The Sun.
London, England, 1850-09-07 00:00:00

EXHIBITION OF 1851.
The following documents Lave just been circulated
throughout the inet,( pHs :

ACCOMMODATION FOR ARTISANS.
Regulations under which a register of persons -dis-
posed to provide ac.cornmodation for artisans, &c.,
from the country, whilst visiting the Exhibition of
1851, will be opened by the Secretary cf the Execu-
tive Committee of the Exhibition under the direction
of her Majesty's Commissioners:-
1. No fee will be charged for registration.
2. The names of persons of good character only
will be received, and parties must be prepared to
produce references to character, if required.
3. Authori-ed persons to be admitted to inspect all
registered houses. _

4. Accommodation for married couples and fami-
lies, for single men, and for single women, must be
distinct. In no case can single men and single
women be lodged in the seine house.
.5. In case f lodgings fur females, the arrange-
ments must be superintended by a married woman.
6. Ti.e prices charged for accommodation to be
fixed up in every room.
7. A form of application, to be obtained at N. 1,
o'.d Palace•yard, Westmins•er, must be filled up
and signed by every person desirous of being regis-
tered.

8. If r.ny person rtfuse to conform to these rtgula-
tior,s, or others which may b found neeeftary, his
name will be (rased frcm the register.
The 4bject of the register is explained in the fol-
lowing " decisions of her Majesty's Commissioners"
(Nos. 60, 61), to which particular attention is
desired :
AIIitANGrBIENTS FOR. TILE VISITS OF TFIE WORKING

CLASS ES.

61. With the view of afording information, a re-
gister has been opened at No. Old Palace-yard,
Westminster, by the Secretary of the Executive
Committee for the Exhibition of 1851, in which will
be entered the names and addresses of persons dis •
posed to provide accommodation for artisans from the
country whilst visiting the exhibition next year.
Copies of the Register of Lodgings may be had on
application. Other arrangements are under con-
sideration for guiding the working classes on their
arrival by the trains to the lodgings they may select.
The register contains a column in which the par-
ticulars, &c., cf the accommodation each party pro-
poses to afford will be entered. All applications for
participating in these arrangements must be made
through local committees.

62.-It must be clearly understood that, whilst her
Majesty's Commissioners are desirous of collecting
the fullest information likely to be serviceable to the
working classes, they do not propose to charge them-
selves in any respect with the management, but
simply to afford information.
(Signed) M. DIGBY WYATT, Secretary.
[The form of application for registry of accommo-
dation for artisans, &c., visiting the Exhibition, is
then given.]

FOREIGN AND BRITISH ORNAMENTAL
GLASS AT THE EXPOSITION.
One department of manufacture it was thought Ger-
many would excess Britain in was ornamental glass in
colours, generally called Bohemian glass. But the Eng-
lish have recently attained a spontaneous perfection in a
branch unknown to us, and altogether inimitable, we
fear, however well known hereafter—viz., silvering glass.
This is not only as applicable as Bohemian to every pur-
pose of ornament or utility, but to endless others, many
of great importance, especially rtflectors for astronomi-
cal instruments, railway carriages, lighthouses, and the
like, for which it is peculiarly suited, from its capacity
to threw back rays, and becaase no cleaning or polishing
is ever required wore than a window pane or common
tumbler. The silvering is indestructible in composition,
and is coated over with glass, the vividness of whose
colours, be they what they may, or however varied, are
thus infinitely heightened, and the most delicate carvings
upon them are no brought out as to recall the old By-
zantine mosaics in their multiplicity of tints, and lustrous
harmony of combination. We speak of the pro-
ducts of Berner's-street, London. Hale and
Thomson, the patentees, discarding the old impracti
cably expensive essential oils, coats all his surfaces,
flat or curved, the smallest toilette bottle or largest vase,
with pare silver, far more brilliant than the amalgam
applied to ordinary looking-glasses, and can never be
tarnished or impaired, except by destroying the articleit-
self. The metallic radiance of this deposit imparts a com-
bined sparkle and warmth, quiet beyond the Bohemian,
which is comparatively merely pretty and tinselly; and
there is the important fact that British glass is far supe-
rior to anything elsewhere produced. Hence, taking
quality of material, the English is on a par with Bohe-
mian in price, and the beautiful and unique silvering is
so much additional gain. The richness and purity of
British crystal admit splendour and voluptuousness of
dyes that satisfy the most exigent fastidiousness; hence
the purples, saphires, picks, vermilion:, pearls, bronzes,
&c., in short, every chromatic hue thrown up by this
new argentine ri fl ction, have the gorgeous glow of the
antique Venetian glass, the stcret of which is now a lost
art; but whereas the Venetian absorbed the light, and
had to be held up to it before its softened beauties wire
revealed, the
.English silvered glass flishes back the
light, and is seen best at nigbt, or when surrounding
of j• et‘ are in comparative gloom. Another charac-
teristic, never attempted since the discovery s f
class itself by Hermes, the Syrian, is embossing—
that is to the e)e, fir it is an optical delu-ior, there
being no raised surface to the touch, though the ap-
pearance is that of pure solid silver, either dead or
frosted, burnished or in high reii f, or sunken. It is
impos,ib'e to exag.;erate the results of this, applied to
finger plates fir doors, enrichments of cubinetp, panels,
cornice-mouldings, or combinations with ivory, gildir g,
or rare woods, to all which and innumerable (sae r pur-
poses, this invention is adapt. d. We trust our German
mauulactursrs at the Landon Exhibition will investigate
a mystery so fatal to many advantages which Peel's
freedom of the English merket threw open in 1845. At
some of these glass silvering works, it is stated, there
aro vases as high per pair as 3,500 thalers, or 6,000
Rhenish florins (500/. sterling), nine-tenths of this cost
tieing incurred in designing and engraving alone. In-
deed, in design, English glass has made immense pro-
gress; and the goblets, epergnes, candelabra, wine-
coolers, &c, now referred to, are equal objects of vertu,
in classic beauty of form and of commercial importance
for suitability to the taste of the age. But, as if to ex-
emplify the adage, that the closer to simplicity the
greater the art, perhaps the chef dceuvre in this manu-
facture are mirror globes, of plain silvered surface, all
sizes, Com 2 to 30 inches in diameter, from half-a-pint
to 40 gallons. These, placed on bronze figures, as an
Atlas or eagle, or attached to chandeliers, or on a side-
board or mautlepiece, are a most striking' appendage to
drawing-room or banquet-hall, and are perhaps the fa•
vourite specimen among continental connoisseurs, though
we think tenet susceptible of continental imitation.—
Frankfort Zeitung.

COWES, ISLE OF WIGHT.
(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)
COWES, :_,EpT. 6.
ROYAL YACHT SQUADRON IN lELLIGENCE.
ARRIVALS.
Aug. 30—Talianan cuttvr, Captain IL N. Smith, from
Darthtnouth.

31—Freak cutter, William Curling, Eq., from Poole.
St.v. 2—Mira go schooner, Marquis of Ormonde,
From Ply mouth.

3—Petrel cutter, Earl of Ilehester, flora Dartmouth.
SAILINGS.
Sept. l—Wyvern schooner, Duke cf Marlborough,
for Cherbourg. •
3—Xarifa schooner, Commodore Earl of Wilton,
ditto; Capricorn schooner, Vice-Commodore C. R. M.
Talbot, Esq., ditto; Merlin schooner, Colonel William
Markham, ditto; Brilliant schooner, G. H. Ackers,
Esq , ditto; Freak cutter, William Curling, Esq., diit9;
Aurora cutter, Le Merchant Thoma 9, Esq.. ditto; Ta-
lisman cutter, Captain H. N. Smith, ditto; Alarm cutter,
James Weld, E,q , ditto.
YACHTS AT AND ABOUT THE STATION.
Titania, Arid, Eagle, Petrel, Elizabeth, Frisk, Os-
prey, Cygnet, Gondola, Susan, Water Lily.
The schoooner Ariel, Sir George Douglas, Bart.,
R.Y.S., will sail next week for Teneriffe, thence on a
cruise amoeg the West India islands.
The R.Y.S. cutter Gondola, W. 11. Woodhouse, Esq,
is under refitment,
and will proceed shortly to the Me-
di:erranean.
'1 he Phantom (a small yacht) has been lengthened,
end launched this week from Mr. Joseph White's ship.
yard.
G. Holland Ackers, Esq., V.C., of the Royal Victoria
Yacht Club, passed through the roads with eight yachts
in company for Cherbourg on Monday afternoon, and
on Tuesday morning the Earl of Wilton Commodore cf
the Royal Yacht 'Squadron, left these'
roads with the
Vice-Commodore, anti a large fleet of
yachts for the
same destination.
The Emperor of Russia's yacht Queen Victoria sailed
with the rest, but returced to these roads the same
evening.
The Royal Yacht squadron has been divided into a
number of little flfets in this visit to Cherbourg. The
Cotnmodore of the Royal Victoria takes his friends
under his fieg, u number t f Commodores and Vice-
Comm • (Aorta doing the same, each sporting
TIIE
OF WIGHT IN LONDON.—AII the inhabi-
tants tae em to have taken it into their heads to visit the
great metrepulis on Tuesday next, availing themselves of
a cheap train of the South-Western.
THE I-JARVEST.—Finer weather could not be wished
for ; ham st work is proceeding most satisfactorily.
THE POTATO BLIGHT.—This test is stitl spreading,
but though the balm is all black, the tubers are only
very ti)flingly inju7ed 3 et. It is altogethi r different to
fi.rincr years; the potatoes when the blight struck the
balm used to be convertril from balls of flour to some-
thing more renemilirg lumps of soap, but the tubers
never were mere fhwery end better illvouri d than they
are this season. This may, in part, be caused by their
being planted r. All that hk.ve 3et been lit ted
have been an cxcellent crop and superi,r quality.

NEW MODE OF ADVERTISING —The inventive
genius of the advertisers has adopted a rather novel and
amusing mode of bringing their wares before public notice.
Yesterday morning a dog, covered over with advertising pla-
cures, perambulated the Strand and Fleet-street, attracting
particular notice, and exciting much amusement. The
quadruped appeared to be fully conscious of the importance
of his (trice and marched along the street with great dignity
and gravity.
An order has been issued by the Supreme Govern-
ment of Ind'a discontinuing in the army the morning dram
of arrack.

THE INDIANS OF CALIFORNIA.
We copy the following interesting sketch of the
Indians of California from the Sacramento Trans-
cript:—
" The aborigines of California are, perhaps, the
most feeble and incapable cf carrying on a formidable
system of warfare of any of the North American
Indians. Certain it is they have never shown any of
that skill and boldness that have characterised the
Indians in other portions of the continent, ever since
its discovery. They are different in their mode of
life, more imperfect in their physical development,
and in whatever light we view them, inferiority to
most of the Indian races is stamped upon their cha-
racter. They have existed in this country without
any evidence of nationality, without establishing
boundaries, without claiming a right even in the soil,
with little or no knowledge of property of any kind,
and, in fact, as a disorganized though distinct people.
" G erne, although abounding in the country, has
never, so far as we have been able to learn, constituted
any considerable part of their diet, for the only appa-
rent reason, that it is too much trouble to kill aad
prepare it for food with their rude weapons and in-
struments. Thus, what the great western tribes
glory in, the California Indians are too indolent
scarce to attempt.
"To give a correct idea of this people, it will be
necessary to enter somewhat into particulars. In the
summer season they lead a roving I:fe, and are found
in greatest numbers along the borders of the western
side of the Sierra Nevada. In these regions they find
berries, grapes, seeds, acorns, various kinds cf roots,
and insects, on which they principally subsist. The
rank herbage and grasses ti.at spring up during the
latter part of the rainy season, and come to maturity
in summer, wilier and die on the surface of the earth
during the latter part of the dry season, and swarms
of grasshoppers, large and fat, abound among it.
" The Indians set fire to the dried up vegetable
matter when the wind is favourable, and burn over
whole districts ' • the grasshoppers cannot escape ;
their wings are burned off, and after the fire has con-
sumed the grass the burnt district is covered with the
lifeless bodies of these insects. Then comes the In-
dians' harvest. Their food is all around them, cooked
and ready for eating. With their bows and arrows
they sometimes kill elks, deers, bares, &c.; but, as
before remarked, they manifest, as a people, but little
taste or skill for hunting. In the proper season they
manage, by means of wooden spears, of their own
manufacture, to catch fish from the numerous streams
of the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys ; and it
is said that they manifest more skill in taking fish
than in any other art.
" They are called ' Digger Indians,' from the na-
ture of their habitations, which are constructed in the
following manner :

" A circular hole is dug in the earth--say three
or four feet deep, and from ten to twenty feet in
diameter, over the top of NN hich poles are laid in an
arching form, and covered first with small sticks and
weeds, and then with earth and green sods. A small
opening in the centre of this roof is left for the escape
of smoke, and on one side is a doorway just large
enough to admit a man's feet first, which serves also
as a window. In these cellars the natives are buried
through the winter in the most filthy and disgusting
condition.

" Some contend that there is a class of mountain
Indians in California different in their habits from the
race just described. After making extensive inquiry,
in which we have consulted gentlemen who have spent
years in Oregon and California, we have come to the
conclusion that the natives west of the Sierra Nevada
are all the same class of beings. It is true they do not
all burrow every winter, but this is a matter of chance.
" We have yet to learn that any of the Indian race
can be found this side of Oregon, who ever build
anything like comfortable wigwams to shelter them
from the weather. We have been assured by men
who have been in the mountain regions, that the na-
tives there are evidently the same class that are found
in the valleys, and that during the most inclement
season, one-half of them are in a state almost of com-
plete nudity. In the mountains, as in the valleys,
they chiefly subsist on acorns through the long rainy
season. These are gathered In the latter part of au-
tumn, dried and stowed away in large receptacles
above ground, formed of a sort of wicker-work, in the
shape of hogsheads, and containing sometimes several
hundred bushels. Through them the air circulates,
and the acorns become dry and hard. To prepare
the acorns for food the Indiana pound them to a
powder with stones, and then make a pasty gruel,
and sometimes a sort of bread. Such are some of their
habits.

"Further evidence of the imbecility of this people
appears from the fact, that they lack that feeling of
independence elsewhere a prominent trait in the In-
dian character. Before the discovery of gold it was
customary among the few in this country who culti-
vated the soil, to keep droves of the natives around
them to do their labour. When the first operations
were commenced in the diggings the Indians were
employed, for the consideration of a few most paltry
trifles, to perform the heavy labours of mining. To
get together a sufficient number, a few whites would
go to the pliers frequented by them, and drive away
' as many as they chose.
Tne influx of strangers since the discovery of
gold has been so great tl.e quiet of the race has been
disturbed. A new order of things has commenced,
to which they will not, or cannot, adapt themselves;
still their old customs have been in some measure
broken up. The whites have introduced into their
midst what to them are luxuries, which they have
become accustomed to take possession of by stealth or
robbery, whenever opportunity presents itself. Their
rights have not always b: en respected ; in many
instances abuses have been practised upon them, and
from these facts it is easy to see the cause of much
trouble. A mutual hatred exists between them and
the mining community, and their characters are so
different that this feeling can hardly be eradicated
from either party. Where that hostile feeling exists
one party or the other must prevail until the weaker
party becomes extinct. _

- "We will now take a hasty glance at this people
as they have conducted themselves in war, citing a
few instances. In the winter of 1848 49 the people
in the vicinity of Sutter's Fort often received accounts
of Indian depredations in the north, and sometime in
February, about thirty murders committed by them,
on various occasions, had been heard of. The victims
were principally Oregonians. In the latter part of
February, 1849, a company of about sixty, horse and
foot, left Sutter's Fort to chastise the If,dians. They
took the direction of Sutter's Mill, or Cullom, and
the Indians fled before them. Soma of the mounted
men overtook the natives, and several were killed
while tr 3 kg to escape. A quantity of stolen property
was recovered in this expedition.
" Further depredations were committed, and a few
weeks after another company of about twenty whites
lift the region of Cullom +, end followed the Indiana

to their eiicarnpnit nt. This handful of men actually
took prisoners, and drove to Sutter's Mill, between
200 and 300 Indians. A sort of trial was then given
them, Oar which thirty of their number were shot.
The rest were released. From that time very little
trouble was had with the Indians in the northern
mines till the winter of 1849-50.
" Such is the character if the race with whom the
difficulties in California on various occasions have
arisen. It is not our purpose at this time to discuss
the morality of the course pursued by both parties in
relation to each other. But we have seen that the
natives of California have given no evidence of skill
in warfare. Almost all their acts of violence have
been perpetrated in a stealthy, cowardly manner, and
never have they attempted to carry out any extended
or general plan of operation. Never have they come
upon a town at night, and laid it in asl ei, as might
have been expected from a savage foe. They seem to
have no higher idea of warfare than to attack un-
armed individuals, or to hill the sleeping inmates of a
tent in some isolated place. They have only the
rudest implements of war, and cannot successfully
defend themselves against American rifles. The pro-
babilities are that they are not clannish in their feel-
inp, and will never unite as a people against the
whites.

" From the foregoing the inference is that no very
serious trouble will occur with the natives on this
side of the Sierra Nevada."

EQUITABLE ASSURANCE COMrANT.—The Equitable
Assurance Cemp,ny held their usual quarterly meeting on
Thursday, at which the accounts for the Midsummer quarter
were presented. Mr. Price, the vice-president, read a report
from the court of directors on the subject of some changes
which had been suggested in the constitution of the society,
with a view of rendering the establishment more attractive
to new insurers, and an address was read by the actuary em-
bodying the result of some calculations, showing the benefit
that would be likely to be derived by the present members
trom an increase in the number of fresh policies. It appears
the society now consists of about 6,000 members, with an
undivided reserved fund of a million and upwards, arid that
the period in which a new policy would participate under the
existing regulations would be about eight years. The ac-
tuary's report was ordered to be printed and circulated,' and
the meeting tteiturned.

It is stated that Gallip li oil (generally combined
with spirit, tar, and tchacco liquor) applied to sheep, renders
the wool both finer and heavier on shearing.
Four good tnothers have given birth to'four bad
daughters. Truth has produced hatred ; success, pride; secu-
rity, danger; and familiarity, contempt. And, 0., the con-
trary, four bad ruothers have produced as many good daugh-
ters, for astrontruy iy the otrspringcl astrology • chemistry
of alchemy; freedom of opprts6ion; patience of long suffer-
Chronicle.
- - -

AlinacuLous EscArF.—On Tuesday last an old
man of the name of Rae, residing in Marketgate-street, Ar-
broath. proceeded to sea in an old crazy boat, and was driven
off the coast in the storm of
that day. Not making his ap-
pearance at night fall, considerable apprehensions were enter-
tained as to his safety. Wednesday passed over and no ap-
pearance. Thursday with the same result. All hopes of his
safety had now fled, excepting the faint one that some vessel
had picked him up ; but he made his appearance in his
cockle-shell of an ark on Friday about noon in the offing,
whereon same men proceeded to his assistance, when they
found him in an almost exhausted state, drifting onwards to
the ricks. —.Dundee Courier.

THE CRIMINAL LA.W AS APPLIED
TO JUVENILE OFFENDERS.
(FROM A CORR7SPONDENT.)
It is not always to questions upon a right under-
standing of which the well-being of society very
largely depends, that the public attention is most
earnestly directed. Were the corOrary the case,
thoughtful men would not so often as at present
have to deplore the existence of dingerous evils
with which isolated power is incompetent to grapple,
and for the removal of which no organized effort
is made on in extensive scale. This is no doubt
to be accounted for in great part by the indispo-
sition which vast numbers of persons feel to trouble
themselves about matters which have no immediate
bearing upon their own interests ; and by the
strength of preconceived notions in others resisting
the force of arguments and reasonings which are at
variance with long-established opinions. By both
these adverse influences has the great work of reform
in our prison discipline and in the treatment of our
criminals generally been hindered. The subject has
never yet taken any large or firm hold on the public
mind, and hence the probability of a practical solu-
tion of the momentous problems which it involves
being speedily arrived at is not very apparent, however
strenuously its growing importance/hay be now and
then urged by a few men, whose convictions and dis-
interested zeal in the cause of social improvement are
not to be weakened by neglect. But in proportion to
the general apathy should he the efforts of those who
have the opportunity to endeavour to awaken public
attention to this question, and, therefore, though it
may not have assumed any new phase, it will net be
amiss to reiterate some of the considerations arising
out of it which have already been advanced. Our
purpose at present is only to allude to one particular
branch of the general inquiry to which we have ad-
verted in the few preceding remarks.
First, then, it is admitted that the number of ju-
venile criminals, who chiefly have their origin in our
large towns, is perfectly startling. It is also esta-
blished, on reliable authority, that if we investigate
the antecedents of the adults who appear at the bar of
our courts of j ustice, the commencement of their vicious
courses dates from an earlier period of life—that habits
of theft are rarely formed after the age of 20 years—
so true is it that in this, as in other cases, " the child
is father to the man." Here, then, as we shall en-
deavour to show, a course of action, in dealing with
offenders against the laws, is so clear, as scarcely, ac-
cording to our perceptions of th 9 matter, to admit of
doubt or hesitation. _

To frame laws to meet the requirements of indi-
vidual cases is altogether impossible, and all that can
be done is to base them upon such principles as
admit of general application; but we hold that
before any sound principles in criminal jurispru-
dence can by possibility be arrived at, the most
prevailing and prolific sources of criminality must be
traced out and attentively considered. Hitherto, they
hwe not been eliminated with sufficient clearness. It
has been too much the habit to look upon juvenile
theft as the result of depravity of heart. The opera-
tion of the ragged schools has done something to dis-
sipate such impressions, and had the results of those
institutions been limited to this aloie, they would
have effected a great good which could not have been
so readily attained by any other means.
We have been that habits of crime are rarely formed
in manhood, but are in the great majority of cases to
be referred to an earlier period of life. To what
remote or proximate causes, then, are they mainly
owing ? More than anything else to what may
be termed the accidents of birth and situation—
to the absence of parental or other necessary con-
trol at the outset of life—to destitution
and vagrant habits consequent on the want
of moral and industrial training, and also to the
direct instigation of wretches who sow the seeds of
moral peAilence for the sake of the harvest of per-
sons! grin which they hope afterwards to reap. Many
of the children in our large towns have not only to
endure a lot of Fqualid filth and poverty, but are besides
in a state of the most brutal and debasing ignorance
which it is possible to conceive. Living in this de-
graded and benighted state, with no settled purpose or
pursuits of any kind, and with the most scanty and un-
certain supplies of the necessaries of life, need we won-
der to be told that from among such the ranks of crime
are being continually recruited ? Would not the
wonder arise if the care were found to be otherwise?
Others, again, less ignorant, it may be, but equally
deficient, from their previous position, in moral and
industrial training, and without any settled means
of livelihood, are thrown into the way of
temptation, and succumb to the momentary
pressure of its influence, but without any
native propensity to follow a lawless career. Other
kindred causes of juvenile criminality might be easily
enumerated ; but, as we have said, we are now only
briefly sketching some of the broader features cf this
painful Subject, which—without entering into such
minute 'shades of difference as to give it an almost
endless variety of aspect w ithout changing its inhe-
rent character—are essentially applicable to our
present purpose.
Tito point which we would suggest for confidera-
' Lion is this :—I4 the present mode of dealing with the
numerous cliss:s of offender; which we have just
adverted to the best adapted for the interest of
society ? Or is it not rather a blind and indiscrimi-
Nets mode of tampering with the outward symptoms
of moral dis-a3e wit.hout reference to their cause ?
We think there are substantial grounds for arriv-
ing at the letter conclusion. We have no wish
to see criminals of any description become the
objects of mawkish humanity or sickly sentiment;
but it does not follow that all efforts which can be
made to reform as well as punish youthful criminals
must he open to such objections. There cannot be a
doubt that our present penal system, in far too many
cases, not only fells to attain its direct object, but is
positively mischievous in fostering the very principles
which it is intended to correct. With the young,
especially, the discipline should be reformatory as well
as punitive. It would be idle to insist formally upon
their sust:eptibility to good or bad impressions or
upon the inveteracy of early habits. Commit them
to a gaol, and you expose them to comtamination of
the mo,t dangerous character. Though not in all,
they are in numerous, instances brought into contact
with callous anti depraved wretches whose example
and influence tend only to sear the conscience anti to
stimulate to still higher attainments in vice and
crime. By way of illustration, we may observe that
Baron Aiderson, in his answers to the questions pro-
pounded to the judges by the Select Committee of the
,use ( f Lords appointed to inquire into the opera-
tion of the criminal law, mentions a case tried before
him, in which a robbery was planned. in one of
what is called our best-regulated gaols, the instru-
in-tit being a boy, and the principals adult thieves."
It has b.•en ob:erved that crime has is emulation
as well es virtue ; and that the young delinquent
thrown 100-e among a herd of criminals aspires to
tha pre-eminence of the burglar, the rubber, or the
murderer. But this consideration, important as
it is, is not the only one which demands at-
tention. Even if contamination be avoided,
the prisoner, in the generality of cases, hes
undergone no training which will counteract
the influences of his original position end convert
him into a useful rrewber of society. What wonder,
then, that he again finds his way to the bar of justice
with augmented guilt? If for these reasons it is
highly impolitic to commit young offenders to prison,
such commitzals are also cruel and unjust in instances
where the parties have, in the ways already hinted at,
been led into dishonest courses, without evincing what
may he denominated direct criminality of character
and disposition.
The question here naturally recurs, in what way
can the treatment of juvenile criminals be improved
so as most effectually to prevent their relapsing into
guilt after a first conviction, and maintaining the cur-
rent of adult crime ? We think by society in its col .
lective capacity doing that which has hitherto been left
to the operations of spentisneeus benevolence, by the
establishment in every county of places of confine-
ment and instruction suited to their age, condition,
and circumstances. Such places, as recommended in
a recent report of the S'affordshire magistrates, should
be asylums in the the nature of industrial schools;
and to them all offenders under a certain age—say
15 or 16 years—should on conviction be invariably
sent for longer periods than the usual terms of im-
prisonment. " Without this," as the same magis-
trates remark " there is reason to fear that good
impressions produced, and good resolutions formed,
will frequently not be permanent. The temp-
tations and inducements to a relepse into dis-
henesty will be too powerful, and the best efforts
in great part unavailing, while, as a necessary
consequence, the growth of juvenile crime will
remain little checked, and a large portion of the
expenditure incurred in the attempt to reform them
will be comparatively useless." We would not, how-
ever, as the report recommended, make such confine-
ment in any way supplementary to ordinary impri-
sonment in gaol. For the reasons already assigned,
we would keep prisoners of the age in Tendon, both
before and after trial, altogether clear of the
felon's gaol as a place unlikely, in any state of
things, to be productive of beneficial results. The
discipline of the asylums should be severe, hut pater-
nal in its character, and should include both religious
and industrial training, with a view to putting the in-
mates into some settled way of livelihood, and guarding
them against the assaults of casual temptation. Toe
great object is to fortify them against the influence of
old associations and old habits when they are restored
re,- Lek el; the position of free agents. On this subject the
ey. John Dutton, in his excellent pamphlet entitled
at Vie Prison and the School," has the folio wing re-
. m aelts
`_'..our confinement must be correctional rather than
( - penal. To effect so desirable a change Reformatory
&Awls should be established in every district, so
'Hate; juvenile otTkindPrs may escape the contamination
e. of oar gaols, and he treieei to habits of • in-
' L,dustry an I virtue. Strict discipline is more ueccssary in
-• a corrective than in a preventive syt&m, but strictness

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