The Sun.
London, England, 1850-12-12 00:00:00

„.
S r).
N° 18 165
• , • LONDON TIIURSDAY
•
44 h 7 DVCRNIBER 12, 1850.

THE WIDOW of the late Rev. GEORGE
EDWARD lIOLLEST, of Frimley, Surrey—Frimley, Bag-
shot, December 4, 1850.—An earnest APPEAL to public benevolence
is respectfully submitted by a few friends and neighbours on behalf
of the WIDOW of the late Rev. GEORGE EDWARD HOLIEST,
who for a period of 18 years, in an exemplary manner, performed
the dirties of his church, and was distinguished by his benevolence
and charity in the wide district under his charge. The act of
atrocity by which the Rev. Mr. holiest was suddenly cut off is
universally known, but those only who are acquainted with his posi-
tion are aware that he never had the means of malting a provision
for his widow. Under such circumstances, it is hoped that the case
of Mrs. Holiest will commend itself to the generous consideration
of those who are blessed with the means of alleviating, so tar as
human sympathy and assistance call alleviate, the distress of a
family so fearfully bereft of its natural supporter. The income of
Mrs. Holiest does not exceed 40/, per annum, and subscriptions are
ernestly solicited in a'd of these inadequate means. Subscriptions
rill be thankfully received by the following bankers :—Messrs.
[Terries, Farquhar, and Co.; Messrs. Williams, Deacon, and Co.;
lieqsrs. Barclay, Tritton, and Co.; Messrs. Coutis, and Co.; Messrs.
Smith, Payne, and Co.; Sir S. Scott, Bart., and Co., 1, Cavendish-
sqturle ; Messrs. Mangles Brothers, Guildford; Messrs. Stevens
and Mandy, Reading; also by the following members of the Com-
mittee :
R. It. Bayley, Esq., Mitchett, Frimley, Bagshot.
J. F. Burrell, Et 4., Manor House, Frimley.
Rev. J. 11. Clayton, rarnborcugh, Bagshot.
Rev. John Lawrell, Cove, Bagshot.
Sir Waiter Farquhar, Bart., Farnborough-place, Bagshot.
Thomas Longman, Esq., Farnborough-hill, Bagshot.
Captain Charles Edward Mangles, Foyle-park, Farnham, Surrey.
The Commitee have the satisfaction to state that her Majesty the
Queen, the Duchess of Gloucester, and the Bishop of Winchester,
have sanctioned their exertions by very liberal donations.

ADDITIONAL SUBSCRIPTIONS.
Field Marshal Isis Grace the Duke of Wellington X5O 0 0
The Lord Bishop of Durham- - - - - 15 0 0
The Lord Bishop of St. David's - - - - 10 0
The 'Lord Bishop of St. Asaph - - - - 5 0 0
The Lord Bishop of Ripon - 5 0 0
Per Messrs. Coutts. 2 0
1 0
1 0
- 2 2
- 1 1
- 1 0
- 5 0
- 5 0
- 2 0
- 1 0
- 5 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 2 0
- 1 0
- 3 0
- 5 0
- 5 0
- 1 0
1 0
- 10 0
1 1
5 0

A. B. - - £5O 0:
A. It., Frimley - -15 01
W. W. W. - - - 10 01
- - 10 0
S. 11. - - - 1 1
C.
S. D. - - - 1 1
C. T. T. - - - - 2 2
E. E. T. - - - 1 1
A.B. - - - - 1 5
C. D. - - - - 1 0
11. A. E. L. - - - 5 0
T. G. - - - - 1 9
E. H. - - - - 2 0
Per Barclay and Co.
L. L. 11. - - - - 210
Mrs. A. B. - - 1 0
J. H. - - - - 1 0
C. It. L. - - - 2 0
E. P. - - - - 10 0
Anonymous - - 010
Per Harries and Co.
A. B. - - - - 1 0
H. - - - 010
A. L. L. - - 1 0
E. W. W. - - 1 0
X. Y. - - - 5 0
IL 11. M. T. - - - 210
Per Messrs. Mangles.
M. S. - - - 010
Per Messrs. Scott and Co.
11. W. B.- - - 1 5
G. 11. W.- - - 1 0
T. and L. 11. - - 2 0
F. G. - - 2 0
Per Messrs. Smiths and Co.
J. 11. M. - - 1 0
J. C. D. - - - 0
J. M., Jun. - 1 01
X. Y. Z. - - - z. 1 1

Uarford,arfor,
RMerv.
Alfred-
lllawker Colonel Peter -

Hodgson, Rev. John
Rev. Transit,ty

Haines, Mr: - -
Hawkins, Dr. Bisset
'Hammond Geo., Esq.

. . _
Hunt, Fredk., Esq. -
Ingrain, James, Esq.

!Janson, F. IT., Esq.
!Janson, Mr. Thos.

Janson, Mr. Henry
Jones, Isaac, Esq.
Jones, WilL, Esq.

!Jackson, James, Esq.
Johnson, 11., Esq. -
fohnson, Miss E. -

(Jackson, Mies,

!Jackson, Wm., Esq,
Esq.

King, F., Esq. - -
Kelsey, Richard, Esq. -
The Kentish Mess, Clif-

ford's Inn - - - 215
Lawrell, J. G. E., Esq. - 5 5
Lambert, the Lady - - 5 0
Levien, Edward, Esq. - 1 0
Latham, Alfred, Esq. - 5 0
Lyall, G., jun., Esq. - 5 5
Lawrell, Miss - 5 0
Lee, Win., Esq. - - 2 0

Per Williams and Co.
-- 1 0

J. T.

M. A. 11. -

Amory, Samuel, Esq.

5 0!

Alcock, Thomas, ESQ,
M.P. - - - - 10 0
Allason, Thomas, Esq. - 24 0
Allason, Mrs. - - 2 01
Allason, Miss - - 1 0
Abraham, Rev. Mr. and
Family - - -

Austen, Alfred, Esq

Austen; 11. A. C., Esq,

_
Alexander, 11., Esq.
Bayley, Samuel, Esq.
Bostock, Samuel, Esq.
Banbury, F., Esq. -

5 0
1 0
I 0

5 0

- 20 0
2 0
_ 1 0
1 0

Brown, john,

Bowyer, Mr., Filmic,'
Baillie, Win. 11., Esq.
BMHie, Mrs. Joanna

_ 0 10
- 1 0
- 1 13

Bury, 3frs. and Miss
M'Elenzie Grieve - 0
Battersbee, Harford, Esq. 1
Brown, James, Esq. -
0
Best, 11. P., Esq. - -
Burrell, J. F., Esq., Farn-
ham - 3 3
Burrell, Miss - - 1 0
Barclay, Bevan, and Co. 10 0
Barker, It., Esq. - - 0
Bosanquet, Samuel, Esq. 5 0
Brassey, Mrs. - 10 0
Belliugton, Miss - - 2 0
Bulnois, John, Esq. - 5 0
Briggs, Mrs. - - - 1 0
Bliss, Sties - - 3 0
liadcock, Henry, Esq. - 2 0 •
Bridges, Thos., Esq. -50 0
Barlow, fey. John - 1 0
Barlow, 11ev. John - 111
Brymer, Yen. Archdeacon 1 C
Bury, G , Esq. - - 5 5
Beardmore, Miss - - 5 0
Birch, Rev. C. - 1 0

Bayley, W. W., Esq.
Bowles, Rev. 11. -
Best, G., Esq. -
Best, Mrs. - -
Beaver. Charles, Esq.
Brooke, S. 8., Esq.

- 2 0
- 5 0
- 5 0
- 5 0
- 2 0
- 5 0

Barnett, It., Esq.

. - 5 91

Cobb, C. F.: Es 4

Charlton, flay. C. D.

2 21

1 el

Cornthwaite, Rev, T.

- 0101

Clayton, Rev. J. H.
C. C. 8., per ditto -
C. N., rer ditto -
Carter, Rev. W. -

- 5 0
- 1 0
- 1 0
- 1 0

Cholmley, Mrs. Jane
Cording, J. C. and G.
Comber, Mrs. -

- I I
- 10 0

Comyn,T. 8.. Esq. -

- 1 01
1 0
2 0

Cust, Hon. Miss -
Cust, Hon. Miss Lucy
Cust, non. and Rev. R. -

Clayton, John, Esq,

Colesworth, Rev. W.

2 01

5 01

Cock, General 11. - 2 0
Causton, Miss - 2 0
Copeland, Aid., M.P, - 5
Creswell, Mrs. - 1 0
A Clergyman's Wl5l, St.
Peter's. :.,tepney -
Crofts, Rev. G. I'. -
Capper, hiss S. S. - - 1 0
Curteis, John, Esq. - 2
Cantrell, J. P., Esq. _ 5 0
Davis, Hart, Esq. - - 1 0
Daraord, ltev. F. E. - 2 0
parley, Rev. W. B. - - 1 1
Davis, John, Esq. - - 5 6
Doyle, Miss - - 1
Dundas, Lady C. - - 2 0
Darn-11°1db, Earl of - - 5 0
Denton, Henry, Esq. - 1 1
Dumbleton, H., Esq. - 10 0
Delafosse, Rev. C. 1). - 1 1
Dyer, C. 0., Esq. - - 1 0
Edwards, S., Esq. - 2 2
Edwards, Charles, Esq. - 2 0
Echalaz, F.. Esq. - 0
5 0
Ellicombe, Mrs. C. -
Evelyn, W. J., Esq., M.P. 5 0
Everett, ltev. C. - - 1
Eveleigh, Rer. John - 1 1
Ellis, John, Esq. - 1 1
Egtam, J. J. J., Esq. - 1 0
E le, Mr. Justice - 5 0
Eilingliam, the Earl of - 10 0
Eden, the Hon. Emily - 2 0
Elwes, J. W. Esq. - 2 0
Elwcs, Mrs. - - 1 0
Field and I'eckett Messrs. 5 0
Field and Son, Messrs. - 2 0
Flower, Matthew, Esq. - 2 0
Fry, W. Esq. 1 1
Furlonger, C. Esq. - 1 0

From one who became a

widow on the 30th of
September, through a
sadden catastrophe -
Francklin. Rev. J. F. -

2 0
1 5

Frere, John, Esq.
Friends at Friniley-park,
per John Tekell, Esq. - 5 0
A Friend, per Mr.,J. -
rortar 2 0

Freene. Edward, Esq.
Fletcher, Sir Henry
Favenc, Mrs. - -
Freeman, Rev. J. -
Freeman, Mrs. J. -
Franks, Rev. G. H. -
Gurney, Hudson, Esq.
Greatorex, John, Esq.
Gobb, li., Esq. -
Goldsmid, S., 14:sq. -

- 20 0
- 5 0
- 1 0
- 4 4
- 1 0
- 10 0

- 5 0
- 2 0
- 1 1
- 1 0

Greenhill, Chas., Esq.
Gates, W. 8., Esq. -

1 0
2 2

Gatch, Geo., Esq: - 3 0
Gutch, Mrs. - - 2 0
Goldsmid, F. IL, Esq. - 2 2
Grenfell, Mrs. - - - 1 0
Gwyn, Mrs., of heath - 2 0
Godman, J., Esq. - 10 0
Gurney, Sidney, ESci. - 2 0
Grote, Mrs. - - - 1 0
Hamilton, Bev. L. - - 1 0
Hilton. A., Esq. - - 5 0
Henry, W. C., Esq., M.D. 5 0
Henley and Sons, Messrs. 5 0
Hopkins, Henry, Esq. - 2 0
Ileseltine, Sam., Esq. - 2 0
Hutchinson, Bev. E. S. - 1 1
Haylcy, ltev. Burrell - 1 1
Hughes, Mrs. - - - 1 0
Hayward, Miss - - 1 0
Hayward, Miss E. - - 1 0

The list of subscriptions will be co]

DR. LA"I.II,IIiT ON THE SECRET INFIRMITIES OF YOUTH
AND MATURITY.-WITH 40 COLOURED ENGRAVINGS ON

List published, and may be had in French or English, in a Sealed
,%u elope, 2s. 6d., or post-free, from the Author, for forty-two

tdansps,
1-,;LF-PRE SERVATION; a
1,1 Medical Treatise on the Physiology of Marriage, and on
the Secret Infirmities and Disorders of Youth and Maturity,
usually acquired at an early period of life, which debilitate
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Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases of the Reproductive Organs,
explaining their str4ctures, uses, and functions, and the various
Injuries that are produced in them by solitary habits, excesses, and
Infection. BY SAMUEL LA'MERT, M.D..
37, BEDFORD-SQUARE, LONDON.

Doctor of Medicine. Matriculated Member of the University of rdln-
irargh,Licentate of Apothecaries' Hail, London, Honorary Member
of the London Hospital Medical Society, Sec.
This work contains an accurate and complete account of the
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Decayed Teeth filled with Mr. E. M.'s newly-invented Composi-
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RAIL WAY

INTELLIGENCE.

SHREWSBURY AND HEREFORD.

On Tuesday the works on this line were formally
commenced by Mr. Ormsby Gore cutting " the first
sod" in a field on the intended line situated about one
mile from Hereford. The ceremony was performed
in the presence of the directors of the company, Mr.
Robertson, the engineer, Mr. Brassey, the contractor,
to,(1 a large concourse of persons from Hereford.
There were great rejoicings on the occasion, and the
day was kept as a holiday. At two o'clock in the
afternoon about 300 of the party sat down to a
splendid collation in the assembly room of the Green
➢ragon Hotel. The festivities concluded with a ball,
which was kept up with great spirit to a late hour.

WATERFORD, WEXFORD, WICKLOW,
AND DUBLIN.

The adjourned half-yearly meeting of shareholders '
was held yesterday at the King's Head, Poultry.
Mr. C. Nash was called to the chair.
The Cu AIRMAN stated that it was intended to ad-
journ the meeting to a future day, as the proceedings
with respect to the injunction were still pending before
the Master of the Rolls.
Mr. WILLIAMS wished to know whether any ex-
planation had been given by the directors respecting
the notices of application to Parliament for power to
go on with the line, instead of seeking authority to
dissolve the company, as was understood to be their
intention at the last meeting.
The CHAIRMAN said the directors in their last re-
port had given the shareholders to understand that
they were willing to wind up the affairs of the con-
cern and dissolve the company. The associated
shareholders were very much surprised by the direc-
tors announcing their intention to go on with a por-
tion of the undertaking instead of winding up the
affairs. The time having expired for which the in-'
junction was granted to restrain the directors from
certain proceedings, it became necessary to apply for
its continuation. The motion came on before the
Master of the Rolls, and the arguments occupied a
considerable time, in the course of which the Mas-
ter of the Rolls expressed his surprise that the affairs
of the company were not attempted to be wound up
under the Railway Abandonment Act, passed in the last
session of Parliament. He (Mr. Nash) considered it a
breach of faith on the part of the directors to endea-
vour to make the line, and quite contrary to the un-
derstanding come to with the dissentient parties. The
associated shareholders were determined to oppose the
Bill in Parliament, and he believed they would be
able to make such representations and disclosures be-
fore the Committee on the Bill as would prevent its fur-
ther progress. The SonthlWeles Railway directors also
intended to apply to Parliament for power to legalise
their subscription to the Waterford, Wexford, Wick-
low, and Dublin Railway Company. This measure
would also be opposed by the associated shareholders
of the South Wales Company. There could be no
difficulty in winding up the company provided the
directors were agreeable ; the Kingstown Company
could not oppose it, but unfortunately the directors
could always command a majority of votes in conse-
quence of the 11,200 shares held in the company by
the South Wales Company, the directors of both
companies being to a certain extent the same men.
Negotiations were pending with the Railway Com-
missioners on the subject of the dissolution
of the company. The associated shareholders
would amend the existing bill in Chancery, in
consequence of the subsequent proceedings of
the directors, and they hoped eventually to be
enabled to bring about the object they had in
view. The matter would rest until the next term,
when the Master of the Rolls would deliver his
judgment.
The meeting then adjourned to that day four weeks.

THE NAVY, AND REAR ADMIRAL
SIR CHARLES NAPIER.
(From the Morning Herald.)
Sir,—As I for the last eight days have been in a
wild country, where even in this age the post is only
received twice a week, I was not aware until yester-
day that Sir Charles -Napier had honoured my letter
—which you so kindly gave place to in your valua-
ble paper some time back—with a reply, and you will
perhaps here permit me to express to you, sir, my
thanks for the ready publicity you have ever afforded
to information that would tend to advance the credit
of the navy and support the honour and character of
its officers.

Sir Charles says, that to bring the Russian, French,
and American ships together to compete against the
English is not possible, so that it cannot be proved
that ours are better than theirs. If Sir Charles admits
so much, what proof has he to warrant his repeated
assertions that ours are worse than theirs ? But
trust to be able to satisfy others, if not him, that I
did not advance my opinion as to the superiority of
our ships over those of the three great maritime
powers without being able to bring some proof that
my conviction was formed upon authentic and ocular
evidence.

Until after the battle of Navarino we had no
squadron;of large ships in commission. The Genoa
and Albion were the only line-of-battle ships Sir Ed-
ward Codrington had besides his own flag-ship, the
Asia, in action. These two ships joined the squadron
some time before the fight, and cruised with the
French and Russian ships off the harbour. Their
duty was simply that of blockade, so there was no
great opportunity to test their sailing qualities ; but on
two occasions the Genoa showed great superiority
over two Russian line-of-battle ships, beating up the
shores of the Morea. The Asia at that time beat every
ship she sailed with, both foreign and English.
When Sir Pulteney Malcolm took command of the
Mediterranean station among the ships of his squad-
ron were the Britannia, St. Vincent, Caledonia, Ocean,
Canopus, Windsor Castle, Thunderer, Spartiate, Re-
venge, Wellesley, and Edinburgh. His flag was on
board the Britannia (the ship Sir Charles condemns),
but which Sir Pulteney (no mean judge) used to call
the pride of his heart, the finest first-rate he ever had
his foot on board ; a ship he used to knock about in the
stormy Archipelago in all weathers and during every
season, with as much confidence as yachts-
men sail between Cowes and Portsmouth ;
in which ship, whilst working among the
islands of that dangerous sea, in gales and
dark nights, and followed by the squadron, fre-
quently in close order, the fine old admiral would run
out of his cabin (perhaps only in his drawers and
great coat), beat to quarters, and in from six to seven
minutes, with every hammock stowed, open his broad-
sides on the ships next to him ; and woe betide the
unlucky captains if his fire was not returned in the
same space of time. We heard of no crankness then,
no incapability of fighting lower deck guns in his ship.
There is a gallant officer, whose name is justly in
high repute throughout the navy, who can verify
the truth of what I say as to the Britannia, and, if
his modesty will permit him, her admirable discipline,
for he was her first lieutenant—l mean Sir Baldwin
Walker.
The French squadron, composed of (if I remember
right) eight sail of the line, and commanded by their
hest sailor, Admiral Hugon, was placed under Sir
Pulteney Malcolm's orders; the two squadrons were
constantly at sea, cruising together. The English
formed the weather, the French the lee line. Their
trials, both in exercise and sailing, were numerous ; and
I trust our gallant rivals will forgive me for uttering
what maf appear to them an ungenerous observe-
tion—when they consider the provocation which has
produced this vindication—in saying that Sir Pulte-
ney drilled a most lubberly set of conscripts into good
ordinary seamen, nothing more ; for in blowing wea-
ther, in situations where able seamen and true sea-
manship shines forth, they made a sad mess of it;
while their harbour work, at up and down topgallant
yards and masts, shortening and furling sail, became
nearly equal to ours, and far superior to the exercise
of the Cherbourg squadron—judging by the times
published. Admit al Hugon used frequently to say
that his service under the severe discipline of Sir Pul-
teney Malcolm gave his ships another character, and
himself a new education. When Sir Josias Rowley
succeeded to the command, the Britannia was still on
the station. He admired her almost as much as Sir
Pulteney, and used to detach her from the line, and
send her to windward to cruise with the frigates, to
show her sailing qualities off to advantage.
During this command our squadron once fell in
with the French fleet at sea, on their way back to
Toulon. It had been blowing fresh during the night,
but in the morning we made sail to double-reefed
topsails, courses, jib, and reefed spanker. Our friends
were under close-reefed maintopsails, storm-staysails,
and topgallantmasts on deck. They were an hour
making sail to what we had set; and the last we saw
of them was half-courses down on our lee beam, at
sunset.

Again, in 1840, a portion of Sir Robert Stopford's
fleet was detached to the Archipelago, under the com-
mand of Sir John Louis. That squadron had been
at sea for some months before it was detached, and,
with the rest of the fleet, had been undergoing con-
stant exercise. Sir John Louis anchored in Vourla
Bay, and.the French squadron from Toulon, and newly
commissioned, did the same. The French Admiral
commenced a course of exercise—sometimes while at
anchor, and occasionally getting under weigh and ma-
noeuvring in the bay. I mention this so particularly,
for I remember Sir Charles Napier (I think in Par-
liament) reflected strongly on Sir John Louis for
net exercising in the same manner, and for keeping
his ships at anchor, with the example of an active
French fleet before his eyes. Now, the fact was, as 1
say, that our ships had gone through a season of exer-
cise at sea, and the raw French squadron was rubbing
up lee way in a smooth bay ; while our crews were
being practised at the only evolution they could not
perform while at sea—i. e., landing and exercising
with field pieces and light infantry drill on shore. I
have no doubt Sir Charles would have wished a con-
tinuance of the former exercise, for his ship, the
Powerful, had not been much at sea with the fleet in
the spring, and was not tO smart as the ships which
had been longer in commission. But because his ship
required exercise, it was not fair to say that the others
were not in good order, for, with one or two excep-
tions, they were very smart, and all superior to the
French—so much so, indeed, that their admiral asked
permission to attend on hoard some of the ships during
general quarters. He revised his magazine drill and
stations to ours, and afterwards sent his ships, one and
two at a time, to Toulon, to have their magazines al-
tered to the plan of those fitted after the Excellent 's
,

I have hitherto confined my remarks to comparing
the relative merits of the squadrons and large ships of
France end England employed in the Mediterranean.
Were I not afraid of encroaching too much on your
valuable space, I could enumerate
many more bril-
liant comparisons, to the credit of our tligates and
smaller ships on other stations.
Sir Charles has said less of the Russian ships lately
than of the French; yet, as with those of our neigh-
bours, they
are always presented in fairer view to the
public than the ships of his birthright.
For myself, individually, I have sailed less in corn-
pang with Russian than with ships of other nations.
In 1835 I saw their fleet of 18 line-of-battle ships and
14 frigates, under Admiral Crown, manoeuvring in
the Gulf of Finland; they looked well; were very
methodical and very slow ; their 84's were not so
large or such fine looking ships as ours of Asia and
Vanguard class. The 74's were about the size of the
Pembroke and Cornwallis, drawing less water than
those ships by 13 or 14 inches, carrying their guns
lower, and incapable of stowing more than three
months and a half provisions under hatches. At the
date I speak of they were building brigs after the
model of our old 18's (an item in Sir Charles's con-
demned list) ; and since then they have copied Sir
W. Symonds's 26-gun frigates ; so have the French
and also the Spaniards. Two of the finest war steamers
in "the Russian navy are from the lines of Vesuvius
and Stromboli.
The gallant Admiral only incidentally alludes to the
American ships. I have met most of their navy on
four different stations. The South Carolina, marked
as a 74 on the Navy List mounted 104 guns. I met
her in the Mediterranean in 1827, under Commodore
Rogers. And again in 1838, in the Pacific, the Ohio,
not quite so large, but mounting, I think, 100 guns,
I have seen 'in South America; they carry their
lower deck batteries closer to the water than any
other ships I have ever seen. And the officers of the
South Carolina told me that they frequently had to
close their lower deck ports when under single. reefed
topsails and topgallant sails. Their large frigates
Potomac, United States, Constitution, &c., are con-
siderably smaller than our razees of the Dublin class,
and fully 500 tons smaller than the built 50's, I:ke
Constance, Leander, Raleigh, Phaeton, Ste. They
will bear no comparison with these ships ; they are
much cranker, are not such good sailers (by compa-
rison), and their quarters are more confined. The
Independence is an exception to the above rule. She
is a razee from an 84, and mounts, including those on
her gangway,
60 guns.
In 1846 the Raritan, 52, one of their newest, largest,
and hest, tried rate of sailing with our old Endymion,
formerly of 50, now 44 guns. They left Anton
Lezado (Gulf of Mexico) together, and worked up to

Sacrificios against a strong sea breeze, under double-
reefed topsails and topgallantsails. The Endymion
beat the Raritan at the rate of one mile and a half
per hour. Their large corvettes vary from 750 to
1,060 and 1,200 tons, mounting 22, 24, and 26 guns,
and are very fine ships ; but they are not such-per-
fect men of war as Sir W. Sy rands's 26 gun frigate-
built ships, owing to the want of spardechs to protect
, their batteries ; nor, from their great length :end flat
floor, do they work so smartly, nor are they so
weatherly.
The chequered commencement of the American war
wounded our pride, and saved our navy. It at once
displayed our weakness in our vainglory, produced
from twenty years of uninterrupted victories, and
I excited a watchful determination. Since then the
careful and continuous instruction of our men
and officers in gunnery has never relaxed, nor
the improvement in the art and science of ship •
building ever been overlooked. The Americans, on
the other hand, elated at their escape, were satisfikd
with the ships the peace left them, and have built from
the same lines, with few exceptions, ever since ; so
have the French; and the officers of both countries
have written many pamphlets complaining that they
are standing still in the art of ship-building, while the
English are producing models they have nothing to
compare with.
If we examine what has caused the feeling in the
public mind that the Admiralty has indulged in
" vexatious experiments, directed by no method, and
guided by no principle," we will trace it to the
jealousies of theoretical science being obliged to yield
some value and credit to the experience of practice.
The columns of the press were chosen as the tilting-
fields, to the bewilderment of the spectators, who only
were convinced of one thing, that both parties had lost
their tempers; they looked round for an umpire, and
in walked Sir Charles Napier, who certainly acted
much after the example of the lawyer with the oyster.
He declared the old ships too narrow and too crank to
carry their guns, and the new too broad and too un-
easy to fight them.
Before 1827 the Navy Board held the monopoly of
ship-building. The Surveyor sent his lines to it for
inspection and approval, and from its decision there
was no appeal. Then the Surveyors were purely
scientific men, and entirely unacquainted with the
practice of seamanship. But in justice to those emi-
nent men—for they were (with all due deference to
Sir Charles) most eminent men—it is fair to say that,
although the forms of their ships were not superior,
even if equal, to the better French ships, the mathe-
matical and mechanical science they displayed in the
construction of their frames was as far in advance of
our neighbours in skill as the correct fitting and ap-
plication of rigging was in practical seamanship. The
Government of 1826, determined to break through the
old routine of shipbuilding, allowed four rival com-
petitors to send in their own lines. Captain Hayes
built two—Challenger, 28 guns; Wolf, 18. Profes-
sor Inman--Sapphire, 28. Sir Robert Seppings—
Satellite and Acorn, each 18, and Tyne, 26. And,
after much opposition and contempt from all to whom
he submitted his lines, and not until Lord Vernon had
guaranteed to be responsible for the price of the ves-
sel, should she prove a failure, Capt. Symonds was
allowed to build the Columbine, 18.
These seven vessels put to sea in 1827, and Vice-
Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy was the able umpire ap-
pointed to decide their respective merits. After re-
peated trials the palm of victory was given to the
Columbine. This result caused great astonishment
and much bitterness of feeling ; for science had de
Glared against the possibility of great beam with a
short floor competing, in any way, with narrow beam
and a long flat floor. But when it was shown that
speed was not only saved, but increased, other advan-
tages to be gained to the man of war by its adoption
became so immediately manifest that the basis upon
which all subsequent ships were built—even by the
great rivals and schools opposed to Sir W. Symonds
—was his great fundamental rule that increased beam
could alone secure stability.
This is so in Sir R. Seppings's frigate Castor
compared to his other ships. It is so in Admiral
Hayes's Inconstant compared to his Challenger; so
Ilse in Thetis, by School of Naval Architecture;
Leander, by Blake; even Phmton, by White,
at Cowes, although not to the same extent.
I mention this not to detract from the
originality of those eminent builders, but to
allow what a vast advance has been made in the art
of shipbuilding since the date above alluded to. At
present it is extremely difficult to pass judgment on
the decided superiority of any one of the recently-
built ships over the rest—they are all so near perfec-
tion—as far as our knowledge, by comparison, will
justify U 3 in saying so. And the following are the
great builders who have supplied the navy with these
magnificent ships :—Sir William Symonds, Messrs.
Fincham, Blake, Edye, School of Naval Architec-
ture, Lang (father and son), and White, of Cowes.
Sir Charles Paget commanded an experimental
squadron in the Channel in the summer of 1836.
Among his ships were the Bellerophon, Vanguard,
Pembroke, Cornwallis, Hercules, and latterly Incon-
stant and Pique, frigates. The Vanguard (Symonds)
proved the best; and Pembroke, one of Sir Charles's
tabooed class, second. We had some fresh gales, and
to the admiral's surprise, the only ship that did not
want to anchor, to have her rigging set up, was
Vanguard.
The Admiral, in his answer to my letter, admits the
Queen to be an excellent ship. (She is a large Van-
guard.) St. George and Neptune he merely men-
tions as untried ships, although each one foot wider
than St. Vincent. This will infer them to be very
superior ships, as St. Vincent and Britannia are ships
Sir P. Malcolm and Sir Henry Hotham praised—.
they each carry a weight of broadside heavier than
that thrown by the Santisima Trinidad, at Trafalgar ;
and fully 500 tons larger than and of our first-rates
that were in that action. The Howe was a stiff ship
under Sir W. Pell, and the Princess Charlotte sailed
well, was stiff, and very handy while under Sir
Robert Stopford'sflag, and her captain always spoke
well of her; and if her sister ships prove equal to her
we shall be extremely fortunate. The St. Vincent is
having her poop removed for the purpose of placing
841bs. pivot guns on her upper deck, which will add
to her weight of armament.
Sir Charles does not inform the public that those
three-deckers he finds fault with as crank ships were
built before the heavy ordnance now in use throughout
the navy was cast, and before the bombes a la Paix-
hans were invented; and that now they are armed with
68 and 321bs. on decks which were only made to carry
24 and 181 be.! But as it was found they were quite ca-
pable of bearing the increase, they,have received it. Sir
Charles is inconsistent. When the Queen was first
built he said the Admiralty was running wild, and
building ships too large for the present race of men
to work. Now be has himself tested that ship's fine
qualities, he says that the old ships (formerly quoted
by him as good enough) are useless, and all ought to
be Queens As well might we condemn James Watt's
original steam-engine because the appliances of the
present day have altered its arrangement, although not
its system. However, I am glad to see Sir Charles
at last admits we have some fine ships.
The eight ships copied from the French Canopus
are, as the gallant Admiral justly observes, very fine
ships ; but they are if anything better ships, because
their upper decks are wider, but not, in my opinion,
equal to our new 80's after Collingwood and Van-
guard. I have seen the Rodney sail well, in the
Mediterranean and also in Channel, although inferior
to Canopus and Vanguard, she is a noble man-of-war.
The Cambridge and Indus, after the Christian VII.,
are particularly fine ships, and fast. The Admiral
says, " It is no use mentioning the small 74's, as they
are not fit to go into line." In this I differ with him
—he also seems to forget that some of these very
74's have been in line, and against larger ships—be-
sides which they are now armed throughout with
321b5., and throw a heavier broadside than the French
84's, which fought at the Nile and Trafalgar. They
are good sea-boats--some of them sail well, and
they are well adapted for Channel and North
Sea service. While at St. Petersburgh Admiral
Kruzenstern said to me, " Depend upon it your
Government ought alway to keep a reserve of short
handy line-of-battle ships, both on two and three decks,
for such seas as the Skager Rack and Cattegat. It is
quite a mistake to have no ships smaller on two decks
than 80's and 92's for such seas." I think he was
right, and, what is more, I think he was honest. As
Sir Charles well knows, he served in our navy both
at Trafalgar and under Sir Alexander Cochrane. I
know most of those ships Sir Charles saw at Cher-
bourg, and have sailed in company with some of
them; several were old inferior ships, and none of
them equal to the Queen, Trafalgar, St. George,
Howe, Vanguard, or Rodney class. Some were
fastened on the old principle, with wooden knees, and
a winter cruise off Ushant would shake them to pieces.
Beauty is a matter of taste, and I am glad the gallant
Admiral was satisfied.

No fleet can have discipline where noise prevails ;
and I hear there was plenty of that on board the
French ships. Still I doubt not their state was very
creditable for the time they had been together, and I
do not wish to detract from our neighbours, but
simply to prevent unjust and overdrawn comparisons,
prejudicial to the present state of our navy, from pass-
ing unexamined—" Ut quimus, quando, ut volumus
non Beet."

Notwithstanding Sir Charles assumes I must have
been asleep, I beg to assure him I was aware that

the Terrible and Retribution were built to cart'
main-deck guns before the Sidon. I may be more
singular in my opinion than I had supposed in disap-
proving of such a battery in paddle steamers ; yet I
approve of main decks and large ports in steamers ;
but, as I said before, I would keep them to act as
(light cavalry) quick dispatch vessels, capacious
transports. Much of this, in my opinion, you coun-
teract by filling them with guns and men, and all
their accompaniments of weight and expense ; in fact,
you are risking a large capital, which at the best can
only pay a small per-tentage. Odin, Furious, Magi-
cian, and Tiger are vessels admirably adapted to at-
tend a fleet, which, if it had troops on board, for coast
service, would find them more useful without their
main-deck guns. I think the Leopard better as she is,
than if she had been deeper, for the fault of
the Sidon is the great draught of water, which
may, in cases, prevent her crossing bar-harbours, or
being of service as an in-shore skirmisher. Steamers
require armaments that shall enable them to do some
mischief to powerful sailing-ships, while keeping at
such a distance as not to endanger their machinery.
A cruising steamer is useful in proportion to her
capacity, speed,:and availability ; and when we con-
sider that every ton weight given to armament is a
ton taken from that which supplies the moving-power,
we lessen ber availability for distant service ; and if
we endeavour to combine to the capacity for carrying
much coal, another to carry a heavy armament, with
its accompaniments, the quality of speed will be re-
duced. It is upon this principle I uphold the value
of our fine second-class steamers—the Scourge, In-
flexible class—vessels manned by a sloop-of-war's
crew, possessing capacious decks, speed, stowage for
coals (Scourge steamed from England to West
Indies), sailing qualities to keep company with a fleet
under canvas and weight of ordnance, which could
annoy large ships in a calm, or breach a fort, as the
Phoenix did the castle of St. Sebastian. I have seen
an entire regiment landed by one in China, and a
three-decker towed between six and seven knots by
another.

The French have nothing of the same class equal
to them. Sir Charles objects to the Arrogant screw-
frigate, because the steam power is auxiliary. Why,
Sir, that is her great merit—she carries 46 guns, has
weight of metal equal to a 50, sails admirably, and
under steam alone (although auxiliary) beat the best
French screw-steamer across from Tangier to Gib-
raltar by several hours. She is without exception the
most dashing and enviable command in the navy.
I fear,lSir, I have encroached on your space beyond
all bounds, but I have been led on from point to point
in my desire to make your readers as sceptical of Sir
Charles's facts, as he has made some of them of the
accuracy of their old belief that the navy ever de-
served to be considered their country's " boast and
glory., -

I have the honour to. remain,
Your obedient servant,
Nov. 2. W.

We have given in another part of our paper a letter
of our correspondent" W." in rejoinder to Rear-Ad
miral Sir Charles Napier's last, relative to the com-
parative states and warlike value of the fleets of France,
Russia, and our own. From the date of our cor-
respondent's letter, it will be concluded that it has
been in type for a considerable period ; and
the cause of its non-insertion until to-day will
readily be attributed to the great pressure on our
columns by the all-absorbing feeling on the Papal
aggression, and the mighty anti-Popery movement.
It is lamentable to see the incorrect and vague in-
formation diffused on the subject of naval architec-
ture amongst naval officers and others interested in
naval affairs, after such a full and searching discus-
sion as the last twenty-five years have witnessed ;
but it is still more surprising that such an intelli-
gent writer as our correspondent should adopt or
patronise the entirely exploded and mischievous
doctrines, or rather dogmas, of the ex-Surveyor of
the Navy.
One would think that the object of " W." would
have been that of refuting Sir Charles Napier's hal-
lucinations, instead of endeavouring by his (" IN's")
single authority to make an opportunity of again
propounding and supporting notions equally con-
demned by the true theory of naval construction and
by the disastrously ruinous failures resulting from a
delusion which could no longer be supported in the
face of day.
We have not the most remote intention of again,
knocking down that which has been proved to be un-
true in theory, and most amply, at the national cost,
has been condemned by its practical results ; and, on
account of the latter, entirely given up by a Board
which had most pertinaciously persevered, against
hope, in carrying into effect the visionary and crude
notions inculcated by a baseless hypothesis.
The theory of shipbuilding is not a matter of
opinion, but a subject for mathematical reasoning,
demonstration, and inductive philosophy. The late
experimentalisation to which the British navy has
been subjected has, indeed, been of some small value,
inasmuch as it has placed before us in palpable terms
what to avoid ; but this negative deduction has been
obtained at an enormous and needless cost, and the
Admiralty are so thorougly convinced that such is
the case, that it will in future be very cautious how
the public treasure is wasted upon wild hazard, not-
withstanding the malicious insinuations of Sir Charles
Napier. With respect to Sir C. Napier, it is impos-
sible for him to hold any ground on which he is met
with facts and experience.
Our otherwise able cosrespondent has erred either
from a want of inquiry, or from a lingering desire to
hold by what was formerly an official opinion, but
one which, we assure him again, could neither stand
the test of scientific investigation, nor of fair and
well-conducted experiment. It proved to be only an
opinion, and what was worse, a very incorrect and a
very mischievous one when carried into effect.