The Sun.
London, England, 1868-01-07 00:00:00

'THE SUN, LON VON, TUESDAY EVKINING, JAMIARY 7, 1868.

MISCELLANEOUS FOREIGN NEWS.

ROME, Dec. 28.

Christmas in all its Roman splendour has passed
in peace. We had great accessions of visitors in
the preceding week ; stagnant hotels and apart-
ments were called into all their' normal winter
activity, and the streets were filled with luggage-
laden vehicles. The attendance at the English
Protestant service on the last Sunday of Advent
was estimated to amount to between 500 and 600,
and there are many English Catholics also, though
they have hardly gathered in as great force as usual.
Other countrie3 are represented in larger propor-
tion, arid probably the major part swelled the
congregation at S. Peter's at the High Mass, but
a few thousands more or less makes very little
difference in the appearance it presents on such

occasions.
The Pope sang the Mass with a voice as firm and
clear as usual, and as he was afterwards borne
&oft through the church ample opportunity was
afforded to the kneeling thousands to observe that
the hand which was raised to bless them retained
all its energy, and that the :frame of the venerable
Pontiff shows none of the signs of decay his ad-
versaries are so fond of predicating.
Cardinal Antonelli did not officiate as first dea-
con on this occasion ; hewas overcome by an attack
a indisposition during the service in the Sistine
Chapel on Sunday. Still, though he did not feel
equal to this exertion, he occupied his place among
the cardinals, and was looking tolerably well. He
is, indeed, almost recovered.
I am •not, however, going to speak of the func-
tion in detail. It has often been described, and
every time I assist at it I feel more and more how
inadequate any language is to help in reproducing
the impression it conveys. The matchless strains
of the " silver trumpets," and the scarcely less sil-
ver-toned choir, must be heard in that particular
area, unrivalled in its acoustic perfection; the
solemn gathering-in of all the nations of the earth
must be stood among, and the perfect freedom and
equality of all classes in the throng—the cosmo-
politan at-homeness of all present—must be felt
within that spacious fane, amid the relics and
effigies of the holy ones of all time ; the artistic,
albeit spontaneous, grouping of worshippers, and
massing of colours and costumes, must ba seen,
forming the background and framework to the
glorious shrine where all that is richest and no-
blest and most beautiful of this world's production
is collected into one harmonious aggregate to
attest to an unbelieving world that God sitteth
in the heavens. No words can convey, and no
mind can call up for itself the image of a scene
so complicated in its actual production.
But there was a feature in this year's Christmas
celebration at S. Peter's which must not be passed
over, and that is the traces to be observed there of
the present crisis of the fortunes of the Temporal
Power. First, there were shining on the breasts
of the numerous Italian soldiers, born subjects of
the Pope, who variegated the throng—Guardie
Nobile and National Guard, no less than the regu-
lar soldiers of the line, Gendarmes, Dragoons, and
Cacciatori—the new cross, the token of how their
ranks had been distinguished for their loyal
bravery in-defence of their country and its Go-
vernment. Then there were in the envied posi-
tion of keeping the line of the venerable pro-
cession the Zouaves, in their free and easy cos-
tume, looking, as they have ever proved them-
selves, ready for any work requiring pluck and
alertness. And lastly, the groups of newly-arrived
defenders of the rights of the Holy See, display-
ing, in the ardent devotion, admiration, and awe
with which their first sight of the overpowering
vision of the place manifestly inspired them, qua-
lities which will replace what they may have yet
to acquire in smartness of drill. Such men may
be borne down by overpowering numbers, but as
you see them you feel that nothing less will repulse
them.

The day was brilliant in the extreme ; the sky
of a hue never attained by the most frantic efforts
of a London June, and the sunlit air mocked the
sharpest efforts of the keen Trarnontana, to re-
mind us of the weather which is making our
northern friends shiver even round their flaming
pudding and their blazing logs Nothing could be
imagined more animated than the scene on the
bridge of S. Angelo, crowded with the string of
privileged carriages, to which those of some
Austrian and Spanish cardinals lent effects of
colour such as few of the local cardinals display.
And by its side poured two streams of gladsome
people rejoicing in the festive season in all the
lightness of their southern hearts.
The distribution of the new decorations to the
soldiers took place in the Piazza of S. Peter's on
Monday, General Kanzler presiding. Detach-
ments of all the corps in Rome were present, and
defiled before him. Among them I noticed one
of the young Princes Rospialissi, in the uniform
of a simple private in the Artillery. There was
a great concourse of people of all classes, though,
of course, nothing like the numbers one is used to
see assembled within the same space at the great
functions. The weather was brilliant, though cold.
The Pope assisted at the ceremony from a window
of one of his apartments during a short time. He
had in the morning presided at the obsequies of
Cardinal Ugolini, at S. Salvatore, in Laura, who
was buried on Monday night in a vault under
Sta. Marie, in Via Lata, his titular church.
Senor Alesandro de Castro, the Spanish Am-
bassador, whose arrival I mentioned some weeks
ago, had the honour of a grand reception at the
Vatican on Monday, and a conference of some
length with the Pope. It was observed that he
wentat the same time and in the same state to pay
his devotions at the shrine of S. Peter. In the
evening there was a grand reunion at the Pa-
lazzo di Espagno, which was numerously attended,
the Piazza being illuminated and the military
bands playing there according to the usual custom.
That at the Austrian Ambassador's, next week, is
'expected to be still more brilliant.
The officers of the Pontifical army had an audi-
ence yesterday to present their New Year's wishes.
The King and Queen of Naples go to the Vatican
to-day. These receptions take place, you see,
rather early here, as the Nativity is considered
to be more actually the capo d'anno than New
Year's Day itself.
The Pope has, I hear, presented several of the
churches despoiled by the Garibaldians, with new
vestments and vessels for the altar.
Cardinal d'Andrea has signed and transmitted
by the hands of Cardinal Antici-Mattei the re-
tractation required of him by the Pope. Some
further penance will probably be imposed, such as
living in retirement for a longer or shorter period.
Another case of ecclesiastical discipline is being
talked of just now—that of the Coptic Patriarch,
Abraham Casciur, whose history is almost roman-
tic. He first came to Rome in 1826, under the
Pontificate of Leo XII., being then only twenty-
two, and studied at the College of the Propa-
ganda. Though not remarkable for his intelligence,
he had plenty of astuteness. One day a forged
letter was received at the Vatican, purporting to
come from Mahomet Ali, informing the Pope con-
fidentially that the schismatic patriarch of the
Copts was dead, and that the Copts only waited
for a Catholic patriarch to be sent them to de-
clare themselves Catholics, and designating young
Cascihr as specially meet for the office. So well
was the forgery carried out, that the Court of
Rome did not discover it, but acted in accordance
with the advice given. By means of other for-
geriJs Casciiir had likewise given himself out to
be the son of a man of substantial means, and
lately ennobled. Under the circumstances, the
disability regarding his age was dispensed, and
he was ordained priest, then consecrated bishop,
and finally was canonically invested with the dig-
nity of United-Patriarch of the Copts, with resi-
dence at Alexandria. His rank was acknow-
ledged by interchange of visits with the other
members of the prelature, and furnished with the
ornaments and ',insignia of his exalted office he
started to take possession of his new province.
Up to this point all his schemes had been worked
out with an even flow of success. Ecclesiastical
prudence, however, provided a safeguard on which
he had not counted. Having regard to his youth
and inexperience, and the difficulties of the attend-

ing work he had undertaken to accomplish, a
Roman prelate, Mgr. Canestrari, was ordered to
accompany him in the character of adviser. The
uneasiness which this addition to his staff occa-
sioned, could not but attract the notice of Mgr.
Canestrari, and this embarrassment increased in
proportion as they neared their destination. Ar-
rived in port Casciiir hesitated to disembark.
Puzzled how to act, Mgr. Canestrari landed, and

begged the French Consul to acquaint the Pacha
with the arrival of the new Patriarch. Mahomed
Ali, who, of course, expected nothing of the sort,
was furious at the news, and declared he would
have Casciiir's head if he ventured to set foot in
Alexandria. This, of course, brought about an
explanation, and inquiries discovered the fact that
his father, instead of being a great man, was a
merchant in a very small way of business. .
There was nothing left for Mgr. Canestrari but to
bring his, man back to Rome, where, at his trial,
he was condemned to imprisonment for life,
after being deposed from the sacred office into
which he had thrust himself by such unworthy
means. The Republican Government in 1848
opened his prison doors, and, moreover, sought to
make him their tool by inducing him to take the
Pope's part in the Easter functions at S. Peter's,
which they wished to parody in his absence, in
order to impose on the people. But Casciiir had
in the meantime become a wiser and a better man.
He not only refused to have anything to do with
their scheme, but the moment the Pontifical Go-
vernment was re-established, testified the sincerity
of his repentance by returning, of his own accord,
to fulfil the remainder of his sentence. Pius IX.
remitted it, and gave him permission to live at
large, provided he lived a retired life. Having
stood satisfactorily the test of this further proba-
tion, he has lately received permission to resume
the ecclesiastical costume and to celebrate Mass.
We have been saved this week from a blunder
which would have been eagerly misinterpreted by
those who are ever on the watch for anything
that can be found fault with here. It would seem
that some members of the sect called Fenians
when in England, and Mazzinians when here, but
whose practices bear a strong family likeness
everywhere, had arranged to have a grand funeral
Mass celebrated at one of the churches, with
special solemnity, in favour of their three mem-
bers executed at Manchester, having led the clergy
of the chuich to believe that it was for the souls
of three British subjects among the Papal troops
who had fallen at Mentana. Of course, it was in-
tended to keep the real object of the office con-

cealed till the time of its celebration, and then
to have made a demonstration, which seems to be
part of the favourite tactics of the sect, but which
would have been readily construed by people who
have little knowledge of how matters are arranged
here, into an act of sympathy of the Pontifical
Government. The church had been already pre-
pared for the service in question ; but as it was
pretty well known that only one English Catholic
was killed at Mentana, a doubt was suggested by
some one in time to investigate the matter, when
the nature of the design was discovered, and the
demonstration, of course, stopped. It has led
further to the discovery of an unsatisfactory spirit
in a certain number of the lately- arrived Irish
recruits, in consequence of which about a score
were declined, and had to leave last Saturday.
A rather larger number will return under similar
circumstances to-morrow ; all their homeward ex-
penses will be paid for them. The greatest pains
are being taken to keep out all pernicious elements,
and to admit none but such as bring with them
satisfactory testimonials. There seems to be no
limit to the number of anxious candidates, and
they are coming in at the rate of two hundred a
week. We have great numbers of Dutchmen, who
are said to be the steadiest men of their respective
parishes; the accepted Irish, too, are very fine
soldierly fellows ; some had formerly served in the
Irish Brigade in 1860 ; one who was officer then has
come back to take his place modestly in the rank
and file, like a mere recruit. A great number are
also offering from Spain and from Canada, and a
large draught, got together by the exertions ini-
tiated by the Mayence meeting, are expected to
arrive shortly. Several young Englishmen of good
family have entered the depot just lately. The best
spirit continues to pervade the whole regiment.
The calm prepossession with which some of them
speak of having come out to die is quite touching,
and the steady resolution with which they go
through their depot work, which is trying enough,
shows they have perseverance as well as enthusiasm.
A breathing space seems to be providentially
afforded to aguerrir them, but the enemy is not
idle either, and only a few days ago Nicotera and
Averti passed through Rome on their way to the
Neapolitan kingdom, doubtless bound on some
mischievous errand.
The Allocution pronounced by bis Holiness at
the Concistorio Segreto, last week, has been pub-
lished. It speaks generally of the troubles of the
Holy See at the present time, and the lessons to
be derived from them, without any special poli-
tical allusion. The opening sentence may serve
to show the spirit of confidence in Divine Provi-
dence in which it is conceived :—" It has ever
pleased Almighty God, who is abundant in mer-
cies, and who comforteth us in every tribulation,
to mingle our joys and sorrows. Let us, therefore,
trust in Him always, venerable brethren, and
letting no difficulties appal us, pursue the right
path with a spirit ever more full of courage, and
continue to fight in the cause of His Holy Church,
fulfilling, without tiring, all that appertains to
our apostolic ministry."
He then proceeds to show what encouragement
is to be drawn from the manifest protection God
has extended over the Church and its head (" Il
Signore benigno e misericordioso con mirabili por-
tend assiste la sua chiesa e assiste Noi"), as well as
from his guiding the hearts of the faithful to so
great zeal in his cause—as shown in the late de-
monstration of the French Chamber in favour of
the Temporal Power of the Holy See ; the loyal
attitude of its subjects; the loving willingness of
the Catholic people of both sexes to contribute of
their means to replenish its treasury ; the earnest-
ness of writers, both clerical and lay, in defending
it from the falsehoods of its enemies; the deter-
mined valour of the host of champions who have
come to offer their lives in its service ; the devo-
tion of parents, who have not withheld their
own children from the field of danger; and in the
success which attends the missionary labours of
the Church in the conversion of souls and the
multiplication of religious institutions.
After enlarging on all these motives of thank-
fulness, he urges intercession on behalf of those
who have been led astray, and particularly for
those who have been made prisoners in the late
engagements. And then he winds up thus :
"And before concluding, we cannot help render-
ing, in the gratitude of our soul, hearty and well-
merited praise to those, one and all, who, by
their voice, their pen, the offering of their worldly
goods, still more of their life, or by any other
work, have been forward to labour in the Church's
cause. Neither shall we fail to beseech Almighty
God humbly and fervently, in every prayer of ours,
for all those children of His Church who are so
dear to us, that He, from whom cometh every good
and perfect gift, will pour out on these, His cham-
pions, the most abundant fruits of His grace, and
all His heavenly benedictions."
There was a letter from the Pope also read in
the churches of Rome on Sunday, reproving various
vices of the times, such as indifference to holy
things, swearing, and more especially the display
in dress c,f the women of the present day.
The north wind, which has been visiting us for
some days past, is not very propitious for the hos-
pitals.' don't know if you are tired of hearing
about our wounded, but I must tell you of
another trait which has come under my notice,
lately, of the cowardly nature of the assaults of
which our men have been the victims. There lies
in one of the beds as fine a type as could be found
of the best class of South Italian physique ; he has
been suffering there for more than two montbs ;
and how do you think he was injured ? It was on
one of the nights when the greatest anxiety for
the safety of Rome was felt. He was under the
arch of the S. Spirito with another ndarme, when

they saw a p latoon of some sixteen men, to all ap-
pearances Z ouaves, go by with a rapid step, as if
bent on so) ne important errand. With charac-
teristic bray ery they immediately made up to them
and asked to 3 share their exploit. They had scarcely
done so when the whole party surrounded and at-
tacked them in the most ferocious manner. By
good fortune his comrade succeeded in escaping
out of their hands with only one slight wound. He
got four .bayonet thrusts, one piercing his leg,
another his:right arm, a third running through the
fleshy part of the thigh, and the fourth piercing
the abdom en. That of the leg was the worst
wound, as :in the other cases the bone just escaped,
but the flee h was cut through and through, “.mak-
ing a com-plete hole," to usehis own (perhaps
somewhat Hibernian, but forcible) description—
just like this cigar." The miscreants had dressed
themselves up in imitation Zouave suits made for
the purpose in Florence, and had obtained arms—
which by their pattern would carry out the decep-
tion still further—by a raid on the hospital a few
hours earlier. Having performed the bold feat of
(as they thought) killing a man wheneight to one,
they made off. The next day a strict order was
issued to all the Zouaves to make certain changes
in the mode of wearing their uniform, such as
leaving off their white linen gaiter-covers. The
travestied Garibaldians were thus readily detected
by the extreme attention they paid to have every.
thing exactly according to regulation, and a consi-
derable number were taken before they could do
further mischief. Our gendarme, left on the pave-
ment for dead, was picked up shortly after, but
not till he had lost a great deal of blood. He
is, I am happy to say, going on remarkably well,
but will be disabled for some time yet.
Mgr. Petitjean, Vicar Apostolic of Japan, who,
in the course of his visitations has made some very
interesting discoveries of Christian populations,
which have preserved their faith ever since the Mis-
sions of the 17th century, is expected to arrive
shortly in Rome. Pius IX. is said to take a special
interest in the East and its religious needs. One
of the sections of the Commission of Preparation
for the Council is directed to the consideration of
the state of the Church in the East, and though
the promulgation of the Council is adjourned, this
section at least has not suspended its labours.

MUNICH, Dec. 29.

From our Prussian Satrapy, the former kingdom
of Bavaria, I can send you no political news. All
the depositories of political power here are mere
instruments in the hands of Count Bismarck.
Even the so-called representatives of the people are
well aware that they are nothing less than re-
presentatives of the people. They know no other.
vocation than that of being "most worshipful and
devoted" underlings of the Ministry for the time
being, helping with blustering voices to under-
mine the last remnants of the independence of their
country, and to root out all sympathy, not only for
the independence of Bavaria, but for the Royal
throne of Bavaria itself. These men of progress
are making indeed brilliant progress ; the people
from day to day are made to feel a growing dis-
gust with every thing that bears the name of Ba-
varian. Come now what may—let the Prussians
come—let the French—let the crash of revolution
—our people fears now nothing more. " Matters
cannot be worse than they are—perchance better
for the change." This is the conclusion come to
by the people, and this can be heard in all public
places ; and many even sensible people are firmly
convinced that this has been so planned by Prussia,
and is being purposely carried on throughout
Bavaria, to clear the way for Prussia, and to trans-
form all the impulses of patriotic opposition into
feelings of disgust. Perhaps this may not be
altogether wide of the mark ; but whether the cal-
culation be a just one remains yet to be proved.
Very soon warlike events may intervene and give
the sturdy Bavarian an opportunity of casting off
the Alp that is weighing him down in a manner
which has not entered into Count Bismarck's cal-
culations. _

It is especially in the department of religious
affairs that the Government is designedly employed
in undermining itself. Where else, in all the
i 3 anything to bo seen comparable to the
manner in which the inspired Government paper
here dealt with the Roman question ? This paper,
in an almost exclusively Catholic capital of an
almost exclusively Catholic country, takes part
with Garibaldi, and deplores the assistance ren-
dered to the Pope by France ! The First Mi-
nister of this country is a Catholic nobleman,
the brother of the Prince Hohenlohe, Archbishop
and Papal Chamberlain, against whom the mur-
derous plots of the Garibaldians have been' in-
cessantly directed. In the meantime, the un-
happy Catholics of Munich were prevented making
their offerings to the Holy Father, such collections
requiring official permission, and this permission
being withheld from week to week by our worthy
Minister.

The collection, which is now at last commenced,
has just re ceived a very welcome encouragement
in the splendid offering of Prince Charles von
Lowenstein, the uncle of the legitimate heir to the
Portuguese throne, who is already a Papal Zouave,
although his tender age prevents his taking part
in the glorious warfare in defence of the Holy
Father. Prince Charles von Lowenstein's offer-
ing consists of a large quantity of massive plate ;
and from its beautiful workmanship, in addition
to the value of the metal, it may well be worth a
couple of thousand pounds sterling.
Last week an incident occurred here which'
though in itself of small importance, is so charac-
teristic as a sign of the times, that I cannot pass it
over in silence. Dietz, the eminent painter of
battle scenes, has hung up for exhibition a new
picture, as is the custom, in the art union ; the
picture is not for sale. It was painted for Duke
Ernest of Coburg. Now, in this painting, Duke
Ernest of Coburg appears in front as Commanding
General at the battle of Langeusalza. Necessa-
rily it excites no little astonishment here that
the Duke should have himself painted in such an
attitude. The battle of Langensalza is an event
as yet too fresh, and the impression too lively,
which the circumstances attending it made in all
Germany, and the universal indignation aroused
by them against this Duke Ernest of Coburg, too
deeply felt to allow the public to pass without
remark the want of historical truth in this his-
torical painting.
Accordingly, our gallant Volksbote set itself to
work, and has brought to light the following facts,
the accuracy of which it has satisfied itself of,:and
set them before the astonished public in its ex-
cellent little paper. In this paper we read the
following facts. This very Duke Ernest of Coburg
did not even once show himself in the battle in
which he forced his poor Coburgers to sacrifice
themselves to the moloch of Bismarckism. During
the action he sat in his carriage behind the line-of-
battle, far out of shot. He was in plain clothes,
but had taken care to bring his uniform with
him, that he might put it on in case of victory.
But it was destined to be otherwise. Instead of
victory came Hanoverian blows, plentifully dealt
out. In consequence whereof the duke was the
first to seek safety, and to keep his skin whole in
Gotha. The assertion that he rallied his flying
Coburgers was long since, as is well known, dis-
proved by the narrative of a Prussian officer.
PARIS, Dec. 31.
As a great many people in England believe
that the Emperor of the French made a great
mistake when he ordered his troops to return
again to Rome, it will, perhaps, be of some inte-
rest to many of your readers to know the reasons
that brought about that conservative measure.
The people in France, although very indifferent
in matters of religion, have great respect for the
Pope. They look upon him as the pivot of order,
and, as they placed Louis Napoleon on the throne
in order, by carrying out the coup cretat, to relieve
France from the Republican Government, so they
wish for the sake of order to keep the Pope on
his throne, knowing well that he represents secu-
rity, order, and the moral power of the world. This
feeling is universal in France, in every class of
society. Let any one travel in France, and he
will have the proof of it. The religious men in
France uphold the necessity of keeping the Pope at
ti Rome by the name arguments used by good Catho-

lies -in England; the indifferent in religion look
upon it as essential to order, in the same .way that
they like to see their wives go to chuich, though
they seldom go to church themselves. Even the
infidels see the:necessity of supporting the Pope,
as the honour of France is pledged. How often is
this phrase not heard? It will be a disgrace for
France if the present Pope does not die in Rome ;
our honour has been wounded in Mexico, it must
not be wounded a second time in Rome. Every
shade of opinion in France puts forward arguments
of its own ; some based on religion, others on
selfish motives, honour or pride,lbut all agree as to
the necessity of intervention.
The speeches of Garibaldi, at Geneva, showed
that he was at the head of the Fenians in Italy.
The praises these speeches received in the red
Fenian newspapers of France, showed that he was
the mouthpiece of the Fenians in France. Similar
praises were lavished on Garibaldi by most of the
English newspapers, showing that if there are
green Fenians in Ireland, that there exists also
red Fenians in England. The Fenians of all coun-
tries walk hand in hand ; they have one oath of
alliance, one object in common, the destruction of
religion, the only barrier of order, and. the only
safeguard to society. Louis Napoleon, seeing the
daring spirit of the Fenians, and belonging to the
same sect by his Carbonari oath, thought that
his safest plan was to place himself at their head;
and resolved to betray the Pope. He told France
that they could rely upon Italy to carry out the
September Convention, and at the same time
pressed Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel to go to
Rome quickly. The Empress herself was in the
treasonable plot, saying to her husband, "If you
frustrate the Italian Fenians your life, my life, and
that of our son will be in danger from the bombs
of a second Orsini." The complicity of the Italian
Government with the attack on Rome is seen in the
easy escape of Garibaldi from Caprera, :the special
train provided at Florence, and the permission
given to the Italian soldiers to enrol themselves
in Garibaldi's bands.

Louis Napoleon had such a poor opinion of the
French nation, subject to his will since the coup
d'etat, that he had forgotten the reason of their
subjection was public order. He did not see that
to violate public order would break every bond
of union which existed between him and the
nation. His advisers were first made aware of
the mistake by the volunteers who went to Rome,
the subscriptions for their support published in
all the Catholic newspapers of France. Telegrams
were sent to every prefect in France to ask them
what was the opinion of the country ; the answer,
almost without an exception, was—intervention at
Rome or a revolution in France—the provinces
will march upon Paris, and the Emperor will have
to leave, or will be shot. On receipt of this
answer orders were issued for immediate interven-
tion at Rome. Louis Napoleon did not think
it possible that they could be carried out with
such promptitude, but when men are all of one
mind they are quick in issuing orders, and those
orders are as quickly obeyed. Eleven trains were
despatched in one day from Lyons, and in twenty-
four hours 25,000 men were ready to embark at
Toulon. The navy showed the same enthusiasm
as the army to go to the help of the Pope, show-
ing that the people of France, the army and navy
were all of one mind respecting intervention at
Rome. In the meantime Louis . Napoleon had
telegraphed to Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi to
make haste to Rome, in the same way as he had
acted at the time of General de Lamorciere before
Castelfidardo, but 350 Zouaves held Garibaldi in
check for two days at Monte Rotondo ; orders
were issued to call back the French fleetand troops
to Toulon, but the General in command dreading
sea sickness, had gone to Rome by land, and on
his arrival at Rome went at once to work, looking
after the fortifications and means of defence. He
telegraphed that he could hold out three days
against the Italian army, and for months against
Garibaldi's bands. On receipt of that telegram
Louis Napoleon, seeing that his plan had failed,
and reading the remarks in the Catholic news-
papers on the countermand of the expedition, and
fearing a revolution in Paris, immediately ordered
again the fleet to sail. The manner in which Rome
was saved is too well known to require comment.
Louis Napoleon was obliged to obey public
opinion, and it is in that way he didnot betray his
trust and the honour of France.
In France Garibaldi is not popular as in Eng-
land, where bigotry is so strong on matters of re-
ligion, that they are blind to their best interests.
has the same effect as a barrel
They cannot see that a barrel of gunpowder ex-
ofexploded in London. But now
p l dg eudn
pionw
dßeorm Rome
they know the effect of that gunpowder barrel
in London, they are no longer so sweet on Gari-
baldi and his Fenians ; they can now see that
both Italian and Irish conspirators are of the
same kidney. If Garibaldi had succeeded in
Rome, an attempt would have been made to pro-
claim a Red Republic in Paris, and law and
order would have been set at defiance in Eng-
land. Reason is beginning to enter the minds
of the people in England. That barrel of gun-
powder has taught them a great lesson, and though
bigotry still keeps them blindfolded; they are
able now to see a little further ; they are begin-
ning to feel that religion is necessary for order
and obedience to law, and with a little logic they
will soon be as much in favour of Rome as they
were against it. If Fenianism is bad in London,
it cannot be good in Rome.
In France, the opinions of the working classes,
entering into combination with the trade unionists
of England, the insubordination which exists in
every grade of society, where everybody wants to
command and nobody to obey, has operied the

gunpowder has opened the eyes of
the eyes of thoughtful politicians in the same way as
England. They see that order and
bpeoplerd
cannot be preserved if religion is
su thatobi rnraetl
oo fnof
insulted, that the Ten Commandments will not be
obeyed if those who teach the truth of the Ten
Commandments are held up to public obloquy.
The people of France have found that out, and it
is time that the people of England should know it
also; when they learn that, they will no longer be
surprised at the intervention of the French at
Rome. Louis Napoleon could not help himself,
however friendly he may be to the Revolution, and
to its allies, either in Italy or England, his head
was at stake, and he dared not betray his trust.
Many pious people in England look upon Louis
Napoleon as the perfection of an Emperor. They
are constantly speaking of the piety of their idol.
The adoration of this idol, the head and leader of
the European Revolution, gives strength to the
secret societies ; simple minds thus belong to the
sect without being aware of it ; they contribute to
the worship of the principles of revolution per-
sonified in Louis Napoleon, and carried out in every
uncontrolled act of his home and foreign policy
to the deadening of the public conscience, and to
the consequent growth of the spirit of lawless-
ness and insubordination in Europe. If Louis
Napoleon would but follow the dictates of his
l real mission, rid himself of the principles to which,
during his early wanderings after royalty, he
pledged himself by an inlet oath, and see that he
is called to uphold religion and order, he might
then be held up to the admiration of honest men ;
he would no longer be obliged to require of his
police to stop every Italian at the frontier to de-
mand his passport ; he would be able to see that
Garibaldi, Fenians, red Fenians, and English
and Irish Fenians are all friends of that barrel
of gunpowder, emblem of the destruction which
their principles must bring down upon society.
In truth whether Louis Napoleon know it or not,
his security, the preservation of the Empire, his
own safety, and that of the Empress and her son,
are only to be secured by conservative measures,
the first of which is to . restore the Pope in the
integrity of his dominions, or to give him that
security which shall place Rome free from pecu-
niary want, and from danger of invasion from hia
" Fenian" neighbours.

Her Majesty's Indian troopship Serapis sailed
from Alexandria on the 3d inst. with the 35th
Foot and draughts, who were conveyed from
Bombay to Suez in the Malabar. The Serapis
will , probably arrive at Portsmouth about the
17th inst.

PASTORAL LETTER OF 7HE BISHOP OF
LIVERPOOL.

The following Pastoral Letter of the Right Rev.
Dr. Goss, Bishop of Liverpool, has been addressed
to the clergy and laity of his diocese :
To our dearly beloved in Christ, the clergy, secular
and regular, and the laity of the diocese of Liver-
pool, health and benediction in the Lord.
You can hardly be ignorant of the audacious
attempt lately made by wicked men to wrest from
the Sovereign Pontiff the remnant of his patri-
monial estates. Bands of ruffians, composing the
scum of Italian cities, whom the Prime Minister of
England, Conservative though he be, has had the
indiscretion to dignify, in the royal speech, with
the appellation of volunteers, endeavoured to wrest
from the Pope the city of Rome, and the barren
tract of country by which it is surrounded. They
were led by a retired sea captain, surnamed
General Garibaldi, a man boastful in speech, but
cowardly in action, who, having won English
Protestant sympathy by his hostility to the Pope,
has now earned universal contempt by his renun-
ciation of Christianity. Strange that a country
which spends millions in the propagation of the
Gospel should idolise the enemy of the Gospel,
on no higher grounds than hatred to the Pope !
In his original profession this man might have
earned the respect of his employers ; but lured
by the ambition of military glory, and aspiring
to the dignity of a patriot, he has become a pest
to society by lending himself to the cause of re-
volution, the downfall of thrones, and the over-
throw of religion. Putting himself at the head of
hordes of filibusters, composed of communists,
socialists, and infidels, to the cry of " Death or
Rome !" he invaded the Patrimony of St. Peter.
In a time of profound peace he burst into the
country, plundered the loyal inhabitants, and
spread sorrow and desolation along his line of
march. The Roman General Kanzler, at the in-
vitation of the people, visited the Cathedral of
Monte Rotondo, that he might see with his own
eyes the ruin caused by them. He found the in-
terior a complete wreck. The images, crucifixes,
and candelabra were all broken into pieces and
scattered on the ground ; every corner was filled
with disgusting filth ; the chalices and other con-
secrated vessels had been carried away, and, hor-
rible to relate, the sacred particles had been
sacrilegiously strewn upon the floor. In the sacristy
all the safes had been broken open, the vestments
had been stolen or destroyed ; nothing sacred re-
mained uninjured. On the persons of some of the
prisoners were found portions of their sacrilegious
plunder. It is commonly believed that if the
revolutionary army could have mastered Rome,
the cardinals and principal prelates would have
been massacred, the churches sacked, and the
city laid in ruins, for all the barracks of. the Papal
troops had been undermined, arms of the most
destructive kind were at the disposal of the secret
societies within the walls, and the worst charac-
ters of the most venal populace in the world had
been bribed by the insurrectionists. But God put
His enemies under His feet, and saved, through the
valour of its army, the mountain of the house of
the Lord prepared on the top of mountains, and
exalted above the hills, to which all nations flow
(Isaiah ii. 2). The invincible Garibaldi, after boast-
ing to Europe that in a few days he would unfurl
his banner on the capitol, was compelled to seek
safety by an ignominious flight. It was said by an
adversary of the great Hannibal, that he was the
first on the field and the last out; but it has been
said of Garibaldi by his adversary, that he never
appeared at the post of danger, and that to the
cry of "Save who can," he and his staff were the
first to reach the confines of the Italian kingdom.
It is lamentable to see the low state of truthful-
ness in Governments, shown by the fact that
Garibaldi was countenanced by the Italian Go-
vernment, notwithstanding the lying pretence of
a squadron to watch his lair at Caprera. His ad-
herents allege that he had an assurance that the
French would not intervene, or that, if they did,
the Italian army would forestall them, and get
possession of Rome before they could come up.
The Government of King Victor Emmanuel is said
to have given fifty thousand francs to the widows
of the slain, and the ministers have just pro-
nounced an amnesty to all concerned in the late
filibustering expedition. The reasons alleged in

justification of these outrages are puerile and un-
sound. It is said that the Pope would be more
respected by non-Catholics, and . would have
greater spiritual weight amongst Catholics, if he
were not tramelled with Temporal Sovereignty.
Now the abettors of these opinions are the
enemies, not the friends, of the Catholic Church.
The Pope ought certainly to know better than his
enemies what is necessary for the discharge of the
duties of his supreme and apostolic ministry. " The
moment," he says (Consistory of April 20, 1849),
" the Roman Pontiff becomes the subject of any
Prince or Government, and is no longerthe absolute
master of his own actions, from that moment he loses
the complete confidence both of nations and their
rulers, as well as, at least, the undoubting obedience
of the children of the Church. In fact, neither the
faithful nor their Government would ever be able
wholly to divest themselves of a fear lest the acts of
the Pontiff shonld be effected by the will of the
Prince in whose dominions he happened to be, and,
under such a pretext, they would not fail, as occa-
sion served, to refute the obedience due to his

commands." If spiritual and temporal power be
incompatible in the same persons, why is the Sove-
reign of England allowed to possess them ? Queen

Victoria exercises the same authority over the Esta-
blished Church of England as Pius IX. exercises
over the Universal Church. An Act of Parliament
transferred to the English Crown all the rights,
prerogatives, jurisdictions, and powers formerly
exercised by the Pope over the Church in this
country. By the Royal authority alone the prelates
of the Established Church are appointed. By the
Royal authority alone her Convocations are sum-
moned, regulated, prorogued, and dissolved. With-
out the Royal sanction her canons have no force.
One of the articles of her faith is that, without
the Royal consent, no ecclesiastical council can law-
fully assemble. From all her judgments an appeal
lies in the last resort to the Sovereign, even when
the question is whether an opinion ought to be
counted heretical, or whether the administration of
a sacrament has been valid.— (Lord Macaulay,
Hist. Eng., vol. i.) May we not justly say to the
English opponents of the temporal power :—" Thou
hypocrite, cast out first the beam out of thine own
eye, and then shalt thou see to cast out the mote
out of thy brother's eye."—(St. Matt. vii. 5.) It
is said that Rome ought to belong to Italy ; may it
not with greater truth be retorted that Gibraltar
belongs to Spain ? Rome never belonged to Italy,
but Italy to Rome ; whereas Gibraltar did belong
to Spain. Besides, the title of the Pope to Rome
is better than the title of the dynasty of Queen
Victoria to the English throne. The rightful
branch of the Stuarts lost the throne by treason,
treachery, and rebellion ; the Pope acquired his by
the free gift of the people, when the division of
the Roman Empire into many kingdoms and
diverse Governments gave birth to the civil princi-
pality of the Roman Pontiff. A Protestant historian
observes that the proudest royal houses are but of
yesterday compared with the line of the Supreme
Pontiffs. Platform orators echo the taunt of the
newspaper press that priests cannot govern. Out
upon such cant ! Have not the best rulers of States
been Churchmen ? Where would England be if
it had not been for the vigorous and enlightened
Churchmen who guided the counsels of our kiugs
iu the Middle Ages? " It would be unjust," writes
Macaulay, " not to acknowledge that the chief agent
in the two great deliverances which put an end to
the tyranny of nation over nation, and to the pro-
perty of man in man, was religion. A successor
of Becket was foremost among the refractory mag-
nates who obtained that charter which secured the
privileges • both of the Norman barons and of the
Saxon yeomanry. How great a part the Roman
ecclesiastics subsequently had in the abolition of
villeinage we learn from the unexceptionable testi-
mony of Sir Thomas Smith, one of the ablest
Protestant counsellors of Elizabeth. When the dying
slaveholder asked for the last sacraments, his spi-
ritual attendants regularly abjured him, as he loved

his soul, to emancipate his brethren, for whom
Christ had died."—(" Hist. Eng.," vol. 1.) After
this avowal of the abettor of the English Revolu-
tion, which is corroborated by Blackstone, let us
hear no more abuse of Churchmen by those who
value liberty. It is time, however, to lay before you
an Encyclical Letter, which his Holiness has deigned
to address unto us :—" Venerable Brethren,—
Health and the Apostolic blessing. Cast your eyes
around, venerable brethren, and you will see, and
with us you will grieve over, the abominations
which afflict ulihappy Italy. For our part, we
adore the inscrutable judgments of God, who bath
pleased that we should live in these sad times,
when, by the action of men, and especially of those
who rule and administer public affairs in Italy, the
commandments of God and the laws of Holy Church
are utterly despised, and impiety, unchecked, exalts

its bead and triumphs. Hence flow all the crimes,
evils, and misfortunes which we see. Hence arise all
those band 3 of men who walk in impiety and fight
under the standard of Satan, on whose face is writ-
ten Lying.' Called by the name of revolution,
and setting their mouths against Heaven, they
blaspheme God, they defile and contemn everything
sacred, they trample on all laws, human and divine.
Like ravenous wolves they pant after their prey ;
they are shedders of blood, they are destroyers of
souls by their scandals, they seek the stipend of
their service by every injustice. They are robbers,
they afflict the weak and the poor, they add to the
number of widows and orphans, they deny justice
to the just, and for bribes spare the wicked.
Thoroughly corrupted, they strive at gratifying
every passion, at whatever damage to society itself.
By abandoned men of this sort we are now surroun-
ded. Animated by a spirit utterly diabolical, they
long to plant their standard in this our fair city,
beside the Chair of Peter, the centre of Catholic
truth and unity. The Subalpine Government,
which ought to keep them in check, is not ashamed
to cherish them, to provide them with arms and
provisions, and to protect their access to this
city. But let all such tremble, even of the highest
rank and place, for they are incurring additional
ecclesiastical penalties and censures. In the hu-
mility of our heart we earnestly pray God, who is
rich in mercies, to lead back all these unhappy
men to saving repentance and to the path of jus-
tice, religion, and piety ; but we cannot keep silence
on the grave perils to which in this hour of dark-
ness we are exposed. We wait calmly every event,
though procured by wicked frauds, calumnies, con-
spiracies, and falsehoods, for we place all our hope
and trust in God our Saviour, who is our health
and strength in all our tribulations, who never
suffers those who hope in Hirnito be confounded,
who confounds the designs of the impious, and
breaks the necks of sinners. Still we are bound
to announce to you, venerable brethren, and to all
the faithful committed to your care, the affliction
and the great danger to which we find ourselves,
principally owing to the conduct of the Subalpine
Government. For though we are defended by the
valour and devotion of our faithful army, which in
its gallant exploits has displayed a courage almost
heroic, it is clear that it is not able long to resist
the far superior numbers of its unjust assailants.
And although we are much consoled by the filial
piety shown to us by the remnant of our subjects,
reduced in number as they are by wicked usurpers,
we have still to lament that they must needs incur
great danger from the savage bands of criminals who
continually menace them, plunder them, and op-
press them in a thousand ways. And we have to
deplore other evils, venerable brethren, evils which
we can never sufficiently lament. From our con-
sistorial allocution, delivered on October 29th,
last year, and from the narrative and documents
which we printed and published, you know with
what affliction the Catholic Church and her children
in the Russian empire and in the kingdom of Poland
are oppressed and tortured ; Catholic bishops and
ecclesiastics and laymen have been banished, im-
prisoned, persecuted, robbed of their property, and
made to suffer most cruel punishment, while the
canons and laws of the Church have been trampled
under foot. And, not content with this, the Rus-
sian Government continued in its ancient manner
to violate the discipline of the Church, to sever the
bond 3 of union and communion between the faithful
and ourselves and the Holy See, and to plot and
strive in a thousand ways utterly to destroy the
Catholic religion in those dominions, to tear the
faithful from the bosom of the Catholic Church,
and to drag them into a fatal schism. We inform
you with deep grief that two decrees have lately
been issued by that Government since our last
allocution above mentioned. By the decree issued
on the 22d of last May,, the diocese of Pod-
lachia, in the kingdom of Poland, its college of
canons, its general consistory, and its diocesan
seminary, were utterly abolished, the bishop of the
diocese was torn from his flock, and compelled at
once to quit the diocese. Aud this decree is
similar to that which was published on June 3d,

last year, which we were unable to mention, as we
knew not of it. By this clause the Government, of
its own will and. power, abolished the Diocese of
Kamenicz, dispersed its college of canons, its con-
sistory, and its seminary, and removed the bishop
from the diocese by force. As every means of
communicating with the faithful is obstructed, and
in order not to expose • any one to imprisonment,
exile, or other punishment, we have been obliged
to insert in.our newspapers the document by which
we decided on providing for the exercise of legiti-
mate jurisdiction in those vast dioceses, in order
that, by the aid of the press, notice of our decision
might reach thither. Every one sees at a glance
in what spirit and for what object the Russian
Government issues these decrees. To the absence
of many bishops it now adds the suppression of
dioceses. But our affliction is yet increased by
another decree of the same Government, promul-
gated on the 22d of last May, by which a board
was constituted at St. Petersburg, called the Ro-
man Catholic Ecclesiastical College, over which the
Archbishop of Mohilew presides. All petitions ap-
pertaining even to matters of faith and conscience
which are sent to us and this apostolic see by the
bishops, clergy, and faithful people of the Russian
empire, and of the kingdom of Poland, are first to be
transmitted to this board, and the board has to ex-
amine them and decide whether the petitions exceed
the power of the bishops, and in that case to see
that they be forwarded to us. And when our de-
cision arrives thither, the president of the college
is bound to forward it to the Minister for Home
affairs, that he may decide whether anything be
found in it contrary to the laws of the State and the
righti of the Sovereign, and may execute it at his
pleasure and discretion should nothing of the sort be
found in it. You see clearly, venerable brethren,
how worthy of blame and reprobation is this
decree issued by lay and schismatical authority.
It destroys the Divine constitution of the Catholic
Church, it subverti ecclesiastical discipline, it in-
flicts a great injury on our supreme Pontifical
power and authority, and on the power
and authority of this Holy See and of the
bishops, it impels the faithful towards a fatal
schism, and violates the very law of nature as
to matters which concern faith and con-
science. Moreover, the Catholic Academy of War-
saw has been destroyed, and ruin impends over the
Ruthenian diocese of Chelm and Belz. Most of all
we have to'lament that a certain priest, \Vajoicki,
a man of suspected faith, despising all ecclesias-
tical penalties and censures, disregarding the terrible
judgment of God, has dared to accept from the civil
power the government and administration of that
diocese, and to issue sundry ordinances opposed to
ecclesiastical discipline, and furthering a fatal
schism. Amid these misfortunes afflicting us and
the Church, we entreat you, venerable brethren, as
there is none to fight for us save the Lord our God,
to join your fervent prayers with ours, as becomes
your zeal for the Catholic Church and your affection
for us, and together with all your clergy and people
to pray to God without ceasing to be mindful of
His mercies, to turn away His wrath from us, to
rescue His Holy Cnurch and us from those evils,
to help and defend by his Omnipotence our beloved
children of the Church in all parts, and especially in
the Russian Empire and Kingdom of Poland, ex-
posed as they are to so many snares, and visited by
so many crosses, to keep, confirm, and fortify them
daily in thosossession of the Catholic faith and its

saving doctrine, to dissipate all the impious councils
of the enemy, to recal them from the gulf of sin to
the path of virtue, and to guide them in the way
of His commandments. We desire you, therefore,
to announce public prayers in your dioceses at your
discretion for three days within the next six months,
and within a year in transoceanic dioceses. And
that the faithful may assist at:these public prayers,
and beseech God with more devotion, we mercifully
grant in the Lord to
.all and every the faithful of
Christ of both sexes, who shall devoutly assist at
the prayers on the three days, who shall fray to
God according to our intentions in the present
needs of the Church, and who shall have been
cleansed by sacramental confession and refreshed by
holy communion; a plenary indulgence and remission
of all their sins. And to those of the faithful who,
being contrite of heart, shall on any one of the said
days perform the other works, we remit, according
to the wonted form of the Church, seven years
and seven forty days of the penances enjoined on
them or otherwise due. Also we grant in the Lod
that all and singular these indulgences, remissions
of sins, and relaxations of penances, may be applied
by way of suffrage to the souls of Christ's faithful
who have departed this life in union with God by
charity, all things whatsoever to the contrary
notwithstanding. Lastly, nothing is more pleasing
to us than to use this occasion to testify and repeat
the special kindness with which we embrace you in
the Lord. In sure token of which we accept the
Apostolic benediction which, with cordial affection,
we lovingly bestow on yourselves, venerable brethren,
and on all the clergy and laity entrusted to your
vigilance. Given at Rome, at St. Peter's, October
17, 1867, in the twenty-second year of our pontifi-
cate.—Pius P.P. IX." The pastoral then pro-
ceeds :—ln obedience to this gracious command
we appoint the 20th, 21st, and 22ud, or the 27th,
28th, and 29th of December, for prayer and sup-
plication, according to the intention of his Holi-
ness, and for the gaining of the indulgences. On
each of the said days there shall be said in the
morning after every Mass the Litany of our Lady,
and in the evening the litany of the saints followed
by benediction of the most holy sacrament. In
churches in which benediction is not or cannot
be given, we prescribe in lieu thereof that the candles
be lighted and the tabernacle door be opened, and
the litany of the saints be recited in presence of
the Blessed Sacrament. We further allow exposi-
tion of the Blessed Sacrament on Sunday, the 22d,
or 29th, from the last Mass to the close of the
afternoon evening service. His Holiness grants a
plenary indulgence to such as shall attend the
morning or evening service on each of the appointed
days, and shall receive the sacraments of penance
and holy communion ; also a partial indulgence of
seven years and seven forty days to such as shall
attend either morning or evening service on each of
the appointed days, and shall receive the sacraments
of penance and holy communion ; also a partial in-
dulgence of seven years and seven forty days to such
as shall attend either morning or evening service
on any of the three days. We direct this pastoral
to be read on Sunday, the 15th or 22d, and a
collection for the wants of the Holy Father to be
announced for the Sunday following. Let the
amount collected in each church be forwarded at
once. to the Rev. John Hawksworth, St. Patrick's,
Park-place, Liverpool. To the only God our Sa-
viour, through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory and
magnificence, empire and power before all ages, and
now, and for all ages of ages, Amen."—St Jude.
Given at Warrington, during our visitation,
December, 11th 1867.

oi-4 ALEXANDER, Bishop of Liverpool.
(By command.) GEORGE, FISHER, Dean.