The Sun.
London, England, 1850-01-10 00:00:00

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PRICE

OD.

zen, who, in a foreign country, purchases a vessel
built in the United States, to the inconvenience of
sending her home for a new register, before per-
mitting her to proceed on a voyage. Any
alteration of the laws, which might have a
tendency to impede the free transfer of property in
vessels between our citizens, or the free navigation of
those vessels between different parts of the world,
when employed in lawful commerce, should be well
and cautiously considered ; but I trust that your wis •
dom will devise a method by which our general policy
in this respect may be preserved, and at the same
time the abuse of our flig, by means of sea letters, in
the manner indicated, may be prevented.
CENTRAL AMERICA—THE SHIP CANAL—
RAILROAD—POSTAGE, &c.
Having ascertained that there is no prospect of the
reunion of the five States of Central America, which
formerly composed the republic of that name, we
have separately negotiated with some of them
treaties of amity and commerce, which will be laid
tefore the Senate.
A contract having been concluded with the State
Nicaragua, by a company composed of American
izens, for the purpose of constructing a ship canal,
•ough the territory of that state, to connect the
!antic and Pacific Oceans, I have directed the ne-
iation of a treaty. with Nicaragua, pledging both
,vernments to protect those who shall engage in
perfect the work. All other nations are invited
the State of Nicaragua to enter into the same
ity stipulations with her ; and the benefit to be
ived by each from such an arrangement will be
protection of this great inter-oceanic communica-
against any power which might seek to obstruct
it to monopolise its advantages. All states enter-
, into such a treaty will enjoy the rights of passage
rough the canal on payment of the same tolls.
The work, if constructed under these guarantees,
will become a bond of peace, instead of a subject of
contention and strife, between the nations of the
earth. Should the great maritime states of Europe
consent to this arrangement (and we have no reason
to suppose that a proposition so fair and honourable
wi:l be opposed by any), the energies of their people
and ours ,will-co-operate in promoting the success of
the enterprise. Ido not recommend any appropria-
tion from the national treasury for this purpose, nor
do I believe that such an appropriation is necessary.
Private enterprise, if properly protected, will complete
the work, should it prove to be feasible, The parties
who have procured the charter from Nicaragua for its
construction, desire no assistance from this Govern-
ment beyond its protection ; and they profess that,
having examined the proposed line of communication,
they will be ready to commence the undertaking
whenever that protection shall •be extended to them.
Should there appear to be reason, on examining the
whole evidence, to entertain a serious doubt of the
practicability of constructing such a canal, that doubt
could be easily solved by an actual exploration of the
route.

THE UNITED STATES.

Any interference in the
rave recently distracted

I have scrupulously avoids:
wars and contentions whiCh
Europe.
AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY—NON-INTER-
VENTION.
During the late conflict between Austria and Hun-
gary there seemed to be a prospect that the latter
might become en indepenknt nation. However faint
that prospect at the time appeared, I thought it , my
duty, in accordance with th-ii•geeseral seotimetits of the
American people, who deeliVsympatbised with the
Magyar patriots, to stand prepared, ups ontin-
gency of the establishment bylAelif-a l ent go-
vernment, to be the first to welcome i .ndeet
Hungary into the family of nations. Fur t rpose
I invested an Agent, then in Europe, with :',..ever to
declare our wiliingnees promptly to recognise her
independence in the event of her ability to sustain
it. The powerful intervention or Russia in the con-
test extinguished the hopes of the struggling Meg-
yars. The United States did not, at any time, inter-
fere in the contest ; but the feelings of the nation
were strongly enlisted in the cause, and by the suf-
ferings of a brave people, who had' made
though unsuccessful effort to be free.
PORTUGAL.
Our claims upon Portugal have.been,
past year, prosecuted with renewed vigour
been my object to employ every effort of
diplomacy to procure their adjustment.
Chargé d'Affaires at Lisbon, the Hon.
Hopkins, made able and energetic, but ut
efforts to settle these unpleasant matter:
versy, and to obtain indemnity for wroi
were the subject of complaint. Our press
d'Affaires at that court will also brigtp-to
cution of these claims ability and zeal. T
tionary and distracted condition of ?OW,
times has been represented as one of thetleading causes
of her delay in indemnifying our suffering citizens.
But I must now say, it is matter
_of profound regret
that these claims have not been settled.' The omission
of Portugal to do justice to the American claimants
has now assumed a character so grave" and serious
that I shall shortly make it Ibtesubject of a special
message to Congress, with 'a view to such ultimate
action as its wisdom anctpatriotism may 'suggest.
heSlwt.-eadlieann, Spteantems,awri'e
Belgium,rith Russia,the
Netherlands,Austria,P aunssdi at,
still maintain our accustomed amicable relations.
ITALY.
-•
During the recent revolutions in the Papal States,
our Chargé d'Affaires at Rome has been unable to
present his letter of credence, whiCh, indeed, he was
directed by my predecessor to withhold untl he should
receive further orders. Such was the unsettled con -
thenot
subjectdeemed
edxi tpi
eodni
eolfl
tthtion
ggsi
vion
ttutiirons ea
nsyta tei
uss,trtuhcatti
oint
57-0a13)
of presenting his credential letter different from those
with which he had been furnished by his late
administration, until the 25th of June last ; when,
in consequence of the went of .accurate infor.
matin of the exact • state of things, at
that distance from us, he wa&e instructed to
exercise his own discretion in presenting himself to
the then existing Government, if, in his judgment,
sufficiently stable; or if not, to await 'further events.
Since that period Rome has undergone another revo-
lution, and he abides the establishment of a Govern-
ment sufficiently permanent to justify him in opening
diplomatic intercourse with it.
MEXICO.
With the republic of Mexico it is our true policy
to cultivate the most friendly relations. Since the
ratification of the treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo;
nothing has occurred of a serious character to disturb
thew. A faithful observance of the treaty, and a
sincere respect for her rights, cannot fell to secure the
lasting confidence and friendship of that republic.
The Message of my predecessor to the House of
Representatives, of the Bth of February last, commu-
nicating, in compliance with a resolution of that body,
a copy of a paper called a protocol, signed at Queretaro
on the 30th of May, 1848, by the Commissioners of
the United States and the Minister of Foreign Affairs
of the Mexican Government, having been a subject of
correspondence between the Department of State and
the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten-
tiary of that republic accredited to this Government,
a transcript of that correspondence is herewith sub-
mitted.

augmentation of the revenue and the prevention of
frauds) a system of specific duties is best adapted, I
strongly recommend to Congress the adoption of that
system, fixing the duties at rates high enough to agford
substantial and sufficient encouragement to our own
indestry, and at the seine time so a tjusted as to insure
stability.
The question of the continuance of the sub treasury
system is respectfully submitted to the wisdom of
Congress. If continued, important modification of it
appear to be indispensable.
For further details and views on the above and
other matters connected with commerce, the finances,
and revenue, I refer to the report of the Secretary cf
the Treasury.
No direct aid has been given by the general Go-
vernment to the improvement of agriculture, except
by the expenditure of small sums for the collection
and publication of agricultural statistics; and for
some chemical analyses, which have been, thus far,
paid for out of the patent fund. This aid is, in my
opinion, wholly inadequate. To give to this leading
branch of American indus.try the encouragement which
it merit, I respectfully recommend the establishment
of an Agricultural Bureau, to be connected with the
Department of the Interior. To elevate the social
condition of the agriculturist, to increase his pros-
perity, and to extend his means of usefulness to his
country, by multiplying his sources of information,
should be the study of every statesman, and a primary
object with every legislator.
CALIFORNIA AND NEW MEXICO.
No civil government having been provided by
Congress for California, the people of that territory,
impelled by the necessities of their political condition
recently met in convention, for the purpose of form-
ing a constitution and state government, which, the
latest advices give me reason to suppose, has been
accomplished; and it is believed they will shortly
apply tor the admission of California into the Union
as a sovereign state. Should such be the case, and
should their consitution beconformable to the requisi-
tions of the Constitution of the United States, I recom-
mend their application to the favourable consideration
of Congress.
The people of New Mexico will also, it is believed,
at no very distant period present themselves for ad-
mission into the Union. Preparatory to the admission
of California and New Mexico, the people of each
will have instituted for themselves a republican form
of government, "laying its foundations in such prin-
ciples, and organizing its powers in such form, as to
them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and
happiness."
By awaiting their action all causes of uneasiness
may be avoided, and confidence and kind feeling pre-
served. With a view of maintaining the harmony
and tranquillity so dear to all, we should abstain from
the introduction of those exciting topics of a sectional
character which have hitherto produced painful ap-
prehensions in the public mind; and I repeat the
solemn warning of the first and must illustrious of
my predecessors against furnishing " any ground for
characterising parties by geographical discrimina
tions."

LIVERPOOL, WEDNESDAY.
The British and North American Royal mail
steam-ship Hibernia, Captain Stone, arrived in the
Mersey at one o'clock this morning, ;ti•ith accounts
from New York of the 26th ult. inclusive, with up-
wards of forty passengers. Slle left Halifax on the
29th ult.

[A summary of the following important doeume;
appeared in our paper of yesterday.]
1 THE PRESIDENT'S
I MESSAGE.

On Monday, the 24th of December, both branches
of the Legislature being at length organized, Genera]
Taylor delivered the following Message to the 31st
Congress of the United States :
Fellow Citizens of the Senate and House of
Representatives,—
Sixty years have elapsed since the establishm.nt of
this government, and the Congress of the United
States again assembles, to legislate for an empire of
freemen. The predictions of evil prophets, who for-
merly pretended to foretell the downfall of our insti-
tutions, are now remembered only to he derided, and
the United States of America, at this moment, pre-
sents to the world the most stable and permanent
government on earth.
Such is the result of the labours of those who have
gone before us. Upon Congress will eminently
depend the future maintenance of our system of free
government, and the transmission of it unimpaired, to
posterity.
We are at peace with all the world, and seek to
maintain our cherished relations of amity with the
rest of mankind. During the past year we have been
blessed by a kind Providence with an abundance of
the fruits of the earth ; and although the destroying
angel, for a time, visited extensive portions of our
territory with the ravages of a dreadful pestilence,
yet the Almighty has at length deigned to stay His
hand, and to restore the inestimable blessing of general
health to a people who have acknowledged His
power, deprecated His wrath, and implored His mer-
ciful protection.
While enjoying the benefits of amicable intercourse
with foreign nations, we have not been insensible to
the distractions nod wars which have prevailed in
other quarters of the world. It is a proper theme of
thanksgiving to Him who rules the destinies of
nations that we have been able to maintain, amidst
all these contests, an independent and neutral position
towards all belligerent powers.
FOREIGN RELATIONS—GREAT BRITAIN.
Our relations with Great Britain are of the most
friendly character. In consequence of the recent
alteration of the British Navigation Acta, British ves-
sels from British and other foreign ports will (under
our existing laws), after the Ist day of
January next, be. admitted to entry in our ports,
with cargoes of the growth, manufacture,
or production of any part of the world,
on the same terms as to duties, imposts, and charges,
as vessels of the United States with their cargoes,
and our vessels will be admitted to the same advan-
tages in British ports, entering thereon on the same
terms as British vessels. Should no order in Council
disturb this legit.lative arrangement, the late Act of
the British Parliament, by whiCh Great Britain is
brought within the terms proposed by the Act o
Cougrees of the Ist of March, 1817, it is hoped wi
be productive of benefit to both countries.

Should such a work be constructed, under the
common protection of all nations, for equal benefits to
all, it would be neither just nor expedient tint any
great maritime state should command the communi-
cation. The territory through which the canal may
be opened ought to be freed from the claims of any
foreign power. No such power should occupy a
position that would enable it hereafter to exercise so
controlling an influence over the commerce of the
world, or to obstruct a highway which ought to be
dedicated to the common use of mankind.
The routes across the Isthmus, at Tehuantepec and
Panama, are also worthy of our serious consideration.
They did not fail to engage the attention of my pre-
decessor. The negotiator of the treaty of Guadaloupa
Hidalgo was instructed to offer a very large sum. of
money for the right of transit across the Isthmus of
Tehuantepec, The Mexican Government did not
accede to the proposition for the purchase of the right
of way, probably because it had already contracted
with private individuals for the construction of a pas-
sage from the Guasacualco river to Tehuantepec. I
shell not renew any proposition to purchase for money
a right which ought to he equally secured to all
nations, on payment of a reasonable toll to the owners
of the improvement, who would, doubtless, be well
contented with that compensation and the guarantees
of the maritime states of the world, in separate treaties
negotiated with Mexico, :binding her and them to
protect those who should construct the work. Such
guarantees would do more to secure the completion of
the communication through the territory of Mexico
than any other reasonable consideration that could
be offered ; and as Mexico herself would be the greatest
gainer by the opening of the communication between
the Gulf and the Pacific Ocean, it is presumed that
she would not hesitate to yield her aid, in the manner
proposed, to accomplish an improvement so important
to her own best interests.
We have reason to hope that the proposed railroad
across the Isthmus at Panama will be successfully
constructed, under the protection of the late treaty
with New Grenada, ratified and exchanged by my
predecessor on the 10th day of June, 1848, which
guarantees the perfect neutrality of the Isthmus, and
the rights of sovereignty and property of New Gre-
nada over that territory, " with a view that the free
transit from ocean to ocean may not be interrupted
or embarrassed" during the existence of the treaty.
It is our policy to encourage every practicable route
across the Isthmus which connects North and South
America, either by railroad or canal, which the energy
and enterprise of our citizens may induce them to
complete; and I consider it obligatory upon me to
adopt that policy, especially in consequence of the
absolute necessity of facilitating intercourse with our
possessions on the Pacific.
THE PACIFIC—THE SANDWICH ISLANDS.
The position of the Sandwich Islands, with refer.
ence to the territory of the United States on the Pa-
cifie ; the success of our persevering and benevolent
citizens who have repaired to that remote quarter in
christianising the natives and inducing them to
adopt a system of government and laws suitable to their
capacity and wants ; and the use made by our numerous
whale ships of the harbours of the islands as places of
resort for obtaining refreshments and repairs, all
combine to render their destiny peculiarly interelt-
iner to us It is our duty to encourage the authorities
of those islands in their efforts to improve and elevate
the moral and political condition of the inhabitants ;
and we should make reasonable allowances for the
difficulties inseparable from the task. We desire
that the islands may maintain their independence,
and that other nations should concur with us in this
sentiment. IVe could in no event be indifferent to
their passing under the dominion of any other power.
The principal commercial states have in this a com-
mon interest, and it is to be hoped that no one of
them will attempt to interpose obstacles to the entire
independence of the islands.

A collector has been appointed at San Francisco
under the Act of Congress extending the revenue
laws over California ; and measures have been taken
to organize the custom-houses at that and the other
ports mentioned in that Act, at the earliest period
practicable. The collector proceeded overland and
advices have not yet been received of his arrival at
San Francisco. Meanwhile, it is understood that
the customs have continued to be collected there by
officers acting under the military authority, as they
were during the administration of my predecessor.
It will, I think, be expedient to confirm the collet
tions thus made, and direct the avails (after such
allowances as Congress may think fit to authorise) to
be expended within the territory, or to be paid into
the Treasury, for the purpose of meeting appro-
priations for the improvement of its rivers and
harbours.

A party, engaged on the coast survey, was dis-
patched to Oregon in January last. According to
the latest advices they had not left California; and
directions have been given to them, as soon as they
shall have fixed on the sites of the two light houses
and the buoys authorised to be constructed and placed
in Oregon, to proceed without delay to make recon-
noi,:ances of the most important points on the coast of
California, and especially to examine and determine
on sites for light-houses on that coast, the speedy
erection of which is urgently demanded by our
rapidly-increasing commerce.
I have transferred the Indian agencies from Upper
Missouri and Council Bluffs to Santa Fe and Salt
Lake; and have caused to be appointed sub-agents in
the valleys of the Gila, the Sacramento and San
Joaquin rivers. Still, further legal provisions will be
necessary for the effective an successful extension of
our system of Indian intercourse over the new
territories.

The Commissi tiler on the part of the United States
for marking the boundary between the two republics,
though delayed in reaching San Diego by unforeseen
obstacles, arrived at that place within a short period
after the time required by the treaty, and was there
joined by the Commissioner on the part of Mexico.
tThteielyateesnttered intelligence
their ti o
fro
from
uthaets and,' at thedate
quarter,some of
pro-
gress had been made in the survey. The expenses
incident to the organization of the commission, and to
its conveyance to the point where its operations were
to begin, have so much reduced the fund appropriated
by Congress, that a further sum, to cover the charges
which must be incurred during the present fiscal
year, will he necessary. The great length of frontier
along which the boundary extends, the nature of the
adjacent territory, and the difficulty of obtaining sup-
plies, except at or near the extremes of the line,
render it almost indispensable that a liberal provision
should be made to meet the necessary charges during
the fiscal year ending on the 30th of June, 1851. I
accordingly recommend this subject to:your attention.
In the adjustment of the claims of American citi-
zens on Mexico, provided for by the lateAreaty, the
employment of counsel, on the part otthe Govern-
ment, may become important for the purpose of
assisting the Commissioners in protecting the in-
terests of the United States. I recommend this sub-
ject to the early and favourable consideration of
Congress.
THE ISTHMUS.
complaints have been made in regard to the ineffi-
ciency of the means provided by the Government of
New Grenada for transporting the United States
mail across the Isthmus of Panama, pursuant to our
petal convention with that Republic, of the 6th of
March, 1844. Our Chargé d'Affaires at Bogota has
been directed to make such representations to the
Government of New Grenada as will, it is hoped,
lead to a prompt removal of this sauce of complaint.
THE SOLTTII-AMERICAN STATES.
The s inguinary civil war with which the Republic
of Venezuela has for some time past been ravaged
has been brought to a close. In its progress, the
rights of some of our citizens resident or trading'
there had been violated. The restoration of order
will afford the Venezuelan Government an opportunity
to examine and redress these grievances and others of
long standing, which our representatives it Caraccas
have hitherto in effectually urged
_upon the attention
of that Government.

I recommend the establishment of a branch mint in
California, as it will, in my opinion, afford important
facilities to those engaged in mining, as well as to the
Government in the disposition of the mineral lands.
I also recommend that commissions be organised,
by Congress, to examine and decide upon the validity
of the present subsisting land titles in California and
.New Mexico; and that provision be made for the
establishment of officers of Surveyor-General in New
Mexico, California, and Oregon, and fur the surveying
and bringing into market the public lands in those
territories. Those lands remote in position and
difficult of access ought to be disposed of on terms
liberal to all, but especially favourable to the early
emigrants.

In order that the situation and character of the
principal mineral deposits in California may be ascer-
tained, I recommend that a geological and mineralo-
gical exploration be connected with the linear surveys,
and that the mineral lands be divided into small lots
suitable for mining, and be :disposed of, by sa'e or
lease, so as to give our citizens an opportunity of
procuring a permanent right of property in the soil
This would seem to be as important to the success of
mining as of agricultural pursuits.
The great mineral wealth of California, and the
advantages which its ports and harbours, and those of
Oregon, afford to commerce, especially with the
islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans, and the
populous regions of Eastern Asia, make it certain
that there will arise, in a few years, large and pros-
perous communities on our western coast. It, there-
fore, becomes important that a line of communication,
the best and most expeditious which the nature of
the country will admit, should be opened within the
territory of the United States, from the navigable
waters of the Atlantic or the Gulf of Mexico to the
Pacific.

The extension of the coast of the United States on
the Pacific, and the unexampled rapidity with whichthe inhabitants of California, especially, are increas-
ing in numbers, have imparted new consequence to
our relations with the other countries whose territo-
ries border upon the ocean. It is probable that the
intercourse between those countries and our posses-
sions in that quarter, particularly with tl Republic
of Chili, will become extensive and mutually advan-
tageous in proportion as California and Oregon shall
increase in population awl wealth. It is desirable,
therefore, that this Government should do everything
in its power to foster and strengthen its relations
Kith those states, an that the spirit of rnity between
us should be mutual and cordial.

Opinion, as elicited and expressed by two large
and respectable conventions, lately assembled at St.
Louis and Memphis, points to a railroad as that
which, if practicable, will best meet the wishes and
wants of the country. But while this, -if in success-
ful operation, would be a work of great national
importance, and of a value to the country which it
would be difficult to estimate, it ought also to be
regarded as en undertaking of vast magnitude and
expense, and one which must, if it be, indeed, prac-
ticable, encounter many difficulties in its construc-
tion and use. Therefore, to avoid failure and dis-
appointment, to enable Congress to judge whether,
in (the condition of the country through which it
must pass, the work be feasible, and if it be found
so, whether it should be undertaken as a national
improvement, or !left to individual enterprise, and in
the latter alternative, what aid, if any, ought to be
extended to it by the Government, I recommend as a
preliminary measure a careful reconnoisance of the
several proposed routes by a scientific corps, and a
report as to the practicability of making such a road,
with an estimate of the cost of its construction and
support.
For further views on these, and other matters
connected with the duties of the Home Department,
I refer you to the report of the Secretary of the
Interior.

THE TREASURY—A DEFICIT.
The receipts into the Treasury for the fiscal year
ending on the 30th of June last were, in cash, forty-
eight millions eight hundred and thirty thousand,
ninety-seven dollars and fifty cent5.'(48,839,097 dolls.
50c.), and in; Treasury notes funded, ten millions
eight hundred and thirty-three thousand dollari
(10,833,000 dolls.), making an aggregate of fifty-nine
millions six hundred and sixty-three thousand ninety-
seven dolls. and fifty cents (59,663,097 dolls. 50c.), and
the expenditures, for the same time were, in cash, forty-
six millions seven hundred and ninety-eight thousand
six hundred and sixty-seven dollars and eighty-two
cents (46,798,667 dolls. 82c.), and in Treasury notes
fancied ten millions eight hundred and thirty-three
thousand dollars (10,833,000 dolls.), making an
aggregate of fifty-seven millions six hundred and
thirty-one thousand six hundred and sixty-seven
dollars and eighty two cents (57,631,667 dolls. 82c.)
The accounts and estimates, which will be sub-
mitted to Congress in the report of the Secretary of
the Treasury, show that there will probably be a
deficit, occasioned by the expenses of the Mexican
war and treaty, on the Ist day of July next, of five
millions eight hundred and twenty-eight thousand
one hundred and twenty-one dollars and sixty-six
cents (5,828,121 dolls. 66c.), and on the Ist day of
July, 1851, of ten millions five hundred and forty-
seven thousand and ninety-two dollars and seventy-
three cents (10,547,092 dolls. 73c.), making in the
whole a probable deficit to be provided for of six-
teen millions three hundred and seventy-five thousand
two hundred and fourteen dollars and thirty-
nine cents (16,375,214 dolls. 39c). The extraordi-
nary expenses of the war with Mexico, and the
purchase of California and New Mexico, exceed in
amount this deficit, together with the loans heretofore
made for those objects. I therefore recommend that
authority be given to borrow whatever sum may be
necessary to cover that deficit. I recommend the
'observance of strict economy in the appropriation and
expenditure of public money.

1 recommend the observance of the same course
towards all other American States. The United
States stand as the great American Power to which,
as their natural ally and friend, they will always be
disposed, first, to look for mediation and `assistance,
in the event of any collision between thetn and any
European nation. As such, we may often kindly
mediate in their behalf, without entanglirtk ourselves
in foreign wars or unnecessary controversies. When.
ever the faith of our treaties with any of them shall
require our interference we must necessarily in-
terpose.

I recommend early appropriations for continuing
the river and harbour improvements which have
been already begun, and also for the construction of
those for which estimates have been made, as well as
for examinations and estimates preparatory to the
commencement of such others as the wants of the
country, and especially the advance of our population
over new districts, and the extension of commerce,
may render necessary. An estimate of the amount
which can be advantageously expended within the
next fiscal year, under the direction of the Bureau of
Topographical Engineers, accompanies the report of
the Secretary of War, to which I respectively invite
the attention of the Congress.
The session of territory made, by the late treaty
with Mexico has greatly extended our exposed fron-
tier, and rendered its defence more difficult. The
treaty has also brought us under obligations to
Mexico, to comply with which a military force is
requisite. But our military establishment is not
materially changed, as to its efficiency, from the con-
dition in which it stood before the commencement of
the Mexican war. Some addition to it will therefore
be necessary ; and I recommend to the favourable
consideration of Congress an increase of the several
corps of the array at our distant western ports, as
proposed in the accompany log report of the Secretary
of War.

THE TARIFF—PROTECTION.
I recommend a revision of the existing tariff, and
its adjustment on a basis which may augment the
revenue. I do not doubt the right or duty of Con-
gress to encourage domestic industry, which is the
great source of national as well as individual wealth
and prosperity. I look to the wisdom and patriotism
of Congress for the adoption of a system which may
place home labour at last on a sure and permanent
footing, and by due encouragement of manufactures,
give a new aid increased stimulus to agriculture, and
promote the development of our best resources and
the extension of our commerce. Believing that to
the attainment of these ends (as well as the necessary

THE. ARMY AND NAVY.
Great embarrassment has resulted from the effect

upon rank . the army heretofore given to brevet and
staff commissions. The views of the Secretary of
War on this subject are deemed important, and if
carried into effect will, it is believed, promote the
harmony of the service. The plan proposed for re—
tiring disabled officers, and providing an asylum for
such of the rank and file as, from age, wounds, and
other infirmities occasioned by service, have become
unfit to perform their respective duties, is ream
-
mended as a means of increasing the efficiency of the
army, and as an act of justice due from a grateful
country to the faithful soldier.;
The accompanying reportit the Secretary of the
Navy presents a full and sa- trefactory account of the
the
operations 4ef the naval service during
P y ear.
con and
Our situ engaged in the legitimate
ditiaston
pursuits of commerce have enjoyed its benefits.
Wherever our national vessels have gone they have
been received with respect, our officers have been
treated with kindness and courtesy, and they have on
all occasions pursued a course of strict neutrality, in
accordance with the policy of our Government.
The naval force at present in commission is as
large as is admissible, with the number of men autho-
rised by Congress to be employed.
I invite your attention to the recommendation of
the Secretary of the Navy on the suttject of a re-
organisation of the navy, in its various grades of
officers, and the establishment of a retired list for
such of the officers as are disqualified fur active
and effective service. Should Congress adopt
such measure as is recommended, it will greatly
increase the efficiency of the navy, and reduce its
expenditure.
I also ask your attention to the views expressed by
him in reference to the employment of war steamers,
and in regard to the contracts for the transportation
of the United States' mails, and the operation of the
system upon the prosperity of the navy. _
THE POST-OFFIa.
By an Act of Congress, passed August 14th, 1848,
provision was made far extending post-office and
mail accommodations to California and Ore
Exertions have been made to execute that law ;till'.
the limited provisions of the Act, the inadequacy of
the means it authorises,_ the ill adaptation of our post-
office laws to the situation of that country, and the
measure of compensation for services allowed by
those laws, compared with the prices of labour and
rents in alifornia, render those exertions in a great
degree ineffectual. More particular and efficient
provision by law is required on this subject.
The Act of 1845, reducing postage, has now, by
its operation during four years, produced results fully
showing that the income from such reduced postage
is sufficient to sustain the whole expense of the service
of the Post-office department., not including the cost
of transportation in the mail steamers on the line from
New York to Chagres and from Panama to Astoria,
which have not been considered by Congress as pro-
perly belonging to the mail service.
It is submitted to the wisdom of Congress, whether
a further reduction of postage should not now be
made, more particularly on the letter correspondence.
This should be relieved from the unjust burden of
transporting and delivering the franked matter of
Congress, for which public service provision should be
made from the Treasury. I confidently believe that
a change may safely be made, reducing all single-
letter postage to the uniform rate of five cents , re-
gardless of distance, without thereby imposing any
greater tax on the Treasury than would constitute a
very moderate compensation for this public service ;
and I therefore respectfully recommend such a redac—
tion. Should Congress prefer to abolish the franking
privilege entirely, it seems probable that no demand
on the Treasury would result from the proposed re-
duction of postage. Whether any further diminu-
tion should now be made, or the result of the:reduc-
tion to five cents, which I have recommended, should
be first tested, is submitted to your decision.
Since the commencement of the last session of
Congress, a postal treaty with Great Britain has been
received and ratified, and such regulations have bean
formed by the Post-office departments of the two
countries, in pursuance of that treaty, as to carry its
provisions into full operation. Tne attempt to extend
this same arrangement, through England, to France,
has not been equally successful; but the purpose has
not been abandoned.
Fur a particular statement of the condition of the
Post-office department, and other matters connected
with that branch of the public sorvice, I refer you to
`he report of the Postmaster-General.
TUE CENSUS.

By the Act of the 3d of March, 1849, a beard was
constituted to make arrangements for taking the
seventh census, composed of the Secretary of State,
the Attorney- Genoral, and the Postmaster-Gcneral ;
and it was made the duty of this board "to prepare
and cause to be printed such forms and schedules as
might be necessary for the full enumeration of the in-
habitants of the United States; and also proper forms
and schedules for collecting in statistical table*, under
proper heads, such information as to mines, agricul-
ture, commerce, manufactures, education, and other
topics, as would exhibit a full view of the pursuits,
industry, education, and the resources of the country.
The duties enjoined upon the Census Board, thus
established, having beers performed, it now rests with
Congress to enact a law for carrying into effect the
provision of the Constitution which requires an actual
enumeration of the people of the United States within
the ensuing year.

WINDING UP.
Among the duties assigned by the Constitution to
the General Government is one of local and limited
application, but not, on that account, the less obliga-
tory : I allude to the trust committed to Congress, as
the exclusive legislator and sole guardian of the in-
terests of the districts of Columbia. I beg to com-
mend these interests to your kind attention. As the
national metropolis, the city of Washington must be
au object of general interest; and, founded as it was
under the auspices of him whose immortal name it
bears, its claims to the fostering care of Congress
present themselves with additional strength. What-
ever can contribute to its prosperity must enlist the
feelings of constitutional guardians, and command
their favourable consideration.
Our Government is one of limited powers, and its
successful administration eminently depends on the
confinement of each of its co-ordicate branches within
its own appropriate sphere. The first section of the
Constitution ordains that " all legislative powers
therein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the
United States, which shall consist of a Senate and
House of Representatives." The Executive has
authority to recommend (not to dictate) measures to
Congress. Having performed that duty, the Execu-
tive department of the Government cannot rightfully
control the decision of Congress on any subject of
legislation, until that decision shall have been otfi•
cially submitted to the President for, approval. The
check provided by the Constitution, in the clause
conferring the qualified veto, will never be exercised
by me, except in the cases contemplated by the
fathers of the Republic. I view it as an extreme mea-
sure, to be resorted to only in extraordinary cases—as
where it may become necessary to defend the Execu-
tive against the encroachments of the Legislative
power, or to prevent hasty and inconsiderate or uncon-
stitutional legislation. By cautiously confining this
remedy within the sphere prescribed to it in the con-
temporaneous expositions of the framers of the Consti-
tution,onall subjects
the willo
off the i
legislation,
s people,lati
on
through legitimately
h etheir expressed
con-
stitutional organs, the Senators and Representatives of
the United States, will have its full effect.

As indispenable to the preservation of our system
of self-government, the independence of the Repre-
sentatives of the States and the people is guaranteed
by the Constitution ; and they owe no responsibility
to any human power but their constituents. By
holding the representative responsible only to the
people, and exempting him from all other influences,
we elevate the character of the constituent and
quicken his sense of responsibility to his country. It
is under these circumstances only that the elector
can feel that, in the choice of the law-maker, he is
himself truly a component part of the sovereign
power of the nation. With equal care we should
study to defend the rights of the executive and judi-
cial departments. Our government can only be pre-
served in its purity by the suppression and entire
elimination of every claim or tendency of
one co ordinate branch to encroachment upon
another. With the strict observance of this
rule and the other injunctions of the
Constitution—with a sedulous inculcation of that
respectathers c
anhderlisovheedfor a
nthdeu enjoinedni nof
utphoen
tStatesheir ewhhilidcrhehour
f
and with the aid of that over-ruling Providence which
has so long and so kindly guarded our liberties and
institutions, we may reasonably expect to transmit
them with their innumerable blessings to the remotest
posterity.
But attachment to the unicn of the States should be
habitually fostered in every American heart. For
more than half a century, during which kingdoms
and empires have fallen, this union has stool unshaken.
The patriots who formed it have long since descended
to the grave; yet still it remains the proudest monu-
ment to their memory and the object of affection and
admiration with every one worthy to bear the Ame-
rican name. In my judgment its dissolution would
be the greatest of calamities, and to avert that should
be the study of every American. Upon its preserva-
tion must depend our own happiness and that of
countless generations to come. Whatever dangers
may threaten it I shall stand by it and maintain it in
its integrity, to the full extent of the obligations
imposed and the power conferred upon me by the
Constitution. Z. TAYLOR.
Washington, Dec. 4, 1849

The steamship Margaret, Captain Lang, arrived at
Halifax on the 25th ult. in 17 days hence.
_ _

The Royal Mail steam-ship Cambria, Captain
Shannon, touched on the 28th ult., after a run of 31
days, and proceeded to Boston.
The Pacific mail steamer rums, Captain Bailey,

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