The Sun.
London, England, 1858-11-15 00:00:00

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THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 15, 1858.

PRICE 4D. STAMPED, SD.

AL T-Y-C RIB MIN E, Cardiganshire.—
Prospectuses can be obtained on application to J. H,
MURCHISON, Esq., 117, Bishopsgate-street Within, Lon-
don.

ment . are the best;even for_ the .commerce and
physical prosperity as well as for the mind of
_the
nation. 4'hey.giVe a' stimuli's tO s. nation -whieh
nothing else can give. With• all the turmoil and
absorptiti of momentum and row and hubbub of a
popular government, there is ye in it ; SomehoW
or other it gets on ; even the very chaos in -it
brings out mind and action ; there may- be an enor-
mous and frightful waste of energy; but, after all,
twenty millions of heads are a better stock of in-
tellect than one. Where everybody thinks and
acts something will .be struck out. 7.q. de Monta-
lembert observes the effect of English liberty Upon
our colonisatien he point to the spread of our
name, to the stability of our colonial institutions,
to the success of Anglo-Saxon adventure over the
whole face:of the earth, as a proof of what freedom
can do in developing the physical. power of a
nation.

CHEAPNESS.

THE'ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH.

A short time "since, and for a brief period, all the
the presence of the general rejoicThg, men of
cience, if not agreed about-the cable, wore at least
iLicleissesdfa.witeorrmld
iiil-atsionrinofgtihnys
gwrietaht2tiinteenrporlse, ofatnhde,
silent. Nov, however, that
the excitement and the
!able have both died out,. everything seems to have
•
apsed back into the same region of theory and spe-
!illation from which the plan only emerged a short
,ime to give a colour of plausibility to -the opinions
,f all. We know not whether to account it as fa-
-ourable to the cable or otherwise, but the fact re-
mains that at the present moment most electricians
of note agree to differ both as to the nature and
extent of the injury to the wire and the chances of
its ever being again restored to working order. One
thing, however, seems to admit of no doubt, and
that is, that, contrary to all expectation, it shows no
signs of becoming worse. In the presence of this
encouraging fact there are many eminent in
Science who believe, first, that the injuries to its
nsulation exist much nearer the Irish shore than
as at first supposed ; and, secondly, that by
sing different instruments* the whole line may be,
o a certain extent, used for the transmission of
essages, if not from this :country to America, at
fleast from America to England. The means used
or. testing cables to. ascertain the spot at which an
injury •has occurred are always so far unsatisfactory
that, under the best circumstances, the result only
affords a negative proof. Thus,' when it is stated
that the defect is supposed to exist at about 300'
miles from the Irish coast, it means nothing more
than that the damage does net extend beyond that
distance, though it by no means proves that the in-
jury
stated,
or even s
not
m ilengthmiles
fromwe shore.vc
The test, in fact, means that after escaping the in-
jured nearwithinhalfthe
portion of the cable only sufficient electricity
is left to pass along the conductor for about 300
miles, and that at that distance the resistance to
the current is equal to a total rupture of the wire,
Or " dead earth," as it is technically called. All
practical electricians, however, admit that the in-
juries may and very likely do exist within a dis-
tance of 50 miles from land, and that these consist
not only of one but many slight losses of insula-
tion, with very likely partial separation of the con-
ductor at parts where the two-mile lengths were
originally joined. That the damage cannot exist
as far out as 300 miles is almost evidenced by the
fact of the receipt of the American messages long
after none could be sent from this side of the At-
lantic. It may appear strange to some of our
readers that the wire which conveys the signals to
this country is not sufficiently intact to allow of
the transmission of answers through the same
medium. A moment's reflection, however, will
show that the injuries to the cable, being near the
land, allow so much of the electric current to
escape that what remains is not sufficient to over-
come the resistance of the wire for more than
a short portion of its entire length. With currents
from the New World, on the contrary, the electric
wave, as it is called, of a signal conies along the
wire intact till near our shores. Here, though
much of it escapes, sufficient is left, nevertheless, to
mark some signals at Valentia—weakly and vari-
ably, it is true, but still occasionally enough to form
letters, though, from causes which we shall pre-
sently endeavour to show, it is impossible now to
render them into intelligible words.
Up to within the last few days the shore end at
Valentia has been the ordinary deep-sea portion of
the cable, wide, as our readers are aware, of the
very lightest form consistent with the strength
necessary for its being safely submerged. That
such a wire, within the wash of the Atlantic waves,
and lying in some parts over a very rocky bottom,
must have sustained injury seems at first sight in-
evitable. This portion is now being replaced by
the proper shore-ends, which are of strength and

- i (From the DeiLkshire Courier.)-
-when Peel said that he would make England-the
chitpest country in Europe to live in, he no doubt
ignorantly idorantly thought that a low monied price for the
miessaries and comforts of life was a thing highly
defirable for the community, and especially for the
iniustrious classes. We deny altogether that a
lolv. price of commodities is a good thing for Eng-
itald' . For this very plain ' reason. We have an
enormous debt, and consequently heavy taxes.
die producer ought, therefore, in order to obtain a
btring proof, to be able to charge the consumer a
bigher price for his commodities than he would
3) . were the taxes less. If the monied price of
mmodities in this country be low, the producer
n only defend himself from the ruinous effects
f this low price by reducing the price of his
orkmen's . labour. , Prices. maybe so low that it
ceases to answer the purpose of the producer to
_create goods, but he can always protect himself
from positive loss by ceasing to manufacture and
'dismissing his workmen.... In the struggle between
classes which forced ..cheapness engenders, the
weakest always goeS to the wall. The working;
man, as a rale, is the'greatest sufferer in this coun-
try by undue cheapness.
The fundholder, the Government official, the
rich capitalist, gain by low prices—they get more
goods for less money. '
Supposing, then,-that-Peel could have done that

,ONDON CRYSTAL PAL ACE.
-1-4 Regent-circus, Oxford-street, and Great. Portland-
street—This magnificent building will be opened to the
Public on WEDNESDAY, December let, Mg, for the sale of
all kinds of useful and fancy Articles. It will contain the
largest number of first-class Exhibitors of any Building in
Europe. The Photographic Establishment is the finest in
London. The Aviary, Conservatory, General Refreshment
Room, and Ladies' Private Refreshment Room, with Retiring
Room attached, will be replete in their several departments.
Applications for the remaining space are requested to be
made forthwith.

IMPERIAL CONTINENTAL GAS
ASSOCIATION.

Incorporated by Act of Parliament,

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, That an Extraordinary
GENERAL MEETING of the Shareholders of the Imperial
Continental Gas Asscciation, will be held at the office
of the Association, No. 7, White Hart-court, Lom-
bard-street, on TUESDAY, the 16th day of NOVEM-
BER, 1858, at Two o'clock in the afternoon, precisely,
for the purpose of electing two Directors to fill the vacancies
in the Board occasioned by the decease of John Horsley
Palmer, Esq., and Sir Robert Campbell, Bart., and one Audi-
tor in the place of Frederick Pattison, Esq., resigned.
Dated this 27th day of October, 1858.
By order of the Board,
WILLIAM WALTON, Secretary.

PURSUANT to a Decree of the High Court of
Chancery, made in a certain cause of 'DORM HY
MARGARET SHAKESHAFT against WILLIAM
THOMAS TAYLOR," and two other causes, all persons
claiming to be heir-at-law of CHARLES SHAKESHAFT,
formerly of Rotherhithe-wall, in the county of Surrey, then
of Earls-court, Kensington, and afterwards of Keppel-place,
Fulham-road, Brompton, in the county of Middlesex, who
died in or about the month of November, 1843, are, by their
solicitors, on or before the 23d day of November instant, to
come in and prove their claims at the chambers of the Vice-
Chancellor Sir Wil iam Page Wood, No. 11, New square, Lin-
coln's-inn, Middlesex, or, in default thereof, they will be
peremptorily excluded from the benefit of the said Decree.
Friday, the 26th day of November instant, at 12 o'clock at
boon, at the said chambers, is appointed for hearing and ad-
judicating upon the claims.
Dated this 6th day of November, 18.58.

HY. LEMAN, Chief Clerk.
RAVEN & BRADLEY,
2, Harcourt-buildings, Temple, E.C.

THE OPERA COLONNADE HOTEL COM-
PANY (Limited), Charles-street, Haymarket (late Feuil-
lade's). Incorporated under the Joint Stock Company's Acts,
the liability of shareholders being limited to the amount they
each subscribe for. Capital £25,000, in 5,000 shares of £5 each.
Deposit 10s. per share on application, and £2 per share on
allotment.

DIRECTORS.
George kidadale, Esq., 1, Euston-square.
John Buckmaster, Esq., 21, Addison-road, Notting-hill.
Captain Dampier, 91, Jermyn-street, St. James's, and Edgar
House, Bath.
George Herbert Clarke, Esq., 13, Addison-road north, Bays-

water.
Joseph Buckmaster, Esq., 2, Addison-terrace, Kensington.
Bankers—The Union Bank of London (Charing-cross Branch),
4, Pall-mall east, S. W.
Brokers—Messrs. Samuel Hill and Son, 3, Copthall-buildings,
Throgmorton-street, E.C.
Solicitors—Messrs. Prichard and Collette, 57, Lincoln's-inn-
fields.
Secretary pro tem.—Mr. T. R. Comyn
Temporary Offices, 152, Gresham House, Old Broad-street.
The Ground Floor of the premises will be used as a Re-
staurant, capable of dining 600 daily. The upper part
will be used for the Hotel Department, comprising a coffee-
room, private rooms, and about 60 bed-rooms, and in both
departments fixed moderate charges will be the rule.
Applicants for shares will be required to pay to the bankers
of the Company, or to the Directors, a deposit of 10s. per
share on the number of shares applied for.
ApplicatiOns for Shares, Prospectuses, &c., may be made
to the solicitors, Messrs. Prichard and Collette, 57, Lincoln's-
inn-fields ; to the brokers, Messrs. Samuel Hill and Son,
3, Copthall-buildings, Bank ; to the Secretary, at the Hotel ;
or at the temporary offices of the Company, 152, Gresham-
house, Old Broad-street.

It is no satisfaction, then, to the eduCated class
in France to be told that the Emperor is saving
them the trouble of self-gOvernmen“ still less is
it any relief to them to be told ;that -the -Empe-
ror's government is foluided on 'universal infrrage.
" I do not -pretend," Says M. de Montalembert,
"- to convert those progressive minds who con-
sider that Parliamentary government has been
wisely displaced by'universal suffrage." Vniiersal
' suffrage is indeed only a mockery of liberty given
to those who cannot use it, and who have it given
to them. because they cannot use it, and because
you know they cannot use it; while you take capi-
tal care that those who could use liberty if they
had it shall not have it. We cannot be surprised
at the disgust which M. de Montalembert, as the
champion of real liberty in France, shows for such
alPretended basis of government He feels justly
that it is the liberty, of the educated class which it
the point. and that if they are gagged, and ever
movement of their minds suppressed, it is simple
nonsense to appeal to the free suffrages of an
ign-
rant peasantry which the priest and the Prefect
together are commissioned to collect.
It is the passion for liberty, then, that inspiies
M. de Montalembert,•=that irrepressible appetite
for action which must always.. exist where the
power of action exists. He protests against the
suppression Of human nature, against mental anni-
hilation. " Don't kill this class with torpor," he
says, " let it act, let it do something ; don't case
it with simple stagnation, and make its intelligence
a misery to it. It is all very well for persons who
can do nothing to do nothing ; it is pleasant enough
for them, but it is wretchedness to us." We con-
gratulate him on his cause, it is the voice of nature
speaking, and we congratulate him on the boldness
with which he has undertaken it, against the pre-
judices of all his religious friends. He adds one
more to -the list of distinguished men who hale re-
jected the yoke of a school and party, and given
honest expression to their sense of truth. A man
from early education, from sentiment, front good
hearty feeling, sticks to his school for a long time
then there comes a turning point when he cannot
go along with them ; his nature rebels—he wants a
larger ground; he sees the narrowness and petti-
nesses which belong to a clique, and which enter
into the very heart of its creed ; he can stand it no
longer, and he sets up for himself. Then he hears
the words " renegade," " apostate," " rebel," " in-
fidel ;" no matter ; if he is a true son of nature
he will care very, little for such hootings ; he
knows that it is simply impossible for a man to
be true to himself without incurring black looks
and bad names, and he takes it as the natural
accompaniment of his career and the sign of its
ytyabfoler alnifde?leavdeinryg
minds genuineness.have •
stuck How
to manyher paalrlfew, we suspect, if we examine the list. One after
another, they go off; a time comes when they begin
to think for themselves they cannot stand the
t r e
yo , yoke • one after another, they desert—apostates
that they are—to truth.

which he proposed to himself to do, he would have
benefitted the consuming class, the persons of fixed
income, the capitalist, the money dealer, at the ex-
pense- of the working men of England—the pro-
ducing class.
Peel began at the wrong end. Instead of work-
ing for cheap commodities, he should have gone
for cheap taxes. There was a. way to do this, at
the end. of the war, without any injudicious reduc-
tion of bur national defences, or any penurious re-
trenchments. His business was to reduce the debt
as rapidly as possible. This might have been done
with the financial system under which it had been
rapidly created. Then with a reduced debt we
should have had lower taxes ; with lower taxes
lower prices, which would still have been, under
the reduced scale of taxation, remunerative to the
producer and the labourer.

Peel's monetary system attempted, by endea-
vouring to make the bank note a mere ticket for
so much gold, to chain down the price of commo-
dities to this gold price. The producing classes
were expected to sell their commodities for the
quantity of gold which they could command in the
world's market. The English workman had there-
fore to sell the commodity as cheap as his foreign
competitor. The extra amount of taxation which
he paid had to be obtained by harder work and
longer days of labour. There were extraordinary
exceptions to this rule of forced eheapness, under
Peel's system. Bread, for example, was not allowed
to fall to the price of the world's market. Wheat
was protected, as it was called. The working man
was expected to sell his labour as cheap as the
lightly-taxed foreigner, and to buy his bread as
dear as was necessary to remunerate the highly-
taxed bread producer. It is wonderful how the
working classes struggled through the long period
of distress after the war. Competent judges have
stated that the English people never endured so
much since the existence of the nation. But one-
half of the misery, suffering, starvation, and crime
caused by this unwise system of legislation will
never be revealed to mortal ken.

M. DE MONTALRMBERT.

be overcome. So far, however, are we from con-

(From the Times.)

If the walls of Jericho do not fall down before
M. Ile Montalembert's trumpet, it is from no want
of strenth in the instrument, for a prouder blast of
oratory was never blown. It is indeed a speech in
writing ; we forget the pen ; it is M. de Montalem-
bert speaking to us, speaking to Europe. But
what is the secret of his strength ; what is the
source of his inspiration ? One word will express
it. We in this country are so fortunate in the
enjoyment of liberty that we almost forget some-
times that there is such a thing as a passion for
liberty ; or, if we think of it at all, we confound it
with the ravings and nonsense of Chartists, or

To preserve his Money Law, Peel sacrificed his
party, and the shred of political principle which
yet clung about him, and inaugurated, as he
thought, the era of cheap bread.
But even here his miserable money law broke
down. It was no more able to secure permanent
cheapness than permanent prosperity. An influx
of bullion necessitated, under his bills, a large issue
of paper money, prices were inflated, and for three
years we had wheat selling, under the cheap bread
law, at between 80s. and 100 s. a quarter.
But we have had, also, times of depressing, ruin-
ous cheapness, times when—as -at present—the
farmer has been obliged to sell his wheat for less
than it cost him to produce it.
It is impossible to trace all the ill-effects of
forced, unfair, unremunerative cheapness.
Take the Slave. You" stand over him with the
whip, but after all it is more than questionable
whether you can wring cheap labour out of him.
Take the English ill-paid labourer, Ile knows that
he is ill-paid. You cannot make him work like a
man for food, raiment, and lodging inferior to many
a slave. Take the little shopkeeper. You cannot
make him sell his goods below an honest, living
profit. We live in an age of adulteration. Bradford
only furnishes an illustration of the system. And
so with the higher class of trading. The periods of
forced cheapness at one time, and wild licentious
speculation at another—both the creatures of our
atrocious monetary legislation—destroy all the
steady, prudent, honourable principles of trade.
It is a perfectly well-known fact that during the
war—for the 15 first years of this century—though
rapid steps of progress were taken by the nation,
the commercial classes were distinguished by an
honourable and manly spirit of integrity very
greatly superior to that of the present.
The system of change, fluctuation, and uncertainty;
of a glut of money to-day, and a dearth of it to-
morrow ; of ruinous depression of prices at one
time, and extravagant inflation of prices at another,
has not only produced misery and suffering, which.
cannot be estimated, but has exercised a most
demoralising and degrading influence on all classes
of the community. •

Italian, demagoguesWe appreciate thoroughly
liberty as an advantage, but when we hear of it
as a passion it sounds a revolutionary thing
to us. A person could not possibly pick out
a subject which would sound colder to Eng-
lish ears as a matter of rhetorical declamation
than this very subject of liberty. Three or four
magnificent sentences in praise of libeity would bo
enough any day to empty half the House of Com-
mons and send hon. members to their.-mutton chops.
We pass over sonnets to liberty, describing her as
a mountain maid drinking from sparkling rills.
The truth is, we have got liberty, and therefore our
appetite is satisfied. If we want to see what the
passion of liberty is we must take somebody who
has not got it, but feels the want of it. Such a
man is M. de Montalembert. He and his friends,
and the whole class which they represent—l. e., the
educated thinking class in France—find themselves
now simply gagged and bound hand and foot.
They can't speak, *hey can't write, they can't move
for any political purpose ; the whole world of action
is taken away from them ; they cannot exercise any
one gift or power as public men ; and this after
they have been used to public life. They have not
a single vent; the whole educated class in France
has its mouth stopped. Conceive the tremendous
irritation which must by the simplest laws of nature
be going on under such. circumstances. Men must
have occupations, and they must have occupations
suited to their tastes and interests and understand-
ings. It is a mockery to give a political mind a
military occupation, and say, " Go and fight, if you
want something to do," or to offer it a scientific
occupation or a literary occupation, and say, "Go
and lecture on the schoolmen, if you want to do
something. Get up the physical philosophy of the
Arabians, Egyptian hieroglyphics, Greek chrono-
logy; compare the systems of Zoroaster and Pyth-
agoras ; elucidate the Platonic, Aristotelian, the
lonic, and the Stoic systems, and bring out in pro-
per relief the differences of the Albertists, the
Thomists, the Scoticists, and the Occamists."
Political minds must have political occupations.
The whole educated thinking class in France,
after having had these occupations, and got
to them, is now deprived of them. Of course
they:are mad with irritation the irritation of forced
torpor and inertia, all their powers pent up, and
preying on themselves. What wonder that M. de
Montalembert should now declare that he must
either speak or dies "He is attacked by a ma-
lady," " his ears tingle," " he is stifled." " maniacs,
if you will have it so, like myself," must vent them-
selves.

thickness sufficient to withstand any tide. Up to
the present the length which has been underrun,
in order to substitute the shore end has, strange to
say, been found uninjured, though it is not expected

that this will prove the case when the whole 12
miles shall have been recovered and replaced with
the stout cable. It is, of course, looked upon as
certain that laying down the shore end must im-
prove the condition of the whole cable ; else, of
course, the expense and labour of submerging it
would never be attempted. Even in its present
state the signals received at Valentia are occasion-
ally as distinct as those of some overland wires, and
should any improvement take place when the shore
end is added on, there are many who profess them-
selves confident of working through the whole wire
for some time at least.

Foremost among those who express this opinion
is Professor Hughes, whose printing telegraph
is extensively used in the United States, and
which will also in the course of a few weeks
more be introduced into Australia to work
through the first submarine telegraph of that
colony between Tasmania and Melbourne. Mr.
Hughes states himself confident of being able even
now to signal through the Atlantic cable, and is
anxious to conduct all his experiments upon the
wire at his own expense. The Atlantic Telegraph
Company, on the other hand, say they have no dis-
inclination to permit Mr. Hughes to try his skill;
yet, strange to say, though both parties are willing,
nothing is done ne7erthelcss. Now, however, that
the matter is made public Mr. Hughes may feel
bound to press his offer, and the Atlantic Company,
in fairness and in duty to its shareholders, will
perhaps see the necessity of at once accepting a
liberal proposal, which, whichever way it results,
can do them or their cable no manner of injury,
but, on the other hand, may possibly be of immense
benefit.

sidering it insuperable that we think a very sim-

M. de Montalembert, then, appears as the cham-
pion of this class. He represents the rights of
education and intelligence • in France ; he claims a
share of political action for this class ; he demands
a field for the simple exertion of their minds as
citizens. These are the rights which M. de Mon-
talembert represents. There are many other rights
belonging to other classes in a State,—there are
the rights of the poor to fair treatment, there are
religious rights of communion, there are rights of
justice which belong to all, but there are the rights
of the intelligent class to act and use their faculties
as citizens. The educated class has it claims in-
herent in its very condition, just as the poor un-
educated mass has ; these are the rights of which
M. de Montalembert is the champion. These men
cannot help having minds, but their minds are a
simple curse to them if they are shut op without a
particle of ground for play. " Oh, but we will
" we will govern you, and we
save you the trouble of self-government," says our
or better than you can your-
weffincildenotitdeasspwotiesllmas;
selves." That is the plea of all despotisms, but it
is a gross evasion of the point at issue. The ques-
tion is not whether power is used well or ill, whe-
ther it is successful on points of finance, commerce,
police, &c., or the opposite ; but whether you have
a right to monopolise all this -power, and allow
nobody else any share of it. These men do not
want to be saved the trouble of self-government ;
they do not thank you for such kindness; that is
the very thing they do not want. They want the
vent, the occupation, the interest, the legitimate ex-
citement, the play of intellect, feelings, and power,
which political life, or a share in the national go-
vernment, affords: They feel it to be simple
hypocrisy in your benevolent despot telling them
that he benignantly relieves them of this arduous
task; at all events, they reject the gift—they want
nothing of the sort. -,Vhat they want is to govern
themselves in such a way and degree as constitutional
ends allow. That is to say, they want liberty.
Liberty is this very composition that has been just
mentioned—it is action, vent, play, use. of powers,
use of thought, use of speech, use of feelings, use
of everything that we have, znd especially that use
of them in our capacity as citizens and members of
the commonwealth. T
hat is liberty, and that is
half of the advantage and fruit of liberty, though
there is also a further advantage in liberty—viz.,
that it is in the end the surest road to prosperity.
A despotism may point to the despatch and com-
pactness of its operations, and boast that, while
freedom is wasting its time in talk and contention,
one stroke of a despotic pen does the thing that is
m a Ited ; but in the end freedom and self-g,overn-

It will very likely be interesting to many of our
readers if we explain at once on what grounds Mr.
Hughes rests his hope of making the defunct wire
speak again, especially as by so doing we may be
able to point out tie nature of the difficulties which
have gradually made the signals from the other
side of the Atlantic unintelligible. When the first
unsuccessful attempt was made to lay the wire, it
will be recollected that it parted from under the
Niagara's stern at some 350 miles distance from the
Irish coast. The piece thus submerged remained,
of course, attached to the shore end for a consider-
able period, and then, for the first time, the pheno-
menon of magnetic storms, or, as they are now
called, " earth currents," was observed. Of the
causes of these earth currents, or the laws by which
they are governed, nothing is yet known. They
may be briefly described as irregular currents
of electricity passing through the outer wire cover-
ing of the cable, and which, according to the laws
of induced currents, create another current in the
conductor of the cable itself, running in a contrary
direction to that in which the earth current travels
along the outside. The effect of these on the conduc-
tor was,of course, to deflect rapidly the needle of the
galvanometer to which it was attached, precisely as if
signals were being ►ent quickly. Sometimes these
earth currents were so violent as to cause the needle
to vibrate with such rapidity that it was impossible
to follow its movements with the eye. Singular
enough, these storm currents were always at their
worst at 10 o'clock at night and 10 in the morning,
while they were, on the other hand, always least
felt at 11 o'clock in the morning and 11 at night.
Bsyond these general facts nothing seems to have
been known about them. When the cable was laid
last August the instruments were on the principle
of Morse's recording telegraph, according to the
system of which three or four currents or signals
sent across the Atlantic are necessary to form one
leiter of a word. While the cable was in good order,
and its insulation tolerably perfect, this plan worked
well enough, its greatest and most serious draw-'
back only being that the method vas a very slow
one, since on the average four signals were required
to one letter, and five letters on the average went
to one word. lrov.ever, all went well until the fz:.st

ple process would remedy it if practically such
an obstacle is found to exist, which we by no
moans deny might be the ease. Both the machines

at Newfoundland and Valentia would have to be

made with the accurracy of chronometers, it being
understood that both are to be put back to a given
zero when a message was either sent or received.
Let the first current then sent fcr a message either
way liberate and set both instruments in motion,

precisely in the same way as the letter is now
printed, by liberating the armature and pressing
the paper against the little wheel of type. The
proper working of the machine is, however, Mr.
Hughes's affair. It is only his offer to the Atlantic
Company with which we have to deal, and whether

it is worth anything or nothing should be decided

ithas not been declined, and so the thing rests, like
a child's rocking-horse, moving without advancing.

THE PENINSULAR MAILS.

The Tagus steamship, belonging to the Penin-
sular and Oriental Company, Capt. E. Christian,
arrived at Southampton yesterday, at 2 p.m., with
mails in charge of Lieut. Gardner, R.N.—viz.,
Gibraltar, Nov. 5; Cadiz, Nov. 6; Lisbon, Nov. 9 ;
Vigo, Not-. 10. She had no communication with
Oporto. Outwards the Tagus had moderate and
fine weather ; homewards she encountered strong
south-east, gales, with confused sea. • This packet
brought 14 passengers, 3 packages of specie, value
not stated, 290 quarter chests and 194 half-boxes
of oranges, 144 boxes of dates, 5 boxes of grapes,
145 boxes of lemons, 297 boxes of eggs, 7 quarter-
casks and 2 octaves of wine, and 58 packages of
general merchandise.

At Gibraltar were her Majesty's ship Vulture and
gunboat Quail. The latter returned from the Riff
coast on the forenoon of the 31st ult. She first called
and communicated at the Zafarine Islands, andthen
at all the other Spanish penal settlements. Penon
de Velez being the last place where the Quail
touched at, she anchored for the night inside the
fortification. While there several Ruffians with arms
were perceived among the rocks ; but observing the
British flag, they did not fire on the gunboat. Capt.
Osborne, commanding the Quail, had private com-
munication with the different Spanish Governors.
Her Majesty's steam troop-ship Himalaya, Capt.
Seccombe, put into Gibraltar Bay during the night
of the 4th inst., five days from Portsmouth. She
had on board the 2d battalion of the 9th Foot,
under the command of Brevet Lieut.-Col. William
Sankey, and detachments of other corps whose regi-
ments are in garrison at the lonian Islands. After
taking in some fresh provisions, &c., the Himalaya
left for Corfu at a quarter past 10 o'clock on the
morning of the sth.
The Royal Victoria Yacht Club cutter Sultana,
14 days from Southampton, arrived at Gibraltar on
the Ist.

The British merchant steamer Vulture, Capt. J.
Smith, six and a half days from Cardiff, with coals,
arrived at Gibraltar on the Ist ; and the Meander,
Capt. W. M‘Mickan, six days from Liverpool. with
a general cargo for Palermo, Messina, and Trieste,
on the 3d, and proceeded in the night.
We are sorry to learn (says the Gibraltar Chro-
nicle) that the French steamer Ville de Cadiz, on
the line between Saint Nazaire, Lisbon, Cadiz, Gib-
raltar, and Malaga, was completely lost on the night
of the 22d-23d ult., off Cape St. Vincent. The Ville
de Cadiz was on her voyage to Cadiz and this place
when the disaster occurred. The whole of the
cargo was lost with the vessel ; but the crew and
passengers happily were saved.

At Cadiz were the Russian line-of-battle ship
Retorgan and the screw sloop Medweds, 11 guns.
The latter arrived on the 30th ult., in 15 days from
Cherbourg.
The Spanish paddlewheel steamer Dona Isabel la
Catolica, of 16 guns, Capt. Acha ; screw steamer
Petronilla, of 37 guns, Captain Beranger ; and sail-
ing troop-ship Marigalante, of 2 guns, Captain
Aycardo, left Cadiz on the 27th ult. with reinforce-
ments for the Havannah.
The French Government steam yacht Reine Hor-
tense, of 2 guns, Captain Selvas, left that port on
tke 28th.

The Tagus left Her Majesty's ships Victor Eman-
uel, Euryalus, and Racoon anchored at Lisbon on
the 9th, also the French steamer Coligny.
Prince Alfred upon landing from the Euryalus
was received by a guard of honour at the Lisbon
Arsenal, and conducted to the Palace, where he is
residing as the guest of the King and Queen of
Portugal, who honoured the British Minister, Mr.
Howard, and family, with some naval officers, by
an invitation to dinner on the Bth.
Exchange operations for this packet were limited
at Lisbon by the short supply of bills, and money
remained over on London at 53id. for three months.
Bill 3 on the continent also in demand at 530 for
Paris ; Amsterdam, 421; Hamburg, 48 ; and Genoa,
528. Stocks continued dull at the quotations of
the previous packet.
On the 11th inst. the Tagus passed the Alham-
bra, with the outward mails.

GOVERNMENT EMIGRATION.—The Government
emigrant ship Hornet, 1,155 tone, Captain Thomas Greevcs,
sailed from Plymouth, on Wednesday, the 10th inst., for
Sydney, Now South Wales, with 438 emigrants, in charge
of Surgoon-Superintendent Andrew Sexton Grey, M.D.
The Emigration Commissioners have given notice of their
intention to receive tenders next Thursday, the 18th inst.,
for a ship to proceed to Melbourne, Victoria, to be ready
for the reception of passengers on such days as the Commi-
sioners may appoint between the 3d and 10th Jan.
of Mr. Poole will be mane
THE CASE OF THE REv. MR. POOLE.— The Union
t. It Will be in 11u, form of a
of yesterday states that the application to the Court of
C'anterbury,
()n3 Queen's.ron d
Mondry
Bencho moens d
ab3etlxf
into the truth of
motion for a mandamus to the Archbishop of
of London r
to compel him to hear and inquire
the license ; which it will be recollectl(P,d \Va.% this :—"
the allegation upon which the Bishk
feniAlei'to' confession, had put
ev'oficheadt
he (Mr. Poole) in admitting
questions to them respecting tit',
:;.:-...r.ut1al ui.on-th.:,, church."
kieventh Commandment
ealmluted taking

most unpleasant part in the tele_
electric current of the signals lost force nearing the
Irish share the earth currents overpowered them',
and in the middle of the letter made one or more
unintellible signs,-the task of reading-became Moro-
i:l.nd -More difficult, fill, with the increasing'derange-i
meat of the line, consecutive words gi;aflually cnased,...
and'at liSt even" letters came only at rare intervals.
bompaiital7olse,.: speaking.: this difficult/ Wini- not
experienced on this side_ of ."the At
a. tlitntie for
the reasons we have stated, itliad lon overcome
the messages to Arae—rica ;Tama, to .this reason is it ,
oWing that even the first signals sent from here were
et:meta/01y . answered from NeWfoundland with
"Repeat" and " Sond slower." So much for the step-
page of the wire. The reason for Mr. Hughes's con-
fident belief of being able now to work through
simply arises • from the fact that this instrument—,
the printing telegraph—is not exposed to anything
like the same amount of risk from earth currents-
His instrument is, on a small scale, mi very much
the same principle as to shape and plan as Mr.
Hoe's American printing machine. It is worked
by means of key-notes, like those of a small piano,
each key being marked with letters of the alphabet.
Thus, touching a key at one end of the wire trans-
mits a current to the other, where, instead of the
paper, as in Morse's telegraph, receiving a dint or
mark that forms part of a letter, the entire letter
itself is printed. The advantage o£ this is obvious.
One current suffices to form ono letter instantane-
ously, instead of four or five currents. Less time
is. thus given for the action of earth currents; or,
even in case of their acting and printing in some
cases other letters than those sent, it by no means
follows that the letters so misplaced would prevent
the accurate meaning of the sentence being read.
Allow that under the worst circumstances one-
fourth of the letters, owing to the action of the
earth currents, were wrong, sufficient would be right.
and sufficiently consecutive to permit the meaning
of the whole fo be freel3' read. At all events, Mr.
Hughes's machine utilizes the currents to their
utmost, since he makes one suffice for clearly print-
ing one letter, instead of requiring three or four.
The only doubt is, can two such complicated ma •
chines be made to work with mathematical accuracy
when 3,000 miles apart? The objection is urged
as something almost insuperable, though none deny
that it is purely a mechanical one, and one that can

by actual test, and the sooner the better. As the
matter, stands at present he has made his offer and