The Sun.
London, England, 1868-09-29 00:00:00

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- • • the Hon. Henry W. Petre has presented his' tePort fosi
the year ending 31st August, 1868, to the beard
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____-, •-•* \ L leiiy c..;,
~.. of directors of the Metropolitan Sewage and
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it /4 L(f':': i' - -4- Essex Reclamation Company. The results a;
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------40.1,05-"' • Dil '- - '''*.s---:-. 45110.410 ,- 'le- - his experiments with sewage irrigation are extremely
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interesting

m have turned their attention to

PRICE.. 4d.
STAMPED sd.

the utilisation of the sewage, and are especially important

to agriculturists. He commences the report by stating
that one-fourth of the Lodge Farm has been during the,
last two years devoted to the growing of Italian rye-grass.
This has been attended with a somewhat less favourable

JOHN GOSNELL and CO.'S CHERRY
TOOTH PASTE is greatly superior to any tooth
powder ; gives the teeth a pearl whiteness, protects the
enamel from decry, and imparts a pleasant fragrance to
the breath. Price is. 6d.—Rod Bull Wharf, 03, Upper
T hames- street, London.

result than last year, as regards the weight of the crop.
It is necessary, however, to state that whilst the area

of grass cut this season was five acres less than last year,

AMORNING and EVENING DRAUGHT.
LAMPLOUGH'S PYRETIC SALINE is most agreeable
and efficacious, preventing and curing fevers, skin complaints,
and inflammation. It instantly relieves the most intense head-
ache and thirst, and if given with lime-juice syrup is a specific in
gout and rheumatism.-113, Holborn-hill, London, E.C.

and the quantity of sewage applied to the whole farm up
to the 20th June this season was 204,000 tons, producing
892 tons of grass, in addition to other produce, the 279,000

tons applied to grass alone last year yielded up to the same

date 769 tons only ; this proportionate increase, however
has not been sustained, owing in a great measure to the
following circumstances. Of the 55 acres of grass cut
last year, only 15 acres had been previously cut, whereas
of the 50 acres cut during this season, the whole, except-
ing 53 acres, had been cut during last year to the utmost
extent, and in consequence of this a large quantity cif•
the grass plants died out -during last July, and the grass
cut from 20th June to Ist September has been 917 'tons
less this season than last. The value of sewage-grown
grass is beginning to be appreciated, and the demand for
it now exceeds the supply. The rye-grass under sewage
is most profitably cultivated by being cut for one year
only. It may be necessary, in order to obtain the
earliest crop in the spring, not to sow later than August,
which would necessitate a cutting before winter; but fur
the later crops the only difference between sowing in
October or March is, that the autumn sowing gives a
larger crop for the first cutting ; but that advantage must
be balanced against the results of an intermediate crop.
Mr. Petre states, in illustration, that a plot sown 25th
October was out on the 20th May and 11th June,
giving eight tons to the acre each time ; whilst
a plot sown 2nd March gave only four tons to
the acre on 19th May, but over eight tons on the
11th June. If surprise be expressed that the quantity is
not greater this season in consequence of the warm
weather, it is explained by the dying out of the two-year-
old plants, and it is noted that a moderate quantity of
sewage in a damp season will produce more grass than a
larger quantity in a dry one. In addition to feeding
from 50 to 60 milking cows entirely on sewage-grown
grass, with most satisfactory results, two young steers
have been fed exclusively on that grass from 18th May.
On 7th August their respective live weights had risen from
7i cwt. to 91 cwt., and from 6 cwt. to 71 cwt. The
results of some interesting experiments are given in the
report. A field of 12 acres of poor gravel that was in
wheat last year was sown in the following manner : 4i
acres were sown with wheat early in November-2 acres
of red wheat and 2i acres of white rough chaff ; 21 acres
were sown in October with winter oats ; 4 acres were sown
in October with rye ; 2 acres were planted with cabbage
in October, which was taken off in March, and mangold
sown in their place. This wheat was twice flooded with
sewage, in March and in April, 450 to 500 tons to the
acre being applied in the two dressings. This crop was
cut in the second week of July, and was thrashed in the
field, producing 53 qrs. to the acre, weighing 631 b. to the
bushel ; three loads of straw to the acre. The white
wheat was sold at Mark-lane by Messrs. James and Sons,
on 27th July, at 60s. per qr., the exceptional price of
the day being 625. The red wheat was sold by the same
firm on 3rd August, at 545. per qr., the market
having fallen considerably during the interval. The
winter oats were three times flooded—in March and in
April over the whole, and over a part in June-in all about
500 tons to the acre. These oats were cut in July,
thrashed in the field, yielding eight quarters to the acre,
with three loads of straw per acre, and were valued on
3rd August at 275. per acre. The rye was flooded twice,
in March and in April, in all with about 450 to 500 tons per
acre, was cut in July and thrashed in the field, yielding six
qrs. to the acre, with three loads of straw, and was sold at
Mark-lane on 27th July at 40s. per qr., weighing 5731 b.
to the bushel. The mangold, following the cabbage
adjoining the last crop, has been sewaged three times, and
the crop is now estimated at 20 tons per acre,
These facts seem to protest conclusively against the com-
monly-received opinion, as stated in the third report of the
Royal Commission of 1865, that town sewage is not appli.
cable to cereal crops. Mr. Petre recommends that in the
case of wheat the sewage should never be applied after
the formation of the ear has commenced ; but the same
care is not apparently necessary with oats, if attention be
paid to prevent their being laid. As soon as the oats
and rye were removed, the land (being so hard no plough
could touch it) was flooded with sewage, ploughed up, and
sown with white turnips. Within the week, without any
rain, the turnips were up, and they now present, in spite
of the attacks of the fly, the appearance of a good early
crop, calculated to be worth £lO per acre before the end of
September. The results of the three-acre piece of black
oats after cabbage on a poor gravelare'equally. satisfactory.
These oats were sown in the end of March, were flooded
with sewage in May and in June, in all 400 tons to the
acre ; were thrashed in the field on July 26th, and produced
six quarters to the acre, valued on 3rd August at 265. per
quarter. A plot of rye grass was sown in September
1866, from which was cut 58 tons of grass to the acre
during the spring and summer of 1867. This plot was
ploughed up, and sown with black oats in the end of
February of this year. No sewage whatever was directly
applied to this crop, but from its position it may be said
to have stolen a certain quantity, as the land around it
was flooded, and one of the channels passed through it.
These oats were thrashed in the field on 26th July, and
yielded eight quarters to the acre, valued on 3rd August at
265. per quarter. Some experiments on a smaller scale
are then given with canary-seed, linseed, parsnips,
potatoes, sugar-beet, red cabbage, onions, &c., and
with great success in all cases, especially with cabbages.
Perhaps the most satisfactory result is that with the
mangold wurtzel, though quite expected, from the expe-
rience of the crop of last year on a smaller scale. A plot
of rye-grass of about three acres, sown in August 1866,
and producing the following summer more Than 60 tons
of grass to the acre, was ploughed up in November, sown
with marigold early in April—long, red and yellow globe.
A sprinkling of sewage was applied to start the plants,
and the land was flooded in May and August ; the crop
was at the end of August calculated at 40 tons per acre.
In these cases the crops were raised with sewage manure
alone. The report contains an account of the cultivation
of the rest of the farm, consisting of about 100 acres. On
this the only manure applied is salt and the saw-
dust litter used in the cow-houses and stables.
A field of 11 acres was planted Ist February, 1868, with
potatoes, 30 loads of sawdust litter to the acre being
ploughed in ; these potatoes were dug between 23rd June
and 19th August, and produced five tons to the acre,
commanding the best price at Covent-garden and the
Borough markets. Another field of 10 acres was manured
with 20 loads of sawdust litter to the acre, and planted in
March with potatoes, producing, between that and the
middle of July, five tons to the acre. These crops were
respectively after wheat and cabbage. Twenty-one acres
were sown on 17th April with mangold, 30 loads to the
acre of sawdust litter were ploughed in with 6cwt. of salt,
and the crop promises to yield 20 tons to the acre. Forty
acres of wheat, red and white, sown after mangold (for
which the land had been highly manured with sawdust
litter and artificial compounds), has been well harvested.
The white has been thrashed, producing 53 quarters to
the acre, and three loads of straw. The red wheat is
estimated to be an equally good crop. M. Petre then
institutes a comparison between the sewage and other
manures. No amount of ordinary manure could produce
6 or 7 crops of grass a season, weighing from 6 to 12 tons each.
In the case of niangold also, the knowledge that two dress,
ings or floodings of sewage, consisting of 200 to 300 tons per
acre each, is capable of producing a crop of from 50 to 60
tons per acre, enable a comparison to be drawn with the
ordinary crop of 20 to 25 tons produced with a good dress-
ing of farmyard dung. The crop of wheat grown last
year without any manure was about 33 quarters to the
acre ; this year the yield with sewage was 53 quarters.
The land is a poor gravel. DZr. Petre remarks that the
formation of the face of the land for sewage irrigation is
regarded by some as a serious impediment to the adoption
of the system. He describes his plan as follows :
" I divided the land into beds of 30 to 36 feet wide,
then ploughed them to a high
.ridge in the centre, like
the old pasture lands in the middle counties, a channel
being ploughed out on the top of the ridge, communicating
with a carrier running at right angles on each side of the
field ; the sewage, being let into this ridge-furrow, over-
flowed it, and thoroughly dressed the land on either side.
'When there is a sufficient fall, what is termed the catch.
water plan would be less expensive and equally effective.
The cost of sewage channels in any case must be balanced
against the heavy and constantly-recurring expense of
horses, carts, and men, in manuring the land in the ordi-
nary mode. In conclusion I must remark, that although,
perhaps, a larger return might be obtained by cultivating
only the most profitable crops, it must be remembered
that this farm was established with a view of testing the
real prac',lcal value of tawn sewage in ordinary agricul-
ture, and exhibiting the results, more especially to the
farmers of South Essex, the company's future customers
for the whole of the sewage of North London, not more
than one three hundred and fiftieth part of which
is used on Lodge Farm in a year." A farmer
is now nowhere unless he is both scientific and
practical. He ought to be a chemist in some measure, but
is the absence of special knowledge such facts as given in
the report from which we have quoted will be of great
value to him. The great sanitary question of the day is
the disposal of town sewage. The pollution of our rivers
and streams is not thought to be the best solution of the
difficulty. This sewage is proved to be a most valuable
manure, and if the nuisance of the town, the source of,
fevers and sickness, can be rendered the origin of fertility,
in the country, the adjustment of the right t_ia_ing
_ right place will be accomplished.

LIIIII7ED LIABILI7 Y.

(From the Anglo-American Times.)

The affairs of the Royal Bank of Liverpool were
discussed at a meeting this week, when a state-
ment prepared by one of the committee of investi-
gation was set aside, on the intimation that if pub-
lished it might involve an additional liability of from
£50,000 to £lOO,OOO and necessitate another call.
The question for the shareholders was whether
they should lay aside their just feelings of indigna-
tion and save themselves from further loss, or punish
the directors at the expense of another call. It
is very evident that the law must be iu fault which
admits of men being placed in such a position. The
question they had to decide was whether they should
expose and punish guilt,vindicatc the majesty of the
law, and protect society from the most dangerous
class at a heavy personal outlay.Naturallythe decision
was in the negative; and additional force is thereby
given to • the now notorious fact, that men who.
break down a trading corporation by dishonest
management have nothing to fear, if they so mani-
pulate matters that the exposure will injure the
shareholders as well as themselves. The Royal
Bank of Liverpool is one of many instances, and it
is high time that the matter should be taken up in
Parliament, and decisions on such questions be re-
moved from men so unfairly placed. The real
question, stripped of verbiage, was whether they
were to compound a felony ; and nothing can
more clearly show how much the law requires
revision than that such a scene could have been
enacted in the greatest trading town of the Em-
pire. British statutes were intended to guard so-
ciety when in a state totally different from the
civilization of the present day. Violence, burglary,
and robbery on the high road were the dangers at
the time dreaded, and naturally when enacted the law
was directed against those held to be the most danger-
ous classes. But times have changed, and a DICK
TtnsrlN or a PAUL CLIFFORD now take their places
at the head of boards of heavy respectability as
managing directors. These are now as ever the
truly dangerous class, for they are a great deal too
clever to remain under that great clumsy vehicle
the law while they can nimbly step up
and take a seat on the top. Why, they
make the law carry them—everything they do
is in accordance with law ! They have the
statutes at their fingers' ends, and the men they
have swindled are those who find themselves en-
tangled in the meshes of the law, weighted with
liability and forced to eat humble pie. One of the
curious sights that may be seen at a dozen different
places any day in London is a ruined wretch on
his knees, begging mercy from the very men who
have swindled him out of all that he possessed. Ile
has come to the end of his 'means without coming
to the end of his liabilities in such concerns as the
Royal Bank of Liverpool, and it remains for
those who have lied—shamefully lied—to treat
him at their discretion. What is required is a
Public Prosecutor, more especially to investigate
cases of bankruptcy and to drag into the light such
instances of fraud. If directors were made respon-
sible for dishonest or culpably bad management, and
liable to the utmost extent of their means, we would
not have these sickening cases which have spread
such horrible suffering over the empire. Further,
that nothing should be permitted to be termed
Limited where a greater liability remained than the
amount of capital called up. It was through the
deceptive use of this term that so many thousands
of thoughtless people were cngulphed in ruin. In
November the case against the directors of OVER-
END, GURNEY and Co. will be tried, and we
believe that the property of the late Mr. GIBBS
has been attached pending the decision. Should
it be given against them, it will doubtless be de-
plorable to see five or six wealthy families plunged
into poverty. We realize this because we see it—
but we cannot realize the suffering spread over the
land by the failure of the company, unless we
have before our eyes an individual instance. This
want of appreciation, and the sentiment caused by
what we do see, is inimical to the impartial admini-
stration of justice. Mr. WILKINSON'S suffering in a
convict's cell excited in many minds a lively sym-
pathy, but what was the sympathy among the same
people for the numberless families ruined by what
they were pleased to call his mad management of the
Joint-Stock Discount Company. Besides the settle-
ment of the OVEREND-GURNEY question, we hope
that the commissions paid to the directors of seine of
the finance companies on profits erroneously calcu-
lated and never realized, will also be decided. The
constitution of Parliament precludes, we fear, the
certainty of any strong measures of repression in
this direction, but a pressure must be brought to
bear which the Commons will be unable to withstand,
and we sincerely trust that we have seen the end of
such scandals as the framers of commercial law
being the leaders in concerns which have brought
disgrace on the English name.

LIBERATION OF IRISH POLITICAL CONVICTS.—The
Irish Nation states that two of the political prisoners in
Australia, Patrick Doran, convicted with General Burke
for high treason in 1867, and Daniel Moriarty, of Mallow,
have been discharged, on condition of not returning to
their native laud ; and that within the last ten days
Michael Stanley, who, since February, 1867, has been im-
prisoned in Millbank and Portland, has been uncondi-
tionally released.
The American Jews in Frankfort have erected
and dedicated lately an American Synagogue. Dr. Stein
is the rabbi.
The enthusiastic meeting lately held in the City
Hall of Portland, Maine, was addressed by Mr. Ingersoll,
of Illinois, Lieutenant-Governor Woodford, of New York,
and Senator Conness, of California.

Postmaster-General Randall is in New York at
the Astor. Mr. and Mrs. W. J. Florence returned to New
York, from Europe, in the steamship Scotia, on the 9th
inst., and are at the Metropolitan Hotel. Among the arrivals
in that city are Montgomery Blair of Maryland, at the New
York Hotel. The lion. Frederick W. Seward, Washing-
ton ; General Henry A. Barnum, Syracuse ; W. R. Hamil-
ton, President of the P. and R. I. Railroad, Illinois ; and
General Cross, White Plains, at the Astor House. The
Hon. F. E. Woodbridge, M.C., Vermont; the Hon. Wm.
Windham, M.C., Minnesota; General John C. Dent, St.
Louis ; Judge E. H. Durrell, New Orleans ; General C.
W. Darling, Albany ; Colonel H. S. M'Comb, Delaware';
Oliver Ames, North Easton, Mass. ; and Eli S. Shorter,
Alabama, at the Fifth Avenue Hotel. The lion. J. V. I.
Pruyn, M.C., Albany, at the Brevoort House. The Hon.
R. S. Hale, New Jersey, and ex-Congressman Hubbell,
Coxsackie, N.Y., at the Hoffmand House.
[ADVBRTlSEMENT.l—Dyspepsiaanigestion), Constipation Di - p
bility, Consumption, and allare nervous, bilious, stomach
and ac cele, and liver
complaints in every stage, only aggravated rate
by di ugs of every description, but perfectly curable by Du
Barry's health-restoring Revalenta Arabica Food, as proved by
thousands of cases which had been considered hopeless, such
as—cough, asthma, also diarrhoea, haemorrhoids, liver com•
plaints, flatulency, nervousness, biliousness, fevers, sore throats
diphtheria, catarrhs, colds, influenza, noises in the head and
ears, rheumatism, gout, impurities, eruptions, hysteria, neuralgia,
instability, sleeplessness, acidity, palpitation, heartburn, head-
ache, debility, dropsy, cramps, spasms, nausea and sickness,
even in pregnancy or at sea, sinking fits, bronchitis, scrofula,
tightness of the chest, pains at the pit of the stomach and
between the shoulders, &e. We quote a few:—The Pope's health
restored by Du Barry's Food. Cure No. 68,413.—" Rome, July
12, MO.—The health of the Holy Father is excellent, especially
since, abandoning all other remedies, he has confined himself
entirely to Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica Food, of which he
consumes a plateful at every meal. It has produced a sur-
prisingly beneficial effect on his health, and his Holiness cannot
praise this excellent food too highly."—From the " Gazette du
Midi, " July 28 Cure No. 46,270 Mr James Roberts, timber
merchant, of Frimley, Surrey, of thirty years' diseased lungs,
spitting of blood, liver derangement, and partial deafness.
Cure No. 1,771. Lord Stuart de Decies, Lord Lieut. of
Waterford, of many years' dyspepsia.—No. 49,832. "Fifty
years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia, nervousness.
asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency. spasms, sickness and
vomiting.—MariaJoly." Important Caution.—Beware of the many
unsavoury and .atore than sloppy imitations to which, without
authority. Baron iebig's name is most audaciously attached.
In tins, at ls. 15d. ; 1 lb., 2s. 9d. ; 2 lbs.. 4s. 6d. ; 5 lbs., lls.;
12 lbs , 225. ; 241bs ,40s.—Also Du BARRY'S REVALENTA ARA BICA
CHOCOLATE POWDER is packed in tin canisters; For 12 cups at
25., for 24 cups at 3s. 6d., for 48 cups at 65., for 288 cups at 30s .
for 576 cups at 555. Being about one penny per cup. The 30s
and 555. tins are sent free of carriage in England on receipt
of Post Office Orden—BAßßY Du BARRY and CO., No, 77,
Itegehtlitzvt, Labia i and All arinerfs NA chemists..
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