The Sun.
London, England, 1844-09-17 00:00:00

ADVERTISEMENTS INSERTED in ALL THE THREE PAPERS, Morning Noon, and Night, thereby insuring a TOWN and COUNTRY CIRCULATION, at DNS CHARGE,

BANK OF ENGLAND, Aar T. 12, 1844.
THE COURT OF DIRECTORS of the
GOVERNOR and COMPANY of the BANK of ENGLAND
give Notice, that a GENERAL COURT will be held at the Bank, on
TiwasnAv next, the 19th inst., at Eleven o'clock in the Forenoon, to
consider of a DIVIDEND. This will also be one of the Quarterly
Goneral Courts appointed by the Charter.

JOHN KNIGHT, Sec.

EAST INDIA HOUSE, AUGUST 2, 1844.
THE COURT of DIRECTORS of the EAST
INDIA COMPANY, do hereby give notice,
That a QUARTERLY GENERAL COURT of the said COMPANY
will be held at their House, in Leadenhall-street, on WEDXSUDAT,
the 25th September next, at Eleven o'clock in .he forenoon.
JAMES C. MELYILL, Secretary.

EAST INDIA HOUSE, SETTEMBTA 4, 1844.
THE COURT V DIRECTORS of the EAST
INDIA COMPANY do hereby give notice,
That a SPECIAL GENERAL COURT of the said COMPANT wil
be held at their House, in Leadenhall-street, on WEDNE3DIT, the 18th
instant, for the purpose of laying before the Proprietors, for their ap-
probation, a Resolution passed unanimously by the Court of Direc-
tors, on the 2lst August, granting an annuity of One Thousand Pounds
(1,0000 to Major-General Sir Nott, G.C.8., upon the grounds
herein stated.
The Report required by the By-law, cap. 9, sec. 3, together with
the documents upon which the sail Resolution has been formed, are
open for the inspection of the Proprietors, at this House.
J. D. DICKINSON, Deputy Secretary.

CONVEYANCING.—A SOLICITOR, of seve-
ral years' practice, PREPARES CONVEYANCES on the fol-
lowing terms, viz. ;—Leases, 21. 10s.; Assignments, 21. 2s. ; Bills of
Sale, 11. 108. ; Wills, Bonds, and Deeds la general, on squally mode-
rate terms. Purchasers of property at public auctions will find a
saving of 60 per cent., and the title thoroughly Investigated, by ap-
plying at the Offices, 1, Itourtric-street, Fleet-street. Letters for
11. M. attended to. Debts recovered, free of all charges to ereditor,
far a commission of 10 par cont. 'Unexceptionable refsrenctii.

NATIONAL LOAN FUND LIFE ASSUR-
ANCE SOCIETY,
$6, COENHILL, LONDON.
Capital .i. 500,000.
Empowered by Act of Parliament.
DIVISION OF PROFITS.
The steady success and increasing prosperity of the Society has
enabled the Directors, at the last annual investigation, to declare a
second Bonus, averaging 0 per cent. on the amounts invested on each
Policy effected on the Profit scale.
EXAM

'LES.

1,, lig.° $, •
T 4
>: CO . " Bonus Bonus in g ' .;,‘.-.15i
Premium' t added. Cash. gag —. 0 : = •
. 1
1 .
g A a. d. ‘t s. d. A s. 4. A s. d. A s. di
1837 170 9 3 77 5 1 12 3 9 34C 2 2
,:0 1000 74 3 4 1838 144 2 2 64 5 6 9 16 4 296 13 4
1839 116 16 0 51 ill 711 9 247 4 5

The division of pro/Its is animal, and the next will be made in De-
cember of the present year.
This institution offers many important and substantial advan-
ages with respect both to Life Assurances and Deferred Annulilee.
The assured has, on all occasions, the power to borr)w, without ex-
,,ense or forfeiture of the Policy, two-thirds of the premium paid,
(see table) ; also the option of selecting benefits, and the conversion
of his interests to meet other conveniences or necessity. Assurances
for terms of years are granted en the lowest possible rates..
F. FERGUSON CANEROUX, SOC.

LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY
SOCIETY.
AUSTRALASIAN, COLONIAL, AND GENERAL LIFE
ASSURANCE and ANNUITY SOCIETY.
Capital 200,0001., in 2,000 Shares.
DIRECTORS.
Edward Barnard, Esq.; F.R.S. Gideon Colquhoun, Esq.
Robert Brooks, Esq. Charles E. Mangles, Esq.
henry Buckle, Esq. - Richard Onslow, Esq.
John Henry Capper, Esq. . William Walker, Esq.
SECRETARY—Edward Ryley, Esq.
The following are specimens of the premiums charged by this Com-
pany for the assurance of 1001.

20 I 30 I 40 I 50 I 60

An. Preiu. 1 II 10 3 1 42 0 7 1 42 15 31 Al 1 8 I £6 3 9

This Company offers the advantages of the guarantee of an ample
subscribed capital—of permission to retain one-third of the premium
in their own hands (the portion so retained, with interest upon it,
being deducted from the policy when it become a claim),—of ascend-
ing, descending, and other scales of premiums,—aad of participation
in the profits at the end of every five years.
TO EMIGRANTS, TO THE AUSTRALASIAN COLONIES,
assured for the whole of life, this Company offer the permission to
proceed to, and reside in, any of those colonies without extra pre-
mium, and to pay their premiums there. For residence in Now
Zealand, a moderate extra premium is charged.
In Sydney, a Board of Directors, and Agents in all tie principal
settlements—Bankers in the colony. The Bank of Australasia (in •
corperated by Royal Charter, 1835), No. 2, Moorgate-street, London.

ANNUITIES.
♦nnuitants participate In the prollts of the Company. and receive a
rate of annuity much more favourable than can be granted by any
Company making its investments wholly in England. The Company
is enabled securely to grant these favourable terms from the advan-
tage it possesses of investing a portion of its funds at a high rate
of interest.

INDIA.
Tables of Premiums for Assurances on the lives of officers engaged
In civil, or iu naval or military service in the Last Indies and China,
may be soviet Use Officee of the Company.
AGiNTS IN INDIA.
Calcutta Messrs. Boyd, Beeby, and Co.
Madras
Bombay
Ceylon
Prospectuses and full particulars may be had at the Offices of the
Company, No. 126, Bishop'sgate-street, corner of Cornhill.

EMPLOYMENT.—Persons having little time
to spare are apprised that Agents continue to be appointed in
London, and country towns, by the EAST INDIA TEA COMPANY,
or the sale of their celebrated teas.
Offices, No. 9, Great kit. Melon's-churchyard, Bishepsgate-street.
They are packed in showy leaden canisters, from one ounce to a
pound, with the price and weight marked on each packet, and but
line trouble is occasioned by the sale. The license is only l is. per
annum, and many during the last nineteen years have realised con-
siderable incomes by the agency without ens shilling let er lose.
Application to he made (if by letter post-paid) as above.

AVIES'S FINE WAX CANDLES, 1.. sd. per lb.;
they only require trial to prove them the handsomest and
most economical candles in existence, that do not require snuffing.
Genuine Sperm Candles, 2s. 2d. per lb.—Superior transparent Wax, 2s.
2d.—GenuineWax, 2s. 3d.—Best kitchen and office Candles,sid.—Ex-
tra flue Moulded Candice, with the improved Wax Wicks, 7d.—Yellew
Soap, 46e., 525., and 58e. per 1121bs.—Mottled, 60e. and 64s.—Wind-
sor and Palm, Is. 4d. per packet.—Old Brown Windsor, Is. 9d.—Rose,
25.--Camphor, U.—Superior Almond, 2s. &I.—Superfine Sealing-
wax, 4s. Gd. per lb.—Refined Sperm Oil, 7e. Od. per gallon—Solar Oil,
3s. Gd.—Fer Cash, at DAVIES'S Old Established Warehouse, 63, St.
Martin's-laus (opposite New Slaughter's Coffeehouse), Charing-crossi

BETTS'S PATENT CAPSULED BRANDYt
CONSUMERS of BRANDY are respectfully informed tha_
J. T. BETTS, Jun., and Co., will not be responsible for any ROT.
TLED BRANDY that is not protected against fraudulent substitu
tion, by the Patent Metallic .Capsules, embossed with the words,
" BETTS'S PATENT 'MANDY, 7, SMITHFIELD BARS." Sold
by the most respectablelViue and Spirit Merchants • in town and
country, at 3s. Gd. per bottle, the bottle included.
BETTS'S PATENT BRANDY is used, in preference to Foreign,
at GUY'S, ST. GEORGE'S, and the other principal 11 ospitals,
throughout the kingdom. Attention is especially requested to the
security afforded by the Patent Metallic Capsules.

CHEAP LIGHT.
EDWARD PRICE and CO., Patentees and Sole
Manufacturers of the COMPOSITE CANDLES, respectfully
call the attention of the Public to the fact, that, although the price of
these is somewhat higher than that of ordinary mould Candles, they
are in reality much cheaper than these latter; one real Composite
Candle giving about the same quantity of light as three of the moulds.
They require no snuffing, and burn snore brilliantly than the best
wax. The purposes of economy and luxury are therefore both served
at the same time by the use of these Candles. Parties intending to
try them for the first time, are earnestly requested to take care that
they are served in the shops with " PRICE'S PATENT CANDLES:"
the reason for this caution is given elsewhere.
They are sold by most of the respectable tallow chandlers through-
out the kingdom, and wholesale to the trade by Edward Price and
Co., Belmont, Vauxhall ; and by Palmer and Co., Sutton-street,
Clerkenwell.

SILVER-PLATED DISH COVERS.
B. SAVORY and SONS, Manufacturing
• Silversmiths, 14, Cornbill, London, opposite the Bank of
England, submit for choice in their Plate-rooms, many Patterns of
SILVER.PLATED DISH COVERS, of Sheffield Manufacture,
from Fifteen to Twenty Guineas the set, ♦iz..—
Double Dome Pattern. The Melon Pattern.
Size. £ a it. Sise..X. a. 4.
20 in. 5 13 6 f Plated Diah Cover, 20 in. S 17 0
18 in. 4 7 '6 1 Dish Cover, 16 in. 4 14 0
,16 in. 5 17 6 2 Dish Covers,l4 in. 6 6 6

Wed Dish Cover, '
Dish Cover,
Di.h Covers,

Per pet ais 13 91 Per set £6 17 6
The above have silver handles and mountings, and silver shields
for rilgraving the crest or coat of arms.
A Price Current, illustrated by Drawinp, and containing every
Information relative to the purchase of Silver or Sheffield Plate, may
be had on application, or will be sent into the country, fres of
postage, in answer to a paid letter

THE PIITSIOLOGY OF THE PASSIONS.
" What passions hurt the body, what improve ;
Truths as refined as Athens even heard."

The Fiftieth Thousand. Forty Engravings, price Is., by poet, Is. ad.,
tAN CHASTITY—its Abuses and Diseases—On
N... 11 Matrimonial Eligibility and Unfltneu—On Infelicitous and
Unproductive Unions—Curiosities of Medical Experience—Law o
Divorce, &c.

REMOVED FROM BIRMINGHAM TO LONDON.
Just published, price 24. dd., and free by post (in a sealed envelope)
Price 3s. 6d.,
THE SILENT FRIEND ; a Medical Work on
Human Frailty and Physical Decay, its causes, and the
banehil effects of excessive indulgence and infection, illustrated
by engravings, with observations on Marriage, and directions for
the removal of certain disqualifications.
By R. and L. PERRY and CO.
Published by the Authors, and sold at their Residence, 19, Berner'.
street, Oxford-street ; also by Strange, 21, Paternoster-row; Purkis,
Compton-street, Soho - Noble. 109, Chancery-lane, Crocker, I,
Milford lane, Strand; Ward, Strand (opposite Exeter-hall) ; Wil-
son, 358, Oxford-street (two doors from Argyle-street); Phillips,
264, Oxford-street; J. Gorden, 146, Leadenhall-street, London;
Guest, 51, Bull-street, Birmingham; and by all Booksellers In
Town and Country.
The CORDIAL BALM of SYRI ACUM is exclusively directed
for the cure of nervous and muscular debility, Impuissance, &e.
Price 1 Is. and 335. per bottle. Sold by all Medicine Vendors, of
whom may be had the " Silent Friend." The Five Pound Cases
may be had as usual.
PERRY'S PURIFYING SPECIFIC PILLS are the most effbctua
cure for syphilis and secondary symptoms in both sexes, price 2s. 9d.
4s. 6d., and II s. per box.
Consultation fee, if by letter, 11. A minute detail of cases is ne-
cessary. Messrs. Perry are in daily attendance, for Consultation, at
their residence, 19, Berners-street, Oxford-street, London, from
Eleven till Tore, and Five till Eight, aid on Sundays from Ten till
Twelve. One perofnal visit only is uscispary to cfrectipenuantist cure

MISS CLARA SEYTON'S NEW ENTER-
TAINMENT.
CROSBY HALL, lIISHOPSGATE-STREPT.
Patronised by her Highness the Princess Sophia, and her Royal High-
ness the Duchess of Gloucester.
THIS EVENING, SEPT. 17,
MISS CLARA SETTON has the honour to announce that, in
consequence of the numbers who were unable to obtain admission on
Tuesday last, she will repeat this Evening, Sept. 17, her LECTURE
on ENGLISH COMIC OPERA, illustrated by favourite bongs,
Readings, and Anecdotes, with a Sketch of the Ancient Minstrels,
introducing Mr. T. Cook's new Minstrel Song, with harp accom-
paniments, composed expressly for Miss Clara Seyton.
Pianoforte, Mr. W. Masters.
Tickets 25., Reserved seats, 2s. Cd., to be had of the principal music
sellers, and at the Hall.
Doors open at Half-past Seven. To commence at Eight precisely.
N.B. It is respectfully announced that outstanding tickets will be
admitted.

ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.
CAPTAIN WARNER'S EXPERIMENT having given rise
to a general desire for information on the PROPERTIES of the EX-
PLOSIVE COMPOUNDS at the ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTI-
TUTION, the EXPERIMENTS (so highly Interesting) are continued
with perfect safety, illustrative of Dr. RYAN'S POPULAR LEC-
TURE on EXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS, every Afternoon at half-past
Three o'clock, and in the Evenings of Monday, Wednesday, and
Fridays, at a Quarter before Nine o'clock. The varied Lectures of
Professor BACIIYOFFNER daily. The HYDRO-ELECTRIC MA-
CHINE, LONGEOTTOM'S PHYSIOSCOPE, and other original and
beautiful Optical Effects, ko., Sce.
Admission, Is.; Schools, Half-price.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.

THOM THE EVENING PAPERS OF YESTERDAY.

GLOBE.—Burke said he did not know how to
draw an indictment against a whole people. Sir
Robert Peel, or his Irish purveyors of judge-made
law, thought they did know how to do this. Ac-
cordingly, they stuffed out a monster indictment,
by way of being commensurate with its object.
They seem to have thought that, if it were but
big enough, it could not fail to overlay the
whole bulk of Irish discontent. They made a
mistake ; a single bullet, well aimed, may prostrate
the king of beasts ; but the most capacious net
that can be thrown round him may be gnawed in
pieces by well-filed teeth. Plain coercion might have
obtained over O'Connell the only sort of victory that
can well be obtained over a man who is the organ of
multitudinous aspirations and antipathies. Butlawyer-
craft, when it knots its meshes with such exceeding
complexity and subtlety, lays itself open, at every part
of its texture of technicalities, to the operation of pre-
cisely the same faculty in undoing the whole of its
work. The party exasperated by the Lords' recent
reversal of judgment make a mighty point of assert-
ing that reversal to have turned on mere technical
points. Why, what did the judgment turn upon?
If it was lawful to lavish technical constructions, for
the purpose of accumulating a series of acts not singly
criminal into crime, surely the same skill may equally
be employed in unravelling the process. Nothing, in-
deed, can render legal refinements endurable, but their
impartial application. If the whole penetrating in-
genuity of the legal profession were devoted to rearing
the fabric of constructive crimes at the bidding of a
Government, and if no independent minds of legal
training were exerted in the opposite direction, the
Cusack Smith race would be even more useless tools
of power than in this case they have proved. Men
might not be able to unravel the web of legal sophistry,
but they would burst through it. It is only the con-
fidence that the rules of fence are available for both
sides, that makes them respected on either. There is
something absolutely ludicrous in the clamour ofover-
refinement against the law Lords, considering all the
refinements relied on to eke out the case on trial. It
is a maxim with architects to make the principal parts
of their structure stronger than strong enough. It is
a practice also of Parliamentary logicians to rely on a
dozen bad arguments, rather than trust to a single
good one. The conductors of the case against O'Con-
nell seem to have proceeded upon some such analogy.
'
They wanted to swell the slippery frog of repeal meet-
ings to the stalled ox of conspiracy. They caught the
subject of their experiment, and inflated it at their
leisure. We see the result; instead of keeping their
ox impounded, they have burst even their frog. The
party in power received Ireland with nothing more
than her chronic complaints. They were greeted, in
the autumn of 1841, with the same Repeal cry, with
which they had been greeted in the autumn of
1830. There was nothing new in the case ; and
they had full time to study its symptoms. Indeed
their first demonstrations appeared aimed at
eclipsing the Whigs in laissez faire magnanimity.
Sir Robert Peel has since made a merit of
having begun by reducing the amount of force
which the late Government had stationed in Ireland.
Like Lord Ellenborough in India, though not with
the open-mouthed absurdity of that delegate of his,
he meant to demonstrate his peculiar mission for paci-
fying all that his predecessors had studiously been
charged with disturbing. And like Lord Ellenbo-
rough's, his peace-making mission has ended its courses
considerably different. The country has had to pay for
setting Sir Robert Peel up in a new character. He
was resolved to have matter to twit the Whigs with,
in the administration of Ireland as of other things. If
they had kept so many troops in Ireland, he was re-
solved to keep so many less; and ended as might have
been expected, in bristling at all points with horse,
foot, and artillery. If they had once on a time passed
Coercion Acts, he was resolved to " ask no ex-
traordinary power, though at a period of admitted
danger, appealing to the law alone for a remedy to
the evils with which we had to contend." Appeals
to the law ngainst individuals can only be success-
ful in a country where those individuals are in a
minority in their sentiments and their conduct. To
convict some half-dozen men of- conspiracy, for dis-
plays dangerous by their immense publicity, was a
sort of practical Irish bull, however the lawyers
might cook up the case. If the repeated and avowedly
systematic array of numbers was dangerous, then Sir
R. Peel was a fellow conspirator with O'Connell in
bringing that danger to a head. Sir Robert had his
new character to support, as a Liberal Minister;
O'Connell his old one, as a Catholic and popular
agitator. It was necessary to each to " play
out the play." Then why was only one brought
to answer for it? Sir Robert Peel had the public
force at command at first, as he had at last. Why did
he not stop the first meeting ? Or the next ?—Or the
next ? Or, if it was only the lazt .one or two that
threatened the public peace (and it appears to us ne-
cessary to Sir Robert Peel's exculpation to assume that
this was so), why then the elaborate accumulation of
charges deduced from the whole series ? All was
equally public throughout. Either the procedure de-
served the reversal it has received—as swelled out
with overcharges—or else Sir Robert Peel conspired
with Mr. O'Connell, end abetted the progress of a
public danger, for his own purposes—as Mr. O'Con-
nell for his.

STANDARD.—But for the dearth of other topics
of interest, we should feel some reluctance to prolong
a discussion like dot which the result of the monstre
proces has forced upon us ; but the impudent asser-
tion of the arch-conspirator and his friends, that the
decision of the three law Lords in his favour was
" not founded on technicalities " (we quote the lan-
guage of Mr. O'Connell's late speech), for that his
" success had been achieved upon the merits," leaves
us no alternative. The Morning Chronicle repeats
this audacious falsehood, but with some slight
modification ; averring that the verdict which
the jury originally proposed to return " con-
tained no finding upon any valid imputation in
respect to the multitudinous meetings, although it
was in reference to those meetings that the whole
prosecution was originally instituted, and the whole
punishment ultimately inflicted." There is some-
thing novel, at least, in an argument on the hypo-
thesis of a verdict which the jury might have
found, a verdict which no British court of
judicature could have received, which overlooks
the verdict which really was returned, and
on which all the subsequent proceedings have
been founded. But our Contemporary has,
no doubt, remembered the adage, that " neces-
sity has no law !" We might join issue
with him even on this hypothetical argument, if it
were worth while to occupy our space _with a repub-
lication of a part of the proceedings which is in
everybody's hands; but we deny the statement of
our Contemporary most emphatically. The original
finding of thejury, although technically invalid, con-
victed the traversers of the substantial charges which
were brought against them ; enough and more than
sufficient to have warranted an even severer sentence
than that which was inflicted upon them. But
to turn from the Chronicle's hypothetical ver-
dict to that which was really recorded. It insists
that the sth, Bth, 9th, 10th, and 11th counts of the
indictment, which embody every part of the charge,
amount to the imputation of nothing that ought
to be considered criminal ; quotes the opinions
of the Irish judges, that the " exhibition of great
physical force, for the purpose of overawing the
Government, at the monster meetings," was the
gravest of the charges the jury had to try ; and
proceeds to assume that the entire penalty inflicted on
Mr. O'Connell was imposed upon him on the suppo-
sition of an offence " of which there was no legal or
valid allegation in the record." We are reminded
that the Ist, 2d, 3d, 4th, 6th, and ith counts are gone ;
and we are assured that the remaining five impute no
charge of which there was a " legal or valid allega-
tion." Now the simplest answer to this most

dent assertion will be found in an extract
from the speech of Sir Thomas Wilde, the
leading counsel of Mr. O'Connell, setting forth his
notion of the meaning of these very innocent counts.
It will be seen that Sir Thomas Wilde's ideas of the
meaning and importance of the counts on which the
verdict was found, differs essentially from that of our
Contemporary ; and that they contained many grave
charges beside those which the Chronicle affirms
were not legally alleged Having
shown, on the authority of Mr. O'Connell's
leading counsel, what the counts on which his client
was found guilty do contain, and the degree of cri•
minality with which they distinctly charge Mr.
O'Connell, we shall not attempt to follow the
Chronicle through its elaborate exposition of
what they do not contain ; neither shall we
resume to-day a task in which the admir-
able article we have elsewhere extracted from a
morning Contemporary, has altogether fore-
stalled us. Suffice it for us to have shown
that the five counts pronounced to be good include all
the criminal charges in the indictment ; and that a
judgment upon any one of them would have been
valid. To the complaint that we have treated
the judgment of the three Whig law Lords with
less respect than we ought to have done,
we reply, that that judgment is common property,
and that a question on which nearly the whole of the
judges of the United Kingdom, including two law
Lords, are at issue with the Whig triumvirate, forms
an exception which would warrant the disregard of
all rules of ordinary etiquette. Mr. O'Connell and
the Morning Chronicle assail, in the most indecent
manner, eleven of those learned and exemplary
judges, whose qualificrtions for their office the
people of England have hitherto regarded, and
still regard, with the utmost veneration and respect ;
and it is something too much to attempt to debar
the public press from criticising the decision of the
three Whig law Lords by whom the opinions of that
very large majority have been superciliously set aside.
But, even when a leading member of this close court
of appeal differs not only from eleven out of thirteen
of the judges of the inferior courts, but from four out
of five of the law Lords themselves, we ought, ac-
cording to the Chronicle's notions of propriety, to
refrain from the expressions of our belief that he is
not the sole depository of the learning, talent, and
honesty of the English judicial bench ; in short,
whilst our Contemporary does not scruple to
insult the overwhelming majority of the judges
who have been consulted in this case, we are
bound to refrain from any opinion at variance
with
those of the intrepid three who have thus
boldly asserted the supremacy of their judgment. A
judges, two of whom ,
vigour of their sup-
portadte cl
ei saoi
softn a
had little
Whig
tlthreeea
dbeyond
tri
ac
ttaihloen
to recommend them
to the important offices they have respectively
filled (one of them conferred after the Government
of which the recipient was a partisan had been
condemned the corrupt view
ofgg hbitenyonard reprieve,etirin
gsa thlwariy),
is forsooth to be
treated with the utmost tenderness and forbearance
whilst the "vile judges," as O'Connell has had the
audacity to designate those eminent men who decided
against him, and who adminster nineteen-twentieths
of the laws of England at the present moment, are
exposed to the most groundless and virulent abuse.
If such be etiquette, it is a sort of etiquette " more
honoured in the breach than the observance."

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION.

ADDRESS FROM THE MEMBERS OF THE NA-
TIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR PROMOTING
THE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL IMPROVE-
MENT OF THE PEOPLE, TO THE WORKING
CLASSES OF FRANCE, ON THE SUBJECT
OF WAR.

BRETHREN,-By this title we presume to address
you—for, though the ocean divides, just principles
and mutual interest should unite us—and though, at
this crisis, bad men would foster prejudices and strife
between us, the spirit of Christian brotherhood should
recal us to our duty ; and cause us to spurn all those
who would urge us to break every moral obligation,
and plunge our respective countries into a ferocious
and devastating war.
We are, for the most part, working men who now
address you—men who, intent on the political and
social improvement of our brethren, conceive we have
some claim to the attention of those of our own class
upon any subject of mutual and vital importance ;
and considering war as paramount for evil, in its de-
moralizing effects, as well as for retarding the intel-
lectual, moral, and physical progress of mankind ; we
deem it our duty to invite you, fellow men, in the
spirit of fraternity, to a calm consideration of its evils,
as respects ourselves, our countries, and our race : and
would urge your co-operation in appealing to the
higher and nobler feelings of our brethren, to devise
means for extinguishing this destructive spirit, which
has cursed our race from the beginning of time.
We are induced to make this appeal to you, the
Working Classes of France, in particular, as the war-
like spirit has of late been sought to be fomented be-
tween us, by those who have 'either party views to
promote, exclusive interests to protect, or who, like
vultures, hope to thrive on the carnage of war.
The press, too, of both countries, with few excep-
tions, for some time past has, unhappily, been admi-
nistering to our combative feelings ; and by sallies of
wit, boastings and threatenings, seeking to fan our
old (and, we trust, never to be revived) animosities
into a flame of destructive war. Nay, to the disgrace
of those who shared in it, we have seen professed fol-
lowers of Him who preached forgiveness and mercy
vindictively inciting those they could influence, to re-
venge the real or supposed insult to an individual by
plunging whole nations into war.
The prevalence of this insane conduct has caused us
to appeal to you, the working millions—you, by
whose industry the munitions of war must be raised
—you, who are mainly selected to be the tools and
instruments of warfare—you, who must perform the
bidding of some aristocratic minion, were it to war
against freedom abroad, or to exterminate your bro-
thers at home—you, who have most cause for lament-
ing the sacrifices and bereavements of war—you, who
mnst bear (and are now bearing) the burthens in
peace which past wars have inflicted—to you we ap-
peal, who, with the working millions of England,
must bear the brunt and sacrifices of war—and of
you we ask for a verdict condemnatory of the strife
which the parties we have alluded to are seeking to
foment.
We address you, the working classes, because we
believe that the interests of our class are identified
throughout the world. Our interests are evidently in
the peaceful cultivation of our lands, the feeding of our
flocks, the ingenuity and extent of every manufacture
and production capable of administering to human hap •
piness, the reciprocal interchange of our commodities,
the full enjoyment of the fruits of our labour, the culti-
vation of freedom, intellect, morality, religion, and
brotherly affection among all the nations of the earth
—in all these we believe there is an identity of inte-
rests ; and when the majority of our brethren have
knowledge to perceive it, the advocates of national
strife will be few, and the trade of war will fail to bring
either glory, honour, or fame.

Can-men so readily forget the enormous expenditure
of money, and immense sacrifice of life, wasted in the
last wars between your country and our's, that they are
so anxious to renew them ? The revolutionary war
and the war against the empire have already cost Eng-
land 2,229,830,000/., and the destruction of more than
700,000 human beings ! and if to this amount we add
the sacrifices made by your country, we should imagine
that such a holocaust of life and wealth, sacrificed to
the demon of war, sufficient to glut the sanguinary
appetites of men to all posterity. Does not every
generous mind already revolt at the record of blood
between two nations said to be foremost in civilisation
and refinement ? and shall the page of history be fur-
ther defiled with the atrocities of war between people
who ought to lead the world to freedom, by their in-
tellectual and moral greatness ? Forbid it every
tongue !—condemn it every mind devoted to human
happiness !
Imagine, fellow-workmen, that the wealth and
human energies sacrificed in our last wars had been
devoted to the instruction, comfort, and happiness
of our neglected, ill-used, andi unhappy fellow-
labourers, what imperishable and glorious results
might now be realised. What schools, what colleges,
what smiling, happy villages, might be covering the
soil beneath which repose the dust of beings once
madly incited against their fellows, to glut the ven-
geance, or gratify the vanity, of those the world is
still taught to worship as " heroes."

We would also direct your attention to the amount
annually expended by our respective countries in con-
sequence of the demoralising spirit of war. The
annual war expenditure of England is 14,513,916/. ;
of France, 20,418,730/. ; an enormous amount an•
nually drained from the sinews of our brethren, and
used to enslave and degrade them. Yet the only
excuse for this mischievous and useless warlike array,
is the mutual fear or jealousy entertained by one
country of another; mutual folly, which it is high
time the common sense of our brethren condemned
and scouted, not only as a pernicious waste of the
fruits of their industry, but as an instrument for per-
petuating national feuds and political slavery. If
England and France were to set an example to the
world of two powerful nations united in amity, rely-
ing on the interests, energies, and affections of their
people to repel all who dared :assail them, we should
soon witness the holiest of all national alliances, one
for promoting the peace and happiness of the world.
But those who would excite your prejudices, re-
mind you of the evils which our country has in-
iflicted on France. They condemn our rapacity and
lust of power—they point with jealousy to our colo-
nies, and with envy to the extent of our com-
merce ; and, for past ills, would fain invoke present
retaliation.

Now, fellow-men, we are not of these who would
frame an apology for injustice, and we also condemn,
and have the burden of our debt to remind us of, the
monstrous injustice of warring against the rising
liberties of your country. We have also great cause
for lamenting all the wars which our aristocracy
have waged for the preservation of " their order," or
for providing nesting-places for their children and
dependants ; and would greatly rejoice if every colony
of England were self-governed, and attached to us
by no other tie than that which should unite all
countries—that of enlightened self-interest, and the
brotherhood of man. We class our late wars in
China and Affghanistan with the war you are now
waging in Algeria, as unjust wars ; the power of
might being immorally exercised in all, as it always
is when force and destruction take the place of reason
and justice.
But our object is not the mere condemnation of par-
ticular wars, but of all war ; believing war in prin-
ciple to be vengeance in practice—a vice equally op-
posed to our morality and condemned by our religion ;
its tendency is to deteriorate the nobler faculties of
man, and strengthen those which level him with the
brute. It stands the most formidable impediment to
the civilisation of our race, rendering nearly nugatory
the best-devised efforts for elevating humanity ; for,
by polluting the youthful mind with tales of blood, by
stamping public approbation on deeds of vengeance,
and idolising as heroes those who have excelled in
crime, we sap the very foundations of virtue, and offer
the highest premium to vice.
Be assured, fellow-men, the evils of our age cannot
be remedied by the sword ; the steady increase of
knowledge is the harbinger of freedom to the millions,
and individual and national morality must be the basis
upon which their political and social prosperity must
be founded. The arts of peace are fast preparing a
highway to the world's happiness ; the ingenuity of
invention and triumphs of genius are fast breaking
down the barriers which separate nations ; gothic pre-
judices are yielding before human sympathies ; the pro-
ductive classes are fast learning the lesson of human
reciprocity ; and, eventually, the freedom of nations
will be placed on a foundation not to be endangered
by official folly, or destroyed by the whim of a despot.
And shall this promise of good be marred by the
ill-intentioned or unreflecting ? by those who plan
battles on paper, and prefer fighting by proxy ; who
talk of national " honour" being purified by blood ;
who invoke the specious name of "glory" to induce
our brethren to leave their peaceful pursuits, their
homes and relatives, to deal destruction and death
against those who have given them no just cause for
resentment? Let but the united voices of the mil-
lions proclaim it madness, and the civilisation of the
world is secure.

Unhappily for the cause of peace and human pro-
gress, State and Church are combined in favour of
war. We have seen your Bishops and our's bless its
flags and symbols ! invoke the Deiety for its success,
and pour out their thanksgivings for victory ! But,
fellow- workmen, though the highest authority may
sanction, it cannot establish the justice of crime. The
principles of religion and morality stand out broadly
in condemnation of war, and to these we would refer
you, against all power, and all authority.
In furtherance, then, of this sacred cause—in the
spirit of brotherhood—in our love of peace and hatred
of war, we respectfully submit the following proposi-
tions for your consideration, amendment, or approval ;
hoping that they may form a preliminary bond of fel-
lowship, to unite us for every good object tending to
advance the intelligence, morality, freeedom, and hap-
piness of mankind :
" 1. That we, the working classes of France and
England, respectfully present our different legislative
bOdies with a solemn protest against all war; as being
in principle opposed to morality, religion, and human
happiness.
" 2. That we request them to use their influence
with the nations of the world to establish a Con-
ference of Nations, to be composed of three or more
representatives, chosen by the people of their re-
spective countries, to meet annually, for the purpose
or settling all national disputes that may arise by
arbitration, without having recourse to war.
" 3. That we urge on them to devote the enor-
mous sums now expended in War and warlike prepa-
rations to the education and improvement of the people
of their respective countries.

"4. That we impress on them the necessity of set-
ting an example to other nations of that justice, for-
bearance, morality and religion which they preach
the necessity of to their own people.
" 5. That we earnestly beseech them to set the
bounds of justice to their acquisitions of territory, and
seek to amend their institutions, and improve the con-
dition of their people."
Should you concur with these propositions, or with
others more effective for the just and peaceful accom-
plishment of the object aimed at, we shall be ready
to co-operate with you ; excepting that we do not de-
sire to enter into any new agitation short of our pri-
mary object—The Political and Social Improvement
of the People.
But it is not on our rulers alone that we should
rely for support or sympathy in this great cause, but
on our own combined intellectual exertions. We
have too long relied on others for effecting our po-
litical and social redemption ; each and all must la-
bour in this grand work, and every individual must
be religiously impressed with the necesssity of exer-
tion and sacrifice to effect it. The increasing progress
of knowledge is rendering opinion powerful, and it
lies with the millions to make that opinion conducive
of good to themselves and posterity. Let us, there-
fore, brethren, begin by directing our own thoughts
to the examination of great principles, and honestly
proclaim them bad or good, regardless of consequence
to ourselves.

If, on examining the principles of peace and war,
we think the former should be extended, and the latter
condemned, we should commence our reform at the
source of pollution, and begin with our children. We
should remember that the warlike tales and toys of
the nursery are the seeds of strife and battle, and that
our admiration of warlike splendour and gory " glory"
is fitting instruction for moulding our sons into soldier
slaves or tyrant chieftains.
Instead of stamping our approbation on the Heroes
of War and Oppression, let us seek to generate a more
ennobling opinion in favour of those who have contri-
buted to the intellectual greatness or physical happi-
ness of their country; then, indeed, would Art con-
tribute her best efforts to elevate and dignify huma-
nity, instead of representing the mementos and hor-
rors of war, to brutalize and degrade it.
Nor must we, in our pursuit, forget the power we
possess to render the Press one of the most powerful
instruments for human benefit, instead of being, as it
too often is, the ally of power and corruption. Let us
wisely discriminate, and generously encourage, that
portion of it which maintains its exalted character, as
the proclaimer of truth and assertor of right, and thus
shall we gradually lead it onward to perform its
highest duties—the improvement of human institu-
tions, the perfecting of human character.
Sincerely hoping that your country and our's may
long he cemented in fellowship ; that our people may
unitedly seek to secure the peace and tranquility of
the world ; that our rulers may effect timely reforms,
and apply the vast resources of our fair countries to
the happiness of our brethren ; and that we may al
fast progress in knowledge, morality and universal
brotherhood, is the ardent hope of the members of
the National Association.

Signed on their behalf, by
W. LOVETT, Sec.
National Hall, 242, Holborn, London,
Sept. 10, 1844.

CITY OF LONDON REGISTRY.

The revision of the list of voters for the City of Lon-
don commenced yesterday before James Thos. Arnold,
Esq., barrister-at••law. _ _

Mr. Wansey appeared on behalf of the Liberal party,
and Mr. Quin for the Conservatives.

The following is a summary of the claims and objec-
tions made by the Liberals, on amount of the livery :
gross claims 15, gross objections 450, in the household
list. New bona fide claims 351, claims to amend 117—
gross claims 468, gross objections 671.
The claims and objections made by the Liberal party
in the parish of St. Stephen, Walbrook, owing to the
recent circumstances connected with the collector's ac-
counts in that parish must for perspicuity be divided
into two lists, namely, the list of Mr. Alderman Gibbs,
to which the Liberal claims and objections are as
follows :—New bona fide claims, 15 ; claims to amend.
4 • gross claims, 19 ; gross objections, 5 ; and the list of
Mr.i Rock, the objections and claims to which are under
the head of new bona fide claims, 14 : claims to amend,
3 ; gross claims, 7 ; gross objections, 5.
The following is a summary of the list of claims and
objections served by the Conservative party :—Livery
objections, 219, of which 73 were what is termed
" doubles," or objections by both parties ; thus leaving
only 146 available Conservative objections in the Livery.
The claims were only 5. In the household list the ob-
jections were 831, from which were to be taken 76
" doubles," reducing the objections to 755. In this
species of franchise the Conservatives only put in 10 claims.
Acccrding to the usual custom, this being the first day,
it was determined to enter upon no further business than
merely to receive the different lists of claims and ob-
jections from the several vestry-clerks and overseers,
and also the parochial lists from Mr. Secondary Potter.
Upon the Revising Barrister taking his seat upon the
bench he said, before entering upon the business of the
day it might be convenient to the gentlemen in attend-
ance if they were to come to some arrangement with
respect to the order in which the several parish lists
should be taken. Last year the arrangement was to
take them in alphabetical order, but perhaps a course
more in accordance with the wishes of the majority of
those in attendance might be devised.
Mr. QuIN thought it would be much better if, instead
of taking the parishes alphabetically, they were to be
taken according to the different polling lists. Such a
course would enable them to have the registry placed
in the hands of the printer much earlier than could be
done otherwise.

Mr. WANSEY also concurred in the views of Mr. Quin
upon the subject. It would be much better if they fol-
lowed the same course which was pursued in Middlesex
and other places, and take the several parish lists accord-
ing to the order in which they stood as polling districts
in the Parliamentary lists. He also trusted that some
means would be adopted whereby publicity would be
given to the daily order in which these lists would
be taken.
After some objections against this course being urged
by one or two of the collectors and overseers,
The REVISING BARRISTER. said, as it seemed to be
almost the unanimous opinion of the gentlemen engaged
in the revision, he should take the parishes in the order
in which they stood as polling districts—at the same
time causing a notice to be posted upon the doors of the
Court the da Isefore, as to what particular parish would
bo under revision upon the following day.
The electors, and all concerned, will thus have ample
notice given to them of the time when the revision of
his several polling districts to which they belong will
come on, and should, therefore, bear in mind the different
order in which they will be taken this year from that in
which they came cn last year, when the parishes were
taken alphabetically.
The Court then proceeded to the routine business of
naming the lists of claims and objections.

BRISTOL SUGAR MARKET, SEPT. 13.—Our market
continues steady, but not active ; about 350 hhds. and
tierces West India have been disposed of since our last
report, at very full prices-555. and 68s. may be consi-
dered as the extremes of the market. In Bengals and
Mauritius the transactions aro unimportant. Refined
goods have advanced Is. per cwt.—Bristol Mercury.
THE LARGEST STATUE IN EUROPE.—The summit
of Banvraggie, in Sutherlandshire, is crowned by the
colossal monument erected by the Sutherland tenantry
to the memory of the late Duke. A statue thirty feet
high, and containing eighty tons of stone, stands on a
pedestal seventy-five feet in height. The figure, we be-
lieve, is an excellent likeness, and forms the largest
statue in Europe.—Sountan.

ART-UNION OF LONDON.
On Saturday last we attended A private view of the
pictures selected by the prize-holders in the London
Art-Union for the year 1844, which are now exhibit-
ing at the Gallery in Suffolk-street, Pall-mall East.
The number of selected pictures is 251, the whole of
which have been before the public at those exhibitions
of art which are open to the prize holders to select
from, viz.:—the Royal Academy, the British Institu-
tion, the Society of British Artists, the Society of
Painters in Water Colours, and the New Society of
Painters in Water Colours. Of these the kUyal
Academy furnishes 73; the Society of British Artists
92 ; the British Institution 31 ; the Society of Pain-
ters in 'Water Colours 29 ; and the New Society of
Painters in Water Colours 26. In addition to which a
bust, in marble, and a group, have been selected from
the Society of British Artists. We have also Mr.
Bell's Eagle Slayer, from the recent IVestininster-
hall exhibition; three or four bronzes; a water
colour copy of Calcott's Raffaele and Fornarina,
which, it will be remembered, formed the subject
of the engraving for 1843, and an unfini,hed
proof of the Castle of Ischia. As all these works,
at least, all the selected works, have been already be-
fore the public, and for the most girt noticed by us
at the time of their previous exhibition, we will not
enter into any detailed criticism of their respective
merits. Suffice it to say that the majority of them
afford proof of the excellent taste which, in general,
has governed the selection of the fortunate prize-
holders. It will be seen by the analysis w e have
given that the Society of British Artists is the fa-
vourite; we know not for what reason, utiles; it be
from a desire to discourage the monopoly which' is
generally understood to be the pervading principle of
the Royal Academy, for it cannot br denicd that the
pictures selected from the latter institution are
amongst the best, if not the best, in this exhibition;
we might refer especially in support of this position
to D. Roberts's splendid picture, the Pyramids of
Gizeh at sunset; Tennant's Magpie Island ; and
Cooper's Repose, which reminds us forcibly of some
of the happiest efforts of Cuyp's pencil. The Ford,
by the same artist ; the Ploughed Field, by Lee ; and
Waiting for the Ferry, by Barraud, are also beauti-
ful specimens of oil painting. But it is almost unfair
to make particular selections from amongst the large
number of highly meritorious works of which this
exhibition can boast, many of which, in the cursory
glance we were enabled to give to them on Saturday,
no doubt, escaped our notice. Few, however, who
visit this exhibition will, we apprehend, be prepared
to dispute the beneficial effect of the Art-Union in
encouraging the arts and improving the public taste.
From a correspondence which the Committee have
very properly published in their catalogue, it appears
that an attempt has been made, in connexion with this
year's distribution of prizes, to carry out one of those
jobs which, when the institution was first established,
it was considered by many persons that it would have
a tendency to promote, viz., by collusion between the
prize-holder and any artist amongst the exhibitors,
who might be found base enough to join with him,
to convert the prize into a money payment to be
shared between the two parties—the picture selected
being returned to the painter, in addition to his share
of the money paid to him by the society as its value ;
thus giving to the proceedings of the Art-Union all
the objectionable features of the old lotteries, making
it a medium for mere gambling speculations, and frus-
trating those great and important objects for which
alone it was established, and in consideration of which
the existence of such societies can alone be tolerated.
The attempt to which we here allude is described in
the two letters which the society have published, and
which we here print from their catalogue. The Coins
mitttee say that they "reluctantly feel themselves
compelled to publish the following letters; but, while
strongly reprobating the unworthy attempts there de-
tailed, they wish to exempt from any suspicion of
collusion the artist whose picture was finally selected
as Mr. Saunders's prize :"
" 11, Argyll-place, August 20, 1844.
" Dear Sir—By the wish of my friend, Mr. Hollins,
A.R.A., I beg to trouble you with the following state-
ment connected with the objects of the Art-Union, Mr.
Hollins being too unwell to write clearly at present.
" Towards the close of last week, a person calling
himself the agent of a Mr. Saunders, of Burton-upon-
Trent, waited on Mr. Hollins with the object of pur-
chasing a picture of his, now in the Royal Academy,
valued at two hundred guineas, for Mr. Saunders, who
had obtained a prize of that amount at the late distri-
bution, and offered to select that picture, if Mr. Hollins
would agree to purchase the picture again at a less
price, 175/. or so; as the prize-holder preferred having
the money to a picture. Mr. Hollins, by this arrange-
ment would have received about 35/. and have kept his
picture, and Mr. Saunders have pocketed 175/. of the
Art-Union money.
" Mr. Hollins, of course, declined this arrangement ;
and, as he has no doubt you will agree with him that
such a perversion of the funds should be avoided if pos-
sible, this information he trusts will enable you to see
that the money is bona fide laid out in the purchase of a
picture by Mr. Saunders.
" Mr. Hollins is confined to his house, 47, Berners-
street; but will give any information you may require,
and be happy to see you or Mr. Pocock, if you would
favour him with a call.

"The party hinted that their proposed arrangement
could be carried out with other parties.
" Believe me, dear sir, your, very truly,
" Geo. Godwin, Esq. " J. J. SCOLES."
" 6, Southampton-street, Fitzroy-square, Aug. 22,
" Gentlemen,—On Friday evening two gentlemen
called on Mr. Claxton, who is at present in the Isle of
Wight, and finding he was from home, requested to see
me, when they introduced themsclves by saying that a
friend of theirs in the country had gained one of the
2001 prizes in the Art-Union, and had commissioned
them to choose the picture, and then to propose to the
artist that he should give them some part of the price,
which he only could receive from the secretaries of the
Society. I wished them much to write to Mr. Claxton,
but they declined to do so, and also to leave their names,
saying if I would write they would call for his answer
on Tuesday evening, and if he would mention how
much of the price he would return them, they would -
then tell him how much they required ; but if he re-
fused, they would select another picture, and endeavour
to make the same arrangement with another artist. j
received an answer from Mr. Claxton on Monday morn-
ing, in which he says, Should those gentlemen return,
you must tell them that I refuse their offer most deci-
dedly, as they must know that, by accepting it, I should
be defrauding the Society, and disgracing my profession.'
" I believe Mr. Caxton intends writing to you himself,
but he may be prevented for a few days ; and as the
gentlemen have not returned for Mr. Caxton's answer, I
have been advised to inform you immediately, as there
may be some regulations of the Society which provide
for such an occasion.—l have the honour to be, gentle-
men, your respectfully, " SOPHIA. CLAXTON.
" To the Honorary Secretaries."