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London, England, 1844-03-20 00:00:00

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GENERAL TOM THUMB, the American
Dwarf, exhibiting every Day and Evening at the EGYPTIAN
HALL, PICCADILLY, previous to his departure for Paris. This
beautiful and wonderful MAN in MINIATURE is the smallest per-
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proportions, lively, sociable, graceful, and intelligent, Twenty-tlve
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the Press excepted. -
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MR. BEARD'S' .DAGUERREOTYPE, or
PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS. •
These inimitable and much admired Portraits, in which further
improvements have lately been effected, are taken by the Patentee,
at 85, King William-street, City ; 34, Parliament-street ; and at the
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licenses are granted for exercising the invention in provincial towns
and districts.

IN-ATIONAL LOAN FUND LIFE ASSUR...
• AWE SOCIETY,
26, CORNHILL, LONDON.
Capital 4500,000.
Empowered by Act or Tarliament.

The many novel and varied advantages bestowed by this Institu-
tion, both in its life assurance and deferred annuity departments, par-
ticularly the power to borro* two-thirds of premiums without ex-
pense or forfeiture—the great reduction of rates on short policies—
the option of selecting benefits and converting policies so as best to
suit the interest or • necessity of the policy-holder during life, as Well
as to afford the full benefit to his family at death, and.annual division
of profits, have already been so. well appreciated by the public, that
the Society's great success and growing prosperity enabled the Di-
rectors, at their General Meeting in May last, to add to each policy
on the profit scale a bonus averaging fifty -five per cent. on the
amount already invested; and this bonus, according to an equitable
scale, may either be paid in cash, or applied in reduction of future
premiums.

EXAMPLES.

Policy. Annual Bonus
Entry. Age. Sum.
No Prem. Added.
£ .£ s.d. £ s.d.
18371. 39 59 1,000 67 8 4 132 14 6
1838 ll4 56 3,000 175 15 0 296 9 7

Cash Prem.
Bonus. (Reduced,

X s.d. £ s.d.
58 19 9 8 19 4
123 0 6 16 9 7

Another Bonus will be declared in the present year.

Age. I For One Ytar. 11 or Seven Years. I Whole Term.

20 ZO 17
30 1 1
40 1 5
50 1 14
60 3 2

£0 19 1
1 2 7
1 6 9
1 19 10
3 17 0

£1 11 10
2 0 7
2 14 10
4 0 11
6 0 10

One.third of " Whole Term" Premium may remain unpaid at
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may be paid off at anv time without notice.
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a provision for a family, when the least present outlay is desirable,
the varied and comprehensive tables of the Argus Office will be
found to be particularly favourable to the Assured.
The Medical Officers attend daily at a Quarter before Two o'Clock
EDWARD BATES, Resident Director.

A liberal Commission to Solicitors 'and Agents.

ROYAL
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Use are familiarly explained: by Dr. Ryan, at Two o'clock daily ,
illustrated by the LAMP of the ANCIENTS, the FIRT IMPROVE-
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the PELLETAN, the .CAMPHINE LIGHTS, New FRENCH
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HEAD of a MUMMY from THEBES, very remarkable.
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• Admittance, One Shilling.

IMPORTANT TO SETTLERS ABROAD.
Families or Gentlemen about to settle abroad, can effect &most
important saving in FURNISHING IRONMONGERY, by .visiting
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Portman-square, where may be seen, at one view, the most extensive
stock in the Kingdom ; embracing every requisite for the drawing-
room; dining-roorp, kitchen, and bed-chamber, sll warranted of first-
rate manufacture, and the price, for cash, affixed to each article.
THORPE, FALLO.WS, and Company, Vii;Baker-street, Portman-
square. "
The Economical Patent Thermic. Stove is In daily operation.

On Thursday Next will be published,
AN INQUIRY into the CURRENCY PRIN-
CIPLE ; the Connection of Currency with Prices, and the
Expediency of a Separation of Issue from Banking.
By THOMAS TOOKE, Esq:, F.R.S.
London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans ;
Of whom may be had, by the same Author, 3 vole., Bvo., Bs.,
A HISTORY of PRICES from 1792 to the present tithe. •

DR. CULVERWELL'S MEDICO-PHYSIO-
• LOGICAL PUBLICATIONS.
" Hail wedded love! Mysterious law!—true source
Of human ofillpring. • * • By thee '
Relations dear, and all the charities
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NEW SERIES. Price together 6e., by post, 9s. 6d.
The PHYSIOLOGY of the PASSIONS : their Manifestation and
Purpose. On Chastity, its influence on health, morals, and progeny;
its maintenance and neglect. On sound health, long life, end happy
feelings. On morbid derangements, nervous inostations, and despair.
On the casualties of incontinence. An admonitory yet consolatory
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The INSTITUTES of MARRI A G E ,• a M ;dip' Firrirdiur., cor the
closet perusal of those denied or diffident, yet desirous of securing
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Price 20 , by post, 35.
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late to. The author is a Doctor of Medicine, a member of the Col-
lege of Surgeons, and a Licentiate of Apotheearies' Hall, and his
writings are tounded upon the experience of 20 years' exclusive devo-
tion to the subjects they treat upon.
To be had of Sherwood, 23, Paternoster-row ; Carvalho, 147, Fleet.
street ; Ilannay, 63, Oxford-street ; Mann, 39, Cornhill; and the
author, '2l? Arundel street, Strand. At home daily till two—evenings,
seven to nine

LAME IT ON DEBILITY, NERVOUSNESS, AND ALL
DISORDERS ARISING FROM EXCESS, &c.
" He who in ple, sure's downy arras
Ne'er lost his health or youthfu 'charms,
A hero lives, and justly can
Exclaim, in me beho'd a man I"
Just published (in a sealed envelope), Tenth Edition, price 2s. 6d.,
or sent by post, free, to any address, 3s. 6d.,
QELF-PRESERVATION : a Popular Essay on
1.7 those concealed disorders originating in youthful excesses,
and terminating in Nervous Debility, Local and Constitutional
Weakness, Indigestion, Insanity, and Consumption. With Practical
Observations on Marriage, and on the Anatomy, Physiology, and
Diseases of the Reproductive Organs, with plain Directions for
their perfect Restoration
By SAMUEL LAMERT, Consulting Surgeon,
fl. Bedford street, Bedford-square, London, Matriculated Member of
the University of Edinburgh, Honorary Member of the London
Hospital Medical Society, Licentiate of Apothecary's Hall, Lon-
don, &c.
" The various positions of Lover, Husband, and Parent, the in-
herent privileges of mankind, at e frequently marred and prevented
through the follies and frailties of early indiscretions. To such,
among others, this Essay addresses itself; and by its perusal many
questions may be satisfactorily adjusted that admit of no appeal even
to the most confidential friend "—Stafford Gazette.
"The design of this work will be tolerably obvious from its title,
and we cordially recommend the author and his book to all who are
suffering from nervous debility and general weakness."—Wakefield
Journal.
Published by the Author, and sold in London by S. Gilbert, 51 and
32, Paternoster-row; Starie, 23, Tichbo•ne. street, Quadrant, Regent-
street; Gordon, 146, Leadenhall.street ; and by all Booksellers.
At home every day till hree, and from Five till Eight.

Just published, (in a sealed envelope), price 2s. 6d., and sent free
by post to any address, 3s. 6d.,
TILE MEDICAL CONFIDANT,
A Practical and popular work Oil Nervous and S,xual
Debility, Local Weakness, Impotence, Sterility. and Consumption,
the result of youthful excesses, solitary indulgence, Ac., embracing
remarks on the destructive effects and treatment of diseases, Se.
condary Symptoms and Strictures, and the danger which must result
from neglect, &c., with available advice to those who are incapaci-
tated from forming a Matrimonial Alliance.
By H. J. BELL AND CO., M.R.C.S.L.,
19, Bouverie.street Fleet-street, Londoa.
Published by the authors, and sold at their establishment,. by
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street; T. Noble, 114, Chancery-lane; and by all Booksellers in the
United Kingdom.
This work is particularly addres ;ed to those who are prevented
from forming a matrimonial alliance, through a secret dread of in-
capacity for the discharge of the sacred obligations of marriage, and
to the thoughtless youth, whose follies (to speak mildly), have en-
tailed upon him debility in its worst form, and disfiguring disease;
therefore a perusal of the MEDICAL CONFIDENT will be found
an available introduction to the means of perfect and secret restora-
tion to manhood.
At home for Consultation, from 10 in the morning till S in the
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WHITTINGTON AND HIS CAT

The singular legend of " Whittirgton's Cat,"
Has aff,,roled amusement to many a brat.
'Tis pleasing to hear, as the narrative tells,
How the Heroe was hail'd by the ringing of bells,
Which loudly foretold in their musical ditty,
Of Whittington s thrice being Mayor of the City.
Bat what are the fortunes which Whittington won,
To the mighty achievements of MOSES and SON
They must sink in the shade, when comparison's made,
Will the wonders which MOSES and EON have display'd.
Not only does London our glory proclaim,
But the whole of th Universe sounds with our name;
And befale the wide world we are daily disnlard,
Not AYORS of the CITY," but " LORDS of the TRADE.
Fam'd Whittington eain'd his success by a Cat."
Now MUSES and SON can say far more than that.
Ey exertions in trade they obtain'd their success—
By securing to all the attainment of dress--
And by doing such wonders as never were done,
Till the glorious days of E M )SES and SON.
If an author would try his ingenious " tact,"
In sketching our hist'ry as " founded on fact;"
Poor Whittington's story would soon be out-done,
By " the wonderful Hist'ry of MOSES and SON."
READY MADE.

X s. d.

Taglionis, velvet collar and cuffs, lined throughout from ; 9 9
Beaver Chesterfield, velvet collars and cuff's, ditto ...from 0 10 6
4 odringtons, Peltos, York Wrappers, &c., handsomely
trimmed from 0 15 0
from 0
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ditto from I 4 0
MADE Te MEASURE.
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trimmed in the most fashionah'e style from 1 5 0
Doubled Milled Tweed Wrappers, lined from 0 18 0
Trousers of the newest fabric from 0 10 6
Or Three Pairs
Winter Waistcoats, in endless variety of material and
pattern
Dress Coats
The best manufacture fro:: 215 0
Mourning to any extent can be had at five minutes' notice; at the
following prices :
Men's Suits, dress coat, vest, and trousers from 1 16 0
Boys' ditto, jacket, vest, and trousers .. from 0 18 0
N.B Any article purchased or ordered, if net approved of, ex.
changed, or the money returned.
CAUTION.—E. Moses and Son regret being obliged to guard the
public against imposition, as they learn that the untradesmanlike
falsehood of being connected r with • them, or it's the same concern,
1 has been resorted to in many instances, and for obvious reasons.
Tney have no connexion-whatever with any ether establishment,
and those wko desire genuine-Cheap Clothing should call or send to
154, Minories, to guard against disappointment, &c.
Observe—E. MOSES and SON, Tailors, Vl holesale Woolen Drapers,
arid Outfitters, 154, Minories, and 86, Aldgate. . .

LLSOPP'S EAST INDIA PALE ALE.
In conseqnence of an advertisement issued by Messrs. Bass
and Co.. in "the'Londou. and 'provincial newspapers, we were utder
the neces,ity of addressing a letter to those gentlemen on the 26th
ult., informing them that their statements of the pr.ces of Pale Ale
in India, and the shi melds thereto, as far as we were concerned,
were "grossly incorrect," and that if tte advertisement were not
withdrawn, we should feel compelled publicly to allude to ti.e inac-
curacy of it. We have, therefore, no alternative but to declare
publicly, what we informed thfin pr,vately, that almost every state-
ment is " grossly incorrect." We take this opportunity of giving
ccounts of the latest bona fide wholesale sales of each Ale, as veri-
fied by the various prices current, and have only to refer partie to
those connected with India for a confirmation of these facts.

CAL( VITA : Rupees.
December, ISlS—Allsopp 77 per hhd.l Boyd fide sales, as per
Bass

MADRAS : - Rupees.
Peceralxr, 1841—Allsopp ' 70 per bhd.l Boni fide sales, .as ler
Bass ...... 65 ditto S public Prices Current.

• BOMBAY: • Rupees. -
December, 1843 Allsopp 65 per hhd./5 Bona fide sales, as per
B ss
The total shipments of one ',oar past, from Oztober to OcioLer,
.nclusive, were : Madras ai.d
Bombay. Calcutta. Total Hhds.
• A Ilsapp
Pass .......—... .............. 2,073

Every information will be given at their Stores,6l, King William.
street, London, or at the Brewery, Burton-upon- (*rent, as to parties
tpon whom the public may depend for procuring the East India Pale
Ale, and their 'othcf varieties of Burton Ale, and they may be ob-
tainsid from most of the respectable dealers throughout the kingdom.
—Allsopp and Sou's Brewery, Burton-upon-Treed, March 5, 1814.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.

FROM THE EVENING PAPERS OF YESTERDAY.

GLOBE.--:The debate on Lord Ashley's proposition
to limit the hours for women and children employed in
factories to ten hours, was resumed last night. After a
protracted but highly interesting discussion, it was car-
ried. Sir James Graham had proposed that the blank
should be filled up with " twelve " hours ; and was sup-
-I.orted by the members of the Government. The lesser
number of hours was, however, adopted by the Commit-
tee, by a majority of nine ; the numbers being—for the
amendment, 179; against it, 170. Ministers thus sus
tained a.defeat, which, though not of a party character,
is sufficiently mortifying; and may occasion consi-
derable embarrassment to them on other questions.
The observations made by Sir James Graham, after
the numbers were announced, showed that he was taken
by surprise. He intimated an intention—if, when the
question came before the Committee in a more sub-
stantive form, a similar result was obtained—to abandon
the Bill as a Government measure, and thus cast the
responsibility upon the House. With this admonition
to the adherents of the Government, there is no reason
to expect that the clause as it now stands will be adhered
to. Lord Ashley, and those who voted with him, will
either give way, and allow twelve hours to be intro-
duced as the limited duration of factory labour, or the
Bill will be withdrawn. A reference to our report of
the discussion will show that the propositions of Sir
James Graham and Lord Ashley were respectively
supported and opposed without any reference to
mere party politics, and even with an avowed change
of opinion in leading individuals, on both sides of
the House. Sir George Grey, Lord Howick, Lord
John Russell, and others of lesser note on the Oppo-
sition benches, who had in 1838 and 1839 sup-
ported the twelve hours term of labour, now spoke and
-voted in -favour of Lord Ashley's proposed limitation
of the period of labour to ten hours; while Lord Eliot,
and others on the Ministerial benches, who now sup-
• ported the proposition of twelve hours, were then found
among the approvers of the ten hours. This change of
views, on an important practical question, having no con-
ilection with party, must be referred to the effect produced
upon candid and inquiring minds by the force of evidence
subsequently adduced. With singular bad taste, and
with that unfortunate forgetfulness of striking pas-
sages in his own history, which he thus brings to the
recollection of every body else, Sir James Graham
taunted Sir George Grey with an abandonment of his
former views on this question ; and thus drew down
upon himself another of those rejoinders which such
provocations to retaliate generally produce :—" The
Right Honourable Baronet opposite had charged him
(Sir G. Grey) with personal inconsistency with regard
to his vete of -1839. The Right Honourable Baronet
ought to. have some little charity on the score of in-
consisteney.—(Laughter and cheers.) Since 1839
much information had been collected, and his regard
for consistency should not induce him to disregard
the 17ght that had been thrown upon the subject."
On the important principles involved in the question
which had thus occasioned so striking a change of opi-
nion, and consequently of action, in some of the leading
statesmen of the country, of both parties, it would be
deemed boldness, approaching to presumption, were we
to express ourselves in terms of positive decision. It
becoines us rather to pause and (xamine, than to
commit ourselves to a view, which we may beAn-
pelled, by the force of t?stimony, to reconsider ; and
having done so, to modify, if not reverse, the judgl
ment we had hastily delivered. With this view we
rather refer our readers to the debate, that they may
form their own judgment on the case, as presented by
the_speakers on both sides. They will thus be put in
possession of the history of legislative interference with
factory labour ; and the. effects of that interference on
the branches of manufacture to which that interference

has applied, and on the rights of capital and the
interests of industry, with which it has interfered.
We were particularly struck with a passage in Mr.
Labouchere's speech, and by a similar one in that of
Sir Robert Peel, in which the effects of the pro-
posed restriction of the hours of labour would have
upon the wages of the labourers, are described. Though
the ten hours' clause only refers to women and children,
the clause will, in its practical operation, affect men
also ; as the departments of factory labour in which
women and children are employed, must be kept in
motion, in order that those occupied by the men may be
available to the general design. How is the deficiency
in wages, which the diminished amount of labour will
occasion, to be supplied ? This excision of one-
sixth from the earnings of those who will thus be pre-
vented from pursuing the employments on which they
depend for susbistence, must be followed by privations
extending to one-sixth of the aggregate of their
present supply. In the times of brisk demand for goods,
fabricated by the labour of these persons, their increased
wages may bear the diminution ; but when the demand
is slack, and wages low—when labour, taxed to its

limit, will scarcely procure a sufficiency of bread—the
privations inflicted by this well-meant, but questionable
benevolence will be increased. By limiting labour, the
power of obtaining the essentials of human existence
must be, to the same extent, diminished.
STANDARD.—The second triumph of the night was
a glorious one indeed—" The carrying of Lord Ashley's
clause in the Factory Bill by a majority of nine." We
lament that her Majesty's Ministers voted in the mi-
nority. It is the first time they have so voted, because
it is the first time they have been wrong. We impugn
not their motives. The question is a difficult
one, for when did it ever happen that the
retreat from a wrong path was nof difficult;
but the retreat must be made at some time, and the
earlier the less its difficulties. In the pre'ent case, the
difficulties are less than they seem. The simple fact
that multitudes of millowners voluntarily work under
the terms of Lord Ashley's clause, proves that it
is possible to work under these terms, without ne-
cessarily raising prices or reducing wages. And it
is plain, that if mills can be worked profitably at
short time, subject to the disadvantage of competition
with mills working long time, there can be no reason to
doubt that all may be profitably worked when all work
short time ? Indeed, we should say, that a single mill
working short time, and working at a profit, must be
decisive of the whole question, because in eadem eta-
teria, what one can do all can do —if exer-
cising equal • skill, and contented with equal gain.
Looking to the physical view of the affair, we are
convinced that the admeasurement of the amount of la-
bour by hours is altogether erroneous. The disco-
very has long since been made that in money taxation
two and two do not always make four, but some-
times make only one ; and the observation applies
just as properly to a taxation of the energies of the
human frame. Everybody has heard of the famous
Barclay match, to walk a thousand miles in a thou-
sand hours, and with what toil and difficulty it was
accomplished in six weeks by one of the most robust
men in England ; but had Captain Barclay been per-
mitted his ordinary intervals of rest, he would easily
have accomplished double the task—say fifty miles a
day, in the same six weeks. So it is, in a greater or
less degree, with all continued labour. We are
doubtful whether, upon the week, more work would
not be done, and better done, in fifty-nine than
in sixty-nine hours ; but, taking the month, we have no
doubt whatever that more and better work would be

done in 236 than in 276 hours, supposing the time dis-
tributed equally through the twenty-four days. Is there
any one will say that there is not the difference of more
than 20 per cent. between the produce of a healthy and
cheerful -labourer (be the labourer man, woman, or
child) on the one side, and a sickly, overwrought,
dispirited labourer on the other? The hours of labour,
therefore, are not the measure of the produce of the
labourers' toil, which may be diminished as these hours
are augmented; and certainly will be diminished if the
labour is prolonged for months, not to speak of years.
To be sure there is the shocking hypothesis, that
the labourers may be easily replaced as they
are worn out, but this is an hypothesis which
no one dared to offer. We hope that Lord
Ashley's • clause is safely moored, but if the
subject of it be agitated once more, -it is one
of those questions that cannot be agitated without good
effect—acd if it is, as Sir Robert Peel sui:iniSed;:but the
commencement of a movement for the restriction of
labour in all departments of industry, we'rhust rejoice
the more at it. Lord John Russell and some of the
Whigs, it will be seen, supported Lord Ashley. What-
ever their motive, whether, it 3vas honest, or merely the
effect of a temptation to enjoy -once in their lives the
pleasure of voting in kmajority against the Conservative
Ministry, we dare not—they are now fairly caught, and
cannot go back.
t.

Lady Brougham's soirée, which has been announced
in the daily papers for to-day, Will not take place till
Wednesday, the 27th instant.

THE FACTORIES BILL.

We return to the debate of Friday, the subject of
.which
was continued last evening, and •brought, -for the time at
least, to a very unexpected but welcome conclusion. Lord
Ashley's speech cannot fail to produce everywhere the same
deep and even gloomy impression which it evidently did
produce in the Houk. It exhibits a vast and apparently
incurable state of wretchedness in the very heart of this
great and wealthy country. It cannot be refuted. It is
truth all over. The details are true ; the style is unaffected ;
the tone is even, deep, and broad; the convictions of the
speaker are sincere, his object disinterested, and his prin-
ciples beyond dispute. Notwithstanding the Unavoidable
length of the speech, and the multiplicity of its parts, the
reader is carried forwards by a kind of mournful curiosity
through a succession of miseries, all so closely and yet so
naturally arranged, -as to preclude relief to the eye, and
almost hope to the mind. He Sits down from the perusal
with spirits prostrated and nerves paralyzed." He has re-
ceived a tremendons, blow, and is stunned. For a time he
cannot get over it, and has not his wits about him. At last
he revives and reflects.

Even Sir James Graham, proof as he must be against all
kinds of rhetorical battery, is staggered. He replies as if
*bin a mere dogged adherence to the plan of his• Bill. He
sticks to it as a kind of refuge. He cannot .be eloquent, as
if his position may perhaps be right, but is rather anti-heroic.
The succeeding speakers have had-time to recover, and show
greater fullness, freedom, and argument. Butyet all, even Mr.
Bright, betray an impression most Creditable to Lord Ashley,
and deeply 'responsive to the truths and duties he has
declared.

But the blow, great as it is, does not wholly and utterly
destroy recollection, and stupify the senses. As soon as one
recovers enough to bring the speech to a test, much is found
in it that the judgment cannot approve.
In the first place, long as the speech is, there is one capital
omission, thus briefly recognised :
" It is not my intention to enter into the commercial argu-
ment .of the question. I hold that which is merally wrong
never cast be politically right ; and, therefore, I will put the
question on the grounds on which I have always endeavoured
to put it—those of justice and humanity, and the moral and
physical welfare of a large portion of our.countrymen."
Now, what does this really come to ? • What is meant by
" the commercial argument of the question," and treating
the question " on the grounds of justice and humanity ?"
At first, it sounds rather grand, for " commercial arguments '
are something very mundane, and " justice and humanity"
very celestial. But the basest and vilest things are often
necessary to the highest ; and the same mysterious law of
Providence which makes meat and drink necessary to a hero,
the kitchen to the dining-rooth, the factory to Almack's, and
the labourer to the Lord, does also establish a link, winch
Lord Ashley can neither'break nor disregard, between com-
mercial arguments and grounds of justice and humanity.
You must first put your . hands into your pockets, ,and have
previously filled those pockets in some honest way, before you
can play the benefactor, either on a private or a public scale.
We must stoop to be reasonable, and -condescend to work.
Providence has implanted in us heavenly instinctS,-but made
us men.

_ The most important question just now is—not the question
of fact, which, after ten years' continual exposure, is by
this time known to all men, and, we maintain, should forth-
with be acted upon without a month's further delay ; but—
the question of ways and means. - It is proposed to reduce
by nearly one-sixth the working time of nearly the whole
amount of labour—sOme people say it virtually involves the
whole—at the' command of the manufacturer. He replies,
that such a reduction will ruin him, and. his workmen too,
for of .course they hang together. They just go on as it. is;
and even one hour's less working power will stop the whole
machine. Now, we cannot go the length of Mr. Senior's cal-
culation on the subject, which, like some other of that gen-
tleman's theories, requires a large accommodation to practice.
But we do say, that we wish we could be sure that the
ten hours' time involved only a reduction to ten hours'
wages. The operative is associated with a mighty coadjutor
—the mill—whose wages cannot be lowered to a ten hours'
time, and for whose fatal obstinacy the living agent must
make up, besides the reduction on his own account. There
are, happily, some qualifying considerations—such as that
ten hours' human labour is worth much more proportionably
than twelve, and that such a restriction will have a tendency to
equalise supply and demand; but the broad facts of the case
are as we have stated them ; and we cannot refuse the testi-
mony of those most conversant with the subject, confirmed as
it is by the common sense of all men. At least it is a ques-
tion, and a very necessary one. There remains, too, another
and equally necessary 'question—how is that loss to be met ?
that ruin to be provided against ? But what does
Lord Ashley say ?—" Gentlemen,—l am going to prove
an immense amount 'of. misery. The master manufac-
turers are working their people beyond the limits of human
endurance. I propose, to stop them. 'lt is not my inten-
tion to enter into the commercial argument of the question.'
I shall not inquire what loss my measure will entail on the
employers—whether it will close their mills, and bring the
whole population to Most horrible wretchedness, starvation,
and death; nor shall I inquire whether the class to which 1
belong has had any hand in producing this state of things—
whether we can make any sacrifices to mend what may be
partly our fault, and whether the nation can or ought to help
the millowner.. I hold that which is morally wrong never
can be politically right; and therefore I will put the ques-
tion on the grounds of justice and humanity,'".&c. Why,
what sort of justice and humanity is this?
Lord Ashley need not have been ashamed to confess him-
self not quite up to the commercial argument. All men
have their lines, and this is not his. But we will tell
him what he might have done. He might have said—" I
will leave to others the commercial argument, and if they
make out tolerably to my satisfaction that the present is
really a question between over-working and death—that my
ten hours' time is not practicable, unless the landowner not
only talks, but puts his shoulder to the wheel—and that it
will cause such a reduction of profits as must be met in some
way or other by the nation at large—then I, for one, am quite
prepared to abide the result of the inquiry, and recommend
to Parliament some relaxation of the burdens which pecu-
liarly affect manufacture. That which is morally right can-
not be politically wrong ; and I will accordingly stand all the
consequences of an act which is incumbent on the broad
grounds of justice and humanity." There would have been
nothing grovelling, or commercial, or inconsistent with the
highest regard for justice and humanity in such a declara-
tion. The absence of it is not a little calculated to damage
his cause.

Another deficiency in the speech is one, perhaps, not so
much in Lord Ashley's power to amend. The black cata-
logue of miserable facts which he recites is not a catalogue
raisonnee, but an auctioneer's list—a mere column of acci-
dents and offences. We allow that he has evidently used
not only all the diligence and research, but almost all the
penetration and judgment possible to one in his position.
One can see that where he has alleged facts by fives, he has
rejected them by fifties. and has been conscientiously and
nervously careful not to be misled by partial or hasty in-
formants. But this has not proved sufficient, as anybody
internally acquainted with the manufacturing system would
see, or rather feel, in a moment. He tells facts, important
facts, picked facts ; but even when a man is telling facts, anti
that truly, it is always possible for those actually initiated in
the subject to say whether he knows them experimentally or
only second hand. There is a way of describing things pecu-
liar to those who live in them, and which cannot be bor-
rowed by one who is forced to " get up" the subject. The
speech as a whole, is erroneous and unfair just as Martin's
black, or red, or blue paintings are erroneous and unfair, if
meant for representations of nature.
His narrative is all one and the same; but the actual
state of the case endlessly varied and involved. There is the
greatest actual difference between millowner and millowner,
town and town: Some masters bestow an attention to the
comfort and improvement of their people which any land-
owner in England might do well to copy. Some mills are
worked by picked men, women, and children ; and others by
refuse and riff-raff. Some persons, and even populations,
are intrinsically and incurably corrupt and reckless, and
would be so anywhere, whether in or out of a mill. Some
parents will neglect their children ; some operatives will save
money, others will not. But it is useless to go on. Every
one who has lived in a manufacturing town knows that it
affords as great reliefs and exceptions as any other state of
society.
Again, who would guess from the speech that all
and almost every one of the inmates of this house of
bondage had, in fact, taken refuge In factories from a
still lower hell—an inadequately employed agricul-
tural population? If things are bad in Lancashire,
they must be wore elsewhere ; for we may de-
pend on it all these hundreds of thousands have not jumped
out of the frying pan into the fire. The most wretched of
the manufacturing class, and those who have doubtless fur-
nished most matter to this tale of woe, are the Irish immi-
grants. Parts of England also have sent there a quota not
much better. A brief personal history of every individual

alluded to by Lord Ashley would iii most cases greatly
exonerate the factory from the charges of corruption and
oppression, and throw them back on the rural districts.
We are sorry to recur to the ".commercial argument,"
but it is impossible to legislate fairly and wisely on this
subject without taking a comprehensive view of the state of
British labour and its existing relations to wealth. Thus,
the over-working of the operative is only another form of the
same evil as the under-paying of the labourer. If
it were possible to cultivate our fields with steam
and light them with gas, we should soon have to ask a Short.
time Bill -for the country as well as for the town. Nature
times the labourer, so he is pinched in his pay. The old poor-
law was a sufficient pay act for the labourer. Mr. Senior, or
any other out-and-out political economist, would tell us at
once, that it and the Ten Hours' Bill stand on the same
footing. The nation no longer interferes between the fanner
and his labourer to protect the latter. The result is, that
rents have risen and wages fallen. Yet persons acquiesce in
that cessation of interference, and profit by it, who are now
for interfering between the mill-occupier and hil-openitive,
to the almost certain loss of the former. Can any legislation
be just and permanent which is not consistent and. compre-
hensive ?
But if we are forced to point out the deficiences of Lord
Ashley's speech, what must be said of „Sir ',lames Gra-
ham's ? The commercial argument omitted in the former
is the substance of the latter. The two speakers pursue
lines so wholly distinct, and yet severally so true, that they
may run on in parallel directions for ever, without a chance of
meeting. Lord Ashley aims at a legislative maximum of la-
bour, Sir James Graham a minimum of profit. Humanity
without political prudence, and prudence without humanity !
Is there no middle term ? Is it impossible to be just as well as
generous? Of the two, we prefer a humanity, which acts
blindly perhaps at first, but feels its way to a happy result.
With Sir James we can have no sympathy. Even with truth
in his mouth, he drives us to the other side. His former con-
federates and his present confederates alike deter us. When
we listen to his arguments, and see him supported by Mr. M.
Gibson and Mr. Bright, the mind seems to waver between
sight and memory,,and we doubt whether the scehe Wore
us is not merely a vision of the past.—Umet,-.1 =
4P."

- t

DEATH OF THE DOWAGER os Piqoxirtrrtss' OF CLA.'
RENDON.—The above venerable Co Less expired on Monday
morning at Clarendon-house. TM* Earl' afid 'Countess of
Mornington were with the Dowager. Countess at her dissolu-
tion. The deceased Countess was daughter and co-heir of
the late Hon. Admiral John Forbei, her twin-sister being the
Countess of Mornington, who survives. Her Ladyship would
have eoragletel her 84th year in May.

TUESDAY NIGHT'S GAZETTE.

BOARD OF GREEN CLOTH, ST. JAMES'S-PALACE,

MARCH 19, 1844.
Notice is hereby given, that the carriages coming to her
Majesty's Drawing-room, on Monday, the 25th of March,
are to fall into the line at the top of St. James's-street,
come down the left hand side, and enter at the iron
gate nearest to the Palace, set down at the Arcade,
,return by the iron gate nearest to Marlborough House, and
pass through Pall-mall into St. James's-square, by George-
street. When called, they are to pass from St. James's-square,
by Charles-street, into Regent-street, Jermyn-street, come
down tit. James's-street as before, take up and go away through
; no hackney-carriages will be permitted to come
within the gates. For all persons having the privilege of the
entr:e, tickets will be delivered at the Board of Green Cloth,
on l'riday next, between the hours of e!even and three o'clock ;
their carriages are to enter the gate at Constitution-hill,
prose: d down St. James's-park, through Stable-yard,
into the Ambassadors =court, Eet down, and go out
into Cleveland-row. The carriages of the Ambassa-
dors, Foreigr. Ministers, Cabinet Ministers, and Great Officers
of S ate may afterwards wait in the Ambassadors'-court,
and thuso of all other persons having the entrt'e may wait
in Stable-yard or St. James's-park till called ; they are
then to take up in the same order as they had set down,
and pass away up the left hand side of St. James's,
scarnage
ticket,will be
ta
prevent admitted
which,wit h
it company
must h
a second
time l
Owed at Constitution-hill gate, and Stable-yard-gate also,
where a corner of it will be torn off by the Marshalmen in
ie t
with i t hN
No h
e sa m e
t
alendanee ; and no person can be allowed the privilege of the
entr:c by any other approach to the Palace than the gates last
mentioned. - LIVERPOOL, Lord Steward.