The Sun.
London, England, 1868-03-07 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, MARCH 7, 1868.

available material help for securing to all citi-
zens
an education, religious and secular, which
shall be in full accordance with their religious
convictions, and to take full precaution that the
secular part of that education be given with
thorough effectiveness.
Such is our own doctrine. In a future
number we will consider the doctrine of the
Pall Mall Gazette, and the reasons adduced
in its support.—TVestminster Gazette.

MISCELLANEOUS NEWS.

(From the Anglo-American Times.)
The great news of this week is the progress of
Impeachment. The article adopted by the House
charged the President with having violated the
Tenure of Office Act by his order removing Stan-
ton, and appointing Lorenzo Thomas, without the
consent of the Senate. Another article was adopted,
wherein Andrew Johnson was charged with having
violated the Army Bill, by inducing the Adjutant-
General to obey orders not sent through General
Grant, the proper channel, as the Commanding-
General of the Army. This was last Monday, but
on Wednesday the House decided on the further
count, in which the President is charged with high
crimes, in having denounced and denied in public
speeches the legality of the action of Congress. On
that day the Articles of Impeachment were pre-
sented by a committee to the Senate ; and on Thurs-
day that Chamber was organized as a Court of
Impeachment to try the charges—with Chief Jus-
tice Chase, in accordance with the Constitution,
presiding.
The Hon. 'Benjamin Wade surrenders his chair
as President of the Senate during the time that
body is engaged in the trial of Mr. Johnson —the
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presides., The
Vice-President is ex officio President of the Senate,
and succeeds, in case of the vacancy, to be Presi-
dent of the United States. The Hon. Benjamin
Wade will discharge the duties of President in
either of these two events. If the Senate can within
a short period decide the case, and that decision be
against Mr. Johnson—when he will cease not only
to be President, but will become ineligible for any
public cffice, and liable to the ordinary tribunals of
the country to be prosecuted for the infringement of
the law of which the Senate will have convicted him
—or, if Congress finding the trial to assume the
proportions of the great State farce which the
brilliant oratory of Burke and others of England's
most eloquent speakers rendered famous—the pro-
secution of Warren Hastings—when the bill will be
passed suspending from his official functions any
public officer during Impeachment. Some English
journals imagine that Andrew Johnson's trial will
resemble that of Warren Hastings ; but times have
greatly changed, and the event will be decided, if
we do not greatly err, with a rapidity that would
startle the torpid mind of the venerable John Bull.
The Republican Convention in Ohio and the
Democratic Convention in', Pennsylvania , have
passed reSolutions-in favour of paying the bonds in
currency. This is not a bad text for the sermon of
a European Conservative on the Government of a
Democracy. A mob,
they might well observe, from
this is essentially foolish—is essentially dishonest—:,
has low selfish insilneti not ranging`-beyond the
wants of the hour. Contrast the Treasurer of
Massachusetts financial report with the resolutions
of the great and rich States of Ohio and Penn-
sylvania. Massachusetts, comparatively rugged,
cold, and barren, pays in gold ; Pennsylvania,
rich in agriculture, and teeming with mineral
wealth, to use a plain word, defrauds first the State
creditiors, next lends its weight to affix the stigma
which attaches to itself on the national name. But
Massachusetts finds that honesty pays, and Penn-
sylvania will learn, indeed it has been taught, if it
could recall the lesson—that a financial taint is
hard to obliterate, and is damaging to the value of
the thing soiled. Massachusetts rings with the pure
metal and shines like
polished silver, and even as
an article of barter—putting morality and high
character aside—it would make a poor bargain by
exchanging the State's good name for the value of
Pennsylvania's Debt.
The Senate has passed the Army Appropriation
Bill. It was drawn up by General Grant, and re-
trenches the expenditure on the army to $33,000,000,
being an estimate far below that of M'Culloch.
The bill when introduced prohibited the appoint-
ment of civilians to military office, and was so
severely attacked on this point by Butler, Logan,
Schenck, Banks, Paine, and Washburn°, that the
clause was struck out, and volunteers now stand
the same chance as West Point graduates. Mr.
Logan, of Illinois, introduced a facetious amend-
ment, which was, of cours3, declared out of order;
and words having failed him, amidst much laughter
he kissed his hand to an ally on his side of the
House. The following are the appropriations for
the fiscal year, beginning the Ist of next July :
Army, $33,082,093 ; navy, $18,096,045 ; pensions,
$30,030,000 ; Indians, $3,000,000 ; West Point
Academy, $303,000 ; debt interest, $130,000,000 ;
Executive Department, $17,119,478; Post-Office
deficit, $4,050,000 ; Diplomatic List, $1,261,434 ;
Bounties, $25,000,000; miscellaneous, $14,000,000
—a grand total of appropriations for the next fiscal
year of $275,012,050. For the current year the
Appropriations amount to $393,269,226, which
shows an estimated saving during the ensuing year
of over $118,000,000.
On Thursday night, in the House of Commons,
in discussing the Metropolitan Tramways Bill, Mr.
Seeley said, in support of the measure, that in New
York there were 160 miles of tramways, and, ac-
cording to the sworn testimony of the coroner there,
accidents were far less numerous through tramways
than through omnibuses. In 1866 in New York
70,000,000 passengers on the
5,500t;m whorses
London, in the same year, the
tramways,
w hilei n conveyed
London General Omnibus Company conveyed only
41,000,000 passengers, with 6,600 horses. The
tramway cars as compared with omnibuses were
much more roomy, wider, easier to get into, sooner
stopped, sooner started, quicker in travelling, and
more convenient to the public, and they were used
by all classes of society. Colonel Mellor and Mr.
T. Hughes also supported the measure, which was
strongly opposed by Mr. Lewis, Mr. Crawford, and
Mr. Pease. The motion for a second reading was
negatived without a division.
The Springfield Republican quotes a case of
despotism in discussing the new Army Regulations
prepared by General Sherman, and about to be
submitted for the sanction of Congress. Last year
engineer Sawyer, of the Navy was tried, convicted,
sentenced, an d punished for saying in a political
discussion that Congress ought to Impeach the Pre-
sident. Mr. Sawyer was not convicted of disre-
spectful ladguage towards the Commander-in-Chief
as such, but of approving a resolution presented in
the Legislature which the law allowed him to help
iu electing, supposed to represent him in common
with the people, the resolution being aimed at
an officer for whom by law he was allowed to
vote—his Executive servant in fact. The
right of voting carries with it the right of
criticism and complaint. It may be a mistake
to permit army and navy officers to take part in
elections ; but, permitting it, it is clearly a mistake
to punish one of these voters for expressing au
opinion on the acts of the elected. The Regulations
of the Service enforce, officially, a respectful de-
meanour and obedience towards the Commander-
in-Chief, without barring an officer's privileges as
a citizen. It was certainly a high-handed proceed-
ing, which could not occur in aristocratic England.
The Republican calls it a gross outrage upon Ame-
rican citizenship, more descrying of impeachment
than any other act of the present Administration.
Such acts, like straws on the current, show the drift
of the tide, and warn Americans to be watchful,
and not foolhardy in their confidence.
The Philadelphia correspondent of the Times
devoted his letter of the 18th February to an expo-
sure of the Negro Conventions sitting in the
Southern States. The report is not just, for if the
proceedings of any deliberative assembly were
given verbatim not one would fully bear the test.
Considering the circumstances, these negro Con-
ventions have done as well as could be looked for.
Indeed the Nation, a fair authority, although
strongly favouring suffrage to the freedmen, de-
clares the constitution, drawn up by the Alabama
Convention, to have keen an able State raper, The

at count of the Richmond Despatch and Register
of the Virginia Convention is amusing, although
costly to the State. They cannot afford in the
Old Dominion to pay so highly for fun.
A new route to the Pacific is proposed, starting
from (Colling-wood on Georgian Bay, and passing
by river and lake navigation over 2,400 miles, out
of the 3,200 from that town to Vancouver Island.
Collingwe od is connected by rail with Toronto,
therefore-the communication from the Atlantic to
Geo:

rgiai t Bay, which leads into Lake Superior, is
complete ; and the Canadian Government has agreed
to open ti le communication between Lake Superior
and Fort ,Garry on Lake Winepeg, a distance of some
500 miles, of which 300 are navigable. British
Columbia, will facilitate the work by grants of land.
Mr. Alfr ?.d Waddington, of Victoria, Vancouver
Island, Vac projector of the route, describes the en
terprise r,s easy, comparatively small in expense, and
not requiring more than two years for completion,
when the: transit could be made in about 18 days.
Ile will discuss the subject on Monday next, at a
meeting of the Geographical Society, giving full
details of the nature of the pass through the Rocky
Mountains.
The Supreme Court, on the 17th February, re-
fused M r. Trumbull's motion to dismiss the M'Arlle
case for an error of procedure, and the question of

jurisdiction remains to be settled before the merits
are reached. The difference between the Georgia
injunction case and the M'Ardle case is that the
former does not involve a point affecting person or
property, whereas the latter does, and the court has
not jurisdiction except under such circumstances.
Mr. Trumbull has introduced a bill to meet the
contingency of an adverse decision. The case was
to have been argued last Monday. The Court is
to adjourn on the 6th April, and it is thought that
a decision will hardly be reached by that time.
It is stated that his Excellency General M. Clay,
United States Minister at St. Petersburgb, has re-
signed, which will make the fifth vacancy in first-
class missions. We trust this may prove incorrect.
If the English Tory Administration has been em-
barrassed by the amount of legal patronage caused
by vacancies in so many of the highest posts, Mr.
Johnson's Government has had a rainfall of diplo-
matic resignations—Mr. Adams in London, Gen.
Dix in Paris, Gen. Clay at St. Petersburgh, Mr.
Hale at Madrid, all pending ; Mr. Motley at Vienna
resigned, but no successor confirmed ; Governor
Wright at Berlin deceased, Mr. Bancroft being his
successor ; General King at Rome, whose post is
abolished. This relates only to Europe. At Peking
Mr. Burlingame has left a vacancy. At Mexico
no Minister. General Asbotb, Minister at Buenos
Ayres, the friend and countryman of Kossuth, died
on the 23d January. These relate only to the
highest grades of the diplomatic service, and in
themselves furnish strong evidence of the Govern-
mental lock at Washington.
The Kentucky Legislature has elected Thomas C.
M'creery, of Davis County, a prominent Demo-
crat United States Senator, in place of Guthrie,
resigned from ill health. Governor Swann will
probably, be elected by the Maryland Legislature
in place -of Mr. Thomas, whom the Senate rejected
for cllsloyalty„but the Governor's loyalty is far more
questionable' than that,of Mr. Thomas.
A bill has been prepa,red for Congress by Mr.
Baldwin, of Worcester, relative to an international
copyright law. It proposes to give authors residing
in foreign countries exactly the same privileges in
America as those countries accord to American
authors publishing there ; that books copyrighted
in America in favour of foreign authors must be
manufactured by American publishers, and that
original translations in America can still be pub-
lished as original works. The bill limits the time
in which foreign authors can copyright a book in
America to within three months after its original
publication abroad, and contains other details and
provisions which will doubtless make it practical
and efficient. The right and the mutual advantage
of an international copyright law have long been
agreed on by authors, and Mr. Baldwin will merit
liberal thanks if he has framed a bill which will
meet the wants of literary men. At present, as
Trubner, in his Monthly Register, states :--" The
American Copyright Law confers on American
citizens only copyright privileges ; or, in a. few
words, foreigners may hold copyrights in England,
but no foreigner can hold a copyright in the United
States." The proposed bill will not only change
this, but it will enable residents in England to hold
copyrights in the United States, provided the edi-
tion for sale in America is brought out by American
publishers.
The Quartermaster-General of the United States
army complains that the transport of troops and
stores from Omaha over the Union Pacific Railroad
costs a third more than over the Kansas line, and he
desires Congress to take action, and to regulate the
tariff. This Congress has refused to do so. The
public must submit to whatever charges the Corpo-
ration sees fit to impose, which, as a matter of
course, will be the highest obtainable. Some day,
considering the great future before this highway,
Congress will be compelled to control the tariff, or
the road will become a monopoly.
The Pall Mall Gazette stated last Tuesday even-
ing that "the Irish papers publish a letter from
John Mitchell's New York journal, the Citizen, to
Mr. John Martin, of Dublin, in which Mitchell de-
scribes the American Irish Fenians as having been
systematically deceived by the organizers as to the
men at home." We were aware that Mitchell had
written to his old friend Martin, but not through
the columns of the New York Citizen, and, in sur-
prise at the assertion, we searched through a file of
recent numbers in vain to discover such a letter.
John Mitchell is a bold man ; he has the influence
that a strong belief in his patriotism, backed by
ability, gives, but we doubted whether Mitchell
would have published in the Citizen, that is in the
face of the Fenian organization in New York, a
letter describing " the Fenian Republic, with its
farce of a Government, Secretaries of State, army,
navy, Government bonds, and so forth, an impe-
riurn in imperio, excessively repugnant to the Ame-
rican people." It is not the less disagreeable be-
cause it is undoubtedly true—a truth which we, not
having the fear of Fenians before our eyes, were
not barred from again and again asserting. The
case, however, is the reverse with Mr. Mitchell, and
we are only surprised at his " pluck" in writing
such a letter at all. It will certainly go back to
America and tell the Fenians some wholesome
truths. The organization, according to him, was
established on a wrong basis by that wretched
Stevens, i.e., the design of immediate insurrection in
Ireland while England was at peace, to be aided
by force and arms from the United States contrary
to their laws. The project, he adds, was in itself
wild, " and could only be made to look feasible by
systematic delusion and imposture." False pre-
tences have been the main machinery of the orga-
nization from the first ; but Irishmen were " deli-
berately cheating each other from the two opposite
sides of the Atlantic." The Irish in America were
taught to believe Stevens's Fenian army was for
ever on the point of fighting the British army, and
" the men at home were carefully taught to believe
that in America there was a great and powerful
Irish nation, with unlimited resources, and army
and navy, both willing and able to give their im-
portant aid in troops and arms, with the connivance,
or even in spite of, the United States Government."
The patriotism of the Irish cannot work in the
United States, as the Government of the country in
which his fellow countrymen and himself reside
will not suffer that, and is able to hinder, and
bound to hinder that." The American Govern-
ment, he further states, " has its hand firmly upon
the whole movement, but it has made use of it by
holding it up in terrorem before the eyes of Eng-
land to induce her to be more compliant in the
diplomatic discussions which are going on between
London and Washington." No doubt Mr. Mit-
chell will have brought a hornet's nest about his
ears if his letter obtains general circulation among
the Fenians of New York.
Above we have noticed a subj act not in the
Citizen, but now we turn to a subject really dis-
cussed in that journal by one of its best-known
correspondents. Miles O'Reilly writes from Wash-
ington, 18th Feb., and heads his letter, "The great
Conspiracy." " Shall our next Presidency be de-
termined by a fight or an election ?" $ll4 our

next ruler be a President—the Lord Protector—or
his Imperial Mljesty ?"

"Two questions are fast being thrust before the country
by the high-handed course of Congress : —First, shall we
remain a Republic or become an Empire ? and, second, as
a corollary to the first, shall our next struggle for the
Presidency be decided by bullets or ballots—shall it bo the
successful champion of a fight, or of an election, who will
be declared, or declare himself, our next National Chief
Magistrate? Establish a dictatorship hero—an empire!
Why you must be mad to think of it. It was thus
all Paris cried about 20 years ago ; and just so all Paris kept
crying, even while Louis Napoleon was writing orders of
arrest for every opposition member of the Legislature ; while
his artillery and carabineers were getting their weapons
ready for the slaughter of the French Republic, which
took place, as by order, next morning. The South re-
bel, indeed! The South array itself in a violent attempt
to disrupt our Union! Why you must b 3 crazy to believe
such nonsense !' So cried our American wiseacres
about seven years ago. Nor could they be convinced to
the contrary, until a Confederate Government, with all
the modern improvements, held session at Montgomery in
Alabama ; and the flags of a Confederate army, threaten-
ing Washington, could be seen from the roof of our Capi-
tol. What ono generation of Americans have done—what
one generation of American politicians have plotted and
attempted— may not yet other American conspirators, of
the same generation and with larger experience, now at-
tempt to repeat."
Miles O'Reilly comes to the conclusion " that there
is danger of a renewed and more terrible civil war,
after much moving to and fro, and mixing in all
circles in this distracted capital (Washington) "
even his writing is a sign of the times.
George Francis Train was arrested in Nassau-
street, Dublin, on his way to deliver a lecture in
the Rotundo, where 600 persons impatiently
awaited him. His agent, on announcing the arrest,
professed his willingness to return the money of
those who had paid, but as they only amounted to
one in six, it was found impossible to distinguish
them, and the affair was pronounced " a sell."
The arrest was made by a London firm for a debt
contracted on the street tramways during Mr.
Train's last visit to England, amounting to over
eight hundred pounds.
The Royal mail steamer, Atrato, brings news that
in Peru, Callao and Lima had been gaily decorated
to receive the new President, Canseco. The United
States Minister had threatened that the new Go-
vernment would not be recognized at Washington.
Efforts were being made to induce European emi-
gration to Chili by making liberal grants of lands
to colonists.
Massachusetts in financial credit has long stood
first among the States of the Union. 'The Trea-
surer, Jacob H. Loud, has issued his report on its
finances, in which he states that " its policy, by in-
suring to the commonwealth a high credit in the
negociation of its loans, has enabled it to make a
saving sufficient to cover all the probable cost of
maintaining the honour of the State by payment of
principal and interest of the debt in coined money.
" Far beyond any consideration of pecuniary:gain or
loss the people of this commonwealth should cherish
the proud recollection that in a time of sore trial
the State paid to its bondholders their dues in real
money without a moment's hesitation or an expres-
sion of dissent on the part of any of its citizens."
Massachusetts has learned the economic value of
the Eighth Commandment, the truth of the old say-
ing, that " honesty is the best policy." Massa-
chusetts Five per Cent. Bonds are now quoted
on the London Stock Exchange at 86 to 88,
and the United States 5-20's at 71i to 7141
although bearing 6 per cent. On the Ist of
January, 1868, the total debt was $28,617,391,
against in the previous year $27,347,127. On this
the interest paid was $1,250,373, and in order to
pay it in gold $183,751 were expended in pre-
miums. Massachusetts presents au admirable illus-
tration of the wisdom of resisting every temptation
to obtain relief by means, no matter how plausible,
injurious to her creditors. Not only does it pay
the State hereafter, but she finds an actual imme-
diate gain, and her credit stands so high that she could
obtain on favourable terms any reasonable amount
in any financial centre in Europe, if required to
meet a pressure. Her financial arrangements will
some day be quoted, and be generally recognized
as the best proof of her superior civilization.
An Ecclesiastical Court, consisting of five clergy-
men, was convened by Bishop Potter, in St. Peter's
Church, Twentieth-street, New York, to try a
charge preferred by the Rev. Mr. Stubbs, rector of
New Brunswick, of the diocese of New Jersey, and
a Mr. Boggs, against the Rev. Mr. Tyng, who,
though an Episcopal clergyman, officiated in a
Methodist Church, conducting the services accord-
ing to the Methodist forms of worship in Mr.
Stubbs' rectory. Mr. Stubbs protested against this
to Bishop Odenheimer, who forwarded the accusa-
tion to his ;ecclesiastical superior Bishop Potter, of
the diocese of New York. The Court sat for five
days, and heard elaborate addresses from counsel
on both sides, which, being fully reported,
caused a general discussion on Church matters.
The Court closed its labours on the 19th of Feb-
ruary, but the decision at which it has arrived has
not yet been made known. The case has excited
great interest.
Mr. Phelps of Maryland is about to introduce a
bill into the House, which is said to emanate from
the President, proposing a scheme for mustering
out the coloured troops now in the service. The
object is to send them to Liberia, and the means
to retain a portion of their monthly pay to educate
them in the arts of peace, and to provide for the
expense of transporting them to Africa. When
educated, so as to be able to support themselves,
they will be mustered out of the service, and be-
come naturalized citizens of Liberia.
The City Council of Baltimore sent to Mr. John-
son, on the 19th February, resolutions of respect
and sympathy, to which the President replied-
-4‘ Our Republican institutions, if Congress be
allowel its way, would soon yield to the
most absolute despotism ever witnessed by the
world," and that "hissole aim had been to bring back
the Government to the plain principles of the Consti-
tution ; that accomplished, it would be his highest
pleasure to yield his aspirations to others." It is
thought that Andrew Johnson is working hard for
the Democratic nomination for the Presidency, and
not without success. The Tennessee Conservative
State Convention resolved strongly in his favour.
Pendleton is losing strength even in the West.
Irish citizens are obtaining possession of much
real estate in Becket and 'Washington, 'Western Massa-
chusetts, and all the adjoining new towns.
A general attack was made in Congress on the
newspaper correspondents on the 20th February. In the
Senate Mr. Trumbull was severe on a Western corre-
spondent, and in the House Mr. Paine, of Wisconsin,
came down on him of the Tribune. Mr. Bingham, of Ohio,
and Mr. Wilson, of lowa, complain of a libellous article by
another correspondent, but it is asserted that all these
cases zan be traced back to an agent of the Evening Press
Absociation, at Washington, a gentleman of fertile imagi-

nation.
The nomination of Mr. James D. Colt, of Pitts-
field, Massachusetts, to the vacancy on the bench of the
Supreme Court, has been confirmed by the Executive
Council.
Governor Bullock has vetoed the Massachusetts
Constabulary Bill.
A grand dinner was given last week at the Hotel
d'Angleterre, Frankfort-on-the-Maine, to General Carl
Schurz, under the management of the United States Con-
sul-General, W. W. Murphy, Mr. W. C. Watson, H.
Mareuse, and H. Seligman, Esq., committee for that pur-
pose. The United States Consul- General presided. Speeches
were made in German and English. Several of the lead-
ing Senators of Frankfort and the editors of the leading
journals were present at the dinner.
Gen. Schurz is to leave Hamburgh this week by
the steamer Germania for New York. His wife and family
will remain for a few months at Wiesbaden.
Among the arrivals at Naples are Mrs. Hannibal
Hamlin, wife of es- Vico-President Hamlin.
Mrs. Park Godwin, wife of the poet, and ex-
Chancellor 11. P. Tappan, are in Berlin.
A grand banquet was given at Genoa, on Thurs-
day evening, Feb. 27, in the Pelazzo Sarse, to Admiral
Farragut, the commander of the American squadron in
the Mediterranean . Fifty-eight guests were invited, in-
cluding the civil, military, and municipal authorities, and
several Senators and Deputies. The mayor proposed the
health of Admiral Farragut, and the utmost cordiality pre-
vailed. The Genoese Working Men's Association have
presented a patriotic address to the Admiral. The Flo-
rence correspondent of the Times, writing on the Ist inst.,
says that Farragut finds great pleasure in returnins to the
places he last visited 50 years ago, and in proof of the im-
pression left on his then boyish mind and memory ho tells
the following story :—ln the year 1816, being at Tunis, ho
was much struck with a ponderous piece of bronze ord-
tince, cast in Italy in the 17th century, and c' Which the