The Sun.
London, England, 1850-05-30 00:00:00

THE BRAZILS.

FALMOUTH', WEDNESDAY MORNlNG.—Arrived
Her Majesty's Packet Express, Lieut. Low, from
Rio Janeiro April 4, Bahia 13, Pernambuco 24. Has
on freight about 28,000/.

Pdasengerts—Messrs. Berton, Hughes, Krabbe,
Conan, and Cruizing,

Exchange at Rio;-281d. to 28ii. • Bahia 28td. to
29d. ; Pernambuco, 28d. Signalised on Mayi 28, in
lat:_49 40 N., long. 6 0 W., the Malcolm.

The Southampton, with the flag of Rear-Admiral
Reynolds, C,8., arrived at Rio, from the River Plate,
on the Ist of April, left again on the 4th. The Tweed
and Cormorant sailed from Rio on March 27, to cruise
for slavers. The Spider sailed for the River Plate,
with the mails, on March 23 ; and the Kestrel arrived
thence on the 4th, and sailed on a cruise to keep her
crew in health.

Yellow fever is reported to have still raged vio-
lently at Rio ; it was computed that from the com-
mencement at least 12,000 persons had perished
through its ravages. Several vessels lying there had
lost two-thirds of their crews, and many their
masters. The slave-trade appears to be on the in-
crease, the value of slaves having been greatly
enhanced by the many deaths which had occurred.
Traffic was generally suspended, and many of the
stores were shut up and the merchants had left with
their families for the mountains to avoid fever.

Part of the French expedition to the River Plate
arrived at Rio on their way thither on April 1.
At Bahia the fever was much better, and the little
that remained was chiefly among the shipping.
Little business doing.
At Pernambuco the fever had been raging vio-
lently—about 4,000 deaths, but was on the decrease.
The Aden, Barker master, has arrived off here
from Port Philip, and landed a mail.
The Argentyn, Sanstrom, has arrived this morning,
from Buenos Ayres, March 18. No political news.

DEPARTURE OF THE STEAM-SHIP
ATLANTIC FOR NEW YORK.

LIVERPOOL, WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON. -- The
United States mail steam-ship Atlantic, under the
command of Captain 'West, sailed for New York this
forenoon. She takes out about 70 passengers, but the
mail by her is light in the extreme.
As it was the first return trip of this noble ship, and
her presence in the Mersey had excited considerable
interest, immense numbers flocked to all parts of the
piers to witness her departure, as she steamed down
the river. About half-past eleven her anchors wero
weighed, steam applied to her engines, and off this
splendid floating palace went. No sooner did she
begin to move, than the British and North
American Royal! Mail steam-ship Canada hoisted
the stars and stripes at her foremast head.
Atlanticand
the
Americanad the
ensignunio a
union jack
the ckflying at the
main.
She
was saluted in gallant style by the Canada,
and an immense quantity of powder was consumed,
each steamer firing about thirty rounds. The steam-
tender Satellite, belonging to the British and North
fore,The
American line of boats, steamed up the river and round
the Atlantic, firing two salutes as she passed, which
were returned by the Atlantic.

The Atlantic by this time was opposite the Albert
Docks, moving on at a moderate rate down the river,
and when she arrived opposite Seacombe two salutes
were fired from the shore. An immense concourse
of people bad by this time crowded on the Prince's-
pier. .
Having passed along the whole line of docks, the
Atlantic then took the course of the Formby Chan-
nel, and in a short time was lost sight of, leaving all
the spectators who viewed her departure to indulge in
speculations as to the probable length of time she will
take to make the voyage to New York. Bets have
been made that she will land the mail 'and passen-
gers at New 'York by noon . on Monday, the 10th
proximo. Time alone will tell, but it is expected
that the Canada's news, which will leave this on Sa-
turday forenoon, will, by means of the telegraph from
Halifax, be first published at New York.

- - ----
[ADVERTISEMENT.] —Extraordinary Cure of Rheu-
matichas appointed his mar-
shallun-
derstand Fever by Holloway's Pills in Van Diemen's Land.—
Margaret M'Connigan, nineteen years of age, residing at New-
town, had been suffering from a violent rheumatic fever for
vested in the senior judge
upwards of two months, which hAwenaiLdi.Eesnctirießlycuderrpriedwheer of
the use of her limbs. During this period she was under the
thev vacancylir arose. Mr.
care of the most eminent medical men in Hobart Town, and
by them her case was considered hopeless. A friend prevailed
upon them to try Holloway's celebrated Pills, which they con-
sented to do, and in an incredible short space of time a perfect
. Lloyd) has the
cure was effected. This case is copied from the Hobart Town
Courier.—Sold by all Druggists, and at Professor Holloway's
which Mr. Reade holds till Mr. Lloyd
fur
tsat
tbhllai
tli
ani:Easdhests
imTutr:ccseiananeti Establishment,
tvrt4hh.h4Deeje,
ulSNas
appointmentt
ttreioacnnei
v circuit Strand, London.
a.
rLbeEeosifn.svoi
vdr
before
s
revoerarstijoonLarlyoyadp'p(oeilndtemstenstontoofthteheoffilact: of Assize
attains his majority.—
Chester judge's associate,
Chester Courant.

TO TIIE EDITOR OF THE SUY.
SlR,—The powerful aid of the Press has beeen al.
ready invoked to aid the upset of a monopoly which
maintains the present price of beer, so affecting the
interests of the labouring class, especially anchor-
smiths, coal porters, navvies, and labourers. Beer is
as essential to the labouring man as bread ; it is not
even a luxury to him, but, next to bread and meat,
when he can get it, is his stable sustenance.
The present price, combined with reduced wages,
prevents him from procuring even that quantity
which is essential to his support, while the incentive
to adulteration held out to the publicans, by high
prices, deteriorates the quality even "of that which
he bath." The question of the " ability of brewers
and plant (which they resist) to contribute towards
the relief of the poor," whether properly or im-
properly, contended for by Mr. Paine, as surveyor,
matters little ; but, whether by design or accident,
as this contest has been the means of bringing the
subjcct about, I most unhesitatingly assert that
"real ability to contribute" is best shown by the
prices of malt being reduced from 87s. to .50s. per
quarter. Some firms brew 115,000 quarters of malt
in the year, while the best actual contribution to-
wards " the relief of the poor" would be to let the
poor participate, by a corresponding reduction of
that commodity, which is the prcduce of, and actual
"sweat of their brow," and not, by the maintenance
of present prices, virtually infringe on the old maxim,
and to continue to

" Rob the poor man of his beer."
Present price is, I know, fortified by heavy mono-
poly; those who sustain it in the keep, say of 120
horses, must also find an item of profit of consider-
able amount, arising from the present price of corn
and hay.
The monopolists are, generally, both brewers,
bankers, and Quakers, in short, Nark-lane and
Lombard-street combined. Publicans, in conse-
quence of the accommodation system, are, in general,
under their thumb, and dare not speak, and so la-
bour, as the slave of old, is held in bondage ; and,
in the words of the immortal Cowper, their op-
pressors

" Share in the plunder, so pity the man."
Without your co-operation and support we feel,
Sir, that our cause is in jeopardy ; therefore, in sup-
plication, we implore your all-controlling influence on
our behalf, to maintain the relative proportion of
prices among all other things, but especially for,
Sir, your, at present oppressed,
" SWEETWORT."

27th May, 1850.

THE NELSON COLUMN.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE MORNING POST.
Sir,—Being in London for a few days, I see with
pleasure the column in Trafalgar-square bearing the
statue of my old Admiral (Nelson) has received some
additional ornaments. But ob, Sir, what a pity the
four lions are not to adorn the base! Want of
money, lam told, is the cause. That, surely, cannot
be, for I am certain that a penny a head from every-
body who wished it done would raise the money in a
month. Only let some jack-tar be paid for receiving
the daily subscriptions of passers-by, and I will send
51. in pence directly.
Being, Sir, your daily reader,
AN OFFICER ON HALF-PAT.
Army and Navv Club, May 27, 1850.

PROFESSOR FARADAY'S LEC-
TURES ON DOMESTIC CHEMISTRY.
The subject of Professor Faraday's lecture at the
Royal Institution, on Saturday, was the philosophy
of a kettle. lle said, that having in the last lecture
noticed the circulation of the air produced by the
heat of a fire, it must be borne in mind that the same
expansion by heat takes place in liquid bodies. To
make this perceptible he heated a portion of liquid
in a glass vessel, the lower part of the liquid being
coloured to distinguish it, when the coloured fluid was
seen to rise in a connecting tube. On applying the flame
of a spirit lamp to the bottom of a glass vessel con-
taining water, minute bubbles were quickly seen to rise,
which, after expanding for the height of an inch or
two, contracted by means of the lower temperature of
the upper stratum of water, and the bubble that rose
to the top was scarcely perceptible. By the continued
application of heat, however, the steam of which the
lower bubbles are composed became less and less
condensed, and when the temperature had been
raised to the boiling point, the elastic vapour reached
the top in a continued succession of large bubbles,
producing the phenomenon of boiling. Even when
water that is only warm is placed under the exhausted
receiver oc an air-pump, the removal of the pressure
of the atmosphere gives the steam such additional
elasticity that the fluid will boil. This experiment
was exhibited ; also the phenomenon of ebullition in
a less violent degree, when water perfectly cold is
employed ; the bubbles, however, in the latter me
are net those of steam, but of the air which all water
contains. The " singing" of a kettle is to be attri-
buted to the evolution of these bubbles of air. The
great importance of the constant presence of air in
water was forcibly pointed out. The bubbles of air
operate, as Professor Faraday described it, like
minute wedges in separating the particles of water
from each other, so! herwise the mass of fluid
would adhere, and could not be separated without
a much higher degree of heat than is requisite
for boiling in ordinary circumstances. It has been
sscertainis', indeed, by recent researches on the Con-
tinent that water from which air has been carefully
abstracted may be heated to a temperature of 270
degrees, without boiling, but when it has been heated
above that point it explodes with great violence. A.
bent tube containing water from which the air had
been extracted was exhibited to show the adhesion of
the fluid. The water in this case did not find its
level, for when the tube was inverted one arm of it
remained full whilst the other was nearly empty,
and it required a smart blow on the table to bring
the water in the two tubes to a level. By carefully
abstracting air from mercury, it may be made
in the same manner to stand in a perpen-
dicular tube far above the height that it can be
supported by the pressure of the atmosphere alone.
When a smooth metallic vessel is strongly heated,
water and other liquids poured into them assume a
spheroidal shape, and do not touch the heated vessel ;
consequently they do not become so hot as when
poured on to a metallic body less highly heated.
This fact was illustrated in a remarkable manner by
several experiments. A small rod of heated silver
was immersed in a glass of water without in the
first instance producing any ebullition, and it was
not till the silver had become partially cooled that
steam issued. In another illustration of the same
phenomenon water and iodine were placed in sepa-
rate highly-heated platinum dishes, and so long as
the heat was maintained the water and the iodine
were seen to have assumed a spheroidal form, and
danced about without emitting any visible steam or
vapour, but as soon as the heat was diminished the
water flashed into steam and the iodine was dissipated
in violet-coloured vapour. Professor Faraday stated
that we are indebted to M. Boutigny, the French
chemist, for these curious illustrations of the effects
of bodies assuming a spheroidal form, and he had suc-
ceeded by a different modification of the experiment
in freezing water and even mercury in a red hot
vessel. There were on the lecture table numerous
specimens of the encrustation or " fur" on kettles
and boilers. In one example of the encrustation of a
steam-boiler the deposit was one or two inches thick.
The effect of such a lining is to obstruct the passage
of heat, consequently to increase the quantity of coal
requisite for working the engine. In the case of one
of her Majesty's steam-ships, the boilers were so foul
that all the coal for the voyage had been consumed,
and the engineers were obliged to use the ship's spars,
and all available timber, to bring the vessel up the
river. The crust formed arises in most cases from
the deposition of lime from the water, and aln
ingenious plan has been discovered for readily
removing it. By putting muriateor °
boiler, the
f ammo-
nia (sal ammoniac) into the kettle
muriatic acid enters into combinationcompound, and
with the car-
bonate of lime, and forms a soluble
by this means the foulest boiler
cr kettle may be
rendered perfectly free from encrustation. Professor
Faraday said he should, in his next lecture, conclude
the present course with the appropriate sulject of
0

PICTURES BOUGHT DT ART-UNION OF LONDON...-.
The following is a list of the principal pictures selected by
the Art-Union of London prize-holders up to this date :-
" James 11. in his Palace at Whitehall, E. M. Ward, A.R.A.
(from
le A•)• " Griselda, &c., Redgrave, A.R.A. (R.A.),
231.; Gulf of Spezzia,"” G. E. tiering (13.1.),
1501.; "Peter denying Christ, J. Hollins, A.R.A.
150/. ; "San Pietro, near Verona," J. D. Harding (RA.).
100/. ; " View of Ben Crachan," Copley Fielding (W. C.S. ),
84/. ; " The Odd Trick," T. Clater (5.8. A.), 70/ ; A Storm
Clearing Off," A. W. Williams (NJ.), 701.;
Haeg," W. West (5.8. A.), 80/. ;" A Scene" Waterfall near
during the In-
vasion of Italy by Charles VIII," F. R. Pickersgill, A.R.A.
(R.A.), 701.; "The Sun stspelling a Mist," H. P. Parker
(NJ.), 601.; "Here's his Health in Water," R. R. Man
(NJ.), 50/. ; " A Gipay Family," W. Shayer (5.8. A.), 601. ;
" View from the Heights of Abraham, Matlock," J. Tennant
(S. B. A. ), 501.; " Going to Service," J. H. Mole (N.W.C.S.),
751.; " Hawkers of Relics," &c., ames Godwin (B I.), 531.
3s. ; " The Country Inn," W. Shayer (5.8. A.), 52/. 10s.;
" Ben Nevis from Loch Eil," W. C. Smith ( W.C.S.). 521.105. ;
" Dieppe,Coast of Normandy,"T. L Rowbotham (N.W C.S.),
401. ; "Autumn Scene in Wales." H. J. Boddington (R.A.),
401.; " Piazetta de San Marco," J. Holland (B.I.), 40/. • " On
the Sledder," A. Clint (5.8. A.), 401.; "Kirby Lonsdale and
Valley of the Lune," H. Jutsum (B.I.), 401.; Pever,l
Castle, Derbyshire," J. Tennant (5.8. A.), 621. 10e. ; " From
Rogers's' Pleasures of Memory:" H. Mapleston (N.W.C.S.)
25L ; " Mount Bay, Cornwall," J. W. Yarnold (R.A.), 25/. ;
" The Burning Glass," W. Hemsley (N. 1.), 251.; " A Sum-
mer Morning on the Coast," F. R. Clater (5.8. A.), 251. ; "A
Dutch Madonna," C. Brocky(B.l.), 25/.; " From the Li-
brary of Useful Knowledge,'" G. H. Laporte (N.W.C.S.),
201. ; ." A Summer's Evening," G.A. Williams (NJ.), 20/. ;
"A Mountain Stream," H. Bright (R.A.), 211.; " Scene a
North Welsh Valley," J. Wilson, jun. (5.8. A.), -201.;
" Blackberries," W. Hunt (W.C.S.), IS/. 165.; " Wreck on
the Coast of I`TOrth Wales," C. Bentley (W.C.5.), 211.,
itiildtr,