The Sun.
London, England, 1850-01-29 00:00:00

242 Cloak - - -
243 Parasol - - -
214 Four parasols and camp-

stool
245 Coat
216 Coat
247 Parasol -
254 Parcel -
255 Parasol -
257 Coat -
258 Bag (lady's)
262 Coat -
2G4 Parcel -
265 Parcel -
273 Foot-rug
276 Parasol -
277 Coat -
279 Itti.;
281 Trowsers
233 Umbrella
286 Victorine
287 Spade -
289 Parasol -
291 Coat -
292 Coat - -
293 Table d'sh and 2 plates - 15
294 Umbrella -
303 Parasol - -
304 Coat - -
305 Brooch - -
307 Hat gibes -
308 Cap - -
309 Parasol - -
310 Umbrella -
314 Carpet bag -
315 Coat - -
316 Bag, stick, and umbrella 201

317 Cap -
SlB Scarf -
320 Coat -

321 Coat

325 Umbrella
326 Coat -
328 Parasol -
329 Basket
330 Boa -
332 U nbrella

333 Shawl, &c.
335 Ring -
336 Rug -
333 Spectacles -
340 Coat -
344 Coat -
347 Coat - -
348 Umbrella -
354 Coat -
358 Umbrella -
360 Parcel

363 Blue Bag
365 Cloak -
368 Book -

369 Cane -
370 Muff -
372 Umbrella - -
375 Parcel -
37,i Brooch - - -
373 Coat and parasol -

379 Coat -

. t 3I

380 Boa -
331 Umbrella
383 Coat - -
384 3 umbrellas,l2 sticks, and

parasol -
387 Carpet bag -
383 Stick -
389 Pocaet-book
292 Cigar-case -
393 Umbrella
394 Rug - .
396 Umbrella -
402 Umbrella -

- 18
- 19

- 19

- 20

- 24

. 26

- 26

- 23

- 23

- 29

- 29

• 31

1850
Jan.

- 7

- 7

- 7

- 7
- 8
- 8
- 8
- 8

- 8

- 8

- 9
- 10
- 11

H E NOVELTY most recently introduced by
MESSRS. NICOLL is called NICOLL'S PATENT EIDER
DOWN PALETOT, such novelty consisting in the adaptation of
Eider Down in the formation of NICOLL'S PALETOT, the original
elegance and utility of which is, however, faithfully preserved.

Eiders are Sound In great numbers in Iceland and the Fcre
Islands, where their beautiful and delicate down is well known to In
proof against the most severe cold, and even the small quantitj
which can be compressed and concealed between the two hands, wil,
serve in the formation of a Meat, which, while it has most extra•
ordinary lightness, has, nevertheless, more warmth than the fines'
and thickest blanket, the great desideratum for a winter garment
being thus accomplished, namely, personal warmth without fatigue.
Public inspection is invited at, MESSRS. NICOLL'S wholesale and
retail wareroorus,
114, 116, and 120, REGENT. STREET, and 22, CORNIIILL,
London.

TTHE NICOLL PALETOT (Registered 6 and
7 Vict., cap. 65) WAEEROOMS, /14. 116, 120, REGENT-
STREET. and 22, CORN HILL.
Many have assumed the use of the word PALETOT, but Messrs.
NICOLL are the solo Patentees of the design and material.
The Wholesale and Courting House Departments for the London
Branches in the Shipping and Woollen Trades are in CHANGE-
ALLEY, CORNHILL, and 120, REGENT-STREET.
The NICOLL is the distinguishing came given to a garment
secured by Royal Letters Patent from general imitation. It has all
till advantages of Messrs. NICOLL'S original invention, the RE-
GISTERED PALETOT of LLAMA CLOTH. The NICOLL PA-
LETOTS are charged One, Two, Three, and Three-and a-half
Guineas, according with the elfin to or purpose for which they inay
be required,

FOOS A 1413 DAMP MIL
ARCLAY'S ASTHMATIC CANDY has, for
LB many years, been proved an effectual preservative from the
ill effects of the Fogs and Damp Air, which, in the Winter Season,
are so prevalent in this Climate. Its effects are to expel Wind, to
preserve the Stomach from the admission of Damps. and to relieve
those who suffer from Difficulty of Breathing. Prepared only by
Barclay and Sons, 95, Farringdon-strect, London; and sold retail,
by their appointment, by Sanger, 150, Oxford-street ; Gifford and
Co., 104, and 11. Burfleld, 180, Strand ; Johnson, 68, Cornhill ;
anti all respectable Medicine Venders in Town and Country.
Observe:—None can be genuine, unless the names of " Barclay
anti Son." axe on the Stamp affixed to each Box.

Just published, price as., Bvo. in cloth,
STRICTURE of the URETHRA; its Pstho-
logy and Rational Treatment, with important Practical Ob-
savations on the Use and Abuse of Instruments in the Treatment
of Obstructions ef the Ur:nary Canal ; ehowing how it Is that Stric-
tures, in most cases, not only resist, but are aggravated by the ordi-
nary means adopted fer their cure, and at length become s•erlously
complicated by the so-called " consequences of Stricture." The
whole illustrated by numerous cases, which will be found to embrace
every possible form of Stricture and its consequences, together with
appropriate means of cure.
By F. it. COURTENAY,
Those who arc labouring under long-protracted stricture, with all
Its accompanying miseries, will Iliad detailed in this work modes of
treatment adapted to such cases, the efficacy and superiority of
which have been tested by repeated practice; whilst these who
are suffiring under the less severe forms ef the disease may find
the means of prompt relief, and at the same time such Information
as will protect them from becoming the victims of unskilful and
violent treatment—the main-spring of severe and comelicated ob•
structions of the urinary canal. " The operation of introduzing a
catheter through an impermeable stricture is, without doubt, the
most difficult in the whole range of surgical operations, and (le-
nience, and skill of a master. The art
7,,,.,ednalyalltothaecauired.
prudence,at that gradually, by fr,quent pracLicc."—
Liston's Operative Surgery.
Published by H. Bailliere, 219, Regent-street:; and may be had
of all 1;,901t,Sellell toTu and country.

THE PALACE OF WINTER.
A FANCY FOR THE YROST.
My humble muse before your notice brings
All manlier of imaeinary things. •
Her pre.ent estbject is a w.'il-timed theme,
Presented lathe lashion of a dream.
:While sitting In• nry,study to compose. •
A splendid scene be fore my fancy rose :
'Twas Father Winter's Palace, built of ice,
And describe it, for it looked t:o nice.
Its portico, I.s walls. surd pillars. /too,
Arose transparently to :Uney's
Struck with the sight which thus ray dream supplied, •
I toddled up the steps, and walked inside ;
And oh, my heart (excuse the vulgar phrase),
On what a splendid picture e•id I gaze :
Chairs, sofa., tables, all were, built of ice,
And, as I said before, they looked so nice.
Tile window-curtains hung in icy itet•-work,
And each pier-glass was framad with icy fret-work ;
The chandeliers and lustres, svrough.t with pains,
Dropped in bright icicles, like dia.mot:d chains.
The icy floor a snowy covering hard,
The cushions ditto, and the sofa-pad.
It was a sight delightful to beholds
A sight superb—but oh, I felt so 0 Ad ;
For, as it happened, I forgotlthe c~ tat
Which Moses made me at their ho use of tiote.
This would have kept my form from feeling chilly;
I can't imagine how I was an silly.
'Tvrould Just have suited such a acetic of ice,
And, like the palace, would hay s lookod so nice.
IT say no more—the subject rightly .:loses
With such a well-earned comnlhnent for Moses.
• LIST OF r/i.,,CMksi,
READY MAD.C.,
Autumn and Winter Over Coats, In every
The B etwer, handsomely and warmly- trimmed 0 16 0
Tke Paletot, ditto•-•• ••. ...... •• 0 is o
Chesterfield. ditto.....- -• ••• • • • 1 0 0
The Albert Wrapper, a very handevanle style
of Over Coat ..
Shooting Coats • • ... ..... 0 8 6
Lounging or Morning Coats .. ••••.... • • .. 0 4 6
Aatumn and Winter Trousers, in Tweed .. • • 0 4 6
Ditto • ditto Doeskin .. 0 7 6
])itto Tests .. ••• • • • ... •• •• 0 2 6
Black Silk Velvet Vests •• • • ....... •••• • •• 0 13
Dress Coats
Frock Ditto • • ••• • • • ••• • ••
•-•••• .. • • .. 0 19 0
Youths and Boys' Over Coats, in every style,
Hassar and Tante Suits • •-•••••••-• • •• • • .. 0 14 6
Boys' Autumn and Winter rests • 0 0 8
MADE TO ILtAsuhn.
Men's Autumn and Winter Owsr Coats—from 1 1 0
The Chesterfield Wrapper, in a warm ma-
terial, lined ••••••••.•••••• • • • •• • • • • • • • • I 8 0
The Paletot, handsomely and waristly trimmed 1 16 0
The Eglinton Wrapper, a very elsk,strit style of
Over Coat •..•• • .. • • •.. • • 2 e 0
The Strathmore Witney Over Coat, Newest
style, lined throughout .. 2 10 0
Autumn and Winter Trowsers, in Twokl and
Doeskin
Best Black Cassimero ditto .. •• • • • • 1 6 0
Autumn and Winter Vests • • •... ...... 0 8 6
Best Black Cloth ditto .. ................ 013 6
Black Silk Velvet ditto
„ Dress Coats. ..... ........from 325. to 21, 0
„ Frock • • ... ..... ...• .. • • from 355. to 3 3 0
Hussar and Tunic Salts • • .... -• —from 1 fi 0
1 15 0
Men's Shooting Coat •. • • ........ 0 15 0
Elegant Dressing Robes, in great variety, '
•• . • .. 16s. to 5 0 0
A Medal, containing an Almanac for the year 1850, wil be pre-
sented every customer.
A Large Stock of Fur Coats, in every shape, from 60e. to 201.
Naval and Military 'Uniforms, Liveries. Sec.
Mourning to any extent at Five Minutes' notice.
A Snit of Mourning complete for IL 10s.
The new book, entitled "The Minion of the Million," with full
directions for Self-measurement, can be had on application, or for-
warded, post free, to any part of the kingdom.
Notice—The Fur Department is now replete with every novelty
of the season.
Observe—Any article purchased, either ready made, or made to
Measure, if not approved of will be exchanged, or the money returned.
E. MOSES and SON, Tailors, Wooliondrapers, Clothiers. Hatters,
Hosiers, Furriers, Boot mid Shoemakers, and General Outfitters, 154,
155, 156, and 157 Minorier, and 82, 84, 65, and 86 Aidgate, City,
London; all communicating with each other, and forming one vast
Establishment.
Caution.—E. Moses and Son regret having to guard the public
against imposition; but having heard that the untradesmantike
falsehood of being connected with them, or" It is the same concern,"
has t.een reverted to in many instances, and for obvious reasons,
hey beg to state that they have no connexion with any other hence
in ar oat of London' except their Branch Establishments, V, Far-
sato, Sheffield ; and 19, Thornion's-buildings, Bradford, Yorkshire;
a a those wise require cheap and genuine cleth'n?. See., elictuld call
at or cinti to the Miseries and Aldgate. City, London ; or either of
the Branch Establishments, as above.
Tata Notice.—This Establishment is closed from sunset Friday,
to -.now Saturday, when buniness Is resumed till' twelve o'cloek

DR. CULVERWELL'S NEW WORKS-
To be had of Sherwood, 23, Patertipster-row ; Carvalho,
147, Fleet-street; Maim, 39, Cornhill ; or direct from the author;
price One Sliming each ; by post, is. Gd.
ENJOYMENT OF LIFE.
"Health, Recreation, and rational Use of Time."
CONTENTS : —Early Rising—Spring and Summer Mornings—Ex-
cursions about the Environs of London—The Parks, Lanes, Hills,
Forests, Fields, High-road., and other pleaaant places—Country
Trips and Rambles—The Sea—London at Night—Evening3 at Home
—Music—The Drama— On Eating, Drinking, Sleeping, Bathing, Alr,
Rest, Ease, Occupation, &c., Sce._

. .
11.
FRAGMENTS FROM THE MOUNTAINS. Two Vols.
Vol I.
A VISIT TO THE LAKES ; SKETCH OF EDINBURGH, &c.

Vol. IT.
THE LAKES OF KILLARNEY; REMINISCENCES OF
DUBLIN, &c.
111.
WHAT TO EAT, DRINK, AND AVOID.
" That three score years and ten our course may run."
A popular review of almost every form (cause and cure) of ner-
vously-debilitated health and enfeebled constitution, that harasses
the yonng, besets the man of pleasure, business, or study, and em-
bitters old age, with tables and rules for the diet and physical regu-
lations of every-day life.

IV.
THE PASSIONS.
" What passions hurt the body—what improve,
Truths as refined as Athens ever heard."
SUBJECT :—Life's pilgrimage, from infancy to old age. The advent
of the passions. Chastity and its infringements. The casualties of
licentiousness and dissipation, with illustrations, graphic, narrative,
and remediative. Advocacy of early marriages.

THE MARRIAGE STATE.
" To be or not to be, that is the question."
PROGRAMME :—Lawa and obligations of nature, society, and re-
ligion regarding marriage, to be observed by either sex. Time and
choice, on both sides, as to age, temperament, complexion, and
figure, to secure healthy oftrlng, with the art of rearing them.
Physical defectiveness and Its removal. Sterility and its conversion.
Cases, &c.
By R. J. CULVERWELL, M.D. (1841). M.R.C.S. (1827), L.S.A.
(1824). Twenty-five years:Medical and Forensic Referee in these
'natters. Reception hears daily till five. Evenings, seven till nine.
10, Argyll place, Regent-street.

QUEEN'S HOSPITAL, BIRMINGHAM—At the weekly
bolrd of the Committee of Council of this valuable
charity, held on Friday last, at which the Rev. Preben-
dary Gray presided, on the motion of the High Bailiff,
S. W. Lucas, Esq., seconded by Mr. Thomas Upfil, an
unanimous vote of thanks was recorded on the minutes
to Lieut.-Colonel the Hon. J. Y. Scarlett and the officers
of the sth Dragoon Guards, not only in acknowledgment
of their kindness in permitting the attendance of their
military band on the occasion of the annual festivity at
the Town-ball, but also for the generous donation of
101. in aid of the funds of the charity.
COVER SHOOTING.— Seventy woodcocks, besides
snipe and wildfowl, we 1, shot id four &vs last week, by
two guns, at Balmacaan, Glen Urquhart. Sixteen
brace of woodcocks have boon shot at Aldouries—lnver-
noB Fourier.

As far, however, as visible circumstances enable me
to form an opinion, the question n hich hoot- requires
the meeting of Parliament fir the* dispatch of business
will constitute the leading obstruction to the progress of
all useful legislation. We are threatened with an ex-
traordinary combivation of power, eloquence, and wis-
dom, the purposes of which coalition are no less than to
obtain a dissolution ef the House ,of Commons, a new
general election, a Protectionist majority; consequently,
a piteous resignaion or ignominious dismissal of her
Majesty's present advisers, the discomfiture of all Free-
traders, from Lord John Russell and Sir Robert Peel
down to the veriest Corn-law Rhinser; then an imme-
dists restitution of corn-duties and other taxes on the
essential food of man, and a trines:pliant return to the
rneaps scarce food;
good old times of deas food—which
fsr nothing lies ere- been, nor can ever he dear that is
,
plentiful. -Although their eftSrte may-=greatly interrupt
the real business of Parliameni, the country may be
confidently assured that there is not the least prospect
of instituting such a Protectionist millenium.
I am every succeeding year more convinced, by addi-
tiOnal f ,cts, of the beneficial eirecti of our commercial
legislation during the last ten )ears. I am unable to
recant any one opinion which I have given on the sub-
ject of unrestricted tsade and on monopoly since 1840;
nor am I prepared to correct any statement which I de-
livered Ist fore the Committee of the House c f Com-
mons in 1840, further than as to my having been at that
iime rather behind than ahead of the age. I then pro-
posed (not as sound in principle—for I guarded triyaelf—
but as, at that time, a desirable settlement of two duties),
in the pro forma tariff which I presented to the Com-
mittee, a duty cf Bs. per quarter on wheat, and a diffe-
rential—that is to say, a Protectionist's—duty of 12s.
per cwt. more on foreign than on colonial sugar.
Happily for the country, I was not gratified in seeing
that unsound expedient of mine realised. It was pro-
posed by the Government, to which I considered myself
by principle attached; but they were di feated by the
Protectionists, whether of corn or of saccharine matter,
who at that time considered themselves powerful, there.
fore wise in their generations. It followed that the
Melbourne Government appealed to tie country, as the
Protectionists hope Lord John Russell's will also,
itself
have
soon to do. The Melbourne Ministry then found
in a minority—us the Protectionists believe Lord John
Russell's would now, if he sent the present Members of
the Commons to their constituents. Lord Melbourne's
Ministry, therefore, resigned. A supposed Protectionist '
Government succeeded. That Government, however,
abolished the corn-laws, and carried into effect more
than all I ventured to propose in my pro forml tariff of
1840—the 12s. differential sugar duty excepted. On an
Irish qeestion, Sir R. Peel's Government left office in
184 G. The present Government then came into power.
In 1847 Lord John Russell, who declared " that pro-
tection was the bane of industry," with this motto as a
sling policy, demanded the verdict of the country
at a general election. A now Parliament was re-
turned. You did me the houonr to send ice to the
[louse of Commons, to represent the largest city, after
the metropolis, in the British empire; to represent a great
ship-building and ship-owning port; a city with interests
of enormous amount, and of every mercantile and ma-
nufacturing variety, vested in the North American, the
West and East Indian Colonies, and involved in its vast
navigation and commerce. Well, then, what has hap-
pened ? Lord John Russell's Government and this
Parliament have abolished all protecAve duties on sugar,
have abolished all duties on copper ores, and on
the
other few remaintng raw materials; and more astounding
than all, they hare abolished the venerable navigation-
laws, by which " Britannia Las for ages ruled the
waves." I, as your Representative, and my colleague
also, gave the Government our earnest. support in
carrying those measures ; and I shall also continue
to give them my support whenever they propose any
good measures. Yet we have received no rrbulse from
the city of GUsgow.
We have certainly much to reform; but I am certain
that en early general election would do littlo to advance
civilization or national freedom; while I am certain that
it would produce a mischievous agitation, distract and
delude men's minds, and be exceedingly pernicious in
disturbing the industry of the country, and in diminish.

ing the remunerative employment of the people.
• In all times of anarchy it is the labouring and trading
classes who suffer the most. There is no meat or drink
earnee, no domestic happiness secured, in riots or in
rtvolutions. I consider that there is much that we are
bound to endeavour to do with regard to ameliorating
,the condition of several millions of the people in the
threo kingdoms, who are still under-fed, insufficiently
clothed, and miserably lodged; but I can bring no power
of calculation, no exertion of reason, to my aid, which
will justify me in arriving at the Protectionist conclu-
sion that those millions will be more fully fed,
more warmly clad, and more comfortably lodged, by
diminishing the quantity of food; therefore making it
scarce, and therefore dear. All my elements of calcu-
lation, and my reasoning faeultieo, lead me into a cou-
elusion altogether different.

IC I inquire what is the state of the country after a
trial of six years of not yet complete, though compara-
tive hen trade, I find that we have overcome with ex-
traordinary success the calamities of two deficient har-
vests in the United Kingdom, and of an unparalleled
famine caused by the potato -rot in Ireland; that we have
triumphed over a commercial crisis, occasioned, xrith
respect to nearly all the great mercantile houses that
have failed, by long existing
causes of rottenness,
which it was impossible legislatively ta remedy; that our
resoerces, industry, sad trade have enabled us to pay the
most imrdensome taxation imposed on any people in the
maintained, unimpaired,
uwuorrlpdtibtlihuout;tovieith;avaxe Proudly
that while other nations have been
disturbed by anarchy and revolution, and their inhabi-
tants in consequence involved in suffering and loss, we
have enjoyed tranquillity in our homes, in our streets,'
in our highways, and in our fields;
and we have pre-
served peace with all the nations of the world. I em-
phatically
dwell on our having
enjoyed tranquil security
within our own borders, and having maiutained peace
with all foreign nations. Let us not
estimate the la t of
those blessings lightly, for it is indelibly stamped on the
natial exchequer that the campaign of Waterloo added
to the funded debt cf the nation about one hundred
millions, and that to pay the interest cf that liability the
taxpayers of England and of Scotland have contributed
ever since, and must continue to do so as long as British
credit and honour slid be na&ntained (and I hope
neither will ever be stained), rather more than dame
millions a 3
:ear—a auto
which would enable the present
Chancellor of the Exchequer
(who I am confident would
gladly do so if in his power) to abolish the odious win-
dow-'ax and to reduce the enormous duty of 2a 2d. per
lb. on tea to Is. per lb.
I, therefore, both on the grounds of humanity, civili-
zaaion, and economy, advocate peace,
though 1 believe
that there are easel in which war May be unavoidable.
The ordeal of difficulties and calamities through which
we have struggled, we have braved and triumphed over
with moral, physical,
and political honour as a nation,
notwichtinding the so-called free-trade years of 1846,
1847, 1848, and the still more free-trade year of 1849.
That there are unfortunately, as I have already stated,
some millions of our people,
especially in Ireland and
in the rural districts cf England, amidst which there
are no important trading or manufacturing towns, who
arc still under-fad, ill-clothed and sheltered, is a de-
plorable fact. At tile same time our people generally
are
a s
w eal and d trade
believeas et eny former period. as well paid, and our
industry
With respect to the agitation which has been excited
by the Protectionists,
I am willing t) admit that the
landlords, and even farmera, believe that their sufferings,
test or imaginary, and their inconveniences and embar-
rassmenta, are owing to the causes which they expreee
at their numerous wettings. I make very charitable 1
allowances for the fallacies which
butthey_ cherish. I 1
I cannot help
Laying that they are sliding deep in . the mite of delu-
si )n—that their perceptions are dimmed in the mists cf
respect those Lords and Gentlemen ;
fallacies,
these kingdoms are fully
assertions and Jere-
Now, I believe that the great majority of the delibe-
rate thinkers of the people of
prepared to 'grapple with all the_
dissipate their whole
"Illiad of Woes." .
asiades of the Protectionists, and to

We can undertake to prove that there have been
lower prices of corn and more severe periods of agri-
cultural distress while prohibitive and protective corn
and food duties were in full force, than at the present
time.
We need not go bask to those dearths previous to the
reign cf Queen Elizabeth,eth, which carried off numerous
thousands ; to times ;when {the people were glad to
eat fern-roots and ivy-berries ; nor to the complaints
of the utter dewy of a4rioult,ire in the reign of
Henry VIII. and Edward VI. ; nor to the
peried when Eliitbeth%: first care was, that
the people should have enough of bread. The com
plaints of agricultural ruin are sufficiently abundant du-
ring the 14. t fif.y or sixty years. The whole history of
English legislation, with respect to food, exhibits the
futility of human laws on the subjeeet ; for as no law can
control or avert wet, dry, calm,lor stormy seasons, and
as the Almighty wisdom has provided that the calami-
ties of bad tarvests have not
.been, nor ever shall be
universal, the only wise course is to leave agricultural
mal:lttanturo, like all others, fro, to eowpflit7ifn,. -mt,
instead 1. f nature's laws, the Government and the law-
i micas of England have been (~olistautly interfering in

ber weeks and the Lent season, that the poor may be re-
lierei out cf what shall bo saved by such abstinence,
and by a sober and moderate diet at other times."
The feasts-usually kept at the several companies'
halls in London were for the same reason, "to be fore-
bore;" and it was recommended by his Majesty to such
persons whose turn it came to be to bear the charges of
those feasts," to allow, at least, one-ba'f of the charge
to the relief of the poor."
In 1660 the expo: tstion of corn was not prohibited,
but a high duty was levied on iti exportation. Notwith-
standing all these expedients, agriculture languished,
and the prohibition to export was finally denounced as a
blunder. The legislators in the first year of William
111., at a time wl.on wheat had averaged, for the three
yearz ending 1638, 275. 4d. per quarter, changed the
system, and a bounty was given on the exportation of
wheat. The bounty was occa-inbatlly withheld after bad
harvests; but altogether, until the last year of the 18th
century, 7,000,045/. was paid Cr bounties on corn ex-
ported.

Th 9 fallacy and pernicious effects of the bounty on
exporting corn were ably and completely exposed by
Adam Smith, and he proved " that without benefiting
the farmers, the bounty did harm to the great body of
the people, vied transferred in the most distressing times
vast sums of money from the purses of the consumers to
the pockets of the jobbers." The Rev. Dr. Howlett,
who afterwards examined the whole corn question of
supply and consumptidn with great industry, "could
discover no beaeticial operation f the bounty; and the
late George Chalmers, in his "Estimate of the Strength
of the Empire," a work greatly esteemed by Mr. Pitt,
eays, " the bounty was paid, not for a good but for a
bad purpose," and he contends for.an unrestricted trade
in corn. r. Arthur Young, in his " Political Arith-
metic," shows that the law of 1773, which endeavoured
to re"ulato the import and export of corn, at certain
limited fixed prices, " was founder! on radical mistakes,"
and. Dr. Howlett contended "that those corn-laws were
abrogated by a higher power than Parliament."
As to periods of agricultural and commercial distress,
it is impossible to attribute them at any time to fret-
trade.

We had a great commercial crisis and agricultural
distress in 1766, in consequence of the detrness of pro-
visions. Af,er riots broke out in various pares of the
kingdom, and many lives lost, the ports were opened for
the importation ef corn; and notwithstanding the oppo-
sition of the corn-jobbers, on account of the bounty, an
embargo was laid, by order in Council, on the export
tion of grain of all kinds. An indemnity for Ministers
being asked for in Parliament, the violence of the de-
bates was unexampled, and four amendments to the Ad-
dress to the Crown were moved, but negetived. In 1768,
the Spitalfields weavers were, in consequence of low
wages, guilty of atrocious riots; and the colliers of Stour-
bridge, by physical face compelled the f trmers and
corn-dealers to sell them Wheat f>r 5a the bushel. There
were riots, at the same time, caused by the coalheavere,
on account of scarcity ef food, want of employment,
and low wages. Processions wore made on like
grounds by the sailors, at the same time; and the
shipowsers complained that they were ruined, and
could find no employment for their ships, though the
navigation-laws were in full face. In 1769 and
1770 further diseontente,!rirti, murders, and execu-
tions prevailed. Ia 1772 there were numerous bank-
ruptcies aed great commercial embarrassments. In
1:79, riots and breaking machinery prevailed in Lan-
cashire and other places; and in December of that year
extraordinary meetings were held in the county of York
and in all the chief gowns for retrenchment arid oaono-
my in the national expenditure, to alleviate trio preva.l-
- distress. These meetings produced great sensation,
and the landed interest of Yorkshire appeared promi-
nent at those assemblies. The York petition was signed
by 8,000 freeholders. The great failures of 1793 arose
chiefly from speculations in corn. In 1795 there was
great scarcity, and the Lords of the Council attempt d
by their example to induce the rich, for the sake of the
poor, to use only coarse bread in their families. The
metropolis, and other parts of the country, continued to
suffer great distress from scarcity, and the deerth ap-
proached to famine. It was relieved, however, by the
fAlowing abundant harvest. In 1797, general discredit
having prevailed, the Bank of England suspended its
cash payments. In 1800 there was scarcity, and food
was very dear. The enclosure of 7,800,000 acres of
waste lands was recommended by the grand jury
of York; and in 1801 the sale of fine wheat
bread was prohibited, and brown bread ordered to be
substituted. In February, 1803, the Chancellor of the
Exchequer stated, that, in consequence of twenty mil-
lions having been,drawn from the country for grain, it
tomme necessary to continue the Bank Restriction Act.
This is an extraordinary fact, as hearing on the various
Acts of legislation framed since 1688, for encouraging
agriculture by protection. Yet, in consequence of a
good harvest in 1803, and the price of wheat filling to
605., a new corn-law passed in 1804, which prohibited
the importation of wheat until the average price in Eng-
land reached 633. ; but it was not free of duty until the
price was 665. In 1810, gold had nearly altogether dis-
appeared ; and the exclusion, for some time, of our trade
with the Continent, except when evaded by smug-
gling, caused embarrassments in trade and suspensions
in manufactures. In 1811, the Luddite riots broke
out in Nottingham, Derbyshire, and other places.
They assumed a most dangerous character during the.
ensuing year. Up to the peace of 1814 and 1815, the
state of the country was uneasy with regard to its trade
and industry.

In 1815 r new corn-law was passed, in consequence of
the peace and a sudden transition of price/. Foreign
wheat was prohibited until the price cf Engliah wheat
reached 80s. Notwithstanding this protection, plenty
was not secured nor tranquillity maintained. In 1816
riots broke out in Wales, and in London by the Spafields
weavers. The city of London, Et the same time, pet,-
tionei the Recent, declaring " that there was general
distress prevailing over all parts of the kingdom, and de-
mandiur; a thorough reform ( f Parliament." In 1817
treat meetings assarnbled in every large t iwr? in Great
L'iritairi; and the Hi) al message informed Parliapaen tthLt
combinations were numerous over the kingdom. The
Habeas Corpus Act was suspended, and the illegal and
oelebnited Sictwouth promulgated, roc°

being maintained, trade and manufacturing industry
enntinued to improve. In 1819 a monstrous slaughter of
the people was perpetrated by the yeomanry in a field
near efaechester; tor which the magistrates and the
m eter commanding the yeomanry receive I, through
Lord Sichnentle the Regent's thanks. During the severe
weather of the eueeeeding winter the poor suffsred great
distress. The Bank Restriction Act was continued
fro 1823.
In 1822 there were abundant harverts in England, and
in France, and in other parts of the continent; but
owing to the faelure of the potato crop, a famine steel
nerarian outrages prevailed at the same time in Ireland.
Extraordinary subscriptions for relief of Irish famine
were raised in England. In 1823 the long peace and
the resumption of cash payments by the Bank had by
this time caused a great deal of national prosperity in
trade and manufactures; but, notwithstanding the pro-
hibition of foreign corn until the price of British wheat
rose to 80s., the landed interests complained loudly of
their embarrassments, and no less than sixteen counties
scut requisitions to their sheriffs to call county meetings
to consider the cause of agricultural distress. These
meetings were held; and es they had no pretence to ask
for prohibiting foreign corn, they petitioned fora re-
mission of taxes, economy in the expenditure, and a
reform of. Parliament. The prosperity of trade and
manufactures, however, extended its benefits to lands,
rents rose, and the agitation for reform, on the part of
the landlords, subsided.
The year 1824 exhib:ted extsaordinary activity in
manufactures, trade, and shipping. Money was
remarkably abundant, and this prosperity led to those
wild speculations and investments which produced a
crisis of great distress in 1825 and 1826. The last
months of 1825, and the early months of 1826, con-
stituted a period of commercial, manuracturing, and
shipping reaction and calaMity, I believe, unsurpassed
by any previous Crisis. Several banks cif old stand-
ing failed in Yorkshire, in the west of England, and
'ln London: The panic liee'dme ' geiiiiiTt , and tre- Ilaiiii
of England began to re-issue one and two pound notes.
A deficient harvest came, prices of wheat rose, and, after
great opposition from the landlords, a resolution was I
carried through the Commons, vesting a power in Minis-
to allow the importation of foreign corn on limited
conditions.
Now, all the calamities which we have enumerated
were, it is true, but interruptions to the indomitable
growth, strength, and prosperity of Brit sin. But they
all occurred under the most stringent of our protection
and navigation laws. No relaxation was made in either
until 1826, by Mr. Huskisson, and then only to a very
limited extent. A highly protective corn-law existed
from that time until a last experiment of a sliding scale
was introduced by Sir Robert Peel; but, finding that it
failed, like all other expedients, he boldly faced the dif-
ficulty, and abolished the fallacy of Protection altogether.
Iti the meantime, have the corn and navigation laws
prevented distress mid calamity ? Was not the country
frequently disturbed and alarmed in various counties by
incendiary fires, and the burning of corn stacks and
barns? Have we not had the commercial crisis of
1836-7, which will be long remembered for the crash of
great houses, and for the ruin of many of those who bad
long flourished? Then came bad harvests in 1845 and
1846, with the Irish famine, and the commercial crisis of
1847; all btfore the free trade in corn which has
scarcely been a year in operation.
I will now show the fluctuations of prices under the
system of Protective delusion.
The fluctuations of prices are remarkable under the
system called, in the Ist William and Mary, cap. 12,
' A reward of ss. to persons exporting corn when wheat
should be at 48s. the quarter of 9 Winchelsea bushels."
During the tea years-1693 to 1702-the scarcity was
so great that the period was called the " dear 3 ears of
the Revolution."
AU attempts to prevent the fluctuation of prices, or to
meet the wants of the distressed,. continued unavailable
during the whole of the last century. In 1702 there
was a remarkably good harvest, and, according to the
register kept at Eton College, the prices fell, so that ae
Winchester quarter of 8 bushels was generally sold. on
Lady-day, at 265. 81, and at Michaelmas at 25'. 543,;
but in 1704 the prices were, at Lady-day, 51s 62d, and,
after the harvest, at :Michaelmas, only 30s. 9id. During
the first fifty)years of the last century fluctuations ranged
from 20s. 91, at Michaelmas, 1743, to 81s. 11., the 1
highest price in Michaelmas, 1709, and on Lad) e
day, 1710. During twelve of these fifty years the prices
varied from 21v. Ild. to 295. 7d. per quarter. During
twenty-five years the prices varied from 30s. to 39,. 11d.
in twelve years, from 403. to 48s. 10k., arid,
in three years, wh. at was sold, in one at 51e. old., in
another at 565., and in the third at 51s. 64d. During
the last fifiy years of the eighteenth century the price of
wheat fluctuated from 275. Old,, in 1761, to 1285., at
Micheelteas, 1800. In four years, betweee 1751 and
1762, the price was tinder 30.. During seventeen years,
between 1751 and 1780, the price of wheat was from
30s. to 395., with fluctuations from 405. to 60s. per
quarter during the thirty years. From 1780, the
prices flat t-ated, suddenly, f on] 408. 100. to 545., 715.,
92.., 81s., and 968. From 1799 to 1800, from 58-. Bd. to
92.', and 126.'.; or, calculating gold at 288. the guinea,
from about 445. to 69.., and to 945. 6d. per quarter of
the present money. On Lady-day, 1801, the price was
1775., which fell at Michaelmas to 80e. On Lady-day,
during the fedlowing years, the prices were 68e., 605.,
595., 885., 80a, 88a., 745. 6d., 100 s., 1045., 1365., 865.,
80a, 725., 132 e., 101 s., 80s., 80s., 665., 565., 60'., 685.,
845., 80a; and at Michaelmae 1826, the price fell to 665.
In each of the years 1793-4=5.6-7-8 and 1799 to
1803, the corn and eavigation laws were relaxed by
Orders in Council. In 1825 the restrictions on corn im-
ported feotn the colonies were suspended. In 1826 the
corn•laws were suspended from 31st May to 16th
AuguA, on paying fixed duties c-f 12s. per quart ron
wheat, 85. on peas and beans and rye, 6s. on barley, 4s.
on oats, and 33. 6d. per cwt. on flour. Farther reduc-
tions were made by Orders in Council of Ist September,
1826. In July, 1827, and in 1847 and 1848, the corn-
laws and navigation-laws, with respect to importing
grain, were suspended under certain limi!adons. The
annual average ,prices of corn during the twenty-two
years -1827 to 1848 inclusive-were, per imperial
quarter, 563. Bd., 60-. 5c1., 668. 3d., 645. 3d., 665. 4d.,
585. Bd., 525. 11d., 46e. 2d., 395. 43., 48s. 61, 555. 103.,
64v. 7d., 70s. 3d, 665. 4d., 575. 3d., 503. 18., 51s. 3d.,
50s. Id., 50e. 10d., 545. 8d , 695. 9d., and 50s. 64. In
1849 the average prices have ranged from 38s. to 465.
But the averages fluctuated greatly during the several
weeks of those years. For example, in 1829 the weekly
averages fluctuated from 555. 41 to 755. 11d.; in 1832,
from 51s. 3d. to 63". 7d.; in 1834, from 40s. 6d. to
495. 6c1.; in 1836, from 365. to 61s. 9d.; in 1838, from
525. 4d. to 78s. 4t1.; in 1839, from 658. 6d. to 81s. 6d.;
in 1840, from 58i. 10d. to 725. 10d. ; in 1841, from
605. 7d. to 765. Id.; in 1842, from 465. 101 to 655. 88.;
in 1843, from 45:. sd. to 61s. 21; in 1814, from 455. Id.
to 563. 5d.; in 1845, from 455. to 60s. Id.; in 1846,
from 451. Id. to 645. 4d. ; in 1847, from 495. 6d. to
102 s. Si.; in 1848, from 465. 101 to 563. 10d.; and in
1849, from 38s. 9d. to 49c. Id.; the prices at present in
London being 388. for ordinary Northumberland wheat,
and ranging upwards to 465. on White Essex. .At New
York wheat is held firmly at 1 doll. 25e., which is
equal to 41.'. 4d. per quarter, and could not be sold at
Liverpool with any profit at less than 505., after paying
shipping charges, insurance, and commission.
So much for pricer. My opinion is, that taking good
and bad harvests together, in the United Kingdom, with
a perfectly free trade in corn, it will be a rare occurrence
for the prices of wheat to range so low as during the
year 1349, and ever to be as high as during previous
years of bad harvests. The low prices of 1849 have
teen caused certainly by a large importation; and
although that importation has not been superabundant
for the natural demand for its consumption, there are
two circumstances that ought not to be overlooked. The
first is, that the political state of Franco and Germany
has for two years greatly diminished remunerative em-
ployment and trade, and the people of those countries,
from want of means, were not able to pay for and con-
sume so much bread as they usually did in times of
tranquillity and regular employment. It therefore fol-
lowed, in the second place, that prices of corn were lower,
andithut th. re was a greater surplus of corn, at a cheaper
price, fir the corn-dealers to export in greater than
usual quantities t i England.
So far with respect to the prices of European corn.
In regard to American wheat and flour I will say no
more than that there are circumstances inseparable from
the moral, social, and physical condition of the Uhited
States, which will ever prevent them exporting large
quantities of wheat and flour to the United Kingdoin, at
any profit, except prices not less;than from 445. to 525.
per quarter can be obtained for the same in England.
The circumstances I allude to chiefly are:-First, high
Rages of, or high value obtained by labour, which w• 11
probably be permanent among a 'nation of freemen (for
the slaves are not the cultivators of wheat) in regions of
such vast extent that the chief cultivators are the prc-
prietors of their farms; and in which labourers, Irish
immigrants, for some time after their suds al- excepted,
soon become landowners, artisans, or traders. Second,
that the numbers of the producers of grain and bread-
stuffie, according to the several censuses of the United
States, do not increase in the same proportion as h
non-producers of food. Third, that theslaves in the
purchasing
States, whose wages, or rather the cost ?f. !Tyr
wayl ri_ge
or breeding, and of maintaining them esTeivrn awageFaure
considered low, though de facto it is not 1 and
cotton chiefly employed in cultivating
mc
tobacco-
articles which cannot enter intoinconepeeeteiteitornywhiaths
or Irish agriculture. Fourth, Britishthe po-
pulation of
of the Owns-1211
the towns increased so rapidly as in the United
States; therefore, the whelp,population
employedcanals, acid other public
those on railways,
coastice,
in chits-building; in lake, !ever,
work:;
d foreign trade anti navigeta:n, and in the fisheries;
carpenters, and other artisans in the agricul-
tural districts of the United States, with, also, a great
portion of the slaves, are all consumers but not producers
of wheat and other grain. The high wager, end the
home demand for food, must therefore prevent very low
prices in America. But, wha•ever the prices may be,
either in Europe or in America, the time has arrive d
when the fallacy and the injustice of protective duties
Ln human f esti have, de facto, disappeared for ever from
the British isles. Each one of all the people must bate,
henceforward, in his power, to buy et untaxed and na-
tural prices as much essential food as his means can pay
for. To this stern but just fact-to this destinythe
landlords of Great Britain and of Ireland must as anevis
tably submit, as all elements have and must do to the
*rug laws of atiaro,

.ey are
id must
ors are
ROW
, mannfactu-
e artisans, have been ruined, and their families re-
duced to poverty; and all of them torkrist'.,, c`-v
years; unless by honestly facing adversity, by resuming
with increased efforts and with aroater frng.ility tee
pursuits of industry and trade, they have, as they hap-
pily
frequently have, recovered their position in the
world.
I repeat that the encumbered lan !lord must submit t)
the same destiny as the embarra tsei tradesman, manu-
facturer, shipowner, or merchant. None can hereafter
escape by partial laws. The day has passesi away fir
ever when the great body of her Melesty's subjects will
consent to have a Parliament consisting of a House of
Lords and a House of Landlords, to make =peril laws
fir agriculture, in order to restrict, by fictitious high
prices, the quantity of food to be consum-d bv •oe
people. All taxation must also be imposed according
to the most equitable distribution tha, can out -
ticablr.
We must consider all wealth at the product of labour
—of labour applied so at to reader a Tax reaterisl,
whether land, cotton, or metal, valuable, when the oracle
produced or manufsctured is demand-d or sew in 0 0
home n-otrlset, or to the markets of the world. I snake
no distinction whether the article produced be a quarter
of corn, a cwt. of sugar, a ton of iror, a, web of wo,,llen,
or a pie-:e of cotton—labour and art produce all. New,
as to the protection t f the one Or the other, le- Ili take
an example of two encumbered articles—laud and sugar.
If a merchant at Calcutta exports 10,000 bags of sugar to
London, end if he draws bills for it to the amount of 10,0001.
on the merchant to whom tl e sugar is consigned, the
latter accepts the bills, provided he re Tires the bills cf
lading, which places the sugar in his hands for disposal
is order to realise the money to pay the tills at matu-
riti. On the other hand, if the merchant at Calcutta,
ago shipped the sugar, being a needy man, hrs hypo-
thecated the sugar—that is to say, received 9,0001. from
the Oriental money lender (the Last India '2ompany)—
he has parted with so much or all of his ownership in the
sugar, and the merchant in London cannot possess or sell
it until he pays 9,0001. to the East India Company—nor
will he accept the bilis, unless he his confident that the
sugar will sell for fully as much more, after paying 9,0001.
to the proprietors' agents in Leadenhall-street.
If 10,000 acres of the material land can, at the natu-
ral market price, be hired to an agricultural manures:-
timer so as to affsrd to pay its owner a sum cf 10,0007.
ennual rert for hire cf the lead, leaving, exclusive of
rent a—liFiTonahle value of prodace for its annual
labour and profit, the material land is actually in the
same condition with respect to its ownership as the
sugar, when not hypothecated to the office at Leader-
hall-street. But if the material land has passed through
the hands of some Conveyancing Glossin, who has hy-
pothecated the 10,000 acres to some money-lender, under
an obligation. called a mortgage, of paying an annual
interest 9,000/., the money-lender is exactly as much the
owner of the land as the office at Leadenball-street was
of the sugar ; and the nominal landowner can only
legally and justly receive 1,000/. annually for the hire of
his 10,000 acres. But if he says, as has been lately said
by a Noble Earl, and by some others, in expressions
amounting to the following: —"My establishment, my
rank in society, ray habits of life, the expec-
tations and the marriages of my daughters,
the educating and the purchasing of commis-
sions in the army, or of livings in the church for
my younger sons, and the unavoidable, though in-
evitable, expenditure of corrupting the electors of the
borough for which I sit, or my eldest son sits, in the
House of Commons, render it an absolute necessity for
me to hare an income, not of 1,000/, but of 10,000/. per
annum. I have—my father, grandfather, and great grand-
father have—always spent annually that suns—l there-
fore, demand, coute qui conk, a vested right to that in-
come; and I will obtain it by increasing the price of
wheat and the breed (lan the people, and therefore my
rent, by a duty of Bs.. or 10s., or more, on every quarter
of wheat, and so much in proportion on all other food
not produced in the United Kingdom,"
To indulge in such delusive hopes is but macre esing
the measure of erntarressment. It has become clear, if
a property for which an annual rent of 10,000/. a year
is alienated for 9 000/., that the nominal proprietor must
either be content to live in accordance with ti-e means
of 1,0001. a-year, or his land must undergo the fate of
all encumbered estates. Legislative necromancy will
prove unavailing to maintain the incomes of improvident
men, whether they be landlords, merchants, shipowners,
manufacturers, re‘ail traders, artisans, or labourers.
With regard to Ireland all the foregoing obser-
vations will apply. The lands of that wretched,
that long misgoverned, and most unjustly treated
country. are, I fear, especially involved in pecu-
liar difficulty with respect to its landlords and tenantry.
No protective duties, no benevolence, no out-
door relief, no emigrations, can revive into prosperity a
country with the lands let as they are in Ireland. Until
the a hole system of land tenures—of the relation be-
tween landlord an-I tenant—the mods of cultivating the
soil—and the labour r f the people are completely
changed, misery will continue to afflict that country--
so bountifully endowed with the resources of wealth and
happiness by the Almighty Creator—so distorted phy-
sically, industrially, and morally, by the folly and injus-
tice of men. Ireland will, no doubt, be frequently
reheasaed during the coming sessions in the House of
Commons. May it be with more practical results than
heretofore.
One word with regard to Emigration. Two kinds :
one perilous to Ireland has been long going extensively
forward—that of the best of the rural clasi.o: to Ame-
rica; another, which has afflicted Glasgow and Liver-
pool, England and Scotland—that of an inundation of
Irish paupers. its to emigration generally, though
most industrious emigrants themselves will greatly gain,
I place no COM ficivnce in emigration as t i greatly benefit.
lug the United Kingdom. The subject is, however, too
lengthy teenier upon in this already too long letter. My
consAlion is, that there is at present less distress and
more t mpleyment, for the people generally, notwith-
standing the very great severity of the weather, during
the lest two months, than probably at any former period.
As to assertions about lands going out of cultivation,
I believe there is net the least cause of alarm; and in
the various reports laid formerly before Parliament, I
find that at many periods of high protection within the
present century firms with good soils in various agri-
cultural counties in England, especially Buckingham-
shire, Kent, Sussex, Suffolk, and Hampshire, were fre-
quently unoccupied; and that unless farmers are fright-
ened by the pernicious alarms of the Protectionists,
every cultivatable acre of Great Britain would be soon
occupied at fair rents; and that,'in fact, the whole per-
plexity lies between tl,e landlord and the tenant.
Hiving thus gone through the whole question with
respect to protection in regard to land and food. it was
my intention, if not limited by want of space, to have
adverted fully to the state ef our colonial empire•, bat I
am compelled to confine myself to the general observa-
tion that I consider it just, and I believe it must be the
policy of the present Government, that the colonies
should each have their own responsible Governments for
managing all their local affairs; imposing their own
taxes, and paying all their own expenses; that the co-
lonies, with regard to trade and navigation, should have
no hostile tariffs, or shipping dues against each other;
nor against the United Kingdom; that the trade be-
twem the United Kingdom and the colonies should be
exactly on the same footing as Fetween the Clyde and
the Mersey—between the Forth and the Thames; and
that the only colonial expense which the British Trea-
sury ought to pay would be the salaries of the Gover-
nors or Queen's representatives; othefwise I fear there
will always be difficulties between the governor and the
people about his pecuniary affairs, which may tempt
weak men to favour, perhaps unconsciously to tamper
with, colonial parties.

Under such a system of Colonial Government. I can
discover no cause of discontent. nor any advantage which
the colonies could gain by independence or annexation
to oilier states. They might is some cases lose; for
example, if Canada were annexed to the United States,
the whole customs revenue of Canada would no to
dtritnaogsf ta ctnhdseeual voxTo o equip.tll
luxury,
Washington for general purposes, whether to defray the
expense of a war against Mexico, or any other federal
expense; while Canada now expends that revenue at
home; in place of which, new taxes must be imposed if
annexed to the great Republic.
I also intended to have proved that the West Indian
planters were, during high protective duties, frequently
in as embarrassed circumstances as they have or can be
under free trade. It is but common justice, however, to
remove all restrictions, short of instituting slavery, with
respect to labour for the sugar colonies.
Under all the circumstances of the British empire, I
am most confidently of opinion that free trade and the
abolition of the navigation-laws will prove greatly ad-
vantageous to all our colonies, as well as to the general
trade and navigation of the whole empire. I could
illustrate this Lily% At the present time, all trade and
manufactures not protected, are in a state of fair pros-
perity,
y.
0 cotton.ves
and orrt
eea otherdy.
leading fabrics. Ship-building
the abolition c f th
the laying down a number of fresh
___
ships in most of the great
of
navigationah hasaf w
bs
u,nodttiherib eeegrl
keels for
splendidandwt by
tie
may bid
elue:iirrdz sm.
p, t
sroa
ionl the
hkuisfbtudremanufactured
competitionarticle
tfphhriaenevegewc sonfhrolidwepu.s t'aylw.l itthh; oemnoeaugtsenihrtiaatilols ebxfeocurenprcteoi osntnsr"iruepteac
articlesfl
subjected
and then
weavers, however, have
made apparel, dresses, and slops of woven materials, &0.,
nhwairtie:i
c,eshho:dwrilicelt.a.r,
h,roasiet.lbewoie.tanetT.
are also protected by duties. The duty was retained on
made-up articles, though scarcely ever imported, under
an impression of protecting the most wretched clam
among us—needlewotbee. Their case is deplorable, and
I fear irremediable, so long as they continue, by dire
necessity, so numerously to compete with each other for
the vro-st paid of all employments. In fact it may be
said that no branches of manufacturing industry, except-
ing silk and gl, ves, are protected by duties. Woven
cottons, woollens, linene, manufactures, leather, thins,
iron, and other metals, of woods, glass, earthenware, all
oils, tar, turpentine, all woods but foreign oak and fir, all
hemp, flax, wool, cotton, hair, skins, and raw materials,
all fish are admitted duty free.
I bad also intended to nave shown the amount and the
kind of taxes which have been repealed or reduced in
the twenty years, 1830 to 1849, and to have annexed
some further observations to my letter of last year, ad-
dressed to you on the revenue and expenditure of the
United Kingdom. I adhere to the opinions which I
stated in that letter with regard both to taxation and
expenditure. I believe the budget of the Chancellor of
the Exchequer will this year exhibit considerable: re-,
ductions and savings. With regard to the army, gales/.
we can find ether uieans toiranquillise Ireland, so that
it will maintain its own police, instead of Great Britain'
maintaining that police; in the icoa of A large rep*

'- . ..i

army, and further ef a constabulary army, I have little
hopes in any important reduction of our military ex-
penditure.
As regards onr maritime establishment, I do consider
that, even to prevent war, there is no force so essential
as our navy, to a nation situated as we are, geographi-
cally, and with onr trade and shipping; I will therefore
not consent to diminish its efficiency, although I am de-
cidedly of opinion that our navy may be rendered more
efficient at far less expense. I believe, however, that the
expenditure since I last had the honour of addressing
y ou has been greatly reduced.
Before I quit the subject of taxes and expenditure, I
must refer to local taxation. In Scotland, and especially
in Glasgow, the poor-rates are exceedingly oppressive,
and the Scotch poor-law remarkably imperfect. A
great effort ought to be made to remedy those defects.
Among other matters, the agricultural Protectionists
complain of undue local taxation, in the shape of poor-
laws, county-rates, &c. Let us see with what justice.
The population of great Britain, by the census of 1841,
amounte I to 18,844,436 inhabitants—that of the cities
and towns, within the strictly electoral limits, of voters
sending Members to Parliament, was 7,070,186. I have
taken some pains to estimate the population of numerous
towns which do not send Members to Parliament—of the
suhurban parishes—of great cities and towns, excluded
from any except the county representation, but with
popuh tions strictly ur ban—and of the persons employed in
the iron, coal, tin, copper, and salt mines, and also in the
factories without the electoral towns spread over Yorkshire,
Lancathire, Cheshire Staffordshire, Lanarkshire, Ren-
Lew, Ayrshire, Stirlingshire, and Angus, who are in no
way employed in agriculture, and my e:timate rather ex--
ceeds 2,352,031 inhabitants, which, with the above, is
equal to half the whole population of Great Britain;
and as the urban population are notoriously higher
taxed, locally, than the rural inhabitants, the assertion
to taee protection, on account of peculiar rural burdens,
is far worse than valueless.
I muit now conclude with one remark, on a mare's
nest which the Protectionists have discovered, and in
which they exult. The present American Secretary of
the Treasury is not a Benjamin Franklin; but his arith-
metic has calculated t'; at the cotton grown in the United
States may be doubled, and often quadrupled, in value,
by spinning, weaving, dyeing, or printing operations;
that it is them fsre the duty of Congress not to allow it
as a raw material to leave the country, but to naanufac-
sure it, in order that the United States may be
enriched by all the enormous difference of value
which is now gained by England, France, Belgium,
Switzerland, and Germany. Very flattering, I will
put a similar case. Supposing my excellent friend, Mr.
Wilson, of Dundyvan or my generous opponent, Mr.
Dixon, were to be told, " You do wrong to sell your iron
as you-de. After leaving your hands it is vastly in-
creased in value by being made into bolts, spikes, nails,
agricultural implements, anchorr, chains; steam-boilers,
engines, iron steam-ships, stoves, pots, kettles, grates,
shovels, tongs, pokers, knives, f rks, pick-axes, and many
thousands of other articles. Now, you are not wise.
You lose all this money because you do not make all the
above articles, and all the others that can be made of
iror, at your own furnaces at Dundyvan or Govan; you
will secure all the gains. Yon should net allow Mr.
Napier, nor Todd and Macgregor to have the profits of
steam-engines, boilers, and large iron steam-ships. Nor
allow iron-smiths, cutlers, or others to rob you of profits
wade by the working of iron." The man who would
propound such advice to any one between the banks of
the Forth and the estuary of the Clyde would surely be
deemed, if honest, at least insane. Yet such is Mr.
Meredith's recommendation to the people of the United
States with respect to their raw material, cotton. The
cotton-planter will, Notwithstanding, continue, in con-
tempt of the American Seerctary,lto send his produce to
the market, where he will sell it at the best price.
BAieving all proteeiive duties mischievous, and con-
sidering that if we ma;ntain tranquillity at home—peace
with all the world—pursue our industry, trade and na-
vigation, without being t,:mpt,d into uncertain and dan-
gerous undertakings during periods of prosperity—legis-
Fate wisely for the common good of all, end under our
free constitution administer the government impartially
and the laws jut tly--I am of opinion that we never had,
with the blessing of heaver, a fairer prospect before us
in Great Britain, and in our comraerciel intercourse
with all the nations of the world.—l am at all times,
yours faithfully,

J. MACGREGOR.
1, Pritice'E-terryr., Hyde-pink, London,
Jar. 24, 1850.

TEEATRE ROYAL, DRURY-LANE.
Lessee and Manager, Mr. JAMES ANDERSON.
THIS EVENING,
Will be presented, by her Majesty's Servants,
Shakcspere's Hay of
AS YOU LIKE IT. Duke, Mr. Catlizart ; Amiens, Mr. Rafter;
Jacques, Mr. Vander.hoff; Orlando, Mr. Montagne ; Adam, Mr.
Cooper ; Touchstone, Mr. W. H. Angel ; llosaßnd, Mrs. Nisbett
To be fcllowed by a New t,rand Historical, Metaphorical,
Allegorical, a:nl Diabolical Pantomime, by the author of " Bluff
King Hal to be called HARLEQUIN and GOOD QUEEN BESS ;
or. MERRIE ENGLAND IN THE OLDEN TIME,
Private boles, 31. 35., 21. 12s. 6d., V. 25., 11. Ils. 6d., and ii. ls.

FIRST PRICE

Stalls, 58.
s. d. I

S. d.

Boxes - -4 0 I
Fit - - - 2 0
Lower - 1 0
171Ter Gallery - 0 6
Box-book-keepo'

SECOND PRICE.
Boxes - = 2 0
Pit - - - I 0
Lower Gallery - 0 6
No lialf-priee to Upper Gallery
r, Mr. J. Povey.

THEATRE ROYAL, IIAYMARICET.
M. B. Webster, :Sete Lessee and Manager, Old Brampton.
THIS EVENING,

Will be presented an entirely new and origlnal Comedy, entitled
LEAP YEAR ; or, The ladies' Privilege. Sir Solomon Soil's, air.
Keeley ; Captain Mouser, Mr. ielby ; Mr. Dimple, Mr. Buckstone ;
Winb,m WI:1:er, Mr. Charles Kean ; Mrs. Flora Flower.' ew, Mrs.
Charles Kean ; Miss Sally O'Leary, Mi-s. Fitz rilliam ; Mrs. Crisp,
Mrs. Keele;

Alter
The Gem
yrs. 1. S. Tl:Jekir

NINTH
character

"."

STATUE or, The Jewels and
'3 by Mr. Manyard, Miss P. Horton,

gr,t Miss K. Fltzwillialn
To conclude with MAKE YOUR WILLS.
The Box-oil:a ,s under the dire

on or 51r. I. T. Archer.

TIIEA Eng ROYAL. ADELPIII.
'i'r'ctioP nS triadatue Celeeta•
THIS EXTZNING

Will be performed a new domestic Drama, called THE WILLOW
COPSE. Principal characters by Messrs. Hughes, Wright, P. Bai-
lor( , 0; s=mith, Worrell;• -Madame Celeste, and Miss Woolgar.
Atter which FRANKENSTEIN.; or, The Model Man. eranken-
ttciii, Mr. Wright ; the What is It ? Mr. P. Bedford; Zamiel, Mr. 0.
Smith ; Otto of Rosenberg, Miss Woolgar; Tiddlewinez, Miss E.
Chnplin ; Agatha, n 53 Coveny ; Unable, Miss E. "larding.
To be followed by a new slippery sketch called MRS. MIMICRY'S
SPOONS. Mr. Ilighbury Barnes, Mr. P. Bedford; Bob Twinks,
Mr. Wright ; Job Smith, Mr. 0. Smith; Mrs. 'Sunbury, Mrs. F.
Matthews; Mrs. Ilighbury Barnes, Miss Brooks.

RoTAL LYCEUM THEATRE.
Undrr the Managerricat of Madame Vest %
pole Lessee, Mr. Charles Mathews.
THIS EVENING,
Will be performed AN APPEAL T') THE PUBLIC.
-After which THE ISLAND OF JEWELS.
To conclude with HE WOULD BE AN ACTOR.
Dress Boxes 5 Upper Bozos, 4s. ; Pit, 23. ; Gallery, IS. No
talf-price to an/part of the house.
All applications for Private Boxes must be made to Mr. Aileron, 15
Jew Bond-street.

PRLNCESS'S THEAium.
Mr. J. M. Maddox, Sole Lessee and Manager.
THIS EVENING,

Will be perfor:ned a new comic Opera, entitled THE VALLEY OF
ANDORRE.

To conclude with KING JAMIE ; or, Harlequin and Magic Fiddle
Harlequin, Mr. Bologna ; Pantaloon, Mr. Paulo ; Clown, Mr. Flea-
more ; Columbine, Miss Fawcett.

ST. JAMES'S THEATRE.
FRENCH PLAYS AND OPERA COMIQUE.
_ _

Mr. MITCHELL begs respectfully to announce that the French
Performances at the St. James's Theatre will commence
TO-MORROW EVENING,
At Half-past Seven, when will be performed
UN TIGRE DE BENGALE.
After which
LE MAITRE CIIAPELLE.
To conclude with a New Opera Bouffon, entitled
LE CAID.

The rlox-omco of the Theatre is open daily from Eleven till
Five.

ASTLE r'S ROYAL AbIetiITHEATRIL.
Prom:nor, Mr. W. Batty.
A Grand Juvenile Night, commencing with the Pantomime
will take place on Thursday.
EVENINt,
The performance will commence at a Quarter to Seven, with a
now Grand Spectacle of TILE KNIGHT OF THE EAGLE CREST ;
or, The Tourney of Love, in which Mr. N. T. Hicks will appear.
To be followed by a brilliant display of Batty's peerless scenes of
.he Circle', supported by the accomplished artistes of the establish-
ment.
To conclude with a grand Equestrian Comic Pantomime, by Nel-
son Lee, called HARLEQUIN YANKEE DOODLE, 1% ho came to
town upon his little Pony.
Box-office open from Eleven till Four.

. MAILS FOR MADEIRA, &c.---Notice was issued
yesterday at the General Post-office that mails will be
made up on Friday evening, the Ist of February next,
for Madeira, the Cape de Verde Islands, Sierra Leone,
and the island of Ascension, to be conveyed by her Ma-
jesty's steam•ress©l Gladiator, appointed to sail from
Devonport on the morning of the 2d proximo. Letters
for Madeira and the Cape de Verde Islands will be liable
to a pottige of 1:. 10d. per half-aunce; newspapers 2d.,
which must be prepaid. Sierra Leone and Ascension
letters ls. per half-ounce; newspapers free. For the
Cape of Good Hope, on the evening cf the 4th, to be
forwarded by her Majesty's steam.vesFel Hermes, ap-
pointed to. sail from Portsmouth on the morning of the
sth proximo; letters le. per half-ounce; newspapers
free. Both must be specially addressed by the above
vessels. The Hermes will convey dispatches for his Ex-
cellency Sir Harry Smith, G.C.B.
GENERAL ANNUITY SOCIETY.•-•-.A numerously at-
tended meeting of this society was held yesterday in ti e
London Tavern, Mr. Henry Pownall in the chair. The
usual annual report stat'd that eleven persons had been
placed on the funds during the lest year, and that seven d
persons—three males and four females—Were that ay
to be elected from among 110 deserving applicants. The
number of annuitants reported was 33-20 females and
13 males, one ef whom is 91 years cf age; only one
under 50. The ainuities had been increased to the
maximum amount allowed by the rules ef the society,
namely, 21. ss. per month for man, and 1/. 109. for
women. The report referred with pleasure to the large
amount of subscriptions and donations contributed during
the year; greater than it had been for the last twenty
years, and exceeding by 1291. Bs. 4d. the receipts of last
year. Tee total receipts were 2,571/. 2s. 93. The
amount paid to annuitants was 7264 sg. Stock had been
purchar-ed to the value cf 5001., and ulcer all expenses
had been paid, there remained in the bank a balance of
4341. 7s. It is intended hereafter to invest in the public
funds all life subscriptions and donations of 5/. and up-
wards, the dividends of which shall be applicable to the
general purposes of the institution. It was proposed to
• hold the next festival on tFe 6th of March, when the
Right Hon. E. H. Stanley, M.P., will preside.
LOCOMOTIVE POWER.—German papers state that
Mr. Gunther, the head of the locomotive factory at
Neustadt, near Vienna, has solved the problem relative
to the ascent ef trains on inclined planes; and built an
engine which will draw, with ease, up an incline, of
4deg. to 50 deg., a train of the weight of 2,i00 tons.
emus 7 —Mining Journal.
4 ke/i, OP AN EAST INDIAMAsY.-13OULOGNE, JAN.
.# : 1 ;277.-!.- stony
bound
dshfip
LP,alderomo cw,
afrsoemntiCrealnytownr,eCckaepci
%gtis'l-.' :-rtikil:t-iie Abell,
'eroeurnDanoer,
..-r1..1: : -The 'pi_ , consisting of eighteen persons, and three
fiven leagues from Boulogne.
' PanOnf ; ITOre Saved,
( )
''''`:.•,--:=7-'i •• 7 / `i,z„/

i,.

THE WEATHER.—SuN OFFICE, JAN. 29.
THEIDIOMETER, Lowest, 37; Highest, 46; Noon, 45.

BAROMETER, 30'08.
WlNr.—The wind has shifted from S.W. to N., with a
dull atmosphere.