The Sun.
London, England, 1850-05-23 00:00:00

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GRAVESEND STAR PACKETS. ',..,
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Fore Cabin and Second Class Railway NINEPENCE to 1."41e: ±44 )
tbe or from London and Gravesend. •; 1,•••
'• ' • ;Ail
✓ passing bee Saloon and First Class ditto, ONE SHILLING. :4 : ,?,,..
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-
e, do P All . ,SO 1000 4d. I 1840 193 12 69316 8 14 0 10;494 II 10 MESSRS. NICOLL'S PREMISES AND
VIP
21-10 'TO . .•-
-
74 34 4 11141 l2 08951013 8 11 445 0 0
1842 102 16 8 76 IR 4 II 8 3 395 11 1 SYSTEM OF BUSINESS.
Messrs. NICOLE'S -, ARE-ROOMS in REGENT-STREET now
to all- J. " '... • 1843 'll5 10 10 55 10 10 8 110 346 '2 3
3g I OW ,OV•
' . . 1844 1771923815 10 5 9 11 296 13 4 extend from No. 114 to 120 (inclusive), and in that part which is
pronounced to b., the most favoured spot of Low the first and most
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oplitY. b I, .
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_,, ni hoe „is); ~ :mkt i.,,-,?Peration of the same principles, the Society is enabled to catalogue of Gentlemanly Attire, for which one fixed and moderate
...„ . •

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SUNDAYS. i
tale itoshr.l !Green- Par- T. !Roster-1 Green-' Pur-
I NO. 17)991. ] I
11110. Grin hithe. fleet Time i ville. Grays
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7 3/11- R. COLBURN'S
. , ,
~..rlttr Tl, A

SOCIETY OF PAINTERS' IN WATER
COLOURS.
The FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL EXHIBITION IS NOW OPEN,
at their Gallery, 5, PALL-MALL EAST, from Nine till Dusk.
Admittance, One Shilling. Catalogue, Sixpence.
GEORGE FR[PP, Sc'.

R. ALBERT SMITEI has the honour to mi-
ll nounce, -that he will give a Literary, Pictorial, and Musical
EN L'ERTAINMENT, at MLLES'S ROOMS, on TUESDAY EN-ENING
next, the 28th init., entitled
THE OVERLAND MAIL;
',log a Remit;licence of Travel en the route from Suez to Bon-
via the Desert, Cairo, the Pyramids, the Nle, Malta, Mar-
and Paris. The Illustrations have beau painted, front orl7
g• nal sketchel, by Mr. W. Leverley. No Money will be taken at
the Doors.

Tick,ts, 2s. 64. ea 11 ; Stalls, 55.; to be had only at Sams! Royal
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precisely.

INDIA OVERLAND MAIL DIORAMA.
GALLERY of ILLUSTRATION, 14, Regont-street, Water.
100-place.

Three Exhibitions daily. A Gigantic Moving' Diorama illus-
trating the route of the Overland Mall to India, depicting every
Oject worthy of notice on this highly interesting journey from South-
ampton to Calcutta, accompaniel by descriptive detail and appro-
priate music, is now open daily. ,Mornings at Twelve, Afternoons at
Three, and in the Evening at Eight o'CloA.
Admission, is. ; Stalls, 2s. 64.; Reserved Seats, 3s. Doors open
.If-an.hour before each representation, Descriptive catalogues
may be obtained at the Gallery.

MESSRS. NICOLL'S PREMISES AND
SYSTEM OF BUSINESS.
Messrs. NICOLL'S ARE-ROOMS in REGENT-STREET now
extend from No. 114 to 120 (inclusive), and in that part which is
pronounced to b the most favoured spot of Low the first and most
fashlonable.street in Europe, and is, therefore, the best site for a
large and elegant magazine for every article that comes within the
catalogue of Gentlemanly Attire, for which one fixed and moderate
price is most properly charged. here the numerous skilful and in-
telligent assistants attend to such orders with which they may be
intrusted, and with an equal amount of respect and civility to all,
however small the purchase may be—indeed an inspection of the
i.oeautifal fabrics exhibited In these Wareroams, is courted by the
above Arm, without necessarily expecting the purchase of any
artieli4, with regard to whi,:h the public have long since ascertained,
that to be really cheap, it should be really good.

fiord the DEFERRED ANNUITIES.
oPeration of the same principles, the Society is enabled to
.40,„tis hent Public a plan of Deferred Annuities far more advanta-
Lusiti any hitherto offered, whereby au individual, by the con•
nlre ei7n,, Of a very small annual, monthly, of weekly saving. may se-
comfortable provision for himselfin advanced age, er,
.-",Lon, a large sum of money, or a policy to hIS family Itt. his
rrowt"olle by giving to the purthaser, at any time, the power of
ftrf,,,n! two-thirds of all previoul :payments, it removes all risk
gh atm Ore from inability to continue premiums, besides-affording
falotipa resource during sickness and want of employment • and
%larc Purchaser die before arriving at the stipulated period, two-
Payments will be returned to his representatives.
hos 0110,..,
ung Table is a specimen of the groat and varied adven-.
N'oil the judicious application of a small saving can secure
Society.

' ofev;
tosteoi
it iisY Opt
srot per A
lead to 6(.1
Psecon_d
)6.i 1610
176 °I ito
s t/fi '1(0
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I• BENEFITS 11. PREMIUMS •
To secure
65, b„ se attaining the a're of on attain- Annuity4lo 10 0
1 2
4,1 Annual Preialu nof ing the age Cash .. 82 10 0
of 65, the Policy.. 97 8 6
option of

option of J
174
411 nut ayable Payable Payable
•Iz., tY• Cash. grate), Annu- la one ,for Dis-
•
ally. sum. 'parity.
47 16 394 1
s. 0
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s. 0
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30 0
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17;
MAY 23 1850,
N° 17 991.]
• LONDON THURSDAY ,
•
n oar .Ik.
Ette
4.1 . ,
9

THE HIPPOPOTAMUS.

The expectation of the arrival in England of a real
living specimen of the hippopotamus seems to he now
so well-founded, that it is worth while to give a short
account of all that is known of the habits and history
of this extreordinary animal. The speculations con-
cernieg him among the learned have been very name-
roue and the descriptions which have been given of
him have been at times alike vague and fabulous, and it
is only within comparatiiiely modern times that the ac-
curate study of' his structure has enabled physioiegists
to determine under what class he ought to be pieced.
days, as his name imports, it was usual to
In early
consider him a species of horse inhabiting rivers and
marshy grounds, told in a more especial manner the
denizen of the Nile.
As one of the largest and most uncommon of the
race of animals, he was not unknown to the ancient
world, and though, as we shall see, the descriptions
whiCh ancient authors have handed down to us are by
no means so precise and accurate as the requirements
of modern science demand, there cats be no question
that to many of those who describe him he must have
been a much more familiar acquaintance than-he has
been to the modern and more learned investigators of
his history.
Suffice it that, if the narratives which we have of
him from ancient writers are somewhat indistinct, and
their tales wear the mask of fabulous narration, we
have many representations of him on coins, in sculp-
which prove beyond any ques-
tions well as the writers had a dis-
tinctat they meant to represent.
t t
that and
knowledget in
the
e paeirnt tiosi
fnt
artists
what
ab,
The earliest notice, which occurs in any author, and
which has been considered by many to be a descrip-
tion of the hippopotamus, is the celebrated account in
the 40th and 41st chaptets of the Book of Job of what
be the behemoth and leviathan. Many learned men
have contended that " behemoth" really means "ele-
phant," and thus the Zurich version of the Bible trans-
lates the Hebrew by "e/aphas." In the edition of the
English Bible printed by Robert Barber in 1615 for
King James 1., and since considered as the authorized
is preserved in the text,
avnerdsitohne,
fthhlleowwoinrgd "abnenlinetmatoiotnh"i
is added :—" This beast
is thought to bee the elephant, or some other which is
unnowen." Bochart, Ludolph, and some others, have
contended warmly in favour of the hippopotamus.
Cuvier thinks that though this animal is probably in-
tended, yet that the description is too vague , for any
one to hold a certain opinion on the subject. Good, on
the other hand, imagines that some extinct pachydetm
is really intended. We confess that we feel little doubt
that the theory started by Bochart, and in the main sup-
ported by Cuvier, is the real one and that the description
in the Book of Job, though doubtless vague, and in
the highest degree poetical, has yet sufficient marks to
render the identification perfectly easy, while there
are certain peculiarities mentioned which even a poe-
tical imagination could haidly apply to the elephant.
Thus, when Job says of him, "He lieth under the
shady trees, in the covert of the reed and fens
the willows of the brook compass him round about,"
this would seem to be the description of an animal which
frequented the water much more than elephants are
accustomed to do. Again, in the ftiller deScrip-
tion of " leviathan," in the 41st chapter, we ithink it
is quite clear that a water animal is intended? though
what is there stated might be held to apply to the
crocodile as well as to the hippopotamus ; both ace
animals remarkable for an extreme toughnes4 of skin,
both are almost equally difficult to kill or. to take'
alive, and both are such as, from their uncommon
appearance and wildness of character, would give
to a poetical narrative an extraordinary license of
description.
Of profane anthers Herodotus is the first who
notices this animal (in the 71st chapter of his second
book), but his description is far from accurate. He
states that they are found in the Papremitis Nome,
where they are esteemed sacred, though they are not
so considered in other parts of Egypt. He describes
it as a quadruped, with cloven hoofs like those of an
ox, the muzzle flat, and turned backwards, the teeth
projecting, and the mane, tail, and voice like those of
horse ; the size as large as the biggest ox, and with a
hide so thick and bard that when dry the people
make javelins of it. Aristotle, in his History of
Animals, appears to have had this passage in his mind,
as his account differs but little from that of Hero-
dotus, only that he makes the animal no bigger than
an ass. Diodorus on the other hand (book i ),
is more correct as to the size, for he says it is
lava cubits in length, and in bulk approaches
that of- the elephant. Pliny (Hist. Nut.,
25, and ix., 12) follows Aristotle for the
must part, and amp:ifies his description, ascribing,
nowever, to the hippopotamus the tail and teeth of
a boar; adding, that though they are hooked they
are le.s dangerous. He states that helmets and
bucklers are made of the skin, which is impenetrable
until softened by moisture, and speaks of its habit of
feeding upon crops and its skill in avoiding the snares
that are set for the purpose of taking it.
In a later portion of his work Pliny states that it is
covered with a sort of hair like that of the seal ; at the
same time giving a fabulous account of the manner in
which it cures itself of diseases incident to it by
pressing its legs against a sharp stake in order to let
blood. " Dion," (lib. li.) and " Achilles Tatius"
(iv., c. 2) both mention the hippopotamus, the latter
entering into several particulars concerning him, and
describing him with considerable accuracy. The Ro-
mans had many opportunities of viewing these curious
animals alive, for we have- many instances recorded in
which they. played no insignificant part in the trium-
phal processions of the conquerors on their return
home. Thus M. Scaurus, in his wdileship, exhibited
five crocodiles and an hippopotamus, and is men-
tioned as having been the first to do so. Augustus ex-
hibited one on the occasion of his triumph over Cleo-
patra. Antoninus exhibited some with crocodiles„
lions, and other animals; Commodus no less than five
some of which he slew with his own hand. Helloga-
balus, and the third Gordian, also exhibited some of
them. But still they could not have been common,
and the demand for them seems to have exhausted
the supply; for A.uunianus Marcellirius (xxii:, 15)
states that the .hippopotami had ceased to exist in
Egypt after the time of Julian.
The representations of this animal which we have
by ancient artists are generally more correct than
the descriptions with which they have furnished us.
Thus, they are well drawn on many coins of the
Roman emperors, sometimes with the crocodile, and
rthje wife of Philip.
sometimes without. They are met with frequently
o
an, Hadrian, and . on those of
tge
Occasionally
they are not so well drawn, as in the figure
copied by Mr. HamiltonTT ptyptiaca pl. xii.)
ontihiohr
Severs,of Ta
from the caves of Beni-
sseassan, where the feet are
represented as cloven, and the lower tusks are so
enormous that it is impossible that they should be
covered by the lips; whereas the largely developed
muzzle, and its consequent concealment of the tusk's,
are portrayed on the ancient coins with accuracy.
The same may be said of the figures on the plinth of
a statue of the Nile (formerly in the Vatican), on
which the hippopotamus is represented as holding a
crocodile in his mouth.
In more modern times, the descriptions we have
vary -considerably, and are sometimes at variance
with the real form of the animal they profess to de-
scribe. Such are the accounts preserved in Isidore
of Seville, Vincent de Baauvois, Albertus Magnus,
and James of Vitez. Belon and Grillius were pro-
bably the first who had actually seen the animal him-
self.
Both were at Constantinople, and both probably
saw the same. The description of Belon is the most
accurate, and it is clear that he must have examined
the beast with some attention, as he points out the
error in the statue alluded 'to above, and shows that
the hippopotamus has five toes instead of four, and an
undivided hoof. Lastly, Ludolph, in
.his history of
Ethiopia, gives a full account of it, with an entire
figure drawn upon a large scale. Thevenot,' in his
voyage to the Levant, mentions one that was killed
in his time (1658), near Gidgeh, and taken thence to
Cairo.
With regard to the countries where the hippopo•
tamus is found, it would
seem that at present Africa
alone can claim him for its own, as at present exist-
ing; though Onesicratus, in Arrian's _indica; speaks
of them as found on the banks of the Indus. Strabo,
on the other hand, and rausanies, doubt this asser-
tion ; and Cuvier and Buffo° both are of opinion that
Michael Boyne is wrong in supposing that it is found
in China, and Linmeas unwarranted in his belief that
it occurs at the mouths of any Asiatic rivers.
It has been disputed in modern times whether or
not there is inure than one species of hippopotamus.
H. de Moulins has given reasons, drawn from obser-
vations of the skull, for supposing that those existing
on the Nile and on the Senegal are different species;
and Cuvier has shown the same thing with respect to
tFe inhabitants of Northern Africa, and the denizens
of the country round the Cape.
At present the animal is very rarely found till you
have ascended the Nile far into the interior. The
French savans who went as far as Syene saw nothing
of him.
In Southern Africa the flesh is said sometimes to
be considered a delicacy, and the natives of Cape
Town are in the habit, of obtaining from the
country farmers the fat which lies under the
skin, when salted and dried. The skin itself
is extensively used for whips ; it is cut into long
1 narrow slips, five feet or six feet long, and tenni-

Dating in a point. Mr. Layard mentions their use
so far north as Mosul, among the Arab workmen
whom he employed in his excavations. The great
canine teeth are the most valuable portion of the
animal, as the ivory obtained from them has been
found to be superior to any other for the manufacture
of artificial teeth.

5111 CHARLES NAPIER UPON LEAVE
OF ABSENCE IN' ItVDIA.
11M- quarters, Camp Korie, Alqrch 20.
The number of applications from officers for h-ave,
of absence obliges the Commander-in-Chief to make
the following observations, beginning with the
European regiments i-
-1. The European priVate soldier has the same
constitution as the European officer. Ile suffers
equally from the effects of heat.
2. He has necessarily fewer comforts and more
discomforts than are experienced by the European
officer.

3. He has never any leave on "urgent private
affairs ;" be it hot or be it cold, he passes the year in
his cantonment.
• 4. On the other hand, the officer has every comfort
and every luxury that can diminish the discomfort of
a hot climate; and the Commander-in-Chief cannot
help thinking that the known pride which British
offlcers take in sharing all dangers and deprivations
their soldiers will induce the former to consider
that, leaving their brother officers and their men to
encounter the heat of summer while they are divert-
ing themselves on " urgent private
,affairs" in the
hills is very like deserting their post from fear of
climate.
The Commander-in-Chief himself does not go to
Simla for pleasure, nor to avoid heat. Ile goes much
against his will, because all the head-quarters' esta-
blishments are located at Simla, and to move them is
not practicable. Moreover, the Commander-in-Chief
can best serve the army by being near the Governor-
General. If Sir Charles Napier followed his own
wishes, be would establish his head-quarters at some
one of the large stations, where le would be among
the troops.
The Commander-in-Chief does not wish to prevent
officers having short leave for a month or two, which
is quite long enough to settle any " urgent private
affairs" that an officer can have in India ; nor does the
Commander•-in-Chief wish to prevent officers having
leave who are really ill, and whose medical men con-
scientiously believe that change of air is necessary.
But he cannot allow the fear of climate, the love of plea-
sure, or the desire to escape from ,regimental duty to
throw it on their hard-working comrades ; nor is it
very encouraging to the private soldier to' see his
officers. scampering off to the hills the moment the
heat begins no one likes extreme heat, and, there-
fore, no oneought to shirk from it at the expense of
others.
Holding these opinions, the Commander-in-Chief
must call on commanding-officers to restrain applica-
tions for leave to those who are delicate in health, and
whom they know to require change of air. Let the
-rest share with their men the dangers and displeasure
of the hot weather. Discipline will thus be sustained
As to the officers of the native regiments, the case
is different. Their presence is not required to cheer
and give heart to their men. The Sepoy is at home,
the heat is congenial to him, and he gets leave fre-
quently. He has every indulgence that can be given
to a soldier. There is, therefore, no objection on that
score to a Company's officer having leave. But there
are objections on other points.
The European officers are few in a native corps,
and they cannot be spared from regimental duty.
The state of discipline is such as to demand every
exertion in every officer to bring it to that perfection
which it ought to receive. It is idld to suppose that
a regiment is not to be kept in order during the hot
weather.
There cannot be so much drill as there is in the
cold weather ; but there may be quite enough to keep
a regiment in the highest order. Over doses at drill
are not good at any time. It is a constant drill ap-
plied in small portions, and the constant instruction
of officers by their commander, that keeps a regiment
in good order. Parades and drills, however short and
slight, may go on before sunrise and after sunset. A
single manoeuvre performed daily, and with scrupu-
lous exactness, will keep a regiment in good order.
There is always plenty for old officers to do, and
for the young officers to learn, at the head-quarters of
every regiment during the hottest weather; and this
the Commander-in-Chief expects to be done by those
who are in health.
His Excellency believes the mass of officers to have
a sincere zeal for the public service, and great pride
in their profession. HII that the Indian army re-
quires is, that the senior officers should instruct the
junior.

In proportion as the number of officers is limited
so must exertion increase.
Sir Charles Napier will, therefore, not allow the
portion of leave granted by his predecessors to officers
in Queen's regiments to be increased ; this has been
for the last 15 years as follows : reserving—
Cavalry—Two field officers, four captains, and 14
subalterns ; these are always to be present and fit for
duty at head-quarters.
Infantry—Two field officers, five captains, and 16
subalterns ; these are always to be present and fit for
duty at head-quarters.
" Commanding officers must satisfy themselves, in
communication with the senior medical officer of the
regiment, that there is no probability of any subse-
quent application being made for others on medical
certificate, that his Lordship may not be forced into
the necessity of cancelling the leave previously
granted to others on private affiiirs."
Such was the order of Lord William Bentinck,
and officers commanding regiments are answerable
that this full allowance of officers shall be always at
their head-quarters.
By order of his Excellency the Commander-in-
Chief; ARMINE S. H. MOUNTAIN,
Colonel, Adjutant-General of her Majesty's
Forces in India.

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