The Sun.
London, England, 1850-02-22 00:00:00

yw~ity- FEBRUARY 22, ltiso.
. 4 7

THE FRENCH REPUBLIC.

We have received the Paris journals of yesterday.
The Minister of the Interior has addressed the fol-
lowing circular, dated the 13th, to the prefects
t` Monsieur Ic Prefet,—The anniversary of the 24th
of February is consecrated by law. We cannot better
telebr. to it than by calling upon the Church to pray for
the citizens who ft-I1 in the conflizt, and to invoke the
bleSsings of God upon the destinies of IF; awe: You will
be pleased to concert with the religious and military iu
thorities fur the commemo:ative ceremony, which, like
that of the last year, will consist of a funeral service,
after Which aTe -Ileum will be sung. The .National
Guards a-id the army will be represented by deputations.
You will.be present in person. and you will convoke the
difftrent public functionaries."
M. PEneir, a former Cabinet Minister under
Louis PLIILLIFF, has announced himself as a can-
didate fur the reprizentatio,n of Paris.
General DE' LikkoitictEtaE is suffering from acvere
illnes- aced by the -injUries he received from the mob
-
a few days since.
The 11,,sornbly still continues the discussion of the
Education Bill, and the differences between the porti-
uretre and the Ministry still continue unreconciled.
These clifferepces will probably be widened when the
discussion on the Bill for erecting a monument to
Marshal Nay strait come 'on, as: it -is intended by
certain members of the Mountain to move that the

names of the Pears who condemned him to death shall
be inscribed on the monument. Among the names
will be fi und.,several of those who are at present leaders
of the parti pretre, the miscalled party of "order."
The reactionary papers, have for. some days been
revelling in the supposed disclosures made in a book
called "Les Coaspirateurs," written by a certain M.
Cnmsu, in
_which varidus dccusAtioMs _of luxury,
gluttony, and debauchery aro brought against CrAUS-'
SIDIERE. Now whether CAUSFIDIER II were as de-
bauched as a Bourbon King (Lours XV. fir ex-
ample), or as pure es an icicle ; whether he drank as
hard as WILLIAM PITT, or were as temperate as
JOSEPH STURGE, during the period that he was Pre-
fect of Police, this fact is certain, that from February,
1848, to May, he, without troops, without gendar-
merie, Without any of the usual means at his com-
mand which were at the command of his predecessors,
preservEd the peace of Paris, and caused not only life
but property to be 0 respected, that during those
months there were fewer robberies, and fewer crimes
of any sort committed, than during any other four
months of the history of Paris. CAUSSIDIERE has
written a letter to the journals, from which we ex-
tract the following history of M. CILENU, the new
ally of the clerical party :
" Mr. Editor,—l take pleasure in believing that if
you had known the individual who had lent to his name
the libel entitled Les Conipkateurs,' you would have
refrained from making an analysis of the work. Chenu
scarcely knows how to read and write. Ho has been
condemned by default to flight years' bard labour at the
bulks, for robbery and assassination in his regiment ;
he is not the author of his book. He came to s•crete
himself in Paris, and on being. discovered by the police
was sent to the blgne, because M. Pinel employed him
as secret agent provocateur, especially in the affair of the
fire-balls, in which he caused several persons to be im-
prisoned and condemned. I was obliged to drive him
from the Prefecture—hence his hatred, his menaces, and
even his attempts of assassination against me."
CAUSSIDIERE declares that the book has been got
up by certain chiefs of the " honest and moderate"
party, for the purpose of influencing the elections.
PARIS BOURSE, FEB. 21.—Closing Prices:—Rentes,
Five per Cents., 95f. 20c.; ditto, Thtee per Cents., 57f.
60c.; Bank of France, 2,265 g.
BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE
LON DON STOCK-EXCHANGE, FEB. 21.

Boulogne and Amiens, 65.4 ex div.—Luxembourg,
Nortbei n of France, 14—Orleans and Bordeaux, 31A—Paris
and Strasbourg, 6—Sambre and Meuse, 2!4 —est Flan-
ders, 1 th.

[PRICE SD.

ported a petition from some Venetian officers, praying
that the Piedmontese Government would offer them
the means of e3rbing► their bread honourably. On
the 'notion of M. MELLANA, the petition was refined
to the Minister of War. •

COURT CIRCULAR.
Her Royal Highness the Duchess. of Gloucester
visited the Queen yesterday at Buckingham Palace.
His Royal Highness Prinqe Albert arrived at the
new Palace of •IVestminster shortly before three
o'clock yesterday afternoon, attended by Lieut.-Col.
the Hon. Alexander Gordon, and proceeded to the
Upper Waiting Hall, for the purpose of inspecting
Mr. Tennell's fresco.
His Royal Highness afterwards presided at a
meeting of the Royal Commission for the promotion
of the exhibition
,of the works of industry of ail
nations, to be held in the year 1851. The Commis-
sioners present were Earl Granville, the Right Hon.
Henry Laboucbtre, the Right Hon. 'William E.
Gladstone, Sir Archibald Galloway, Sir Charles
Lvell, Mr. Barry. Mr. William Cuhitt, .Mr. C. L.
14::s.stiake, •Mr. T. P. Gibson M.r. John Gott,' Mr.
Jones Loyd, and Mr. Philip Pusey, M.P. Mr.'
Scott Russell, Secretary to the Commission, was in
attendance. The meeting broke up at a quarter past

His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, attendrd
Mr. Birch, took a carriage drive ye;ttrday.- The
rest of tue Royal Family walked and rode as usual in
thet garden of Buckingham Palace.
The Queen and Prince Albert honoured the Lyceum
Theatre with 'their presence yesterday evening. The
Royal suite consisted of the Countess of Mount E3ge-
cuml‘, the Bon. Elizabeth Lennox, Lord Byron,
Col. BuCkley, and_ Lieut.-Col. the, Hon. Alexander
Gordon..

His RO;Tal Highness Prince Albert, attended by
Lieut.-Colonel the Hcn. Alexander Gordon, rode out
on horseback yesterday.
The bind of the G-enadier Guards was in. attend-
ance during dinner, at Buckingham Palace, on Wed-
nesday evening, and played ;he following pieces :-
0 verture, Alari tana

i.) from Le Piophete., SJUS votre
Banniere
Polka, Rosa Kuhner.
Potpourri, Preciosu
Her Majesty's private band afterwards attended in
the Palace and performed the fillowing pieces:-
1

. - - Overture, Pastorale ..
Air and Choru,, Faust Spoilt..
Finale, Ist Act, Le Pre aux Cleres Herold.
Polka Sainton.

Lord Fevershain had an interview with Sir George
Grey at the Home•office yosterda3-, and presented
petitions to the Queen from Mahon and Ryedale, in
the North Riding of Yorkshire, representing the de-
pression of agriculture, and praying for an early dis-
solution of Parliament.

A deputation on behalf of the railways in the
north• west of Ireland bad an interview with Lord
John Russell yesterday, at his official residence in
Downing street. The deputation consisted of Sir
Robert Ferguson, M.P., Captain Jones, R.N., M.P.,
Mr. Thomas Bateson, M.P., Mr. James Clay, M.P.,
Mr. J. T. Tennent, M.P., Hon. H. T. L. Corry,
M.P., Captain Archlill, M.P., Lord Claud Hamilton,
M.P., and Alderman Humphery, M.P.
A deputation on the sul-tject of railway audits had
an interview with the Commissioners of Railways
yesterday at their office in the Board of Trade. The
deputation consisted of Mr. Ewart, Mr. James, Mr
Ryley, and Mr. Swifc.
Mr. Bright, M.P., had an interview yesterday with
Lord John Russell.

A. deputation, consisting of Sir Elkanah Armitage,
Mr. Alderman Watkins, Mr. Alderman Baneroft,
Mr. William Gibb, and the Town Clerk of Um-
cheater ; also Mr. James Atherton (on behalf of
the Manchester Commercial Association), accom-
panied by the Right Hon. T. LI. Gibson, M.P and
Mr. Bright, M.P. ; a'so by Mr. T. W. atten,
Mr. W. Tattoo Egerton. M.P., Mr. Brotherton,
M P., Mr. Kershaw, M P., Mr. William Brown,
M.P., Mr. Duncuft, M.P., and Mr. Blair, M.P., had
an interview with Lord John Russell
,yesterday, up3n
the subject of bonding in Manchester.
The Ecclesiastical Commissioners of England had
a general meeting yesterday.
A deputation from the manufacturers of tin plates,
consisting of Messrs. Booker, Harley, Hancocks,
Lewis, and Thomas Allaway, accompanied by General
Ligon, M.P., Mr. Muntz, M.P., Mr. Thornely, M P.,
and Mr. Knight, M.P., had an interview with the
Right Hon. H. Labouchere yesterday at the office of
the Board of Trade.

Mr. Monsell, M.P., had an interview yesterday
with Sir George Grey.
Dispatches were received yesterday at the Colonial-
office from the Governor of Van Diemen's Land.

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL EIVGIATEERS.

On Tuesday, February 19, (William Cubitt, Esq ,
President, in the chair), the paper read was a
Description of the Iron Roof over the Railway
Station, Lime-street, Liverpool," by Mr. Richard
Turner. The area covered was described as being
374 feet in length, and 153 feet 6 inches tin breadth,
which was roofed over in one span. rne roof con-
sisted cf a series.of segmental girders, or principals,
fixed at intervals of 21 feet 6
_inches from centre to
centre; these were supported, one one side, upon the
walls of the offices, as far as they extended, and on
the other upon cast-iron columns. From the end of
the offices to the viaduct over, Hotham-street, a dis-
tance of 60 feet 4 inches, the principals were carried
upon a " box beam" of wrought iron. The princi-
pals were trussed vertically, by a series of radiating
struts, which were made to act upon them, by strain-
ing the tie rods and diagonal braces; they were
trussed laterally by purlins and by diagonal bracing,
extending from the bottom of the radiating struts, to
the top of the corresponding strut, in the adjoining
girder ; these braces were connected with linking
plates by a bar of the same scantling, and also with
the purlins already referred to. The girders were
thus firmly knitted together, and a rigid framework
formed, upon which the covering of galvanized cor-
rugated iron and glass was laid.
The whose construction was minutely described,
and the appendix contained an account of the experi-
ments for testing the strength of the principals.
These were made at the works of Messrs. Turner and
Son, Dublin, under the direction of M:. Locke, the
engineer of the railway, when some great improve
ments in the construction were introduced at his sug-
gestion. The discussion on this very interesting con-
struction was announced for the meeting of Tuesday,
February 26th, when the paper to be read would be
" Observations on the Street Paving of the Metro-
polis, with an account if a peculiar system adopted at
the London and North Western Railway Station,
Euston-square," by Mr. William Taylor.

EXHIBITION OF INDUSTRY or ALL NATIONS IN
1551.—Among the subscribers annouwed yesterday et
the great Webtaifuster meeting, the fallowing noblemen
and gentlemen added their flat:nest—For 2001- his Grace
the Duke of Sutherland and Vie Marquis of Westmins •
tcr. For 100/, Earl Fortescue, Lord Ashburton, and
the Attorney-General. For 501., Sir William Somer-
ville, Right Honourable W. G. Hayter, Lord Canning,
the Lord Bi,hop of Londcn, Messrs. Hunt r.nd Roskell.
For 301., Sir R. Glyn. For 251., W. Baring Wall, Esq ,
M.P., Lewis Allenby and Co., Swan and Edgar. For
211., John Wilson and Co. For 20/, T. F. Gibson,
Esq.. Right Hon. F. Maule, M.P , Right Hon. W. F.
Baines, M.l'., Sir James Clarke. For 151, Lord Eb-
rington. For 10/. 10s., Messrs. Jackson and Grahame,
White and Sons, W. and J. Freeman, Trollope and
Sons, T. J. Miller, Esq., C. W. Dilke„ Esq., Major-
Geueral Sir John Rolt, Rear-Admiral Sotheby, Mr.
Alderman Copeland (further subscription), G. Morant,
S. and D. Gym, Watson, Bell, and Co. Crosse and
Blackwell, Hiuchliff and Co., Charles Asprey, Esq.,
Sedgwiek and Taylor. For 51. 5.. and 51., Owen Jones,
Esq., C. H. Wild, Esq., Mr. Cundall, G. H. Drew, Esq.,
Hering and Remington, J. G. Domville and W. N.
Doraville, J. Chappell and A. Chappell, Messrs. John-
stone and Jeanes, Savory and Moore, Basil Wood and
Sons, Mr. George Barclay, G. V. Neale, Esq., W. B.
Simpson, &c , &e.

MODE OF TAKING THE CORN ATERAGBP.—Amongst
the numerous apparently minor matters, to the amend-
ment of which the farmer must look for impr.ving
his position, is an alteration in the mode of
taking the averages of the price of grain. As
the average price of wheat regulates the amount of
tithes, and in many 'cases of rents, it is of impgr-
tance that the sy,tem of ascertaining the average should
be the best possible. Yet it is notorious that are
average price is at present regulated b
y the sale of
about one-fourth the quantity of corn which is believed
.
to be annually grown in country. The le-
ferior corn, which is sold direct to the miller,
or ground for the farmer's own use, is aever in..
eluded in the average at all; whilst the returns not
only include the sale of all the Lest wheat which is im-
ported, but also comprise returns of the re-tale of all
the best wheat sold. thus running up the returns some-
times several shillings per quarter beyond the price
which wheat of average quality ever brings in the
country districts. Various remedies have been pro-
posed for this grievance, such as the returns being
ramie by the seller instead of the buyer. The best plan
seems to be that a lopterl in S3otlancl, where the "fiat"
price 3 ate fixed by a jury, on the evidence of wit•
nesses on oath. Whatever remedy is adopted, such an
unjust mode as the present ought to be altered forthwith.
—Maidstone Gazette.

S,OCIETT Y OF ARTS.
,
-At the meeting or the 6th February, James Walker,
_Pq , F.R.S., V.P., in the chair, an abstract of the ammo!
part -of a paper by' Mr. A. G. Findlay, M.R.G.S.. on
tiiificial Breakwaters, and the principles which gayer*
tWir construction, was.read.
Mr. Findlay commenced the second part of his paper
by recapitulating some of the forces and circumstances
t , which breakwaters are subjected, as cited in the
former abstract. The application of these was the sub-
ject of the present portion.
The preparations for, the great Cherbourg digue were
noticed; the proposals of 1712 and 1777 for 11, line of
sunken ships titled with masonry, as at the siege of Ls
Rochelle in 1573, and the first operations by,M. de Ces-
_,
:,art in 1782-4 were described. This latter plan was to
siuk truncated conical caissons, strongly framed of tim-
ber, 150 teet diameter, and 64 feet high, floated by
means of a double tier of immense casks around their
baseF. The first and second was successfully launched;
but btfire the letter ec,uld to filled with stones, as in.
t..rait,d, it storm carried it away to low-water mark.
Tois led to a great change in the plan; instead of 90 of
then) cones targent to each other, they were to be placed •
at con.idcrable ditanct's apart, the intervals to be filled
with pierre Perdu; 18 cf them were laid, but they were
all th stroyed but one before 1789—some of them in two
days after their being placed. The method ei pierre '
perda was then resorted to, and continued with until,it •
was rewebtied by an upright parapet from low-water level -
by M. Dupare, 1832; the work is still in progress. ..,
The swiss of four different sloper, in which the waved ,
I!asa distributed the stones of the digue was deieribech
and the absence of the lowest slope intheTlymouth
section was accounted for by the increased force of the
waves upon the latter.
The coretheneuneut in Isll by Mr. Rennie, and sub.
tecluent plot e-&cgs under ,its present "superintendent,
Mr. Stuart, of the Vlynionth breakwater, were then al-
luded to, and the increased lesigth of foreshore which
had been found nec,..ary, from the original design ,and
the greater effi,ct of Ole sea at its west cad described.
In 1838, from the great effects of a storm, a species of
buttress, was designed by Mr. Jame, Walker, C.E., for
the pretecticr. of the base of the lighthouse. This in-
woleed a new principle in hydraulic architecture, after-
wares alluded to.

This structure resembles in some degree the system of
do~ctailtn:+nd groovesadopt-qi by Smeaton the Ed-
• ywton-e; but differs in its application. The Del:twat-is
realVo.ter•lhallfil linit..4l States wa; then briefly al-
luded to. •

The principle of presen tie?: s concave face to the waves
was adverted to. in 17.6,1 such a section was proposed, but
not acted on, by M. Touros, for S. Jesu do Luz. In
1787-95, Don'T'OntlS X.tftitis ciiustrun,trd ,the sea-walls
of Cali-z
thus: a straigk foreshore r f timber planking
and a curred.,masonry. termination: This was destroyed
by the blocks of stone placed at its fiot for protection
rolling up the incline ngsinst the masonry. Ems.,
who eldcavoured to estntlish the existence cf what he
decominates the
.flot-du:fend, proposed a cylindrical or
other curvilinear f.ce fnr this purpose in 1818. end in
IS2O repsitA the works of the fortification of St. Mar-
tin, Ile tie nit in the Bay of Biscay, on this plan, which
was so far successful, thiugh not very greatly exposed.
Various forms of the concave remtement were noticed,
and the natural faint assumed by the shingle beach was
cited as an instance of the effect of bt alb surf. This
form has been alopted in the Dymchutch wall con-
structed by Mr. Waller. The mode cf action of the
wales against a cliff was also explained, as pioduciog s
similar secO3n.

Mr. Scott Russell's deductions from the wave system
leading also to similar conclusions, were then alluded to,
and the sectional form he has proposed described.
preferred a parabolodiai curve for the foreshore; and an
overha.eging coping, so as to turn the wave on itself,
was described. Mr. Russell, fir deep-water structures,
pref,rred the method a pierre perchi forming a straight
foreshore. Otie of.jectton to this system of concave
f ice was, the varying level to which such structures are
exposed from tidal influences, end the differences of
curve presented at ditVrunt periods of tide.
From these systems, the vertical., or nearly vertical
wall, was then described; and the great national work at
Dover, the Refuge Harbour, was stated to be on the
principle established by the experience of the buttress st
the west end of Plymouth Breakwater. This mode of
construetioo, found effectite ae. that place, counteracts
some of the difficulty met with in securing the masonry
facing of it. In a previous part of the paper it was
stated that the stones were btuwn out of the facing, or
towards the sea-wave. This action is attribtred to the
percussion force entering the joints, and thus the water
or air contained within the body of the nihsonry being
most forcibly driven trim a"ds and outwards, carried tingle
stones out of their beds. The new mode consists i f
stepping one course of stones into the upper surface of
that bvueath it, so as to form a ledge to prevent its out •
ward tendency, and al,o to divert the direct action of
the wave on the joint. In addition to this, each atone is
so dole-tailed on its horizontal plane, that each course
forms virtually one stone; and alternate Stories iu each
course are locked into the course beneath it ; so that,
throughout the fele itt, some portion of each course, be-
longs to the one on either side of it, making the while
into one mass. These stones are found at the quarries,
and fixed in their places by the diving-hell. The sitna-
Lion of Dover Harbour, as being free from the chances
cf silting up, eat coteedered in reierence to the tides,
and the improbability Otat any great amount of shingle
would fur the future embarrass the work.

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.
TATTERSALL'S.—YEsTEr.DAr.

Another flat day, arld the prises, except ou the Liver-
pool Steeplechase and the Northamptonshire Randicap,
the same es on Monday. For the first named event,
Meath, The Knight of Gwynne, Columbine, and Victim
vrere in high favour; and for the second, Oster-ley, Fen:-
hill, and Reins. John Cosser, Roland, Ellerdale, and
Clermont were most in request for the Chester Cup, and
The Nigger and Mayors tor the Derby. Latest quota-
tions:—

LIVERPOOL STEEPLECUASE.
9 to 1 agst Lord IVaterfoid's.Sir John
12 to 1 agst Mr. Harrison', Meath—tahen
12 to 1 agst Mr. J. Fort's Knight of Gwynn()
14 to 1 agst Mr. Lawson na Peter Simple--taken
15 to 1 agst Mr. Hassell's The Victim—taken

25 to 1 isgst Mr. Pocket's Columbioe—taksii freely
25 to 1 agit Mr. Treadgold's Maria Day
1,500 to 100 agst Day and Abti-el Katier—talon

TJIE NORTHAMPTONSHIRE STARES.

6 to 1 ugst Mr. IL Ildrb Osterley, 4 yrs, 7st—take
7 to 1
10 to 1 sgst Mr. Hslford's Harriett, 3 yrs, sst 101b—
take 11 to 1
13 to 1 agst Sir J. Havrley's Fernhill, 5 yrs, Bst 41b
taken
15 to 1 agst Lord Eglinton's I:l2'ns. 4 yrs, 7:4 51b—t
20 to 1 sgst Mr. Gregory's Darrask. 3 yr 4, sst 61b
25 to 1 egst Captain Lowther's Bastinsdo, 3 yrs,
4st 61b—taken
METROPOLITAN STARES.

5 to 1 eget Mr. Gratwicke's Cheerful, 4 yrs, 6,t

—taken and afterwards offered

25 to 1 agst Mr. C. Peck's Melody-, 4 yrs, 7st—tak€ll
NEW3IARKET HANDICAP.

1,600 to 100 agst Capt. tiervey'a .rongbow, 4 yrs, Tat
—taktu

CHESTER CUP.

20 to 1 agst Mr. Aleiklam's Itolard, 4 yrs, sst 81b—t
22 to 1 apt Capt. Harcourt's El!crd 6)rs, fist 31b
—2,500 to 100 taken
30 to 1 agst Mr. Eddison na John Comer, 5 yrs;
Bst 51b—taken
33 to 1 eget Lord Cbesterfiel l's I ady Evelyn, 4 yrs:,
fist 216—taken
50 to 1 agst Sir IL Pigot's LaeFarius, 4 37:e, 7st ‘..4b
--taken
50 to 1 agst Mr. Gr Tory's ClErincnt, 6 3 rs, 7st 51b
—taken

50 to 1 agst Mr. Hors of Chase, 6 yrs, ist 101 b
1,000 to 15 agst Mr. Artnetrong's Ve,ta, 6 yr , 7Et Sib
—taken and afterward offered
1,000 to 12 agat Sir C. Mcnck'a Gulirer, 4 yrs, sst Sib
—taken