The Sun.
London, England, 1850-10-17 00:00:00

LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, OCTOBER, 17, 1850.

THE P.VEVEINTION OF CRIME.

LETTER. 11.

TO THE RIGHT HON. SIR GEORGE GREY,
BA/tT., M.P.. &o. &c.

•
Sir,—ls it not therefore, as I before said, as clear
as the sun at noon-day, that it is not severity, but
real kindness to the crimilinl that he should be trans-
ported for life for his second offence, of course so
punishing those who are guilty of great crimes for
their first offence; and I ought to be here asked,
would it not be equally kind, nay, would it not be
more so, to transport all :for the first offence they
commit.

My decided answer is assuredly it would be more
kind to the criminal, and better for the country ; no
person possessed of sound judgment can doubt it ;
there may be exceptional cases, but such are to be
found in every truth, serving as excuses for the in-
dolent to do nothing, but never used by the states•
man. I believe that if you. adopt the plan I propose
the public will be so convinced of its benefit, that
society will soon be prepared for the extension cif the
principle, which would not now be the case inde-
pendent of other difficulties.
I now come to my second proposition, viz.—That
the plan I have proposed will, beyond doubt, be the
most certain means of preventing the increase of
crime ; not merely of the criminals A, B, and C, whom
you have transported, but of D, E, and F, who are,
under the present system, demoralised by living in the
neighbourhood of, and associating with, A, B, and C.
To show this clearly, it is necessary to inquire into
the principal cause of crime in its most frequent as-
pect—Theft. Assuredly the principal motive which
actuates a criminal to steal is not the mere possession
of the object purloined; this is very seldom the real
object he desires to obtain. That which operates upon
his mind, and induces him to commit the crime, is,
that he may enjoy some gratification which consti-
tutes his pleasure, and which the proceeds of the
stolen article enable him to enjoy.
The low theatre—the dancing-room—the skittle-
ground—the beer. shop, with the various haunts of
more profligate vice, are closed egairst D, E, and F,
with empty pockets, but they see A, B, and C entering
the doors as often as they please, and. the natural
question is, How can they enter into such places ?
Evidently not by the proceeds of hoe.est labour, for
such is incompatible with the frequttnt resort to such
places.
The inquiry is made, and eaginsly responded to—
Do as we do—pick pockets—steal what you can,
bring the stolen article to us, and we will instruct you
as to the best means of disposing of it; with the
money you obtain you will be able t o pay your foot-
ing, and we will be all merry together. is not this
the truth, and am I not, therefore, correct in saying,
that if you had transported A, B, and C, D, E, and F
would, in all probability, have escaped a criminal
career.

I shall not attempt to designate hA fitting language
the wickedness of the present system. The wit of the
wittiest, combined with the judgment of the most sa-
gacious, would fail in devising a better or more correct
answer to the question, What is the very best mode
of fostering and rearing an abundance of criminals
from infancy to manhood in the various shades of
guilt from theft to murder ?—than the one furnished
by the Government of this country —Do as we do,
adopt our system.
And will you permit so infamous a reply to be any
longer given, or will you not brace up your mind to
discover the best means of adopting so truthful a
remedy as the one I have proposed. We are informed
by Holy Writ that the poor shall be always with
us, but it does not say that it is necessary to have a
criminal population ; still less that they should be
fostered by Government.
This question is of infinitely morn importance than
that on which the anxious care of Government is
constantly employed—the improvement of our civil
code • for the laws respecting property may he most
absurd, and contrary to what the people desire, yet,
as it operates equally upon all, they accustom them-
selves to it.
But a criminal law under which crime is fostered
until it Las reached to the enortnoc.s extent of 400 per
cent. within the short space of forty years, strikes at
the very root and well-being of society. Vires
acquirit cundo is the characteristic of vice, and yet the
Government, with the full knowledge of this fright-
ful increase, at with their hands folded, waiting for--
what?
The public are exerting themselves—the active be-
nevolence of an Ashley—the shrewd sagacity of a
Pearson—and the liberality of a Gurney, aided by
numerous volunteers, have been all employed in de-
vising schemes, which shall prove a remedy for the
increase of crime. At last the Government is aroused
—for that is the proper term,, since their first cry is
precisely the same as that which emanates from one
just aroused from heavy slumber—" What is the
matter ?" _ __ _ _ .

And being fairly awakened, and being told that the
fearful increase of crime is frightening all go men,
they think it necessary to do something, and they ap-
point a Committee—for what purpose? To inquire into
the best means of preventing the increase of crime P
No such thing. The Committee shall inquire into
the state of prisons.
What was this conduct but in effect declaring that
in their opinion the present system worked well, for
under it the criminal charges had increased four hun-
dred per cent. within the last forty years ; and as it is
not possible to reflect and to study the question without
being satisfied that the increase of criminals was the
end and object of the present system, what can we
now do except to inquire how our prisons are
conducted, and whether their inmates are sufficiently
comfortable ! ! !
Having, I trust, proved the two propositions,—that
it would be an act of kindness to the criminal that he
should be transported for life for his second offence,
and that the adoption of such practice would un-
doubtedly prevent the increase of crime—l will in my
next proceed to indicate one mode by which the plan
could be carried into practical execution.
I have the honour to remain, Sir,
Your very obedient and faithful servant,
RIGBY WASON.

CARDINAL ARCHBISHOP OF
WESTMINSTER.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES.
Sir,—lt will, I think, be interesting to some of
your readers to peruse the following petition from
the Dean and Chapter of Westminster to the House
of Lords, dated Feb. 5, 1848, when n similar one was
addressed to the House of Commons, containing a
protest by anticipation against the recent aggression
of the Papacy in nominating the Rev. Dr. IN iaernan
o be " Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster."
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
VINDEIL.

Oct. 16.

" TO THE RIGHT HON. THE LORDS SPIRITUAL AND TEM-
PORAL OF THE UNITED EINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND IN PARLIAMENT ASSEMBLED.
"The humble Petition of the Rev. William Buckland,
Doctor in Divinity, Dean of the Collegiate Church
of St. Peter, Westminster, and the Chapter of the
same Church.
" Showeth,—That your petitioners have heard that
a new Bill for 6 Roman Catholic Relief' has been
brought into Parliament.
" That they regard this measure with the greatest
alarm on the following grounds :
" Because it proposes to repeal the law which
prohibits Romish ecclesiastics from officiating with
Romish rites and ceremonies in any church or church-
yard, and is thus fraught with consequences injurious
to religion and dangerous to public peace. .
" Because it also proposes to legalise the admission
and establishment in England of the order of the
Jesuits, who cannot be regarded as faithful subjects
to her lajesty, inasmuch as they take an oath of
absolute obedience to a foreign superior, and who are
dangerous in ‘very state, especially in a Protestant
one, on account of principles and practices for which
they have been expelled at different times from almost
every country in Europe.
" Because this Bill, if it pass into a law, will repeal
the Act of Queen Elizabeth ' against bringing in
bulls from Rome.
"Because the Papal bull entitled In Cana
Domini' anathematizes and aims to exterminate all
Protestant princes and people, andiis still ordered by
the Church of Rome to be read in Romish churches
every year.
"Because it has been publicly affirmed that, in &fi-
ance of the fundamental principle of the English
Constitution that the English Crown is the only
foUntain of honour in England, a Papal bull, or
instrument has been, or is about to be, brought into
this country, nominating a Romish ecclesiastic with
the style and titlo of Archbishop of that city in which
English Sovereigns are crowned, English Parliaments
sit, and English justice is administered—the city of
Westminster.
" That for these and other reasons, your petitioners
not only pray that this Bill may not pass into's law,
but they most humbly and respectfully submit to
your Right lion. House that the time has arrived in
which the English nation, instead of repealing its
own just and necessary laws against Popish aggres-
sion, should vindicate its own independence, by call-
ing on the Bishop of Rome to withdraw his usurpa-
tions and invasions upon the dignity of the English
Crown, upon the integrity of the English Constitu-
tut
"Andia yndouupropnetthiteiolniberes will everthertiesof pa
Englishry. people.

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TIIE COUNTRY PARTY.—Our " Lord Stanley has
abandoned Protection," is a phrase obviously destined to de-
scend to posterity.with "The Queen has done it all," and
" Johnny has upset the coach." Indeed, the simple substi-
tution of " Freddy" for " Johnny" would convert the last
of these famous sentences into a capital commencement for a
Protectionist lamentation. Most assuredly Mr. G. F.
Young's bustling self-importance and ridiculous vanity have
been, the means of seriously damaging the "Country Party,"
by attracting all eyes to their distracted state and to the tot-
their chief,—Chronicle.tering position of .

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.
'TIMES.—The Duke Of Atholl has been lately distin-
guishing himself in his vale of Glee Tilt. The Scotch
Dukes are determined to keep up the credit of the order.
A letter has recently appeared in -our columns which
contains a recital of the adventures of two Cambridge
students iu that perilous defile. which separates Castle-
town of Braemar from Blair Athol]. We have no prc-
plain simplicity of the story as it has
one of the principal actors in the
beent en si o
recounted
to rival tbbye
scene. There is such a thing as too ludicrous a theme,
and such an one is the recent squabble between the Duke
of Atholl and the two young students who were endea-
vouring to make their way through a portion of his do-
main. The decision of the , Court of Session which
opened the vale of Glen Tilt to the public is, of course,
matter of notoriety. But it seems the Duke of Atholl is
prepared to snap his fingers at the sentence of that tri-
bunal, or at least to resist all travellers who may
endeavour to make use of • their legal and most un-
doubted right of way through his romantic glen.
We will not, however, anticipate, but rather take the
story in the form in which we find it in the letter
of our correspondent: On the 30,111 of August two
young Cambridge students, who were engaged in a pe-
destrian tour of the Highlands, left Castktown with the
intention of walking to Blair Atholl through the vale of
Glen Tilt. Before starting, they made inquiries, and
found, that although the Duke of Atholl might endear
your to throW obstructions in the way of travellers, yet
practically he would not, or dared not, proceed to any
act of violence, in defiance of the; sentence of a legal tri-
bunal. We shall soon see how for this supposition was
justified by the event. The first hindranco the travel-
lers met with in their attempt to penetrate into this
mysterious region was at a rapid mountain stream,
where they found the remains of a wooden bridge, which
had been broken down in order to obstruct the progress
of foot passengets. The two travellers, however, con-
trived to scramble across on the remains of the demo-
lished bridge, and proceeded on their way until they
reached the Duke of Atholl's hunting-lodge. They were
now about twenty miles distant from
Castletown, and
ten from Blair Atholl, and were beginning to congratu-
late themselves upon the successful issue of their enter-
prise. This was, however, reckoning without their
host, in the most literal sense of the pirate. They
were met by a tall fellow without 'his trousers,, but
with an "imperial" and mustachios, who was driving
a gig, and who called upon them in an insolent
tone to stop. The name of this lightly-dressed indivi-
dual was Sandy Maclarran, and it appeared, after some
altercation, that he was acting by the orders of the
Duke of Atholl, who was down below in the glen. The
travellers absolutely refused to turn back, and at last it
was arranged, by way of compromise, that Sandy should
conduct them into the august presence. They soon
found the Duke of Atholl standing below, equally with-
out trousers, but with mustachio and " imperial " simi-
lar in all respects to those of his henchman. The Duke
no sooner caught sight of the two travellers, who were
proceeding quietly on their way, than he roared out to
them to atop. This they refused to do. The Duke
then ran round to them, in a state of great excitement,
and barred their further progress. They represented to
him in vain that the Court of Session had decided that
the public had a right of way through Glen Tilt. "It is
not a public way," replied the Duke, "it is my private
drive; you shan't come down—the deer are coming, the
deer are coming !" Now at this point it is impossible not
to remark that the Duke of Atholl—hurried away, no
doubt, by the impetuosity of his feelings—was guilty
of a gross misrepresentation of a simple fact which was
well within his knowledge. We presume, of course, that
the two travellers were passing along the regular path
which had been the subject of litigation until they were
led away to the spot where the Duke of Athol' was
standing. If this be so, in what sense was it that the
Duko of Atholl used the words, " This is not a public
way, it is my private drive"? Surely he was not igno-
rant of the legal decision of a competent tribunal against
his. claim. The public have as perfect a right to a
" way" through the vale of Glen Tilt as the Duke of
Atholl has to the possession of any acre of the property
which constitutes his estate. The right in the one case,
as the title in the other, is the mere creature of law.
No explanation, of course, can be offered, but that the
Duke of Atholl is prepared to refuse submission to the
laws of his country, ignore the Court of Sessions and its
decisions, and hold the Vale of Glen Tilt by the strong
hand against all persons who may venture to insist
upon their right to a passage through his do-
mains. But to go on with the story. The two
young men who had been so uncivilly addressed
ei:no
toiobnesdieannedt I
ttoias
by the Duke expressed their perfect readiness to
keep themselves in the background if their advance in
any way interfered with the day's sport. No gentleman
would have refused such a concession, and there,are few
gentlemen who would not have been softened by the
courtesy of strangers whom they were attacking con-
trary to all right and law. Not so the Duke of Atholl.
Although the scene was passing in the presence of his
wife and anothei lady, he commenced cursing and swear-
ing, and caught hold of one of the young men by the
collar of his cent. A scuffle ensued, and the Duke of
Atholl, like a gallant hero as he is, finding that he could
make nothing of his antagonist single-handed, invoked
the assistance of four of his own grooms. Four to one
—we leave the heroic Duke oat of the question—are too
fortnielable odds for any man—and so the young Cam-
bridge student allowed himself to be led to the back of
the lodge. His companion was similarly entrusted to
the care of four other grooms, and so the Duke of
Atholl was permitted to enjoy his sport without the fear
of personal consequences. As the Duke of Atholl here
disappears from the scene, wo will not follow
the story to the end withl the same particu-
larity. Be it sufficient to say that when
ftuheuedal,a'srnsepdortthawtatshouvemr hougt causedreturn
tthe c
aysotui
entgo
wtravellersway they came, and that if they diverged either to the
eo wouldul
d gf causevo u s ytehreymsitnocebree
pleasure to be furnished with any contradiction which
rightarresteodr tahset re s leftp
would place the conduct of the Duke of Atholl in a less
aosfs
e thers. F altth
nh.
odious and less ludicrous light. Does he mean to say
that he is determined to resist the laws of his country
by open violence? The days of Highland chivalry are
at an end. The Duke of Athol' with a " tail" of Sandy
Maclarraus would be most surely and most ingloriously
defeated by a batch of policemen in the course of an
autumn's day. It is very well for a man to go down to
the Scottish hills, lock up his trousers, and begin to play
the Highland chieftain, but his assumption of the
character must at least be a harmless one. There is little
ba
me
on hardg histo odenywn a
hills. man
Butthe pherirveilewgee ofm
enough of poetry left in the world, and certainly it would
kilt may be a ridiculous anachronism, but resistance to
the law is a serious matter. The two Cambridge students
would have an easy remedy against the Duke of Atholl
it they cared to bestir themselves in the business. Cer-
umstasecituupe.radTinhge
tainly it would be rendering the public a service to bring
this hotheaded, foolish man, to his senses.
POST.—While we disclaim in our present observa-
tions any formal discussion of the proceedings of the re-
cent convention of Irish Romanish ecclesiastics, which they
were pleased to dignify by the nave of the National
Synod of Thurles, it is impossible for us not to direct
the attention of our readers to some singular facts con-
nected with the assembling of that Synod which have
been brought prominently forward in a very power ful
article in the last number of the Dublin- University
Magazine. The article itself Will
the perusal. Our purpose now, however, is merely to
well repay an atten-
tive
the facts to which it directs; our notice. The as-
sembling of this Synod was the first act cf the newly-
appointedlreland. So far as we can tax our memory, the Primate of the
con-
vening of a solemn convocation of the whole of the
Roman Catholics of Ireland has been a step never ven-
tured on since the days of Charles I. Nothing was
left undone & that could give dignity or solem-
nity to the occasion. The new Primate brought
Roman Catholic Church in
with him a apeeial delegation from the rope.
Gorgeous ceremonies heralded the commence-
ment
regular and secular, paraded
of the meetings of the Synod. Troops of ec-
clesiastics,oe public_
highways in the dresses of their orders. The
incense censers perfumed the air; and, that nothing
might be wanting to impress the mind as well as the
senses of the multitude whom these imposing?ceremonials attracted round the fathers of their faith, he most
renowned orators of the Romish Church addressed them
from the pulpit upon topics the most
with regulations observing the most minute
exciting to th©
smoke of
the assembled
Irish mind. Amid the splendour of these ceremonials,
andaswceittilicismd
ob-
servances ecclesiastical
or theetiquette,
strictest
bishops and those few priests whom they associated
with them proceeded in their deliberations. The
.subject
that principally engaged attention was that o_t the new
Ireland by, the
educational institutions founded ll'
British Sovereign—institutions in which etvetr y Conces-
sion appeared to have been made to
alcoeenceshaie Preju-
dices of the Roman Catholic P"Pleke the loudnls' in-
deed, of such an extent as to Pt°v°d more unbe yde•xe"
pressed indignation of the sterner Ole
as the resnl le-
of her Protestant subjects. So far
known, a majority of the Synod
have,
Th
Papal rescript, condemned these instlthe
e of doubt,
indeed, appears only to exist as to
; to render meaning
the
rescript—all proclaim their readinesshe commandsa perfect
of the
and an unreasoning submission
to t about t
See of Rome. We are not new to discuss the
question involved in this condemnation. la
imPea*
sable, however, not to feel that this unusual_
oofstept of
ncon-
vening a synod—a step which in en he conti-
nentaled without
states would be atterante
of the consent
of the civil power—and the further step
submitting to
the decision of the See of Rome a law relating. to educa-
tionrestadditional in Ireland, derive very g
ith th
import-
ance from the incidents connected w
Synod owaisspeintmeet
of the new Primate by "11°131 that
tCholic Ba-ale6evened.
The mode in which Irish Rem" 'ee.es
ofi Bishops have
been appointed, it seems, is by
a and thei bishops of by
the priests of the vacant diocese a
selected ' Paof the
province. These assembled, and
The Pope three
names,
which were forwarded to Bora?'
indeed, to appointed
the bishop. He was not bound, .
issaid select him
it
from the three recommended:but
Inch the• practice of
never been an instance in we from before electing
the recent
one of these had been departed
appointment of a
Primate ; while
tea
so generally was the
recommendation acted on .ut almostinvariably the first
the individual appointed.
name of the three
was
the
University ma
The writer in the Dublin.
with the
evi-
acquainted with the
sanely one thoeoughly . subject
various passages f
of which he treats; cites "rom the
evidence of Roman Catholic prelatesbefore the Par-
liamentary Committees of 1825, to prove that this mode
d usage,
e
ef nomination was then regarded as an establish
d
and, further, was strongly retie upon by these Roman
Catholic witnesses, as offeringa . perfecto pledge of fi-
delity, on the part of the elected. bath pf, to the country
hiding mutually all foreign and the Government; exc. . in-
fluence in the nomination, and ensuring, further, the se-
lection of resident British subj ec bound,ts, as well as the
electors, to the Sovereign by the oath of
Bc allegiance- It
hen the omen atholic Primacy
appears, bowever,tbat w _
death of Archbiahop c ii
became vacant by the to y •-.11

prelate, we may observe, who warmly supported Arch
bishop fslurray end the more liberal of the bishops in
espousing the cause of mixed education the Pore, in
nominating his cuecessor, adopted the utterly unprece-
dented step of entirely disregarding the recommendation
of the Irish priests and bishop, and nominating n
stranger who had not been named or thought of in a
angle suffrage at the domestic election, passing by three
men of the very highest repute and most blameless cha-
racter in the Irish Roman Catholic Church, whose names
were recommended by the Irish priests and bishops. The
Papal Court nominated to the vacant Primacy its present
occupant, Dr. Cullen, an Irishman by birth, but who had
for thirty ye ars lesen domiciled as a priest in " the
Eternal City," and who, therefore, in feeling, and habit,
and association, may fairly be considered as a foreigner
—whom we may certainly believe to be imbued with the
politics and sentiments of the Papal Court. Eno, then,
argues the writer in the University Magazine, is lest
the security upon which such Romish prelates as De.
Doyle and Archbishop Murray declared the State might
depend. The new Pi imate has been appointed, not by
Irishmen, but by Italians. He owes his nomination to
his high office in no degree, however small, to the choice
or recommendation of any one even owing the duty of
allegiance to the Queen. On the contrary, his appoint-
ment is a direct slight upon the recommendation of
British subjects. Neither is he a resident of the British
dominions. The Irish born priest, who has for thirty
years been a resident at the Vatican, is a denizen, not
of Ireland, but, of Rome. And when this prelate
cemes no Iteltipd, owin his elevation entirely to
' Papal influence 'and co cc, moreover, with a spe-
cial pontifical clelegatio , we find his very first
act to be to convene, iiiiri style, so far as his means ex-
tended, of pempous magnificence, a synod that he calls
rational. Over this novel convocation he presides, by
the delegated authority of the Pope; and it is now no
secret that, for the express purpose of overruling the
opinions of the more moderate of the Irish bishops, he
culls upon the Synod to register With uninquiring rever-
ence th© decrees of the Papal conclave, regulating the
mode in which Irishmen are to bo educated, and de-
nouncing the institutions which the British Parliament
and British Soversjgn have provided for that purpose.
Without saying how far we adopt the inferences that the
Dublin University AN-lc:zinc draws from these facts, it
cannot be denied that the unusual mode of this appoint-
nasere unusual Iroceedinga byment, following the still
which his primacy has been inaugurated, does at least
lend countenance to the suspicion that some new and-
daring policy is contemplated as Rome, to carry .out
which it was necessary .to brfak through established
usages and select the most fitting insirument, in disrh-
gard of recommendations that htsve beemntsually defs.q.red'
to. So far, the facts stated by the writer in the maga-
zine are facts of public notoriety, and upon the existence
of which, therefore, no controversy can arise. Another
statement, however, is added, for which no authority is
given, and which, we confess, appears to require some.
It is stated in the very respectable and cautious periceli-
cal upon which we are commenting, that the new Pri-
mate has declined to take the oath of allegiance to the
Queen, and dee necessity of taking that oath as a quali-
fication is assigned as a reason for his refusing an ofliee
of charity and trust. If this statement be accurate, and
it has now been a fortnight befog' the public uncontra-
dieted, it does appear to us to be a matter deserving the
most serious attention. Perhaps, if it bo true, the most
charitable construction of Dr. Cullen's conduct
would be that, by long residence at Rome, he
regarded himself as a naturalised Roman citizen.
The plea would be as bad in reason as it would
be in law. We confess that, with the power and status
now conferred upon the Irish Roman Catholic Church
we cannot feel it a matter of indifference that the head
of that Church, a man, too, who seems received to signa-
lise his primacy by calling out its energies into unusual
activity—should, in temporal as well as spiritual things,
consider himself a Roman not a British citizen—a sub-
ject of Pio Nono, and not of the Queen. Let us hoes
that, as:to this matter cf the oath of allegiance, there is
some mistake. Still, whatever may be the reel state of
facts with regard to this, there is in the unquestioned
facts that aro made the subject of comment in the Uni-
versity Magazine, in the strange spectacles of the re-
cently assembled Synod, viewed in connexion with the
appointment of the convener—there is, we say, in these
things matter sufficient to occupy the grave attention of
all who know the tremendous influence which the policy
of the Romish Church can exercise upon the peace and
prosperity of Ireland, and, through
‘lreland, upon the
well-being of the British empire.
DAILY NEWS.—Some of our writers, who are
strenuous supporters of absolutism and authority in
their worst shapes and in all climes, are, or affect to be,
greatly shocked that the Pope should have appointed
Dr. Wiseman to wear, in conjunction with a cardinal's
bat, the title of Archbishop of Westminster. They
describe it as a gross insult to her Majesty, and a kind of
a challenge to the powers that be in this kingdom, sit-
ting as they do at Westminster. Be the wrong or the
insult what they may be, it is quite certain that they are
but part and parcel of that absolutist reaction which the
Times has abetted, and excited, and fanned, and flattered.
Nothing can be more evident than that the Pope is not
the creature of his own will. When he was master of
himself and of his intellects, and in harmony with his
people, he was a liberal pontiff, elen,suncing no education
as godless, and bearding no constitutiwal monarchies by
his legates, his archbishops, and his preWasialls at eccle-
siastical immunities and independence. it is only since
he has been restored by the arms of France, inspired by
the councils of Naples, and directed by the Cabinet of
Vienna, or rather, it is only since ho has hansled over
his Government to priestly ministers that follow these
councils, that the Pope has become bigoted, reaction-
ary, hostile to British interests, exciting the flame of di.s-
oord in Ireland to a serious degree,and in England to an in-
convenient 'one. What, however, has done all this, save
the military and absolutist reaction? What power has
been employed or influence spent towards enabling the
Pope to disturb the peace of Ireland and insult the dig-
nity of England, in a more marked manner than the
power and influence of the Times journal ? The 7' imes
is was that hallooed on the French in their invasion of
Rome, and pacegyrieed it. The Times it was, whose
representative was the ally and the organ of the Neapo-
litan generals, and priests, and ministers, and court.
The Times represented Lord Aberdeen and the senti-
ments of the Tory party. And as such the support of
the Times was most influential in encouraging the
powers to restore , the Pope to all the insolence of
absolute power and irrefragable wisdom. When the
efforts of some English statesmen were directed,
timidly and cautiously enough, heaven knows, to-
wards rearing up a constitutional system in Italy with a
constitutional party to work it ; when the suc-
cess of such advice could alone, it was evident, have
saved north, and south, and central Italy, from the grasp
of absolutism and the resuscitated domination of a bi-
goted priesthood—who scouted this humane effort—who
raved and plotted to defeat it? The followers of Lord
Aberdeen and the writers of the Times. Is it, risen, in
' •the expression of tardy repentance, or in the mere is-Ise-
t me of inconsistency, that the Times comes at this f*
hour of the day to denounce the awakened bigotry of
the Pope? Is it that these people insist on reeetteblif h-
ing absolutism, yet will not have its consequences. that
they will lick the foot of th© soldier, yet complain of his
brutality? Kiss the Pope's toe one day, and be indig-
nant the next that ho employs the honoured member in
dealing a kick to the majesty of England? These
adorers and restorers of tyranny should really make up
their minds to the consequences of their own acts. if
they will have imperial autocracy, martial law, and paps 1
infallibility, they must expect executions and condsca-
dons, massacres and woman-floggings, Roman Catholic
legates and cardinals of Westminster. What is and
has been for these months past, the daily preachment of
the Times, the organ of all that is bigoted and reaetiocist
in Europe? It has been to support the hyper-cathohse,
ultra-absolutist power of Austria, fiercely and uncom-
promisingly opposed to a constitutional and religiously
liberal spirit in Italy, as well as to a constitutional and
Protestant cause in North Germany. Its entire policy,
its undoubted power, its casual eloquence have been
employed to crush the Protestant and free.thoughted
principle in Europe. And the public of England has been
foolish and criminal enough to support a journal in the
prosecution of so vile an aim, and by allowing it to
stand forth as the most accredited organ of the country,
they have thus degraded England and themselves irre-
deemably in the eyes of the great world of Europe. There
existed in 1848 large elements and great hopes for the
constitutional organization of Italy. In these hopes
were included the liberalisation of the popedon.
The mere devotee may consider the pontiff'a
as an isolated, a divinely-instructed mind. But
common sense and experience show that he, like all
men and monarchs, is the creature of circumstances, a
constitutionalist and a liberal Catholic to-day, an AUE-
trian and a bigot to-morrow. Future pontiffs will be
precisely what they are made by the elements that sur-
round them. Establish constitutional systems through-
out Italy, throw open education and the press, and then
decree, if it so please you, that the Pope's sacerdotal
duties shall be quite distinct from his temporal ones.
The precaution would he vain. The ideas, the interests,
the entire atmosphere would be changed. And how-
ever the dogmas of Catholicism might remain the same,
the spirit of Rome and of its pontiff would become assi-
milated to that of enlightened and civilised Catholics,
such as Protestants might respect, and could
neither contemn nor fear. Such a state of things
and feelings can, however, never be attained in Italy
Sr in Europe, except by such policy and suchil ad-
vice as Lord Minto, gave, and as flowed from
.is pe
in
n
and from that of other British representatives
Italy (one, alas! now no more) in that memorable
year of 1848. The power of England might in
that year have saved Italy, might have protected Sicily,
and rendered it a constitutional and free country, ae
Piedmont still remains. Whilst the success of such ef-
forts in conjunction with France would have kept the
French from that disastrous series of blunders in Rome,
which has delivered Italy to all the tyranny and bigotry
of the fifteenth century. If the Roman Catholic, or ra-
ther if the purely papal religion, has become resuscitated
and menacing iu a political as well as a religious sense,
it is solely because of its new alliance with absolutism,
and because of the cowardice and treachery of moderate
men, who have flung themselves from exaggerated hor-
ror of enarchy in morals and in politics, into the oppo.
site extreme of supporting all that is despotic, and bi-
geted, and retrograde. People aro awakening, however.
Those who could even applaud Haynau's butcheries are
displeased that the Pope should appoint a cardinal .in
Palace-yard. They forget that a thorough despot can
neverlira.
pp
forgiveo ea s countryceaeto Isar r upon,
.nor a n
uin,
a counts y
that is Protestant.

POTATO FLOUR.—An importation having taken
place from abroad of a quantity of farina or potato flour, the
importer requested that it might be regarded in the same
manner as sybeaten flour, and delivered at a duty of 41d. per
cwt.; but as the article appears to be not only serviceable
for feed, but also as an important material in a manufac-
turing process, it was decided to be liable to the ad valorem,
duty of 10 per cent. as a manufactured article, and ordered
to be chafed, AC49XdinglY•

STLiTIOIVS OF THE ROYAL NAVY

L'sT COMMISSION,

WITH THE YEA!ISr. W/TEN BUILT, AND DATES OF COMMIS-
SION Or• THE OFFICERS IN COMMAND.
(From all nirit's United Strvice Maspzine.)
Acheron, 4, st., s trv.-v., 1838, Capt. J. L. Stokes, 1846,
New Zealand
Adventurer, stoic-s 1 ip, Master• Com. P. Wellington, Devon-
part
Atric,n, st.-v., Sec.. Master Potter, Sheerness
Ajax, 5, screw. 180.9, Rear Admiral M. H. Dixon, Captain
M. Quin, 1837, Q ueenstown
Alarm, L'6, 1845, e ..apt. G. Ramsay, 1843, North America
and West Indies
Albatross, 12, 1841„ Acting-Com. Lieut, H. M. Elliot, 1848,
Chatham
Albion, 99, 1842, Capt. W. J. H. Johnstone, 1823, Devon-
port
Alligator, 26, 1821, Hospital Ship, Hong Kong
Amazon, 26, 1821, Capt. E. N. Troubridge, 1842, East
Indies
Antelope, 3, st.-v.,,1.846, Lieut.-Com. F. Smyth, 1826, Medi.
terranean
Apollo, 8, tr. sh., 1805, Corn. J. Rawstorne, 1846, on passage
to Barbadoes
Arab, 12, 1847, Com. W. Morris, 1846, East Indies
Archer, 4, st._v., Cora. J. N, Strange, 1842, Devouport
Arethum, 50, 1848, Capt. Thomas M. C. Symonds, 1841,
Ernerimental Squa Iron
Arrogent, 46, screw, 1848, Capt. H. S. Robinson, 1840, Ex-
perimental
Squadron
Asia, 84, 1824. Bear-Ad. P. Hornby, C. 8., Capt. R. F. Stop-
ford, 1240, Pacific
Assistance, 4, Capt. E. Ommanev, 1816, Arctic Expedition
Astrea, 6, st., Mast. -Corn. W. Yeames, 1810, Falmouth
Auxiliar, cutter, Lima. W. C. Geary, 1846, Mediterranean
Banshee, st.-v., 1847, .Master-Com. W. Smithett, Holyhead
Bellerophon, 78, 1818, Capt. R. L. Baynes, C. 8., 1828, on
passage home
Bermuda, sell., Lieut..-Com. A. D. Jolly, 1842, North Ame-
rica and We..st Indies
Birkenhead, 7, st.-v., Corn. I. A. Stevens, Portsmouth
Black Eagle, st.-v., 1831, Mast.-Com. S. B. Cook, 1838,
-Woolwich
Blenheim, 56, screw, 1813, Capt. W. H. Henderson C. 8.,
1838, Portsmouth
Bonetta, 3, 1836, Li•sut.-Com. F. E. Forbes, 1843, Chatham
Bramble, 10, 1822, Lieut. C. B. Yule, 1842, tender to Rattle-
snake, New South Wales
Britannia, 120, 1826, depot-ship, Rear-Admiral Prescott, C. 8.,
Capt. R. A. Yates, 1827, Portsmouth
Caledonia, 120, 1808, Capt. I'. W. Carter, 1831, Mediter-
ranean

Cambrian, 40, 1841, Corn. J. H. Plumridge, on passage from
East Indies
Castor, '26, Capt. C. Wyvill, 1832, Cane of Good Hope
Centaur, st.-v., 1845, Commodore A. Fanshawc, C. 8., ISI6,
Capt. C. H. M. Buckle, 1845, Coast of Afirca
Cern, , tender, Sec. 'Master I'. Fogden (act.), Sheerness
Ceylon, 2, 1810, roe. ship, Rear-Mm. E. Harvey, Lieut. J.
J. Rundle, 1829, Malta
Chtunpion, 14, 1824, Corn. J. M. Hayes, 1841, Pacific
ClesTuttra, 25, 18"5. Capt. T. L. Massie, 1841, East Indies
Cockatrice, 6, 1833, Master-Corn. James, Rundle, 1836, ten-
der to Asia, Pacific
Columbia, at.-v., 1829, Capt. B. F. Shortland, 1849, Bay of
Fundy
Comet, surv. at.-v., 1822, Com. H. C. Otter, 1844, Coast of
Scotland
Confiance, at.-v., 1827, Master W. Martin, Devonport
Conflict, st.-v., 1816, Corn. T. G. Drake, 1816, Lisbon
Contest, 12, 1846, Com. Hon. J. W. S. Spencer, 1847, Coast
of Africa
Cormorant, 6, st.-v., 1842, Corn. H. Schomberg, 1841, S.E.
Coast of America
Crescent, 42, rec. Eh., 1810, Master-Corn. G. L. Bradley, 1839,
Rio de Janeiro
Crocodile, rec. sh., 1827, Lieut.-Com. Greet, 1840, off the
Tower
Cuckoo. st.-v.,Com. N. Lefevre, 1838, Channel Islands
Cumberland, 70, 1809, Captain C. Richards, C. 8., 1828,
Chatham
Cyclops, 6, st..v., 1831, Capt. Hen. G. F. Hastings, 1845,
Coast of Africa
Cygnet, 8,1840, Corn. R. D. White, 1847, Coast of Africa
Dwdaius, 19, 1228, Capt. G. G. Wellesley, 1844, Pacific
Daphne, 18, 1838, Capt. E. G. Fanshawe, 1845, Pacific
Dart, 3, Second-Master J. P. M'Clune, Cape of Good Hope
Dasher, st.-v., 1835, Lieut.-Com. A. Pants, 1815, Scotch
Fisheries
Dauntless, 24, st.-frig., 1847, Capt. E. P. Halstead, 1812,
Portsmouth
Dee, 4, st.-v., 1832, Mast.-Com. G. Filmer, 1838, Cape of
Good Hope
Dolphin, 3, 1833, Lieut. H. Temple, 1841, Coast of Africa
Dover, st.-v., Lieut. J. R. Harvard, 1846, River Gambia
Dragon, 6, st.-frig., 1845, Capt. W. H. Giffard, 1841, Medi-
terranean
Driver, 6, st.-v., 1841, Com. C. R. Johnson, 1847, Pacific
Echo, st.-v., Second Master Hardman, Portsmouth
Elfip, tender, Master-Corn. Balliston, Portsmouth
Encounter, 6, st.-v., 1846, Capt. G. T. Gordon, 1846, Expe-
rimental Squadron _
Enterprise, disc. ship, Capt. H. Collinson, C. 8., 1842, Arctic
Expedition
Erebus, 1827, Capt. Sir J. Franklin, K.C.H., 1822, Arctic
Expedition
Excellent, 45, 1810, gunnery ship, Capt. H. D. Chads, C. 8.,
1825, Portsmouth
Fairy, yt., 1845, tender to Victoria and Albert, Mast.-Com. D.
N. Welsh, 1844, Portsmouth
Fanny, 4, tender to Flag Ship, Master J. Scarlett, Portsmouth
Fearless, Second Master Wells, Davenport
Firebrand, 6, st. -v., 1843, Capt. T. 0. Knox, 1842, Mediter-

ranean
Firefly, Corn. G. A. Seymour, 1845, on passage to Coast of
Africa
Fisgard, 42, 1819, Commodore Henry Eden, 1857, Woolwich
Flamer, 3, st.-v., Corn. J. A. St. Leger, 1846, Coast of Africa
Fly, 14, 1831, Com. R. A. Oliver, 1844, New Zealand
Flying Fish, 12, 1844, Com. J. E. Pates, 1846, Coast of
Atrica
Fox, 42, 1829, Commodore R. Lambert, 1825, on passage to
East Indies
Frolic, 16, Com. N. Vansittart, 1847, Mediterranean
Fury, 6, st.-v.. 1815, Com. I. Wilcox, 1850, East Indies
Ganges, 84, 1821, Capt. H. Smith, C. 8., 1814, Mediter-
ranean
Garland, st. -v., 1846, Lieut. E. Wylde, 1814, Dover
Gipsey, tender, Second Master J. North, Queenstown
Gladiator, 6, 1844, Capt. John Adams, 1843, Coast of
Africa
Gorgon, 6, Com. J. A. Paynter, 1846, Pacific
Gossamer, 2, Second Master Hall, surveying tender, Devon-
port
Growler, 6, st.-v., 1841, Com. J. Sto3dart, 1E42, Mediter-
ranean
Harpy, at.-v., 1845, Second Master Beatson, Coast of South
America
Hart, tender to Fiag Ship, Sheerness
Hastings, 72, 1818, Captain J. W. Morgan, 1846, East Indies
Havannali, 19, 1811, Capt. J. E. Erskine, 1838, New Zealand
Hecate, 1839, Corn. G. S. Hand, 1841, Portsmouth
Hecla, 4, st.-v., 1839, Corn. E. H. Beauchamp, 1846, Coast
of Africa
Helena, 16, 1843, Com. De Courcy, 1842, North America and
West Indies
Herald, 22, 1823, sure., Capt. H. Kellett., C. 8., 1842, Pacific
Hercules, 12, 1815, at.-sh., Mast.-Com. R. Felton, 1814,
Woolwich
Hermes, 1835, Corn. E. G. Fishbourne, 1841, Cape of
Good Hope
Heroine, 8, 1841, Com. J. B. Marsh, 1844. Coast of Africa
Hogue,6o, 1811, screw, Capt. M'Dougall, 1836, Mediterranean
Hound, 8, 1846, Corn. F. Patten, 1837, Coast of Africa
Imaum, 72, I83:5, Commod. T. Bennett, rec. ship, Jamaica
Impregnable, 104, 1810, Admiral Sir W. H. Gage, G.C. H.,
Captain Sir T. Maitland, C. 8., 1827, Devonport
Inconstant, 36, 1836, Capt. John Shepherd, 1840, Pacific
Indefatigable, 50, 1838, Captain H. Smart, K. H., 1837, on
passage to West Indies
Inflexible. st.-v., 1896, Corn. P. H. Dyke, 1844, Devonport
Intrepid, 2, screw, Lica% J. B. Cator, 1842, Arctic Expedi-
tion

Investigator, disc.-ship, Capt. R. J. Le M. M'Clure, 1842
Arctic Expedition
Jackal, rt.-v., Second Master F. Yeatman, tender to Gladiator
Janus. 4, st.-v., Lieut.-Com. R. A. Powell, 1842, Gibraltar
Kingfisher, 12, 1845, Corn. H. Harvey, 1841, Coast of Africa
Kite, 3, 1835, st.-v., Bermuda
Leander, 5f.1, 1849, Captain S. C. Dacres, 1840, Experimental
Squadron
Lightning, 3, st.-v.,1823, Mast.-Com. Petley, 1844, Woolwich
Lily, 12, 1837, Com. R. T. Bedford, 1848, East Indies
Locust, st.-v., Lieut.-Corn. W. C. Nowell, 1823, Woolwich
Lucifer, st -v., Lieut.-Corn. E. A. T. Lloyd, 1842, Galway
Al.igicienne, fitting for Commission, Chatham
Manner, 12, 1847, Corn. C. M. Mathison, 1843, East Indies
Meander, 44, 1,840, Capt. Hon. H. Keppel, 1837, Pacific
Medina, 2, st.-v., 1840, Lieut. A. Darby, 1828, Mediter-
ranean
Medusa, 2, st.-v., 1839, Lieut.-Com. J. 0. Bathurst, 1838,
Mediterranean
Merlin, st., 1839, Lieut.-Com. J. H. Turner, 1825, Mediter-
ranean
Minden, 20, 1810, st.-ab., Master-Com. J. Mitchell, 1827,
Hong Kong
Mohawk, Lieut.-Corn. F. C. Herbert 1844, Lake Huron
Monkey, st.-v., Sec. Master W. Bryant, Woolwich
Myrtle, st., 1837, Second Mast.-Com. S. Eraddon, 1814,
Sheerness
Naiad, 42, sto. ash., 1797, Mast.-Com. W. L. Browne, 1831,
Cao
Nautllailus 1841 (exercising
, 6, 1830, Lieut. S. B. Dolling,
brig for apprentices), Devonport
Nereus, 42, store depot, 1821, Mas.-Corn. F. W. Bateman,
1837, Valparaiso
Niger, 8, st.-v., Corn. L. G. Heath, 1847, Coast of Africa
North Star, 26, 1824, Mart. James Saunders, 1838, Polar
Regions
Oberon, 3, st.-v., Lieut.-Com. G. J. Gardner, 1815, Mediter-
ranean
89, 1805, Vice-Adm. Hen. G. Elliot, C. 8., Capt. G.
Onyx, st.-v., 1843, Lieut.-Com. G. Raymond, 1815, Woolwich
O(Orestes,neG'ear;i
111e;,11884204,,SChoerner.neHss. S. Hawker, 1646, Cape of Good
Hope
Pantaloon, 8, 1830, Corn. Hyde Parker, 1847, Cape of Good
Hope
Persian, 12, 1829, Acting Lieut. R. Bush, 1844, West Indies
Pbmton, 50, 1849, Captain G. Elliot, 1810, Experimental
Squadron
Philomel, Com. T. G. Forbes, 1842, Coast of Africa
Phoenix, 6, screw, 1832, Corn. J. Wodehousc,Coast 0 1844 I
Africa
Pilot, 16, 1838, Com. Inee, 1846, East Indies
Plover, Corn. T. E. L. Moore, 1848, discovery ship,
Behring's Straits
Pioneer, 2, screw, Lieut. S. Osborn, 1846, Arctic Expedition
Plumper, 8, screw, 1848, Com. M. S. Nollotb, 1846, North
America and West Indies
Pluto, 3, st.- v.. 1831, Lieut.. Com. W. K..Joliffe, 1848, Coast
of Africa
Porcupine, 3, st.-v., 1844, Lieut.-Com. E. F. Roberts, 1841,
Mediterranean
Portland, 50, 1822, Captain H. Chads, 1848, for flag ship,
Pacific
Powerful, 84, 1826, Capt. lion. R. S. Dundas, C. 8., 1824,
Mediterranean
Princess Alice, st.v., 1844, Lieut.-Com. T. S. Striven. Dover
Prince Regent, 92, 1823, Commodore W. F. Martin, 1824,
Experimental Squadron
Prometheus, 3, 1849, Com. H. R. Foote, 1845, Woolwich
Prospero, 2, st.-v., Sec. Mas. W. Woke, 1825. Pembroke
Queen, 110, 1839, Vice-Admiral Sir W. Parker, G.C.8.,
Capt. C. Wise, 1817, Mediterranean
Racer, 12, 1833, Coin. C. H. Beddoes, 1845, Mediterranean
Ranger, 8, 1835, Corn. T. Miller, 1847, Coast of Africa
Rattler, 6, st.-Y., 1813, Corn. A. Cumming, 1846, Coast of
Africa
Rattlesnake, 8, 1822, surv.-v., Capt. 0. Stanley, 1844, New
Guinea
Rfsearcia, surv.-v., 1846. Mediterranean
Resolute, 4, Captain 11. T. Austin, 1838, C. 8., Arctic Ezpe-
dition
Retribution, 24, st.-v., Captain F. Warden, 1845, Portsmouth
Reynard, 6, screw, 1848,C0m. P. Cracrott, East Indies
Rifleman, 8, screw, 1846, Lieut.-Com. S. S. L. Crofton, 13,12,
South America
Rolla, G, 1632, fur apprentices, Lieut. Fenwick, 1819, Porta-
-1 mouth
Royalist, 16, 1839, Corn. W. T, Bate, 1648, ourveying, Chia,