The Sun.
London, England, 1850-11-06 00:00:00

‘40.,
N°. 18,134.] LONDON, WEDNESDAY
S N 7
NOVEMBER 6, 1850.

TO VINEGAR MANUFACTURERS and
CAPITALIATS.

A Gentleman of most extensive rractical experience in the manu-
facture of VINEGAR, bees to oiler some important improvements,
by which an article, superior to any in the market, can be produced
at a highly remunerative p:oflt.
The present Plant of any establishment can ba easily arranged for
these improv.,ments, and parties having unemployed capital will find
this an excellent investment. _ _ .

The advertiser is willing Vto treat I,r the mon,poly of these im-
provements, and if engaged as Manager, will introduce them free of
charge.

Undoubted Testimonia's and References can be produced.
Address to A. A., W. Harrison's, Esq., No. 1, Frith-street, S)hc-
square.

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THE ART of CONVERSATION: A Lecture
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TRIAL BY JURY.

Last night the fifty-sixth anniversary of the ac-
quittal of Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall, was cele-
brated at Radley's Hotel, Bridge-street, Blackfriars,
when about 140 gentlemen sat down to dinner under
the presidency of Mr. W. J. Fox, M.P., who was
supported by Mr. J. J. Toulrnin Smith, M. Pulski,
Mr. W. Newman, Mr. J. H. Parry, Dr. Epps, Mr.
Charles Pollen, of Massachusetts, &c.
After the cloth was removed,
The CHAIRMAN said, were there no other reason
for upholding that annual commemoration this would
be a valid one—that it brought together the veteran
reformers of a past generation, who were passing
away from among them, and the young reformers of
the present generation. They had still among them
men who had joined in the shouts which greeted the
acquittal of Hardy and his co-patriots, and whose
presence was calculated to excite a lively sense of the
importance of that struggle, and of the blessed re-
sults of the decision of that jury. The object of
these meetings was to preserve the memory of these
brave men, and, at the same time, to keep alive
attachment to the great principle for adherence to
which they were prosecuted the principle
which was involved in the toast to which he was
about to draw their attention. We had derived that
principle from remote antiquity in the history of this
country, and it was yet young in its action. That
principle was the sovereignty of the people.—( Hear.)
It had been at various times asserted and practically
acted upon in our history by the decapitation of one
monarch, and the abdication of another, and no one
principle of government had a firmer footing than
that all power was derived from the people, and that
those who exercised that power were responsible to
the people. In holding that principle, however, they
did not desire an Athenian but a British constitution.
—(Hear.) They did not claim for all a direct exer-
cise of power, save through representative institutions;
and be, for one, said these representative institutions
could never be just, equal, or perfect, until they were
based on the universality of the suffrage. Other
movements short of that might deserve encouragement
and support for the time being, but that was the ulti-
matum to which he looked forward. In giving that
toast he was in fact giving what, in their own words,
was the principle of the Corresponding Society, whose
early exertions in the cause of popular freedom they
had met to commemorate. He gave " The Sove-
reignty of the People."
The toast having been drunk with cheers, _

The CHAIRMAN again rose and said, if they were
met to discuss their spiritual, not their political, con-
dition, it might be a question whose authority they
were living under.—(Great laughter and cheers.)
They were living in the diocese of Charles James
Bishop of London, and also in that of Nicholas, Arch-
bishop of Westminster.—(Renewed laughter.) Whose
lordship were they to acknowledge ? "The pulpit
drum-ecclesiastic" had been beaten last Sunday more
vigorously than it had been since the days of Hudi-
bras. But leaving these shepherds to struggle for the
fleece of their flocks—(Laughter)—the one for the
mitre, the other for the red hat of the Cardinal—leav-
ing them, he would say that they were all agreed in
recognising the fact that they owed allegiance to our
Sovereign Lady the Queen. She did not hold her
throne by apostolic succession, but by a better title,
the affection and the confidence of her people.—
(Cheers.) With all their radicalism, their reforming
tendencies, their democratic feeling, he was confident
that every assemblage of Englishmen would, with
true cordiality and kind feeling, drink the " Health
of her Majesty Queen Victoria."
The toast was drunk with great applause, and the
usual demonstrations of respect.
Mr. T. SMITH then gave " Trial by Jury, the pal-
ladium of British liberty." He rejoiced exceedingly
to see on that day so numerous a company assembled
to prove the value in which they held that institution.
There never was a time in which it was more neces-
sary for men who valued free institutions to come
forth in their support than the present, when an all-
grasping centralizStion was making greater inroads on
our constitutional liberties than had been known even
in the days of the Tudors and the Stuarts. Attacks
were made insidiously upon trial by jury, and every
means taken to stop it. But it was only necessary for
them to recal the circumstances under which that
right grew up, and to recollect also how, 56 years
ago, that institution had rescued from the fangs of op-
pression those whose memory they that day cele-
brated, in order to show the importance of these in-
stitutions. With the gradual absorption of the inde-
pendent class of freeholders in the olden times, had
grown up the gradual decay of our system of self-
government. Parliament had gradually encroached
upon the rights of the people, and one of the conse-
quences was to be seen in our gigantic national debt.
In all stages of a nation's progress they were liable to
have attacks made upon popular liberty, and it was
their duty to be ever watchful end determined in pro-
tecting them. The Learned Gentleman concluded by
proposing " Trial by Jury," which was duly honoured.
The CHAIRMAN then proposed the memory of those
12 men who in 1794 were acquitted, and in their
own persons showed how trial by jury threw a shield
over the innocent. For many years after their acquit-
tal some of them were present at that festival, and
contributed by their presence to give a thrilling per-
sonal interest to it. They were now all gone, yet
still the commemoration survived, and would survive.
Many things had changed during the interval. Pitt
and Fox clubs had fallen into decay, but here they
were as ardent and zealous as ever in support of that
great institution, and as prepared to do honour to
those in whose persons its value had been so vividly
demonstrated. Not one of those twelve men had in
after life fallen beneath the high position they had
tilled as honest, consistent, and censtitutionsl re-
formers. All had nobly sustained themselves by their
respective vocations, and at last sunk into their graves
with the respect, esteem, and the tears of all good men.
—(Cheers.) He had himself been struck in
his early age with the fact, that those who
were persecuted by the Government were not bad
or vicious men, or men of irregular habits, but
sober, simple, honest men, of good character; and
it was such men as these that the Government of
that day sought to make die the death of dogs for their
political opinions. The Government sent spies and
informers among them, who reported their own san-
guinary speeches. Every means was resorted to for
the purpose of hunting up laws to condemn them.
They were imprisoned in dungeons, and shifted from
prison to prison without their papers being sent after
them, and some did not receive them until too late to
be of any use. Then again the trials were protracted
to an extraordinary extent, altogether thirty days
were consumed with an attempt to put a number of
nothings together in order to make constructive
treason. This was what wai defeated by the verdict
of the jury at that time. That was the policy of our
rulers, and of a king called a religious king—a nar-
row-minded bigot, who shed more blood, spent more
treasure, and lost more territory than any one who
ever sat on the English throne.—(Cheers.) All the
ruling influences, all the bats and beasts who thrive
upon corruption, all were allied to crush those honest,
simple men, who believed and declared that God had
made all men free and equal.—(Cheers.) Had they
succeeded it would have struck a mortal blow at
freedom, and left us nothing worthy of living for as
Englishmen. If their first trial had succeeded, there
was no knowing how many more judicial murders
would have been committed. These men fought their
battle bravely, nobly, and they had their reward
while they lived, in the love of their fellow men—
they had their reward now, in the deep veneration
with which those now assembled commemorated their
great and ennobling victory.
The toast was drunk with applause.
Mr. H. PARRY gave the memory of Muir, Palmer,
Margarot, Skerving, and, the other Scotch patriots,
who were convicted between 1792 and 1794 by ser-
vile Scotch juries and prejudiced Scottish judges. He
expressed his regret that on these occasions they had
no Scotchmen present who was conversant with the
details of these cases, and he could not but express a
hope that, before their next meeting, a communica-
tion would be opened up with persons in Edinburgh,
or some other Scotch city, by which either some one
directly connected with those who suffered, or some
Scotchmen who felt an interest in these matters,
would be present.—(Cheers.)
The toast having been honoured,
Mr. FRANCIS W. NEWMAN proposed the memory
of the brave Hungarians who have lately struggled
so nobly for their long-inherited liberties, and who
have fallen in their attempts to vindicate the laws
of their country, and the system of local self-go-
vernment.

The toast was drunk in silence, and was responded
to by
N. Pur.sKr, who was received with great applause,
and in a brief address expressed his gratitude. The
principle of local self-government was what they had
struggled for in Hungary. There was no dispute as
to the form of government. They were not repub-
licans—all they demanded was that the ancient con-
stitutional rights of Hungary should be preserved.
Those. who had fallen had fought and suffered for
Hungarian independence. In the name of the dead
—in the name of their exiles in Asia, he desired to
return thanks for this commemoration of their
martyrs.—(Great applause.)
Several other toasts appropriate to the occasion
were
given, and after a vote of thanks to the chair-
mart the party broke tip, apparently highly gratified.

THE POLES AND THE POLISH BILL.
Yesterday a meeting of the friends of the Polish
refugees forming the Entertainment Committee, for
the regulation of the projected Polish Ball, met at
Guildhall, in the Alderman's ante-chamber ; Deputy
Holt presided.
A large number ofgentlemen were present, amongst
whom we noticed Lord Dudley Coutts Stuart, M.P. ;
T. C. Anstey, M.P. ; Deputy Peacock, Deputy Oh-
bard, Deputy Britten, Mr. G. Walter, Mr. Snelling,
Mr. Barber, Mr. Cotterell, Mr. Johnston (Cornhill),
Mr. Johnstone, of the Temple; Mr. Young, Mr.
Waterlow, Mr. Game, Mr. Knott, Mr. Hardy, Mr.
Carter, Mr. Wilkinson, Mr. R. Read, Mr. Astell,
and Mr. Bishop.
Mr. CARR having read the minutes of the former
meeting, the same were unanimously confirmed:
Letters having been read from Sir Moses Monte-
fibre and other gentlemen, regretting their inability
to attend,

Lord DUDLEY STUART said—l am very happy to
see so full a committee assembled to-day, and I must
say that I consider this to be a most favourable omen
to the success of our undertaking. I dare say you
have, all of you, been exerting yourselves towards
that end, and I hope that each of you has a satisfactory
report to make of your labours. So far as I can see, our
prospects are most flattering. In reply to the applica-
tions which I have made for patronage, I have re
ceived a great many kind replies, in some instances ac-
companied by substantial proofs of sympathy, and no
refusals ; so that our charitable undertaking has the
sanction not only of the Lord Mayor and the Lady
Mayoress, and the Sheriffs, but also, of a long list of
noble and distinguished names.—(Hear) I think it
may also claim the approval of every kind, humane,
and reflecting person—(Hear,hear)—for I am willing
to attribute the very unkind attacks that have been
made upon it, in some of the public prints, to want of
reflection, rather than to any more reprehensible
motive.—(Hear, hear.) That many should decline
coming to the ball, or otherwise assisting us, I can
well understand. They do not like such entertain-
ments—some may even disapprove of dancing. They
have other calls on their time—other claims on their
money ;—what they have to spare they prefer spend-
ing in some other way, or perhaps bestowing on some
other charity. Well, let all such go their way and
follow the bent of their own minds. I never feel
any ill humour when my applications for the Poles
are met by the allegation that the persons applied
to cannot spare anything from our own poor, if 1
believed the excuse to be sincere; but why can-
not they be satisfied with giving us the pain of a
denial, without complaining as if our charitable
undertaking were an offence?—(Cheers.) Above all,
why should influential organs of the press take pains
to render it abortive? is there anything wrong in
giving a ball at LI ? Some rigid EEO s'ists may think
so ; but these had better attack the balls of the rich
and prosperous, having no object except frivolity ; and
when these are put down it would be time enough to
wage war against such as are undertaken for the pur-
pose of softening the hard lot of the miserable,
and smoothing a little the rugged path of exile.
—(Cheers.) The Polish ball, however, has been ob-
jected to on no such grounds ; and if a party of gen-
tlemen had obtained from the Court of Common
Council the use of the Guildhall merely in order to
give them a bachelor's ball, or any other entertain-
ment where amusement was not the means, but the
sole use and aim, not a word probably would have
been said against it.—(A laugh.) It is not wrong,
then, to give a ball at Guildhall ; but it is wrong, it
seems, to give it for the Poles. Let me ask why is
this wrong? The only answer that can be made it,
either that the Poles are undeserving, or that they
stand in the way of some other still more de-
serving obj(cts. The first is assumed by the
objectors one and all, and if the assumption
were well founded they would be in the right.
If it can be shown that the proceeds of former
balls have been bestowed upon men able but unwilling
to work, and who have the opportunity if they choose
to exert themselves, of finding employment—if that
can be shown; then will the Polish ball not deserve
support.—(Hear.) It has been argued that because
many of the Polish exiles came to this country im-
mediately after the last Polish war of independence,
some 18 or 19 years ago, that therefore they must all
by this time have got the means of supporting them-
selves ; and the example of Louis Philippe in exile is
pointed at maintaining himself by the exercise of his
own talents and acquirements. Pray, let me ask, is
every man in this country who was-well off, or in the
enjoyment of competence, eighteen or nineteen, or
even ten or five years ago, in the same condition now ?
Has not one of those, then prosperous, since been by
circumstances, over which he had no possible control,
reduced to the extremity of distress ? Or, are there
not, on the contrary, hundreds, or thousands in
that predicament ? Why, then are the Poles to
forali
es s i
itnu dtLiemos
Louis
- -s
by( Hh ei
Philippesaro,
nthoe
eaexra.er)rnt
olhnti
ss was
Circum-
stanceshmo
oods
be considered and treated as if they were exempt
be
fat
hrso niml u
did
afterwards relieved him from that necessity ;i
but if these circumstances had not occurred, if he
had continued to have nothing but his talents to
depend npon, and if sickness, incapacity, or other
casualty had deprived him of thel capability of using
those talents, be might and would have found him-
self, notwithstanding his former success, in a state of
absolute indigence. Just such is the condition of
many a Polish refugee, represented by some heart-
less, or thoughtless writer, as wholly undeserving
of all pity, because he has been here a certain number
of years, and may have had, and taken opportunities
of earning, during a portion of that time, a scanty and
amongp e Pulese(ue
ar. isl tcoo
ulbde
namefound t
om
you,any
precarious livelihood. Let me, however, add that
if.—
a t
oL es
names were proper, more than cne who, having
during his early days of exile, folio sved pre-
cisely that example, and supported himself by
giving lessons in the sciences or the accomplish-
ments of which he was master, has since found means
to enter on the field of commerce, and by care and
frugality attained to the position which those I am
addressing enjoy, or at least to something at a humble
distance approaching it—l mean that of a merchant
in this city, and is not only able but always willing
to afford something fur his less fortunate brethren.
When it is laid the Poles ought, after so many years,
to support themselves, I reply
a great many do; but
it is for those who do not, because
they cannot, and
for those only, that assistance is asked. Some have
returned to their own country, there found employ.
ment, and after a time been again ejected and driven
here, for no other fault but the share they bore in
the war of independence which, as the objectors to our
charity take care to remind us, terminated
nineteen
years ago. I have lately seen it stated as a matter of
complaint, in reference to the subject in the leading
article of a newspaper, that there is no statute of li-
mitation with regard to claims on charity. I am sure
that while to tyranny " nullum tempo occurrit" I
hope no lapse of time will ever bar that sympathy
which every true Englishman and every Christian
feels for him who suffers in the discharge
of his duty.—(Cheers.) I have taken every
opportunity of stating, on all occasions when
have solicited assistance for the Poles, and have
repeated it more than once in this room within the
last month, that the association to whom the proceeds
of the ball are entrusted does not employ
them on idle
persons unwilling to work, but applies
in the relief of sickness. At the very last meeting of
we
the association, last Wednesday, them chiefly
amongst many others, two cases of had
b fore
us,
helpless con-
sumption, and one of a man who, being employed on a
lously escaped with his life, the
railway, was run over by an engine and miracu-
passed over both his legs. He carriage having
is now a cripple, but
unfortunately, having been in the employ of a con-
tractor, and not of the company
directly, he has no
claim upon the latter for relief. Does any one think
he disposes of the former cases by referring me to the
Consumption Hospital ? The Consumption Hospital !
Yes. Pray how long does it take generally, after an
order has been procured to get a patient in, and what
is to become of a miserable wretch, in a gloomy No-
vember in London, shivering in an advanced state
of consumption, without the means of procuring
any of the comforts requisite to keep him alive, until
admitted to the long-desired vacant bed ?—(Elear,
hear.) The railway directors may, at the instance
of the Association, and their own good feelings,
relax their rules—do something for the victims on
their line. But while they are deliberating who is to
give income to the cripple in his bed of agony ? In
my preceding remarks I have referred chiefly to the
men of education—the officer, the person who has
been in early life in the condition of a gentleman—
but are those of humbler condition to be considered
unworthy of sympathy ? The man who has left the
plough, the loom, and the workshop, to take up arms
for Poland, he cannot follow in the track of Louis
Philippe;_ and do you think it is easy for him, in the
streets of this London, where so many mechanics
and artificers of our own nation are constantly want-
ing work—is it easy for him, with his broken En-
glish and foreign accent, to find employment, and
through all changes to keep it ? It is not easy, and
it is often, with the best will in the world, wholly
impracticable. And while I am speaking of working
men, allow me to pay a just tribute to the generous
natures of our own working men. Ever ready to

hold out the hand of fellowship and assistance to
their fellow-man, of whatever creed or country, and
to spare to the exile a portion of their own hard-
earned pittance, often setting a noble example to
those who, in the gifts of fortune, are immeasurably
their superiors. Well, gentlemen, I think I have
shown you that the Poles, whom it is proposed to as-
sist, are not undeserving. They are not idle, disor-
derly, immoral persons. It is not those we assist, but
men driven into exile in consequence of discharging
their duty as they understood it; men whose misfor-
tunes are not of their own creation, and who only do
not work when no work can be had, or when incapa-
citated from taking it.—(Hear, hear.) That is my
reply to those who are opposed to our ball on the
ground that its objects are unworthy. If, through
the instrumentality of the ball, which forms a splendid
sight, such as is rarely to be witnessed, which affords
much innocent pleasure to a great number of persons,
and which causes some money to circulate, pro Canto
benefiting trade ; if through this ball we can obtain
the means of succouring men in the condition I have
described, and relieving such misery as I have por-
trayed, surely we may feel that in promoting it, we
are doing a laudable act, and one which, while we are
engaged in, ought to make us view the efforts of our
adversaries, who seem so strangely incorporated
against us, rather with pity than any other emotion.
One objection that has been made to us is, that a ball
being a festive scene, is an incongruous mode of re-
lieving distress. It is said, how ridiculous it would
have been to give a public dinner for the relief of the
famine in Skibbereen, and it is equally absurd to
give a ball for the relief of the Poles. It may be
called absurd, but it is not more absurd in the case of
the Poles than in that of any other charity. Time
out of mind there have been in this country charity
balls. Right or wrong, it is the received custom in
England to promote, by means of festive entertain-
meets, more frequently dinners, than any other.
There is scarcely a charitable institution in London
that has not its annual dinner, and why it should be
more absurd to have a Polish ball than a Spitalfields
ball, or a needlewomen's ball, I think it would be
hard to say ; or why more ridiculous to replenish the
funds of the Polish Association by dancing than those
of the Blind School, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum,
the Free Hospital, or any other such institution, by
consuming the good cheer of the London Tavern.—
(Cheers.) Objections of this character, so flimsy
and far-fetched, astonish me much, but what sur-
prises me most is that our adversaries do not per-
ceive that by their attacks they give to an undertak-
ing purely of a charitable nature an importance and
a prominence which do not belong to it, and
'which, but for them, it never could have acquired,
and that thereby they do us much more good than
harm. On former occasions we have been accus-
tomed to see paragraphs, and here and there a letter
about the Polish Ball, pro and con. but now we have
leading articles on both sides, and daily and weekly
papers discussing the subject as they might a revolu-
tion or a treaty of peace. Reverting, however, to my
argument, I said that the objectors to our ball must
show that the Poles were undeserving, or that the
ball stood in the way of some other persons more de-
serving. I have shown that they are not unde-
serving. I now say that the ball stands in the way
of no other charity. Whenever we have bad reason
to think that the hall would be applied for by the
promoters of any other charity we have made way
for them. Last year we made no application for it.
No one else did, the hall stood empty, and was not
applied to any charitable purpose whatever. When-
ever any attempt on behalf of the Poles is made, the
old adage, " charity begins at home," is always flung
in our faces ; but it has been the boast of England
for ages that she affords a home to all those who
have no other. These exiles come to us in our
home. Let us not refuse to grant them
at least a crumb of its comforts, and rather
remember the words which enjoin us " never to
turn our face from any poor man."—(Cheers.) I
have observed in one' of the papers, with much pain
and no little surprise, a letter bearing the signature—
if lam not deceived—of a gentleman occupying a
high position in the corporation which has granted. us
the Guildhall for our undertaking. I am very sorry
that Alderman Sidney should have written it, for I
have always looked upon him with respect, and con-
sidered him a kind-hearted and humane man. Ido
not think his letter will raise him in anybody's esti-
mation, and I have too good an opinion of him to sup-
pose that after reflecting it will in any degree raise
him in his own.—(Hear, hear, and a laugh.) He in-
quires what claims the Piles have to British benevo-
lence; who are the recipients, and what is their con-
dition ? These questions I have answered in my pre-
ceding observations. I would have answered them to
Alderman Sidney in detail, had he done me the fa-
vour to put any inquiries to me on the subject.
Considering that on the last occasion of 11. Polish ball,
he, at my request, permitted his name to appear as
one of the patrons, I little expected that, with-
out previously sifting the subject, as he evidently
has not done, he would come forward as an an-
tagonist; and I must say that such an attack, coming
from a supposed friend, without any notice, is a mode
of proceeding which I should not have felt it con-
sistent with my notions of courtesy to adopt.—
(Lsughter, and cries of " Hear, hear.") I cannot help
thinking that Alderman Sidney could, by applying to
me, have obtained information, had that been his ob-
ject, better than by addressing a newspaper. Ques-
tions put as he has put them are calculated to preju-
dice an undertaking like this very much, for those
who read them seldom are at the pains of attending
to the answer, even it be possible to get one inserted
in the same papers. Alderman Sidney, however, be-
sides asking questions, has made some statements
which are wholly inaccurate. He says that, " the
Parliamentary grant to the Poles was never ques-
tioned till this year, when, on a murmur arising, Lord
Palmerston said that after this grant it would
cease, or be greatly reduced." This statement
is wholly erroneous. The Polish grant was dis-
cussed at considerable length in 1848, and an
inquiry ordered, and what Lord Palmerston
stared this year was not that the grant should
be reduced, but that in consequence of that inquiry
it had been reduced ; and the Chancellor of the
Exchequer added, that it was no longer a question
whether the Poles should be supported, but whether
they should be supported out of national or out of
local funds, for that none had been left on the list of
recipients except such as had been, after the strictest
inquiry, found to he absolutely unable to do anything
for themselves.—(Hear, hear.) The grant, originally
10,0001. a year, was afterwards raised to 15,0001., to
meet the calls arising from an increase in the number
of the Poles. It afterwards diminished rapidly from
natural causes, and in 1848 was between 7,000/. and
8,0001., but this year (1850) it has been reduced to
less than 4,0001, a good many having been removed
from the list of recipients as able to shift for them-
selves (but many of them, I lament to say, are now
in a pitiable state of want), and the allowance to those
in the class of officers having been reduced from 10s.
to 7s. a week. What must be the condition of a
man with the habits and education of a gentleman,
end having, perhaps, the acquirements of Louis
Philippe, but being prevented by ill-health by turn-
ing them to account—what must be his condition with
nothing but 7s. n week for all expenses whatsoever to
depend upon ? I leave you to imagine ; and also what
a flourishing condition the finances of this country
must be in now that, by curtailing the pittance of a
few homeless exiles, the Treasury has effected a sav-
ing of a few hundred pounds !—(Hear, hear, and a
laugh.) But I must apologize for detaining you so
long. There are still generous and honest hearts
enough in the City, and other parts of the metropolis
and country, who will not suffer the feelings of
humanity to be repressed or stifled by any sneers
printed or spoken, and who, after doing their duty by
the poor of their own land, can still spare enough to
enable them to enjoy a ball at Guildhall, and cheer-
fully to contribute towards the relief of the exiles of
Poland. Of this sort I confidently
expect to see
goodly and a brilliant assemblage on the evening ofa
Thursday, the 14th of November.—(Loud cheers.)
, Mr. Snelling, Mr. Johnstone, and other members
of the Court, having expressed their gratification at
the statements made by Lord Dudley
Stuart, pro-
ceeded to the transaction of other business connected
adjourned.
with this grand project, after which the Court

,seBsll:enl)cealolfmthaelriebbueilgdintog
intimate to [ADVERTISEMENT.
of their premises, it has become. imperative, on them to
dispose of the whole of the.n. valuable Stock, which they
have determined to cffer for immediate Sale, at a very con-
siderable reduction of price. Messrs. IL and Co. offer to the
public the assurance that the . Sale thus announced is bona
tllbeiri,uDbilNicGthaant,di nCcoon
fide. Their entire Stock, consisting of Silks, Ribbons, Lace,
Embroidery, Shawls,. Scarves, Cloaks, Mantles, Gloves, and
the recherché Selection
.of Millinery, for all of which their
establishment is so eminently distinguished, will be unre-
servedly subjected to the reduction. The Sale will be con-
tinued for a limited period.

DREADFUL SHIPWRECK.—The ship Rosalinda,
Captain Timpson, which sailed from Quebec about the 25th
day of August for Liverpool, on the night of the 9th of Sep-
tember broached to, tilled, and capsized. The captain and
mate were drowned in the cabin ; ten seamen and two ap-
prentices were washed overboard and drowned; and eight
surviving seamen were picked up by a French vessel and
landed at St. Pierre, whence they were brought to Sydney,
C. 8., on the 30th ult. Two of the seamen were sick, and one
severely injured.

CENSUS RETURNS FOR 1851.

TO THE EDITOR OF TILE SIIIV.
SIR,-At this time, when the Census Commissioners
are forming their staff of inqui,itors to give their re-
turn of the state of the population of the country,
which is made to Far'lament every ten years—this
Icing the third census return--a few observations on
the subject may not be out of place here, nor will
the perusal of a short historical account, from various
records of the parishes of England, I hope, he unin-
teresting, particularly as the Commissioners return
for 1851 is to be made in parishes, and as the Inter-
ments Act, which is now about coming into operation,
will have the effect of changing that power of the
clergy which related to burials, and may have the
effect hereafter of altering the parish districts, altera-
tions in which are, and have been, from time to time

taking place, both in the sub-divisions of parishes
and by the increase of bishoprics. By the term
parishes of England is meant those circuits of ground
inhabited by the souls under the care of one parson
or vicar, and are computed to be near ten thousand
in number. How ancient the division of parishes
is may be difficult to ascertain, for it seems
to be agreed on all hands, that in the
early ages of Christianity in this island
parishes were unknown, or at least signified the same
as a diocese now•a-days. There was then no appro-
priation of ecclesiastical dues to any particular
church, but every man was at liberty to contribute
his tithes to whatever priest or church he pleased,
provided only that he did it to some ; or if he made
no special appointment or appropriation thereof, they
were paid into the hands of the bishop, whose duty it
was to distribute them amongst the clergy of his
diocese or district, and for other pious purposes, ac-
cording to his own discretion.
Camden says, England was divided into parishes
by Archbishop Honorius about the year 630. Sir
Henry Hobart lays it down that parishes were first
erected by the Council of Lateran, which was held
A.D. 1179—each widely differing from the other,
and both of them, perhaps, from the truth, which
will probably be found in the medium between the
two extremes. For Selden has shown that the clergy
lived in common, without any division of parishes,
long after the time mentioned by Camden. And it
appears from the Saxon laws that parishes were in
existence prior to the date of the Council of Lateran,
to which they are ascribed by Hobart.
We find the distinction of parishes, nay, even of
churches, so early as in the laws of King Edgar, about
the year 970. Before that time the consecration of
tithes was in general arbitrary ; that is, every man
paid his own tithes to whatever church or parish he
pleased. But this practice being liable to be at-
tended with either fraud or caprice, in the persons
paying; and with either jealousies or mean compli-
ances in such as were competitors for receiving them,
it was ordered by the law of King Edgar that " all
tithes should be given to Mother Church to which the
parish belongs." However, if any thane or great lord
had a church within his own demesnes, distinct from
the mother church, then, provided such church had a
cemetery or consecrated place of burial belonging
to it, he might allot one-third of his tithes
for the maintenance of the officiating minister ; but if
it had no cemetery the thane must himself have
maintained his chaplain by some other means ; for in
such case all his tithes were ordained to be paid to
mother church.

This proves that the kingdom was then universally
divided into parishes, which division happened pro-
bably not all at once, but by degrees. For it seems
pretty clear and certain that the boundaries of pa-
rishes were originally ascertained by those of a manor
or manors ; since it very seldom happens that a
manor extends itself over more parishes than one,
though there are often many manors in one parish.
The lords, as Christianity spread itself, began to
build churches upon their own demesnes or wastes, to
accommodate their tenants in one or two adjoining
manors ; and, in order to have divine service regu-
larly performed therein obliged all their tenants to
appropriate their tithes to the maintenance of one
officiating clergyman or priest, instead of leaving
them at liberty to distribute them among the clergy of
the diocese in general ; and this tract of land,
the tithes of which were so appropriated, formed
a distinct parish, which will well account for the fre-
quent intermixture of parishes one with another. For
if a lord had a parcel of land detached from the rest of
his estate, but not sufficient to form a parish of itself,
it was natural for him to endow his newly-erected
church with the tithes of those disjointed 1 Inds, espe-
cially if no church was then built in any lordship ad-
joining to those outlying parce:s of land.
Thus parishes were gradually formed, and parish
churches endowed with the tithes that arose from the
lands and produce within the circuit assigned ; but some
lands, either because they were in the hands of irre-
ligious and careless owners, or were situated in
forests or desert places, or for other now unsearch-
able reasons, were never united to any parish, and
therefore continue to this day extra-parochial ; and
their tithes are now by immemorial custom payable
to the Crown instead of the bishop, " in trust and
confidence that they will be distributed for the ge-
neral good of the Church." Yet extra-parochial
wastes and marsh lands, when improved and drained,
are to be, by the Act 17 George 11., cap. 37, " as-
sessed to all parochial rates in the parish
next adjoining." More recently, the number
of bishops has been increased, and the
income from the sees altered, and at various
periods since the parishes have been sub-divided, and
now the Interments Act, 13 and 14 Vic., 1850, is in
course of preparation for being carried into operation;
by this Act a great alteration in the clerical authority
will be effected, which will take from the parishes, and
all places of burial, a common law right which has
existed from time immemorial, namely, that of the
right of every Englishman to be interred in the grave-
yard of the parish to which he, or she, may belong, or
where he, or she, may die, but substitutes a right of
sepulture in burial-grounds provided under the Act,
and incorporates in the clauses the provisions of the
Cemeteries Act, Vic. 10 and 11, 1847, which relates
to grants of exclusive rights of burial, monumental
inscriptions, and the protection of cemeteries, and
takes from the minister those rights of sepulture so
long held by the Church, and which were a chief
source of emolument, changed by them from the ori-
ginal intent, namely, a desire on the part of the rela-
tives to have the body of the deceased buried within
the walls of some sacred edifice, or in some favourite
graveyard, and with the hope that the bones might
be allowed to rest in peace, without the fear of being
disturbed ; but when the grave yards were desecrated
and the remains were disturbed, either with the tacit
sanction or by direction of the ministers or church-
wardens, who were aware of the over-crowded state
of the :graveyard, from which the bodies were re-
moved, and disposed of, to make room for other tenants
of the desecrated grave, and increase the income—to
put a stop to the unhealthy practice of intramural
interment, the proofs of which delinquencies being
forced upon the Government, no alternative remained
to them but to change the system of parish burial to
that of district or public cemeteries.
_ _ _

To prevent this system of desecrating the dead
being continued, the Interments Act takes from the
several parishes and private graveyards all right or
power of burial, and empowers the Commissioners to
regulate future interments, closing up all graveyards,
and "either closing, enlarging, or using for the pur-
poses'of interment the present cemeteries, or opening
others within or without the district ;" and though
the powers of the Act are now limited to the few
parishes which are within the limits of the metropoli-
tan diocese, and the cemeteries for the establishment
of which private Acts had been obtained by com-
panies, yet it will be found necessary to alter the pro-
visions to a more general import, and divest it of the
absurdities with which it is hampered, and instead of
leaving it optional with any set of men to continue
the degrading system (now practised) of intramural
burial, it should make it imperative that interment
shall be wholly and without any exception discon-
tinued. And that the Act shall prohibit intramural
burial all through the country as well as in the me-
tropolis, this may easily be effected, having the pre-
sent union guardians as the staff to organize the
arrangements required for the speedy enforcement of
a General Interments Act, the provisions of which
shall extend throughout the length and breadth of the
land.

The Census Commissioners, by giving a more com-
prehensive report, at the same time a more extended
one than that usually made, may make the document
both useful and instructive; the investigation being
. .

made in parishes, the Ordnance survey maps (where
finished) should be used to ascertain the acreable con-
tent in preference to that which was furnished by the
survey made under the provisions of the Tithe Com-
mutation Act ; therefore in this way the proportions
of the population to the acreable content will be more
accurately given than heretofore. In addition to these
facts, the accurate returns of professions, trades, and
laborious occupations, and distinguishing the healthy
from the sick, the working from the non-working
population, and to give the educated from the un-
educated portion of the community, together with the
returns of mortality and disease for each week during
the last ten years ; all of which returns can be easily
procured by the Commissioners with the same staff,
and make their blue book useful, instead of being, as
it usually is, an unintelligible mass of figures, scarcely

ever brought into use after it has been presented by
them to Parliament.
Trusting that this letter may not be deemed unin-
teresting to you, and hoping that the suggestions
contained may lead to the adoption of some it not all
of them on the part of the Census Commission e:-s,
I remain, Sir, yours, &c.,
W. 11.

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.
EPSOM AUTUMN MEETING—TUESDAY.
Until within the last four or five years the racing ma-
son invariably terminated with the Houghton, or, as it
was not inappropriately termed, the " Hay and Straw
Meeting;" under the present go-ahead system, however,
it has gradually increased in duration, commencing in
February and extending almost to December. Mr.
Dorling has ben most conspicuous in bringing about
this new order of things, fir in the spring we find him
in the field with his great Metropolitan, the summer
gathering succeeds, and yesterday he gratifies his metro-
politan patrons with the strongest and the richest bill cf
fare ho has yet issued to tempt the racing public—seven
races, without heats, large fieldi, and nearly 500/. added
money, for one day, at the fag-end of a season, is a proof
of sell and liberality eminently deserving of success. It
is but fair to add, that Mr. Dorling has received substan-
tial aid from the Brighton Railway Company; and that
Mr. Carew and other gentlemen resident in the vicinity
have contributed munificently for the promotion of sport.
It will be collected from what we have said, and from
our previous returns of the nominations and arrivals,
that the meeting, as far as it relied on flat racing, pro.
mised to be first-rate, requiring only favourable wea-
ther to make it attractive to the public and profitable to
the lessee. As it turned out, the elements were propi-
tious; several well filled trains left the London-bridge
station, the grand stand enclosure was crowded, and the
general show of company, considering the lateness of the
season, was very fair, still, it must be admitted, not by
any means so large as the superiority of the list had led
us to anticipate. The arrangements on the course were
in most respects good, and well-deserved commendation
was bestowed on the manner in which the refreshment-
rooms were provided by Mr. Davis, the cook to tho
Jockey Club. We cannot say, however, that everything
was quite as it should be; and we must especially advert
to the length of time occupied in weighing the jockies,
and the consequent delay in starting. Owing to this,
the Bentinck Fiate was not run until upwards of an hour
afer the time fixed, and it was so nearly dark before
the Selling Stakes was got over, that it was difficult to
make out the colours. This may be avoided on a future
occasion by commencing business half an hour earlier,
confining the races to half-a-dozen, and allowing three-
quarters of an hour between the principal eyeats. With
so many large fields, even a practised clerk of the scales
would have found it difficult to get through his duties
with half-hour intervals. Of the sport too much cannot
be said in praise; it was as good as it was abundant, and
highly creditable to Mr. Dorling and his supporters.
The following is a return:—
The Normanton Stakes of 10 soya, each, 5 ft if declared;
with 25 added; the second to save his stake. Great
Metropolitan Stakes Course, two miles and a quarter.
(5 Subs.)
Mr. Carew's Edipus, 4 yrs (801.), 7st 51b (Dockeray 1
Mr. Sadd's Salute, 3 yrs (801.), sst 3lb ...(Kendall) 2
Mr. Burgess's Handsome Doe (801.), its 51b (Gilbert) S
Mr. Roberts's Miss Lottery (sW.), sst 61b (Aldcroft) 4
Sir G. Heathcote'a Durdans, 4 yrs (801.), 7st 61b 5
Betting-2 to 1 agst Handsome Doe, sto 2 agst
Edipus, and 7 to 2 agst Durdans. Durdans went off
with a lead of two or three lengths, which he held to the
mile post, where the lot closed, and with Miss Lottery
in front, ran together to the distance, where Salute, the
Handsome Doe, and Miss Lottery singled themselves
out and appeared to have the race to themselves; CEdi.
pus, however, came a few strides from the chair, and won
the race out of the fire by a neck. Run in 4 min. 21 secs.
The winner was claimed.

The Beddington (Handicap) Stakes of 10 Bova. each,
with 100 added by C. H. Carew, Esq.; for two yrs
old; the second to save his stake and the winner to
pay 10 sous. towards expenses. One mile. (28 Subs.)
Sir G. Heathcote's Dark Susan filly, 6st 121 b 1
Mr. Fletcher's b f St. Hilda, 6st 121 b (W. Sharp) 2
Captain Liddell's b f Truth, 7st I llb (Crouch) 3
The following also started, but were not placed:—
Mr. Jaques's Entre Nous, Bst 71b (Mittman) 0
➢ir.;W.Legg's, jun.ch f Rowena, 7st 111 b (Abrahams) 0
Mr. Steven's Britannia, 7st 10113„ (Sabin) 0
Mr. W. Neale's The Calculator, 7st 6lb (G Oates) 0
Mr. Ilayter's Terpsichore, 7st 51b... (11. Goater) 0
Mr. Carew's Soufflé, 7st 21b (Rodney) 0
Mr. Lumley's The Incurable, Est 121 b (J. Smith) 0
Truth ran under protest, on account of her age.
Betting-3 to 1 agst Terpsichore, 4to I each against
the Incurable and St. Hilda, .5 to 1 each agst the Calcu-
lator and Dark Susan filly, 6 to I agst Truth, and 8 to 1
aget Entre Nous. The Dark Susan filly jumped off
first, but immediately gave precedence to Britannia, on
whom she waited until half way up the distance; in the
end winning very cleverly by half a length; Truth a good
third. Run in 1 min. 53 secs. --

Toe Epsom Autumn Handicap, of 15 soya. each, 10ft,
and 5 only if declared, with 200 added; the second to
save his stake; and the winner to pay 30 sovs. to-
wards expenses. New Derby C,uree. (56 Subs.,
25 of whom declared.)
Mr. Driukald's Sauter-la-Coupe, 6st 8:h ...(Rodney) 1
Mr. Williams's Chief Justice, 3 yrs, Sit Slb (Aldcrolt)
Sir. G. ileathcote's Dark Susan colt, sst 31b
The following also started, but were not placed:—
Mr. Pedley's Cossack, 6 yrs, Sat lib (A. Day)
Mr. M,iklam's Snowstorm, 4 yrs. Tat Illb (Arnold
Sir C. Rusbout's Glen ,Saddel, Get 111 b (Crouch
Mr. Jaques's Cbantrey, 4 yrs, 6st 8% ...(Charlton
Mr. W. Russell's Docility, 4 )15, 6st (Hold way
Mr. J. C. Johnson's Duxbury, sst 131 b ... (Barker
Mr. 'toles Wansdyke, 3 yrs, s.st Sib (ti. Mann) 0
Count lii❑:ky's Maria Mont, fl yrs, sst 81b...(Price) 0
Mr. Douglas's Cure, 3 yrs, s•t 111 b ...(U. Fordrn an) 0
Mr. Scott's Brington, 3 yrs, 4st II lb (Preece) ()
Count Bathyary's Valentine, 3 yrs, 4st 91b ( roovey) 0
Betting-5 to 2 egst Sauter-la-Coupe, sto 2 agst
Chantrey, 4 to 1 agst Chief Justice, 10 to 1 egst Deik
Susan colt, and 12 to 1 agst any other. Docility took
the lead at starting, followed tu rotation ,by Chief Jus-
tice, Glen Saddel, Cossack, and Chantre), Sauter-la-
Coupe lying off, and Cora, who got off badly, bringing
up the rear. No change took place in the front rank
until they reached the three-quarter of a mile post,
where Cossack gave way, and Chantrey took the second
place, Docility still leading. They went on in this
order to the distance, where Chief Justice took up the
running, closely attended hr "-,e Dark Susan colt, Chan-
trey, Brington, Valenti' e, and iauter-la-Coupe, the race
teing left entirely to this Jot. Opposite the stand Chan-
trey and Brington gave and Sauter-la-Coupe, chal-
lenging Chief Justice, headed him half a dozen strides
from home, and won by a short length. The Dark Susan
colt was beaten a neck for the second 'place, and was
closely run in by Valentine; Brington fifth. Run in 2
min. 49 secs.
Maria Mont was weighed for and went into the pad-
dock, but turned re•tive, ran against a post and fell; the
boy received a cut on the forehead, and was led back to
the stand, but after a short delay le-mounted, too-late,
however, to get to the post in time to start.
The Welter Stakes (Handicap) of 10 sove. each, with 25
aided. Gentlemen filers. New Derby Course. (11

Subs )
Mr. Carew's Agis, 5 yrs, Ilst . (Captain Little) 1
Lord Strathmore's Magician, 4 yrs, lOst 71b (Beville) 2
Mr. St. Aubyn's Jessy, 5 yrs, lOst (Owner) 3
Betting-1 ttoB on Agis, and 6to 4 agst Magician.
Agis made all the running, and won cleverly by a length.
Run in 3 min. 7 secs.

The Two years Old Selling Stakes of 5 son. each, with
25 added; colts, Bst 71b; fillies, Bat 31b; winners extra.
The winner to be sold for 100 sore., and allowance if
to be sold for less. Six furlongs.
Mr. Wilkins's Aristos, Bst 21b (T. Lye) 1
Mr. Osbablestou's Faux Pas, Bst 51b (Simpson) 2
Mr. Webb's Vigilant, Bst 31b (Sabin) 0
Mr. Thompson's Jack Robinson, Bst 2, b (I)ocksray) 0
Mr. Collins's St. Patrick, Bst 31b (Ware) 0
Mr. Douglas's Leyburn, Bst 41b (Abrams) 0
Mr. Laws' Isabella, Bst llb (Plummer) 0
Betting-6 to 4 agst Faux Pas, 3to 1 agst Aristos,
to 1 agst Jack Robinson, and 4 to 1 oast Vigilant. Won
by a head. Vigilant a good third. Run in 1 min. 23
secs. Jack Robinson was restive at the post, threw his
jockey, and broke away.
The Bentinck Plate of 100 soya. (Handicap). One mile.
Lord Strathmore's Garforth, 3 yrs, Est llb (J. Smith) 1
Mr. Winch's Impression, 3 yrs, Est 81b ......(Arnold) 2
The following also started but were not placed:--
Mr. Osbaldeston's Joc-o'-Sot, Set 71b...(G. Simpson) 0
Mr. Forth's Laundrymaid, aged, 7st 131b(Abrahams) 0
Mr. Carsw's Eva, 4 yrs, ist 61b (Dockeray)
Mr. Bingley's Christiana, 4 yrs, 7st 41b (Holdway) 0
Mr. Dawson's Mark Tapley, 3 yrs, ist 31b (Lye) 0
Mr. Cowley's Second Sight, 4 yrs, 7st 41b ...(Sabin) 0
Sir C. Rushout's Thibault, 4 yrs, ist 41b ...(Crouoh) 0
Mr. Gain's Lammermoor, 4 yrs, Est 131b(W. Sharps) 0
Mr. Blyth's Bullfinch, 3 yrs, 6st 101 b ...(Charlton) 0
Mr. Kimmins's Jesse, 4 yrs, Est 91b (A. Marlow) 0
Count Bathyany's Valentine, 3 yrs, Est 71b ...(Ware) 0
Mr. Osbaldeston's fby Pantaloon, sst 121 b (Barker) 0
Mr. Neale's Calculator, 2 yrs, sst 71h (I'. Sherwood) 0
Mr. Fletcher's St. Hilda, 2 yrs, sst 21b (Kendal) 0
Betting-7 to 4 agst Garfortb, sto 1 agst filly out of
Fugleman's dam, 5 to 1 ages Mark Tapley, 6 to 1 agst
Impression, and 7to 1 agst any other. Christiana,. as
well as we could make out, made all the running to the
distance, where Garforth went in front, kept there to the
end with a decided lead, and won cleverly by a length;
Mr. Osbaldeston's filly a good third, and Joc-o'-Sot
fourth. Run in 1 min. 48 sec.
The Selling Stakes of 5 sous. each, and 25 added. One
mile. (9 Subs.)

Mr. Death's Lady Frances, 5 yrs (301) Sat (Dockeray) I
Mr. Manning's Elopement 5 yrs (301), Bst 61b (Moon) 2
The following also started:—
Mr. Scott's Marquis of Conyngham, Bst 10Ib(S. Mann) 0
Mr. Kimmiun's Jessie, 4 yrs, 7st 131 b... (Matthews) 0
Mr. Hayter's Heather Bell (301), 6st 111b...(Gilbert) 0
Mr. Drake's Reversion, 4 yra (301), Bst 21b ...(Lye) 0
Mr. T. Walker's Welchman, 3 yrs (30/), 7st (Arnold) 0
Betting-5 to 4 agst Reversion, and 3to 1 each art
Lady Frances cud the Marquis. Won easy by two
lengi hi.
BETTING AT MANCHESTER—TUESDAY.
THE DERBY.-11 t, 2 agst Grecian, 7 to 1 agst
Prime Ministry, 13 to 1 agst Mountain Sylph colt, 20
to 1 agst Teddington (t), 35 to 1 agst Faugh-a-ballagh
colt (t). 40 to 1 agst Lightfoot (t).
Nothing done on the Steeplechases.

LUCRATIVE SITUATIONS IN SUSSEX.—The guar-
dians of the Steyning Union have advertised for a porter at
the Shoreham workhouse. He is to be able-bodied and
single, and his salary (beyond lodgings and rations in the
workhouse) is to be IN. per annum. Out of this remunera-
tion he is to find his own clothes. The Uckfield guardians
have advertised for a nurse, who is to devote her whole time
to her duties, and such other duties as may be required by
the muter or matron, and the remuneration is to be beta
and lvdBLgs and 71. a year.