The Sun.
London, England, 1868-05-27 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, WE EVENING, MAY 27, 1868.

FEMALE MEDICAL SOCIETY,

The fourth annual meeting of tne promoters of tbitt
society took place on Monday, at St. George's Hall,
Regent-street ; the Earl of Shaftesbury presiding. Dr.
Edmunds, in explaining the objects and proceedings of the
society, observed that it had been established for the pur-
pose of promoting the education of women in that branch
of the medical profession which in former times was
entrusted to their hands, but which, notwithstanding the
duties were such as they could most thoroughly and pro-
perly undertake, had in later years been almost monopo-
lised by men, owing to their superior powers of organisation
and collegiate education. The report of the society's
operations stated that the society had founded an auxi-
liary medical college to teach women obstetrical science
and the necessary branches of medicine ; and its arrange.
ments were framed to supplement the practical instruc-
tion already attainable at the lying -in hospitals.
During the last year an alliance had been effected
between the Female Medical Society and the
British Lying-in Hospital, by means of which both insti-
tutions would greatly augment their separate spheres of
usefulness. The students enrolled at the college now
amounted to 69. Of these i considerable number were
already settled in practice as lady midwives, and were
succeeding so admirably that amongst a large number of
patients whom they had attended not a single death nor
any sort of casualty or misfortune had occurred. Twenty-
one of these ladies enrolled themselves as obstetrical
students during the first two years, and 48 during the last
two years, and there was every probability that this
number of students would continue to increase. Of the
69, 13 were widowed, 21 married, and 35 single. There
could no longer be any doubt that the college would ulti-
mately prove self-supporting, and also become an impor-
tant and growing section of the society's work. The time,
however, had now arrived when an organisation which
was of proved capacity and utility should be consolidated
and completed by Royal Charter or Act of Parliament.
The committee, therefore, asked that a special fund of
£l,OOO should be established for the purpose of obtaining
this boon, and that the balance of the same should be de-
voted to the foundation of a museum and library in the
college. During the last year the society's income from
donations, subscriptions, and students' fees had amounted
to £521, while the total disbursements had been kept
down to £l7O. The account of assets and lia-
bilities showed that the society was in a sol-
vent condition, and when certain unpaid items were
received there would be a surplus of nearly £2O ; but
there was still a charge against the society of £lO7 as the
balance still owing of the treasurer's advance, and this it
was hoped would soon be liquidated. The report, on the
motion of Lord Houghton, seconded by Colonel Pitcairn,
was adopted, and resolutions were passed in furtherance
of the objects of the society. The chairman, in addressing
himself to these, observed that the association was pro-
ceeding on a perfectly fair and legitimate principle—viz.,
the qualifying of females to treat the diseases of women
and children ; and he was fully assured that their perse-
verance in the course they had so successfully begun would
eventually secure a most valuable boon to the o=—munity
at large.

RELIGION IN FRANCE DURING 7IIE
REPUBLIC OF 1848.

The prompt and sanguinary suppression of
the outbreak in June, 1848, did not put a
stop to the stormy discussions which took
place at the National Assembly, composed
of men of such a variety of opinions. The
solemn promulgation of the Constitution, how-
ever, took place in front of the Tuileries in
October, 1848. It was easy to see that the
destinies of France could not be conducted by
such an assembly. A second Chamber, called
the Constituent Assembly, was elected. The
number of members was reduced to 750, and
after wards again to 280. Louis Napoleon was
named President of the Republic for four
years, then for ten, when he took up his resi-
dence at the Tuileries, and was installed in the
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, as Prince President.
This was the first step towards the restoration
of royalty. It is something to be seated, with
the sanction of religion, in the palace of the
ancient kings of France. The people, more
especially in the rural parts of France, said
that peace and prosperity could only be re
stored by a crowned head ; they were all in
favour of a Prince-President for ten years, and
both the Prince and the Chambers had the
good sense to preserve the liberty of religion
and the liberty of education gained by the
revolution of 1848. This, however, did not
prevent the clamour going on in Parliament,
until the violence of the speeches brought about
the coup d'etat which ended in the revolution
of 1852, when Louis Napoleon was proclaimed
Emperor. In the meantime the first National
Assembly had voted the sending of an army
to relieve Rome from the hands of the Red
Republicans. ' Everybody felt that order could
not be restored in France unless the head of
order was restored to his throne. In Eng-
land, since the importation of Fenianism from
the United States, the value of order is more
than ever appreciated. It was an ardent desire
of order that brought about the coup d'etat in
1852, and gave the death-blow to the Republic,
although it had conferred liberty on France.
The people did not see then what use the
Emperor would make of his power. They
were tired of the violent discussions in the
Chambers, and were glad to see the pageantry
of their ancient kings restored again to the
Tuileries. In the departments they knew
the cost of putting down the Red Republi-
cans
in June, 1848. But the departments
have no kind of influence over Paris. They
are the slaves of prefects, who themselves are
only paid servants of the Minister. The only
liberty that the departments enjoy is the right
of petitioning, but such petitions to the Cham-
bers are, as a general rule, met by passing to
the order of the day, and no further notice
is taken of them. Had the Republic restored
liberty to the ancient provinces, it might have
strengthened its hold on the country ; but
this could only have been done by calling in
religion to its help, and true Catholic principles.
It is the independence of each separate state in
the United States of America which constitutes
the force of that Republic. In a large country
like France, where there still exists strong pro-
vincial feelings, there are wants which are not
felt in Paris, and such wants can only be pro-
perly treated by those who feel and know them;
it is, therefore, most unjust that Paris should
have to decide questions of reform which it
knows nothing about. This injustice will some
day be the cause cf a violent movement, for
the departments will not always remain the
slaves of Paris. The ancient noblesse preserved
their liberty by a retired life, and by increasing
their kindness towards the peasantry ; they
are still called " Master" by those good-hearted
people, and are loved and obeyed, because the
peasant knows who is worthy of his respect and
of his love. He feels at home with the ancient
proprietor of the soil, and looks down with
a doubtful eye upon every stranger or wealthy
upstart of the day. Strangers to the province
or wealthy upstarts are regarded with a doubt-
ful eye. Such men can only obtain considera-
tion if they are distinguished by a high cha-
racter for virtue and religion.
In the great manufactories which are to be
found in different parts of France, some of
them employing as many as 6,000 hands,
where the masters are conscientious and reli-
gious, the highest respect is shown to them by
the men. The workman is proud of his master,
and the master looks after the wants of his
men ; he provides them with suitable cottages,
with food, clothing, &c. Excellent schools, con-
ducted by Christian Brothers, are provided for
their children. In such places is seen the Sis-
ter of Charity in a clean, white dress, going
wherever sickness calls her ; the cure, too,
looks like a father amidst his children ; he
shows the workmen in these vast manufactories
:that the things of this earth are to be enjoyed
in purity and sobriety, and that labour is evi-
dently their true vocation, which, when done
for the love of God, must lead them to Paradise.
What satisfaction cannot be read in every face
in such Catholic manufactories; and how diffe-
rent they are to what is seen in those where
religion is not the basis of obedience. In these
you may trace the baneful effects of a base
and reluctant slavery which degrades the men,
and is the initial cause of those strikes so
common in our days. The parvenu, by pur-
chase of an estate, let his fortune be howeN er
great, is always looked upon by the peasantry
with suspicion. His only way to gain respect
is to go to church on Sundays, to be on good
terms with the cure, to lead a virtuous life,
and show the greatest respect for religion. It
is in that way and by the every-day care that
the clergy take of the poor and the sick that
the salutary influence of the Catholic religion
is kept up in France. It is not as in Eng-
land, where religion is kept up by luxury,
finery, and fashion. But the religion of Christ
is not the religion of the world. The world
has its own ways, and is constantly attacking
the true religion in newspapers, novels, pam-
phlets, and meetings, is constantly holding up
every Catholic priest to contempt, and declar-
ing, if not in so many words, that every
Catholic King who goes to Church on Sun-
days ought to
.be banished. Yet,
in spite of
the teachings of freethinkers and atheists,
wherever the Catholic religion enjoys any
of ordinary liberty it keeps up its influ-
ence, although it may be taught by very simple
and plain men. In France, however, the
seminaries have produced some very learned
priests and orators of great distinction ; the
clergy of France can bear comparison with the
clergy of any other country in the world.
They are distinguished for their kind and
cheerful character, for their self-denial, which
makes them so easy of access, anci for their
never-failing zeal for the salvation of souls.
The visiting of the sick and the poor is their
peculiar, office. The confessionals, also, are
attended as early as five o'clock in the morn-
ing. In the rural Catholic parts of France,
where the population goes to church, Mass is
celebrated every day at five. o'clock in the
morning, and not later than six in winter. It
is the purity of the lives of the clergy and their
devoutness which is the cause, in spite of so
much evil and so many obstacles, that has
still preserved the Catholic religion as the re-
ligion of the great majority in France. It is
the clergy who have saved France from sec-
tarianism. It was the power of Catholicism
in France which overthrew the republic in
1862, because its leaders were in the main
irreligious men. It was Catholicism which
decided the general vote when Louis Napoleon
was proposed as Emperor. The morality of
the country stood in need of a dictator. At
the time he was the only dictator possible. The
ruin of France by the first Empire had been
forgotten under the glory of so many battle-
fields. Fran& had been cured of its deep
wounds. The population was once more on
the increase. The Parisians were tired of bar-
ricades in the streets, and of the daily conspi-
racies going on in the midst of the violent
discussions in the Chamber. The whole of
France was tired of anarchy. In our next
article we will show what use the Emperor
made of the unlimited power given. him ; it

will take in the period from the revolution of
1852 to the present day. At a time when so
great a change is taking place in public
opinion, it is more than ever necessary that
contemporary history should be correctly
stated, especially as, in our day, it is so con-
stantly perverted by anti-Christian writers.
Truth has never been more called for than now,
so that straightforward and unbiassed minds
may see these so-called liberal ideas in their
true light, which may lead to greater wisdom,
'and to that general peace after which every-
body aspires. —Correspondent of the Westminster
Gazette. •

7HE STATE TRIAL.

(From the Anglo-American Times)

The news was known last Saturday night that
the Senate Court had voted on the eleventh Article
of the Impeachment charges, and acquitted AN-
DREW JOHNSON by a majority of one ; the voting
being for Guilty, 35 ; Not Guilty, 19 ; which is just
one less than the requisite two-thirds. The House
then adjourned to the 26th. The •moving springs
of this strange action is the desire to defeat BEN
WADE'S electioneering tactics. A proposition had
been made in the Chamber for an adjournment of
ten days, and it is now clear that that proposition
has been acted on, the object being to delay the
trial till after the Chicago Convention meets. In-
deed, in this matter the Senate is acting the part
of the Cornwall parson when news reached the
congregation that a wreck had come ashore. He'
detained his hearers till he could descend from the
pulpit. and disrobe, when a fair start was given to
all. After the nomination of the Republican can-
didate for Vice-President, one of the many objec-
tions to BEN WADE will be removed, for he then
becomes powerless to use the Presidential patronage
to forward his interests in the matter. The general
feeling here appears to be that this vote is decisive
on Impeachment; that having rejected an Article
which in a general way recapitulates the charges,
that this Court cannot vote the President Guilty on
the minor counts. IN e believe this to be a mistake,
and consider that ANDREW JOHNSON'S chance of ac-
quittal would have been greater had this vote
been given on the first Article, which declares the
removal of EDWIN STANTON from the War Office
.to be in violation of the Tenure-of-Office Act and
the Constitution, the seven following Articles being
more or less variations of this charge. The recess
of ten days, if the Senate had made up its mind,
and the votes as given on the eleventh Article could
be relied upon for the other ten, is an unmeaning
proceeding ; nor would the members have exposed
themselves to the persecution they are sure to en-
counter so long as the case remains undecided,
without some distinct object. Our opinion is that
on next Tuesday ANDREW JOHNSON will cease to
be President of the United States, as on some, if not
on all, of the first eight counts the probabilities
are that the verdict will be Guilty. The
vote embraced every member of
.the Senate, being
the two- Senators frOM 27 states, JOHN EVANS, and
J. B. CHAFFEE, from Colorado, not being admitted.
If the Chief Justice voted, and BENJAMIN WADE
also voted, the number must have been 55, pro-
vided all the other Senators were in their seats, in
which case, therefore, either Mr. CHASE or Mr.
WADE did not vote. Considering how near the
event, what many predicted must really have hap-
pened, that either the Chief Justice or a single
Senator decided the question last Saturday ; and we
presume that Mr. FESSENDEN carried with him his
'colleague Mr. MORRILL, of Maine; GRIMES, of Iowa;
SPRAGUE, of Rhode Island, and ANTHONY, his col-
league ; TURNBULL, of Illinois ; and HENDERSON, of
Missouri. A number all but one sufficient, with the
eleven Democrats who every one knew would cast
a solid party vote, to decide the question. Maine,
Rhode Island,.Maryland, Delaware, and Kentucky
have, we calculate, given the votes of both their
Senators against the charge. Of course this is mere
conjecture ; but enough is known of the opinions of
the Senators to make us feel confident that we are
not far from the mark. There is a strong and in-
creasing dislike to the elevation of Mr. WADE into
the Presidential chair. If-the Senate sanctions the
appointment of General SCEIOFIELD, and Gem:3-I.m
GRANT gives that officer some sort of guarantee
that in case of election he will continue him in the
War Office, the main difficulty in a verdict of Not
Guilty on all the charges would be removed. Seim-
FIELD, if pressed by his friend GRANT, would
doubtless, although at the sacrifice of his position
in the army, take the post. With that arranged the
Senate knows what it has to expect till ANDREW
JOHNSON'S term has expired. But the Senate does
not know what will be the result of placing its
PRESIDENT in the White House. The Senators
dread what the Nation calls the advance of the
war-horse section, with head. and tail erect, neigh-
jag, snorting,"and plunging7,7-llad it not been for
the inexcusable folly of ANDREW JOHNSON, the ex-
treme Radicals would have sunk into insignificance.
But one of the points which has so grieved and
annoyed all moderate men with ANDREW JOHNSON
is the infatuation which dictated the measures which
brought the " war-horses" so conspicuously forward.
The Senate is a body of cautious statesmen and
lawyers, and the prospect of a BEN WADE Cabinet
and a BEN WADE President is not alluring. Not only
would the Presidential office be degraded by a sen-
tence of deposition, and a change effected in the
Constitution of the United States the extent of which
no man
caetnow estimate, but an immediate change
would be brought about which might produce an
effect as startling as it was undesirable. Already a
bill has been framed by the Protectionists, raising
some say, to ansaverage rate of 100 per
the tariff,
they hope to push through Congress
cent., which
during the BEN WADE Presidency, and the country
will then be shut out from commerce as was Japan from
foreign intercourse a few years ago. Mr. WADE'S no-
tions of finance are believed to be, in the highest degree
crude ; and it is known that he is a strong oppo-
nent of Mr. M'CoLLoca's system, which receives
the support of the most enlightened economists in
America, and'most business men who desire by fair
and honest means to carry on their undertakings.
Mr.. GREELEY is talked of as Mr. SEWARD'S suc-
cessor, and General B. F. BUTLER is pressing hard
for the mission to England. Thus the foreign as
well as the home policy would be changed, and
the " war-horses" introduced into the highest
offices of State. This is not a pleasant prospect
for a cautious body like the Senate, while ex-
tensive arraugempnts, are known to be in pro-
gress for extorting from the Chicago Convention
Mr. WADE'S nomination for the Vice-Presidency,
some even going so far an to claim for him the Pre-
sidency. On the other hand, ANDREW JOHNSON
can do but little harm. In a few months his suc-
cessor will be named, when he will sink into a
mere cypher. He has no office to aspire to, and no
party to back him, and during the trial he was
wholly deserted, even by the office-holders who
would not now consider it worth their while to
pay homage to that idol. The Republican party
will lose little • even in the Presidential cam-
paign, as they will COMunaud the aid of Cus-
tom Houses and Post Offices, whether ANDREW
JOHNSON be President or riot. The long and short
of it is, thht ANDREW JOHNSON is a tiger with his
teeth extracted and claws pared,' and BEN WADE
is a tiger with both teeth and claws, and the Senate
as keeper having fought the battle that subdued one
obstreperous animal, doubts the wisdom of replacing
it by another untamed of the same species. These
facts have weighed so heavily on the Senate as to
produce the vote on the eleventh Article now re-
corded, and to lead to an adjournment, which will
end Mr. WADE'S chance of using the Presidential
patronage, if he ever gets it, to forward his nomina-
tion to the Vice-Presidency by bribing the Chicago
Convention.

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EXTREMES MEET.

(From the Anglo-American Times.)

We have always thought that BEN. BUTLER, BEN.
WADE, and THAD. STEVENS were bold men ; but
the full measure of their audacity has been hidden
from us till revealed by AMEDEE El. SIMoNIN. This
gentleman has written a pamphlet on the Resump-
tion of Specie Payments, and on the dangers which
threaten modern civilization. At present we deal
with the last only of the three dangers, which the
author states to be, that " a certain number of men
who, in the United States, enjoy great politidal in-
fluence, have formed the project of destroying self-
government here (in the United States), and of
forming an oligarchy, of which they will assume
the direction." The oligarchy is evidently the ex-
treme Radical party--the " war-horses ;" of whom
the gentlemen we have named are the best known.
It is said that extremes meet, but if M. SIMONIN
is to be credited, in this instance they have abso-
lutely "collided." Imagine such a man as THAD.
STEVENS being one of a conspiracy to overthrow
the liberties of the citizens, and to erect a rule of
caste more grinding than that of Bratnah. Ile who
declares that to refuse the suffrage to the negro is
to deny GOD, is, it now appears, at the head of a
conspiracy to thrust on the United States a thou-
sand tyrants, and erase every v!..3stige of liberty out
of the great Republic. The author says that in
ridding itself of slavery by violence, the nation has
forged another chain of which the links are exag-
gerated goeernmentalisnz, miletaryism, an eLor-
MOUS 'public debt, exorbitant taxes, the im-
poverishment of the mass of the citizens, the de-
crease of production and of public wealth, and the
more than proportional increase of vice and crime ;
a frightful decline in public conscience and morals ;
and, finally, the most dangerous of all the links, the
domination of Jacobinisin. The indifference of
worthy people to public matters has caused the evil
which has attained overwhelming proportions. A
State has b,3en formed in the State, composed of
office-seekers, budget-eaters, political pillagers of
public funds, a powerful corporation who now be-
lieve they possess the right divine to the State
revenues. There are in the United States, says
AL &moms, " about a thousand men who form a
well-organized political party. They have their
leaders, from whom they receive the word of order,
and whom they obey •as blindly as Jesuits obey
their general. They are making every effort to
introduce in their exclusive interest a political
regimen nearly similar to that which exists
in Russia. If they succeed, instead of having
a single Autocrat, we shall have at least for a time
a thousand, then five hundred, then three hun-
dred, until in fine, when the propitious moment
shall have come, we shall have but the Prince of
the Senate as was the custom in Rome. These
thousand men, as ambitious as they are puritanical,
and animated by that spirit of domination which
characterises the Scythe-Tartar-Mongol race,
wish to establish an oligarchy, of whiCh they
will name themselves the Patricians." (0
THAD ! we have found you out ; go back to your
paternal roof, if the little cottage still stands,
and contemplate the lowliness of your origin,
and the extravagant ambition of your designs.)
" To attain their aim they rend the Constitution,
create independent military dictatorships, necessarily
destructive of Executive power. They are now at
work in demolishing the Supreme Court, leaving
but their own of the three powers organized by the
founders of the Republic. The palladium of civil
and political libertibeing, as they know, the inde-
pendence of each local constituency, the oligarchs
have placed the city of New York under the con-
trol of the Legislature at Albany, and enacted that
any Mayor may be removed by the. Governor.
Laws are passed which authorize the violation of
the rights of domicile, to seize persons, books, pa-
pers, to make searches and perquisitions similar to
those made by inquisitors and by the sbirri of
absolute powers. They make laws, called Maine
law, Sunday law, and whoever infringes them is
arrested, taken to' prison, and tried iu a criminal
court. There are States where swearing is punished
by a fine of 50 cants, others by a dollar, others by
imprisonment." They go further ; they wish to
destroy the Yresidenttat °ince, that they may re--
main masters, establishing legally the oligarchy of
the thousand, and Mr. SUMNER presented a petition
to the Senate demanding that the office should be
abolished, and replaced by an admiuistrativ.3 com-
mission, which simply means the installation of
the oligarchy. " See," exclaims M. SIMONIN,
" what is now passing in Washington ; the thou-
sand have violated' the" Constitution, they are going
to get rid of the PaESIDENr, put Mr. WADE in
his place, and then establish the administrative
commission, of which all the members are to be
chosen in their party. It will be easy for them then
to make the coup d'etat that they meditate." Their
project existed loug ago, and immediately after the
war they invented what is vulgarly called in politics
"a see-saw," by which unfortunately the Americans
are caught from want of reflection, the " see-saw"
being Reccnstruction. You cannot reconstruct a
thing not demolished ; the States were never out of
the Union, and slavery disappeared for ever in the
whirlwind of the rebellion ; the Union remaining
intact, minus slavery. Reconstruction then is
a dodge, invented by the thousand to perpetuate
themselves in power and prepare their coup d'etat.
One of the strongest points of the oligarchy,
according to M. Sfaroxix is protection, designed to
enrich their friends and adherents, the great manu-
facturers, at the expense of the poor. While other
nations advance resolutely towards international
free exchange, the thousand, who have already laid
the first foundation of their oligarchy, make more
and more prohibitions, making their friends richer
and richer, and undermining the country more and
more. The consequences of the acts of the oligar-
chists are easily shown
" Ist. There is no country where the person of
a citizen and his property enjoy less security than
in the United States.

2dly. There is no country where there is less
civil liberty.

3dly. Nowhere are there summary and arbi-
tary arrests as in the United States under vain pre-
tences, or for simple contraventions of pure civil
rules of order.

" 4thly. There are delays and difficulties in
arresting real criminals:--that is murderers and
robbers, but a carter that puts 50 or I.oolbs. more
on his cart than his horse can easily draw, is at once
dragged to prison; so is the family man or woman,
who on Sunday or during the week before a cer-
tain hour in the morning, sells a glass of beer.
sthly. This system, a mixture. of Jesuitism,
Jacobinism, and Puritani,m, of which- the general
whole forms real despotism, tends to drag down the
citizen, paralyses the springs of his energy and
destroys dignity. It is a sort of reign of
terror, which degenerates and prepares the citizen
gradually for submission to the coup d'etat medi-
tated by the leaders. The thousand oligarchists
have a plan which they follow without the slightest
deviatiOn. In a foot note the author says the
thousand oligarchists are about to depose the PRE-
SIDENT, under the pretext that he had violated the
laws, while it was they who had violated them. It
is the beginning of the execution of the coup d'etat
so long premeditated ; it is, perhaps, also the
beginning of a civil war that will lead us to Mexi-
can anarchy." The author accounts for the
extraordinary sympathy between the United
States and Russia (a country evidently M. SIMO-
NIN'S bete noir) as a portion of th.; thousand's
policy. While the Managers were thunder-
ing in the Senate Chamber on the usurpation
intended by ANDREW JOHNSON., M. SIMONIN was
circulating this pamphlet to show that these men
are but the counsel of the oligarchists, whose
usurpations threaten even a more vicioas rule. If
the leaders of the Radicals profess anything, it has
been hatred of class distinctions ; if they have built
up a political edifice on one broad base, that base is
the equal rights of all ; if on one point they have
pertinaciously opposed the general sentiment of
their countrymen, it is ou the enfranchisement of
the African race. Yet we now learn that all this
is a mere blind, their real object being to establish
a class rule of the narrowest and moat selfish de-
scription, and that TUAD. STEVENS'S patriotism is
simply his desire to erect himself into a patrician.
That ridiculous title oL hi—" The Corumouer"—

is another blind, a handful of dust in the eyes of
his fellow-citizens, the "Aristocrat" being his true
aim. No wonder the English find it difficult to
understand American politics. Here we have ex-
posed the oligarchical designs of the extreme Radi-
cals, who, through universal suffrage, corruption,
and bad laws, pass on to their desired end—the
usurpation of social and political power by a nar-
row class. This is Radicalism in America, and the
Standard, which has ignorantly regarded BUTLER,
WADE, STEVENS, and men of that ilk as its avowed
enemies, may, if it looks deeper, discover that they
are its warmest friends. There also it will find its
great ally, the Protectionists, and in the Russian
alliance behold the real feelings which influence the
class. We feel much indebted to the author for
enlightening us on this subject.