The Sun.
London, England, 1868-11-26 00:00:00

THE SOUTHERN SIATES.

LOUISIANA.—As the day of election neared the
reign of terror in Louisiana and other Southern
States became fast and furious. General Rousseau
had but 600 men in New Orleans, and he could act
but little as a check. The club rooms and many
houses of Republicans were broken into and sacked,
and it is said that for several nights more than 20
murders were committed before each morning
dawned. Governor Yarmouth kept his place of
residence a secret, for in truth the Ku-Klux are no
respectors of persons. The despatch announcing
the result of the election is not a bad commentary
on the drilling administered to the Radicals. " The
election passed off quietly, there being no trouble
of any kind, and no interference with voters. The
negroes in New Orleans abstained almost totally
from voting. In the Fourth District, the strongest
Democratic district in the city, out of 4,200 votes,
4,100 were Democratic. Throughout the country
parishes the negroes voted freely, in some localities
largely Democratic. The Democratic majorities
from all localities heard from are overwhelming."
The officers of the Ist United States Infantry have
denounced the rumour that that regiment was dis-
loyal as a malicious falsehood. The entire number
of recruits does not exceed 5 per cent., and they
were sent from Northern recruiting stations, while
the regiment is composed almost entirely of re-en-
listed men who presented honourable discharges
from other United States regiments. John Valen-
tine Chase, who was lately assassinated by the rebels
at Franklin, was a native of Ohio, and moved to
Louisiana before the war, but came North in 1861
for safety during the rebellion.
_ _ _

TENNESSEE.-A negro was discovered making a
coffin for one of his race murdered by the Ku-
Klux, and was whipped, but he had the indiscre-
tion to state he knew who had tied him up, where-
upon he was taken to the woods, and his friends
will probably wait long before he reappears.

ALABAMA.-At Huntsville the Radicals had a
meeting, and unfortunately within firing distance
of a Democratic procession. The opportunity
could not be resisted, and the Conservatives fired
with such effect that Judge Horton, a marked man,
was mortally wounded, two negroes were killed,
and many wounded. George L. Harrington,
speaker of the Alabama House of Representatives,
and Senator F. L. Pennington report that while
canvassing Choctaw and Sumter counties lately,
several daring attempts were made to assassinate
them. In Choctaw they were threatened with
hanging, and at Gaston, in Sumter county, matters
became more serious. The carriage iu which they

were travelling was fired on and hit several times,
and they only saved themselves from death or injury
by fast driving. United States Senator Willard
Warner, of Alabama, has likewise encountered a
hostile mob several times recently, been prevented
from speaking where ho bad appointments, and
threatened with assassination.

TEXAS.—It appears that the officer commanding
the garrison at Jefferson had less than 30 men
guarding the gaol where Mr. Smith had taken re-
fuge, and being surrounded by a well equipped
body of 200 he judged it right to ground arms, as
he considered defence hopeless. Smith fought with
a tenacity and courage worthy of any cause, only
ceasing to fire in death with 18 bullets in him.
General Reynolds is to be removed, as the Presi-
dent is dissatisfied with his administration of the
State. We fear the task to redeem Texas is beyond
the power of most officers, but so marked is the
failure of Reynolds that a change should be tried.
FLORIDA. - This State voted by her Legislature ;
and in doing so followed the former example of South
Carolina, though that State did not adhere to its
old practice. Florida has either from this, or for
some other cause, escaped the reign of terror. Her
legislature, of course, voted for Grant, while it is
said that two out of her three Congressmen will be
Democrats. Governor Holden is represented in his
private letters as writing very hosiefully of the
future prospects of the State. The Nation says of
it--" It is almost the only State that we should feel
like recommending to Northern men as a region in
which they may settle in security. Its Quakers and
Scotch, and its strong infusion of old Whigs, and
its solid-headed, honest yeomanry—there is a good
probability of a valuable coloured yeomanry there
make it, altogether, a State to be honoured, liked,
and trusted. It certainly is now more nearly re-
covered from the effects of the war than any of the
other members of the Confederacy ; and this is
directly traceable to the comparative moderation
and sensible political course of its people." The
latest mail news, however, is that the Governor has
been impeached by the Legislature for official mis-
conduct.

ARKANSAS.—Captain Mills, Bureau agent, and
Captain Porter Andrews were murdered in Little
River county, on the 24th ult., and Sheriff Stundle,
who was with him, was badly wounded. Two
negroes were killed near the same place soon after,
and at Crittenden, in the same State, six men have
been murdered in the night, and others have been
shot for attempting to bury them. The arms lately
reported as seized on board the steamer Hesper, and
thrown over into the Mississippi, have reappeared,
part cf them at New Orleans, and it is insinuated
that Forrest had something to do with this matter.

THE CHINESE CIVIL SERVICE.*

(From the Anil, o -American Times.)

The Civil Service of China differs from all others
on these two points—Literary attainments are the
sole channel to office and political advancement,
and these offices are not only open to every class
of the people, but some carry with them when attained
the highest social rank and dignity. Of course,
nothing in human institutions is pure, and bribery
exists in no small degree. But, the fact that the
Chinese Civil Service has been so constituted is the
reason why China now exists at all as a semi-civilized
power, and has not degenerated, excluded for so many
ages from foreign intercourse, into irredeemable
barbarism. It will readily be imagined that where
literary attainments are so rewarded that the masses
are literary, and it is calculated that 200,000,000 are
literati out of the 360,000,000, almost every man of
whom can read and write sufficiently for ordinary
purposes. The press is free, and from it issues
numerous works on every subject, which are
gathered into the libraries scattered over the vast
empire, every where open to the inhabitants. Mr.
Jenckes does not consider he exaggerates in stating
that next to the United States there are more books
in China and more persons who read books than in
any other country. The degrees of literary merit
are four—SEW-TSEE, " men of cultivated talent ;"
KEN-JIN, " elevated persons ;" TZIN-SZE, " advanced
scholars ;" and HAN-Lix, " the forest of pencils," or
national institute. The examination for the first,
which takes place twice every three years, is in
country towns; for the second, once every three
years, in the provincial capital ; for the third, in the
imperial capital; and for the fourth, in the imperial
palace in the presence of the Emperor. The rise is
from one to the other, and the 10,000 cmapetitors
are confined and guarded in cells while they are
working out their themes. Those successful in the
fourth obtain liberal salaries, and are employed to
deliberate on all questions regarding politics and
literature, and to prepare public documents, while
the three highest candidates, being mounted on
horseback, are paraded for three days round Peking,
signifying that " thus it shall be done unto the
man the king delighteth to honour." Even among
the three a distinction is made, as the first occu-
pies the most enviable post in the nation, and yet
one to which all may aspire. Judging from the
nature of the examination, we must conclude that
memory is held in the highest account, as the chief
requisite to success is to carry the five classics and
the four books in, as they say, " their belly !" Al-
though a test of application and a test of a valuable
mental qualification, it certainly is not a test of the
highest capacity. The essays are judged by the
quotations they can introduce from ancient authors,
which they are compelled to spend five or six years
in committing to memory, and the same number in
acquiring a good style, but even after, there are
many years of incessant toil needed to insure suc-
cess. The Five Classics are the Yike-King, B Jok
of Diagrams ;" the She-King," Collection of Odes ;"
the Le-Ke " Record of Ceremonies ;" the Shoo-
King, containing the history of the three first
dynasties ; and the Chun-tsew, an account of
the life and times of Confucius. The first two of
the Four Books, Chung-yang, ,4 The Happy Me-
dium," and Taheo "The Great Doctrine," were
written by Tsze-tsze, the grandson and disciple of
Confucius; the third, the Lunyu, " Book of Dis-
courses," is the production of different disciples of
the sage who recollected and recorded his words
and deeds ; the last of the Four Books was written
by Mencius, the disciple of Tsze-tsze, and bears his
name. The text of these nine books is equal in
bulk to that of the New Testament and it is be-
lieved that were every copy to be annihilated there
are a million of people who could restore the whole
from memory. In former times the Chinese were
divided into four social classes : the Tse, or learned,
who govern and instruct the rest; the Nung, the
producer of food and m tterial for clothing ; the
Kung, artisan or manufacturer; and the Chang,
who distributed and exchanged the productions.
But in China the reverse of Indian caste was
the case, as the children of the lower were encou-
raged to aspire to the higher grade. In the
Tse were the officials ; the list of subaltern officers
and literati alone being estimated at half a million.
There are thirteen principal departments of Govern-
ment, mainly consisting of Boards somewhat simi-
lar to those of other great nationalities. The first
is the Cabinet, with five principal and two assis-
tant chancellors ; the General Council, which is the
second, is the most influential body, corresponding
to a Ministry, and it embraces the chancellors of
the first, and the presidents and vice-presidents of
the boards of the rest of the thirteen departments,
being a gathering of all the chiefs, together with
the Princes of the Blood. There is a Board of
Revenue, of Rights, of War, of Punishments, a
Alint, a Censorate, a Court of Judicature, and the
last is the Hanlien-Yuen or Imperial Academy.
There is a national college, which differs from the
Hanlien-Yuen, and also an astronomical college.
The different ranks are distinguished by costumes
and ornaments, and the pay is according to the fol-
lowing scale :—A Governor-General receives about
£6,000 a year ; a Lieutenant-Governor less than
£5,000 ; a Treasurer over £2,500 ; a Provincial
Judge under £2,000 ; a Prefect about £9OO. The
district magistrates vary from £250 to £6OO ; Lite-
rary Chancellor, £9OO ; the Commander-in-Chief,
£1,200 ; General, £7OO ; Colonel, £4OO ; and other
officers down to £4O. The feature of the Chinese
system is to make officers mutually responsible,
which leads the superior to confer various duties upon
one functionary, so that he may get a general know-

ledge of what occurs around, and report irregulaw
ties. It accomplishes the object of binding the
main and lesser wheels of the huge machine to the
rulers and to each other, as they become all respon-
sible and involved in what goes wrong. The Em-
peror's emissaries are constantly despatched to all
parts of the empire, and though ostensibly entrusted
with a particular duty, they are required to take a
general surveillance and report accordingly. In
the same manner the governors of provinces are
empowered to send especial messengers invested
with full power over their jurisdiction, and even
prefects and intendants dispatch their myrmidons.
Thus a network of espionage exists throughout
China, and the Emperor, who never himself visits
the provinces, secures ample information and exer-
cises great control. No officer is allowed to marl
in his jurisdiction, nor own land there, nor have 3
son, brother, or near relative in office under him,
nor is he stationed in the same province for more
than three years. Triennially, full reports are sent
to the Board of Civil Office from each province on
the merits and demerits of all officers in the empire.
Those in inferior office report upon their inferiors,
while they themselves are reported on by their
superiors, who are again reported on by their suPe"
riors up to the Governor. The Order of Demerit
is classed under these heads—the Undiligent, the
Inefficient,the Superficial, the Untalented, the Super'
annuated,and the Diseased. Sometimes officers are ele'
vated or degraded so many steps, and whenever the)"
issue an edict they are required to state how often
they have been advanced, or degraded, or records
It is their duty to accuse themselves when guilty of
crime, either personally or by their subordinates,
and request punishment. For high crimes death 15
inflicted, either by the executioner, or, as a favour,
by making the culprit execute himself, a delicate
hint being given in a rope, failing which he is deca'
pitated. A red book is published quarterly, giving
the names and standing of all officers, their nation'
ality and place of nativity, the title of their office+
its salary, and other information. The census 15
taken every tenth month, and for the purpose 6
constable is over ten and a bailiff over one hundred
families ; each keeps a register for the magistrates,
through whom it reaches the Governor, and event"
ually Peking. The revenue amounted thirty years
ago to $286,000,000, which is generally under 0.0
expenditure, the deficit being made up by patriot!6
subscriptions and new taxes. One of the peculiar!.
ties of the Chinese service is the complete sub°rd.4l.
nation of the military power to the civil ;
officers are so poorly paid and so shorn of authorm
that they are at the mercy of every literary
Mandarin. The general control of the arnlY
under the Ta-ching, or great Minister, and the G°
vernor and Lieut.-Governors, when it pleases theul:o
assume command, and though civilians often tags
the lead of a whole army, yet it is held to h.ee
maxim in China that he who can rule a provll3c
military
can also command an army. The highest
grade is open to the humblest soldier, but the sele
tion is so bad that the most ignorant men have risco
to the highest ranks. The only military decoratioa
conferred by the Emperor is a peacock's feathert.,,
be worn in the cap. Whoever distinguishes 11736
self in battle receives a pecuniary reward, auct
who falls in defence of his country has his name.oe,
scribed on the list of promotion in Hades- P
sponsibility and a commensurate punishment are
meted out according to the grade of the individual

Ex-Governor J. Madison Wells, of Louisisl3B§'
who was removed by order of General Sheridan, 1;$1
brought a suit for the recovery of the salary acerti'l3-

during the term for which he was chosen. - Alj
The Boston Post says that " Secretary Sevrar"o'
marriage is said to have been prevented by the reerip''
strances of his family against his ringing that little be'
Ozias W. Whittaker, who has been elected ~
the General Convention of the Protestant Episeells
Church missionary bishop of Nevada and Arizonat'ft
native of New Salem, Massachusetts, a graduate of An:thees
College, and for some four or five years resided in Sel:„
Brookfield, teaching the high school there. After cAt;
pleting his theological studies he went to Nevada a° ley
Episcopal missionary in 1863, and has ever since been 3,
bouring with zeal and success among the mining cony
nities in that region.
The Springfield Republican of Nov. 7 has the 01'
lowing: —" An unlucky Friday was the last to an Iris(r
man who went to Lennox in the morning and was Otija
an American, returned to Pittsfield and got drunk, a-
was killed by the cars east of that town in the eveniog'„
The majority of John Morrissey in the Fifth Co
Pi
gressional District, New York, is 11,22 E.
Mr. Maynard is re-elected to Congress fr°rlll.o
Tennessee, and Logan 11. Roots, Republican, is elected co -
Arkansas. It is reported that the Democrats have P
bably carried two Congressional Districts in Tennes3ee:3,
General Butler was serenaded in Lowell, gas'
chusetts, on the evening of the sth, and made a aPeecblbe
which he said that Congress will "find a remedy" for

state of things in the South.
Unit 4
Hon. Samuel It. Betts, Judge of the -0,
States District Court for New York, died at New 113•e•li
on Monday night, Nov. 2, of apoplexy, an event vi 'ass
created a profound sensation, and a meeting of the Ds aer•
held on the 4th td manifest this in an appropriate nis/3 b
vile
The representative of the Kiug of the San eke,
Dere
Islands, M. Crossmen de Varigny, has arrived at ore
to exchange the ratifications of the Treaty of CO cis.
of 1864 between Switzerland and the Sandwich Igit'ill, AG
After the inauguration of President M`G,°.,3d'esl4
Princeton College, he having stated that the S'' 01'
ought to have a well-equipped gymnasium, it hn WOthf
0
nounced that Robert Bonner and Mr. Marquand, 'lctieS
New York, had each given $lO,OOO toward the er`
and furnishing of such a building. jog
Azolo ct
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