The Sun.
London, England, 1850-01-10 00:00:00

THE TARIFF-PROTECTION.

I recommend a revision of the existing tariff, and
its adjustment on a basis which may augment the
revenue. I do not doubt the right or duty of Con-
gress to encourage domestic industry, which is the
great source of national as well as individual wealth
and prosperity. I look to the wisdom and patriotism
of Congress for the adoption of a system which may
place home labour at last on a sure and permanent
footing, and by due encouragement of manufactures,
give a new and increased stimulus to agriculture, and
promote the development of our best resources and
the extension of our commerce. Believing that to
the attainment of these ends (as well as the necessary

No civil government having been provided by
Congress for California, the people of that territory,
impelled by the necessities of their political condition
recently met in convention, for the purpose of form-
ing a constitution and state government, which, the
latest advices give me reason to suppose, has been
accomplihed; and it is believed they will shortly
apply for the admission of California into the Union
as a sovereign state. Should such be the case, and
should their constitution he conforznahle to the requisi-
tions of the Constitution of the United States, I recom-
mend their application to the favourable consideration
of Congress.
The people of New Mexico will also, it is believed,
at no very distant period present themselves for ad-
mission into the Union. Preparatory to the admission
of California and New Mexico, the people of each
will have instituted for themselves a republican form
of government, "laying its foundations in such prin-
ciple:;, and organizing its powers in such form, as to
them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and
happiness." _ _ _

Tay awaiting their action all causes of uneasiness
may he avoided, and confidence and kind feeling pre-
served. With a view of maintaining the harmony
and tranquillity so dear to all, we should abstain from

the introduction of those exciting topics of a sectional
character which have hitherto produced painful ap-
prehensions in the public mind; and 1 repeat the
solemn warning of the first and most illustrious of
my predecessors against furnishing " any ground for
characterising parties by geographical discrimina-
tions."

A collector hag been appointed at San Francisco
under the Act of Congress extending the revenue
laws over California ; and measures have been taken
to organize the custom-houies at that and the other
ports mentioned in that Act, at the earliest period
practicable. The collector proceeded overland and
advises have not yet been received of his arrival at
-San Francisco. Meanwhile, it is understood that

the customs have continued to be collected there b.)
officers acting under the military authority, as they
were during the administrative of my predecessor.
It will, I think, be expedient to confirm the collec-
tions thus made, and direct the avails (after such
allowances as Congress may think fit to authorise) to
be expended within the territory, or to be paid into
the Treasury, for the purpose of meeting appro-
priations fur the improvement of its rivers and
harbours.

A party, engaged on the coast survey, was dis-
patched to Oregon in January last. According to
the latest advices they had not left California; and
directions have been given to them, as soon as they
shall have fixed on the sites of the two lighthouses
and the buoys authorised to be constructed and placed
in Oregon, to proceed without delay to make recon-
noi,auces of the most important points on the coast of
California, and especially to examine and determine
on sites for light-houses on that coast, the speedy
erection of which is urgently demanded by our
rapidly-increasing commerce.
I have transferred the Indian agencies from Upper
Missouri and Council Bluffs to Santa Fe and Salt
Lake; and have caused to be appoilted sub-agents in
the valleys of the Gila, the Sacramento and San
Joaquin rivers. Still. further legal provisions will be
necessary for the effective and successful extension of
our system of Indian intercourse over the new
territories.

I recommend the establishment of a branch mint in
California, as it will, in my opinion, afford important
facilities to those engaged in mining, as well as to the
Government in the disposition of the mineral lands.
I also recommend that commissions be organized,
by Congress, to examine and decide upon the validity
of the present subsisting land titles in California and
New Mexico; and that provision be made for the
establishment of officers of Surveyor-General in New
Mexico, California, and Oregon, and for the surveying
and bringing into market the public lands in those
territories. Those lands remote in position and
difficult of access ought to be disposed of on terms
liberal to all, but especially favourable to the early
emigrants.
In order that the situation and character of the
principal mineral deposits in California may be ascer-
tained, I recommend that a geological and mineralo-
gical exploration be eonnected with the linear surveys,
and that the mineral lands be divided into small lots
suitable for mining, and be `disposed or, by safe or
lease, so as to give our citizens an opportunity of
procuring a permanent right of property in the soil
This would seem to be as important to the success of
mining as of agricultural pursuits.
The great mineral wealth of California, and the
advantages which its ports and harbours, and those of
Oregon, afford to commerce, especially with the
islands of the Pacific and Indian oceans, and the
populous regions of Eastern Asia, make it certain
that there will arise, in a few years, large and pros-
perous communities on our western coast. It, there-
fore, becomes important that a line of communication,
the best and most expeditious which the nature of
the country will admit, should be opened within the
territory of the United States, from the navigable
waters of the Atlantic or the Gulf of Mexico to the
Pacific.

Opinion, as elicited and expressed by two large
and respectable conventions, lately assembled at St.
Louis and Memphis, points to a railroad as that
which, if practicable, will best meet the wishes and
wants of the country. But while this, if in success-
ful operation, would be a work of great national
importance, and •of a value to the country which it
would be difficult to estimate, it ought also to be
regarded as an undertaking of vast magnitude and
expense, and one which must, if it be, indeed, prac-
ticable, encounter many difficulties in its construc-
tion and use. Therefore, to avoid failure and dis-
appointment, to enable ongress to judge whether,
in the condition of the country through which it
must pass, the work be feasible, and if it be found
so, whether it should be undertaken as a national
improvement, or !left to individual enterprise, and in
the latter alternative, what aid, if any, ought to he
extended to it by the Government, I recommend as a
preliminary measure a careful reconnoisance cf the
several proposed routes by a scientific corps, and a
report as to the practicability of making such a road,
with an estimate of the cost of its construction and
support.

For further views on these, and other matters
connected with the duties of the Home Department,
I refer you to the report of the Secretary of the
Interior.

I recommend early appropriations for continuing
the river and harbour improvements which have
been already begun, and also for the construction of
those for which estimates have been made, as well as
for examinations and estimates preparatory to the
commencement of such others as the wants of the
country, and especially the advance of our population
over new districts, and the extension of commerce,
may render necessary. An estimate of the amount
which can be advantageously expended within the
next fiscal year, under the direction of the Bureau of
Topographical Engineers, accompanies the report of
the Secretary of War, to which I respectively invite
the attention of the Congress.
The session of territory made by the late treaty
with Mexico has greatly extended our exposed fron-
tier, and rendered its defence more difficult. The
treaty has also brought us under obligations to
Mexico, to comply with which a military force is
requisite. But our military establishment is not
materially changed, as to its efficiency, from the con-
dition in which it stood before the commencement of
the Mexican war. Some addition to it will therefore
be necessary ; and I recommend to the favourable
consideration of Congress an increase of the several
corps of the army at our distant western ports, as
proposed in the accompanying report of the Secretary
of War.

THE ARMY AND NAVY.
Great embarrassment has resulted from the effect

By an Act of Congress, passed August 14th, 1848,
provision was made for extending post-office and
mail accommodations' to California and Oregon.
Exertions have been made to execute that law; but
the limited provisions of the Act, the inadequacy of
the means it authorises, the ill adaptation of our post-
office laws to the situation of that country, and the
measure of compensation for services allowed, by
those laws, compared with the prices of labour and
rents in California, render those exertions in a great
degree ineffec'oal. More particular and efficient
provision by I .w is required on.this subject.
The Act of 1845, reducing postage, has now, by
its operation during four years, produced results fully
showing that the income from such reduced postage
is sufficient to sustain the whole expense of the service
of the Post-office department, not including the cost
of transportation in the mail steamers on the line from
New York to Chagres and from Panama to Astoria,
which have not been considered by Congress as pro•
perly belonging to the mail service.
It is submitted to the wisdom of Congress, whether
a further reduction of postage should not now be
made, more particularly on the letter correspondence.
This should be relieved from the unjust burden of
transporting and delivering the franked matter of
Congress, for which public service provision should be
made from the Treasury. I confidently believe that
a change may safely be made, reducing all single-
letter postage to the uniform rate of live cents , re-
gardless of distance, without thereby imposing any
greater tax on the Treasury than would constitute a
very moderate compensation for this public service ;
and I therefore respectfully recommend such a reduc-
tion. Should Congress prefer to abolish the franking
privilege entirely, it seems probable that no demand
on the Treasury would result from the proposed re-
duction of postage. Whether any further diminu-
tion should now be made, or the result of the reduc-
tion to five cents, which I have recommended, should
be first tested, is submitted to your decision.
Since the commencement of the last session of
Congress, a postal treaty with Great Britain has been
received and ratified, and su Ai regulations have been
formed by the Post-office departments of the two
countries, in pursuance of that treaty, as to carry its
provisions into full operation. The attempt to extend
this same arrangement, through England, to Prance,
has not been equally successful; but the purpose has
not been abandoned.

For a particular statement of the condition of the
Post-office department, and other matters connected
with that branch of the public sorvice, I refer you to
-the report of the Postmastsr-General.
TIE CENSUS.
By the Act of the 31 of March, 1849, a board was
constituted to make arrangements for taking the
seventh census, composed of the Secretary of Stare,
the Attorney• General, and the Postmaster-General ;
and it was made the duty of this board "to prepare
and cause to be printed such forms and schedules as
might be necessary for the full enumeration of the in•
habitants of the United Sates; and also proper forms
and schedules for collecting in statistical tables, under
proper heads, such information as to mines, agricul-
ture, commerce, manufactures, education, and other
topics, as would exhibit a full view of the pursuits,
industry, education, and the resources of the country.
The duties enjoined upon the Census Board, thus
established, having been performed, it now rests with
Congress to enact a law for carrying into effect the
provision of the Constitution which requires an actual
enumeration of the people of the United States within
the ensuing year.

- - WINDING UP.
Among the duties assigned by the Constitution to
the General Government is one of local and limited
application, but not, on that account, the less obliga-
tory : I allude to the trust committed to Congress, as
the exclusive legislator and sole guardian of the in-
terests of the districts of Columbia. I beg to com-
mend these interests to your kind attention. As the
national metropolis, the city of Washington must be
an object of general interest; and, founded as it was
under the auspices of him whose immortal name it
bears, its claims to the fostering care of Congress
present themselves with additional strength. What-
ever can contribute to its prosperity must enlist the
feelings of constitutional guardians, and command
their favourable consideration.

Our Government is one of limited powers, and its
successful administration eminently depends on the
confinement of each of its co-ordinate branches within
its own appropriate sphere. The first section of the
Constitution ordains that " all legislative powers
therein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the
United States, which shall consist of a Senate and
House of Representatives." The Executive has
authority to recommend (not to dictate) measures to
Congress. Having performed that duty, the Execu-
tive department ot the Government cannot rightfully
control the decisioe of Congress on any subject of
legislation, until that decision shall have been offi-
cially submitted to the President for approval. The
check provided by the Constitution, in the clause
conferring the qualified veto, will never be exercised
by me, except in the cases contemplated by the
fathers of the Republic. I view it as an extreme mea-
sure, to be resorted to only in extraordinary cases—as
where it may become necessary to defend the Execu-
tive against the encroachments of the -Legislative
power, or to prevent hasty and inconsiderate or uncon-
stitutional lsgislation. By cautiously confining this
remedy within the sphere prescribed to it in the con-
temporaneous expositions of the framers of the Consti-
tution, the will of the people, legitimately expressed
on all subjects of legislation, through their con-
stitutional organs, the Senators and Representatives of
the United States, will have its full effect.
As indispenable to the preservation of.
is our system
of self-government, the independence o f the Repre-
sentatives of the States and the people guaranteed
by the Constitution ; and they owe no responsibility
to any human power but their constituents By
holding the representative responsible only to the
people, and exempting him from all other influences,
we elevate the character of the constituent and
quicken his sense of responsibility to his country. It
is under these circumstances only that the elector
can feel that, in the choice of the law- maker, he is
himself truly a component part of the sovereign
power of the nation. With equal care we should
study to defend the rights of the executive and judi-
cial departments. Our government can only be pre-
served in its purity by the suppression and entire
elimination of every claim or tendency of
one co ordinate branch to encroachment upec
another. With the strict observance of this
rule and the other injunctions of the
Constitution—with a sedulous inculcation of that
respect and love for the union of the Ste?
has
sd
swoiltohntgheanadid
so
of thkaiit,dolyver-
fathers cherished and enjoined upon their children—
li
institutions, we may reasonably expect r u
guardedi g Peo rcuot
ry b
esoe wnrcht eilecwsh hi
ando
eu
transmithr
rthoesmterwityit.h their innumerable blessings essings to the remotest
But attachment to the unicn of the States should be
habitually fostered in every American heart. For
more than half a century,. during which kingdoms
and empires have fallen, this union has stcoi unshaken.
The patriots who formed it have long since descended
to the grave ; yet still it remains the proudest monu-
ment to their memory and the object of affection and
admiration with every one worthy to bear the Ame-
rican name. In my judgment its dissolution would
be the greatest of calamities, and to avert that should
be the study of every American. Upon its preserve.
tion must depend our own happiness and that of
countless generations to come. Whatever dangers
may threaten it I shall stand by it and maintain it in
its integrity, to the full extent of the obligations
imposed and the power conferred upon me by the
Constitution. Z. TAYLOR.
Washington, Dec. 4, 1849

The steam-ship Margaret, Captain Lang, arrived at
Halifax on the 25th ult. in 17 days hence.
The Royal Mail steam- ship Cambria, Captain
Shannon, touched on the 28th ult., after a run of 31
dap, and proceeded to Boston.
The Pacific mail steamer Panama, Captain Bailo7l

arrived at Panama, with accounts from San Fran-
cisco to the 16th of November, on the 4th ult. She
had a specie freight of 500,000 dolls. and 235 pas-
sengers.
The Atlantic steamer Empire City arrived at New
York on the 25th ult. in ten days from Chagres, and
seven days from Jamaica, bringing half• a million
dollars on freight, upwards of 270 passengers, and
private mails from California, &c. The Government
mails were at the Isthmus waiting a mail steamer's
departure for Chagres.
Her Majesty's steam-sloop Hecate, with Sir 11.
Bulwer on board, arrived in the Potomac on the 21st
ult., from Bermuda.
From the Pacific, via the Isthmus of Panama, we
have by this mail accounts of the highest interest,
more especially in reference to the expedition in
search of Sir John Franklin ; and most opportune
must it be regarded that those advices have been re-
ceived in the very moment of the new expedition's
departure. From Mazatlan, under date the 24th of
November we learn the arrival at that port on the
13th of her Majesty's ship Herald, 8, Captain Kel-
latt, and also that of the British yacht Nancy Daw-
son, Captain Bill, with intelligence from her Ma-
jesty's ship Plower at Behring's Straits. SVe learn
that the relief ship had previously penetrated as far as
73 degrees 10 min. latitude in search of Sir J.
Franklin ; and in company with the yacht named,
under the command of her noble-spirited owners,
the Plover's boats also penetrated along a vast
extent of the coast of North America, extending
from Behring's Straits to the mouth of the
Mackenzie River, the scene of Sir S. Psh)hard-
son's exit into the northern seas during his late
expedition. It appears that no traces of the
missing navigators were discovered ; and it is stated
that the boats of the Plover consequently determined,
in accordance with their instructions, to winter on
the spot, attempting to reach one of the nearest
traders' stations in the vicinity. According to our
information, the private schooner-yacht then re-
turned, her light draught having previously enabled
her to explore in company with the boats, and, with
the Insver, re entered Behring's Straits from the
north ; there the Plover took up her winter quarters,
and subsequently the Herald and Nancy Dae sun re-
turned to Mazatlan. The commander of the Plover,
it is stated, entertained great hopes of Sir John
Franklns ssfety, although we are not informed of the
grounds upon which that expectation is based. It is to
b.) regretted that the advices received aie, in a mea-
sure, indefinite; and it is still more mournful to
learn that the owner of the yacht which was so nobly
conducted along the Arctic coast :rorn the promptings
of a philanthropic spirit should have subsequently
closed his career at Mazltlan. It is stated that he
bad previously been engaged in a tour round the
world, and suddenly altered his course to aid the
search for Franklin's ships. The yacht had been put
in charge of a sailing master from one of her Majt sty's
ships at Maz and will be dispatched home by the
Britieh Consul. _ .

From Y. w York we learn also some details of in-
terest in reference to Sir John Franklin. Letters had
been received by influential individuals in that city
from Lady Franklin, desiring advice and information
from the person to whom they were addressed, as to
the expediency of her visiting New York to arrange
an expedition, at her own expense, for the renewal of
the search for her lost husband next spring. Lady
Franklin is described as meditating the purchase of
two small vessels with that aim.
Her Majesty's ship Amphitrite, Commander Eden,
was at M.,zatlan on the 24th of November, and also
the Herald ; and the brig of war Cockatrice, was at
San Bias. Her Britannic Alajz:sty's ship Champion
sailed from Panama for Callan, on the Ist of Decem-
ber, en route to England,
From the United States our accounts, as might
have been anticipated, are of unusual interest, conse-
quent on the delivery of President Taylor's first mes-
sage to the Homes of Congress, and the issue of various
reports for the Secretaries of the various departments.
Up to the 221 ult. the struggle between the con-
tending sections of the representatives continued
with little indication of either a victory or a
compromise on the part of any ; and ultimately a
choice of a Speaker was effected simply by a general
agreement to accept a plurality of votes instead of a
clear majority of the whole House. Accordingly,
the 63d ballot held since the opening of the House
produced a decisive result, Mr. Cobb, of Georgia,
being elected by a vote of 102 against 100 for Mr.
Winthrop, of Massachusets, and 20 for all other
candidates. On the evening of Saturday, the 22d
ult., therefore, Mr. Cobb took the appropriate oaths,
and on the subsequent Monday both branches of the
Congress being then fully organized, the President
delivered his first annual Message. We learn that
the document met with considerable difference of
opinion, and a widely varied reception from the dif-
ferent sections of politicians, many complaining of its
vague character, on the slavery question more espe-
cially. It has, on the whole, however, been received
with satisfaction in almost all quarters ; and amongst
the manu"acturing and iron interests it cannot be
questioned that its allusions to the question of " pro-
tecting duties" are most popular.
Accompanying the Presidential state papers we
received-1, the annual report of the Secretary of the
Treasury ; 2, that of the Home Department ; and 3,
that of the Secretary of War. They are exceedingly
voluminous, and possess considerable interest, more
especially in reference to the Treasury demand for a
new loan—a measure not anticipated hitherto in face
of the apparent preferability of an issue of Treasury
notes. The Secretary also recommends several modi-
fications in the existing tariff-1. A moderate increase
of duties on articles, such as cotton, woollen, and
hempen goods, iron, sugar, salt, and cod ; 2, a return
to the system of specific duties on articles on which
they can be convt niently laid ; 3, where the ad valorem
duty is retained, the duties to be levied on the market
value in our own country at the time of arrival ; 4,
non enumerated articles to be subject to a higher
duty than others.
Since the date of our last accounts from Wash-
ington the proceedings of the Senate ant House of
Representatives had exhibited few features of interest,
except in reference to the election of a Speaker. In
the upper branch, however, political animosities had
betrayed the southern members under the influence
of Calhoun, &c., to attempt to exclude Colonel
Benton from the chairmanship of the Senates' Com-
mittee on Foreign Affairs, a post occupied by him
since March last. Partially from M. Benton's own
desire to retire previously to the discovery of the
cabal, the movement was ultimately crowned with
success, and hence a most important advantage would
appear to Ir.ve been gained by the Southern section
of politicians. Amongst other indications of public
feeling it may be noted that General Cass had intro-
duced into Congress a resolution desiring the Execu-
tive to suspend all relations with Austria on account
of her conduct in the late struggle in Hungary- Pro
tem the motion lies over; subsequently to he revived,
however,- under the influence of the Presidential
views. 'The nature of those views is indicated in the
message, but it may not be uninteresting to add the
following note, addressed to the recent refugees from
Hungary :

" Washington, Dec. 20, 1849.
" Sir,--I have duly received your letter of November
2, from London, announcing the determination of your-
self and comrades to seek an asylum in America.
"The people of this Republic have deeply sympathised
with the Hungarians in their recent struggle for consti-
tutional freedom, and in the calamities which have be-
fallen their unhappy land; and I am sure that I but
speak the universal sentiments of my countrymen in
bidding you and your associates a cordial welcome to our
soil, the natural asylum of the oppressed from every
clime. We offer you protection and a free particiration
in the benefits of our institutions and our laws, and trust
that you may find in America a second home.
" I am, with high respect, your sincere friend,
" Z. TAILOR.
" Ladislaus Ujhazy, late Governor of Comorn,
in Hungary."

A warm discussion had ensued in the Senate in
reference to a motion offering a seat in that assembly
to Father Mathew. The temperance apostle's neutral
views on the slavery question were again brought
into notice in connexion with his former manifesto in
conjunction with the late O'Connell, but ultimately
the motion was carried by a vote of 33 to 18, Mr.
Calhoun voting in the minority.
Our latest accounts state that Congress would effect
no business of importance during the Christmas
season. A quorum of each House would, pro forma,
meet during the holidays every Thurday.
A letter from a well-informed correspondent at
Washington of the New York Courier and Inquirer,
dated Dec. 22, says, in reference to the political tone
existing—
'

" It is believed by men of great sagacity that we are
approaching a vory serious crisis in the affairs of the
Republic. I understand that Mr. Webster entertains
depressing forebodings as to the immediate future. He
thinks that there are restless and reckless spirits whose
evident aim is to effect a disruption of the confederacy, i
and that they will succeed in entangling in their toils a
sufficient number of the people to give to their move-
ment a formidable appearance. But lam glad to know
that Mr. Webster believes that the dissolution of the
Union is an impossibility. He says the people will
never submit to it—never. They will stand by the
Union to the very last extremity of phls sleet power; and
so long as the sentiment for union is so nearly
unanimous, the integrity of the American Republic will
be nr, served."'
From Washington we have accounts of Sir Henry
Bulwer's reception by the President on the 24th ult.
His Excellency was introduced by the Secretary of
State ; and Sir Henry, after delivering his credentials,
sail :

Sir, I need not say that it gives me the sincerest
gratification to be the bearer of the credentials which I
have jest had the honour of placing in your hands.
" Permit me to say, that in coming to your country
I do not feel that 1 come as a foreigner to a forvign
land; ottr nations sp.ealr the same language, spring from
the same race, and seem especially entrustal by Provi-
dence with the same glorious task of illustrating the

Anglo-Saxon name, by extending the best interests of
civilization through two great divisions of the world.
" I have an entire confidence, Sir, that our two Go-
vernments will act with the most perfect concord in
carrying out this great design, and, for my own pa, t, I
unfeignedly assure you that I could not have a duty
more congenial to my feelings than that of cultivating
the most intimate and friendly relations between the •
Queen, my Sovereign, and that great Republic, of which
you are the worthy and distinguished President."
To these observations the President replied in the
following terms :
" Sir,—l am much pleased to receive from your hands
the letter of her Majesty, your Sovereign, which ac-
credits you as the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary of Great Britain near the Government
of the United States, and I cordially welcome you in that
high character as a friend.
" Beyond the identity of origin, language, and duties,
so appropriately alluded to by you, as connecting our
respective countries, there is much, Sir, too in their
present relations calculated to impart unusual interest to
your mission. That the best plan for extending the
blessings of peace, commerce, and civilization may be
executed by our perfect concord is my most earnest wish;
and the confidence you have expressed that the two
natione will act in concert and harmony in all wise and
well-directed efforts for the accomplishment of such
objects, is accepted by me in the cordial and sincere spirit
in which it has been proposed by you.
' I hope, Sir, that your residence in this country may
prove as agreeable to you personally as you have given
me good reason for believing that it will be hcnouratle
and advantageous both to Great Britain and America."
The Legislature of Indiana has unanimously
passed a law authorizing the Governor to make tem-
porary loans to supply any deficiency there may be
in the Treasury for the payment of the January and
July interest on the public debt. These loans are
not made necessary by actual deficiency in the
revenues of the State, but because the heavy pay-
ments into the Treasury are not usually made until
about March and September. As soon as the scrip
of the State, which is redeemable for taxes, shall
have been all subscribed, say 18 months hence, the
necessity for any loan for the purpose of paying in-
terest will no longer exist. The State Bank of
Indiana, upon the passage of the above law, imme-
diately tendered to the Governor the amount needed.
Indian s has acted nobly in the matter of her public
debt. Sha has persevered through many discourage-
meats in perfecting the arrangement, and has
exhibited a determination to do everything in her
power for her creditors.
Mr. Edward J. Morris, of Philadelphia, had been
appointed Charge:d'Affaires to the kingdom of Naples.
The New York papers announce that Mr. Powell,
the author of the " Living Authors of England," has
been arrested upon a charge of forging a draft,
purporting to be drawn by a London house on
M`Laughlin and Bell, of this city, for 1001.
Large quantities of Canadian produce were being
received at New York, for shipment to England.
From California our advices extend to the 16th of
November. An election was held in California on the
10th of November, to decide on the adoption of the
new Constitution proposed for the State, and also to
vote for a Governor, Lieutenant-Geivernor, two repre-
sentatives to Congress, and members of the California
Legislature. The Constitution has been adopted
almost unanimously. Great activity was prevailing
at San Francisco. Buildings were going up with
great rapidity; carpenters' wages, 16 dolls. a day.
The Pacific News (San Franciso) of the 15th of
November says—
" We have had the pleasure of conversing with a
very intelligent gentleman who has just returned from
a long tour of observation through the mining district.
His investigations have led him to the conclusion that
its greatest riches leave not yet been reached, but still
await the labours of miners mere experienced ant:
skiVul than those engaged in the work. He saw per-
scnally several diggings richer far than those in relation
to which our credutity has already been severely taxed.
At the same time he places the average gain of the
whole body of miners now employed at a considerably
lower figure than is usually given. lie thinks that
mining, having been, as heretofore conducted, a game of
ebanne and uncertain as a lottery or faro bank, is now
about to become a less hazardous game of skill and
scientific calculation, at which good and experienced
players, and they only, will bd sure largely to win.
The ebtervation of our informant fully confirms the
general impression that there is to be a serious defi-
ciency in the winter stock of provisions in the mining
region, without allowing anything for the consumption
of the overland emigration now on its way thither."
The Alta Califorwia states that—
" The settin,, in of winter had caused an increased
demand for all kinds and quantities of provisions. A
great rise in prices had, consequently, bet n the result.
Pork and flour had sold at very high rates."
The following items are of much interest
The rainy season had commenced in California; the
streams in the mining country were beginning to swell,
and the miners would soon be compelled to be take them-
selves to winter quarters.
The yield of gold this year is not expected greatly to
exceed that of the last, which was estimated at about
8,000,000 dollars.
The overland train, which left the United States last
spring and summer, across the mountains, had all arrived
safe in California. They were subjected to many pri
' cations and hardships, but met their fate with heroic
fortitude. _ _

Colonel Russell, of Missouri, who headed the van-
guard, left Indeptidenee on the 24th of April, and
arrived at Sutter's Fort on the Bth of August.

Apprehensions are expressed of famine in the inte-
rior, if the state of the roads should interrupt the com-
munication between the river towns aryl the mines.
Provisions and clothing had greatly advanced in price.
Pork was selling at 65 dolls., and thur at 40 dills. per
barrel, at San Francisco. Dysentery and fever prevailed
to some extent on the coast and in the interior; and at
Mazatlan the cholera had been somewhat fatal,. though
on the 231 of November it was declining, there having
been only four cases on that day.
The papers contain numerous accounts of labourer's
meetings, and strikes for higher wages—those who had
received seven or eight dolls. per day demanding ten
dolls., on account of the great advance which had taken
place in the price of provisions.
From Mexico we have detailed advices to the 29th
November. The Congress would separate on the
14th ult. The reforms in the tariff proposed by the
Chamber of Deputies had passed both Houses, and
the Bill was communicated to the President on the
20th ult. The Minister of Finance has been in-
, strutted to obtain a discount of the United State
indemnity of 1;500,000 dolls. due at the end of Mays
The rate of discount will be not less than two per.
cent.

MONEY MARKET.
TUESDAY, DEC. 25, SIX P.M.—This being Christmas
there was no meeting of the board of brokers, and we,
consequently, have no quotations for stocks. Business,
generally, was suspended, and the stores in the lower
part of the city were cl,)sed. The arrival of the steam-
ship Empire City, from Chagres, gives us two weeks'
later intelligence from California, a remittance of gold
dust valued at half a million of dollars, and a great
number of passengers from the mining districts. The
ace.,unts received by this arrival are interesting, and, as
regards the production of gold, full as favourable as those
received by previous steamers.
The Bank of the S:ate of North Caroline has declared
a semi-annual dividend of four per cent.
The Stockbridge and Pittsfield Railroad is done, and
regular trains have commenced running, connecting with
those of the Housatonic road.

The annexed statement exhibits the quotations for
foreign and domestic exchanges for specie, and for un-
current money :
Foreign Exchanges—On London, 1081; on Paris,
51. 30c. to sf. 28.1. c.; on Bremen, 781 i; on Amsterdam,
394 40 ; on llamburgb, 351.
In consequence of the suspension of business to-day,
the market for sterling exchange remains without altera-
tion. Yesterday the demand was active, and our quota-
tions above were current at the close. We have no
change to report on other points. Domestic exchanges
continue quiet, and our quotations cannot be considered
otherwise than nominal. Ten and twelve years ago the
domestic exchange business in this city was immense,
and the rates, compared with those now ruling, were
enormous, notwithstanding the great number of regula-
tors then in existence. Now it is a mere bagatelle, and
the rates or even the most extreme points are very much
reduced. Specie is quiet. The demand for silver fur
shipment to France has nearly ceased. California gold
dust is plenty enough in the market, but it must pass
through the mint before it becomes a part of the cur-
rency. Uncurrent money is exceeding scarce, even for
this season. The circulation of all the banks in this part
of the country is large, full up to the usual average, and
a large amount of this must have been employed in the
Western States in the purchase of produce, and still
continues in circulation among the people of that section
of the Union.

DIAMOND DUST.
(From Eliza Cook's Journal.)
How large a portion of our happiness in this world
arises from its vicissitudes? The truth is become a
maxim continually proposed and immediately assented
to, but who considers it? They are the changes of daily
life which stimulate hope, regulate business, propose rest,
and reward labour. Like our daily bread they must be
looked for and prepared for. June and beauty are of
little value unless marked. Our actions must be num-
bered like our mil?stones, and stand as they do at their
if we would rejoice in our progress.
"Bprroapvreiatitcetisointe 5, s
are the substance of life, and good say-
ings the ornament of it.
Reserve is no more essentialy connected with under-
standing, than a church organ with devotion, or wino
wi:h good nature.
In the music of silence there are a thousand varia-
tions, not in the knowledge of things without, but in the
perfection of the soul within, lies the empire of man.

ANALFTICA.L VILW OF THE NEWSPAPER PENS
OF TILE UNITED KINGDOM. - Lundon : Conservative,
19; Liberal, 35 ; Neutral, 59—Total, 113. England :
Conservative, 88; Liberal, 99; Neutral, 36—Total, 223.
Wales: Conservative, 5; Liberal. 5; Neutral, I—Total,
11. Scotland: Conservativ© 20; Liberal, 34; Neutral,
31—Total, 85. Ireland: Conservative, 37; Liberal, 37;
Neutral, 27—Total, 101. British Islands: Conservative,
5; Liberal, 8; Neutral, I—Total, 14. General Summary
of the United Kingdom :—Conservative, 174 ; Liberal,
218 ; Neutral, 155—Total, 547.—From Hammond's News-
paper List for 1850.

Now ready at all the Libraries, in 3 vols.,
PASSAGES IN THE LIFE OF
M RS. MARGARET MAITLAND,
OP' SUNNY SIDE.
Written by Herself.
" The most gratifying work of its class since the great delineator o
Scottish manners ceased to write."—Tait's Magazine.
"We have read ttis book with unusual pleasure. It has points of
merit which may compare with Miss Ferrier, Galt, Lockhart, and
Wilson."—Examiner.
Henry Colloarn, Publisher, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

NOTICE!
Now Ready at all the Libraries,
In 3 vols. post Bvo.,
COUNTRY QUARTERS.
A NOVEL.
By the COUNTESS of BLESSINGTON.
With Portrait, and Memoir of her Ladyship, by her Niece,

Miss POWER.

"A Tale of light-hearted Irish girls and light-heeled red-coats—
full of ineident."—Athenwurn.

" This novel is one of the most lively and life-like of the Author's
productions."—Literary Gazette.
WlPiam Shcberl, Publisher, 20, Great Marlborough-street, London.
*** Orders received by all Booksellers.

THEATRE ROYAL. DRURY-LANE.
Lessee and Manager, Mr. JAMES ANDERSON.
The Lessee respectfully begs to submit the following scale of Prices
of Admission for public approval: -
Private boxes, 31. 35., 21. 12s. 6d., 2/. 25., 11. 1 ls. 6d., and 11. Is.
Stalls, ss. each.
s. d. s. d.
FIRST PRICE. SECOND PRICE.
Boxes - - 4 0 Boxes - - 2 0
Pit - - - 2 0 Pit - - 1 0
Lower Gallery -1 0 I Lower Gallery -0 6
Upper Gallery - 0 6 No Half-price to Upper Gallery.
THIS EVENING,
Will be presented, by her Majesty's Servants,
The Play of THE LADY OF LYONS. Claude Melnotte, Mr. J
Anderson Ileauseant, Mr. Montague ; Glavis, Mr. Parry ; Oreneral
Dames, Mr. Baker; M. Deschapelles, Mr. Davidge ; Pauline Des-
chapelles, Miss Vandenhoff.
To be followed by a New Grand Historical, Metaphorical,
Allegorisal, and Diabolical Pantomime, by the author of " Bluff
King Hal 'to be called HARLEQUIN and GOOD QUEEN BESS ;
cr, MERRIE ENGLAND IN THE OLDEN TIME,
" Then the ladies with large ruffs, tied round about their necks
so fast,
Would gobble up a pound of beetMeaks for their breakfast.
0 ! the golden days of Good Queen Bess,
Merry be the memory of Good Queen Bess."—Old Song.
The Overture and Music entirely new, composed by Nobody-
knowswho, assisted by Mozart, Bishop, Rossini, Ware, Handel, Rod-
ve,ll, Haydn, and the Ethiopian Serenaders. The Rounds are the
mposition of a select Circle. The Catches are by Locke.
The Ballet Department under the superintendence of Madame
Louise.
The Scenery painted by Messrs. Brunning, Jones, Wilson, C.
Adams, and Assistants.
The Properties, Magic Tricks, and Transformations invented and
executed by Mr. W .111amire.
The Costumes by Mr. Palmer and Miss Biggs. The extensive
Machinery by Mr. Adams.
The whole produced under the Direction of Mr. T. Thompson.
IMMORTALS.
Christmas, Mr. R. Jones; The Spirit of John Rich, Mr. Darcie;
the Spirit of High Tragedy, Mr. J. Parry; The Spirit of Punch,
miss Eunice; Spirit of Mother Goose, Gulliver, Baron Menchausen,
&c., &c., by &c., &e.

MORTALS.
Gcoi Queen Bess, Mr. R. Romer ; A ny Robsart, Mr. G. Watson ;
Fier Lovely Bobby, Master Butter ; The Great Earl of Leicester,
At. Dean; The Little Earl of Essex, Mr. Henry; The Unspeak-
able Lord Burleigh, 34r. Johnson; The Hasher Lord Bacon, Mr.
Barry ; The Smoky Sir Walter Raleigh, Mr. Manderson ; The
Dancing Lord Chancellor Sir Christopher Hatton, Mr. Chapin°
Maids of Honour, Pages, Beefeaters, Guards, Morris Dancers,
(esters, Wildmen, Dragoons, and. other Bores, by the rest of the
company

CHRISTMAS COMES BUT ONCE A YEAR,
met although he comes in snow, he still hopes to meet with a warm
eception—but where Is he going ? Why, to pay his yearly Tlsit to
the Spirit of John Rich, in the
GHOSTLY CITY OF DEPARTED FUN.
This city is composed of the Tombs of the by-gone Pantomimes—
" Who's dat knocking at der door ?"—Come and see—" J. Anderson's
my Joe, John." and " I am Rich," that's more than every one can
say ; we wish they could—How to make a Pantomime ?—" that is
the question"—but the answer, it is hoped, will 1 c satisfactory—
Poor Tra-gc-dy meets with no clemency, so we fly by night" to
A SPLENDID HALL IN THE PALACE OF GOOD
QUEEN BESS.
We now come to historical Facts, therefore, as the Clown at
.Istley's would sac, " Let us be serious." It is an historical fact,
that the Earl of Essex loved, or pretended so, Good Queen Bess,
therefore he hated the Earl of Leicester, and thence arose a conspi-
racy—Slr Walter Raleigh fears his pipe will be put out—Bacon gets
quite in a frizzle, and Lord Burleigh shakes his head—but there's
nothing in that, whatever they may say to the contrary.
It is an historical fact, that Good Qacen Bess was assisted at her
toilet by many of her noblemen, therefore the
GRAND PROCESSION OF TILE TOILETTE

is introduced, in which the Royal Wig ! the Royal Ruff ! ! the
Royal Blus!ies ! ! ! and the Royai Petticoat ! ! ! ! will make their
first appearance on any stage, and trust to the " usual indulgence of
A British Public." These are followed by
GOOD QUEEN BESS
en deshabille, as she is represented in a picture at Hampton Court.
—What comes next will certainly follow—and then wl ll be seen
GOOD QUEEN HESS
n all her royal splendour.—lt is an Historical Fact, that Good
,Iteeti Bess, like " Young Susan"—" had lovers so many that she
scarcely knew upon wh ch to decide"—and it is an Historical Fact
that the following were a few of them.
TIIE REJECTED ONES:
Philip of Spain, Prince Rupert, Prince of Sweden, Duke of Anjoa,
Prince Alent;on, Marquis of Winchester, the King of Sweden,
ilenry of Navarre, Archduke Char.es, Earl of Arundel, Sir William
Pickering, Charles Blount, and the Earl of Arran. Good Queen
Bess appoints a meeting of these " wonderous proper men" at
Kenilworth, but declares, that on her way, " A hunting she will go"
—and having got on the " High Horse," the story gallops on to
C LIMN OR HALL BY MOON LIGMT —Wilson.
"!7oming events cast their shadows before "—" Rest thee,
my darling "—Ketchy, ketchy, ketchy—" Put out the light,
and then "—enter the Earl of Leicester on his way to Kenil-
worth—lle stops at Love's half-way house, the Robsar Arms—" Oh,
Susanna," or rather " Oh, Amy !"—lt can't be said, " he makes no
bones about it "—They part, " more in sorrow, than in anger," but,
" being gone, Amy is herself again "—that is to say, a rather jealous
young lady, who in her " deep despair," introduces her Lovely
Babby, to whom she sings the following pathetic stanza :
" Come my babby, come along with me
We'll go to far-famed Kenilworth,
Your naughty dad to see."
Ind so they do.

KENILWORTH CASTLE
Is it appeared on the occasion of Good Queen Bess's Royal Visit.
For further particulars inquire of Sir Walter Scott. It is an histori-
ml fact that Good Queen Bess paid the Earl of Leicester a visit, aunt
" paid the piper." This, his gorgeous fete, half ruined him ; there-
fore we pity his fate, but must admire his wondrous generosity, for
all he ever hoped for in return was—half-a-crown. The Earl fore-
stalls Shakspere, ley discovering " that the course of true lave never
did run smooth," for here he meets with some twenty " competi-
teurs," and to him they do come " petit ours," for they prove per-
fect bears, or, more properly speaking, bores. A Lovers' Quarrel
on a grand scale, a sort of " tiff for the million," takes place, which,
although beginning in love, ends in war, and the total destruction of
TilE SPANISH ARMADA!
Sy Warner's Fulminating Blow-up—Tragedy has now done his
worst, and Rich finding that even Rich must become poor if war
continues, proposes a " Peace Congress," anti brings all to a close
by making them all change their elothe—
The Earl of Leicester puts on the motley garb of Harlequin, M.

Dealt!).
Lord Burleigh that of Pantaloon, M.. J. Dentin.
The Earl of Essex that of Clown, Mr. C. Stilt,
And Amy Robsart dons the Robe d'Amoar of Columbine, Madlle.

Theadore.

All we have further to say for Good Queen Bess is—Viva! Regina,
and off she goes." " Welcome, Old Friends, 'Us Ion; since we
met !" " Here we are !" " How are you?"

iitisEßW -AND PICKLE WAREHOUSE, AND RAILWAY

OFFICE.
Cupid and Clawn—Batter and Butterflies—Hungarian Knock-'em-
Downs, and German Toys—War to the Knife, and Terrific Explo-
ston—itailvray Offices to Let—Pantaloon becomes Tenant—Shares
at a Discount—Clown Cooks Acconapts, and Itallway King in Tribu-

. _
lation—Change to
INTERIOR OF CATACOMBS 1
SIMPSON'S DIVAN AND TAVERN, Strand.
_ .

The most approved way of Cooking a Goose—Clown makes himself
Welcome—the Waiters at Fault—a Transformation—Clown Puzzled
—Calf's Head for One—A Kitten Wanted—Save the Credit of th 3
Establishment—Police ! Police !—and Change to
EXETER HALL.

Meeting of the Peace Coogress—flow to get up a Row—Prosylites
Beware—Hurabug the Order of the Day—Embracing at a Premitun,
and Domestic Tableau of the Happy Family,
POULTERER'S AND SHOP TO LET.
Stick ao Bills, in case you should Kill Sweet William.
A DOWNRIGHT "NOBBY DANCE."
Heads Win the Prize.
SMITHFIELD.
Potatoes all Hot—Toss and Buy—Three real Epping Sausages, and
Bread, for One Penny—A Mad Ball—Pork versus Tabbies —A Re-
port for Enlarging Smithfield Market —lloloway's Purifying Pills—
New Tariff—Gin Greatly Reduced—Warranted not to Produce Spon-
taneous Combustion—Puff, the Order of the Day—Punch and the
City Nuisance—Go it, Bricks—and Sudden Transfot mation to
A SALUBRIOUS SPOT.
STREET AND LODGING•HOUSES.
What will he seen here is of little use to those who have no eyes.
—" Lend me your ears"—" Oh, what a falling off, my countrymen,
w en you, and I, and all of us, fell down."—Shakspere.
BED-ROOM IN LODGING-HOUSE,
Comfortable Quarters—Lola, and the Gallant Son of Mars—Clown's
otioa of Warm and Convenient Arrangements—Good Night—Late
Visitors—A Troublesome Customer—Mr. Walker, an intruder
Novel Mode of Expelling same—A Stormy Night—Clown and Pan-
taloon in Great Alarm—lncantation Extraordinary—and General
Chamber Polka.
CHARING-CROSS AND STRAND.
What's to be done ?—Buy the Lady's Newspaper.
FROST FAIR ON THE THAMES.
Ere Soup—Temperance Hotel, J. Frost.—N.B. Iced Champagxe—
Oh, the Roast Beef of Old England !—Sports of the Glacearum—
" Plaisirs d'Hiver"—Clown wants some Fish, but can only get
Skate, which he finds rather tough ; it won't go down, though he does.
FATHER THA SEES' RETREAT,
I , Tiddyball's Alley, in the middle of the Thames, with Brass Door
and Gingerbread Knocker.
General "Meeting of the Waters"—The Alarm—Summoning of the
City Abominations—Arrival of the Resident Director of the " Silent
Highways"—Fearful Resolve—Marshalling of the Forces—Grand
Attack, and Tableau of Interest.
SOUTHAMPTON WATERS, WITH VESSZT,
For California or anywhere else.
GRAND MOVING DIORAMA,

lesigned and painted entirely by Brunning. Illustration of Her
Most Gracious Majesty's Visit to Ireland, showing the following
points of interest :—Departure for Osborne—Passing Cowes and
approaching the Needles—The Royal Yacht passing through the
Fleet at Portsmouth—The Eddystone Lighthouse—Passing the
Land's End at Sunset—The Royal Squadron by Moonlight—and
Arrival at Queen's Town. Three cheers and a hundred more I
Scene the Last.
THE PALACE OF PANTOMIME.
Stage Manager, Mr. James Anderson.
Acting Manager, Mr. W. Bennett. Treasurer. Mr. W. Dunn.
Musical Director, Mr. G. H. Itodweil.
Leader of the Band, Mr. J. W. Thirlwall.
Ballet Mistress, Madame Louise.
Scenic Artists—Messrs. Brunning, Jones, iVilsos. C. Adams, and
Assistants.

Decorative Artist, Mr. W. ganure.—Machinist, Mr. W. Adams.
Stage Director, Mr. T. Thompson. Prompter, Mr. C. Melville.
Costumiers, Mr. Palmer and Miss Biggs.
Box-book-keeper, Mr. J. Pony.

FRENCH PLAYS and OPERA. COMIQUE,
ST. JAMES'S THEATRE.
Mr. MITCHELL begs respectfully to announce that the French
Performances at the St. James's Theatre will commence
TO-MORROW EVENING,
by the production of a new OANDORRE.pera, in Tee Acte, entitled
LE VAL D'hr
Stephan, M. Lac; Le Joyeux, M. Chollet ; Satnmin, M. Killy
Leroy ; Jacques Sincere, N. Nathan ; Theresa, Madlle. Guiehard ;
Georgette, Madlle. Cotti ; Rose de Mai, Madlle. Charton.
The Box-office of the Theatre is open daily from Eleven till
Five.

THEATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKET.
Mr. B. Webster, ISele Lessee and Manager, Old Brompton.
THIS EVENING,

Will bs performed a new Comedy, entiled THE SERIOUS FA-
MILY. Characters by Messrs. Webster, J. Wallack, Backstone ;
Mrs W. Clifford, Miss Reynolds, and Mrs. Fitzwilliam.
After which THE NINTH STATUE or, The Jewels and
The Gem. Principal characters by Mr. Munyard, Miss P. Horton,
Mrs. L. S. Buckingham, and Miss K. Fitzwilliam.
To conclude with BOX AND COX. ..
The Box-office is under the direction of Mr. I. T. Archer.

THEATRE ROYAL. ADELPIII.
Under the direction of Madame Celeste.
_ TIIIS EVENING. _

Will be performed a new domestic Drama, called THE WILLOW
COPSE. Principal characters by Messrs. Hughes, Wright, P. Bed-
Ihrd, 0. Smith, Worrell; Madame Celeste, and Miss Woolgar.
After which FRANKENSTEIN ; or, The Model Man. Franken-
stein, Mr. Wright; the What is It? Mr. P. Bedford; Zamiel, Mr. 0.
Smith ; Otto of Rosenberg, bliss Woelgar ; Tiddlewinez, Miss E.
Chaplin ; Agatha, Miss Coveny ; Uudine, Miss E. Harding.
To be followed by a new slippery sketch called MRS. BUNBURY'S
SPOONS. Mr. Highbury Barnes, Mr. P. Bedford; Bob Twinks,
Mr. Wright; Job Smith, Mr. 0. Smith; Mrs. Millbury, Mrs. Y.
Matthews ; Mrs. Highbury Barnes, Miss Brooks.

ROYAL LYCEUM THEATRE.
Under the Management of Madame VeldTias
Sole Lessee, Mr. Charles Mathews.
THIS EVENING,
Will be performed NOT A BAD JUDGE.
After which THE ISLAND OF JEWELS.
To conclude with A PRACTICAL MAN.
Dress Boxes 55.; Upper Boxes, 4s. ; Pit, 2s. ; Gallery, le— NO
half-price to any part of the house.
All applications for Private Boxes must be made to Mr. Aileron, 15,
New Bond-street.

• :41'0'

e lalta Of 11.2;int,
LONDON, THURSDAY, JANUARY 10, 1850.

While the Old World is still convulsed with the
struggles of expiring Feudalism, a voice from the
New World proclaims with calm triumphant accents
the beneficent and pacific nature cf Democratic insti-
tutions. The dawning of the nineteenth century saw
the American Republic yet in its infancy, and now,
at the close of fifty years, it holds a foremost place in
the ranks of nations. The PRESIDENT'S Message,
dated December, 1849,.is of a singularly satisfactory
character, and many paragraphs of it will be perused
with delight by the inhabitants of this country.
Not so much because they speak the same language
but because they enjoy the same inherent love o,
liberty as ourselves, the people of England feel a deep
and peculiar sympathy with the men of America
(Albeit we occasionally find cause to lament their
treachery to the cause of universal freedom). The
present Message holds out an example worthy of general
imitation on the part of legislators. It proclaims in
unmistakeable accents a spirit of peace, a love of
liberty, and an anxiety to improve and promote by
every possible means the welfare ef the people. In
the part which has rt-farence to foreign nations we
flail the folloaing observations, which will be cur-
didly welcomed by the Liberals of Europe :
" During the late conflict between Austria and Hun-
gary, there seemed to be a prospect that the latter might
become an independent nation. however faint that
prospect at the time appeared, I thought it my duty, in
,ecordance with the general sentiment of the Ararericac
people, who deeply sympathised with the. Magyar pa-
triots, to stand prepared, upon the contingency of the
establishment by her of a permanent Government, to
.te
the first to welcome independent Hungary into the fonniy
if nations. For this purpose I invested an agent, then
in Europe, with power to declare our willingness
promptly to recognise her independence, in the event of
her ability to sustain it. The powerful intervention of
Russia in the contest extinguished the hopes of the
struggling Magyars. The United States did not at any
time interfere in the contest; but the feelings of the na
tion were strongly enlisted in the cause, and by the suf
ferings of a brave people who had made a gallant though
unsuccessful effort to be free."

The time is not far distant, we may be assured,
when the noble ambition of the American PRESIDENT
will be realised, and " independent ilungary will be
welcomed into the family of nations."
Among the subjects of more immediate American
interest, reference is made to the projected canal to
join the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific. With
regard to this undertaking the PRESIDENT sugges's
that such a course of communication for the benefit
of all nations should not be under the command
of any individual stAte. No single power
he says should be in a position to interfere with the
commerce of the world, or " obstruct a highway which
ought to be dedicated to the common uses of hu-
manity." It is anticipated by the PRESIDENT that
California will seek to be admitted into the ranks of
the Union. The reduced system of postage having
been found successful, a still further reduction is
hinted at—reducing all single letters to the
uniform rate of five cents. In order to
develope the agricultural resources, and assist
the agriculturists of the country, the PRESI-
DENT suggests the establishment of an Agricultural
Bureau to be connected with the Department of the
Interior. As regards the wisdom of protecting
native industry by increased import duties, we can-
not agree with the PRESIDENT'S Message, for so we
interpret his recommendation to Congress on that
subject.
These are among the more generally important
subjects touched upon in the Messlge, but the whole
article is, especially at the present moment, full of
interest. At the conclusion the PRESIDENT pledges
himself never to employ his constitutional power of
veto save only in such cases as are especially designed
by the Constitution. The fAlowing paragraph is
worthy of oonsideration in other places besides
America :

" As indispensable to the preservation of our system
of government, thdOndependence of the r' presentativ, a
of the States, and the people is guaranteed by the Con-
stitution ; and they owe no responsibility to any human
power but their constituents. By holding the represen-
tatives responsible only to the p€ 00,,, and exempting
them from all other influences, we elevate the character
of the constituent and quicken his sense of responsi-
bility to his country. It is under these circumstances
only that the elector can feel that, in the choice of the
slaowvermei
agkne rp,
power
e ri s
of
the himself,
nation:' t ru
A. pure representative Government is the mostlJ7, a component part of the
theoretically reasonable and the most practically effi-
eicious. To reduce the representative system to its
constitutional purity is a work no less necessary and
desirable in England than in America. The Message
concludes with a grateful eneomium upon the
Republic, which has " stood unshaken fur more than
half a century, during which kingdoms and empires
have fallen." It has stood because truth and justice
were at its basis, and it will stand so long as those
virtues are visible in its proceedings.

already realised
theConmobmleerctehoaugnduciovfilizthateionpoehat.;e
The seas now
serve to join the nations they divide,
the prosperity of one free people is no
longer an object of envy to another. On the
contrary, experience has taught us that the good of
one is the good of all. Hence the Message of
the American PRESIDENT is a subject of immediate
interest here, and happily, in the present instance, its
contents are a subject of satisfaction.

Mr. COBDEN is a bold man. He has dared to
" Beard the lion in his den,
The Douglas in his hall."
Hetravreellperdeseinnttoatißve7kbiy many degrees the mostnghainshire, and invited its
chosen
brilliant and effective champion of Protection, to
meet him in his own county town. That invitation,
however, was not accepted. The " swarry" was un-
visited by Mr. DISRAELI, and consequently the
Cock of the North " was enabled to
crow with impunity, undisturbed by the an-
swering defiance of a rival Chanticleer. He felt,
however, that he was standing on delicate ground in
an enemy's country, and, consequently, was more
guarded in his language and temperate in his ex-
pression, than when addressing his brother manufac-
turers, in the heart of his own Riding. He did not
indulge in an unseemly triumph, or exhibit that
vaunting arrogance, and overweening self-con-
ceit for which his speech at Leeds was
so painfully conspicuous, and which exas-
perated his opponents, and saddened his friends,
but entered temperately and calmly into an
examination of fil3 question of "protection," and
showed how totally opposed it was to the best inte-
rests of the nation. He no longer appeared to con-
sider himself an autocrat, announcing his sovereign
will and pleasure to hordes of obedient serfs, but a
plain sensible man, addressing his fallow-subjects
on matters of the deepest importance to their
common interests. Neither was he babbling about
a universal disarmament, of the lion lying down side
by side with the lamb, or of the CZAR submitting
the wrongs and grievances of unhappy Pol_t!.,i, or the
Red Emperor the injuries of afflicted Hungary, to
the arbitration of a peace congress. He was speak-

ing on something that he really understood, on a
topic with which he had made himself per-
fectly acquainted. It is, then fore, almost
unnecessary to say that the lloa. Gentleman ap-
peared to fa- greater advantage at Aylesbury than at
either of his recent visitations to Leeds or
Bradford.

Let it not, however, be supposed that the llon.
Member fur Buckinghamshire, although he refused
to attend the " COBDEN tea party," would shrink
from sustaining his own peculiar views on any proper
occasion. We differ toto ccelo from these views, but we
respect a bold and manly opponent such as Mr.DIsnAELI
and shall never ascribe unworthy motives to such a
man for declining the " cartel of defiance" which he
had received. Indeed, for all practical purposes, so
far as the community is concerned, the meeting may
be considered to have taken place. Mr. DISRAELI
opened the ball at Great Marlow on Tuesday, while
Mr. COBDEN and his associates replied at Aylesbury on
Wednesday, but, the thoughts and sentiments, almost
the ipsissima verba of each have already been wafted on
the wings of the press throughout the length and
breadth of the land. Neither intended that the
flowers of his rhetoric should be restricted to the
narrow circle of listeners. A more numerous audi-
ence was addressed than any that could be contained
in the large room of the Crown Hotel, Great
Marlow, or the Counts-hall, Aylesbury. Mr.
COBDEN had the advantage of having
a few clear hours to consider the arguments of the
Protectionist leader, and also had the last word with-
out being exposed to interruption or annoyance ; but,
if the speeches be read consecutively the illusion will
be complete, and we may fancy that the rival cham-
pions were ctually face to face, and pouring forth
their 1 cf eloquence in presence of each
other. Besides, it must not be forgotten that
the season is rapidly approaching when they will
meet, night after night, during six dreary months, in
which they may have many " pleasant passages at
arms " in the presence of a more select auditory than
any which Buckinghamshire, or even the West
Riding, could afford. The quarrel is a pretty quarrel
as it stands, and as Sir Lucius 07RIGGER ex-
presses, the distinguished combatants can " fight
in peace and quietness," without any danger of phy-
sical force being resorted to, to help the moral weight
of their arguments. We shall await the contest with
some curiosity. Mr. COBDEN was the challenger,
and according to the recognised laws of the duello
the challenged can appoint the time and place of
meeting. Mr. DISRAELI has named the House of
Commons as the arena, and any time during the ap-
proaching session as the opportunity for the contest.
Then, indeed, Greek sa ill meet Greek, and a clear
stage and no favour will be accorded to the in tellec-
tual gladiators.

Owing to the recent vacancy in the Literary Pen-
sion List, occasioned by the lamented death of the
Scottish historian, that mediocre fund has again been
brought into public notice. One of our Contemporaries
has commented on the evil consequences of a profuse
bestowal of undeserved, although trifling, annuities.
Genius, he says, will work its own way—" its
capacity for making its own way against all obstacles
is the best criterion of its genuineness." The obser-
vation is, undoubtedly, truthful in the main ; and we
would have all desponding authors cherish it as an
antidote to despair ; but does experience practically
verify the maxim ? how often does the triumph
come too late? Have we ao records of " hearts
seared," and " brains riven," by the pressure of
unkindly circumstances, which might have done the
state some service and tasted the purest happi-
ness of life, if a helping hand had been
outstretched in the m ament of necessit:, ?
We boast of our national wealth and liberality.
Magnificent hospitals attest our charity, an expensive
slave•prevention system bears witness to our philan-
thropic zeal. Thousands upon thousands are freely
given to construct palaces for our royal rulers, and
tens of thousands are lavished in pensions upon the
descendants of the favourites of ancient kings ; and
yet, with all this profusion of expenditure, we give—
we, the civilized, the enlightened, the book-loving
British nation—we give to our men of genius a paltry '
sum of twelve hundred a year ! The fact is almost
incredible, but, unfortunately, it is not to be gain-
, ssyed. It is borne witness to by the secret but
incalculable sufferings which it is inadequate to
alleviate. No one who admits the advisability of
bestowing literary pensions at all can be satisfied
with the amount of this miserable fund. And can
any one', question the propriety of a literary pension
list? The great body of the people—the tax pavers
—the actual contributors to the fund—very surely
they do not grudge it, nor would they were it ten
times as great. They may occasionally question the
manner in which their money is disposed of; they
may ask why their daily expenses are increased, and
their little earnings subtracted from, to fill the coffers of
Dukes and Lords, who would be puzzled if called
upon to show cause for receiving money on quarter
day. There are pension lists which we quarrel with,
but the people of England, rich and poor, have,
thank GOD, too many fireside friends among the
literary men to quarrel with a pension list,
drawn up for their benefit. Beyond this, have
not the mental benefactors of their countrymen a
claim upon national benevolence ? We support, for
life, every soldier and every sailor who has been
once enrolled in the service of the State.
Every eighteenth of Juno a gallant bani assembles
at Apsley House—men who, as the saying goes, have
deserved well of their country. Nor has the nation
been niggardly in its recompense—
" Lands and honour, wealth and power,
Well their loyalty repaid.".
But is the world less indebted to the services of the
votaries of Captain Pen ? Have we no foes save these
who may be put down by force of arms? Do not a
nation's direst enemies too often grow up in her
own bosom ? Ignorance, infidelity, rebellious pride,
selfishness, and desponding sorrow, these, and a
host of yet more corrupting influences, assail us with
dangerous and insidious weapons, and it is against
these that our poets and our philosophers wage a
gallant and effectual war. Think you not, when
DICKENS penned his immortal " Carol," exhibiting
selfish tyranny in its most repulsive guise, and
stirring up sweet Christmas :affections in the hearts
of thousands—when the author of " Sybil" placed the
contrasting characteristics of the two nations (rich
and poor) in startling juxta-position--when BULWER
illustrated the holy influence of home by his inimitable
" Family Picture"—when ELIZA COOK sang the
virtues of sobriety in her most admirable " Temper-
ance Song"—when the Scottish ploughman proc-
claimed the paltriness of artificial distinctions
compared with individual merit, singing
" A man's a man for a' that,"—
when LONGrELLOW produced his sublime "Psalm of
Life," which stirs the hearts of all who hear it, as
the trumpet incites the war-horse—
"Act, act, in the living present,"—
when CoLERIDGE wrote that sweet definition of Chris-
tian charity--
" He prayeth best who loveth best
All things both great and small,"—
when CAMPBELL philosophically taught—
•• is to conquer our fate."—

our low estimate of intellect, by continuing to give
thousands of pounds for everything else, but
to our literary fund nothing but twelve hundred ?
Of course we cannot be understood to advocate an in-

discriminate pmioning of every amateur scribe.
There are many who do not deserve, and there are
many whose recognised celebrity renders them in-
dependent of any such help. But there are, also a
large class whose labours have already earned for
them their country's gratitude, men who have sowed
plentifully, but whose golden harvest has yet to be
reaped, and to these a present help would be a God send.
Hereafter their names may become celebrated, and
gold may be poured upon their coffins.
" When his bark lies buried deep
Will Envy b© the first to weep"—
but nolo their life is a burden to them—the very ten-
derness of heart and refinement of sensibility which
enable them to charm the souls of others render
them more acutely sensible to the tortures of poverty
ancr the ignominy of neglect. If not for their sakes,
at least for our own—for the honour of that en-

ighte.nment and liberality to which we, as a people,

lay especial claim—let something more than twelve
hundred a year attest the British nation's appreciation
of men of genius.

HIE FRENCH REPUBLIC.

We have received the Paris journals of yesterday.
The large majority by which the Government
has carried the Bill for the regulation of primary
schoolmasters, preceded as it was by their victory of
the previous day over the united forces of the Moun-
tain, the Legititnatists, and M. TRIERS, may be con-
sidered as a complete triumph of the policy of the
Presilential MeSSVR. Indeed the Constitutionnel,
which has now b,.come the Ministerial organ, declares
that it considers these votes to be absolute triumph of
the policy of the Ministry.
The discussion on the organic law relating to
Public Instruction is fixed for the 14th. The
Presse prophecies that it will never pass into a
law. In the opinion of M. EMILE DE GIRARDIN, the
Ministerial Bill and the De Falloux project will
both be so altered and amended that no party will
accept them, and the Assembly itself will
be divided into so many fractions that it
will be impossible to carry any measure on the
subject.
The agents of the Monte Videans are exceedingly
active in endeavouring to enlist a French Legion to
serve against hos As. They have, it appeared, made
overtures to the Garde Mobile to enter the Monte
Videan service. Several members of the Assembly
intend, it is kaid, to bring forward a proposition for a
mixt'd expedition to Monte Video, the ex-
pence of which is to be ultimately paid
by Monte Video, the French troops to remain in
Monte Video until the charge of the expedition shall
be defrayed.
General DE LAAIORICIERE arrived in Paris on
Tuesday.
_ . .

A letter from Toulon of the sth instant announces
the arrival in that port of La Cnimere, from Civita
Vecchia, having on board two companies of engi-
neers. Six regirntqlts of the army of occupation at
Rome had received orders to hold themselves ready
to embark.

The zVserlibly yesterday alepted the first article of
Bill on primary schoolieas!ers.

The Bill presented on the previous day by the Mi-
nister f Justice for increasing the pay (f non-com-
missioned officers by 20c. per day, was referred by
the Assembly to the Committee on the budget. In
the course of the sitting, however, on the motion of
M. de Mornay, who, being struck with the political
importance of the Bill, thought that it should be
examined by a special committee, the Assembly
came back on its decision and referred it to the
bureaux.

PARIS BOURSE, JAN. 9.—Closing prices Cash :
Rentes Five per Cent. 94f. 40c.; ditto, Three per
Cents., 57f. 73c. ; Bank of France,2,4ls.

BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE
LONDON STOCK-EXCHANGE, JAN. 9.
Dutch Rhenish, 11/9—Great Indian Peninsula, N—Lux-
embourg, VI Ditto, 7A; —Namur and Liege, 7,i—Northern
of France, IIA dis.—Orleans and Bourdeaux, 3%—Parisand
Routh, 231/2—Sambre and Meuse, 2%. ,