The Sun.
London, England, 1850-08-27 00:00:00

CA PE OF GOOD HOPE.
There are further advicea from this colony to the
16th June. They announce the discovery of large
deposits of guano on Dassen Island, by a Mr. E.
Cheappini, but which, being on public lands, is
claimed by the Government. An important improve-
ment with the harbour of Table Bay was under con-
sideration, by the construction of a breakwater, ex-
tending from the shore near the Chavorma.battery
embracing that portion of the anchorage where the
deepest water is to be found, and by a curve toward►
the extremity, protecting from the action of the tide
and the surf a large portion of the area of the bay.
The want of a harbour of refuge at Table Bay has
long been felt, and the present project is one of con-
siderable importance to the colony and the shipping
interest.
The number of vessels which entered Table Bay
in 1849 was 500, of 156,000 tons.

SPANISH BONDHOLDERS.
TO 7'HE EDITOR OF THE SUN.

DEATH

SlR,—The public attention being at this moment
directed to a general meeting of Spanish bondholders
convened for Wednesday next—and consequent upon
another proposition for carrying out the Peninsular
system of spo!iation—l feel assured that your well-known
zeal in the public weal and general rights insures your
ri ady cooperation, for the redress of the long defrauded
foreign creditors of Spain. If private wrongs receive
attention from our highly talented Minister for Foreign
Affairs, we cannot reasonably suppose that he will over-
look public ones, or continue to give any sanction to
Governments which, regardless of every principle of
honesty and justice, violate their pledged national faith,
and thus strike a fatal blow ,to public credit and com-
merce. The question does not merely relate to the
ruined bondholders of Spain, but, as a matter of course,
interests all persons concerned in foreign securities and
loans; for it the system of repudiation be allowed in one
ally it would soon be perhaps conveniently adopted by
others, and thus eventually produce general bankruptcy.
If Governments, boasting of their resources, may do this
with impunity, with what consistncy can the law be
put in force against private individuals? As to the
evasive conduct of Spain, her total disregard of every
promise, whilst, she recklw.sly pursues a system of extra-
vagance, and the ready adoption of the same iniquitous
system by Portugal, it is all too well known to need
comment from my pen; but I cannot doubt t,hat the
colossal power of the press will be exerted in support of
foreign creditors, and an exposure of the infamous pro-
positions of Spain.—l am, Sir, yours faithfully,
A SPANISH BONDHOLDER.
August 26, 1850.

FATAL ACCIDENT.--Yesterday morning, about ten
o'clock, as a ma❑ named Simes, residing in Pasiimore-street,
Pimlico, was in the act of sweepimg the lead projecting over
the shop-front of Mr. Fenn, cheesemonger, High-street,
Marylebone, a portion of the lead gave way, and the unfor-
tunate man fell on to the p.iveinent with such force that his
brains were dashed out on the spot. On being picked up
life wai quite extinct.
IiER MAJeSTY'S SHIP CALEDONIA.—Extract of a
letter from her Majesty's ship Caledonia, off Malta, dated 6th
instant. We have been favoured with the perusal of a letter
from the hove ship, from which we extract the following :
" We are all cruising between Malta and Sicily, to keep out
of the way of the cholera, now prevalent at the former place.
Th 3 squadron had a taste of it a few weeks since, but we
are all now, thank God, very healthy—the average number
being under 3} per cent., and these with slight complaints.
We have been out for a mouth, and shall probably remain
cruizing six weeks or two months longer, until the cool
weather sets in—it being now fearfully hot on shore, and
rather warm for us—but I never telt better, and I believe
this is the case with most of us. We shall probably be with
you in March to pay off."
ROYAL NORTHERN AGRICULTURAL SHOW. —This
agricultural gathering took place at Aberdeen on Thursday
and Friday. The exhibition of stock was very great, and
the show of implements was considerable. A dinner
afterwards took place in the Mechanics' Hall, which was
attended by the Duke of Richmond, who presidei, the Earl
of Aberdeen, Lord Haddo, Admiral Gordon, Sir A. Leith
Hay, Sir J. D. Elphinatone, Captain Fordyce, M.P., and
many landowners. The speeches were entirely of a compli-
mentary character, with only indirect references to agricul-
tural depression.
BOSTON AND STAMFORD RAILWAY The half-
yearly meeting of this company to be held to-day will be
merely of a formal character, preparatory to winding-up the
undertaking and completing the arrangements with the
Great Northern. No report will be presented. The ba-
lance-sheet, however, shows that the receipts on the capital
account have been 83,6091. 18s. The expenses, including
35,6721. Its. for Parliamentary and law ; 5,4281. 16s. 3d. for
interest on capital; 1,9781. lls. 3d. fur engineering and other
ordinary items, have amounted to within 1,457/. 15s. 6d. of
the receipts.
CITY OF LONDON REGISTRATION OF VOTERS.—
Mr. Thomas Young M'Christie, the Revising Barrister, has
appointed Monday, the 16th of September, on which to com-
mence his registration of voters for Meuibers.to serve in Par-
hament.for the city of London.
GROSS IGNORANCE.—The Corunna papers mention
a fact that shows in what a state of ignorance and brutality
the Gallician labourers are still plunged. The aeronaut,
Madame Sanges, who had made an ascension in her balloon,
descended near the village of Betangos. Here the peasants,
with a stupid old fanatic priest at their head, brutally as-
saulted the poor woman, alleging she was the devil, and had
she not been defended by some more civilised than the rest,
she would probably have been killed. The Governor of
Corunna has rendered the village pecuniarily responsible for
the damage done to the balloon, and has sent the culprits to
prison.
DEATH FROM FALLING FROM A CLIFF.—A few
days since, Mrs. Thomas, a widow, residing at Marcross,
near Bridgend, South Wales, was walking along the edge of
the cliff when she accidentally fell over and was killed on the
spot. The body, when found, presented a dreadfully mangled
appearance.
ROYAL MILITARY REPOSITORY.—The Comman-
dant of the Garrison has issued an order permitting visitors
to Woolwich to go over the Rotunda and the Repository
grounds on five instead of three days a week, Saturday being
the only week day on which they are closed to the public.
RIVER rLATE.—TREATY BETWEEN THE BUENOS
AYREAN AND FRENCH REPUBLICS.-110 following telegra-
phic dispatch was received at Lloyd's late yesterday after-
noon from Liverpool :—" A treaty was concluded between
Rosas and the French Admiral prior to the 22d July. at
Buenos Ayres. Terms not transpired. There was a diffe-
rence of opinion as to whether it would be acted upon imme-
diately, or its ratification by the French Government be
waited for."

KOSSUTH'S LE.I"I'ER to GEN. CASS.
Kutaya (Asia Minor), May 25, 1850.
General,—lt is already ten months that I have the
anguish of exile to endure. Nature has man's mind
with wonderful elasticity endowed. It yields to many
changes of fate, and gets accustomed even to adversity.
But to one thing the patriot's heart never learns to inure
itself—to the pangs of exile.
You remember yon patrician of Venice, who, when
banished, feigned high treason, that he might at least
from the scaffold cast over the Rialto a glance once more.
This fond desire I can easily understand. I can so
the more, because yon Venetian, though exiled, knew
his fatherland to be happy and great; but I, sir, carry
the dolor of millions, the pains of a downtrodden country
in my wounded breast, without having even the sad con-
solation to think that it could not otherwise be. Oh, had
Divine Providence only from treason deigned me to pre-
serve, I swear to the Almighty God the threatening
billows of despotism would have fallen like foam from
the rock cf my brave people's breasts. To have this
firm conviction, sir, and,' instead of the well deserved
victory of freedom, to find oneself in exile, the father-
land in chains, is a profound sorrow, a nameless grief.
Neither have I the consolation to have found mitiga-
tions of this grief at the hospitable hearth of a great free
people, the contemplation of which, by the imposing
view of freedom's wonderful powers, warms the despon-
dent heart, making it it in the destiny of mankind
belie ve.

It is not a coward lamentation which makes me say
all this, General, but the lively sense of gratitude and
thankful acknowledgments for your general sympathy.
I wanted to sketch the darkness of my destiny, that you
might feel what benefit must have been to me your beam
of light, by which you, from the capital of free America,
have heightened my night.
It was in Broussa, General, that the notice of your
imposing speech has reached me; in yonder Browse,
where Hannibal bewailed his country's mischief, and
foretold the fall of its oppressors. Hannibal, exiled like
myself, but still unhappier, as he was accompanied in
exile by the ingratitude of his people, but I by the love
of mine.

Ye?, General, your powerful speech was not only the
inspiration of sympathy for unmerited misfortune, so
natural to noble, feeling hearts—it was the revelation
of the justice of God—it was a leaf from the book of fate,
unveiled to the world. On that day, General, you were
sitting, in the name of mankind, in tribunal, passing
judgment on despotism and the despots of the world;
and, as sure as the God of Justice lives, your verdict
will be accomplished.
Shall I yet have my share in this great work, or not?
Ido not know. Once almost an efficient instrument in
the hands of Providence, lam now buried alive. With
humble heart will I accept the call to action, should I be
deemed worthy of it, or submit to the doom of inactive
sufferings, if' it must bo so. But, be it ono or the other,
I know that your sentence will be fulfilled. I know that
aged Europe, at the sun of freedom's young America,
will herself grow young again. I know that my
people, who proved so worthy of liberty, will yet,
notwithstanding their present degradation, weigh
heavy in this balance of fate ; and I know that, as
long as one Hungarian lives, your name, General,
will be counted among the must cherished in ray na-
tive land as the distinguished man who, a worthy inter-
preter of the generous sentiments of the great Ameri-
can people, has, upon us poor Hungarians, the consola-
tion bestowed of a confident hope, at a moment when
Europe's decrepit politics seemed our unmerited fate for
ever to seaL

GOSPORT.—The weather this week has been very
unfavourable to the harvest, as a considerable quantity of
rain has fallen. The potato disease has made its appearance
in this neighbourhood but not to such an.extent as it did
last year. —Hants independent.
A SNOW-STORM IN AUGUST.—During the latter
part of last week the weather was fine and seasonable for
harvest operations throughout this district. But on Satur-
day and Sunday a considerable change took place. The at-
mosphere became much cooler, particularly on the latter
day, when a strong wind set in from the south-west, the sky
became clouded, and in the afternoon and evening much
rain fell. During Sunday night the wind shifted to the west,
and blew a heavy gale. On blenday the wind again shifted,
northwards, and rose at times to a hurricane, the sky being
overcast, and heavy showers of rain falling at intervals. At
about a quarter to four in the afternoon the town and sur-
rounding neighbourhood was visited by one of the severest
storms of wind, snow, hail, and rain, we ever remember to
have seen. The wind appeared as if it would lift the roofs
from the houses, and it shook all those buildings exposed to
its fury to their foundations. The rain descended in tor-
n nts, and with the snow, which was only a short time per-
ceptible, was swept by the wind like clouds of moisture over
and through the town, while the hail fell upon the roofs and
against the windows as if .a shower of stones had been dis-
charged from above. Foitunately the storm did not last
more than five or ten minutes, or it must have effected great
destruction of property. After it bad passed there was a lull
fur a time; but the wind, which was from the north-west,
soon rose again, and blew strongly throughout the night.
During and after the storm the weather became almost as
cold as winter.— Blackburn Standard. '

May you be pleased, General, to accept the most fer-
vent thanks of an honest friend of freedom. Let me
hope that, should Mr. Ujhazy (my oldest and best
friend, and present representative in the United States),
in the interest of the holy cause to which you have so
generously your protection accorded, addresses himself
to you for something which you might, in your wisdom,
judge convenient and practicable, you will not withhold
from us your powerful support; and please to accept
the assurance of my highest esteem and most peculiar
veneration.
L. KOSSUTH, Anc. Governor of Hungary.
To the Honourable the General Casa, Washington.
I hope you will excuse my bad English. I thought it
my duty to address yen in your own language.

COURT CIRCULAR.
OSBORNE, MONDAY.
The Queen and Prince walked early this morning,
in Osborne park and grounds.
His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, the
Princess Royal, and younger members of the Royal
Family, walked and rode as usual.
This being the birthday of his Royal Highness
Prince Albert, the Royal Marine Band attended
early this morning at Osborne, and played the follow-
ing pieces a music :—" The Prince's Hymn," "The
Cobourg March;" selection, "Le Prophete ;" Waltz,
" Schortzblatil," and " God save the Queen."

BIRKENHEAD.—On passing through this town a
pleasing contrast presents itself in the general appearance of
the place, compared with what it exhibited twelve months
ago. The utmost activity now prevails along the whole of
the Cheshire shore, down to Wallasey Pool. About 1,500
mEn are employed in making the docks and the immense
float, and it is believed that some of the docks in the locality
of Wallasey Pool will be ready to admit vessels in the be-
ginning of October. The shipbuilding yard of Mr. Wilson,
at Birkenhead, is in a complete state of readiness for work,
and a few days ago the keel of a first-class frigate for the
Brazilian Government was laid. Mr. Wilson's graving
dock will admit of the largest steamer afloat. There are
few shops now empty; business is becoming more brisk,
and almost every house in Birkenhead and Tranmere is
occupied.
REDUCTION OF INTEREST.—The banking-houses in
Glasgow have just announced that the interest allowed on
deposit receipts (that is, the more permanent kind of depo-
sits) will be reduced to the same rate as that allowed upon
the daily balances of current accounts, snaking a uniform
rate of two per cent. on all moneys lodged with them. Two
of the Edinburgh banks have also made the same announce-
ment.

Sir Francis Baring returned to bis residence at the
Admiralty on Saturday from Southampton.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer has left Ardve-
rikie, Kingussie, and proceeded to Glenquoich,
ta-
verizarry.
Dispatches were received yesterday at the Colonial-
office, from the Governor of South Australia.

LADIES FASHIONS—NOVELTY IN ALPACAS —A
goyal deal of attention has been caused by the introduc-
tion of a new description of decorative Fabric., the
patent of Mr. Robert Milligan, of Bingley, York, and
made public through the extensive house of Messrs.
Milligan, Forbes. and Co ,of Bradford. The material
itself, is made of fine alpaca, and ornamented in the
highest and most artistic manner, by stripes and figures
on delicately tinted silk floated on the surface, this silk
receiving in its turn, bright colours of flowers, &o. The
richness thus obtained is very great, and resembles the
effect of embroidery. Whilst from the firm and close
texture of the silk itself, the goods will wear much better
than if worked by the needle. There certainly has not
been so elegant or useful a novelty in dress goods pre-
viously produced in the fancy trade of the north, nor one
so likely to find favour with the ladies. The patent is
likewise applicable to manufactured goods, known es
cobourghe. orleans, damasks, &c. &c., even to a new
style of ribbon, which, we understand, will make their ap-
pearance shortly. Upon their introduction we shall have
much pleasure in recurring to the subject.
ST. JAMES'S THEATRE.—'.Kee. Fanny Kemble yes-
terday concluded her series of readings from the plays of
Shakspere. The play chosen was the First Part of ICing
Henry t/eeFourth As in every preceding instance,Mrs. Kemble
made us feel the purpose and intent of the great poet in a
manner which no actor, expositor, or lecturer has before
achieved. The delineation of each individual character was
perfect. On the stage we are wont to see some one great
artist in some one favourite part, the rest of the scene being
so marred by inaccurate reading and incompetent representa-
tion that the "bright particular star" is seen through hazy
fogs, which becloud and confound its splendour. In the
hands of Mrs. Kemble, the whole of the glorious picture is
exhibited in its matchless entirety. No doubt, the speech of
Hotspur, in explanation of his refusal of the prisoners, was a
wondrous specimen of declamation ; and the character of
Falstaff was produced in the boundless fulness of its humour.
But the slight sketch of Lady Percy was there in its graceful
perfection, as carefully and as exquisitely given as any of the
characters on which more dependence is usually placed. We
cannot doubt that an entertainment so elevating in its cha-
racter. and so justly popular, will be resumed at an early
period. Mr. Mitchell deserves the thanks of the public, for
this as well as for the general management of his exquisite
theatre.
GREAT NOVELTY 7N AEROSTATION.—Mr. Graham,
the husband of the celebrated but unfortunate aeronaut, Mrs.
Graham, whose balloon was recently seriously injured by
fire, has not only repaired the aerial machine. but announces
his intention of completing its inflation with drogen gas,
manufactured by himself on the spot, prior to his y
wife's ascent
in it from Cremorne-gardens to-morrow. To the scientific
in such matters this experiment is a question of great inte-
rest. Mr. Graham is the only aeronaut who has succeeded
in the use of hydrogen ; he has, we believe, ascended on four
occasions, in a balloon inflated solely with hydrogen gas.
THE LATE ACCIDENT AT THE BRICKLAYERS
ARMS STATiox.—On Sunday morning last, by permission
of the authorities, a number of the officers, porters, and
others employed at the above station attended Divine service
at St. Mary's, Southwark, Old Kent-road, to offer up their
public thanksgiving for their providential preservation when
the accident occurred on Wednesday last. A most suitable
andssttoeht
eimercifully
ehotrcnny,
yaann dd
deposited
sap impressiveephouasei
rintleeeds
hti sermonaonnvbtdethe
was preached on the occasion by
the Rev. C. Bowen, the incumbent, from the sth chapter of
deeplyd
bepoor-boxesycwhichosf ee
nl wt
consent of
gbo 'yof t
the mostbt
ho iaeta whotdtae day,
churchwardens,,t va
amount-
ing 3bel
ibeen
to 9/. 2s. 6id., will be applied for the benefit of the
widow and orphan of the unfortunate man who lost his life
by the melancholy event.

EXAMINATION FOR THE MERCHANT SERVICE.—
BOARD OF TRADE, AUGUST, 1850.—The following masters
and mates in the merchant service have voluntarily passed
their examination under the regulations of the Board of
Trade, since the 30th of June last, and obtained certificates
of qualification :—First Class Masters - James Gibson, Dun-
dee ; Joseph Bell, John Maguire, Henry Bulkely, John
Hewitt. Liverpool; John Shaw, John Patterson, Alexander
Rodgers, Alexander Watt, Samuel Patterson, Charles Ro-
bertson, Glasgow. Second Class Robert Harrisson (extra),
Henry Anderson, South Shields; Eugene Leonard, Charle-4
Leisk Allan Morrison, Liverpool; George. Seaton, Hull;
George Gulp, David Brown, Dundee; George Clark Darling,
Glasgow; Edwin Jarvis, J. H. H. Hunt, W. BencraftjG. W.
Black, W. F. Peppercorne, P. Lowin, W. Porritt, I. J. Noel,
W. Pashiey, W. A. Silver, S. Perkins, London ; J. Hutchin-
son, Leith ; G, A. Clark, Yarmouth. Third Class— G. Squirs,
A. S. Dove, G. Slader, G. M. A. Carphin, B. Martin, J.
Thorn, J. Robbs, R. T. W. Woolver, R. Glanfield, London.
Mates, First Class—Alexander Buchan, Glasgow ; H. Bar-
ber, Yarmouth. Second Class R. G. Coltman, Milford;
J. P. Ritchie, Glasgow ;. W. Simms, J. Atkinson, L.
M.
Grey, J. G. Mason, R. F. Cann, H. N. Mackay, D. Gage,
J. M. Stephens, C. F. Farquharson, R. Firth, R. Warden,
R. Struthers, G. F. Warkmiester, London; W. P. L. Buckle,
Gloucester. Third Class—J. awkins, W. Williamson,
London. For Steam Navigation only—Master, Third Class
—T. Boyce, London. Mates, Second Class—C. Edwards,
H. M. Thomas, London.

HERRING TRADR.—A letter from Wick, of Aug.
15, says, the herring fishing in this district continues light,
but pretty regular. Great dependence was placed on this
week, the weather being fine and the appearances good, but
there seems to be no great body of fish on the coast. The
number of boats now fishing here amounts to 804, being
nearly equal to last year. The highest boats for the past
week ranged from 31 to as crans. The general average for the
season is now 53 crans per boat, being 15 crans per boat under
that of last year at the same period, and 28 crans under 1848.
The fishing of 1•49 was the heaviest on record. The fishing
this year, taking in the whole coast, is considerably under
that of any season for the last ten years, except at Lybster,
where it is a full average one. On Friday and Saturday last,
we learn that the fishing was heavy on the Fife coast, and
prices of green fish at Anatrutber receded to 6s. per cran on
Saturday. The fishermen there expected a very heavy take
this week; but for a little time the most part will be bought
up by Frenchmen. There were upwards of 60 French ves-
sels there to purchase green fish when our correspondent
wrote. Prices of cured fish at Wick remain at former quota-
tions, of 14s. 6d. per unbranded, and 15s. for branded. A
good many purchases have been made at that, and this price,
it is expected, will be fully maintained, considering the very
light fishing we have had. The total quantity of herrings
caught at Wick this season is rather better than 42,000
barrels, of which there have been shipped—coastwise, 14,000;
foreign 5,000; total exports, 19,000 barrels.
DRINKING BRANDY FOR A WAGER.—Yesterday
morning, about live, a young man on the establishment of
Mr. Norckef, marble dealer, of King William-street.Charing-
cross, died, under the following circumstances:—lt appears
that the deceased on Sunday night agreed with some com-
panions, for a trifling wager, to drink a pint of brandy and
then walk to London -bridge. It is believed that he accom-
plished the wager, and was then conveyed home, where he
remained in a state of stupor till the hour above-mentioned
when he died. The necessary information has been forwarded
to the coroner for an inquest on the body. s s

Her Majesty has appointed the Earl of Chichester
to be First Church Estates C mmissioner, and John George
Shaw Lefevre. Esq., to be Second Church Estates Commis-
sioner, the former with a salary.
NEWTON FLANNEL MARKET.—TheTe was not 8
large supply of goods in the market last week, and the at-
tendance of buyers was not numerous; there was, however,
a good amount of business transacted. Prices remain about
the same In the wool market there is no variation either in
demand or price. Things are in an unsettled state in this
neighbourhood at present, in consequence of an absurd at-
tempt on the part of the working classes to resist the intro-
ducti al of improved machinery, and a partial turn-out has
occurred,—North Water Chronicle.

COLLISION or VESSELS AND SIT LIVES LOST.—
The Thomas, Betts. from Quebec, which arrived at Greenock
on Monday, came in contact, on Friday last, twelve miles
south-east of Tuskar, with the barque Speranza, of and for
Trieste, laden with coals, three days out from Liverpool,
which sank in ten minutes afterwards. The master, Mr.
Dabota, with his wife and child, and three seamen, were
drowned; the remainder of the crew, consisting of the mate
and seven seamen, were picked up by the Thomas, and
brouht to Govinck,—Eckenirgh Evening tort,

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 27, 1850.

Though in public the King was an incessant and
rwher egotistical talker en ordinary topics of no mo-
ment, yet he Fple but little at cabinet councils,
generally listening very attentively.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.

FROM THE MORNING PAPERS OF THIS DAY.

TIMES.—The closing scene of the life cf Louis
Philippe of Orleans, once the Sovereign of a great people,
the soldier of one revolution, the conqueror of a second,
and the victim of a third—of the Prince who seemed to
control the destinies of France and the policy of Europe
at the very moment when a tumult in the streets of
Paris and a mob of madcaps hurled him from the throne
—adds but one brief line to a most eventful history. The
great epoch of his career ended with the 24th of Febru-
ayry, 1848. Thenceforward England has afforded to
him the last services of hospitality—an asylum ar,d a
grave. A stream of great events Las hurried us along
with inconceivable velocity from that point at which
Louis Philippe and the world parted company;
but on this solemn occasion, when Death has
placed the irrevocable seal on all the vicissitudes of
his life, we look back to the whole record of his
singular existence and we shall attempt to trace some
faint likeness of his character, when he seemed to have
attained the height of sovereign ambition, rather than in
the confusion and disgrace of his fall. That, after all,

was the work, e.lroost the accident, of an hour; but the

annuli of a rtign of nearly 18 years, and the peculiarities
of his character and policy,, are imperishable subjects

for the medita►ion of the statesman and the historian.

Louis Philippe, King of the French, was distinguished
among all the mon who have figured with equal promi-
nence on the stage of history and in the government of
mankind, by the absence of those transcendent powers if
intellect, those inordinate passion 9, those imposing vir-
tues, or those daring crimes which commonly mark the
annals of human greatness. But for those perilous gilts
of genius and of power he substituted a singular com-
pound of the minor qualities of human nature. Whe-
ther for good or evil, these constituted the large aggre-
gate of his character, and in forining a correct judgment
of this remarkable man it would be equally dangerous
to exalt him into a sage and a hero, or to degrade him

into a seifish oppressor. Good sense, thrift, caution,
knowledge of the world derived from experience rather
than from intuition, patience, self-control, and keen
self-interest were the plain materials of a character
which was cast in no heroic mould. These qualities of
the lesser order were dilated in his person to very un-
usual proportions, and applied to very unusual ends;
but they never lost the stamp of what must be termed,
for want of a more appropriate phrase, the vulgarity
of their nature. The impulses of enthusiasm, the glow
of imagination, the pursuit of a great scheme of action,
the indulgence of large sympathies or desires in policy
or in government, were unknown . to his character
and to his reign. gn one or two occasions intense
acquisitiveness, animated by. an unusual excess of tradi-
tional pride, tempted him to deviate into a passion, and
imitate the policy of the loftiest of his ancestors. Occa-
sionally his aversions prevailed over his better judgment,
and, in the last few months of his reign his temper be-
came testy and his resolutions incautious, under the
growing effects of age. But these were exceptions to
the general spirit of his government, and the transac-
tion to which we more particularly allude was entangled
in a web of minute contrivances and intrigues which
seemed partiallyto conceal from the aged Monarch him-
self the amount of his own rashness, and the conse-
quences of his design. Whenever the history of his
feign is accurately written, it will be found to have
been conducted and regulated by an astonishing adapts •
tion of petty methods to great ends—by carefully avert-
ing those explosions of energy which are apt to dis-
turb •the cause they were intended to serve—by an
invariable and ingenious use of all the means
afforded by the current circumstances of the
day—and by lowering the standard of govern-
ment to that of the middle classes of society, instead of
inciting the nation to participate in the triumphs of
military or the excitement of popular power. It was
strange that at any time such methods of government
should enthral the genius of a high-spirited, martial, and
fretful people, and that the French nation should have
surrendered so much of its natural impetuosity to so
homely a spell. But the result has ultimately shown
that the spirit of the nation secretly burned for other
objects, and would even brave the excesses of revolution
and the risks of despotism to escape from the temperate
routine of the government of the middle classes. The
Highland youth in the shop of Simon the Glover, of
Perth, was not more out of place than the French peo-
ple in the apprenticeship of a limited constitution. It
would be inconsistent with the essential qualities which
we ascribe to Louis Philippe's character to suppose that
at any period of his life he was excited by dreams of vast
ambition, or enabled by constancy of purpose to look on-
wards from the hardships of exile and proscription to
the recovery of the throne of France. For his own hap-
piness—and, wo will add, for his greater success—his
aspirations were confined within narrower limits. At
one time, indeed, as in the curious transactions of 1811,
ambition seemed to invite the Duke of Orleans to play a
more active part in the Spanish war; at another, Greece,
and even Mexico, allured him by the phantom of a
throne; but these adventures were not seriously pur-
sued, and he sate down after the restoration of the
Bourbons contented, or at least resigned, to be the first
Prince of the blood in France, and one of the richest per-
sonages in Europe. Yet, even in those uneertsin years,
his vigorons mind was not inactive. He alone of all the
Priuces of the House of Bourbon had spent his life in a
contest of policy with the principles of the French Revo-
lution. He alone had attempted to assume whatever
garb the spirit of the age imposed on him, and to profit
by the lessons of his past experience. A sterner and
a prouder man would have died a hundred deaths ratbcr
than condescend to humour the popular passions,
which twice in his life uncrowned his nearest rent-

tines, and finally, turned upon himself. Louis
Philippe was affected by no such scruples; and no
sooner did he find that terms were proffered to him by
those who might then have driven him into a second
exile, than he ascended the throne under the auspices of
a popular revolution. From that instant his policy
changed; but though the current was turned, its move-
ment was slow, and at first all but insensible. " Ma
forte tenace centre 1' anarchic" (to use his own expres-
emu) became the settled purpose of his reign. The
dazzlieg career of a Napoleon, and the blind resistance
of a Charles X., were alike impossible; yet the same, or
even greater results, were to be accomplished by a
sedulous employment of slender but multifarious means;
and those results were supposed to have been accom-
plished so effectually that not only bad the Court and
the Ministry the firmest reliance upon their success, but
even the Republican party bad postponed the execution
of its designs until the King's demise. The Revolution
of February was alike untorseen by all parties, and this
confidence was undoubtedly the cause of the extraordinary
neglect of the decisive measures which might have pre-
vented it. The military exploits of Louis Philippe were
limited to one campaign under Dumouriez, when he had
not completed his twentieth year, and although he took
a part, in the actions of Jemmapes and Vainly, those in-
cidents in his life were only recalled when it was politic
to connect his name with the prowess of the Republican
armies. But of courage on all occasions but the last
and greatest of his life the sing displayed no ordinary
share. lie had braved without a trace of hesitation
dangers in comparison with which the heat of battle is a
game. For many years of his reign the attempts at al,
biination were so frequently repeated in every imaginable
form that a man of a less hearty courage could hardly
have left his palace gates with indifference. Yet hiscom-
posure-
posure was scarcely ruffled by these hateful crimes, and
without either fatalism or religious enthusiasm he hiss-
riably presented a cheerful and resolute presence to his
deadliest enemies. These personal qualities are so well
known that it is the less possible to conceive under the
influence of what panic he absconded from the Tuileries,
when half an hour of resolution at the head of 12,000
men who filled the Carrousel would have changed the
issue of his life and the destinies of Europe. But on
that fatal morning the King was no longer himself; he
was unnerved, he was old, and be fled from the revolu-
tion, leaving everything in the dust. There certainly
the high spirit of the House of Bourbon, utterly failed
him. On all occasions it had been at once his greatest
art and his greatest trial to keep the pride of his royal
race from awakening the hostile passions e.f the country.
In the interior of the closet and the palace he showed
himself minutely versed in all that characterised the
lives and policy of his predecessors. A parallel between
himself and Louis XIV., even in personal features, was
one of the points on which his vanity rested with most
complacency. The golden sun gleamed once more
upon the velvet canopy of the throne of France; and it
has been said that no consequences of the revolution
of 1830 were more regretted by the King, than the loss
of thefieur delis and of the riband of the Holy Ghost.
Nothiug could exceed the minute detail in which
every incident of every subject, pair, present, or to
come, presented itself to his mind, and passed under the
scrutiny of his indefatigable industry. His memory
was of the most comprehensive kind, especially as ap-
plied to persons and events, for in books he was little
versed; and hence his conversation was extraordinarily
copious and animated. All subjects were alike welcoMe
to him, and there was nothing on which he had not in-
formation enough to converse or curiosity to inquire.
Yet in all this marvellous display of readiness that
magical touch was always wanting which converts the
products of the intellect into the finest forms of elo-
quence or wit ; in the whole range of his daily conver-
sation we know of no recorded instance of one of those
winged words or subtle combinations of language
which lay bare a truth or search a mind; his
love of the arts was profusely cultivated, but it
wanted the delicacy of a refined taste and a
chastened judgment, and all the activity of his
bustling existence seems not to have added one imperish-
able thought to the world. The same want of elevation
pervaded his moral as well as his intellectual being. To
him great principles were matters of as little concern as
-great truths. Perhaps at the bottom the tuition of
Madame de Geniis, the Jacobin Club, and the rough
usage of his early life had left him sceptical of both.
Hence, however, proceeded the greatest errors of his
policy, and the just cause of his final discomfiture. Man
bas a larger appetency for truth and rectitude than to be
permanently contented with tricks and expedients. The
principle of the King's reign was to live without his
subjects as best he could. His immediate' predecessor
had perished in an attenett to revive the principle of the
French Monarchy as of old, end the principle of the
French Republic was apparently lulled to sleep. All
that could be done was to borrow as much as could bo
borrowed with impunity from the one and the other.
Perhaps from wisdom, perhaps from necessity, per.
haps from personal pride, Louis Philippe contributed
nothing to the regular establishment of a constitutional
Government in France, and he suffered in his own person
the penalty of his personal reign. No Prince less qua-
lified by natural effrontery and long experience could
have played the part which Louis Philippe acted for so
many years. He was the greatest master of what must
be termed the craft of kings that the world had beheld
fur muro than s oeptury, mid he wieptecl the Whence of

Royalty, aided by his own personal dexterity, to the
manners of a captious and democratic age. In all par-
ties, in all professions, in every walk of life, and every
mood of passion, the King loved to practise his powers
of a Idreis. Few men within his sphere wire inacces-
sible to his persuasive ingenuity, and it may be said that
he disarmed more enemies by his tongue than he would
hare done by the rigour ef persecution. For this pur-
pose 0- e hospitality of the Tuileries was indiscrimi-
nately offered to men of all parties, and the King consi-
dered no affront unpardonable but that of a total
estrangement from the Court, and no man irreclaim-
able but those who refused to listen to him. In the pur-
suit of his objects by these means he displayed incredible
patience, drollery, and cunning. Even in dealing with
his bitterest enemies—those who wore leagued against
his throne, and who had attempted his life, he invaria-
bly observed an admirable clemency, which for the first
time marked a great political revolution. It will be re-

membered whtn all his other acts are forgotten that from
the commencement to the end of his reign no Wood was
shed but that of convictfAl as3at;sin3, and of some few
deluded insurgents in she heat of popular contests. From
all such st dn. the gov, rnment of Louis Philippe is pure;
and an excessive reluctance to occasion the effusion of
blood was °Lc cause of his overthrow and ruin. And if
he r, nounced the use of these dreadful means c.f civil re-
pres,ion, so also did he successfully oppose and avert the
perils of Euroucan war. We have seen that his whole
vlicy was repugnant to the violent measures and the

_ .
naz trdous adventures of more enterprising minds; but
it is not thy less creditable to his name that he should

have perseviacd through good and evil report in the
that wed ast adherence to the cause of peace which has

prolonged a million of human lives, averted incalculable
miteries, and strengthened the confidence of nations iu
those ties which have, for the first time, grown to ma-
turity between them. A peaceful reign of 17 years
over the most warlike people of Europe, still panting
with the fever of a revolution, and mindful of the re•
verses which closed the last war, is a phenomenon with-
out a parallel in political history; and the merit of him
who accomplished this great work of policy is but the
more conspicuous amidst those apprehensions which
have followed his downfall. lie undoubtedly revived
many of those practices which had thrown discredit on
the diplomacy of France in former reigns. His duplicity
was such that nothing but the singular influence of his
conversational powers could have given any value to
big assurances, and he exulted in the success of his
schemes, without the slightest reference to the propriety
of the means which had been employed to serve them.
The inevitable consequence of a government carried on
by these arts was, that the deeper the hold
it seemed to acquire by such practices upon
the party which it could command, the less
it oould reckon upon the respect and support of the na-
tion at large; and the more complete the King's personal
system of control became, the less could be have trans-
ferred it to any other bands. It began and ended with
himself. The authority he enjoyed in his own family
was unbounded, and that control which few absolute
monarchs have possessed over the princes of their own
race was complete in the hands of Louis Philippe. He
owed it to his playful disposition, which eve n at the
close of his life could ley aside his cares and dignity to
join iu the sports of a child. He owed it to the singu-
lar judgment he had shown in the education of his sons,
and not less to their invariable confidence in his indul-
gent solicitude for their welfare. After they had
reached the prime of manhood and assumed the duties
of married life, his sons continued to inhabit the same
palace and to form a part of the same domestic circle.
Without any excessive display of paternal authority,
the Royal Family continued wholly dependent on the
King's advice and pleasure, and the divided interests
of a Court were unknown. Nor in this allusion to
the domestic ties of his life must the names of those
be omitted who shed over it the steady light of
conjugal love and sisterly friendship. The purity and
piety of the Queen, to whom ho was devoted with the
most undeviating fidelity and affection, seemed to plead
against the imperfections of his character, while the clear
judgment and decision of Madame Adelaide hold as it
were a lamp to his path. It is remarkable that the death
of his sister war so speedily followed by the great catas-
trophe of his reign, and that the Queen alone endea-
voured to prevent the closing and irretrievable fault of
his abdication. These near influences of his family gave
to one portion of his life at least a moral dignity and a
charm of sentiment to which he bad no other claim;
and however men may have doubted the sincerity of his
words, theta is no reason to question the truth of those
affections. In the more ordinary transactions of life he
has been accused of an excessive love of money, and it is
true that he judged of the value of human actions and
principles by too sordid a standard. But he ex-
pended his private fortune with great muni-
ficence, the public revenues with prodigality; and
he was less prone to amass money than
to devote it to the purchase of popularity and po-
litical power. When suddenly driven back into exile,
he who had been accused of amassing wealth had barely
the means of obtaining the necessaries of life, and it has
recently been proved, by the publication of the ac-
counts of the civil list, that his average personal ex-
pauses did not exceed 4001. a year. Of all his personal
tastes, that of building was perhaps the strongest, and
the restoration of the Palace and Museum of Versailles
at his own cost, the embe:lishment of Paris, and the re-
storation f the antiquities of France are
esplendid mon-
uments of his reign. Although the administration of
the public finances was inordinately profuse, immense
sums were expended in public edifices of every kind,
which remain for the ornament and utility of the
country. In Paris along Louis Philippe terminated all
the great build:riga a Bich Napoleon had begun. He
inherited from the Regent Orleans a love of sc:enee
-lad even a twee fit medicine ; and he had acquired
in his travels a fondness, not common in a French
Prince, for marine amusements. But the cust,iintary
entertainments t f a Court, the chase, military
exercises, and play were comparatively unknown
in his day, and they were sacrificed to the exi•

gencios of public opinion in a democratic com-
munity, ever j• atom' of the pleasures of Princes. Per-

haps in these minute details the character of the man may
be traced even more consistently than in his political
actions. He rose without moral greatness, he reigned
without the affection of his people, and he fell without
the compassion of the world. The last hours of his
reign were a prey to an utidignifi. d panic; his determina-
tions fluctuated bet 'seen the extremes of weakness and
absurdity, and in his selfish eagerness to preserve the
unhonoured fragment ot a life which no one seriously
menace', he recoiled from the necessary exercise of
force, and left the French nation exposed to all the
horrors of anerchy. That great event dissipated in an
hour the whole fabric of his life, and left him despoiled
of all that wealth, ambition, power, and artifice could
bestow on man. The deepest lesson of human mutability
which this generation of men had witnessed was com-
plete; and death has mercifully drawn its veil over the
last struggles of old age, enfeebled, uncertain of the
future, abandoned by the creatures of his former bounty,
and vanquished by the revolutionary powers of France
which nu living Man has yet permanently subdued.
POST.—It is impossible to contemplate without sen-
sations of the deepest interest the announcement which
records the death of Louis Philippe. The dignity of
his birth, the tragic horror of his family history, the
vicissitudes and hardships of his individual existence,
the storm and earthquake which shook the earlier por-
tion of his public career—all these things could not have
failed to render his story an eventful one, even had it
wanted those thrilling chapters of its conclusion—the
zenith of exaltation, the ignominious fall—the palace of
the Tuileries, and the retreat of Claremont. Viewing
the whole of these particulars, the closing scene of Louis
Philippe's life strikes us as more emphatically significant
than even that of his predecessor Charles X., with whose
position he contrasted his own on one remarkable
occasion, and whose destiny, so curiously involved
in and parallel to his, must have frequently fur-
nished food for reflection in the lung leisure hours
at Claremont. True it is that the transition of our
ideas, from the youth of the Comte d'Artoiv, the
gayest of the gay revellers who danced over the frightful
abyss which was to yawn beneath them, to the quiet re-
tirement of the grey discrowned King in his exile at
Gratz, constitutes a survey of startling interest; but the
fortunes of Charles X. are of a simple character enough.
Trained in the school of those pleasure-seekers of the
old regime with whose society the bright morning of his
life was so necessarily associated, he could never
thoroughly divest himself of those habits of thought to
which his recollections would naturally cling with
greatest fondness, never altogether appreciate the altered
influences with which be had to deal. It is the ordinary
` sto'
misfortune, perhaps, of those who are actively engaged
in a ' restoration" that
lift
the existence of the
residuum which is
the retiring
of
theerlee:
meats of disorder; that, id watching
volutionary deluge, they lose sight of the new strata
fi‘og by
the ebb
which it has upheaved. Such, however, was by no
means the case with Louis Phillipe. His training bad
been, in the
first instance, somewhat different from that
of his royal ceusin;
it had better prepared him to ac-
commodate himself to the tremendous changes which
swept over his country, and which tested his capabilities
in this respect to the utmost. Again, he was by cir-
cumstances removed from that active participation in the
restored Court of the Bourbons which might, perhaps,
have dezzled his eyes to the same extent as those of the
other branch of hie family. But whether it is to be at-
trihuted to the force of circumstances, or to his own na-
tural sagacity, certain it is that no man appears to ha
better understood the elements with which he had to
deal than Louis Philippe. To none could the task have
that system gued than to him, of re-constructing
of French society which had collapsed in
1830; that is, assuming that the task was to be per-
formed tinder the game conditions which were imposed
at teat epoch. If politieal finesse could have secured the
origin of a dynasty, Louis Phillipe would have been
the man to effect it. If a hard, cold, persevering
ramification of intrigue and chicane could have struck
the roots of sovereign power firmly in the soil, the tree
that was planted in the glorious days of July would
have been flourishing now. If a craftily-woven chain
of expediency could have bound the several classes of
the nation to the throne of their own choice, fortune and
art seemed to have placed such a bcnd in the hands of
Louis Philippe. But it was not to be. After teve nteen
years,y the discevery became palpable that monarchy in
ran"
must represent a principle, and nut merely a
fact. The first glimmer ot that discovery extinguished
tah, d the Throne of the Barricades. The Orb ans dynasty shut-
off 48 regal coil amidst the laughter ot all Europe.
Without striking a blow, without saying a word, it sur-
rendered the
most complicated and artificial system of
government that was perhaps ever devised, to the most
clumsy and purposeless revolution tbat ever was at-
tempted. As we involuntarily contrast the career of Louis
Philippe with that ef his predecessor, so it is not less
curious to watch it in relation to that of his successor.
But a few years back, the prisoner of Ham lingered be-
hind the bolts and bars of his dungeon,
while the Citi-
zen King held royal court in the palace of the French
Sovereigns, and speculated in matrimonial alliances with
half the potentates of Europe. Now, the then prisoner
91 HAM carters ia triuropkaut progress frssa tQW to