The Sun.
London, England, 1850-01-04 00:00:00

States of America. If a priest of Christianity is
termed " the Reverend"—RoBESPIERRE, the most
renowned of the Gallic Democrats, was also styled
by his fellow-Republicans " the Incorruptible." If
the Supreme PONTIFF is mentioned reverentially as
" His Holiness the Pope"—OLIVER. CROMWELL, the
Puritan-leader of the Commonwealth, was spoken of
during the memorable days of his supremacy as "His
Highness the Lord Protector." So much for the
consistency of this very prudish fastidiousness evinced
in regard to ranks, titles, and dignities by the anta-
gonist of Monarchical institutions and the panegyrist
of Republicanism.

With SIIAKSPERE think we, " What's in a name ?"
in spite of vaunting epithets, in the face of ostentatious
insignia•, and in the teeth of our own democratic pre-
dilections, still loving virtuel admiring valour, re•
verencing wisdom, and paying our meed of homage
to patriotism. To us a venerable ruler may be an
object of admiration, notwithstanding he is addressed
as " Your Highness" or " Your Majesty." To us a
sage and benignant ecclesiastic may be an object of
love and reverence, notwithstanding his titles are
those of "Your Grace" or "Your Holiness." Not
so with C. L2Enzus—hls ambition is not to rise to
the heights of his superiors, but to sink those
superiors to the depths of his own medio-
crity. Upon the same principle he sighs for the
extinction of Religion, of Society, and of Civi-
lization (see chapter vii.). Because the priest-
hood are deputed to console the multitude in the
midst of the miseries to which they are liable in a
terrestrial existence, he would abolish with " one fell
swoop" that class of comforters—blindly believing
that the consolation of distress is the perpetuation of
calamity. Because, moreover, the savage is pre-
served by his very ignorance from various anxieties
and afNctions, he would gladly witness the re-
turn of mankind to barbarism instead of aiding
in the maintenance and development of civiliza-
tion. Infuriated at the poverty resulting from
the diversity and competition of classes, he
manifestly yearns for the rupture of the whole
social system and the return to primeval anarchy.
With such destructives we have not one particle of
sympathy; rather for us that gentle and beneficent
creed %bids recognizes the sedimentary hope under
all the effervescent ills pouring abundantly forth from
the box of our earthly Pandora. The gaze of true
Democracy is never back towards the bloody chaos of
the Past, but onwards, for ever onwards, in the direc-
tion of the propitious Future.

The laudable example afforded by the ex-Premier
to the landlord class has been followed even in Ireland-
Two persons, of very different political creeds, have
addressed their respective tenantries—the one, a
high Tory of the old school, a strenuous advocate for
protection, and the re-imposition of the tax on human
food ; the other, a zealous and enthusiastic Free-
trader, an earnest reformer of all existing abuses, and
a consistent and able supporter of an amelioration of
the landlord and tenant code. Each is, of course,
actuated by his own peculiar views, and anxious to
discharge fairly the important duties incident to his
position. It would, indeed, be fortunate for poor, un-
happy Ireland if the other proprietors of the soil were
enabled to perform similar acts of justice to the occu-
piers, either in the way of effecting the neces-
sary improvements, or in entering into equit-
able arrangements as to the amount of rent
payable in respect of the several holdings. This can,
perhaps, scarcely be hoped for, at least, to any great
extent in what may be termed, par excellence, the
distressed districts. But it may at least be reason-
ably expected that such landlords as have it in their
power to do so will speedily follow the praise-
worthy precedents.
The Marquis of DOWNSHIRE directs his attention
altogether to the improvement of the soil, by a com-
plete and thorough drainage thereof. He offers no
suggestions as to any re-adjustment of rents, or
allowances in consequence of the reduced prices of
agricultural produce. He, perhaps, feels that the
condition and prospects of the farmers are not so
gloomy and hopeless as his fellow-Protectionists
would wish the public to believe, but that
every difficulty may be surmounted if proper
means be adopted for that purpose. The re-
duced price of wheat can best be remedied by the
increase of crops, and the first great want of the
country—fair employment for the labouring popula-
tion, will be supplied by the steps taken to achieve the
former object. The Noble Marquis, therefore, declares
his readiness to undertake the drainage of the lauds
upon reasonable conditions. He is willing to earry
out all the details, employing the labourers, and
paying weekly for all the work done, by task. The
occupier is not required to meet any portion of the
expense, not even to give his own labour without full
remuneration. His Lordship announces that " such
tenants, or such members of their families, as wish
it, may work along with the rest of the men
on their own land, and be paid weekly,
so affording them present assistance, while
their lands are permanently improved, and any
tenant who chooses may diminish the expense, and
consequently his per-centsge, by carting the tiles or
stones that may be required for draining his land."
Ile conditions on which this great boon is to be
bestowed are, that the tenant shall pay half-yearly,
with his rent, interest on the actual outlay at the rate
of five per cent. per annum, and have the option of
repaying the amount at any time, and so discontinu-
ing the payment of interest ; and accounts of the ex-
penditure of each farm will be open for inspection
by the tenants: This is just and liberal, and we have
no doubt that the tenantry on the Downshire estate
will derive the greatest benefit from the
judicious conduct of their noble landlord. It
is the embarrassed and impoverished con-
dition of the landed proprietors generally,
and their total inability to afford the necessary
assistance to industrious and improving tenants, that
has involved the country in such deplorable distress
and destitution.

Mr. SHARMAN CRAWFORD, the unflinching advocate
of "tenant-right," has by his address afforded the
strongest evidence that he is prepared to " practise"
what he has so long and so incessantly preached. He
gives a practical proof of his determination to carry
out his own benevolent theories. He enters fully into
the question of the principles on which rent should
be fixed and ascertained. Comparatively little was
required at his bands, for the Hon. Member for Roch-
dale has long been considered a " model landlord."
Every tenant was well aware that he himself or his
family would be permitted to enjoy the fruits of bis
own imprisonment. At Crawfordstown, at least
there was no danger that the rents would be im-
properly or unfairly increased, or that the occupier
would be evicted from his holding without receiving
ample compensation for any amelioration he might
have effected. Various circumstances might occur
that would render an increase or diminution of rent
an act of common justice either to landlord or to tenant,
but the former would notdeprive the latter of the fruits
of his industry, or seek for advantages to which he
was not justly entitled.

Mr. CRAWFORD considers that fair proportions of
the produce of the soil, based upon its productive
powers, should be assigned to landlord and to tenants,
and that at every new settlement of rent, whether of
rise or fall, that principle should be fully carried
out, and that however fairly a landlord's proportion
may be arranged at any particular period, by the
tenant being made liable to pty a certain annual slur
in money, as representing a certain proportion of
produce, that proportion, so arranged in money, may

reprobated by levelling pamphleteers, a shame to the
land, a disgrace to humanity, an atrocious and
universal shibboleth. Why, if this writer had conned
history aright he would have known sufficiently well
that titles and ranks are the inevitable consequences
of Government, no matter how organised, no matter
whether a Despotism or a Commonwealth, a
Monarchy or a Republic. He would have seen that
distinctive designations have resulted from the estab•
lishment of Democratic and Godless institutions
quite as much as from the establishment of oligarchic
and theocratic authorities.: If the popular representa-
tives of France under the Monarchy were termed
" Honourable Members" of the Chamber of Deputies
—the popular representatives of the United ;States
under the Republic are, in like manner, termed
" Honourable Members of Congress." If INTlcrfor-ts
or PETER be designated the AUTOCRAT of all the
Russian—TAYLOß or WASHINGTON will be
found to be distinguished by the equally
august title of President of the free

cease to represent a just proportion of produce, and
may become entirely:the reverse of a just proportion, by
a change in the markets. lie, therefore, thinks, " that
every letting of lands, whether for a longer or a
shorter term, should be subject to a re-adjustment of
rent, according to the prices of produce—either an-
nually, or from time to time, as may be agreed on."
This is, in fact, the principle of " corn rents,"
which, although so little resorted to, is, perhaps, the
most equitable that could be adopted for all parties.
Mr. CRAWFORD is desirous of carrying out
his views practically with his tenants, and
for that purpose has inquired into the
rents charged on the different parts of his
property on lands out of lease. Some which
had been charged according to valuations made by
himself were estimated at a low scale of prices, ar,d
would not generally require much change, but others,
which had been assessed according to a valuation
made by a professional valuator, appear to have been
valued at a higher range of prices than he considers
suitable to the prices now obtainable for agricultural
produce. This grievance will, therefore, immediately
be removed, the Hon. Gentlemen acting towards his
tenants on the broad and equitable principle of " live
and let live."

Mr. CRAWFORD does not conclude his admirable
letter without administering a seasonable rebuke to
the Protectionist agitators who are now disturbing
the country and deluding the people with the vain
idea that a bread-tax would again be tolerated, or
that the iniquitous corn laws would ever again be
submitted to. His observations on these points are
well worthy of notice. We shall not, however, at
present enter into the political part of his address,
but submit his conduct towards his tenantry as worthy
of imitation by all persons who, whatsoever msy be
their political predilections and views, are alive to
the great fact that " property has its duties as well
as its rights."

UHE FRENCH REPUBLIC

We have received the Paris journals of yesterday.
It appears that M. PARRIEU'S motion for de-
claring the Bill relating to the masters of primary
schools urgent, was,
in fact, carried by a majority
of 1, instead of there being a tie, as was announced
by the President after the first scrutiny of the votes,
but it is considered improbable that the Ministry will
venture, in opposition to such a formidable minority, to
persevere with this Bill, and it was rumoured yester-
day that the Ministerial measure, and the Education
Bill of M. DE FALLOUX would both be withdrawn.
On the division the whole of the Mountain, to a man,
voted against the Ministry as did the whole
of the Moderate Republicans, including General
CAVAIGNAC and M. DUFAURE. The ranks of
the Legitirnatists, Orleanists, and parti pretre
were completely divided, M. BERRYER voted
against M. MOLE, and M. DE MONTALAMBERT
igainst M. DE VATESMESNIL This division in the
ranks of the Monarchists is of good omen for the
stability of the Republic.
It was rumoured that General D'llAuTroun was
about to resign and to go to Algeria as Governor,
and that M. LEON FAUCHER was about to enter the
Cabinet. Neither of these rumours, how-
ever, obtained the slightest credit, and as a
proof that no serious apprehensions are enter-
tained in consequence of the division on Wednesday
it may be mentioned that the price of public securi-
ties on the Bourse was not only well supported, Lut
that a further rise took place.
General CHANGARNIER is, it is said, to be appointed
a Marshal of France.
The Committee on the Affairs of La Plata met on
Thursday, and agreed to the following resolution :
" Since the Government does not recognia3 the Le
Predour treaty, and that it believes that new negotia-
tions may lead to success, the National Assembly invites
the Government to undertake them, at tho same time
sending a safo present force to support these negotia-
tions, and to give an efficacious protection to our coun-
trymen." _ _ _

This resolution may be considered as a compromise
between the Ministry and the war party.
The Assemblee Nationale has the following on Sir
R. PEEL'S letter to his tenantry :--
"This is language of a nature to have a great efftct on
political parties in England, and, in fact, the document
has already absorbed much of the public attention. But
what we find most remarkable in it are the kind
relations of sympathy which Sir Robert Peel establishes
with his tenants. The spectacle presented to us by this
statesman is a grand and noble one. The representative
of the English aristocracy abandoning a part of his
rents to his tenants to alleviate their burdens, and to
constrain them to realise all the improvements
with which science has enriched agriculture ; assisting
them with his purse to recover in practical improvements
the advantages which the importation of foreign corn
has taken from the m for the benefit of the mz.nufacturing
intr- rests; preaching by example that man triumphs over
material difficulties by the force of wisdom, labour, per-
severance, and self-denial—yes, this spectacle, we say,
is calculated to have an effect on French landed pro-
prietors; it is evidently the true, the only socialism
which can preserve our rural districts from revolutionary
Utopian schemes. Landed property in France, cut up in
small portions, d nibtless cannot, as in England, place at
the disposal of the farmer resources such as large English
fortunes possess, and which Sir Robert Peel so gene
rously affords to his tenants; but let good laws on credit
fonder be voted in France, and we shall soon see our
agriculture find in credit, which up to this time has
failed it, those elements of prosperity which aro wanting
to its development, and efficacious remedies against that
usury which has sapped its vitals."
At the meeting of the Legislative Assembly, yes-
terday, it was announced, that in consequence of some
Members having voted twice, the real numbers on
the division on the question of urgency on the Educa-
tion nd
iße
ei
ul
e, s
ion
ar were—forarose,
ui
nr gtehnec ye,
ou3roeBe ;
eafgwaihnisethit,it3eop7..
peared that great irregularities had been committed
be
ehe
returneddivision .8 s
Seme
in taking and countintgoxivi.;
Tejon lists
Members, not wishing
to vote had voted
absen-
tees, and yet not wishing
both ways; many Me er
alowr, declared that they had voted in favour of the
mbhs
and
don 6 whom were
General
Ministry,
aTl.thJouEgahN
inD'tAhrzeGd
they
that
ha
alht a God
n. abAets
en
returned as absent. It futrittthheer
Presidentfirst reckoning,
the
ee
numberssecr etaricve
wsasereaen,lfor urgency 313,
w declaredai‘s dis c
ot
vo e
rt
ehde
scrutinyagainst it 310, 3thleo,tiaeknedtetthhaat
on the second
to be a tie. Under these circumstances,
Dußois moved, as an order of the day,
I. A mADLE
day, that the
scrutiny of the preceding day be annulled and that
the Chamber do proceed to a new scrutiny. This I
motion was put to the vote, and the result o „
619
gave—
Absolute majority... ••• •••
For the order of the day „, ... 310
••• ... 371
Against it ...
•• ... 248
rael:del;reedthn

was proceeded with on the q
Majority ...
123
The Assembly having adopted the order of the da
new ballot y, a
urgency, when there appeared--
uestion of
For the urgency
Against it ...

... 329
... 300

was then declared and the Assembly
we imagine, will tend to strenghten
Majority ... ... --
The. 29
ylt'and the Republican opposition, while it
urgency
adjourned.
the
will
'AI
weakeniiriis tur
the Legitimatists and Pali pretre, whose
want alike of foresight and of &minis cannot but
materially damage them as leaders of a political party,
both in the opinion of their immediate followers and
of the public in general.
PARIS BOURSE—THURSDAY, JAN. 3.
THREE O'CLOClL—Notwithstanding the result of the
division in the Assembly yesterday, the Funds were re-
markably firm to-day. The Five per Cents. opened i
per cent. below yesterday's prices, but they soon began
to rise steadily, and they ultimately closed a shade
higher than yesterday. The Railway Eventualities have
fallen a good deal to-day. Lyons and Avignoas opened
at 15f., and closed at 14f. 75c,; Bordeaux and Cettes
opened at 17f. 25c., and closed at 14f. 75e. Exchange
on London (30 days), 25f.; ditto (90 days), 25f.
BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT TUE
LONDON STOCK-EXCHANGE, JAN. 3.
Boulogne and Amiens, 7%—Central of France (Orleans
and Vierzon), 13%—Luxembourg, 2ti —Namur and Liege, 7
—Northern of France, 11/i dis. —Paris and Rouen, 225....
Rouen and Havre, 91h—Sambre and Meuse, 21.

GERMANY

AND

THE NORTHERN STATES.

AUSTRIA.

-- ---
General Count WRIINA, who commanded the Im.
perialists when they were defeated at Raab by the
Hungarians, has committed suicide at Verona.
The typhus fever was raging fearfully at Vienna on
the 20th ult. No less than thirty two medical
men had been seized with it from visiting their
patients.

- It was rumoured that an amnesty would be pro-
claimed on the let.

The Stullgard Official Gazette publishes the fol-
WIRTEMBERG.
lowing address from the KING to his subjects :
" Animated by a sincere desire to satisfy the
exigencies of an epoch replete with progress, and faith-
fully to fulfil the promises which we made, we convoked
the assembly of the deputies of the country to &liberate
with them upon tho:e ckignve in the e whieti
• -=•••• • •-• "
rogatives of the nobility, and to conclude with them an
ulterior fundamental compact. Moreover, upon our