The Sun.
London, England, 1850-11-21 00:00:00

COURT CIRCULAR.

WINDSOR, Nov. 20.
The Queen walked this morning in the Slopes.
The Royal Family took their usual airings.
His Royal Highness Prince Albert went out shooting
this morning, attended by the Earl of Morley, Lieut.-
Colonel Hon. C. B. Phipps, Colonel Buckley, Lieut.-
Colonel Hon. A. N. Hood, and Lieut.-Colonel Hon.
A. Gordon.

His Serene Highness Prince Edward of Saxe-
Weimar is expected to arrive at the Castle to-day, on
a visit to her Mljesty and the Prince.
The Royal dinner circle at the Castle this evening
will include her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent,
his Serene Highness Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar,
the Lady in Waiting on the Duchess of Kent,
Baroness de Speth, the Rev. Lord and Lady Wrio-
thesley Russell, and the Commanding Officer of the
Coldstream Guards (Colonel Codrington).
The Viscountess Canning has arrived at the Castle,
in the place of the Countess of Mount Edgecumbe,
as the Lady in Waiting to her Majesty.

Dr. Paris had an interview with Sir Georg© Grey
yesterday at the Home-office, to convey an address
for presentation to her Majesty from the Royal Col-
lege of Physicians, on the subject of the late Papal
aggression.
The Cambridge University Commission met yester-
day at the official residence of the First Lord of the
Treasury in Downing-street. Present—The Bishop
of Chester, the Dean of Ely, Sir J. F. W. Herschel,
the Rev. Profe.sor Sedgwiek, and the Rev. W. H.
Bateson (Secretary).
Mr. Nathaniel Solomon, cf St. Helena, accompanied
by Mr. G.:rdner, had an interview tivith Earl Grey
yesterday at the Colonial-oflice.
The American Minister had an interview with the
Chancellor of the Exchequer yesterday. Mr. John
Wood, Chairman cf the Board of Inland Revenue,
and Mr. Pressly, had also an interview with the.
Right Hon. Baronet yesterday, at his official residence
in Downing-street._

---
111 r. J. Kenyon 131ackwell had an interview yes-
terday with Sir George Grey at the Home.office.
Dispatches were received yesterday at the Colonial-
office from the Governors of the West India Colonies.

SWEARING•IN SOLICITORS.—Yesterday the Right
Hon. Lord Langdale, Master of the Rols, attended at the
Rolls Court, Chancery-lane, to swear in solicitors. The num-
ber of gentlemen to be sworn exceeded 200. They were in-
troduced to his Lordship in parties of twenty.

TRINKETS from DEUTSCHLAND.
BY A MYSTERIOUS CONTRIBUTOR.
(From the Leader.)
Last Monday, at five o'clock in the afternoon, we
took a third-clnss ticket for Dover, at the office of the
South-Eastern Railway, near London- bridge; walked,
as is our wont, up and down the platform until start-
ing time, and were then huddled into a kind of cow-
pen, and dragged like a malefactor through the
cutting air. Our sufferings, however, on the occa•
sion were more sympathetic than directly physical.
We are old campaigners, and came fortified with cur
customary munitions of rugs and Russian fur. But
there were two thin-clad chattering petrifactions of
Frenchmen at our side, and two women crouching
behind the shelter of a parasol in the next pen ; we
were partakers of their pains, and, it is to be feared,
also respondents to their sweet invocations on behalf
of the South-Eastern directors. At is o'clock
the steamer moved her snoring fins, and pointed to-
wards Ostend. She pitched drunkenly and we bolted
downstairs, stretched ourselves along the seat, with
our carpet-bag for a pillow, and in this attitude pre-
served the equilibrium of our interior. Reached
i Ostend at five o'clock, and at six the trumpet
sounded from the railway platform ; the engine
yelled answer, and away we started. Through
Bruges, through Ghent, through Malines the
country all along being as flat as a pancake,
until towards evening we approached Liege.
Here nature began to give some signs of energy, set
her arms a-kimbo and looked into our face with alter-
nate smiles and sternness. Some twenty tunnels
pierced the bills, and new scenic features greeted our
escape from each. The woods were drawn like many-
coloured scarfs over the shoulders of the hills ; the
larch sprung like a tapering mist beside its darker
brother, the mountain pine; grey rock-nobs jutted
through the painted leaves, and along the bases of the
streams crept and tumbled alternately. Picturesque
houses, cottages, castles, and blue wood-smoke must
round off the reader's conception of this delightful
land. Reached Cologne at nine o'clock, and soon
found ourselves swathed in the blankets of the Rhein-
berg.

On Wednesday morning, before day•dawn, clouds
spread like an umbrella over all the zenith, but a
horizontal fringe of clear blue gave promise of a fine
day. At six o'clock we loosed from the quay and
steamed upwards. Two hours brought us in sight of
the white walls of Bonn. To the left rose the ragged
summits of the seven mountains, and upon the wildest
peak, recoiling against the storm, stood the castle of
Drachenfels. Right opposite stood the ruin of
Rolandseck, " a noble arch in proud decay," clasping
in its hoary arms the cankering atmosphere which
ruined it piecemeal.

Beauties, geological and psychological, hang about
these scenes. Here and there the fluted basalt exhi-
bibited itself as a solidified outcrop of the central fires.
The hills are very singular. Imagine four inches
cut from the apex of a sugar loaf, six inches more
from the centre ; fancy the latter put aside, and the
conical top placed upon the broad base that remains,
and you have the general characteristic of the hills
about here. The smaller cones appear to have been
forced up at a later period from the bowel-furnace
underneath, and are encased by the older hills as the
skin of certain warts encloses the protruding papillae.
In the rotation of moods we are geologists and
psyschologists in turn. The understanding and the
soul possess us alternately ; and it is the habitual
fixation of one mood which often gives it its predomi-
nance. Jean Paul, I doubt not, could have con-
quered mathematics had ho been pushed to it ;
and Faraday, I imagine, might have composed a poem
had Shakspere, instead of Humphry Davy, operated
upon him. An image sometimes flashes out upon
you in the writings of this man which irradiates his
whole subject, and throws a poetic flush into the face
of science. Doubtless Faraday finds pleasure in his
permanent mood ; and doubtless Murchison, with his
geologic hammer, would delight to wander along
" those banks of Rhine ;" but we must confess an in-
fidelity to the pursuits of both as the steamer bore us
along. Our mood was psychologic; not that we
would have it so, but it came—shall we tell whence it
came ? There is within every human breast a solar
system which has not yet found its Newton. Aphe-
lions and perihelions, attractions and centri-
fugal divergences, night and day, full moons and
eclipses, which have thus far baffled philosophic
calculation. We watch from the earth the
entrance of Jupiter's fourth satellite into the
planet's shadow, we see it issue at the other side,
creep round him, and again dive into the shade ; and
we find that to complete the circle some two-and-forty
hours are necessary. Centuries ago it was
also two-and-forty hours, and centuries to
come it will be the same. One unchangeable
law stretches through ages, and Professor Airy
converses with the Chaldean sage through their in-
terpreters, the stars. But, have those inner orbs fixed
laws of revolution ; or, are not their phenomena me-
teorological, like the wind blowing where it listetli,
and telling not whence it cometh or whither it goeth ?
Their motions are certainly irregular, but may they
not hearken to a common law, notwithstanding ?
Some years ago a comet was twisted from its path by
the planet Jupiter, and
.sent swinging round the sun
again ; after making a few revolutions, it escaped
once more from the thraldom of our system and de-
parted, God knows where ! Here was deviation pro-
duced by a constant cause. The visible universe is
pregnant with one force acting from different centres,
and may not the invisible be so too? That brown
rock which thrusts its crystalline forehead through
the moss and fern, is a centre of force for me. The
Rhine-land, with its ascending forests and vine ter-
races etched into crags ; those smitten ruins festooned
with centennial memories ; the noble river which
" foams and flows" beneath them—each and all pos-
sess their radient 'forces which act as certainly upon
the human soul as magnetism upon the ferric mass.
Nor is it these alone which determine my mood just
now. Emerson is beside me, and the music
of his " Wood Notes" mingles with the silent warb-
ling of the hills. Tennyson is also here, and so is
Longfellow, with his genial, sunny heart ; and there
is still another influence due to a neighbouring mass
of bone and muscle which clasps a heart and arches
round a brain, both of hopeful calibre, lie has dis-
solved Hyperion, and now pours the fluid mass
laden with the perfume of his own feelings into me.
In plain words, reader, my young friend with the
beaver coat reads to me. and his voice blends harmo.
niously with the tints of beech and hazel, with the
bloom of the sky, and the rush of the river.
These were the influences which, combined with

the projectile force due to our proper individuality,
determined the sunny orbit of our thoughts that day.
But, whither has this sentence brought us ? In
sooth, face to face with " Robert Owen's first prin-
ciple." Well, this shall not frighten our ortho-
doxy into fits. This creed of circumstances, like
everything else, partakes of the lights and shadows of
a man's moods. It is sometimes unanswerable,
and sometimes not worth an answer. Nor is there
any inconsistency in this, for our first insight is by no
means a constant quantity ; it oscillates between
mere dog insight and the insight of a God. In the
dog-days circumstances loom upon us like Fata Mar-
gene on the coast of Naples, but the God's day comes,
and the sky is clear once more. If, however, this
creed of circumstances were granted, I do not see
that we should be much the gainers. Grant that
houses are made of bricks, the house is not built by
the admission : before we can turn it to practical ac-
count, we must be able to distinguish bricks from
buns. In other words, we must understand cir-
cumstances before we can apply them. Ilovv
is this knowledge to be attained ? "By ex-
periment," replies an apostle of this creed.
But, where are your experiments. I know that
Harmony Hall, in Hampshire, was built at enor-
mous cost ; that its erection was hailed as the
commencement of God's millennium upon earth ;
that even at the present moment letters significant of
this are stamped on one of its gables in silicic acid ; but,
I know also, that it soon became a failure. Either
too much or too little circumstance ; or, perhaps, a
wrong dose altogether must have been applied here.
Have you any guarantee that your next attempt will
be more successful? I merely cite the experiment to
show that, plain as your case appears, there are stern
difficulties behind it ; for you work with materials of
which you are ignorant ; and, probably, will ever re-
main so. " Given the circumstances," I have heard
you say, "we can predicate the man.'' Now, given
a Jesus Christ, or even a philosopher Fichte, will you
oblige me by calculating his effect? Is it not like
asking your four year old boy for an investigation of
the oscillatory circle? Such men enter as transcendental
functions into the social problem, and refuse to be solved
by your feeble geometry. But, I doubt, you would
" regulate" Christ's "enthusiasm" and Fichte's
"ideality," and thus convert them into wholesome
citizens of your "new moral world." Chronometers
in ships have their springs sometimes polarized by a
flash of lightning. In such a case, what would ycu
think of a proposal to abolish the earth's magnetism,
so that Dent's 50/. patent might still keep time?
But we have spun too long in this funnel of specu-
lation. Forward, then, under the cannon of Ehren-
breitstein, and by the walls of Coblentz—through the
Lurlei, past Bingen, into Maintz—then by rail to
Frankfort ; forward to that brave little land, Hesse
Cassel, at present the cynosure of political Europe;
whence, from the tranquil shadow of an acacia, we
have had much pleasure in conducting iu thought the
foregoing discussion with our respected English
reader.

THE AUTHORS OF OUR OWN PLEASURES.—We have
received the following from "An Amateur," who, we
imagine, must have been a contributor to the defunct An-
nuals, and other sources of unpaid literature. " Authors
may,indeed, be called the authors of their own pleasures,
for, after all, it must be confessed that there are few plea-
sures in this world to be compared to the ecstatic pleasure
the author feels in reading one of his own articles in print.
According to this, no man can have so many
sedulous penny-a-liner, for he sees his articles in print almost
every day of bid life.—Punch. pleasures as the

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INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.
Cubitt, Eq., President, in the chair.)
On `Tuesday the subject of the paper read was " The
Ventilation of Collieries, theoretically end practically, ti.l N.
considered," by Mr. William Price Struv6 (of Swan-
see) M. Inst. C. C.
The author commenced by showing that the general
principles which ought to govern the ventilation of
collieries were—

Ist. That a current of air through the channels of
collieries, at a velocity of five feet per second, was
sufficient for most purposes.
2d. That a current exceeding the velocity would
only be attained at the expense of leakage and other
evils.
3J. That in order to obtain the requisite supply of
fresh air, the channels of a colliery or mine ought to
be enlarged according to the exigency.
In the process of laying out a mine a subdivision
occurred by which the workings were apportioned into
numerous compartments, which facilitated the system
of splitting the current of air, or diverting it into nu-
merous channels, giving to each compartment a se-
parate, and, therefore, more effective ventilating
force. At the same time the area of the channel was
enlarged, and the aggregate length of the air tube
shortened, so that it was quite practicable to pass
through the workings of a mine 300 cubic t'eet of air
per minute for each man employed.
The velocity of the air current in a mine was so
easily affected, that it was important to consider by
what accidents, and under what circumstances, any
changes took place.

It could not be supposed that the excavated spaoe of
old workings was completely filled by the " falls" of
the roof and " creeps" of the floor ; extensive rupture
of the stratification occurred, and through this broken
ground great leakage must take place. This would
seriously affect a long continuous air course, there-
fore, the way to meet this difficulty was to split,
shorten, and enlarge the air channel. The details of
two experiments at the Eaglesbush and Ynis David
Collieries, where the air was pumped out by Mr.
Struve's mine ventilator, showed that a large propor-
tion of the air was drawn from the old workings, and
the " goaf," or broken ground surrounding the col-
liery, and did not come down the intake shaft, and
traverse the actual workings, as it ought to have
done.

In both these cases, the enlarging and splitting of
the air channels, so as to reduce the velocity of the air
to about three or four feet per second, would have pro-
duced most beneficial results.

These principles were shown to have been lost
sight of in the majority.✓-":even of the great collieries,
and the power of rarefaction by a furnace, was trusted
to for dragging the long column of air over and
through innumerable impediments. In some cases
this was left to be produced by the increased tempe-
rature of the mice, from the candles, and the respira-
tion of the men, aided by the cooling effect of water
trickling down the intake shaft. These scarcely
sufficed to produce an average difference between the
two shafts of thirteen degrees in winter, whilst in the
summer, and certain states of the atmosphere, there
was no difference at all, and, consequently, little or no
ventilation. Where rarefaction by heat was used, the
temperature in the upcast shaft varied from ninety de-
grees to one hundred and sixty degrees ; this, how-
ever advantageous for ventilation, was injurious to the
shaft itself, and absolutely dangerous to the men who
had to traverse it.

A comparison of the dimensions of the air passages
and the velocities of the currents in numerioas col-
lieries, led to an estimate of the motive power required
to produce the results attained in the best ventilated
mines, in case of the employment of a steam-engine
and air pumps. This power would have varied
between 23-horse power and 26-horse power.
The efficiency of furnace ventilation was always
increased by the depth of the shafts, especially if they
were entirely devoted for the purposes of ventilation,
irrespective of the working of the pit.
The experiments of Mr. Nicholas Wood, Mr. G.
Elliot, Mr. H. Vivian, and other mining engineers,
were then quoted to demonstrate the insufficiency of
the " steam jet " as a means of promoting ventilation,
showing that it was a most wasteful application of
power, when compared with the steam force employed
to work Struv6's Mine Ventilator at the Eaglesbush
Colliery. This apparatus consisted of two hollow
pistons, resembling large gasometers, plunging
into cisterns of water, and having inlet and outlet
valves. The pistons received alternate motion from
a small steam-engine of five-horse power, and being
filled and emptied at each revolution of the crank,
produced a regularity of current and a degree of co-
pious ventilation hitherto unknown in the mines to
which they had been applied. The small cost of
their establishment—only about 100/. for an extensive
mine—joined with the little liability to getting out
of order, was much in their favour.

The paper terminated with copious extracts from
the able mining reports of Mr. John Phillips and
Mr. Kenyon Blackwell, confirming all the positions
assumed by the author.
The discussion upon this paper was announced to
take place at the next meeting, Tuesday, November
26, until which time the meeting was adjourned.

MORTALITY in the METROPOLIS
IUMBER OF DEATIIS FROM ALL CAL SFS RLGIS'I ERED IDT

TEE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, NOV. 16, 1550.
Epidemic, Endemic, and Contagious Diseases —.4'209
Diseases of Uncertain Seat ... ... ... ... 38
Tubercular Diseases ... ... ... ... ... 167
Diseases of the Brain, Nerves, and Senses... ... 100
Diseases of the Heart and Blood-vessels ... ... 35
Diseases of the Lungs, and other Organs of
Respiration ... ... ... ... ... ... 148
Diseases of the Stomach, Liver, and other Organs
of Digestion... ••• ... -•• ... ~. 53
Diseases of the Kidneys, &c. •• ... ... 12
Childbirth, Diseases of the Uterus, &c. ... ... 6
Diseases of the Joints, Bones, and Muscles ••• 5
Diseases of the Skin, &c. ... ... ~. ~. 2
Malformations... ... ...

... ... ... ...
Premature Birth ... ... .. ...
Atrc,phy ... ... ••• ... ...
Old Age ... ... ... ... ...
Sudden ... ... ... ... ...
Violence, Privation, Cold, and Intemperance
Causes not specified ... ... ... ...

... 28
... 19
... 38
... 12
... 25
... 5

DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES ... ...
Population Deaths in corre-
Enumerated, Sponding week
1841. of 1849.
West Districts... 301,189 . . 112 .
North District:,.. 376,568 .. 165 .

Central Districts 374,199

East Districts ... 393,067

South Districts .. 503,346

Totals... ~... 1,948,369
Males ... ...
Females ... ...

87S

908
Death/
in the
Week.
135
167
170
212
224

Males
Females ...

. .. 90S
.. . 435
.. . 473

... 787
... 794