The Sun.
London, England, 1850-01-29 00:00:00

- 81

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[PRICE SD.

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Vle;chants, manufactarnr, and artisans, if they are
involved in embarrassments, have submitted, and must
submit, to the consequen- ee Yet how numerous are
those classes in proportion to the landholders'! How
many thousands of merchants, shipowners, manufactu•
rers, artisans, have been ruined, and their families re-
duced to poverty; and all of them forir, veil ei a sew
years; unless by honestly facing adversity, by resuming
with increased efforts and with greater frugistity the
pursuits of industry and trade, they have, as they hap.
pily frequently have, recovered tt ex position in thus
world.
fI repeat that the encumbered landlord must subin't t)
the same destiny as the embarras,el trieesman, manu-
facturer, shipowner, or merchant. None can hereafter
escape by partial laws. The day has pawed anal for
ever when the great body of her Malesty's sutij-ets will
consent to have a Parliament consisting of a House of
Lords and a Heusi. of Landlords, to roak. spcid laws
for agriculture, in order to restrict, by fictitious high
prices, the quantity of food to b 3 consumed by t.,e
people. All taxation must also be in-posed according
to the most equitable distribution tt a . can he -prac-
ticable.
We must consider all wealth al the product of lalsour
—of labour applied so as to re trier a raw material,
whether land, cotton, or metal, valuable, when the article
produced or manufactured is demaned or sold in the
home market, or to the markets of the worts). I snake
no distinction whether the article produced be a quarter
ef corn, a casos assign., a ton of iron, a web ef woollen,
or a p'eze of cotton—labour and art produce all. N.sw„
as to the protection • f the one or the other, le us take
an example of two encumbered articles—land and sugar.
If a merchant t t Calcutta exports 10,000 bags of sugar to
London, and if he draws bills forit to the amount of 10,0001.
on the merchant to whom tl e sugar is consigned, the
laver accepts the bills, provided he receives the bi Is cf
lading, which places the sugar in his hands for disposal
in order to realise the money to pay the bills at meta-
rite. On the other hand, if the merchant at Calcutta,
who shipped the sugar, bring a needy man, "has hypo-
thecated the sugar—that is to say, received 9,0004 from
the Oriental money lender (the East India ilbrnpeny)—
he has parted with so much or all cf his ownership in the
Fugate and the merchant in London cannot possess or sell
it until he pays 9,000/. to the East India Conapany—nor
will he accept the bills, unless he his confideot that the
sugar will sell
-for fully as much metre, after paying 9,000/.
to the proprietors' nents in Leadenliall street.
If 10,000 acres ef the material land can, at the nttsti-
ral market price, bAired to an a.rriculturel umnera3,
tuner so a; to afford to pay its owner a sum cf 10,0e.01.
annual rert for hire of the land, leavint-, exclusive of
this reef, a reasonable value of prodice for its annual
labour and profit, the material land is actually in the
1
same condition with respect to its ownership as tl-e
sugar, when not hypothecated to the of at Leader-
hall-s.reee. But if the material land has passed through
the hands of some Conveyarcing Glossie, who has hy-
pothecated the 10,000 acres to some nioneyslender, under
an obl.gation. called a mortgage, of paying an annual
intsrost 9,000/., the money-lender is exactly- as much the
owner cf the land as the cotes at Leadenhail-street was
of the smear ; and the nominal landowner con only
legally and justly receive 1,000/, annually for the hire of
his 10,000 acres. But if he says, as has been lately said
by a Noble Earl, and by some others, in expressions
amounting to the following:—" My establishment, my
rank in society, my habits of life, the expec-
tations and the marriages of my daughters,
the educating and the purchasing of commis-
sions in the at my, or of livings in the church for
my younger sons, and the unavoidable, though in-
QVitable, expenditure of corrupting the electors of the
borough for which I sit, or my eldest son sits, in the
House of Commons, render it en absolute necessity fur
me to have an income, net of I,OOOZ, but of 10000/. per
annum. I have—my fatler, grandf,ther, and great grand-
father have—dwlys spent annually that sum —I there-
fore, demand, coure qui code, a vested right to shot in-
cense; and I will obtain it by increasing the price of
wheat and the bread dell the people, and therefore my
rent, by a duty ( f tP.. or 10s., or ~ore, on every quarter
of wheat, and so much in proportion on all other food
not produced in the United Kingdom,"
To indulge in such delusive hopes is but increasing
the measure of emharrassment. It has become clear, if
a property for which an annual rent of 10,000/. a year
is alienated for 9 COOL, that the nominal proprietor must
either be content to live in accordance with 0 a meats
of 1,000/. a-year, or his land must undergo the fate of
all encumbered estate. Legislative necromancy will
prove unavailing to maintain the incomes of improvident
men, whether they be landlords, merchants, shiponners,
manufacturers, retail traders artisans, or labourers.
With regard to Ireland ail the foregoing obser-
vations will apply. The lauds of that wretched,
that long misgoverned, and most unjustly treated
country, are, I fear, especially involved in pecu-
liar difficulty with respect to its landlords and tenantry.
No protective duties, no benevolence, no out-
door relief, no emigrations, can revive into prosperity s. country with the lands let as they are in Ireland. Until
the whole system of land tenures—of the relation be-
tween landlord and tenent—the mode of cultivating the
soil and the lab -inr of the people are completely
changed, misery will continue t) afflict that country_
so bountifully endowed with the resources of wealth and
happiness by the Almighty Creator—so distorted phy-
sically, industrially, and morally, by the filly and Nur-
flee of man. Ireland will, no doubt, be frequently
rehearsed during the coming sessions in the House of
Commons. May it be with more practical results than
her. tofore.
One word with regard to Emigralon. Two, kinds :
one perilous to Ireland has teen long going extensively
forward—that of the best of the rural classes to Ame-
rica; another, which hay sfilicted Glasgow and Liver-
pool, Eng'aod and Scotland—that of rn inundation if Irish paupers. As to emigration renerally, though
most indutrioni emigrants themselves will greatly gain,
I place no confidence in emigration as to grroit'y hem fit-
ins tbe United Kingdom. The subject is, however, too
lengthy to enter upon in this already too long letter. My
consolation is, that there is at present less distress and
more employment, for the people generally, note i:hs standing the very great severity of the weather, during
the last two months, than probably at any former period.
As to assertions about lands going Ant of cultivation,
I believe there is net the hest cause of alarm; and in
the various reports laid formerly before Parliament, I
find that at many periods of high protection within the
present century firms with good soils in various agri-
cultural counties in England, especially Buckingham-
shire, Ken', Sussex, Suffolk, and Hampshire, were fre-
quently unoccupied; and that unless farmers are fright-
ened by the pernicious alarms of the Protectionists,
every cultivatable sere of Great Britain would be soon
occupied at fair rents; and that,in fact, the whole per-
plexity lies between the landlord and the tenant.
Having thus gone through the whole question with
respect to protection in regard to land and food, it was
aintention, if not limitedby want of space, to have
verted frilly to the state of our colonial empire; but I
am cornrelled to confine myself to the general observa-
tion that I consider it just, and I believe it must be the
policy of the present. Government, that the colonies
should each have their own responsible Governments for
managing all their local affairs; imposing their own
taxer, and paying all their own expenses; that the co-
lonies, with regard to trade and navigation, should have
no hostile tariffs, or shipping dues against each other;
nor against the United Kingdom; that the trade be-
tween the United Kingdom and the colonies should be
exactly on the same footing as between the Clyde and
the Mersey—between the Forth and the Thames; and
that the only colonial expense which the British Trea-
sury ought to pay would be the salaries of the Gover-
nors or Queen's representatives; otherwise I fear there
will always be difficulties between the governor and the
people about his pecuniary affairs, which may tempt
weak men to favour, perhaps unconsciously to tamper
with, colonial parties.