The Sun.
London, England, 1850-08-08 00:00:00

LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, AUGUST 8, 1850.

SUN,

any compromise with regard to the Bill, which he con-
sidered most obnoxious and injurious, and wholly un-
necessary.
The House then divided, when there appeared—
For the amendment ... ... 26
Against it ... ... 89
Majority ... —63
The amendment was consequently lost.
The Bill was then read a second time.
LANDLORD AND TENANT (No. 2) BILL.

After a few observations from Mr. HAMILTON,
The order of the day for the adjourned debate on this
Bill was discharged on the motion of Mr. REYNOLDS.

broken ones. Amongst stars that have come
under our observation this season are Bunn's Lord
Lewisham (S.B ), May's Ophelia, light purple
picotee ; Robinson's Elizabeth, splendid heavy-edged
red ; Marris's Jeannette and Mrs. llemans, rose
picotees. Whilst such flowers as these reward the
pains-taking florist, every one who grows carna-
tions and picotees ought to emulate them, by care—
fully crossing, saving, and sowing the seed. Auriculas,
polyanthuses, and pansies, must all have their share
of attention, keeping them clean and free from
insects ; the former is often pestered with green fly ;
this may readily be removed with a soft brush—
perhaps as easy and effectual a way as any. In
places where the work is kept in a forward state,
it may be presumed that by this time a sufficiency has
been potted for forcing, and that all the new planta •
tions have been properly prepared and planted. As
the fruit is all gathered, the old exhausted beds may
be at once destroyed—preserving the younger, one or
two year old beds, to afford the main supply next
season.—Gardener's Chronicle.

LANDLORD INTIMIDATION.

LORD GLENGALL'S THREAT.

Purchasers of encumbered estates have a new kind
of obstacle thrown in their way. They are to be drivc:o
from their possessions by popular hostility. Such, at
least, is the advice given under the shape of a predic-
tion by the Earl of Glengall. " The people of Ire-
land," says that nobleman, " would not recognise as
proprietors speculators frOm Threadneedle-street, who
bought property at a third of its value—they would
regard them as confiscators. and treat them ac-
cordingly?' This is very pretty language, indeed,
for a Peer. What sort of treatment his Lordship
would consider due to 'exact justice in the case,
or what are the means he contemplates for car-
rying it into execution, he did not intimate ;
but these follow of necessity, and are bound
his control. The rights of property are secured by
law, and for him who would violate them, the means
can be but of one character. We well remember
the common obeservation made with respect to
agrarian outrage. English capital was said to
be prevented by it from flowing into Ire-
land. Here, however, is an intimation thrown out
broader and clearer than any to which calumny
ascribed the assassination of landlords. Verily,
the people of this country would be sunk to the
lowest pitch of stupidity, if they could think of
doing any act against those who come with the
one recommendation of supplanting the present
race of owners. What ! is the title acquired
by honourable industry less sacred, or supported
by weaker moral sanctions, than tbat founded on
the sword ? Is capital such an evil that we
should rise up in arms against it ? Let them not
be afraid. The lordly sneer at Threadneedle. street
meets with no echo here. For the information of
persons living at a distance it may be necessary
to state that no man in Ireland commands
less the springs of popular resistance, or pos •
sesses less direction over opinion, if that be the
agency he means, than the Earl of Glengall. What-
ever he thinks upon any subject, the people almost of
necessity think the opposite. Strange excess of human
ingratitude as it may be, we believe, if the Cahir estates
were sold to-morrow, the event would be witnessed
without any profound emotions of bereavement. Per-
sons might even perhaps regard the change of masters
as resulting in a blessed riddance. His Lordship
complained that the reporters did not give the speech-
es on Ireland—that is, his own speeches—at length.
They have taken their revenge, and furnished their
vindication, by compiying with his wish in one in-
stance.—Cork Examiner.

RACY TALE OF "A WAG 0' TH' WA'."
At the Carlisle County Court last week, George
Findley, a sharp little fellow, living in " The Fleet,"
Caldewgate, by profession a weaver, was summoned
by Mr. Rennie, watchmaker and draper, for refusing
to pay the balance due for a clock—price 30s.
_ Plaintiff—l put the clock up in his house, when he
was away at the harvest, and when he returned, he
promised to pay me. He has paid me 16s. on ac-
count, but threatens to pay no,more,
JUDGE—What have you to say to that? Defend•
ant—Och, rll tell yer honour all about it.
JUDGE—Very well ; go on.
Detendant—He came to my house when I was
away at the harvest, and put up a worthless old " wag
o' th' wa'" against my wife's consent.—(Laughter.)
JUDGE—HOW could he do that? Defendant—
Och, but he did, yer honour ; be put her up—he
forced her up.—Renewed laughter.)
JUDGE—Have you paid him 16:!. on account ? De-
fendant—Jist stop a bit, and rii tell you all about
it. He says to my wife, " Jist let her stop up
till he comes home, and then we'll see about.
her." Well, yer Honour, I came home, and there
she was sticking against the wall.—(Laughter.) My
wife told me all about it; and he came down the
next week. I says to him "I won't have her—l
won't have her ! " " Why won't ye have her ?" says
he. " Because," says I, " she sometimes goes too
fast, and sometimes too slow."—(Laughter.) And
then, yer Honour, she lost a siroke ?—(L.lugnter.)
JUDGE Then, did you return her ? Defendant—
Turn her!—(Roars of laughter, in which the judge
joined heartily.)
JUDGE—Did you return the clock to him ? Dc-
fendant—Och, jut stop a bit, and I'll tell you all
about it.—(Laughter.) " Oh, but," says he, "if she
doesn't suit you, I'll take her down again and put up
a fine cased clock." Och, he did, yer Honour.—
(Laughter.) So I paid on till my neighbours told me
he was only saying that as an excuse, and that if
I paid him any more I would never get another
clock. "Then," says I, "devil another farthing
I'll pay him till ',get another cloch."—(Laughter.)
Well, yer honour, he comes dawn and he says, " Why
won't you pay ?" " Pay ! ' says I, " I'm going to
pay no more till I get a better clock." "T'
wid ye," says he—flourishing about my floor (for he
was drunk at the, time)—" If you don't pay, I'll sum-
mons you up. " Summon; away !" says I, " for
I'll never pay another farthing of the -- old wag
o' th' wa'."—(Boars of laughter.)
JUDGE—NeII, what became of her ? Defendant—
Och, she's yonder sticking yet. (Renewed laughter.)
But I'd have served him right if I'd done as Will
Fitts did.

JUDGE How did he do ? Defendant When
Will got his, yer Honour, he put her in the " stuff
shop" for five shillings—(Laughter)—so "my friend"
there (plaintiff) was glad to release her, or he would
have lost altogether.—(Renewed laughter.)
Plaintiff attempted to speak here, but
Defendant burst upon him with—" You are as big
a rogue as ever put a hat on a head."—(Roars of
laughter.)

The JUDGE decided that if parties would go and
traffic with women in this sort of way in the absence
of their husbands they should have payment but in
very small sums.—Defendant to pay 6d. a week.—
Carlisle Patriot.

AND THE SPANISII
THE ENGLISH
COAST GUARDS.
packetspe. are continually getting
The English maiIIPACKETS
into squabbles with the
indifferenceatrh
the
authorities.part
o ft
he
board these packets to foreign
a consciousness of inferiormint,nthsohunl
haps there is a little too
ueauthorities, and perhaps
hauteur observed on
latter
induces them to trespass on
con-
tempt with which their pretensions e and
the former. On the 25th ult., are treated by
packet had left Cadiz on her
when the Iberia mail
homeward voyage, and
was ateering for Cape St. Vincent, several apparently
small fishing vessels were steering for the land, when
from one of them a blank musket cartridge
was fired, which went a head of the Iberia. The
vessel from which it was fired
immediately wore
round and fired a ball cartridge over b
She had no pendant flying, but just t
as e steamer.
she. fired
the ball cartridge she ran up a Spanish ensign,
was on the starboard of the Iberia, which had,
She
course, as a mail packet, a pendant flying. Theof
, steamer took not the slightest notice of the firing, but
stood on her course. When the vessel was abaft the
starboard quarter of the Iberia, however, she fired a
6-pounder at the latter, which passed just over the head
of the helmsman, and did some damage to the rigging.
Capt. Burney, commander of the Iberia, now thought
it was time to resent this insult, and immediately
wore round and fully intended to run the vessels
down. As the Iberia approached Capt. Burney
hoisted his colours and demanded the reason for the
firing. About thirty men were now remarked armed
with cutlasses and loading muskets on board the
vessel, and who seeing the Iberia approach lowered
their bulwarks, and appeared as if preparing to board,
The noise of several on board the vessel speaking to-
gether, and of the steam blowing off on board the
steamer prevented the reply from being heard
or understood. The Iberia had not a shot on
board, and Captain Burney kept steaming round the
coast guard vessel—for such the warlike craft
turned out to be—and narrowing the circle ever
circuit he made. Now came the fun. The cells.);
guard crew, seeing the steamer getting closer and
closer, and knowing that the Iberia, by running her
bow into their vessel, could drive her to the bottom
in a moment, began to be alarmed, and appeared ns
much frightened as if a boa constrictor were gradu-
ally attracting and approaching them. Capt. Burney,
when quite close to the coast guard crew, threatened
to run them down if they fired another shot. After
pausing for a reply the Iberia steamed ahead.
,Capt. Burney is described ns a religious and kind-
hearted man, and he stated that he only refrained from
running the vessel down to avoid hurrying the poor
men on board of her into eternity. Our Consul at
Cadiz has been written to, and the matter has been
reported to the Admiralty. It will end, no doubt, as
all these things do, in the commander of the coast
guard being reprimanded or dismissed.by the Spanish
au%horities. . •
. . _

POLICE INTELLIGENCE.
MANSION-HOUSE.

John Binmore was charged before Alderman Gibbs
with having assaulted Mr. G. Harden, a solicitor.
The complainant said that he called at the defendant's
house, No. 31, Nowgate-street, at the request of a lady.
his client, to ask for the amount of a debt due to her by
the defendant. The reception he met with was such as
was not often given to professional men. The defen-
dant not only told him that the money should not be
forthcoming, but seized him by the collar and shoved
him out of the house—a dangerous mode of disposing of
a pecuniary demand, inasmuch as the agent might have
come in contact with some vehicle in that crowded tho-
roughfare.
Alderman GIBBS—Did you use any provoking lan-
guage to the defendant? Complainant—Not at all. I
merely told him the business upon which I called upon
him, and he said he would bundle me out neck and crop,
and he certainly showed me that he was in earnest.
The defendant said he had desired the complainant to
leave his house four times before he proceeded to the
disagreeable ta'k of putting him out, and then the force
used was not greater than would have been necessary to
remove a straw or anything incapable of resistance.
B. Dutton, waiter to the defendant, said—The com-
plainant came to the bar and master told him to go out,
end he would not. Master then said, If you do not
I'll put you out;" and the gentleman said, " Do it at
your peril." Master then told me to open the door, and
he took the complainant by the collar and just walked
him out, and then master walked back.
R. Quarrel!, a lodger in the house, said—l was in the
shop at the time and heard some words at the bar. I
then observed the complainant decidedly obstructing the
business of the house. Mr. Binmore then placed his
hand on the collar of the gentleman, who immediately
walked out as quiet as a lamb. No force whatever
was used, for none was necessary. I did not hear any
words.

Alderman GIBBS said the assault was clearly proved,
not only by the statement of the complainant, but by the
evidence for the defence, and the defendant must pay
tho penalty of 20s. and costs, or go to prison for four-
teen days.
The tine was paid.
Samuel Frost and George White were charged under
the following circumstances:—
E. Lambert, Camberwell omnibus proprietor and
driver, said—Yesterday evening, at five o'clock, I was
coming to the City, and on London-bridge Frost, who
was driving a cart, kept crossing my horses, and at last
he caught hold of one of my horses and threw it down.
I told an officer to take him in charge, and he and White,
who was with him, offered violent resistance, but for
havewhich I would not come forward against him.

It was proved that the defendants not only resisted
and assaulted the officers, but endeavoured to excite the
mob against them; and a gentleman who was one of the
witnesses stated, that the policemen Monger (564), and
Smith (27), had acted with the most commendable for-
bearance towards the defendants, who in every possible
way endeavoured to rouse the crowd to rescue.
Alderman GIBBS regretted that there appeared in the
multitude assembled on occasions of disagreements on
the streets a strong disposition to cry down, and indeed
to knock down, the police, and it was most gratifying
to see a gentleman step forward to assist in having jus-
tice done.
Fined 20s. each.

IRELAND,

THE MURDER OF MR, ROBERT PIKE.
DUBLIN, AUG. 7.—Tho Newsletter of this morning
givas the following ample particulars of this last dreadful
murder:—

"Bran, TUESDAY, AUG. 6.—ln yesterday's publicetion
an announcement was made that. Mr. Robert Pike, al; eat
for Mr. Robert Cassidy, of Monastereven, had been
murdered on Saturday last, near Parsonstown (or Eirr),
the place of residence of Lord Besse. The statement
was, unhappily, too .accurate, and since the assassina-
tiers of the late Lord Norbury, there has not been a
murder so deliberate, audacious, and revolting. Mr.
Pike had been acting as agent for Mr. Cassidy for more
than two years, and the cause ofhis being sent to the King's
County particularly was that the tenants of Mr. Cap silly
had for several years past entered into a combination
against paying him any rent. Mr. Pike, as Mr. Cassidy's
agent, was compelled to bring ejectreents against several
of the tenants. and evict them from their holdings, m
consequence of which he became obnoxious to the
people, his only fault being his z.?al and activity in
currying out the wishes of his employer. On lest
Monday morning seven or eight families were to be
evicted off the lands of Killyon; and the assassins
by whom the valuable life 4:f Mr. Pike has
been taken, of course, conceived that the evictions
would be prevented' if he were destroyed. rsir. Pike
had been, fir some time past, apprehensive of being
assassinated. Some months ego he wes fired at, and hod
a very narrow escape, from (Lath; lie was sAtieg in his
room tilting tee, when, a shot was fired at him through
the window, and several slugs lodged at a short distance
from his head. He had been frequently advised by
members of his family to give up the agency, as he was
marked out for des tructien, but he was a brave and re-
' solute man in the discharge of his duty, and would not
be prevailed upon to abandon his post. From the time
he perceived that he had excited the ill-will of the pea-
santry he generally carried a brace of pistols and a cane
sword for his protection, and when travelling along the
road was in the habit of getting into conversation and
company with any person connected with the tenantry
whom he happened to meet, conceiving that he would
be to him more or less a security against the cowardly
and sudden attack of the hidden assassin. On Saturday
morning a man named John Holligan, a farmer, came
into the market, which was held in the town of Birr,
and when ho arrived at the residence of Mr. Pike, he
saw him in the bawn' outside the door. Mr. Pike
asked him if he was going to Birr. lie replied in the
affirmative. " Well, then," said Mr. Pike, "wait a
moment and I will be with you," Holligan waited for
and accompanied him along the road to Birr, and when
they had reached within two miles or so of the town a
man passed them by. Mr. Pike was then on the right
hand side of Holligan. Immediately after the man
passed Holligan heard a shot, and upon turning
round he saw the smoke from the pistol, and when the
smoke cleared away he saw the ruffian who had pre-
viously passed them letting the pistol fall out of his
hand to the ground, and then run in the direction of
Killyon. Milligan afterwards saw a pistol in the hand
of each of the parties—the murderer and his victim—
and observed each present it at the other. He next heard
a shot, but he could not tell from whose pistol it came—
believed it was from the pistol of Mr. Pike. The man
then left the road and went into the bog. Mr. Pike again
presented a pistol at him, but it missed fire. Mr. Pilce
then returned and passed liolligan along the road; he
had not got more than 25 or 30 yards when Holligan,
who had in the mean time kept his eye upon the second
assailant whe had gone into the bog, heard another shot,
turned round and saw Mr. Pike and that man in con-

duct. Holligan went up and separated them, and took
from the villain the cane-sword which he had snatched
from Mr. Pike. By this time the other man bad re-
turned from the bog, and he presented a pistol at Holli-
gan, telling him to be off, or he would shoot him. Hol-
ligan then ran along the road, and had gone a short
distance only when he turned round, and saw the man
by whom Mr. Pike had been first attacked beating
him on the head while on the ground. Holligan es-
caped in terror and dismay to Birr, and COMMU.•
sleeted the facts to the police, who proceeded to the
scene of the murder, and found Mr. Pike lying dead

upon tho road, his pistols upon his person, and the pistol
of one of the assassins near hinl The police made every

search in their power to apprehend the miscreants, but
without effect, and as yet neither of the men nor one of

their accomplices has been discovered. The body of the
deceased gentleman was removed into the hospital of
Birr, and on Saturday evening an inquest was held by
Mr. Benjamin Toy Midgloy, coroner fur the district.
He was assisted by Mr. John Jullien, Crown solicitor,
and Captain Pollock, resident magistrate. A jury was
sworn to investigate the facts of the transaction. One
witness only was examined as to the manner in which
the occurrence took place, and that witness was Holli-
gan. The fearful transaction occurred in the broad day-
light, upon an open public road, where travellers and
vehicles daily pass—in no glen, no lane, no mountain
fastnesr, no ravine, no jungle, but on the common
thoroughfare, with the full sunshine of heaven beamiug
upon it, numbers of the peasantry going to market, se-
veral inhabited houses within a short distance of the
spot, and nearly SO people working in the bog—men they
cannot be called, for they saw Mr. Pike murdered;
they beheld the assassins run away after they had com-
mitted the diabolical crime, and not one person followed
to arrest them, not one came forward to give evidence
bolero the coroner. The witness who deposed to the
nature of the wounds inflicted upon the deceased was
Dr. Baker. That gentleman stated that the deceased
bad several gun-shot wounds in the back, chest, and
abdomen; the frontal bone of his skull was fractured;
the ft assures were both compound and comminuted. The
body presented a ghastly appearance. The inquiry was
brief. The jury, after a short consultation, found a ver-
dict of ' Wilful Murder against some p,rson or persons
unknown.' This is a plain, unvarnished tale. A Pro
testant Irish agent is shot in the open day upon a public
road because h'e dares to discharge his duty to his em-
ployer in endeavouring to enforce the payment of rent
from a defaulting tenantry. It has been stated, and is
believed, that the late Mr. Pike was denounced by the
priests of the neighbourhood, and has been fur a long
time a doomed man. One circumstance connected with
this murder adds an item to the many which prove the
absurdity, inconvenience, and inhumanity of the recent
postal alterations—namely, that the brother of the dc-
cc acrd, Mr. W. Pike, of Gardiner-lane, Dublin, did not
know till 3 o'clock on Monday that his brother had been
shot, and was totally .ignorant that an inquest had been
held and a verdict found."

INCREASE OF THE MORNING

MAILS.

Tho following is the official corrected list of the in-
crease of post towns to which letters and newspapers
can be forwarded by the morning mail trains,•ae well air
the evening (Sure-lays excepted) r—Abergavenny, Abing-
don, Accrington, Alnwick, Amersham, Ampthill, An-
dover-road, Arundel, ,Ashford, Ar.herstone, Attie-
borough, Aylesbury, Banbury, Barnsley, 13esingstoke,
Bath, Battle, Bedford, Belford, Belper, Berkhempeteed,
Berwick. Bewdley, Bicester, Billericay, Bilston, Birken-
head, Birmingham, Bishop's Stortferd, Blackburn,
Blandford, Bognor, Bolton, Boston, Brickley, Bradford,
(Yorkshire), Bradford (Wiltshire), Brandon, Brentwood,
Bridgewater, Bridport, Brighton (six times daily), Bris-
tol, Broadway, I3rorasgrove, Buckingham, Burford,
Burnley, Bury St. Edmund's, 'Cambridge, Canterbury,
Carlisle, Chutham, Chelmsford, Cheltenham, Chepstow,
Chertsey, Chester, Chesterfield, Chichester, Cnippen-
ham, Chipping Norton, Christchurch, Chorley,
Cirencester, Cobham, Cockermouth, Colchester,
Collumpton, Congleton, Coventry, Cowes, Crewe, Cran-
brook, Cuckfield, Darlington, Dartford, Daveutry, Deal,
Derby, Devizss, Dorking, Dorchester, Dover. Downham
Droitwich, Dudley, Dunmow, Durham, Eastbourne,
East Grinstead, Eccleshall, Edenbridge, Ely, Enasworth,
Enstone, Epping, Epsom, Exeter, Esher, Evesham, Farn-
ham, Fareham, Fs.rringdon, Fenny Stratford, Feversharn,
Folkstone, Procne, Gateshead, Gloucester, Godalming,
Gosport, Grantham, Gravesend, Guernsey, Guildford,
Halesworth, Halifax, Harlow, Harwich, Hatfield, Hest-
legs, Havant, Hemel Hempstead, Henley-on-Thames,
Hereford, Hertford, Ilexham, Higham Ferrars, High
Wyconab, Hoddesdon, Holbeach, Horsham, Rudders-
fiell, Huntingdon, Hythe, Ipswich, lagatestone, Jersey,
Kelvedon, Kendal, Kenilworth, Kettering, Kiddermin-
ster, Knutsford, Lancaster, Leamington, Leatherhead,
Ledbury, Leeds Leicester, Leighton-Buzzard, Lewes,
Lichfield. Linceo, Liphook, Liverpool, Loughborough,
Lowestoft, Ludlow, Lyme, Lyon, Lymington, Lynd-
hurSt, Macclesfield, Maidenhead, Maidstone, Malvern,
Maldon, Manchester, Maunirgtree, March, Margate,
Marlow, Maryport, Melksham, Melton Mowbray, Miln-
thorpe, Monmouth, Morpeth, Morton-in-Marsh, Nant-
wieh, Newark, Newnham, Newcastle-on-Tyne, New-
market, Newport, Isle of Wight, Newport Payne],
Newport (Salop), Northampton, North Shields, Nor-
wich, North wich, Nottingham, Nuneaton, Oldham,
Ongar, Oundle, Oxford, Penrith, Pershore, Peter-
borough, Petersfield, Poole, Portsmouth, Preeteu
Brook, Queenborougb, Ramsgate, Reading, Reigate,
Ringwood, Rickmansivorth, Ripley, Rochdale, Ro-
chester, Ross, Rotherham, Rugby, Rugeley, Rota-
sey, Ryde, Rye, Saffron Walden, Salisbury, Sandbacb,
Sandwich, Saxinundhem, Sovenoaks, Sheerness, Sheffield,
Shepton Mallet, Shields (North), Shoreham, Shrews-
bury, Sittingbourne, Sleaford, Slough, South Shields,
Southampton, Spalding, Stafford, Staines, Stamford,
Staplohurst St. Alban's, St. Ives (Huntingdonshire), St.
Leonard's; St. Neot's, Stockport, Stone, Stourbridge,
Stoney Stratford, Stowmarket, Stratford-on-Avon,
Stroud, Sunderland, Swindon, Tamworth, Taunton"
Tenbury, Tenterden, Tetbury, Tewkesbury, Theme,, Thetford, Thirsk, Thrapston, Tipton, Tiverton, Tow-
ceeter, Tring, Trowbridge, Tunbridge, Tunbridge Wells,
Ulverstone
, Uxbridge, Ventnor, Wakefield, Walling-
ford, Walsall, Waltham Cross, Wansford, Wantage,
Were, Wareham, Warminster, Warrington, Warwick,
Watford, Wednesbury, Weedon, Wellingborough,
Wellington (Sornersetshire), Wellington (Salop), Wells
(Somersetchire), Welwyn, Weymouth, Westbury',
West Bromwich, W eston, super- Mare, White b a
ven, Wigan, Wimborne, Winchester, Winch-
field, Windsor, Wisbeaeh, Witham, Witney, Woburn,
Wokingham, Wolverhampton, Woodbridge, Woodstock,
Worcester, Workington, Worthing, Wymonilham,
Yarmouth, and York; ell Ireland (three times a day);
all Scotland. For all the above pieces the letter-boxes
at the receiving-houses will be open till 7 A.M. for
newspapers, and 7.45 A N. for letters, and those at the
branch offices, Cbaring-cross, Old Cavendish-street, and
the Borough, for newspapers until 7.30 A M., and for
letters until 8 A.M. At the General Post-office, St.
Martin's-lc-Grand, and the branch office in Lernbard-
street, the boxes will close for newspapers at 7.45 A.M.,
and tor letters at 8 30 A.M.—W. L. MABERLY, Secretary,
General Post-office, August. N.B.—le:sides the above,
mails are made up every morning and evening, except
Sundays, for France, Switz,:rland, Italy, the Mediterra-
nean, Turkey, Austria, Russia, the a hole of Germany
and the north of Europe, Spain, Portugal, &e., via Dover
and Calais; and for Belgium, Holland, Hawburgh; the
the north of Europe, &C.. every evening except Sunday,
vice Dover and Ostend. Expresses are also sent oil to