The Sun.
London, England, 1850-01-02 00:00:00

THE COLONIAL MAGAZINE.

Never possibly before has the condition of our
colonial possessions occupied more profoundly the
attention of the reflective than at this particular
epoch, when the chances of their final separation from
the mother country appear to present themselves to
the imagination in the discontent pervading the inha-
bitants of the Canadas. Among the numerous
periodicals, therefore, which appear monthly,
not one is more provocative of curiosity
than the one whose name is prefixed to the
present paragraph. In its pages invariably
appear contributions of • unusual importance,
among which, this month, we would particularly
direct attention to those relating to the Convict
question, and:the Canterbury Association. Others
referring to the " Anglo Indian Army" and the
" African Squadron" are entitled to every conside-
ration

THE ALARM OF "HIGH TIDES" IN FRANCE.—
The alarmists have not been confiLed to England. The
French papers show that at Brest, Cherbourg, Havre-de-
Grace, and Rouen, the same apprehensions were felt,
and every precaution taken by the local authorities
against the menaced deluge. Hitherto nothing of the
kind has occurred. At Havre, it is true that the tides
of Thursday last Were extremely high, but on Friday
the wind abated, and the three following " floods" pre-
sented a striking diminution in height. At Dunkirk the
tide of Thursday, seconded by a violent north-west wind,
rose within a toot of the quays, but no disasters are
recorded.
THE JEWS IN Russra.. ST. PETERSBURGH,
DEC. 15.—The Imperial ukase of 1845, commanding
that by the let of January, 1850, every Israelite of the
empire shell be prohibited from appearing in the Jewish
costume, and shall adopt either the Russian or French
costume, under pain of an annual fine, varying from three
to thirty roubles, has now been carried into full execu-
tion. The Russian Jews no longer appear in their own
costume.

THE CRADLE J'OR HER MAJESTY.—We have seen
with much pleasure the progress of this imp ,rtant speci-
men of the art of wood-carving, and augur most favour-
ably of the effect the vs hole will produce in a state of
completion. The sides, which are finished, are carved in
the choicest box, the difficulty of procuring which wood
has been one of the causes for the delay attending the
work. In the upper portion are friezes in relief, having
an alternate introduction of roses and poppies, designed
and executed with the purest feeling of Italian taste.
Beneath them is a bold torus moulding with pinks, in-
serted in fluted hollows. The two ends remain to be
produced, and to them the utmost delicacy of finish will
be imparted. The interiors of the rockers are orna-
mented with foliated dolphins, and even the flat edges of
the foot and head are elaborately carved into scroll.
work. It is a great satisfaction to all who feel interested
in this (until recently) neglected art, that her Majesty
has given the commission for so splendid an example
of it; and we feel assured that, when completed, it will
reflect high credit on the artist, Mr. Rogers, and add
greatly to the fame ho has already established.—Art
Journal.

BOTTLING OF WINE.—The secret of bottling wine
with success consists in the simple exercise of care and
cleanliness. The bottles should be all sound, clean, arid
dry, and perfectly free from the least mustin« as, or other
odour. The corks should be of the best quality, and
immediately before being placed in the bottles should be
compressed by means of a " cork-squeezer." For
superior or very delicate wines the corks are usually
prepared by placing them in a tub or copper, covering
them with weights to lc.:ep them down, and then pouring
over them boiling water, holding a little pearl-ash in
solution. In this state they are allowed to remain for
24 hours, when they are drained and re-immersed for a
second 24 hours in hot water, after which they are well
washed and soaked in several successive portions
of clean rain water, drained, dried out of contact
with dust, put in paper bags, and hung up in
a dry place for use. The wine should be clear
and brilliant, and if it be not so, it must undergo
the process of " fining" before being bottled. In fact,
it is a common practice with some persons to perform
this operation whether the wino requires it or not; as,
if it has been mixed and doctored, " it amalgamates and
ameliorates the various flavours." The bottles, corks,
and wine being ready, a fine clear day should be pre-
ferably chosen for bottling, and the utmost cleanliness
and care should be observed during the process. Great
caution should also be observed to avoid shaking the
cask, so as to disturb the bottoms. The remaining por-
tion, that cannot be drawn off clear, should be passed
through the " wine-bag," and when bottled should be set
apart as inferior to the rest. The coopers, .to prevent
breakage and loss, place each bottle, before corking it, in
a small bucket having a bottom made °L. Ink irsik in Lthe
thus seldom break a bottle thouv„li
nine is all bottled, it is

stored in s. cool cellar, and on no account on the bottles'
bottoms, orin dpinp straw, but on their sides, in sweet
dry sawdust or sand. - ' , _-
CULTIVATION or HEMP.—(From a Correspondent.)
—Hemp has been cultivated in the counties of Lincoln
and Suffolk from time immemorial, but chiefly for the
purpose of local manufacture; and although it has been
very little attended to in Ireland, some experiments
made this year by the Royal Flax Improvement Society
to grow this plant in the south turned out very well.
In county Limerick some stalks attained the height of
seven feet. Hemp may be cultivated on the western
coast of Ireland, where it would be of great use as
affording material for the nets, lines, and cordage of the
fishermen, who are generally destitute of these neces-
sary articles. It might be grown by themselves, and
scutched, spun, and twisted, or netted by their wives
and daughters. The quantity of this article imported
annually into Great Britain and Ireland is about 45,000
tcns, valued at 1,600,0001. About 1,000,000. sterling of
this comes from Russia. In entering upon the cultivation
of hemp, the first thing to be attended to is the selection of
proper soil. The beat suited for hemp is a deep black
vegetable mould, with a low situation and inclined to
place in
n
preparation pflaarx. tion
Thea and
proper the pl
se s
moisture; it does well on a rich clayey loam, and old
meadow land is well adapted for it. The mode of
tfhore
sowingrotati is onaArepr
thiel,
same
eo
soon
s
as there is no danger of the young plants receiving injury
from the frosts. The seed is sown broadcast, from two
to three bushels to the statute acre, according to the
quality of the land. The quality of the seed must be
fresh, heavy, and bright in colour. Hemp is one of the
few plants employed in the agriculture of these countries
in which the male and female flowers are in different
plants, which circumstance has some influence in its ma-
nags ment so far as taking it off the ground is concerned.
When the crop is grown entirely for the fibre it is Pulled
when in flower, and no distinction made between the
male and female plants. But, as is most commonly the
case, when it is cultivated with a view both to fibre and
seed, the usual practice is to pull the male pla its, the
stalks of which are easily known by their yellow tsh hue
and faded flowers, as soon as the setting of the seed in
the females shows that their presence is no longer ne-
cessary. The reason for thus pulling the male so long
before the female is, that the latter requires four or five
weeks to ripen the seeds. The operation of pulling the
females commences when the seed is ripe, which is known
by the brownish hue of the capsules and the fading of
the leaves. The after treatment, such as steeping, &c.,
is the same as flax.
THE BRITISH ARMY IN INDIA.—In onsequence
of a general order issued to the troops in India the fol-
lowing changes have taken place:—The 12d Regiment
of Foot, under the command of Lieutenant- Colonel S.
B. Boileau, and the Ist battalion of the 60th King's
Royal Rifle corps, under the command of Colonel the
Hon. H. Dundee, K.C.8., have moved from the Bombay
to the Bengal presidency, where they are now stationed.
The 78th Highlanders, the Ross-shire Buffs, are at Aden
and Bombay, the head quarters being under the com-
mand of Lieutenant-Colonel R. N. Douglas. The 59th
Foot, under the commard of Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur
H. Trevor, a brave Waterloo officer, are now in
China; and the 95th Regiment of Foot, under the
command of Colonel James Campbell, have em-
barked at China and are now on their way home to
England. The 95th went abroad in October, 1838.
CAMBRIDGE, Dxc. 31, 1849.--HULSEAN PRIZE
The above mentioned prize, left for the best dissertation
in the English language on the Evidences in general, or
on the Prophecies or Miracles in particular, has been
this day adjudged to Samuel Tomkins, of St. Catharine's-
hall. Subject—. The Influence of the Jewish and
Christian Revelations on Pagan Writings."
THE WESTERN JBWISII FREE-SCIIOOL.—The
anniversary ball in support of the funds of this excellent
institution takes place to-morrow evening at Willis's
Rooms, when a large and fashionable attendance is
expected. The object of the charity is to provide educa-
tion for the children of indigent Jews residing at the
west cud of the metropolis; and although, comparatively
speaking, it is a small establishment, it affords another
proof of the spirit and energy the Jewish community
always display in providing for the wants and welfare of
its poor.
Dick Tuttpix.—Died, at Collyweston, on Tuesday
last, at the advanced age of ninety-two, Mrr. Elizabeth
Freeman, relict of Mr. Francis Freeman, butcher and
publican. In the time of the celebrated Dick Turpin
she had the office of taking a quart of ale to him at the
door of the Bull and Swan Inn, St. Martin's, Stamford;
he heartily drank off the ale, and, putting the silver
tankard in his pocket, galloped off on his favourite mare
Black Bess, to the wonder and vexation of the landlord,
Mr. Turtle. On her marriage with Mr. Freeman, she
became landlady of the White Swan Inn, Collyweston,
where she resided upwards of fifty-five years.—Lincoln-
shire Chronicle.
GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.--This company in-
tend constructing warehouses at their Paddington ter-
minus, to accommodate the traffic in corn and flour,
which of late has increased considerably.
DUBLIN, DUNDRUM, AND RATHFARNUAM RAIL-
\VAL—A meeting was held on Monday evening at the
house of the Commissioners, Rathmines-road, for the
purpose of ascertaining the opinion of the ratepayers as
to the propriety of opposing the contemplated railway to
Dundrum. A considerable time having elapsed after
the appointed hour for meeting, the chair was taken by
T. T. Dolan, Esq. After some irrelevant discussion the
meeting was adjourned sine die.

GREAT SUSPENSION-BRIDGE IN
RUSSIA.

Considerable interest his been excited in St.
Petersburgh by a re mailable model of a uspewrion-
brid7 ac;...: f: the river Dnicyrr, -Kicfr, ore of ae
tir Loral` ltl
i.olift:ll, hr.re it W.,lZ.Aliibited to n o ots
eilgioee-es a:,l avebiteeL.s. It ;;;.lived
in St. Pttersburgh, and bas been put up in one of
the grand saloons of the Winter Palace, where it was

formally presented to his Imperial Majesty on his
fete day, the Gth (18th) of this month (December),
by Mr. Vignoles, the English engineer, from wliose
designs, and under NN hose immediate directions, this
bridge is now constructing.
The Dnieper is one of the largest rivers in the
Russian empire, rising in the vicinity of Smolensko,
and flowing in a southerly direction it enters the
Black Sea, to the eastward of Odessa. In a broad
geographical sense the Dnieper may be considered as
the easternmost boundary between Russia Proper (or
Muscovy) and the great kingdom of Poland, which
once extended westward nearly to the Giant Mountains
of Bohemia, southward to the Carpathians, and north-
ward to the Biltic. The principal city entered by the
Dnieper in its long course to the sea is Kieff, cele-
brated in history as the first spot whereon Christianity
was planted among the barbarous hordes then leading
a nomadic life over the steppes of Russia, is well
known also as an important military frontier post,
aPernately possessed by the Poles and the Muscovites,
and at present rising into great importance as the
capital of the south of Russia.
Kieff is most picturesquely situated on the right or
southern shore of the Dnieper ; it covers a great ex-
tent of space, with numerous public buildings crowning
the many heights of the undulating ground on which
the pity is built. The general aspect of the city is
very striking, and the impression on a traveller from
the western parts of Europe is that which he would
expect to receive on first viewing some Asiatic capi-
tal. The commercial part of the town, called the
Podol, list on a low plain at the western extremity;
the rest of Kieff is elevated from:2oo to 300, and even
400 feet above the level, overlooking all the left or
northern shores of the Dnieper, which are low and
flat marshes, extending for many leagues above and
below Kieff, and from one to two leagues wide. In
the spring the whole becomes a lake, as the waters
rise, and the only approach from the north to Kieff is
along a causeway raised above the level of the floods.
It is from the end of this causeway that the suspen-
sion bridge is thrown across the Dnieper to the foot
of the steep acclivities on the right bank. The river,
which, for several leagues above, has spread through
numerous lateral channels, here unites into one deep
bed, and presents the narrowest passage. This passage
is, however, still half an English mile in breadth, the
depth of the water in a dry autumn being upwards
of 30 feet in the streamway, and sometimes more than
50 feet after the melting of the snows in the spring.
Over this chasm, which once formed the barrier for
Poland against the invasions of the Muscovites, the
necessity of internal commdnication and the general
march of improvement has called for the erection of
a permanent bridge, and with enlightened policy
the Emperor of Russia has ordered such a bridge to
be constructed.

The soil of the bed of the river being wholly of
sand, and the current often changing its channel,
considerable difficulties presented themselves, while
the tremendous breaking up of the ice after winter,
followed by the melting of the snows in the more
northern districts, swelled the stream to an extent
scarcely comprehensible to the inhabitants of Great
Britain. It became, therefore, a necessary condition
that the number of piers of any bridge to be built
there should be the fewest possible, with the largest
openings between them. Hence it seemed most na-
tural that, with the given limit of expense, the prin-
ciple of a suspension bridge should be preferred, and
the designs were so prepared accordingly, and sub-
mitted to His Imperial Majesty. On Mr. Vignoles'
urgent recommendations, the use of wire ropes as the
means of suspension was negatived, and the adoption
of wrought iron chains with broad fiat links was
decided on. Such was the system employed for the
Menai and Conway Bridges in Wales, by Telford, at
several places in England, and also in Hungary, at
Pesth, across the Danube, by Tierney Clarke. All these
bridges, however, have but one central opening. The
suspension bridge at Kieff has four principal openings,
each of 440 feet, and two side openings of 225 feet
each, and also a passage of 50 feet on the right
shore, spanned by a swivel bridge, opening for the
passage of the steamboats and other river craft. There
are, therefore, five suspension piers in the river, one
mooring abutment on the left bank, another mooring
abutment on the Kieff side of the stream (which, on
account of the passage for boats beyond it, is actually
an island of masonry in the river), and an abutment
for the swivel bridge on the right bank. Each of
these have required a coffer-dam of unusual size—
particularly the two last mentioned. The architec-
ture of the riveLlliMujAiireVitli—that used in the
extensive range of first-class fortresses which crown
the heights of Kieff. The ways through the piers
have a clear breadth of 28 feet and: a height of 35
feet to the soffit of the semicircular arches. The
platf'orai `bas" netrly 53 feet of-extreme-breadth, of
which 35 feet are exclusively devoted to the car-
riageway ; the platform is suspended by chains,
all on the same horizontal plane, two on each
side of the road ; the footpaths project beyond the
chains, and are carried by cantilevers round the piers
exteriorly, so that the foot passengers are completely
separated from the horsemen and carriages. The chains
are composed of links twelve feet long, and each
weighing about four cwt.—eight links form the
breadth of each chain, and the total length measured
along their curves being about four English miles.
For the swivel bridge the iron employed is almost
exclusively malleable; the breadth of the platform is
nearly fity- three feet, and the weight of iron employed
scarcely exceeds 100 tons. The bridge is moved
horizontally (on the same principle that locomotive
engines are sent round on the large turntables at a
railway station), and by the efforts of four men only,
acting on a very simple apparatus. The construction
of the platform of the bridge presents several novel
combinations of wood and iron, and is of extreme
stiffness, to resist the violent action of the eddies of air
in violent winds, which have so often injured and even
destroyed the ordinary platforms of suspension bridges
in other places. The balustrade is remarkably light
and elegant, in ornamental pannels of wrought iron.
Indeed, cast iron has been carefully excluded from
every part of the whole bridge, except where its use
was really preferable or absolutely unavoidable. The
total weight of iron used in the construction of the
bridge is about 3,300 tons, including the machinery
used in the various stages of its construction. The
whole was made in England, several of the most
celebrated ironmasters and manufacturers having been
engaged upon it. It required 15 vessels to bring the
iron to Odessa, whence it was taken up to Kieff in
small waggons drawn by oxen, over the wild steppes,
almost without roads, or none that deserve the name.
The quantity of machinery of every kind employed
in the construction of the Kieff bridge is most enor-
mous, and not less than nine steam enginee are in
use. Two of these are large stationary ones, each
capable of working up to a power of 50 horses; the
rest are from four to eight-horse power, and can be
moved about as required. These engines pump water,
drive piles, grind mortar, hoist timber, iron, &c., draw
loads, and perform a variety of other operations, in
substitution of manual labour.

A temporary bridge, carrying a railway, has been
thrown across the whole breadth of the Dnieper, and
is connected by a self-acting inclined plane with the
heights of Kieff, whence the great blocks of granite
and masses of iron are sent down from the depUts
above to the works on the river. The great provision
of granite, bricks, timber, cement, lime, field-stones,
&c., is very extraordinary, covering many acres of
ground. A whole village of warehouses, offices,
shops, sheds, dwelling-houses for the superintendents,
and comfortable cottages for the numerous workmen
have been erected on the left bank of the river, on
ground expressly raised for the purpose above the
flood level. A regular commissariat is attached to the
establishment, and the whole organization of service
is very complete. The bricks employed are very
hard, and of a beautiful pale colour. Extensive
quarries of granite were opened in a great
many places, solely for these works, but the
principal supply and the finest and largest
blocks are found nearly 100 miles from Kieff, and
are brought thither on bullock-carts, through a
rough country, destitute of roads. Not the least re-
markable part of the establishment is that for the
manufacture of the hydraulic cement required for
the foundations and masonry. It is, in fact, an
artificial Pozzolano, made from a peculiar clay found
in the Kieff hills, and prepared on the principles laid
down by the celebrated French Engineer Vicat, in
his recent publication. The buildings for this pur-
pose are very extensive, being gigantic laboratories,
where the operations are carried on day and night.
Eight large roasting ovens, besides numerous grind-
ing mills, are in constant action ; the quantity ma-
nufactured is upwards of 300 bushels (or about .500
cubic feet) in every 24 hours.
It must be reserved for a technical publication to
enter into all the engineering details of construction
of the Kieff-bridge, as there can only be given here
a merely general idea of the principal features of this
very magnificent bridge, which will be the largest in
Europe, the length being fully half an English mile,
and covering an area of 100,000 square feet, being
considerably more than three acres. The works were
first commenced in April, 1848. The ceremony of lay-
ing the first stone took place in September of the same
year. Eight large coffirdams were completed by the
early part of 1849 ; two of these having been destroyed
or damaged by the spring floods, have since been entirely
reconstructed. The foundations of the abutments and
of two of the river piers were safely got in before the
winter began, and all the foundations and cofferdams
have been secured by an extensive system of pro-

tecting works of mattrasse-nascines, laid down ac-
cording to the modern practice in Holland by Dutch
contractors, brought Vdrposely to Kieff by Mr. Vig-
noles. It is expected that the whole of the masonry
will be completed by the end of the season of 1850,
and that in the course of the autumn of 1851 the
Kieft' suspernion-bridge will be finished and opened.
'Thy eWay ;ipproaching the Dnieper from the
northward, as before mentioned, having been greatly
damaged in the great floods of 1845, will be put into
sufficient repair for the roads on the left bank of the
river. On the right bank, a fine new road along the
shore at the foot of the acclivities leads up stream to
the commercial and other parts of Kieff, and down
stream to the present ferry and the lower fortresses.
Another road will be formed ascending to the great
military positions on the heights above.
The beautiful model of this remarkable bridge is an
a scale of about 1 100 of the length of the actual
work. It is the most perfect thing of the kind, pro-
bably, ever designed or executed, and reflects the
highest credit on Mr. James, of London, the modeller,
and his chief assistant, Mr. Sims, who, with another
engineer, came purposely from London to erect the
model at St. Petersburgh. Every piece of wood or
iron, every bolt, screw, and plank—and they are there
by thousands—is represented in miniature and in the
most perfect manner; the architectural details of the
masonry, the interior arrangements of the abutments,
the moorings, and saddles of the chains, the machinery
of the swivel-bridge,—all are faithfully represented
on the proper scale, and in due proportion. The
proportionate scale of lergth being as 1 to 100, that of
area is of course as 1 to 10,000, and that of cube as 1
to 1,000,0001 and all the smaller pieces of iron are
accurately put into the model in the latter proportion.
The stand for the model is of mahogany, sup-
ported on bronze lonic pillars, with gold capitals
and frieze, forming a splendid piece of furniture,
worthy even of the Imperial Palace. The water of the
Dnieper is represented by a mirror, which reflects
the under side of the platform, and the whole model
is covered with a splendid glass case, set in a gilt
frame, with a beautiful dome of glass, supported on
richly gilt pillars of the Corinthian order; the whole
exquisitely chased. The model and stand have re-
quired two years to make, and the expense from first
to last has been fully 6,0001. sterling.
The cost of the Kieff suspension-bridge, exclusive
of the approaches, will be upwards of 400,000 guineas,
say about two millions and a half of silver roubles of
Russia, and nearly 11,000,0001., which though large
in amount, may be considered a very low price for so
large a work. Mr. Vignoles has already prepared, by
command of the Emperor, designs for several other
large bridges in various parts of Russia. Some of
them have been approved, and others are still under
consideration, and designs are in various stages of
progress for still more bridges, besides other works ;
for all of which the iron must be furnished from the
English manufactories.

HEALTH OF LONDON during the WEEK.
(From the Registrar-General's Return.)
In the week ending last Saturday the deaths re-
gistered in the metropolitan districts were 1,053.
The weekly average of this season, corrected for
increase of population, is 1,162. The mortality of
last week is therefore less than the estimated amount
by 109 deaths, and is nearly the same as that of the
previous week. Of the 1,053 persons whose deaths
are included in this return 841 had medical attend-
ance, and written statesments of the diseases which
proved fatal, distinguishing in many cases the pri-
mary and secondary forms, are entered on the
register books ; 15 had no medical attendance. In
15 cases the causes of death were not certified, and
in these it does not appear whether or not the patients
had professional aid. At the end of the quarter an
influx of cases returned by coroners swells the num-
ber of deaths registered in the week, but many of
these occurred at earlier dates. Inquests were held
on 176 deaths in the present return, considerably
more than the due proportion. They fall mostly
under fractures, wounds, drowning, hanging, and
suffocation, burns, scalds, and poison, making
altogether 65, whilst the weekly average is 30; and
under apoplexy, from which there were 44 deaths,
whilst the average is 26 ; besides 45 in which the
cause of death could not be ascertained, or was
defectively returned, the average of such being only
12. Seven children are returned as having died of
suffocation in bed ; 5 deaths are ascribed to intemper-
ance, of which one was the case of a girl of fourteen
years, who died after 38 hours' illness of congestion
of the brain and other organs, from drinking gin;
a child died of want; a man of 40 years, in the
sub-district of St. Andrew's East, of "exposure
to cold and destitution," and a pork butcher of 27
years, on the third day after admission into the
workhouse of St. Martin's-in-the Fields, from the
effects of " starvation and neglect." A woman who
had no medical attendance died in Somer's-town of
"inflammation of the lunigs:7_ siles,;vartfA eld-ctre
lasi week 42 children died of measles (which is about
the average), 24 of scarlatina, and 24 of whooping
cough (both diseases now under the average). Small-
pox, which was fatal in seven cases), and typhus in
31, are also less prevalent than usual. There is a
decrease of deaths on the previous week both from
bronchitis and pneumonia ; eight persons died of
influenza. Ooly nine deaths occurred from diarrheas ;
none from cholera. Tables accompany this return
which show the deaths from cholera in each of the
135 sub-districts of London in each week since
October, 1848.

The mean daily reading of the barometer at Green-
wich Observatory ranged from 30.440 inches to
30.304 inches on Sunday and Monday ; on Tuesday
it was 30 378 inches. The mean of the week
was 29 877 inches temperature of the week
was 13.1 degrees, less by 9 degrees than that of
the previous week, and less than the average of the
same week in seven years by five degrees. The daily
mean was throughout less than the average, except
on Wednesday. On Friday, when the mean tempe-
rature was only 25 degrees, it was less than the
average of the same day by 13 degrees.

MORTALITY in the METROPOLIS.
NUMBER OF DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES REGISTERED IN
THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, DEC. 29, 1849.
Epidemic, Endemic, and Contagious Diseases ... *176
Diseases of Uncertain Seat ... 58
Tubercular Diseases ... ... 152
Diseases of the Brain, Nerves, and Senses... ... 135
Diseases of the Heart and Blood-vessels 40
Diseases of the Lungs, and other Organs of
Respiration ... 185
Diseases of the Stomach, Liver, and other Organs

of Digestion... ... ... ... ... ... 43
Diseases of the Kidneys, &c. .. ... ... 15
Childbirth, Diseases of the Uterus, B.e. ... ... 17
Diseases of the Joints, Bones, and Muscles ... 2
Diseases of the Skin, Ste. ... ... ... ... 2

Malformations... ... ... ... ... ... 4
Premature Birth ... ... .. ... ••• 25
Atrophy ... ... ... ... ... ... 21
Old Age ... ••• •• • ... ••• ... 51
Sudden ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 45
Violence, Privation, Cold, and Intemperance ... 77
Causes not specified ... ••• ... ... ... 5

DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES ... ... 1,053

Population • • Average weekly Deaths
Enumerated, Deaths,
18444 in the

1841 Five 'AUtumns. Week.
West Districts... 301,189 . . 164 ... 155
North Districts.. 376,568 207 ... 186
Central Districts 374,199 ... 208 ... 206
East Districts ... 393,067 ... 259 ... 239
South Districts.. 503,346 ... 324 ... 267

Totals... ..... 1,948,369 ... 1,162 ... 1,053

Males

... 540
••• ••• •••

Females ... ... ... ... ... 513