz., the Northern Star, 1,283 tons, to Bail from Liver-
pool for Sydney, New South Wales, at 141. 9s. ld. for
statute adults ; the Storm Cloud, 907 tons, from Ply-
mouth for A delaide, Smith Australia, at 141. 1.55.; the
Parsee, 1,170 tons, from Southampton for Melbourne,
Victoria, at 141. 19N. sd. ; and the Emma Eugenia, 383
tons, from Plymouth,for Perth, Western Australia, at
151. 19.,.

TRADE IN AMERICA,—The advises from Now York
yesterday were again very favourable. Although the
present steamer has brought 340,0001., it was expected
that the Africa, which will be due at Liverpool on Mon-
day, would have a larger sum. The two leading houses
would cot draw on England except at 111 to 1111, and
every one, therefore, preferrel to eend gold. The pros-
pects of recovery among the various suspended houses
were rapidly improving, and it is said the losses will
prove infinitely less than could have been believed in
Oetober lest. The stock market was without much
alteration. Erie was quoted 16, Reading 52, New York
Central 72, Panama 93, Michigan Southern 194, Michi-
gan Cenral 55, and Illinois Central 931.
FUNERAL OF MR. DANIEL GOODALL.—This veteran,
who was drowned in Dunsappie Loch, near Edinburgh,
on Friday last, was interr d on Wednesday afternoon,
at the Grange Cemetery, the ground having been
purchased by the Caledonian Youths' Friendly Society.
Ile was clerk to the society for the long period of 30
years ; and the feneral was attended by upwards of 300
of the members. Tee society purpose erecting a suit-
able monument to his memory. The deceased, who
was severely wounded and lost a leg in an engagement
with an American frigate, during the last war with that
country, had a large circle of acquaintances, and was
much respected.
ANOTHER EXPERIMENT BY THE CORK MATTRASS
COMPANY.—An experiment with Ritchie's Patent Cork
Mattrass took place at Greenock a few days since, and
was, as that at Woolwich Dockyard some little time
ago, eminently successful. But on the present occa-
sion the succe-sful result was considerably more marked.
On the former occasion the experimenter was merely
launched for a month, on the present, he was
rather suddenly and forcibly thrown from a large
steamer, the Ruby. The experimenter, Edward
Smith, was in the water nearly three-quarters of an
hour, and upon his being taken on board so
far was he fresh as to have expressed a wish to further try
the powers of the mattress. The attention of shipowners
generally throughout the kingdom is at length being, as
it should be, drawn to this valuable patent. If anything
could ba suggested to further try the powers of the
patent, it would be at once adopted, but nothing has
been left undone, and the mattress is without doubt the
one thing needful for all seafaring folk. At all events,
whatever suggestions have been made, even against the
powers of the mattress, have been carried out by the
patentee with marked success. A large factory is in
course of erection on the other side of the water.
THE LATE SIR GEO. CAYLEY.—The death of Sir Geo.
Cavity took place on the 15th inst., at the advanced age
of 84. As a scientific man he held a very distinguished
position. His inventive genius first displayed itself in
the successful analysis of the mechanical properties of
air under chemical and physical action. His papers on
this suject were published in the philosophical journals
of the day, and gave rise to a number of experiments both
in this country and abroad on the navigation of balloons,
which then took up much of the public attention. He
pointed out the fallacy of any hopes of success in the
absence of a given power within a given weight ; and,
being well acquainted with the steam engine, on which
he had made experiments with >i view to the construction
of the disc and rotatory engine, he showed that there was
little chance of obtaining sufficient power from steam.
These inquiries led to his invention of the air-engine—a
mastereiece of c riginal conception, which proved the great
advantage of using expanded air ins..ead of steam, where
weight was an important consideration—a discovery that
the Americans are now endeavouring to apply, and one
that engaged his attention up to the period of his death.
Leta.), he made some discoveries in optics, which were
followed by the construction of au instrument for test-
ing the purity of water by the abstraction of light—an
instrument which has been lately used with success in
investigating the waters of the Thames. Another of his
contributions to scientific knowledge was a remarkably
ingenious arrangement for obtaining and applying elec-
tric power to machinery. He was one of the original
promoters and chairman of the Polytechnic Institution.
lie also originated and carried out, nearly 60 years ago,
an extensive system of arterial drainage, embracing
40,000 acres on the neighbourhood of his Yorkshire
estates, on a principle previously unknown in this coun-
try. lie was, e e believe, between 40 and 50 years since,
one of the first, if not the very first, promoters of the
drainage and improvements in husbandry which now
much distinguish Lincolneliii e, where one of his estates
was situated. Ha was also the first promoter and
adopter of the cottage allotment system for the purpose
of improving the condition of the peer on his property.
As a pelitican he exercised an important influence as
chairman of the Whig Club at York. Through his in-
strumentality while in that position Mr. Wyvil was re-
tained as an independent member for York, which bad
up to that period been a close borough in the hands of
one or two noble 'maim He also took an active part
in favour of the Liberal candidate during the celebrated
election of Wilberforce, Milton, and Lascelles, and, sub-
sequently in the election of Lord Brougham. Upon the
passing of the Reform 81l he was himself returned to
Parliament for Scarborough, but he was then at too ad-
vanced an age to assume a leading position in public
life, and retired to philosophical pursuits after occupying
his seat for a single Parliament. The late baronet was
the father-in-law of Mr. E. S. Cayley, one of the mem-
bers for the North Riding of Yorkshire, and he is
succeeded in his title and estates by his eon, Sir Digby
Cayley,

LATEST NEWS.

Intelligenco has been received from Constan-
tinople to the Bth. M. Pelissier, French Com-
missioner for settling the frontiers ou the Asiatic
side, was about to return to France ; Sir [lenry
Buiwer, English commissioner at Bucharest, was
also preparing to take his departure. The com-
mercial crisis waa continuing at Constantinople.

Tho meeting of the Spanish Cortes is postponed
to the 10th January, when the Queen will open
the session in person.

FRANCE.
PARIS, THURSDAY.
A Council of Ministers, at which the Emperor
presided, was held yesterday at the Tuileries.
The following is an extract of a letter from Cal-
cutta, dated 9th Nov., received by a gentleman in
Paris :

" You will be surprised to hear that hundreds of our
countrywomen and men are flocking back to their old
homes, and although they can geh no passage on board
the steamers they are travelling by boats. Those going
up do not go beyond Patna, where the country is
considered safe. Troops by thousands are pouring in,
and right glad are we to see them. For 400 miles,
or from near Calcutta to Benares, the road is as the
natives say a fair ;' there are nearly 20 officers on
duty along the road merely to feed the soldiers, and at
every 30 or 40 miles there are thousands of bullocks,
sheep, bread, wine, beer, beds, &c., &c., for our brave
men, who are all carried in horse or bullock waggons
—not one is allowed to tire himself by marching. How
fresh they will airive at their destination l The muti-
neers are all collecting in Oude, where I suspect they
will receive their last and complete overthrow ; they
number perhaps 100,000 strong of all sorts, sepoys, bad
characters, zemindars, and all sorts of vagabonds. We
shall lose many officers and men, for the wretches are
going to fight, but as many columns of troops are to
enter Oude simultaneously, there is no possibility of their
escaping."

Instructions have been forwarded to Baron Gros
to act in concert with Lord Elgin in all things, and
to be guided by the counsels of our diplomatist.
BOURSE, Dec. 17.—A notice has been posted up
at the Bourse, stating that the Board of Directors
of the Bank of France had decided in their sitting
of to-day that the rate of discount should be fixed
at 6 per cent. This announcement produced a cer.
tain buoyancy on all securities ; but several sales
having been afterwards effected for realisation, the
upward tendency was momentarily checked. The
following were the last quotations :

Cash. fr. End of Month.
1 per Cents
3 per Cents 66 95 67 15
Bank Shares 3150 Credit Foncior 5BO
Credit Mobilior 7,:0 Roman
Do. Account 730 Austrian -
Belgian 41 97 Spanish Threes 4l—
l 9O Rome Debt