The Sun.
London, England, 1868-01-07 00:00:00

ing work he had undertaken to accomplish, a
Roman prelate, Mgr. Canestrari, was ordered to
accompany him in the character of adviser. The
uneasiness which this addition to his staff occa-
sioned, could not but attract the notice of Mgr.
Canestrari, and this embarrassment increased in
proportion as they neared their destination. Ar-
rived in port Casciur hesitated to disembark.
Puzzled how to act, Mgr. Canestrari landed, and
begged the French Consul to acquaint the Pacha
with the arrival of the new Patriarch. Mahomed
Ali, who, of course, expected nothing of the sort,
was furious at the news, and declared he would
have Casciiir's head if he ventured to set foot in
Alexandria. This, of course, brought about an
explanation, and inquiries discovered the fact that
his father, instead of being a great man, was a
merchant in a very small way of business.
There was nothing left for Mgr. Canestrari but to
bring his man back to Rome, where, at his trial,
he was condemned to imprisonment for life,
after being deposed from the sacred office into
which he had thrust himself by such unworthy
means. The Republican Government in 1848
opened his prison doors, and, moreover, sought to
make him their tool by inducing him to take the
Pope's part in the Easter functions at S. Peter's,
which they wished to parody in his absence, in
order to impose on the people. But easelOr had
in the meantime become a wiser and a better man.
He not only refused to have anything to do with
their scheme, but the moment the Pontifical Go-
vernment was re-established, testified the sincerity
of his repentance by returning, of his own accord,
to fulfil the remainder of his sentence. Pius IX.
remitted it, and gave him permission to live at
large, provided he lived a retired life. Having
stood satisfactorily the test of this further proba-
tion, he has lately received permission to resume
the ecclesiastical costume and to celebrate Mass.
We have been saved this week from a blunder
which would have been eagerly misinterpreted by
those who are ever on the watch for anything
that can be found fault with here. It would seem
that some members of the sect called Fenians
when in England, and Mazzinians when here, but
whose practices bear a strong family likeness
everywhere, had arranged to have a grand funeral
Mass celebrated at one of the churches, with
special solemnity, in favour of their three mem-
bers executed at Manchester, having led the clergy
of the church to believe that it was for the souls
of three British subjects among the Papal troops
who had_ fallen at Mentana. Of course, it was in-
tended to keep the real object of the office con-
cealed till the time of its celebration, and then
to have made a demonstration, which seems to be
part of the favourite tactics of the sect, but which
would have been readily Construed by people who
have little knowledge of how matters are arranged
here, into an act of sympathy of the Pontifical ji
Government. The church had been already pre-
pared for the service in question ; but as it was
pretty well known that only one English Catholic
was killed at Melitana, a doubt was suggested by
some one in time to investigate the matter, when
the nature of the design was discovered, and the
demonstration, of course, stopped. It has led
further to the discovery of an unsatisfactory spirit
in a certain number of the lately arrived Irish
recruits, in consequence of which about a score
were declined, and had to leave last Saturday.
A rather larger number will return under similar
circumstances to-morrow ; all their homeward ex-
penses will be paid for them. The greatest pains
are being taken to keep out all pernicious elements,
and to admit none but such as bring with them
satisfactory testimonials. There seems to be no
limit to the number of anxious candidates, and
they are coming in at the rate of two hundred a
week. We have great numbers of Dutchmen, who
are said to be the steadiest men of their respective
parishes; the accepted Irish, too, are very fine
soldierly fellows; some had formerly served in the
Irish Brigade in 1860 ; one who was officer then has
come back to take his place modestly in the rank
and file, like a mere recruit. A great number are
also offering from Spain and from Canada, and a
large draught, got together by the exertions ini-
tiated by the Mayence meeting, are expected to
arrive shortly. Several young Englishmen of good
family have entered the depot just lately. The best
spirit continues to pervade the whole regiment.
The calm prepossession with which some of them
speak of having come out to die is quite touching,
and the steady resolution with which they go
through their depot work, which is trying enough,
shows they have perseverance as well as enthusiasm.
A breathing space seems to be providentially
afforded to aguerrir them, but the enemy is not
idle either, and only a few days ago Nicotera and
Averti passed through Rome on their way to the
Neapolitan kingdom, doubtless bound on some
mischievous errand.

The Allocution pronounced by his Holiness at
the Concistorio Segreto, last week, has been pub-
lished. It speaks generally of the troubles of the
Holy See at the present time, and the lessons to
be derived from them, without any special poli-
tical allusion. The opening sentence may serve
to show the spirit of confidence in Divine Provi-
dence in which it is conceived It has ever
pleased Almighty God, who is abundant in mer-
cies, and who comforteth us in every tribulation,
to mingle our joys and sorrows. Let us, therefore,
trust in Him always, venerable brethren, and
letting no difficulties appal us, pursue the right
path with a spirit ever more full of courage, and
continue to fight in the cause of His Holy Church,
fulfilling, without tiring, all that appertains to
our apostolic ministry."
He then proceeds to show what encouragement
is to be drawn from the manifest protection God
has extended over the Church and its head ("Il
Signo7 e benigno e misericordioso con mirabili por-
tend assiste la sua chiesa e assiste Noi"), as well as
from his guiding the hearts of the faithful to so
great zeal in his cause—as shown in the late de-
monstration of the French Chamber in favour of
the Temporal Power of the Holy See ; the loyal
attitude of its subjects; the loving willingness of
the Catholic people of both sexes to contribute' of
their means to replenish its treasury ; the earnest-
ness of writers, both clerical and lay, in defending
it from the falsehoods of its enemies ; the deter-
mined valour of the host of champions who have
come to offer their lives in its service ; the devo-
tion of parents, who have not withheld their
own children from the field of danger; and in the
success which attends the missionary labours of
the Church in the conversion of souls and the
multiplication of religious institutions.
After enlarging on all these motives of thank-
fulness, he urges intercession on behalf of those
who hafe been led astray, and particularly for
those who have been made prisoners in the late
engagements. And then he winds up thus :
"And before concluding, we cannot help render-
ing, in the gratitude of our soul, hearty and well-
merited praise to those, one and all, who, by
their voice, their pen, the offering of their worldly
goods, still more of their life, or by any other
work, have been forward to labour in the Church's
cause. Neither shall we fail to beseech Almighty
God humbly and fervently, in every prayer of ours,
for all those children of His Church who are so
dear to us, that He, from whom cometh every good
and perfect gift, will pour out on these, His cham-
pions, the most abundant fruits of His grace, and
all His heavenly benedictions."
There was a letter from the Pope also read in
the churches of Rome on Sunday, reproving various
vices of the times, such as indifference to holy
things, swearing, and more especially the display
in dress c,f the women of the present day.
The north wind, which has been visiting us for
some days past, is not very propitious for the hos-
pitals.l don't know if you are tired of hearing
about our wounded, but I must tell you of
another trait which has come under my notice,
lately, of the cowardly nature of the assaults of
which our men have been the victims. There lies
in one of the beds as fine a type as could be found
of the best class of South Italian physique; he has
been suffering there for more than two months ;
and how do you think he was injured ? It was on
one of the nights when the greate it anxiety for
the safety of Rome was felt. He was under the'
arch of the S. Spirito with another gendarme, when

they saw a platoon of some sixteen men, to all ap-
pearances Zouaves, go by with a rapid step, as if
bent on some important errand. With charac-
teristic bravery they immediately made up to them
and asked to share their exploit. They had scarcely
done so when the whole party surrounded and at-
tacked them in the most ferocious manner. By
good fortune his comrade succeeded in escaping
.out of their hands with only one slight wound. He
got four bayonet thrusts, one piercing his leg,
another his right arm, a third running through the
fleshy part of the thigh, and the fourth piercing
the abdomen. That of the leg was the worst
wound, as in the other cases the bone just escaped,
but the flesh was cut through and through, mak-
ing a complete hole," to usehis own (perhaps
somewhat Hibernian, but forcible) description—
,4 just like this cigar." The miscreants had dressed
themselves up in imitation Zouave suits made for
the purpose in Florence, and had obtained arms—
which by their pattern would carry out the decep-
tion still further—by a raid on the hospital a few
hours earlier. Having performed the bold feat of
(as they thought) killing a man wheneight to one,
they made off. The next day a strict order was
issued to all the Zouaves to make certain changes
in the mode of wearing their uniform, such as
leaving off their white linen gaiter-covers. The
travestied Garibaldians were thus readily detected
by the extreme attention they paid to have every.
thing exactly according to regulation, and a consi-
derable number were taken before they could do
further mischief. Oar gendarme, left on the pave-
ment for dead, was picked up shortly after, but
not till he had lost a great deal of blood. He
is, I am happy to say, going on remarkably well,
bid will be disabled for some time yet.
Mgr. Petitjean, Vicar Apostolic of Japan, who,
in the course of his visitations has made some very
interesting discoveries of Christian populations,
which have preserved their faith ever since the Mis-
sions of the 17th century, is expected to arrive
shortly in Rome. Pius IX. is said to take a special
interest in the East and its religious needs. One
of the sections of the Commission of Preparation
for the Council is directed to the consideration of
the state of the Church in the East, and though
the promulgation of the Council is adjourned, this
section at least has not suspended its labours.

MUNICH, Dec. 29.

From our Prussian Satrapy, the former kingdom
of Bavaria, I can send you no political news. All
the depositories of political power here are mere
instruments in the hands of Count Bismarck.
Even the so-called representatives of the people are
well aware that they are nothing less than re-
presentatives of the people. They know no other
vocation than that of being " most worshipful and
devoted" underlings of the Ministry for the time
being, helping with blustering voices to under-
mine the last remnants of the independence of their
country, and to root out all sympathy, not only for
the independence of Bavaria, but for the Royal
throne of Bavaria itself. These men of progress
are making indeed brilliant progress ; the people
from day to day are made to feel a growing dis-
gust with every thing that bears the name of Ba-
varian. Come now what may—let the Prussians
come—let the French—let the crash of revolution
—our people fears now nothing more. " Matters
cannot be worse than they are—perchance better
for the change." This is the conclusion come to
by the people, and this can be heard in all public
places ; and many even sensible people are firmly
convinced that this has been so planned by Prussia,
and is being purposely carried on throughout
Bavaria, to clear the way for Prussia, and to trans-
form all the impulses of patriotic opposition into
feelings of disgust. Perhaps this may not be
altogether wide of the mark ; but whether the cal-
culation be a just one remains yet to be proved.
Very soon warlike events may intervene and give
the sturdy Bavarian an opportunity of casting off
the Alp that is weighing him down in a manner
which has not entered into Count Bismarck's cal-
culations. _ _

tesrentl
fmh.ee
nldtvei psh ae:etm designedlyee
Ins te oif
nereligiousthe
in affairsltis
underminingt a especiallythe G o viin
world, is anything to be seen comparable to the
manner in which the inspired Government paper
here dealt with the Roman question ? This paper,
in an almost exclusively Catholic capital of an
almost exclusively Catholic country, takes part
with Garibaldi, and deplores the assistance ren-
dered to the Pope by France ! The First Mi-
nister of this country is a Catholic nobleman,
the brother of the Prince Hohenlohe, Archbishop
and Papal Chamberlain, against whom the mur-
derous plots of the Garibaldians have been in-
cessantly directed. In the meantime, the un-
happy Catholics of Munich were prevented making
their offerings to the Holy Father, such collections
requiring official permission, and this permission
being withheld from week to week by our worthy
Minister.

The collection, which is now at last commenced,
has just re ceived a very welcome encouragement
in the splendid offering of Prince Charles von
Lowenstein, the uncle of the legitimate heir to the
Portuguese throne, who is already a Papal Zouave,
although his tender age prevents his taking part
in the glorious warfare in defence of the Holy
Father. Prince Charles von Lowenstein's offer-
ing consists of a large quantity of massive plate ;
and from its beautiful workmanship, in addition
to the value of the metal, it may well be worth a
couple of thousand pounds sterling.

Last week an incident occurred here which)
though in itself of small importance, is so charac-
teristic as a sign of the times, that I cannot pass it
over in silence. Dietz, the eminent painter of
battle scenes, has hung up for exhibition a new
picture, as is the custom, in the art union ; the
picture is not for sale. It was painted for Duke
Ernest of Coburg. Now, in this painting, Duke
Ernest of Coburg appears in front as Commanding
General at the battle of Langensalza. Necessa-
rily it excites no little astonishment here that
the Duke should have himself painted in such an
attitude. The battle of Langensalza is an event
as yet too fresh, and the impression too lively,
which the circumstances attending it made in all
Germany, and the universal indignation aroused
by them against this Duke Ernest of Coburg, too
deeply felt to allow the public to pass without
remark the want of historical truth in this his-

torical painting.
Accordingly, our gallant Volksbote set itself to
work, and has brought to light the following facts,
the accuracy of which it has satisfied itself of,:and
set them before the astonished public in its ex-
cellent little paper. In this paper we read the
following facts. This very Duke Ernest of Coburg
did not even once show himself in the battle in
which he forced his poor Coburgers to sacrifice
themselves to the moloch of Bismarckism. During
the action he sat in his carriage behind the line-of-
battle, far out of shot. He was in plain clothes,
but had taken care to bring his uniform with
him, that he might put it on in case of victory.
But it was destined to be otherwise. Instead of
victory came Hanoverian blows, plentifully dealt
out. In consequence whereof the duke was the
first to seek safety, and to keep his skin whole in
Gotha. The assertion that he rallied his flying
Coburgers was long since, as is well known, dis-
proved by the narrative of a Prussian officer.
PARIS, Dec. 31.

As a great many people in England believe
that the Emperor of the French made a great
mistake when he ordered his troops to return
again to Rome, it will, perhaps, be of some inte-
rest to many of your readers to know the reasons
that brought about that conservative measure.
The people in France, although very indifferent
in matters of religion, have great respect for the
Pope. They look upon him as the pivot of order,
and, as they placed Louis Napoleon on the throne
in order, by carrying out the coup d'itat, to relieve
France from the Republican Government, so they
wish for the sake of order to keep the Pope on
his throne, knowing well that he represents secu-
rity, order, and the moral power of the world. This
feeling is universal in France, in every class of
society. Let any one travel in France, and he
will have the proof of it. The religious men in
France uphold the necessity of keeping the Pope at
Rome by the same arguments used by good Catho- j

lies in England ; the indifferent in religion look
upon it as essential to order, in the same way that
they like to see their wives go to church, though
they seldom go to church themselves. Even the
infidels see the:necessity of supporting the Pope,
as the honour of France is pledged. How often is
this phrase not heard? It will be a disgrace for
France if the present Pope does not die in Rome ;
our honour has been wounded in Mexico, it must
not be wounded a second time in Rome. Every
shade of opinion in France puts forward arguments
of its own ; some based on religion, others on
selfish motives, honour or pride,'but all agree as to
the necessity of intervention.
The speeches of Garibaldi, at Geneva, showed
that he was at the head of the Fenians in Italy.
The praises these speeches received in the red
Fenian newspapers of France, showed that he was
the mouthpiece of the Fenians in France. Similar
praises were lavished on Garibaldi by most of the
English newspapers, showing that if there are
green Fenians in Ireland, that there exists also
red Fenians in England. The Fenians of all coun-
tries walk hand in hand ; they have one oath of
alliance, one object in common, the destruction of
religion, the only barrier of order, and the only
safeguard to society. Louis Napoleon, seeing the
daring spirit of the Fenians, and belonging to the
same sect by his Carbonari oath, thought that
his safest plan was to place himself at their head,
and resolved to betray the Pope. He told France
that they could rely upon Italy to carry out the
September Convention, and at the same time
pressed Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel to go to
Rome quickly. The Empress herself was in the
treasonable plot, saying to her husband, "If you
frustrate the Italian Fenians your life, my life, and
that of our son will be in danger from the bombs
of a second Orsini." The complicity of the Italian
Government with the attack on Rome is seen in the
easy escape of Garibaldi from Caprera, ',the special
train provided at Florence, and the permission
given to the Italian soldiers to enrol themselves
in Garibaldi's bands.

Louis Napoleon had such a poor opinion of the
French nation, subject to his will since the coup
d'etat, that he had forgotten the reason of their
subjection was public order. He did not see that
to violate public order would break every bond
of union which existed between him and the
nation. His advisers were first made aware of
the mistake by the volunteers who went to Rome,
the subscriptions for their support published in
all the Catholic newspapers of France. Telegrams
were sent to every prefect in France to ask them
what was the opinion of the country ; the answer,
almost without an exception, was—intervention at
Rome or a revolution in France—the provinces
will march upon Paris, and. the Emperor will have
to leave, or will be shot. On receipt of this
answer orders were issued for immediate interven-
tion at Rome. Louis Napoleon did not think
it possible that they could be carried out with
such promptitude, but when men are all of one
mind they are quick in issuing orders, and those
orders are as quickly obeyed. Eleven trains were
despatched in one day from Lyons, and in twenty-
four hours 25,000 men were ready to embark at
Toulon. The navy showed the same enthusiasm
as the army to go to the help of the Pope, show-
ing that the people of France, the army and navy
were all of one mind respecting intervention at
Rome. In the meantime Louis Napoleon had
telegraphed to Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi to
make haste to Rome, in the same way as he had
acted at the time of General de Lamorciere before
Castelfidardo, but 350 Zouaves held Garibaldi in
check for two days at Monte Rotondo ; orders
were issued to call back the French fleet and troops
to Toulon, but the General in command dreading
sea sickness, had gone to Rome by land, and on
his arrival at Rome went at once to work, looking
after the fortifications and means of defence. Ile
telegraphed that he could hold out three days
against the Italian army, and for months against
Garibaldi's bands. On receipt of that telegram
Louis Napoleon, seeing that his plan had failed,
and reading the remarks in the Catholic news-
papers on the countermand of the expedition, and
fearing a revolution in Paris, immediately ordered
again the fleet to sail. The manner in which Rome
was saved is too well known to require comment.
Louis Napoleon was obliged to obey public
opinion, and it is in that way he didnot betray his
trust and the honour of France.
In France Garibaldi is not popular as in Eng-
land, where bigotry is so strong on matters of re-
ligion, that they are blind to their best interests.
They cannot see that a barrel of gunpowder ex-
ploded in Rome has the same effect as a barrel
of, gunpowder exploded in London. But now
they know the effect of that gunpowder barrel
Gari-
baldi and hisLondon,t Fenians
are no longer so sweet on
enians ; they can now see that
both Italian and Irish conspirators are of the
same kidney. If Garibaldi had succeeded in
Rome, an attempt would have been made to pro-
claim a Red Republic in Paris, and law and
been set at defiance in Eng-
beginning to enter the minds
loarudde r. w
Reasonou ld have a v
ise
of the people in England. That barrel of gun-
powder has taught them a great lesson, and though
bigotry still keeps them blindfolded ; they are
able now to see a little further ; they are begin-
ning to feel that religion is necessary for order
and obedience to law, and with a little logic they
will soon be as much in
.fairol it of Rome as they
m
were against it. If Feanism is bad in London,
it cannot be good in Rome.
In France, the opinions of the working classes,
entering into combination with the trade unionists
of England, the insubordination which exists in
every grade of society, where everybody wants to
command and nobody to obey, has opened the
gunpowder has opened the eyes of
eyes of thoughtful politicians in the same way as
They see that order and
thet h a t p be
oa rp ree l of f
England.
subordination cannot be preserved if religion is
insulted, that the Ten Commandments will not be
obeyed if those who teach the truth of the Ten
Commandments are held up to public obloquy.
The people of France have found that out, and it
is time that the people of England should know it
also; when they learn that, they will no longer be
surprised at the intervention of. the French at
Rome. Louis Napoleon could not help himself,
however friendly he may be to the Revolution, and
to its allies, either in Italy or England, his head
was at stake, and he-dared not betray his trust.
Many pious people in England look upon Louis
Napoleon as the perfection of an Emperor. They
are constantly speaking of the piety of their idol.
The adoration of this idol, the head and leader of
the European Revolution, gives strength to the
secret societies ; simple -minds thus belong to the
sect without being aware of it ; they contribute to
the worship of the principles of revolution per-
sonified in Louis Napoleon, and carried out in every
uncontrolled act of his home and foreign policy
to the deadening of the public conscience, and to
the consequent growth of the spirit of lawless-
ness and insubordination in Europe. If Louis
Napoleon would but follow the dictates of his
real mission, rid himself of the principles to which,
during his early wanderings after royalty, he
pledged himself by an illict oath, and see that he
is called to uphold religion and order, he might
then be held up to the admiration of honest men ;
he would no longer be obliged to require of his
police to stop every Italian at the frontier to de-
mand his passport ; he would be able to see that
Garibaldi, Fenians, red Fenians, and English
and Irish Fenians are all friends of that barrel
of gunpowder, emblem of the destruction which
their principles must bring down upon society.
In truth whether Louis Napoleon know it or not,
his security, the preservation of the Empire, his
own safety, and that of the Empress and her son,
are only to be secured by conservative measures,
the first of which is to restore the Pope in the
integrity of his dominions, or to give him that
security which shall place Rome free from pecu-
niary want, and from danger of invasion from his
" Fenian" neighbours.

Her Majesty's Indian troopship Serapis sailed
from Alexandria on the 3d inst. with the 35th
Foot and draughts, who were conveyed from
Bombay to Suez in the Malabar. The Serapis
will ,probably
17th inst. arrive at Portsmouth about the

PASTORAL LETTER OF 711 E BISHOP OF
LIVERPOOL.

The following Pastoral Letter of the Right Rev.
Dr. Goss, Bishop of Liverpool, has been addressed
to the clergy and laity of his diocese :

To our dearly beloved in Christ, the clergy, secular
and regular, and the laity of the diocese of Liver-
pool, health and benediction in the Lord.
You can hardly be ignorant of the audacious
attempt lately made by wicked men to wrest from
the Sovereign Pontiff the remnant of his patri-
monial estates. Bands of ruffians, composing the
scum of Italian cities, whom the Prime Minister of
England, Conservative though he be, has had the
indiscretion to dignify, in the royal speech, with
the appellation of volunteers, endeavoured to wrest
from the Pope the city of Rome, and the barren
tract of country by which it is surrounded. They
were led by a retired sea captain, surnamed
General Garibaldi, a man boastful in speech, but
cowardly in action, who, having won English
Protestant sympathy by his hostility to the Pope,
has now earned universal contempt by his renun-
ciation of Christianity. Strange that a country
which spends millions in the propagation of the
Gospel should idolise the enemy of the Gospel,
on no higher grounds than hatred to the Pope !
In his original profession this man might have
earned the respect of his employers ; but lured
by the ambition of military glory, and aspiring
to the dignity of a patriot, he has become a pest
to society by lending himself to the cause of re-
volution, the downfall of thrones, and the over-
throw of religion. Putting himself at the head of
hordes of filibusters, composed of communists,
socialists, and infidels, to the cry of "Death or
Rome !" he invaded the Patrimony of St. Peter.
In a time of profound peace he burst into the
country, plundered the loyal inhabitants, and
spread sorrow and desolation along his line of
march. The Roman General Kanzler, at the in-
vitation of the people, visited the Cathedral of
Monte Rotondo, that he might see with his own
eyes the ruin caused by them. He found the in-
terior a complete wreck. The images, crucifixes,
and candelabra were all broken into pieces and
scattered on the ground ; every corner was filled
with disgusting filth ; the chalices and other con-
secrated vessels had been carried away, and, hor-
rible to relate, the sacred particles had been
sacrilegiously strewn upon the floor. In the sacristy
all the safes had been broken open, the vestments
had been stolen or destroyed ; nothing sacred re-
mained uninjured. On the persons of some of the
prisoners were found portions of their sacrilegious
plunder. It is commonly believed that if the
revolutionary army could have mastered Rome,
the cardinals and principal prelates would have
been massacred, the churches sacked, and the
city laid in ruins, for all the barracks of the Papal
troops had been undermined, arms of the most
destructive kind were at the disposal of the secret
societies within the walls, and the worst charac-
ters of the most venal populace in the world had
been bribed by the insurrectionists. But God put
His enemies under His feet, and saved, through the
valour of its army, the mountain of the house of
the Lord prepared on the top of mountains, and
exalted above the hills, to which all nations flow
(Isaiah ii. 2). The invincible Garibaldi, after boast-
ing to Europe that in a few days he would unfurl
his banner on the capitol, was compelled to seek
safety by an ignominious flight. It was said by an
adversary of the great Hannibal, that he was the
first on the field and the last out ; but it has been
said of Garibaldi by his adversary, that he never
appeared at the post of danger, and that to the
cry of "Save who can," he and his staff were the
first to reach the confines of the Italian kingdom.
It is lamentable to see the low state of truthful-
ness in Governments, shown by the fact that
Garibaldi was countenanced by the Italian Go-
vernment, notwithstanding the lying pretence of
a squadron to watch his lair at Caprera. His ad-
herents allege that he had an assurance that the
French would not intervene, or that, if they did,
the Italian army would forestall them, and get
possession of Rome before they could come up.
The Government of King Victor Emmanuel is said
to have given fifty thousand francs to the widows
of the slain, and the ministers have just pro-
nounced an amnesty to all concerned in the late
filibustering expedition. The reasons alleged in
justification of these outrages are puerile and un-
sound. It is said that the Pope would be more
respected by non-Catholics, and would have
greater spiritual weight amongst Catholics, if he
were not tramelled with Temporal Sovereignty.
Now the abettors of these opinions are the
enemies, not the friends, of the Catholic Church.
The Pope ought certainly to know better than his
enemies what is necessary for the discharge of the
duties of his supreme and apostolic ministry. " The
moment," he says (Consistory of April 20, 1849),
" the Roman Pontiff becomes the subject of any
Prince or Government, and is no longer the absolute
master of his own actions, from that moment he loses
the complete confidence both of nations and their
rulers, as well as, at least, the undoubting obedience
of the children of the Church. In fact, neither the
faithful nor their Government would ever be able
wholly to divest themselves of a fear lest the acts of
the Pontiff should be effected by the will of the
r Prince in whose dominions he happened to be, and,
under such a pretext, they would not fail, as occa-
sion served, to refute the obedience due to his
commands." If spiritual and temporal power be
incompatible in the same persons, why is the Sove-
reign of England allowed to possess them ? Queen
Victoria exercises the same authority over the Esta-
blished Church of England as Pius IX. exercises
over the 'Universal Church. An Act of Parliament
transferred to the English Crown all the rights,
prerogatives, jurisdictions, and powers formerly
exercised by the Pope over the Church in this
country. By the Royal authority alone the prelates
of the Established Church are appointed. By the
Royal authority alone her Convocations are sum-
moned, regulated, prorogued, and dissolved. With-
out the Royal sanction her canons have no force.
One of the articles of her faith is that, without
the Royal consent, no ecclesiastical council can law-
fully assemble. From all her judgments an appeal
lies in the last resort to the Sovereign, even when
the question is whether an opinion ought to be
counted heretical, or whether the administration of
a sacrament has been valid.—(Lord Macaulay,
Hist. Eng., vol. i.) May we not justly say to the
English opponents of the temporal power :—" Thou
hypocrite, cast out first the beam out of thine own
eye, and then shalt thou see to cast out the mote
out of thy brother's eye."—(St. Matt. vii. 5.) It
is said that Rome ought to belong to Italy ; may it
not with greater truth be retorted that Gibraltar
belongs to Spain ? Rome never belonged to Italy,
but Italy to Rome ; whereas Gibraltar did belong
to Spain. Besides, the title of the Pope to Rome
is better than the title of the dynasty of Queen
Victoria to the English throne. The rightful
branch of the Stuarts lost the throne by treason,
treachery, and rebellion ; the Pope acquired his by
the free gift of the people, when the division of
the Roman Empire into many kingdoms and
diverse Governments gave birth to the civil princi-
pality of the Roman Pontiff. A Protestant historian
observes that the proudest royal houses are but of
yesterday compared with the line of the Supreme
Pontiffs. Platform orators echo the taunt of the
newspaper press that priests cannot govern. Out
upon such cant ! Have not the best rulers of States
been Churchmen ? Where would England be if
it had not been for the vigorous and enlightened
Churchmen who guided the counsels of our kings
in the Middle Ages? "It would be unjust," writes
Macaulay, " not to acknowledge that the chief agent
in the two great deliverances which put an end to
the tyranny of nation over nation, and to the pro-
perty of man in man, was religion. A successor
of Becket was foremost among the refractory mag-
nates who obtained that charter which secured the
privileges both of the Norman barons and of the
Saxon yeomanry. How great a part the Roman
enclesiastics subsequently had in the abolition of
villeinage we learn from the unexceptionable testi-
mony of Sir Thomas Smith, one of the ablest
Protestant counsellors of Elizabeth. When the dying
slaveholder asked for the last sacraments, his spi-
ritual attendants regularly abjured him, as lie loved