The Sun.
London, England, 1850-02-22 00:00:00

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SOCIETY OF ART* 442,47.!(,
tui
r At the meeting of the 6th February, Jetta :311 1' - le\\ 1.
Esq., F.R.S., V.P., in the chair, an abstract of t ....I.c. t+ ,i- 1
_ part of a paper by Mr. A. G. Findlay, iiset 4- z,,..., ' (A.XV‘
Artificial Breekweters, and the principles w. is .41".'e i,,,,;e-
ee , ee",,e
their construction, was read. e.e, , se
Mr. Findlay commenced the second pat . ' . .1,-...- -.4_ •
by recapitulating some of the forces and circu'. , I,' . :fs-e-e4-
' t) which bieakwetees are subjected, as cited in s. •
former abstract. The application of these was the sub-
ject cf the present portion.
The preparations for the great Cherbourg digue were
noticed; the proposals of 1712 and 1777 for a line of
sunken ships filled with masonry, as at the siege of La
Rochelle in 1573, and the first operations by M. de Ces-
cart in 1782-4 were described. This latter plan was to
sink truncated conical caissons, strongly framed of tim-
ber, 150 feet diameter, and 64 feet high, floated by
means of a double tier of immense casks around their
bases. The first and second was successfully latmohed;
but before the latter could be filled with stones as in.
tended, a storm carried it away to low-wets; mark.
This led to a great change in the plan; instead of 90 of
these cones tangent to each other, they were to be placed
at considerable distances apart, the intervals to be filled
with pierre perdli; 18 of them were laid, but they were
all destroyed but one before 1789—some of them in two
days after their being placed. The method a pierre
perdd was then resorted to, and continued with until it
was modified by an upright parapet from low-water level
by M. Dupare, 1832; the work is still in progress.
The series of four different slopes, in which the. waves
have distributed the stones of the digue was described;
and the absence of the lowest slope in the Plymouth
section was accounted for by the increased force of the
waves upon the latter. '
The commencement in 1611 by Mr. Ronnie, and sub-
sequent proceedings under its present superintendent,
Mr. Stuart, of the Plymouth breakwater, were then al-
luded.to, and the increased length of foreshore which
had been found necessary, from the original design ,and
the greater effect of the sea at its west end described.
In 1838, from the great effects of a storm, a species of
buttress I was designed by Mr. James Walker, C.E., for
the protection cf the base of the lighthouse. This in-
volved anew principle in hydraulic arckitecture,lafter-
wards alluded to.
This structure resembles in some degree the system of
dovetailing and grooves adopted by Smeatol it' the Ed-
dystone; but differs in its application. The Delaware
breakwater in the Unitld States was then briefly al-
luded to.
The principle of presenting a concave face to the waves
was adverted to. In 1734 such a section was proposed, but
not acted on, by M. Touros, for S. Jean do Luz. In
1787-95, Don. Torus" Munos constructed the sea-walls
of Cadiz thus: a straight foreshore -of -timber plunking
and a curved masonry termination. This was destroyed
by the blocks of stone placed at its foot for protection
rolling up the incline against the masonry. M. Easy,
who endeavoured to establish the existence of what he
denominates the hot-du fond, proposed a cylindridal or
other curvilinear face for this purpose in 1818, and in
1820 repaired the works of the fortification of St. Mar-
tin, Ile de Re, in the Day of Biscay, on this plan, which
was so far successful, though not very greatly exposed.
Various forms of the concave revetement were noticed,
and the natural form assumed by the shingle beach was
cited as an instance of the effect of beach surf. This
form has been adopted in the Dymchurch wall con-
structed by Mr. Walker. The mode of action of the
waves against a cliff was also explained, as producing a
similar section.
Mr. Scott Russell's deductions from the wave system
leading also to similar conclusions, were then alluded to,
and the sectional form he has proposed described. lie
preferred a parabolodial curve for the foreshore; and an
overhanging coping, so as to turn the wave on itself,
was described. Mr. Russell, for deep-water sttuctures,
preferred the method it picrre perdil forming a straight
foreshore. One otjection to this system of concave
face was, the varying level to which such structures are
exposed from tidal influences, and the differences of
curve presented at different periods of tide.
From these systems, the vertical, or nearly vertical
wall, was then described; and the great national work at
Dover, the Iltfoge Harbour, was stated to be on the
principle established by the experience of the buttress at
the west end of Plymouth Breakwater. This mode cf
construction, found effective at that place, counteracts
some of the difficulty tact with in securing the mascery
facing of is. In a previous part of the paper it was
stated that the stones were blown out of the facing, or
towards the sea-wave. This action is attributed to the
percussion force entering the joints, and thus the water
or air contained within the body of the masonry being
most forcibly driven upv ards and outwards, carried single
stones out of their beds. The new mode consists of
stepping one course of stones iota the upper surface of
that beneath it, so as to form a ledge to prevent its out
ward tendency, and also to divert the direct action of
the wave on the joint. In addition to this, esch atone is
so dove-tailed on its horizontal plane, that each course
forms virtually one stone; and alternate stones in each
course are locked into the course beneath it ; so that,
throughout the fabric, some portion of each course be-
longs to the one on either side of it, making the whole
into one mass. These stones are found at the quarries,
and fixed in their places by the diving-bell. The shoe-
don of Dover Harbour, as being free from the chances
of silting up, was considered in reterence to the tides,
and the improbability that any great amount .of shingle
would for the future embarrass the work.

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.
T ATTERSALVS.-YESTERDAY.

Another flat day, and the prices, except on the Liver-
pool Steeplechase and the Northamptonshire Handicap,
the same as on Monday. For the first named event,
Meath, The Knight of Gwynue, Columbine, and Victini
were in high favbur; and for the second, Osterley, Fern-
hill, and Bolus. John Cosscr' Roland, Elierdale, and
Clermont were most in request for the Chester Cup, and
The Nigger and Mayors for the Derby. Latest quota-
tions:—

LIVERPOOL STEEPLECHASE.
9 to 1 agst Lord Waterford's Sir John
12 to 1 agst Mr. Harrison's Meath—:taken
12 to 1 agst Mr. J. Fort's Knight of Gwynn°
14 to 1 agst Mr. Lawson na Peter Simple—taken
15 to 1 agst Mr. Hassell's The Victim—taken
25 to 1 agst Mr. Pocket's Columbine—taken freely
25 to 1 eget Mr. Treadgold's Maria Day
1,500 to 100 agst Maria Day and Abd-el Kader—tak, a

THE NORTIIAMPTONSEIIKE STAKES.

6 to 1 agat Mr. H. Hill's Osterley, 4 yra, 7st—take
7 to 1
10 to 1 agst Mr. Halferd's Harriott, 3 yrs, sst 101b—
take 11 to 1
13 to 1 agst Sir J. Hawley's Pemba 5 yrs, Bst 41b
—taken
15 to 1 agst Lord Eglinton's B flue, 4 yrs, 7st 51b—t
20 to 1 agst Mr. Gregory's Damask, 3 yrs, sst 61b
25 to 1 agst Captain Lowther's Bastinado, 3 yrs,
4st 61b—taken
METROPOLITAN STAKES.

5 to 1 agst Mr. Gratwicko's Cheerful, 4 yri, 6 !-
-taken and afterwards offered

25 to 1 ef;st Mr. C. Peck's Melody, 4 yrs, 7st—take n

NEWMARKET HANDICAP.

1,600 to 100 sgst Capt. Hervey's Strongbow, 4 yrs, Tat
—taken

CHESTER CUP.

20 to 1 agst Mr. Ileiklam's Roland, 4 yrs, sst 81b—t
22 to 1 agst Capt. Hareourt's Elladt!e, 6 yrs, Bst 31b
—2,500 to 100 taken
30 to 1 agst Mr. Eddison us John Cosser, 5 yrs,
Bst 51b—taken
33 to 1 agst Lord Chesterfiel l's Lady Evelyn, 4 yrs,
Bst 21h—taken
50 to 1 agst Sir R. Pigot's DseJarius, 4 yrs, 7st 91b
—taken
50 to 1 agit Mr. Grigoty's Clsr.nr nt, 6 yrF, ist slb
—taken
50 to 1 agst Mr. Irwiu's Horn of Chase, 6 yrs, 7st 101 b
1,000 to 15 agst Mr. Armstrong's Vesta, 6 yr:, 7st 51b
—taken and afterward, offered

1,000 to 12 agstgi;6.Alinck's GuJiver, 4 yrs, sit 81b
—taken

DERBY.
181 toto aaggs,tt Dmorl.colvof o
W.
Ednwicahrdmsonns
ad'B oGlinhglitilirOkeeLlituarlaten
and afterwards offered
11 to 1 agst Lord Eglinton's Knight of Avenel
14 to 1 agst Mr. Gratwicko's The Nigger—t fceeiy
25 to 1 agst Mr. J. Scott's Cyprus—taken
25 to 1 agst Lord Eglinton's Niavors
2,000 to 50 agst Colonel Peel's Hardinge—talon
1,000 to 20 agst Mr. Gannon's Deicoon—taken
LINCOLN RACES AND STEEPLECHASE.
THURSDAY.
Swecpstakos (Fat Race).

The Dart
Kill or Cure

... 1

Eight ►an. Won easy.
The Steeplechase.

Lacy Noal
Rachael

... 1
... :i

••• •• •• •••
Nine stgrtrd.••• Won by two•
lengths.

FEARFUL ACCIDENT IN PARRINGDON-STREET.---,
pAYbreroslieseer,
ddthe
Yesterday
Tavern,ax alongafternoon,
let Me
oFb
nrai rad rtgs tneg do of
rn
sidei re
oe tr,
oM.rorsa.d,Cotterell, oftlieadQuez;so
tfirne vielhicolnee-hrtote,
and another lady,
cwhen both parties were pitched head foremost out. The
moment afterwards the horse took fright, and dashed
along at a furious rate over Holborn-bridge into the
new sire, t, with the remainder of the vehicle striking
against his legs. Fortunately, although so many pi-
ties were crossing the road at the time, they escaped any
receivedinjury.
in Mrs.
f.
anbCwnepoianitsmetle
momentum
nmednl
immediately
ntpehthduoebi
mwal
ground,oteeoov blood
yr v
tt,
h, besidestaacskwsu a
was
sttrhueekinojvuerry still;
wheel,tareamto laird. frsßoomumlluitn'eh,ta:
wf
hartoir,euhnthat
bswyhheet
surgery, where her wound was dreste.l, and after some
time she was removed to her residence in a cab. Tim
animal was not stopped until it reached the end of the
new street.

haveV tCIa
beenE S
most
'
tTHEisasWtroEusLSHtoCtOltSsTh.—ippTinhge
alalotenggetSaees
coasts; and, in addition to the rezorded disasters, it is
feared, from the port'ous of wick. which have come
ashore in various localities, that other shipwrecks have
occurred. We regret to state that there is every reason
to believe that a large vessel has been wrecked on the
Laugharne Scads, as the bow of a fine ship, apparently
of about 500 tons burden, with a female figurehead, has
been washed ashore. The stern of a boat, with the name
Mary li'Queeney, of Pool, Laic Seaman, master, has
also come ashore, and it is supposed to belong to the
above wreck. The Thetis, from Newport to Limerick,
havehs s been
beensa
wreckedved o
ui
oCardigan -b(a)fy a3r;
md onlyen. The smack two persons
Catherine. of Port Marx., David Evans, master, from
Newport, for 3Joehray, has been lost on the Patches,
near Me,ystwitb. and all hands have perished. Some
of the Bristol and Welsh steamers had upwards of three
feet of water in their cabins during the gale of last wtek