The Sun.
London, England, 1844-04-02 00:00:00

:.)trait
ittlting

LONDON, TUESDAY, APRIL 2, 1844.

OVERLAND MAIL
INDIA AND CHINA.

BY EXTRAORDINARY EXPRESS.
The following telegraphic dispatch wits received at
PFis on Monday afternoon :
TELEGRAPHIC DISPATCH.

"MALTA, MARCH 20.

" The Indian Mail of the 14 March adds nothing
to the events of Gwaliar, but the return of the army
within the British territory, with the artillery and
other contributions- obtained from that State, and
the formation of the subsidiary. contingent 10 be
commanded by British officers. •
" The news from China, which is dated the 12th of
January, i 3 purely commercial." ,

The French papers of this morning contain no news
of any interest. Nothing of any moment doing
in the Charfiber of Deputies this afternoon, and
no changes of
.any consequence in the prices of the
French Funds.---Past.

Lord ABERDEEN, laSt niathb, in pikeeNfing certain
papers relative to Chiria, taiWifi':Qppy to'itate
that the connexion.be&een Great ft'thin and China
was now placed on the most satisfactory .footing ;. and
at the same time paid. a high • compliment -to Sir
HENRY '.IIOTTI::4GER-; for ' his energy and • talents in
bringing. affairs 'to such a happy conchision. The
Noble Lord.regretted tbatill-health compelled him to
leave his important- situation and return to England.
Lord BEAUM2NT called the attention of the House
to the Unsatisfactory commercial relations .between
England and the Porte, and pinted out the dis:-
advantages tinder which the English merchant
toured Under the late treaty. 'Russia had gained
•.•• • • • -
great advantages by its „ • ,
.Lord ABERDEEN said ;instructions •had been sent
from St. Petersburgh to., the Russian Consul, to Del
gotiate a treittsi• with the Turkish Government, on
the basis of the British treaty. •
The Ecclesiastical Courts Bill was read a third time,
,!vhen the Muse adjotirned:
In the Cohn-nom, after the presentation of peti,
tions,• Mr. 'BARING WALt. -.gave notice that after
Easter he would, move for-theappointment of `a
Select Committee relative to the building Of the
Houses of Parliament.

Air, COBDEN gave notice of a motion, for a Select
CoMmittee, to inquire into the effect of protective
duties on national industry.
In -answer to a question from Mr. TitELAwri/,,
relative to the affairs of Canada, Lord STANLEY
said no Administration had, according to the latest
accounts, been :•formed by Sir CHARLES METCALFE ;
and it would be better to defer laying on the table
any papers relative to the late transactions, until
some definite result was ftnown,
The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER, in nns‘ser
to a question from Mr. DIVETT, said he would bring
on the budget on Monday, the 15th inst.
Lord JOHN RUSSELL' expressed a hope that the
G'revernment would, befure the recess, announce what
Bills they intended to bring in immediately after
Easter.

Irr answer to -a question from Mr. GISBORNE, Sir
ROWERT PEEL said he would bring the Bank Charter
ander the consideration of. the House immediately
after the reciss; but he must till then decline enter-
ing into particulars.

Lord ELIOT moved for leave to bring in a Bill for
amending the registration of voters for Members of
Parliament in, Ireland. The Noble Lord, in a long
speech, detailed the alterations proposed, which are
very numerous and complicated, and of which it
would be difficult to give an intelligible outline. One
of the chi 3f/#4i3iiil?ropeses to render the Irish
law cp.. ~„,m.„r,lish ,and. Scotch law, and
to fp! 4 ::•,.7„L -:,,, , :,. 74.1te1l be. ,a. , clear yeikrly
Tait ' (filltrici,
s,'"f: i';
,?:, 11 rents and charges.
Ile , - aiittailt 2,26' 1,, ~ ' trace; that 'the-"progoedd
4
chat4.-...04:6.,, of diafranchi6ing twO-
A------/NiA5? '
Ir-:-.:-..---_-,--ab.-..!•.?
.ti ft til*

thirds of the 101. leaseholders and freeholders. That

class amounted to about 40,000. As a compensa-
tion for this, it was proposed that all occupiers who
were rated to the relief of the poor for a certain
amount should have the benefit of the franchise, and
that 25,000 would, from this change, be added to the
constituency. It was proposed also that all' persons
possessing. a freehold inheritance of Si.- clear yearly
'value, should have votes. He believed the effect of
these measures would be a considerable increase in
the number' of respectable voters in the counties.
After entering into several other details, the Noble
Lord announced that he would lay the Bill on the
table this day, so that Alembers might have ample
time to consider its provisions before it came. on for
discussion.'
Mr. Mc:am QT.eanALL, though admitting that
the Noble Lord had conceded every principle against
which his party had contended, had yet fallen far
short of what was required. If his statement was
correct, the 25,000 votes which he proposed to give
by the 301: clause would prove to be nothing at all.
The'Bill, too, would place the tenants more than
ever under the power of the landlords, and a fran-
chise of that kind would be the greatest curse, that
could be inflicted on Ireland. ,

Lord JOHN RUSSELL thought the introduction of
the 301. tenant clause was very objectionable, for it
would only give more power to the landlords. He
was glad that a 51. clause had been proposed, and
only regretted that there was not a 40s. freehold
franchise. Certain changes proposed by the Noble
Lord,he considered would be: beneficial.

A greitt number of other -Members spoke.on the
question, but generally refrained_ 'from giving a de-
cided opinion till they had read the Bill.
- Leave was given to bring in the Bill.
Lord Jour; RUSSELL put• some questions to Sir
ROBERT PEEL relative to a Bill before the other
House for, the appointment of a judge to preside over
the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
The Right Hon. Bariinet said the Bill' would be
brought before*the House in the due course of busi-
ness, when the Noble Lord would have an opportunity
of discussing it. He might at the same time state
that it bad been brought into the Lords independent
of the Government.

The House then went into Committee of Supply,
when a number of miscellaneous estimates were
agreed to.
Th.) other Orders of the Day were then disposed
of, and The House adjourned at One o'Clock.

It was truly observed by JEREMY BENTHAM, that
" in England all other particular interests are over-
borne and crushed by one great-particular interest,
called the agricultural intereat." To this one great
interest all others are made subserVient, all others
pay homage;. and the precept, " render unto CESAR
the things that are CESAR'S," is no guide as. to the
undue and unjust regards exacted for it. To raise
the price of bread by means of the corn-laws--r-to in-
crease the annual amount of rent in consequence of
the additional price that bread corn brings—are
deemed fairand proper ,means of paying tribute to
the agricultural interest. To control and restrain
the hours of labour, so as to make the rate of wages
rise in proportion to the insufficiency of the demand,
and thus to-effect an increase of wages in proportion
with the increased ' price of bread, is also deemed
Worthy of English legislation to attempt. Direct
extortion from the pockets of every other class is
practised and sanctioned, solely for the purpose, and
with the intent, or obtaining for' the agricultural in-
terest, prices for produce, and rent for land, beyond
;any that justice or equity would give.
What absurd—principles actuate our legislators
'when they give way to this one-sided system, called
protection, this real robbery; and what ridiculous
-notions of the way to bring about their own good,
are entertained' by the friends' of the' agriculturists,
when they seek to benefit them by, such means. The
only true mode of encouraging the growth of corn at
home is to increase the demand ; which can only
be done by an increased population, with abundant
ability to buy, ind with the power to pay, well
and freely, for what they consurne. Monopoly
produces scarcity of provision, dearness of price,
uncertainty of supply ; it cramps the trade of the
country, decreases the demand for labour, lowers the
rate of wages, prevents the poor man from purchasing
his fair proportion of fOod, and imposes barriers to
marriage and to the increase of the population of the
country. What a mistaken plan of bringing good to
their friends do they adopt.

And cur Legislators shall debate, night after night,
.Whether ten or twelve hours' labour shall be the
maximum of human endurance as to toil—whilst the
power of enduring starvation, and the period, for
Which it can be borne, shall never'be even alluded to.
They make and maintain corn-laws, which compel
additional Hours of labour to-procure f:)od, and yet
they Seek to restrain the working for. that very time
which by. their own enactments they have rendered
labour necessary. Starvation by Act of Parliament,
or excessive toil, is the doctrine of the corn-laws ;
restricted labour, and restricted, food, that of the
Factories Regulation Act. ,
Was ever such monstrous absurdity heard of?
Could it be believed that in the nineteenth century, the
, principles which guide the. English Parliathent shall
be, Whenstripped of their covering, mere pretexts for
raising rent, by causing artificial scarcity, and giving
a protection to the landlords, at the, expense of every
other class of society ? Could it be believed that a
nation of shopkeepers, as the man called us who
knew well, yhere the Strength of England lay; who
knew that it lay in her trade, in . her commerce, and
not in her agricultural productions—for her agricul-
ture must flourish through her trade, not her trade
through her agriculture—would, sit so quietly down
`under such laws as the corn-laws ? And yet, but for
'the efforts of the Anti-Corn7law League, the country
„would Have sat down quieseentona tho,se,laws might
have been suffered to remain on the book, which at
some• future period of English history will be pointed
0.4 4s instances of partial legislation, worthy only of
the very darkest ages.

An interesting article appears in the last Number
of the' 'EdiiibuiffA Reoi.cw, just published; on the
subject of the Marquis DE CIISTINZ'S "Russia," a work
which...liai lately • attracted a -considerable share of
public .attention. In this article numerous references
;are made to conversations which the anthor held with
rthe Emperor.ncuciLAs on matters-relating to the
present state of his dominions, and also to a certain
memorable event in his life which took place at the
,period • of his. accession to the throne. It is well-,
,leriown that on the death.; of ALEXANDER, and the
,abdication of CONaTANIINE' which immediately fol-
loweA, a dangeroui revolt, which had been nine years
preparing, broke. out in the army, and was only sup-
presseA by the prompt, and energetic interference of
NICUOLAS. As the CzAR is,.said to be exceedingly
. susceptible of flattery on this point,. the 'Marquis
who 'was aware of. his •-weak side, paid; him several
delicate comPliments—Whieh none canipay. so 'wo as
a Frenchman—to .which his Imperial -.lllAJEsry
.vouchsafed the following reply You mista'ke :
Aid nothing extraordinary: -' "said to the' soldier's'' re-
.tqrn to 'your ranks,' and as they. defiled hefore me,
• Levied, ‘, On your knees !'—all obeyed. ,• That which
made -me feel strong was, that the Moment before
had -resigned. myself to death. I arn•thanliful for the
success I had, but I am not proud of. it, -for I- had
no. merit in the matter." With. this answer the
Reviewer is delighted, and warmly* pronounces it'to be
"very hon6t and becoming." Its ModeSfyL-and even
this is equivocal—is more remarkable than 'its honesty,
for not the whole truth, but only a fragment of it is
related, and that .portion is adroitly selected:ilia
tells most . in favour of
.the .EMiERoR, Froln. his
-MAJEsty's statement it would appear-:more eve.'
cially from the significant words,- "that-Which made
,Fee feel strong was, that the moment
.before I had
_resigned myself to death"—it would, appear, we ray,
from these wOrds,• that NicuoLts had himself
pressed in person the revolt, at the' imminent haiaid.Ot
.his life.' :But this was not the fact..' We. remember
reading, some time since, a document drawn up on the
spot by a , Military officer,' who was himself at St.
Petersbuth when the insurrection broke out, who
witnessed the commencement of the outbreak, and
heard from trust-worthy authorities thei .hole cir-
chinstanees connected with it. His sCateirent ex-
aCily. tallieS with that of . the. EMPEROR, so far as
.relates to the fact of the latter having Tone among
the insurgent troops and insisted. on :•thiVetirrii„,hg •
to their.' allegiance ; akeligii4t 44140
irithe iattei'-j-itcCount—nameiy, --that'. he `confined
himself to mere remonstrances; and the instant it

was found absolutely necessary to fire on the rebels,
and bring up artillery against them, he abandoned
the scene of action, and contented himself with issuing
orders and receiving intelligence from his officers,_at
a safe distance from the theatre of the massacre.
His allusion, therefore, to his having " resigned
himself to death " is a mere gasconade, for
he took special care that no random shot or desperate
blow of an insurgent sabre Would reach his Imperial
person. We do not deny that he showed a certain
degree of moral courage on' the occasion, and by his
timely presence among. the- conspiring regiments,
before 'either party had procieded to extremities'
induced some of them to abandon their purpose
but physical courage was wholly wanting, for when
the affair assumed a serious and sanguinary as-
pect, then, the • EMPEROR of All the Russias
was nowhere to be found on the scene of
action ! In another of the Imperial conversations
quoted by the Reviewer, we find the following-re-
marks :--" They know me very little (observed
Theiror—ts) who• reproach me with ambition. Par
from seeking to enlarge our territory, I would wish to
contract, as much as possible, round myself the popu-
lation of the whole of Russia. To improve the con-
dition ef the Russians is a far better thing than to
aggrandise _myself." Magnanimous sentiments these,
but, alas ! how little are they in accordance with the
known:acts of, the Royal speaker ! What but ambition
and a thirst for personal aggrandisement, induced
MerroLAs to hurry his armies across the Balkan, and
reduce Turkey to the lowest state of prostration—
to send PASKEVITCH against the frontier provinces
of Persia, and compel the SHAH to surrender a portion
of his dominions—to set underhand intrigues actively
at Work at Herat and. Khelat—above all, what but
a selfish lust of power still induces the EM-
PEROR to dispatch army after army- against
the Circassians, whose only offence is, that
they prefer a life of independence to one of
abject submission to a foreign State which has not
even the shadoW of a claim on their allegiance ? We
mention these things, because it has been the fashion
among travellers of late—Lord LONDONDERRY, by-
the-bye, is a great offenderin this respect—to heap
the most fulsome panegyrics= upon the Emperor of
RUSSIA, and perversely shut their eyes to the fact
that he is at heart a confirmed tyrant, who deserves
rather the censure-than the approbation of freemen.

Intelligence from' Lisbon to the 26th ult.. has
'been received. Affairs seem to be in avert' unsettled
state, and loud complaints are made on all hands
against the CABRAL Alinistry.- A petition to the
QITEEN for:. their removal had been drawn up, and
signed by three ex-Ministers, but as her M.JESTY
declined to haVe an interview with Count LAVRADIO,
the nobleman appointed to present it, the document
Was delivered to the KING. Almeida still held out;
.indeed no measures had commenced for the reduction
o the_plaee, and-it is not at all improbable that before
that event takes place CABRAL and his colleagues
may ,be dismissed. The Cardinal Patriarch, it is said,
protests against all CABRAL'S proceedings, but the
QiTEEIN. refuSes to listen to his advice, and her obsti-
nacy is very generally blathed.

Madrid-papeis Of the 25th ult. announce that on
day the auction for the tobacco contract took
The Finance-Minister presided at the adjudi-
cation. when, after a spirited contest, it was•awarded
to Senor SALAsimitA, at the price of .110,040,000
reals, or .abont, 1,100,400/. the same day the
funeral of Asunuazs took place, when vast numbers
followed his rernains. to the tomb. The grand levee
fixed.for that day had been countermanded, and the
Beurse'still remained closed.

The Parts papers bring no additional intelligence
respecting the disturbances in Italy, but generally
*anticipate, though On what groUnds they do not
state, that the attempts at insurrection will, be sup-
pressed without the aid of. foreign Powers. As re-
gards the affairs of Romagna, we believe there is not
`the slightest chance for, such a result. The discus-
sions in the Chambers, on Saturday, were generally
without interest. In the Committees M. Dn ST.
PRIEST brought forward his motion on Post-office
reform, and moved that the subject. be taken into
consideration. This was strongly opposed .by the
Finance Minister, but without effect, and the ques-
tion was therefore to be referred to the entire Chamber.
The motion of M. GARMER PAGES, relative to the
conversion of the Fire per Cent. Stock, was to be
taken into consideration on the 2d.

, The 'Three per Cents. were done on Sunday at
83f. sc.

LATER-FROM the UNITED STATES.
LIVERPOOL, MONDAY EVENING:
The, fine packet-ship Virginian, Cptain Allen, Arrived
here this afternoon from New York, v,hence she sailed
on the 11th tiltimo—five days after the last arrival. -

In a commercialpoint of view the news is encouraging.
The price of legitimate stocks was steady; with an up-
ward tendcncy, And those of a "fancy " character, as
they Pare styled on the other side, were also in request.
Business was brisk, and nioney.was abundant. Not the
least encouraging feature of the commercial news is, the
utter explosion of the attempt to bolster up the price of
cotton beyond its real value. One of the speculators
whu " burnt his fingers " in the operation, had failed to
the extent of 250,000 dollars, Others were expected to
follow, and the trade—the speculative part of it—was in
a state% of consternation and confusion. The price of
the article itself, irrespective of these disasters, was re-
ceding at New Orleans; and the same result had taken
place at New York. • • •
A new Tariff• Bill had' been introduced into the House
of 'Representatives in some, degree similar to the one
introduced by Mr. Clay, in 1832, equalising much more
than does the present tariff, the duties from this coun-
try. -It is 'doubtful whether it will pass. The hostile
position of the Senate and the-House t,f Representatives,
would leave any measure of the kind, passed by the'one
House; to be rejected by the other.
Mr.,Calhoun, one of the foremost of American poli-
ticians, had accepted, under Mr. Tyler' the office of
Secretary of State, vacant-by the death of the former
Secretary, who was killed On board the Princeton. This
will not make much,. if any, difference, in the relative
position, of the ,candidates for the Presidency, as it ap-
pears to be unk!erstood that Mr. Van Buren is to be the
next democratic candidate. ,
THE AMEIUCAN MARKETS.

- The spring trade-is capital, and promises to be larger than
for the last seven years. The western and southern mer-
-ehantsliavebrbught on plenty of money to pay oil' old scores.
Money 4s abundant •at 4 per, eent;,.but stocks are a little on
the decline, except Pennsylvania, which, for the reasons'
before stated; keep up. The laSt. sales in the city on
Saturday .ware—Pennsylvania Fives, 70,; Sixes, 72i. We re-
Ygret to state that a large cotton bouse has failed in New
ork, for. nearly 300,000 dolls. ; the,princiimi sufferers are at
Georgia.and.a few New York banks.' The staple still de-
clines,,say,l
.to 1 cent, since the arrival of the last steamer.
The sales 'are dull and Small, Iseyers 'holding off, as much as,
'they-can; until fUrther advices arrive from *England.' The'
present crop. is estimated by able men at' 1,850,000 bales.
EXpertell since the 'lst of 'September last, 445,552 bales ;
Swine-time last year, 1,016;442.. The present prices, Liver-
pool classification, are—

.NEw Oni.E.tti& • Cents
-•' • - •
.
Cents. Fair 9to 9i
Ordinary 7i to 8 Good fair to tine ' 9 to 11 '
Middling g to 8/ Florida ' 7 to 10.
'Fair ;' 9 to 91 •
Good fair to fine 10 to 11 Ordinary,. •74t0 8
AL!iIiALA. Middling 8 to , 1-1 -•
-Ordinary 7l to 8 Fair 'Si, to 9*
' Middling .B to :8/ Good fair 91 to 94
Flour is dull, and has fallen 6Ac. within the last four days.
Genessee, 4 dolls 87c. to 4 dolls. 93c. ; Ohio, ditto ; Western,
4 dolls.-93c.; .Southern, 5 dolls. Illinois Wheat, 1 doll. 6c.
Ashes are rather quiet; Pots no change; Pearls, 5 dolls. 6c.
Liverpool coal, 7 dolls. ; Orrel, 8 dolls. • 25e:- Provisions
active, and the market steady. 'Prirde Mes 4 Beef, 13 dolls.;
.country,.4 dolls. to 6 dolls.; city,.6.dolls. Mess` Pork,
7 dolls. 62c. ; prithe, 9 dollS;62c. Tobacco is brisk; and a
great deinand for, Icentucky, at goodprices. The safne may
be 'said of Rice. Sugars active; with an advance- of a of a
cent. NeW-Orlians, 61c. to 7e. ; Porto • Rico,' -71 c. to 84c. ;
Cuba Muscevado, 6k. • brown Havannah, Cc. to 7/c ;
white, gie;.-fot9c. Brandy " seignette,' . 1 doll. 90c.
tol2 dolls. Freights 'rather chill; cotton to LiVerpool, Id.
-to id. ;• titian, 3s. to 3s. 3d.; flour to London, 35.; seamen's
wages* 15 doll 3. A month to Europe, with
,small stores;
-13 dolls. to the Mediterranean., In Exchanges, foreign is
rather slack.;, 81 to 8f prethium on X.Ondon, and. M. 30c. on
Paris.. Sovereigns, 4 'dolls. 83c to 4 416115. 85c.-' .Spanish
dbuhloolis, 16 doll& 90c, to 17 dolls. ; Patriot; 15 dolls; 90c.
016 dolls. united 'States Treasury 'Notes outstanding,
March 1: 3,392,849 dolls. United States cotton has suddenly
becOtrie a littlelhore 'active, -but' rib advance in 'price. • -On
Friday 3,000 bales were sold hi New Y ork, and two vessels
were talOtup•for. Liverpool at 1. f•L' •• • • •
The stocks of cOtton now on hand; nt' the four ports of
New York, Charleston, Mobile, and, New Orlearisoiraoynt to ,
608,685 bales. The stocks •.held at, these four. ports at.the -
same time last year were only 383,258 bales, being an increase
on hand iu March this year, as. compared With March,lB43,
9,f 225)387 -hales This is a.verY.inapotta.nt feature. The news
tf-yom England by the saintir, pitelat 15 eXpetted to produce, a
further slight-decline in cotton. -

A petition was presented ye§terilay, by Captain
Peellel4. to the of CoinmonS frnin Alr.'itlaithew
stating that for a continuance cif 9ne 'himdred "conseeutive
years, deprivation and misery had -been on the -increase
among the labouring classes and-the poor, especially in the
agricultural districts; that for al*.years the petitioner had
recollected: -the above, and his, father 4or•dorty, years
_pre-
viously. The petitioner 'promised n0t..40 trouble, the;1100.
House at the end.,o44l64.46.r..cautakged various means
bhofg;a4iirntintagcpiriopopite„,:rfebli4lriyi—a—tni:zgt(:ottViimit:stiLat4k4*.i,.tysiatrpos
fAr.l,ll,lP.:llii'VA"inMinrirjto
fan-fitY;lnifirdlli"the ihiiitil€'4Mnit4uarrA Siforoseiilditk,
vated and plpted, the crops grown and hary
productions so applied that thousands might the
ensuing winter with solid food, their fatted