The Sun.
London, England, 1868-04-07 00:00:00

THE ENGLISH CHURCH.

How will the Protestant Episcopal Church
be altered by ceasing to be connected with
the State ? The question is forced upon us by
a debate in which the ceasing of that connec-
tion, as far as Ireland is concerned, is, in
reality, taken for granted by both the great
political parties : for Lord Stanley did not say
anything more for it than Mr. Gladstone.
Neither can we believe that the process will
extend only to Ireland. That the English
Establishment will suffer by the disestablish-
we do not believe.
of that diseased
branch must tend to improve the health of the
m(i
ne nt
the o f
whole, i s r he branch,cutting
ff
tree. But the signs of the times cannot be
mistaken. Everything tends to disestablish-
ment in England as well as in Ireland ; not so
speedily, indeed, but as surely. What then
will be its religious effect ? This question,
we own, gives us a special interest in the re-
ligious phenomena of the United States. The
progress of religious change there is much the
same as in England, only farther advanced.
What is now the religious condition there will
England some years
hinentchee. main be that of

The first inference we draw from this is One
of hope. We trust that there is no reason to
fear that the downfall of the Establishment
will cause any great spread of infidelity. It
is a sad and miserable thing that in any Chris-
tian land the ruling class, and, still more, the
mass of the people, should be willing to sever
the connection between their Government and
the Christian religion. In whatever proportion
such willingness exists, it is a symptom of
an irreligious state of mind, and as such it is
impossible to see it without deep regret. But
how much evil is likely to follow from the act
is another question, and that depends of course
upon the nature of the religion to which the
State bids farewell. We know by the experi-
ence of 300 years that upon the mass of the
nation, the working classes, including the shop-
keeper class, and all classes below it, the Church
of England is, and always has been, without
religious influence. Individual clergymen have
often had much, and their families even more.
But if that influence has been strictly religious,
e.g., where any man's preaching has really
touched and influenced the multitude, it has
always been found that his influence has been
so purely personal and so little that of his so-
called Church, that the families and individuals,
moved to earnestness by his
preaching, have
always fallen away to some dissenting sect.
They have felt that the "Church of England"
was no place for them. The most striking ex-
amples of this were Wesley, Whitfield, and the
Countess of Huntingdon. But those who have
attended to the subject know that the same has
been true, in its proportion, of every Church of
England preacher who has ever acquired any
really religious influence among the middle
and lower classes. At
this moment we very
greatly doubt whether the religious habits and
feelings of any considerable portion of the
working class would be seriously disturbed if
the worship of the Established Church was
totally to disappear next Sunday.
Upon certain sections of the gentry it has a
religious influence ; but there seems no reason
to believe that this, such as it is, would be
materially affected if it were reduced, how-
ever suddenly, to the position of the Anglican
communion in America. Our conclusions thus
far are supported by the experience of the
United States. The Protestant Episcopal
Church there is the Church of the respect-
able classes to a degree which, considering
that it never was established, and that many
of the Protestant emie-rants to America were
either hereditary
Puritans, or Lutherans, or
Calvinists, from the Continent, is at least as
great in proportion as it is here.
Neither making fair allowance for these
circumstances, and still more for the mere phy-
sical effects of the huge extent of the States
(which has removed so many .13.andreds of

thousands from all opportunities of religious
training and worship), we do not think that
the religious condition of the working classes
differs more than must have been inevitable
from that of the same classes in England.
But whatever else results from disestab-
lishment, one effect of it must needs be that
the body, not being tied by the law to certain
forms and rules, will be free to develope its
interior life. The question is, what will that
development be ? We cannot doubt the tend-
ency must be to division and sub-division. Ex-
perience shows that to be the rule of all Pro-
testant sects, and that nothing but its formal
completion has been checked in England by
the strong influence of vast endowments and
subjection to State law.

With this conviction we cannot help feel-
ing that the rapid spread of ritualism in the
Protestant Episcopal communion assumes an
immense importance. In the higher classes,
in which alone, as we have seen, the Estab-
lished Church has any religious influence, it
already counts by thousands its enthusiastic
adherents. If we may believe the evidence
given before the Ritual Commission, it attracts
the working classes to a degree hitherto quite
unknown to any section of Anglicans. What
is remarkable is that it is already spreading,
and spreading rapidly in the Protestant Epis-
copal Church of the United States. The
money force by which the propagation of the
Episcopal communion has been assisted in the
United States has always been supplied in great
measure by the immense wealth of Trinity
Church, New York. To that church a great
endowment in land was given by King Charles
11. Its value has enormously increased by
building, and is now exceedingly great. It
is spent in many ways, and by no means exclu-
sively on the clergy of that one church and its
dependent chapels. Still, the Rector of Trinity
Church is an important person, and has pro-
bably considerable influence in the disposal
even of that part of the funds which is spent
in something like missionary work over the
States. It is, therefore, an important fact that
the Rector of Trinity Church, Dr. Dix, has
published (as we learn from the Catholic World)
an article in a magazine called the Galaxy,
which goes the full length of the most deve-
loped ritualists. If we may judge from the ex-
tract given, he does not shrink either from the
closest imitation of Catholic worship or from
doctrinal statements, which prove that they are
intended to symbolize exactly those Catholic
doctrines which have hitherto been most offen-
sive to Protestants. It appears, also, that
ritualistic devotional publications are as
numerous and as " strong" as those of which
we see and hear so much in England. The
writer in the Catholic World (who evidently,
understands his subject), says:—"The (ritual-
istic) books of devotion before hearing Mass
and receiving Holy Communion, such as ' The
Altar-book,' The Little Sacrament Book,'
' The Supper of the Lord,' contain the plainest
expressions of belief in the real and true cor-
poral Presence of Jesus Christ in the Sacra-
ment. We could quote many pages, but we
shall only give a few passages from ' The
Churchman's Guide to Truth and Piety,' a
work which is quite comprehensive, and is
published with directions for all devotions
both in and out of church. It bears a dedi-
cation by permission to the Right Rev. H.
Potter, D.D., LL.D., D.C.L., the Bishop of
New York, thus receiving the sanction of the
highest Episcopalian authority. The `lnstruc-
tion on the Holy Eucharist' contains very
plainly the doctrine of the Mass." The writer
in the Catholic World goes on to prove this by
quotations for which we have no room.
We cannot help inferring that those Catho-
lic doctrines, against which Protestantsin time
past have raged most fiercely, are spreading in
the Episcopal communion of the United States
as rapidly and as decidedly as among the mem-
bers of the English Establishment. What,
then, is to be the result ? Not, of course, that
they will be accepted by all who now belong to
that communion. It is probable that their
spread will excite more vehement opposition
than ever among that large class which is
more or less imbued with Puritan notions.
This the following .:scene from the London
papers of this week will exemplify. It took
place, it will be observed, in Trinity Church,
and Bishop Potter was the very man against
whom it was directed. The question we would
ask our readers to consider is—what is the
result of such developments as this likely to
be in a communion which has no entangling
connection with the State to keep it from divi-
sion ? The extract is as follows :
It will be remembered that some four weeks
ago the Rev. Stephen H. Tyng, jun., an
Episcopal clergyman of the diocese of New
York, was tried by an Ecclesiastical Court for
violating the canons of the Church by preaching
in a Methodist church, and being found guilty
he was sentenced to be publicly reprimanded
by the bishop. The American correspondent
of the Times reports that reprimand was ad-
ministered by Bishop Potter in the Church of
the Transfiguration, New York, on the 14th of
March, in the presence of a crowded auditory.
The bishop made a long admonitory address,
which Mr. Tyng received in silence, but at
the conclusion of the sermon a scene occurred.
The father of the reprimanded clergyman, Dr.
Tyng, senior, rose to read a written protest,
and addressed the bishop, while at the same
time the rector of the church began to read
the prayers. Both were speaking at the same
time, and the bishop, with an emphatic wave
of the hand, said to the rector, "Go on, go
on." Dr. Tyng ceased reading, but remained
standing, and, when the prayers were con-
cluded, advanced to the altar and handed the
bishop his protest, which denounced the whole
proceedings. This was followed by the gather-
ing of an excited crowd from all parts of the
church around the Tyngs, father and son, shak-
ing their hands, and urging them to ascend
the pulpit and speak ; while quite as many
persons vigorously hissed and groaned, and in
the midst of the tumult could be heard the
conclusion of the services. The police had to
be called in to quell the disturbances, and bitter
feelings have since prevailed between Tyng's
friends and foes.—Westminster Gazette.

The following is the protest and appeal of the
Rev. Dr. Tyng :—" To the Right Reverend Horatio Potter,
D.D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the
diocese of New York.—Right Rev. Sir,—lt has been
your pleasure to " approve " of the " findings " of this
court of presbyters, and you have now admi-
nistered the sentence of " admonition," 41 recom-
mended " by them against the respondent. This
is your own act and your own responsibility. I,
Stephen H. Tyng, D.D., a presbyter of the Protestant
Episcopal Church in the diocese of New York, and rector
of St. George's Church, in the city of New York, and one
of the counsel for this respondent, do most respectfully
but firmly enter my solemn protest against this whole pro-
ceeding, now completed, from its commencement to
its conclusion, as false in its allegations, unjust in its
principle, uncanonical in its form, illegal in its transac-
tions, iniquitous in its purpose, and voluntarily and per-
sistently persecuting in its spirit, process, and develop-
ment, and I do solemnly appeal from this decision of
this court, and from this approval thereof, by the Bishop
of this diocese, under the most earnest sense of the
cruel injustice with which this respondent has been
treated ; to the supreme and final decision of the
General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal
Church in the United States to the abiding sense of
justice and righteousness in the individual members
of this Church ; to the conscientious review of the Chris-
tian Church throughout this land; to the record of future
historic truth; to generations of advancing light and reli-
gious purity and power, which may come hereafter; and
with the deepest humility, but with confidence unfeigned,
to the judgment-seat of the Lord Jesus Christ, who is
the one Great Head and Ruler of his Church, and
whose approval can never be given to the persecution of
the innocent, or to the oppression of the weak. Given in
the Church of the Transfiguration, in the city of New
York, this 14th day of March, A.D., 1868.— STEPHEN H.
TYNG, Sr., Rector of St. George's Church, in the city of
New York."

The Fort Wayne (Indiana) Gazette says that
the following correspondence recently occurred between
a Democrat of that city and the. White House :—" To his
Excellency Andrew Johnson, President of the United
States: I am ready to assist you with men and money at
a moment's warning. The Democrats of Whitley County
are with you.—Col. —." To this offer the President's
private Secretary sent the following reply :—" To Colonel
_ Dispatch rewind. Who the dayil are your_

DESPATCHES OF .11R. C. ADAMS.

(From the Anglo-American M. les, )
THE WORK OF THE CRUISE'S.

The Florida was the first English ship which
hoisted the Confederate flag. She lei "t Liverpool
on the 22d March, 1862, although noti that she
was building for the Confederate servic a had been
received by the Government on the 18 tt t February.
The Customs' officers reported that et e was in-
tended for a merchant ship destined for • Italy. In-
stead of going to Italy, however, she proceeded to
Nassau, where she was seized by her D bjesty's ship
Greyhound for violating the Foreign Enlistment
Act. On the case being dismissed in t' tie Admiralty
Court, the ship successfully ran the I lockade both
in and out of Mobile, where her ar moment was
completed her end was peculiar—she = was born of
piracy, and a pirate's fate she met. She was the
creation of a disregard for internal lanai law and
national obligations, and finally she was the victim
of an infraction of every considerat. ie n but the ex-
pediency of the moment. On the 51. h of October,
1864, she entered Bahia from Santa. 'Cruz, Tenerirfe.
The United States steamer IVctehr4,:qt was lying in
port, and the Florida, for greater: security, placed
herself under the batteries eni the flag-ship. In spite
of this precaution, the privateer fell a prey to the
man-of-war, who, slipping h• et wins before day-
light, rushed on the Florida,. as ?ept her Irom her
moorings, and, passing a hawser wn board,
steamed out of the port v ith her prize, after
a short, sharp, and decisive 15ght, receiving in
silence the fire of the Brazilian :man-of-war. The
Florida in her career destroyed. 9 ships, 10 barks,
8 brigs, and 8 schooners. The ni )xt vessel that got
to sea from au English port as a Confederate
cruiser, was the Alabama, which a, tiled from Liver-
pool cn the 29th July, 1862, and e.r the pretext of
a trial trip, and on the day then • law officers an-
nounced that she should be seized. Instead of going
to the Bahamas, where a copy of the opinion was
despatched, she proceeded to Ai igra Bay in the
Azores, where Captain Semmes jo iiied her with 42
seamen and her armament in trill Bahama and
Agrippina. As every one knows, s.'it was sunk off
Cherbourg, June 19th, 1864, by the, Kersage after
having destroyed 34 ships, 22 barb 3, 5 brigs, 6
schooners, the steamer Ariel, and the gunboat
Hattaras. The next vessel was th.e Virginia or
Japan, which sailed from Greenock on Ithe 2d April,
1863, for Alderney. On the coast of France she
took her armament and crew from th e filar, of
Newhaven, and commenced her career .at-t the Con-
federate cruiser Georgia. She destroyoti 7 ships,
2 barks, and a schooner. The Rapp,a. han it ode,
luckily for American commerce, was comp lied to
run from Sheerness for Calais when in the v ary act
of being fitted out, with the mechanics on .board,
on the 25th November, 1863, and she was that e de-
tained by the French Government until the ,con-
elusion of the war, when she was purchased 117# a
British company. This vessel was formerly her AU
jesty's gunboat Victor, being sold by the Admiralty
to a private firm, through which she eventually
fell into Confederate hands. The Government
prosecuted Mr. Rumball, the head of the outfitting
or rigging department at Sheerness Dockyard for
his share in the transaction. He was acquitted by the
Queen's Bench on the 4th Feb., 1865, but her
Majesty to mark her displeasure placed him on half
pay. The last vessel was the Shenandoah, whose
story we lately told. To these four, the Florida,
Alabama, Georgia, and Shenandoah, the United
States owe the main loss sustained by their com-
merce, but it would be an error to suppose this
chiefly consisted in the actual destruction of the
152 vessels which made up the sum total of their
depredations. Literally that commerce was swept
from the seas. A marvellous proof was given of
the awful destruction which even a thing like the
Alabama, worthless for war as she was, could
accomplish. A swift, lightly armed vessel with a
sufficient battery to send to the bottom a defenceless
ship is alone required to play fell havoc with
the commerce of the most powerful of naval na-
tions. Commerce seeks safety—the moment an
additional peril is thrown on any trade it is at once
unfairly handicapped, and rapidly drops behind in
the race. In 1860 the number of American vessels
sold to British subjects was 41, with a tonnage
(according to the British official report) of 11,716.
In 1863 the worst year of the war, according to
the same register, the number was 608, the ton-
nage 328,665 ; the meaning of this is that American
merchants ceased to compete, and gave up their
mecantile marine to their British rivals. Before
the war the Stars and Stripes covered the largest
fleet of metchantmen that ever belonged to a na-
tion. Steadily and surely the Republic had surpassed
even the great marine carrying trade of England.
Liverpool, a port more than any other marked for
its Southern proclivities, benefited most. It was to
a Liverpool ship-yard that England and America
owe the career of the Alubania—it was to the cul-
pable -negligence of the Liverpool Government offi-
cers chat the escape of the vessel was mainly due.
And so the notion sank deep into the American
mind that the persistent aid to the Southern emis-
saries, the wilful neglect of all warning by Govern-
ment officers, and the sanction in high places given
to the proceedings of these cruisers, arose from the
desire to destroy American commerce, that England
might again usurp the chief carrying trade of the
world. "On the 9th July, 1862," these were Mr.
Adams' words to Earl Russell, "the Consul at Liver-
pool made a statement to the collector, of facts as
they had become known to him. He entered into a
number of details in respect to the persons engaged
in connection with the vessel (the Alabama) naming
individuals with a particularity certainly deserving
of investigation by her Majesty's officers at Liver-
pool, if they really meant to satisfy themselves that
she ought to be detained. But it does not appear
that they considered it their duty to initiate or
even to carry out any
inquiry. The Board of Cus-
toms contented themselves with a formal reply
on the 15th instant (May), denying that there
was sufficient prima facie evidence enough to
justify the seizure; but there was matter enough in
it to make it the bounden duty of her Majesty's
officers to lose no time, and omit no effort to obtain
the evidence on their own account to verify or to
disprove the allegations." The further evidence
Mr. Adams was compelled to collect was submitted
on the 21st July, and on the 234 the deliberate
answer of the Board of Customs was, that it was
insufficient to justify any steps against the vessel
under the laws. "No one of them," adds Mr.
Adams, "seems to have been disposed to pay the
smallest attention to any representations or any
evidence offered by myself or any agent of the
United States, even so far as to stimulate his own
action, in any way whatever." The American
Minister took the opinion on the evidence he had
submitted, of a distinguished Queen's Counsel,
which was as follows :—" First, that if the Collec-
tor of Liverpool did not detain the vessel, ho would
incur a heavy responsibility, of which the Board of
Customs must take their share; second, that if the
vessel was allowed to escape, it deserved considera-
tion whether the Federal Government would not
have serious grounds of remonstrance." Six days
before her escape Mr. Squarry, the solicitor, warned
the Board that she was ready for sea, had shipped
fifty men, and could at any time sail. Three days
after he repeated this warning ; yet, in spite of the
promise to keep a strict watch, the vessel delibe-
rately steamed out of Liverpool, and, to stamp the
character of the transaction, after Mr. Squarry's
notice on the 29th that the vessel was off,
on the 31st a telegram was sent to Liver-
pool ordering her detention. Mr. Adams con-
cluded his statement of these extraordinary cir-
cumstances in these words—" I must respectfully
represent to your lordship that this proceeding, so
far from appearing to do any justice to the demand
of the United States, looks almost as if it were in-
tended as a positive insult." In the same despatch,
after noticing the extraordinary decline of the mer-
cantile marine of the United States, simultane-
ously with the corresponding increase of that of
Great Britain and Lord Russell's explanation, Mr.
Adams says—" Thus it is that whatever may be
the line of argument I pursue, I am compelled ever
to return to the one conclusion ; the, nation that re-
cognized a power as a belligerent before it had built
a vessel and became itself the source of all the bel-
ligerent character it hag ever poeseeeed on the ocean,

must be regarded as responsible for all the damage
that has ensued from that cause to the commerce of
a power with which it was under the most sacred
obligations to preserve amity and peace." Earl
Russell, in his letter, May 4, 1865, to Mr. Adams,
referring to the heavy losses sustained by the com-
merce of the United States from the cruisers fitted
out in Great Britain, said—" Allow me to observe
in the first place that I can never admit that the
duties of Great Britain towards the United States
are to be measured by the losses which the trade
and commerce of the United States may have sus-
tained. The question is not what the losses the
United States have sustained by war, but whether
in difficult and extraordinary circumstances the
Government of her Majesty have performed faith-
fully and honestly the duties which international
law and their own municipal law imposed upon
them." Doubtless his lordship's point is material,
yet clearly not the most material to the people of
the United States. A government is the mere
creation of a people, whom it may totally fail to
represent under certain circumstances. If it pal-
pably misrepresents the nation in giving offence to
another power, that offence is shorn of all its ma-
lignity, and will be treated very differently to the
case wherein the Government fails to main-
tain its international obligations through the
enmity of its citizens towards that Power. The
former instance may fairly afford a cases belli; in
the Later there may not be just grounds for war,
while those injured may entertain the strongest
sense of the provocation. Fatal as was the injury
inflicted by the British cruisers, what concerned the
Americans most was the animus shown by their
kinsmen. So loud was the Confederate party in
Great Britain, that for a time they swamped the
far more numerous party that upheld the justice
of the Northern cause, and it became impossible
fairly to put the question before the country. In
this despatch of Lord Russell's he querulously
observes, " The next complaint (often repeated
must admit) is, that vessels built in British ports
and afterwards equipped with an armament
sent from the British coast have injured, and
iccording to your account almost destroyed the
mercantile marine of the United States ;" and
again he asserts that " the only question that can
be put on this subject is whether Great Britain
has performed faithfully the duties incumbent upon
her." There is no case, however bad, that cannot
be upheld by argument. But there is an in-
nate feeling implanted in the minds of all
communities, which tells them intuitively, no
matter what may be the law, when a great
wrong has been perpetrated. The law may
say that the only question for a shareholder in an
English joint-stock swindle is, whether the direc-
tors have observed all its forms. The families that
have been ruined by the shameless disregard on
the part of the directors to all moral obligations,
will scout with contempt such law. They are
sensible that it is a mere outrage on the eternal
law of right and justice to assert that no question
beyond mere legal forms is involved. And it is
ti'lus the citizens of the United States have regarded
th,:s matter. When the Confederate party in Great
Bri,-ain were silenced by the annihilation of the
Corucederacy more just views of the injury inflicted
in time United States obtained currency in England,
and, are happy to think, fructifying into good
results.

Feign Nail Packet List,

MAILS DUE.

iustralla and New Zt'aland, Via Southampton April 25.
Ditto, via MarsOM sa .......... • Aprilpril
Ditto, via Panama . April 23.
,Srazil, Buenos Ayres, and Monte Video April 6.
Ditto, by French pan tat
• April 22
Cape Verde. by Brazil pautitt ....... Atail 6.
:ape of Good dope. Aspen sLan. and St. Helena April 12.
,Jhina, Penang, and Singap.ara. Via Southampton April
Ditto, via Mar5ei11e5.............. April 20.
Faikland Islands
jibraltar, via 50uthampt0n............ April 4.
India, via Southampton .•
Ditto, via Marseilles ..........April
Malta, Egypt, 64?, April
Ditto, Marseilles
'Mauritius, Cape of Good Hope, and Natal, via
Southampton
Ditto, Marseilles April ' 8
N ewfound la n d ...... ....... •• • April 8
Portugal
I.pril 6
Ditto, by ptivKte ship to Oporto
Ditto iitto to Lisbon
United States , l anada, California, &c., by British
packet
Ditto, by Li ited States packet
Ditto ditto 'New York) ..•.•
Ditto ditto 'New York)
i)itto ditt. (Baltimore) .• •
Ditto, by Canadian packet
Virest Coast of Africa, Madeira, and Tenerin y 6.
West Indies and P13.:31i0 (except Mexioo and Baha-
mas)
Cub i and Mexico ...April 28.
Bahamas, via New Y ...April 8.
Bermuda, via Halifax

G-ARRICK AND JOHNSON'S JOURNEY TO LONDON.
—" Long after, they looked back to this pleasant ad-
venture, and often talked over its incidents. Johnson,
whose little weakness was a perpetual discontent that 3
' mere player' should have been more successful in
the world than a grand moralist, was not sorry to hint
at their little shifts on this occasion ; perhaps, too, with
tho complacency of the arrogant Bounderby, at the
notion of being born in a ditch. In a large company,
the quick ear of Garrick would hear the doctor fixing s
date by a something beginning :—' That was the year
when I came to London with twopence-halfpenny in my
pocket--: Not without surprise at such a statement,
Garrick would repeat, With twopence-halfpenny in
your pocket ?' There was an opportunity here for a
wholesome correction. Why, yes,' roars the doctor,
' with twopence-halfpenny; and thou, Davy, with three-
halfpence in thine!' G-arrick's good humour could make
him accept so disagreeable a fiction without remon-
strance; though, in truth, it was more probable that
the scantier provision should have been on the side of
Johnson, whose shifts and privations in London were
presently to begin. Neither David's parents, nor hiS
kind patron Walmesley, would have sent him away is
such beggarly condition. They made their journey, how-
ever, economically. We rode and tied,' said Mr. Garrick
later, alluding to a thrifty mode, by which two people
could contrive to have the benefit of one horse between
them for their travelling. But, as Boswell says, this
was a mere complacent embellishment ; otherwise it
would be amusing to call up the picture of the bright
young fellow cantering on his stage, halting and tying
his beast to the nearest tree, and then posting on foot,
while behind came struggling the uncouth figure, with
the seamed neck, the heavy shoulders working, the care-
less dress, until the welcome beast was in sight. Thus
they got on to London ; the one to enter on his weary
course as a bookseller's hack. They stayed together in
town a short time, presently they found their slender
stock of money all but exhausted, and for the moment
were sorely pressed. In this extremity young Garrick
recollected a bookseller named Wilcox, of whom he knew
a very little, and both going to him, and telling their story*
simply and naturally, he was induced to advance them
five pounds on their joint note, which in a very short time
they punctually took up and satisfied. When Johnson
told the bookseller his intention was to get his bread by
writing, the other eyed his burly figure, and said, he bad
better get a porter's knot.' "—Life of David Garrick, by
Percy Fitzgerald, M. A.