The Sun.
London, England, 1858-03-09 00:00:00

CONFERENCE

--------------- _
John Manners to tell those assembled whether, in his
p stahebSaathbirt(hGrdomaynishaonualdupbreoatru.)rneA,lston,towhaactohne-
toinieniontani b
thought in reference to the long-vexed subject of church
rates. He wished further to know th i
e opinon of the
noble lord in reference to reform. There was no reason
in the world why the county people should not be placed
on the same footing as the boroughs were ; and he did
not see any reason that small nomination boroughs, with
from 150 to 250 voters should return one or two mem
bers to Parliament, while Loughborough, with a popu-
lation 12,000, did not return a single representative.
Lord JOHN MANNERS stepped forward to address the
electors, and was received with loud applause by his sup-
porters, and with groaning and other marks of dis-
approbation by the great bulk of the assem-
blage. He said he had no wish to make a lengthened
address in the present severe state of the weather, whhichd
they all suffered from. 'Nor was it necessary, as he a
been before them three times in the course of twelve
months. Bat he returned his grateful t.hanks.to those
numerous friends who had at once promised him their
support so cordially and generously7-aso to those. op-
ponents who had given
.Mr. Frewin. such judicious
counsel in recommending him to withdrawafrom what, in
Parliamentary language, he must term a frivolous and
vexatious opposition ; and lastly, to Mr. Frawen, who
he- hoped, if he should comsat the county on a future
occasion, would manifest the same good humour that he
bad done to-day. He believed he had done nothing to
forfeit the confidence of the electors. At the close of the
last session of Parliament, he was so struck with the
manner in which Lord Palmerston had conducted public
business, that he felt it to be his duty to raise his voice
against the noble lord, and he was assured that the
feelings he then expreesed were shared by many mem-
bers on both sides the house. When Parliament met
this session it was impossible not to see that many
of his supporters were heartily sick of the allegiance
they had so rashly vowed to him and were pre.
pared on the first opportunity to renounce it. Shortly
after the meeting of Parliament there was laid on the
table of the House of Commons that famous despatch
of Count Walewski, which proclaimed to all Europe
that tie laws of England favoured assassination. He
doubted whether that was the intention of the writer of
that despatch. Then came the Conspiracy Bill, on
which the feeling of the house was soTstrong that many
leading Liberals, including even Lord John Russell,
voted against the introdaction of the bill. The Conser-
vative party, though equally sensitive with Lord John
Russell, about the maintenance of the national honour,
did not however vote against the introduction of the bill,
partly out of deference to her Majesty's Government
and partly to evince their abhorrence of the crime of
assassination. But, in the debate which then took place,
fair warning was given to the ministry that the people of
England expected that calumnious despatch to be
answered. That warning, however, was in vain, and after
ten days had elapsed, during which the despatch was
unanswered, the bill came on for the second reading. Mr.
M. Gibson then introduced his famous amendment,
respecting which hie friend Mr. Henley had observed
nothing could be more moderate or more true. That
amendment was carried in a full house by a majority of
19 ; the very same number which, in 1852, displaced
Lord Derby's government, and made way for Lord Pal-
merston. Lord Derby then took office which was abso-
lutely thrust upon him, and he did so sincerely desirous
of maintaining the dignity of the crown and the real
happiness of the people. While doing so, Lord Derby
would strive to prevent, as far as human means could
prevent so great a calamity, the interruption of our
friendly relations with France. There was a trial now
pending in this country of one of the conspirators against
the life of the Emperor of the French. When that trial
was brought to a conclusion they would then be in a
position to know whether the laws of England in rela-
tion to that matter required any alteration. At
present the balance of high legal opinion was in favour
of the laws as they stood, and until this trial
was over it would be indecorous to legislate on
a matter which they might find required no legire
lation. One of the most important questions of the
present moment was the future government of India.
Although he had been one of those who thought that
until the mutiny was subdued, legislation should not be
undertaken, yet the majority in favour of it had decided
that question, and a measure was now under the consi-
deration of that man to whom they must and did look
for guidance on all matters relating to India, Lord
Ellenborougi, who was devoting his great statesmanlike
qualities and thorough knowledge of India to the
solution of one of the greatest legislative problems of
this or any other day. With regard to reform, he had
no doubt that many persons were without the franchise
who might be advantageously entrusted with it. He
had no doubt, also, that the counties had not their fair
share of representation. As a tory, he was not con-
cerned to defend the bill of 1832, and he saw no reason
why, when other more pressing questions were disposed
of, he might not combine with his colleagues to con-
sider this and similar measures, and see if they could
not devise a measure which, while it maintained
the equilibrium of the different elements in the
constitution, would rectify proved abuses, and impart
additional stability to those great and time-honoured
institutions which had rendered England the safe and
almost the sole abode of tempered liberty and self-
sustained order. With regard, however, to the ballot,
he would never be a party to a measure which would
prevent the people of England from giving an open and
above-board expression to their opinions, whatever they
might be. H. bad been asked about Sunday bands.
He had not had much time to consider that subject, but
he thought the arrangements established last year in the
London parks by his predecessor, Sir B. Hall, might be
allowed to continue as they were. On the subject of
church-rate', to say as Mr. Stevenson did that they
were an imposed tax was most erroneous. They were a
responsibility resting upon all property in England, 1
whether acquired by purchase or descent. It was said I
that church-rates were a con3cientions grievance. He
asked to whose consciences ! Not to those of churchmen
certainly ; and admitting that every dissenter in England
felt them to be a grievance, the natural solution was that
they should be exempt from payment. Yet this had been
proposed over and over again in the House of Commons,
and had been invariably repudiated by dissenters
What the dissenters wanted was the entire abolition of
church-rates, which was moustrously absurd, and ridicu-
loualy unjust. If, however, any scheme were proposed
which would save the aggrieved consciences of dissenters,
and at the same time adequately secure the maintenance
of the fabrics devoted to the national religion, he would
give to such a measure his mostcareful and dispassionate
consideration. He begged, in conclusion, to thank them
for the manner in which they had listened to him, and
assured them he had taken office tinder Lord Derby with
a sincere desire to assist him in the great duties which
devolved upon him. He now accepted the trust which
he hoped they were again about to confer upon him, in
the hope of maintaining, either as a minister or a simple
member of Parliament, the principles of genuine and
rational toryism which he bad always professed, and to
maintain which they were about, he hoped, again to
return him to Parliament.
deleiclaoreodthLerorcdan
jdoihdantemwanas pnerrsopdousleyd, and
elec thted.e high
Then sheriffa
vote
of thanks to the high sheriff, duly proposed and
seconded, terminated the proceeding.

DELEGATES.

DURHAM.-THE JUDGE-ADTOCA.TE.
DURHAM, MARCH 8,

Mr. J. R. Mowbray, M.P. for this city, having
accepted the office of Judge• Advocate under Lord
Derby's Government, has this morning issued his
address to the electors. He says :
" I have received moat unexpectedly from the Earl of
Derby the offer of a high aid responsible office under the
Crown, and I have accepted that offer. . . . Although
not instrumental in the overthrow of the Government of
Lord Palmerston, I have not hesitated to respond to the
appeal of Lord Derby, because I think he is fairly entitled
to call upon Conservatives of every shade to rally round
him at the present crisis, and because I believe he is pre-
pared to uphold the honour of the country by a firm yet
conciliatory foreign policy, and is sincerely anxious to pro-
mote all those measures of legal reform and of social and
political progress which are called for by the increasing in-
telligence of the age."
There can be little doubt the honourable gentlemanwill be re-elected without opposition, as during the five
years he has represented the city he has won the good
opinion of men of all parties by his assiduity and inde-
pendent conduct.

GREAT EXHIBITION IN 1861.—1 t is stated that the
council of the Society of Arta propose taking into their
consiieration to-morrow the policy of holding another
exhibition.

The discwssion on the Address terminated yester-
day morning. This important document, which
on the motion of Signor Farini was passed. unani-
mously, after undergoing various alterations, runs
as follows
"THE ADDRESS OT THE CONFERENCE? DELEGATES OF
THE ITALIAN NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LEAGUE
TO THE VARIOII4 SOVEREIGNS, PRINCES, AND STATES
unit on EUROPE.
"The claim of Italy to enjoy a nationality of
her own has been so often urged and brought before
public attention as almost to preclude on our part the
advancement of any new ideas or principles on which it
may be founded.
" Yet, impressed as we are by the important and
solemn duty which has been entrusted to us by the
suffrages of thousands of our countrymen, and by the
anxious expectation which watches with an earnest and
heartfelt eagerness our deliberations, we enter upon the
task with a humble diffidence in our capacity of doing
justice to so important a duty, yet determined to perform
it to the best of those abilities it has pleased Providence
to gift us with.
" The vitality of nations has been a subject that has
often excited the deep interest of historians while gazing
on the strange and unfathomable effects of Providence
in peoples being suddenly restored to life ; in others,
with equal rapidity consigned to the grave of a feeble
memory. But in every Instance of history, where a
people has sprung either suddenly or by long and tedious
degrees into a nationality of their own being, there has
been invariably to be seen the mighty foreshadowing of
an inward vitality, which has proolaimed by unmis-
takeable signs the future germs of an existence. Pro-
vidence seems to have foretold, in its wise dispensation
of the destinies of future people, by either their language
or their traditions, or the actual position their country
may occupy in the map of the world, the eventual cer-
tainty of a future nationality springing into a healthy
existence. So also has it foretold, by an inward decay,
by a false appearance of real strength, by the slothful
indifference of a people to all which concerns their
future being, the certainty of their eventual disappear-
, ancei from those bounds which hitherto had marked
their position and name as a nation. Yet still, if inch a
nation has enjoyed for a long period of time the self-
consciousness of strengtk, the certainty of its own great-
ness, now wading through fields of carnage and blood-
shed, tc-day struggling for its own being, to-morrow
fighting for the supremacy of the world alone, it leaves
to its posterity, to its future descendants, as a memento
of what it was, the dream of its ancient power. But when
that dream has been further enriched by deeds of true
virtue and heroism, recorded either by the pen of the
discerning historian or the glowing imagination of the
poet, it becomes a dream over dwelt over by the elail-
ciren of the past as one always to be remembered with
pride, as one always to be emulated at every period of
their existence ; and if with this dream should he left
with such a people still a distinct language of their own
—still the name of an unity which may at any moment
be forthcoming into a reality, and with it combined the
effects of civilisation—intelligence and indomitable
energy of character, ever working, ever preserving, such
a people may well rely yet on achieving for themselves
a new position and existence of their own.
" The place which Italy occupies in Europe at the
present time, although divided as it is in parts or parcels
of contending interests, presents to the mind the various
features we have endeavoured to portray as the sure
signs of an existing vitality, of a nationality sooner or
later certain to be realised. The aspiring dreams of
Rienzi, of Julius 11., of Lorenzo d'Medici, the touching
strains of Petrarcb, of Alfieri, throughout the entire of
the `mi Idle centuries, exhibited ever the dream of an
Italy entire and united. And in later days the continual
insurrections, the always uttered watchword L'ltalia
fara da se,' sounding every now and then throughout
every part of Italy, with her exiles homeless and shelter.
less, seeking refuge on foreign shores, proclaims in
unmistakeable language the dream ever existing, is
speaking its action in bold and powerful efforts to realise
it as a fact.
" Such, too, was the similar destiny of Greece until
it burst into a spontaneous action of a vitality impossible
to be resisted. The same ancient glory, the same tradi-
tions of past greatness, of noble deeds formerly realised,
became the heirloom of what was long deemed a
nation for ever extinct. But living as they did,
ever dreaming of the past, fondly cherishing in the
minds of their sons the hope of yet springing again
into a united nation—the Sparta and Athens of old,
rivals for former glory—they seized their first oppor-
tunity of forcing the idea into a stern reality,
"The idea of Italy cannot be too often reiterated ;
she must become the same reality as the Greece of the
present day, indissoluble in its ties of relationship. The
past feuds of Ghibelline and Guelph, of old divisions and
hatreds, of antique superstitions and ignorance, have
passed away before the dawn of enlightenment, leaving
in their place the continual seeking, the craving desire
of an united Italy.
"Its claims for such a being, strengthened by the
gratitude, the justice, the humanity, and the interests of
the various Powers of Europe, apart from any already
proclaimed as above, are many and numerous.
"1. With regard to the gratitude due to Italy one
sole claim is sufficient to name—that it is to that people
who now pant for liberty, Europe and the world at
large owe the great debt of having been the first to unite
together the great lesson realised in the middle centuries
—the unity of liberty and civilisation.
" 2. To their humanity—to atop those continual scenes
of atrocity and infamy which every now and then awake
the attention of the world, and which, while covering
the soil of Italy with the blood of her sons and daugh-
ters, victims of political expediency, are daily enacted—
a crying disgrace to civilisation and religion.
"3. To their justice.—By the non-fulfilment of the
Treaty of Vienna, signed in 1815, by which numerous
advantages guaranteed to various parts of Italy have
never been bestowed, or if given, have entirely become
obsolete in the eyes of absolutism.
"By the non-fulfilment of the pledges made by the
English and French Governments in 1848 and 1849 to
the Italian people, especially as regards the armed occu-
pation of Rome. And,
"4. To their interests.—The continual alarms created
in Europe by the constant insurrections taking place in
almost every part of Italy, which apart from the discus-
sions which inevitably take place on the subject between
the various European powers, lead to the entailment of
an enormous cost by the prosecution of those who take
part in the struggles, by the keeping up of prisons, ever
full of political victims, and by especially requiring large
foreign standing armies in Italy to keep in check the
revolutionary spirit of its people ;
"The numerous exiles who, crowdivg the streets of
foreign countries and brooding over their misfortunes
and the wrongs of their country, keep Europe and
society at large in a continual state of terror and sus-
pense not alone by the concoction of conspiracies, but
even of crimes of a worse nature to the wellbeing and
happiness of the world, as, for instance, the crime of
assassination.
" Such, then, is but a list of the smallest portion of
the claims which Italy possesses on the gratitude, the
humanity, the justice, the interests of the various Euro-
pean Powers.
" It may be urged, however just are either one or more
of these many claims, the doing justice to Italy becomes
an impossibility in the present state and division of
Europe ; that if the idea were entertained by the various
Powers the problem would still remain to be answered,
How could Italy become united without overthrowing
the balance hitherto considered essential to the well-
being of the continent of Europe !
" The answer which would be given to such a ques-
tion would be, that the Italian people do not seek to
demand an impossibility at their hands, but simply what
could easily be carried into effect without disturbing the
natural balance of power in Europe. To do away with
the absolute state of terrorism in which they for ever
live, to do away the spirit of evil, seeming to crush the
very beauty of life itself, is all they desire to render
them happy and contented in the enjoyment of social and
political and religions rights.
" The realisation of this object can thus be effected :
"The giving to each of the varkus States of Italy a
Constitutional Government.
"The Constitutional Government of each State to
embrace—
" 1. A Representative Assembly and a House of Peers.
"2. Tho freedom of public speech and the liberty of
the press.
"3. The right of public assembly.
" 4. The appointment of a municipal guard.
" 5. The organisation of the municipal authority on a
liberal elective system ; and
"6. For all courts of ju-tice to be open to allow public
opinion to give full weight to justice. A mutual arrange-
ment to be made between each of tie various Sovereigns
of Europe to appoint a central and supreme Power to
arrange all matters of difference that may arise between
them, and to allow the Representative Assembly of each
State to choose their own delegates by vote to represent
the mutual interest of each Sovereign at the central and
supreme Power.
"Thus, by the joint confederation of the States, would
be represented to the world a body compact and united
in itself, and the dream of the people of Italy would
become at once a reality.
"That they are fitted to enjoy such a state of govern.
ment a calm and dispassionate glance at Italy, devoid of
prejudice or preconceived ideas, must readily be admit-
ted. Apart, however, from the growing intelligence of
the Italian people within the last few years, the
tried The
liberaland constitution
tuftnilolny
their late king, Carlo
ment
Albert, for whose memory Italy will ever retain a grate-
fuls
gs' uxr
acPcneetrei n
theha
Ise
Sardinians
alreadycln iau country.sbb been
recollection, has fully proved the undeniable fact
that the Italians are already fitted to claim for them.
selves the only form of government suited to their warts,
and which, when acceded to their just demands, will for
ever set aside that loud murmur of disc ,nteut which ever
and anon threatens to overwhelm the Continent in a
deluge of human blood."
The address, on being declared carried by the
President, Sio'n, r Borromeo, was received with
loud cheers by the delegates, and the Conference
adjourned to I his day.

ARTIFICIAL COAL.—A. curious communication, by M.
Baroulier, has been sent in to the Academy of Sciences,
describing a method for obtaining a substance possessing
all the properties of coal. It is a fact generally admitted
by geologists, that coal is the result of the carbonisation
of vegetable matter by heat under a strong pressure, and
under circumstances calculated to impede the escape of
their volatile ingredients. M. Baroulier proceeds in a
similar manner ; he envelopes vegetable matter in wet
&ay, and exposes it for a considerable time to a great
pressure, and to n heat of between 200 and 300 degrees
centigrade (or the melting poiuts of tin and bismuth
nearly). Various kinds of sawdust, subjected to this
treatment, yielded different substances, possessing more
or less the resinous lustre and colour of coal, and burn-
ing with a bright fleme.
LAnvertelsesiesrd—The following are some out of many
thousand extraordinary cures without medicine effected by
Du Barry's delicious Health-Restoring Revalenta Arabica
Food of Indigestion (Dyspepsia), Flatulency, Constipation,
Nervous, Bilious, and Liver complaints, Cough, Asthma
Consumption, and Debility : Cure No. 41,617.--Winchester
Dec. 3, 1847.—Gentlemen,—I am happy to be able to inform
you that the person for whom your Fievalenta was procured
has derived very great benefit from its use ; distressing
symptoms of dropsy, dyspepsia, and constipation of long
standing have been removed, and a feeling of restored health
induced. Having witnessed the beneficial effects in the above-
mentioned case, I can with confidence recommend it, and
shall have much pleasure in doing so whenever an opportu-
niti,etgyliSmos7,4ne._rts.Th, dscicruiy&c.—james Shorland, late Surgeon, 96th
e_tNiuo.
e.
e 52,
years 4 22.
diseased B r i dg
lungs,ehous e,F
spitting n i l e
of blood,
Apiel
liver derangement, deafness, singing in the ears, constipation,
ears are all right, lay h
.debility, shortness of breath and cough, have been removed
\
-uppor ,_ . coLintacan'clensg.___PeilLecet,
by Your Revalenta Arabica.
I to all my ae
and
Roberts,ray recoverywoodm
ei sr
merchant.
na it.-
,i.e,
.to_u_by testimonials Crom' the following
Dr7cal_%•_l7.listry, Dr. A. ure.
Dr.
celebrated Pro- „Vicar
' STATUE TO OLIVER GOLDSHITII.—The author of the
d
of Wakefield" is, at last, about to have
.a menu-
Lord st'"urit' Pl'.. Clattiker ; Dr. Sholiand; Dr. Harvey;
de
sons, whose health has been ...,,UO.. rteeres ef Castlestuart; meeting was
Major Gen, Thc,",„"..l:Tutt,h, Dowaz., l'Y arzer : Dr. Ingram ; ment erected to his memory in the iand of his birth. A
means of cure had failed. held a few days ago, at the provost's house,
.t.,„,.,4 bt:
it,seateetable per- Dublin, for the purpose of considering a suggesticn
121 b canisters are sent Caarri fi,d, zlibu.'Vir , erection of a statue of
dons. In canisters,
Important Caution against Co
.I.e'fe77' \
11b. 25."91b1.,7 I'.l'-'l."lt'h !,.rl'll otther
—Ttli.e Vice-Chanoellor fever. nut
made by his Excellency the Earl of Carlisle for the
121 b. 22e. The
Qiilte Provost presided, and the meeting
Oliver Goldsmith, by public
, ceipt of Post-office order. Barry Du Barry'Y"..:(tice, on „;.. subscription in the neighbourhood of Trinity College
i Regent-street, London.
..ppeitihnet.suggestion of his Excellency. A committee %sae
resolved to carry
William Page Wood granted au njun.e ion ea the loth Mareb, appcuided. luld a subscrip
ful dangers of spurious imitatioins.
Alfred Hooper Nevin, for imitating it DA gev., 1 otherll that f h •
ion list opened. The first name
1854, against . - _ i a. o 1 e Lord Lieutenant for 100/.
Barry's Revaltat3 Arabica r ow. , ,„ndingll..,taceilatieuleu present subacribed 641., few

THz ATLANTIC STEAM-PACKETS.

The announcement of the Postmaster-General a
day or two since that the United States packets
(Collins' line) had ceased running, is an event in
the history of steam navigation. For ten years the
American mails were carried by British steamers
(Cunard's). The Americans then thought they
could build mail packets as well as Englishmen ;
they accordingly started Sand's line between New
yte new ships built by
York and Southampton. These vessels were soon
surpassed
Cunard.
Inn speedlB 50 and size
stazeby
rd his line between
New York and Liverpool, in direct opposition to
Cunard. He has built in the whole five ships, at
an expense of 800,0001. ; two of these, viz., the
Arctic and Pacific, worth 200,0001., were lost. Soon
after 1850, Livingstone started another American
brie between New York and Southampton. His
first two ships, the Humboldt and Franklin, were
lost. Cunard established a weekly mail communi-
cation with America, and the three United States
lines established another weekly communication,
thus making the arrival and departure of a mail
between Eug:and and America semi-weekly. Sand's,
Collins', and Livingstone, s packets were heavily
sutsidised by the American Government. Collins
reduced the passage between New York and Liver-
pool to less than ten days. Cunard has built eight
ships since 1850, only one
of which, the Persia, has
beaten those of his great rivals in speed, and this su-
periority is only ou the eastern passage. Horses, it is
said, run faster returning to than going from their
stable, and s smethinglike this would appear to be
the case with steam ships. The English mail packets
run fastest from New York to Liverpool, and the
Yankee steamers beat the Britishers from Liver-
pool to New York. Sand's line ran ten years, and
last year the subsidy was withdrawn—the ships
were found to be worn out for ocean steaming, and
they ceased running. They earned a five per cent.
dividend during the last three years of their career,
but nothing previously. Collins's line has never
paid simple interest to the stockholders. The only
line now properly. subsidised by the Americau
government is Livingstone's, and the subsidy to
this will shortly be discontinued. When it was
first started, it paid a 7 per cent. dividend, but this
was soon reduced to nil. The ships by this line
only form a monthly mail communication with
England. Vanderbilt's ships carry American
mails for a portion of the postage on the letters
which such mails contain. The failure of the
American lines is attribtred to various causes.
The steam machinery of American steamers is in-
ferior to that of English vessels, and the hulls are
not so strongly built. Hence the former ships
break down oftener than the latter, and this causes
irregularities in the mail service. Again, Ameri-
can lines work with fewer steamers than English
lines ; when there is a break-down, therefore, with
the former the mail service must be interrupted,
because ships are not at heed to be substituted for
the disabled ones. There is less certainty also
about the continuance of the American subsides
than about the English ones, and there is conse-
quently a difficulty in raising sufficient capital to
provide an adequate fleet for the Americau lines.
Most of the ocean lines would pay well without
mail contracts if they ran at a moderate speed. As
it was the pace which used to kill horses in mail
coaches, so it is the pace which wears out steamers
and ruins the owners. When a line of packets ob-
tains a mail contract the packets are tasked at a
high speed. This of course secures the most pro-
fitable traffic, and the non subsidised lines on the
same route, if they do not run as fast, are ruined.
The wide difference in cost of working steamers at
high and low speed is easily proved. Collins ships
were obliged to run 14 miles an hour by contract ;
but to do this each ship burnt 128 tons of coal daily.
New, that same ship could run 12 miles an hour
and only consume, 80 tons of coal daily ; and 61
tons a day only would actually drive her 11 miles
an hour. Taus it took more than double the quan-
tity of fuel to increase the speed by three miles an
hour. The truth is that the power of coal neces-
sary to produce speed must be increased in the ratio
of the cube of the velocity. But not only is the
cost of fuel enormous in fast steamers, but the wear
and tear of such ships must be very great.
They must first be built with great strength,
at an extra expense, of course. After running
six years, Collins' ships coat in repairs more
than the original outlay for building them, and yet,
notwithstanding those repairs, the ships would not
last above 12 years. Every trip of one of Collins'
steamers to England and back again coat upwards
of 10,0001. Every six years the boilers have to be
renewed, at an expense of 22,0001. Collins' last
ship, the Adriatic, cost in building 170,0001. Her
speed has not yet been properly tested. Next to
the Leviathan, she is the finest ship in the world.
Notwithstanding that all Collins' steamers were
really very fast and splendid ones, they never sup-
planted Cunard's in public tavour, not even with
the Americans themselves, Collins is a true patriot.
He has spent an immense fortune to establish a
reputation for his countrymen for skill in ocean
steam navigation. Some of his family perished in
the great calamities which have overtaken his own
ships, and he has experienced the bitterest obloquy
and opposition in his own country while undertak-
ing for its benefit one of the most spirited enter.
prises ever sustained by a single individual.
What will ihe British Government do now the
formidable rivals to Cunard's ships have been fairly
driven off the Liverpool and New York line, and
America has acknowledged the supremacy of Eng-
land in steam navigation? For some years there
has been a simi-weekly mail communication between
this country and the United States, and the two
countries can scarcely do without such a frequent
communication, for the American mails are of great
magnitude. Now is the time for English capital
and enterprise to grasp at the whole of the mail
traffic, and all the lucrative trade that accompanies
it in the North Atlantic, but of every shilling post-
ago on a letter to or from the United States the
British Government, according to the last postal
convention, nets 10i d., if the letter is conveyed
across the Atlantic man English packet. The
American Government has not yet finally decided
on the non-subsidy policy, and Collins, with true
Saxon pluck, having been driven from the Mersey,
is contemplating running his magnificent steamers
to some port in the British Channel, where they
would be sure to monopolise the traffic of the whole
continent of Europe with America.

MAILS FOR THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA.

In accordance with the provisions of a postal
convention concluded with Liberia, and which will
come into operation on the Ist April next, the fol-
lowing rates of postage will be substituted for those
now levied :
oz., 6d. ; above oz.,
above 1 oz., and not
exceeding
ex-
ceeding 3 ()v., 3s. ; and so on, adding two rates
andfren Lettersao cth exceeding not2ozs.,
additional
zs., exceeding
.Is.
oo i;above
a:bo tosov. ;
re
2 ozs., and aot f
fraction of an ounce.
The postage must in all cases be prepaid.
Registered Letters----Letters addressed to Liberia
may be registered provided the postage, together
with a registration fee of Gd., be paid in advance.
Newspapers.---New papers addressed to Liberia,
and posted in conformityrgea,ble with a postage of ld. each, which
with the usual regulations,
ill advance, and no charge whatever
mwiullsthbeechpaaid
will be made on the delivery of the newspapers in
Liberia.
mustlL
a tbe prepaid, and no further charge will
b e
o
followingreduced
o packets
ratesbe
of forwarded
postage
whichL
to Book Packets.—Book
leviedibe in Liberia. For a book packet not ex-
ceeding 4 ozs., 3d. ; above 4 ozs., ano not exceed-
ing 4 lb., 6d. ; above lb., and not exceeding 111.,
; above 1 lb., and not exceeding 1 lb., is. Gd. ;
above 15 lb., and not exceeding 2 lbs., 2s. ; and so
on, adding Gd. for each additional lb. or fraction
of half a pound.
A book packet may contain any number of sepa-
rate books or other publications, print,,, or maps, and
any quantity
of paper, parchment, or vellum; and the
books or other publications, prints, mips,
may be either printed, written, or plain, or any
mixture of the three. Further, all legitimate bind-
ing, mounting, or covering of a book, publication,
drc., or of a portion thereof, will be allowed,
whether such binding, &c., be loose or attached ;
as also rollers in the case of prints or maps,
markers (whether of paper or otherwise) in the case
of books ;
the safe transmission of literary or artistic matter,
b i
and, in short, whatever is necessary for
or usually appertains thereto ; but no patterns orooks of
paper) will be allowed. The following regulations
Patterns (unless consisting merely of
must be observed :-1. Every packet must be sent
either without a cover, or in a cover open at the
ends or sides. 2. A book packet must not contain
any written letter, closed or open. nor any enclo-
sure) sealed or otherwise closed against inspection ;
nor must there be any letter, or any communica-
tion of the nature of a letter, written in any such
packet, or in or upon its cover. 3. No book
packet must exceol two feet in length, width, or
depth.
By command of the Postmaster General. Row-
LAND HILL, Secretary.--Generall)&lA-office,
March 6.

TEE LATE LORD CLIFFORD OF CRUDLEIGII.—News has
been receive:l in England of the death of Lord Clifford
of Chudleigh, which happened at Rome on the 28th of
last month, after a short idnef-s,
in his 68th year. The
dereascd noideroa,,, Hugh Charles, eldest son cf Charl.tF,
seventh Lord Cliff.),d, by a daught-r of Henry, eighth
Lord Arundel of Wardonr, was born in 1790, and re-
ceived his early education at the Roman Catholic College
of Stonyburst.