The Sun.
London, England, 1858-12-01 00:00:00

THE CENTRAL CRIMINAL COURT.

The mode in which the business of this Court has
been disposed of at the recent session or two has
been the subject of much conversation, and the
source of great dissatisfaction to the counsel and
solicitors, and indeed to every one connected with
the cases for trial. At the session which has just
concluded the confusion and disorder that prevailed
were greater than on any previous occasion from the
absence of any proper arrangement to dispose of
the business in a regular and orderly manner. From
the moment of the opening of the session the only
thing, that appears to be thought of is to finish it,
and in order effect this it is to be feared that not
only is great injustice committed on the unhappy
prisoners, but it is utterly impossible for the coun-
sel or attorneys to defend their clients in a satis-
factory manner. At the recent session, for the first
time, a third court was formed on the Tuesday,
and many of the prisoners who had actually only
been committed a few hours back were tried, con-
victed, and some of them sentenced to severe pun-
ishment without having had an opportunity .of
communicattng with their Mends or preparing
their defence. On Wednesday and Thursday the
confusion and disorder were almostbeyond descrip-
tion, which was heightened by a sudden arrange-
ment that a fourth court should be formed in the
dining room at the top of the building. It need
hardly be stated that this room does not possess
any one single requisite for such a purpose, and it
creates this additional inconvenience, that when
prisoners are tried there it is necessary to escort
them through the crowded lobbies, and thus a
grave risk of their escaping is incurred, as well
as other difficulties. On Thursday a woman who
had been tried in this room became dreadfully
excited after she was sentenced, and as she was
going down stairs, she endeavoured to throw
herself over the banisters, and would probably
have succeeded but for the . prompt interference
of the warden of the prison. She was then
brought into the New Court, where Mr. Justice
Hill was engaged in trying an important case,
shrieking and yelling like a maniac, and it was
found necessary to suspend the business until slizt
had been removed through the dock into the
prison. On Wednesday afternoon, in pursuance of
the same system of hurrying through the business,
Mr. Justice Hill was induced to separate from his
brother judge in the Old Court, in order to try a
case in the New Court. It was found, however,
that the Common Sergeant had not finished a case
before him, and the learned judge was then actually
taken down the kitchen stairs to the temporary
court that has been formed there, which is gene-
rally occupied by the grand jury, and which is
known by the name of " the cellar." Here he was
placed upon a temporary tench, without any jury
or official of the court being present, and not the
slightest preparation being made for his reception.
After sitting patiently for a few minutes Ald. Mechi
interposed, and his lordship was marched back to
the Old Court. The only ground for all this e-jn..
fusion and hurry appears to be saving of expense
by 'shortening the session by a day; but the iiy.ten..
venience and injustice that are created are 'ouch
more than commensurate with any paltry ,saving
that may be effected by these means.

NEWCASTLE, N0V."30.-L-The details of a 'serious
poaching affair which occurred near the Cheviots
on Saturday have reached this town to-day. It
occurred upon the estate of Mr. E. I. Collingwood,
of Lilburn Tower, near Wooler. It seems that
gangs of poachers roam about the hill districts of
the northern part of our county, and in conse-
quence the country gentry have to employ a large
number of game watchers. A number of watchers
were perambulating the estate of Mr. Collingwood
and the adjoining estate, behinging to Mr. Cress-
well, of Harehope, about 3 o'clock on Saturday
morning, when poachers were descried. A
watcher named Nixon, in the employ of Mr.
Cresswell, saw three of them. He ran after them,
and in doing so was joined by some, if not all, of the
other watchers, and had nearly overtaken them,
and was pursuing closely behind, when the poachers
were obspi.ved to look back ; they seemed deter-
mined not *to be taken, but each seemed to wish
his companion to fire the first shot towards the
watchers, until at length one of them did delibe-
rately turn round and fired his gun and shot poor
Nixon, who fell, apparently mortally wounded, to
the ground. The other watchers first saw to the
state of their. companion Nixon, and gave up the
chase of the poachers, who had still two guns with
them besides that which had been discharged, and
who, probably as a matter of prudence, were
we;
allowed to escape.* Nixon Was carried in a faint
and suffering. condition home to his cottage, and
several' shots,' about No. 6 re found jo have
entered his body about the thighs -arid the lower
part of his bowels. He was evidently dangerously
wounded, though hopes are now entertaine:of his
recovery. When the gang of poachers left him it
was about 3 o'clock in the morning, and, though
some time was lost in doing so, information of the
outrage at an early hour was given to the police
office at the village of Eglingham, and thence
passed on to Mr. Superintendent Marshall at
Alnwick, which is about 10 miles off. Mr.
Superintendent Marshall also sent a tele-
graphic message to Major Browne, chief
constable of the county, and the best measures that
could be thought of were devised for the purpose of
apprehending' the perpetrators of the murderous,.
attack. From inquiries of Nixon it appeared pro
bable that he would be enabled to identify the
man who shot him, and to whom, though it was
rather dark, he had been very near. Having
obtained the best description they could of the
three poachers, seven men, suspected as poachers,
and in the houses of some of whom game that morn-
ing had actually been found, were taken into cus-
tody at Alnwick on suspicion, and conveyed, in
charge of Mr. Superintendent Marshall, in an om-
nibus to where Nixon resided ; but as neither
the wounded man nor any of the other watchers
could identify any one of them; they were brought
back to Alnwick and liberated. The detectives,
however, are still engaged in inquiries, with a view
to bring the real parties to justice. It seems that
one of the other watchers was also hit by the dis•-•
charge of a gun, but he is not seriously hurt.

THE FATAL POACHING AFFRAY IN

CHESHIRE.

BRIDGEMERE, CHESHIRE, Nov. 30.—Mr. Chur-
ton, the coroner for the southern division of Che-
shire, this morning opened an inquest upon the
bodies of James Beech, 30, and Thos. Maddock, 26
years old, two watchers who were shot dead by
poachers on the preserves of Mr. Akroyd, Dodding-
ton-park, Cheshire, on the morning of Sunday last.
Between 8 and 9 o'clock on Saturday evening six
keepers and watchers went on their rounds and had
been out until between 2 and 3 o'clock on Sunday
morning when a dog was heard to bark and a shot
was fired. The keepers at once followed up the
sounds and soon found four or five poachers, two of
whom were seized with bags and nets. Two others
ran into the wood, and as the keepers followed the
poachers stopped, and the men deliberately fired.
A heavy charge entered the left breast of Beech,
and he fell dead; another charge entered the right
side of Maddock's abdomen, from the effects of
which he died early on Monday morning.
On Monday a man - d Jas. Oakes, who some
time afro-14*as tried for lurder of a police officer
in sta: Ishim, was a.., -snde4; and, with Wm.
Le nn CllamasAolmi I.
.JlMatod.
on the .ent 611444 e-of e-keepers in the
late of . The boll ieS oi, deetithed having been
examined by the coronei and jury, the following
evidence was taken :

Joseph Basford depos-d—l am an underkeeper
in the employ of Mr. '- Akroyd, of Doddington -
park. Between eight and nine o'clock on Saturday
night last I went on my rounds with John Mad-
dock and Thomas Maddock to watch my master's
preserves. I met soon after midnight Thomas and
James Beech and Richard Evans, who were also
out as watchers. James Beech, one of the deceaSed,
was a watcher ; Thomas Maddock, the other dead
man, was also a watchman. I had been out five or
six hours, when, between two and three o'clock on
Sunday morning, as I was sitting by the Acorn
cover, we heard a dog. I soon afterwards heard
the report of a gun in the direction of Berrington's
Oaks,—a coppice close by the Acorn cover. We
ran in that direction, and as we were going along
I heard two more shots in the same cover. We ran
300 yards, and then saw three men, two on the
cover side, and one on the ditch cop, close toge-
ther. I ran up and took one man, and. the other
two ran, away, one into the cover, and the other by
the cover side. I delivered my prisoner to John
Maddock. kdid not know the man. He had a
bag with nets on his back, but no weapon. He
offered no resistance. I then went up the left hand
side of the cover and. crossed, when, before I had
gone many yards, I heard the report of two guns.
The reports followed each other quickly, like a
double shot. I ran to that spot, and when I got
up I saw Thomas Maddock on one knee. I asked
him if he was shot,and he said that he was. He was

then in a small field just outside the cover. I saw
another man, who turned out to be Beech, lying
by his side. I asked Maddock which way
they bad gone, and he breathed out " Oh! dear,
dear, over that field," and pointed with his hand
over a field. I started in the direotion he told me,
and just as I was getting over the gate my
dog's cord broke, and he got on scent of
something, and ran with me after him. He
caught one of the poacher's dogs in the next fence.
' I took hold of the poacher's dog, and tried to kill
him. I struck him with a small flail I had in my
hand. The dog recovered and got away. Evans
and I went back then to the two men who were
shot. I found James Beech dead, and Thos. Mad-
dock badly wounded in his belly, and unable to get
up. I sent for a conveyance and a doctor. The
men were then taken to Joseph Berrington's house,
close by. There were two poachers taken that
morning. I have been in Mr. Akroyd's employ for
six or seven years. The preserves are watched
every night, and I usually go out every other night.
I never take any weapon besides a flail and a dog.
None of our party that night had a gun. Some-
times our party have had a gun, but we had none
on Saturday night. We have been much troubled
about here by poachers. I only saw three poachers.
Thomas Beech deposed—l am an under-keeper in
the employ of Mr. Akroyd, and was with the last
witness on last Saturday night. I was with him
all the while, and heard the dog bark and the shots.
I went to Berrington's cover and saw Basford take
a man, when two others ran away. I pursued one
of them, but as I ran I looked into the cover and
saw four or five more poachers in the inside of the
cover. I then jumped into it, and as soon as I
got
in I saw one of them coming towards me, and I
caught him. He had a bag on his back, a bundle
of pegs. We wrestled and bothef 11 into the brook.
He had no stick to fight with. I succeeded in cap-
turing him. Just as I got him up,. I went in the
out of the brook
I heard the report of two g 1
direction of the sounds, and I buns.
Basford shout
" Come on, Tom, for they have shot Jem and Tom
I Maddock." John Maddock and then took the
two poachers to the kennels, where the police came
and took them in charge. Michael Hannan vac,
the policeman. I heard no quarrelling bare
guns were fired.
Richard Evans deposed—l am, watchman
employed on the lands of Dodsbs-agt on-park. I
was with the . last two witlat",ses on Saturday
night, and heard the first 0).. :a fired. I went in
the direction of the sound, 'and saw two poachers,
one of whom was runniur •
in-the wood and the other
was in the custody of .1.),..,5f0rd. Thomas Beech and I
ran up the verb'.. in chase of a poacher, and
Beech jumpedjno
the wood, telling me to go on. I
ran on, an,
4 t saw three or four poachers in the
wood; C:o;,:ie to the hedge side. • We ran about half-
waT-
P the field. The poacher stopped, and one
F 41111) " there, b--- him ; shcot him." I saw
that one of the poachers had a gun. That was ad-
dressed in reference to me, and the poacher raised
his gun, but as I ran on he did not fire at me. I
ran to the corner of the field and stopped by the
hedge, thinking they would come over there, and
the furthest man from me in the wood turned round
and shot Maddock. There were two poacher's then

At this stage of the proceedings the inquiry was
adjourned until Friday, the 10th of December.

THE CHARGE OF COL. HO_RNE.

The following letters have been addressed to the
Editor of the Times :
Sir,—ln a case last Monday before the magis-
trates at Winchester, between Col. Horne and Mr.
Roe, you will find that a.young lady has been most
inconsiderately.. compromised by him, who is not in
any way, I assure you, connected either by ties of
relationship or guardianship, for the purpose of
getting up "his case," that I, as her mother, feel
it my duty to clear up three points that have been -
totally misrepresented, merely to exonerate, in a
degree, the accused from the charses brought
against him—viz., that of the manner in which my
daughter became acquainted with Col. Horne, his
subsequent visit to my house, and the apparent
clandestine correspondence, The Colonel was fir, t
introduced under circumstances that will ever be
remembered with gratitude—he saved my child
from an almost inevitable watery grave. As for
the visit to my house, it was entirely with my
knowledge and sanction. Mr. Roe knows well that
he was in the house himself during the whole
time ; lastly, there was nothing clandestine in the
correspondence. lam sorry to say that she is so
persecuted by her father-in-law, and her letters as
well as feelings so outraged that I suggested the
idea of receiving the next through the aid of a ser-
vant's name '• but that letter was intercepted, ille-
gally taken from the post-office and kept ; it has
not even yet reached its destination, but retained
by her worthy stepfather to read in a court—it ap-
pears to have been forgotten—on Monday to ex-
plain the illegal means that were resorted to to
obtain another's property; it is a complete theft, but
the thief will never have the chance to do so again.
I have been informed, and my own reason tells
me, that the questions to which the prosecutor was
subjected were highly improper and very unfair,
and without one spark of feeling or charity to the
victim of the " got-up case ;" neither could they
possibly have reference to writing disgraceful ano-
nymous letters, or inciting the insubordination of
soldiers to mutiny.
The allusions made about "protection" under Mr.
Roe's " roof" is absurd, and what he has never pre-
tended to offer. The very young lady alluded to,
with her mother, are the principal agents in keep.
ing a " roof" over his head. His sort of " protec-
tion" will no longer be required. There is a mys-
tery in the case.
-With your permission, Sir, I will add, that had
Mr. Roe " got up a case " of insanity to help him
out of this scrape, I could have furnished many in-
stances, with witnesses, that would have borne out
the said " case." It certainly would have been
more manly and less cowardly than to entangle in
such a cruel way a defenceless girl.
Hoping I have not taken up too much space in
your columns,

I shall ever remain, Sir, yours most obliged, and
respectfully,

JANE ROE.
P.S. I enclose the two replies which were re-
ferred to in court, but not produced, for your in-
sertion or otherwise, as you may think proper.
P.S. My own and the enclosed have already ap-
peared in the Hampshire papers, but I am anxious
they should appear in yours. I have enclosed for
your insertion the two following letters, which are
the replies alluded to in the court, but not pro-
duced :

"Winchester Barracks.
"My dear Miss Cleaveland,—l :'.feel much in-
debted to you for your considerate kindness in
making me aware of Mr. Roe's 'threats towards
you, that he would be fully capable of doing any-
thins w save himself, even were it by throwing
asisessions .fin the eiraructer-ef--arylytig-•
insinuations or otherwise. It is a great pity you
are placed in contact with such a man. He must
be a cowardly -- indeed to talk of getting up a
case to defend himself with at the expense of his
daughter-in-law, though I am quite at a loss to
understand how your name can be brought in ques-
tion as connected in any way with a conspiracy to
take my life.' I have no doubt but what it is much
grief that makes your mother such an, invalid.
Feeling deeply indebted to you for your condescen-
sion in writing,
" Believe me to remain, my dear Miss Cleaveland
yours ever faithfully,

" ARTHUR HORNE.
" Colonel 13th Light Infantry."

" Winchester Garrison.

"My dear Miss Cleaveland,—Emboldened by
your kind communication on the subject of the
threatening letters sent to me, may I ask you if you
cat' identify one of the two letters as the handwrit-
ing of Mr. Roe ?_ _

Your name shall not be in any way compro-
mised or even mentioned by me without your free
consent or the sanction of your guardians ; but
such base villany merits exposure, and I intend
laying the case before a competent tribunal, and for
that purpose shall immediately consult the law
officer of the Crown as to the proper course to be
pursued.
" With kind remembrances to your mamma, and
apologising for the trouble I have given you, be-
lieve me, my dear Miss Cleaveland, to be very sin
cerely yours,
" ARTHUR HORNE, Colonel-Commanding."

Sir,—ln a charge I preferred against a Mr. Roe
on Monday last at Winchester, a lady, very highly
connected and with an irreproachable character,
has been most unjustifiably compromised by insinu-
ation as connected with the charge. Miss Cleave-
land, the young lady in question, had 'lathing
-whatever to do with the case. Mr. Roe not being,
as I understood from the beginning, in any way
her guardian, he had no right to expect that
should make him acquainted with my intentions
towards her ; but her step-father's base vindictive-
ness in trying to ruin (by insinuation and the con-
test of his defence) the fair fame of the lady, at
whose feet he knelt in the presence of her mother
imploring her to exert her influence with me to
save him, and thereby continue our supposed clan-
destine correspondence in his behalf, coupled with
his threat upon her refusal to " get up a case,"
he being at the time in possession of the letter
Mrs. Roe accuses him of stealing, obliges
me publicly to declare that, under the cir-
cumstances which really exist, I was justified in
addressing the lady as I did.
I If Mr. Roe was innocent of the charge I was
about to prefer against him, what had he to be
! saved from 1) MissCleaveland' intercession could
only save him from the penalty of the law if guilty
of a breach of it. May I beg the favour of your
inserting this letter, as the affair is not yet quite
settled ? I have the honour to be, sir, your
obedient servant, ARTFiLTR HORN E.
Colonel,'l3th Light Infantry.
Aldershot, Nov. 29.

P.S.—Will you kindly correct an erroneous
statement made in your impression of yesterday ?
it is respectino. Miss Cleaveland's having gone to-
wards the station with me. The truth is she was
coining up the High-street, accompanied by her
brother, and was going to request a surgeon to call
on a ehil:a in her neighbourhood in whom she had
been taking great interest, when I, in coming from
the 'Court, happened to meet her, turned, and went
IT;lth them to their destination.
P.S.—ln the intercepted letter I signed myself
,as " Your affectionate A—" not as published at
all. A. 11.

THE INNER TEMPLE.--We understand that Mr.
George Bryant, late, under treasurer of the Inner Temple,
received from the Masters of the Bench of that hon. society,
on his retirement from the office, a very high testimonial,
and a present of plate and money to the value of 200
guineas, in recollection of his long and faithful services.
The election of a new under treasurer took place on the
23th of November, when the office was conferred on Mr.
Ch; I.:es Edward Vaughan.
[Ahvm.T.IsEMTRNT.I—HoIIOWaV's Pills.—Colds, Catarrh,
Fever, kfluenza.—Since dreary November has opened her
dismal calendar, the atmosphere has been exceedingly
trying to the strongest constitution. Few persons have
escaped without colds, which, though seldom attended with
immediate danger, often lay the foundation for the most
serious diseases. At their commencement the cure is ac-
emplished with ease : reduce the existing fever and allay
irritation and the patient is himself again. To secure this
desirable result no pharmacopoeia bears on its pages any
medicine, or combination of medicines, comparable with
Ifolloway'.B antiphlogistic Pills, which, operating on the
blood, their influence with it goes the whole round of the
circulation, stimulating every organ and exciting the ex-
halants to perspire, which effectually removes the febrile
action.

ASTLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE,
Westminster-road.
Sole Lessee, ..Mr. William Cooke.
By Special Desire, for Five Nights longer.
THIS EVENING, and during, the week, will be presented
Shakspere's Tragedy of KINGRICHARD THE -THIRD ;
or, The Death of White Surrey', reproduced with all its origi-
nal splendid effects. The Duke of Gloster, Mr. Holloway ;
Richmond, Mr. H. Phillips.
Followed by SCENES IN THE ARENA, and a variety
of inimitable feats of Equitation by those talented artistes,
Madame Blanche, Miss Emily Cooke, Madame Fleurette, Mr.
W. Cooke, Mr. Runnels, Mr. W. Cooke, jun., &c.
On Saturday next will be produced, for the first time, a new
grand Spectacle, with most peculiar effects, entitled LIFE
IN THE EAST ; or, The Sepoy Revolt, embracing the entire
strength of this vast Hippodramatic Temple.
No fees to box-keepers. The art of riding taught.
Commence at seven.
Stage Manager, Mr. R. Phillips.

CANTERBURY HALL, Westminster-road.—
Proprietor—C. MoltTo's.
The public is most respectfully informed that the FINE
ARTS GALLERY, in connection with the above Hall, IS NOW
OPEN DAY AND NIGHT, from 11 o'clock a.m. until 12
o'clock p.m. The New Gallery contains an extensive Collec-
tion of Pictures, by Ancient and Modern Masters and is also
devoted to Art productions generally. The Proprietor feels
he may confidently assert that, viewed altogether, the exist-
ing Music hall, the New Fine Arts Gallery, and the recently
added Ante-Hall, will present an attraction which, whether
as regards the architectural beauty of the structures them-
selves, or the varied and hitherto unattempted combinations
within, will be found to be wholly without parallel in the
Kingdom.
The MUSICAL ENTERTAINMENT commences as usual at
Seven o'clock.

THE WEATHER.-SIJN OFFICE, DEC. 1.

THERMOMETER, IN THE SHADE.

49—highest since noon yesterday.
47—lowest this morning and during the night.
48—this day at noon.

BAnomETEn-29.83.
WIND, North-Westerly; light, with fine weather.

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THE SUN.

WEDNESDAY. DECEMBER 1, 1858.

We regret to find, from the answer given by Lord
DERBY to the numerous and influential deputation
which waited on him yesterday in reference to the
propriety of retaining the State of Sarawak under
the protectorate of the British Government, that
his Lordship's opinion, and that of his colleagues,
had been, and was, up to the present moment,
ud,e. be to any of the propositions which had been
put forward by, or on behalf of, Sir JAMES BROOKE.
Fortunately, however, this is not a final decision,
and although the Premier may not at present think
it " likely that an of the propositions would be
accepted," yet; as he has expressed his

readiness to take into consideLtion any sug-
gestion that may be made to him by
gentlemen of experience and knowledge, we may
earnestly hope that the many important advan-
tages "looming in the future," from the possession
of Sarawak, now more valuable than ever from our
new relations with China, Japan, Sze., will turn the
scale, and that thelinterests, and, we may almost add,
theprestige of Great Britain may not be sacrificed in
the Eastern seas. It is, unfortunately, but too
notorious that there are many hungry expectants
only too anxious to struggle for the possession of
the territory—the value whereof they can
fully appreciate, should it be abandoned by
England and Surrendered to their tender
mercies. In hostile or even neutral hands
it might become "a thorn in the side of British
commerce." The Dutch system of exclusive deal-
ing or monopoly would be fatafto our interest, and
it would scarcely be better should it fall into the
hands of Russia or the United States, or, indeed,
of any other Power desirous of obtaining " a local
habitation and a name" in these waters.
Lord DERBY declared that Sir JAMES BROOKE
had "no claim upon the Government in respect of
what he had dsne for his own purposes and objects,"

that " his was a half political and half commercial
speculation," and that " it must 'be a matter of pure
balance of the advantages or disadvantages of
taking or not taking this as a settlement, even sup-
posing, under the terms of his engagement, Sir
JAMES BROOKE had the power to make over the
sovereignty without the consent of the Sultan of
Borneo." We cannot take quite so restricted a
view of the matter. We cannot forget the chival-
rous courage and disinterested magnanimity dis-
played by Sir JAMES BROOKE from the very begin-
ning of his career, when, for the sake of humanity
in general, and Great Britain in particular, be en-
gaged in a dangerous and expensive contest, riAdng
his life and fortune in a very doubtful contest. His
conduct was, indeed, beyond all praise. It gained
respect and honour for the British name, and the
entire nation has benefited by the prestige thus
acquired, The romantic incidents of his extra-
ordinary career, combined with the fact that a
British subject had become, to all intents and pur-
poses, an independant Sovereign, were not only the
admiration of the nation, but of the Government.
He received honour and distinction, anc2 the in-
fluence which he had obtained in .Borne• was
turned to advantage by our Government. ThCre
can be -but little doubt that his energetic'
proceedings, and theimanner in which he destroyed
the pirates that had been the scourge of the sur-
rounding districts, greatly advanced the honour of
England, and rendered the different nations more
ready to deal with her than they would Previously
have been. However, rig gratitude is scarcely to be

anticipated from govern] ments or corporations, and
is seldom, if ever, conn exted with political events,
we must be contented t c. take a limited view of the
subject, and argue it on :public and general grounds.
The possession of Sae awak is doubly important,
as well for the valut it may Ic, while in our hands
as for the detriment it t iay occasion if in the hands
of an opponent. It con imands the Chinese Seas,
and might be used for purposes either offensive or
defensive of our trad,e. It possesses immensa
seams of coal, which au i be worked at a trifling
expense, and will sylppl y, on the most reasonable
terms, a necessary ai ticl e to the steamers that may
be navigating. in thl d quarter. It would also
be an important, ii ode ed an indispensable, sta-

tion in any telegraphic communication that
may be established with China. It is also
indispensable to the suppression 'of piracy, and
for that reason alone, if no other, it should be
maintained. Its abandonment would 1 e the most
complete illustration of "a penny-wise and pound-
foolish" policy ; and we are convinced that further
consideration will induce Lord DERBY to modify
his opinions. It may be right to refuse to esta-
blish an injurious precedent ; but when a similar
ease arises, we are convinced that the British
people will be satisfied to incur the trifling outlay
that may be thereby occasioned.

There are none of the industrial classes who are
not deeply injured by the effects of the Bank Char-
ter Act. Through its baleful operation, agricul-
turists and manufacturers are made to regard each
other as natural opponents, being led to believe
that their iiterests are incompatible, and that the
welfare of the one is incompatible with the pro-
sperity of the other. They are, in fact, like the
children described' by LOCKE as "tugging at a
scanty coverlet," and each endeavouring to obtain
more than a fair share of that which the negligence
of the head of the family has not provided, and
which is insufficient to cover all. Should it, how-
ever, be enlarged to adequate dimensions, all could
obtain what their necessities required without seek-
ing to deprive any of the number of a suitable share
of the common stock.

In truth the interests of agriculturists and manu-
facturers are, or rather, under a sounder system of
currency, would be, closely blended. Each would
find the other his best customer. The well-paid
artizan would consume a large proportion of do-
mestic produce, -while the burly yeoman, happy and
contented, would bedeck his wife and daughters in
native manufactures.. Under the combined influ-
ence of corn laws and money laws this natural
effect was completely altered, and it would be by
no means difficult to show that so long as they
remained co-existent, whenever agriculture was
thriving manufactures were depressed, and vice versa.
The plough and the loom were brought into appa-
rent antagonism, while the real enemy of both—
"the hard calculator"—was laughing in his sleeve
at their mutual folly, and still labouring to in-
crease the purchasing power of the pound, so as to
double the burden of rents, rates, and taxes, and of
every debt payable. This evil affected both yeo-
man and artizan in a similar manner. They were
both victims. The only gainer was the usurer,
who, behind the scenes, pulled the wires of the
puppets.

There can be but little doubt that the Corn-laws,
and the Act of 1819, were the result of a corrupt
compromise between the landed and the moneyed
interests. At the termination of the war the land-
owners clearly perceived that, the artificial stimulus
being removed, it would be impossible to maintain
rents at the prices to which they had beaome accus-
tomed, and in accordance wherewith they had
regulated their expenditure. They grasped at
any device to avoid a wholesome tentrenchment,
and bitterly have they suffered for their fatuity.
The bullionists willingly assented to pass a Corn-
law that would enhance the price of food, while
the landowners, on their part, agreed to the resto-
ration of cash payments, or, in other words, to the
substitution of a gold pound, worth 203., for a
paper pound worth only 135., thus increasing by
at least 50 per cent. the burden of the National
Debt, as well as of every private liability and fixed
payment. Under this system mortgages were fore-
closed, and estate passedr from the pos4ssion of
families in whichl they liad remained fo many
generations. Tel:ants weir ruined by hav g kept
iti
to the.terms of leases which they had e coated in
more prosperous times. After a vain attempt to pay
rent out of capital, hoping against hope that a
good time was coming they gradually sunk one by
one, and it would be impossible to estimate the
amount of misery and suffering occasioned by the
joint operation of the Corn-laws and the money
laws.

The landlords, however, soon found to their cost
that in depending on the so-called " Protec-
tion" they were leaning on a broken reed. They
had vainly imagined that by the Corn-law they
could maintain the price of wheat at the old rate,
although the return to a metallic standard .of
money, with every note convertible on demand,
must inevitably reduce it. There was a natural
law against them, and they strove to get rid of one
anomaly by introducing another fallacy of a still more
glaring character. The fact was, the laws were
' directly opposed to each. other. The object of
one was to keep up prices of one description of
commodities—that of the other, to depress prices
of all kinds without exception. The latter, of
course, prevailed as any one of ordinary capacity
might have known would be the case. The tenant-
farmers were the earliest victims at the shrine of
the false idol which had been set up. Their posi-
tion after the Act of 1819 came into operation was
truly deplorable. The landlord, erroneously con-
ceiving that the monopoly• established would keep
up the prices of agricultural produce, sternly
refused to make any reduction of rent. This rent
was virtually enhanced 50 per cent. by the altered
value of money, while the prices were reduced in an
inverse ratio. There was, as we have already
stated, a desperate attempt to make both ends
meet, which, for a time, was achieved by the sacri-
fice of the capital embarked in the cultivation of
the soil. This, of course, aggravated the evil.
Then, when the tenants were ruined, the landlords
had to succumb, a general reduction of rents was
submitted to, while the charges or mortgages and
other incumbrances remained the same as ever.
The money-lender and fundholder profited, but it
• was at the expense of the industrious classes.
I•Ziey acquired wealth while others were brought
to th 6 verge of ruin.
The Corn-laws,
which never at any period ful-
filled the sane ine anticipations of their promoters,
have been hapPilY abolished. The monster
monopoly was destroyed. But the still more in-
jurious monopoly has been not merely retained,
but the restrictions readered far more onerous.
The,Act of 1844 still further enhanced the value
of money when it was scarce, -while, if abundant,
it produced an inflation that must inevitably lead to
a speedy collapse. We have already witnessed its
signal failure in 1847 and 1857, the compulsory
suspce.sion of the law and the terrible losses sus-
tained by ,all classes. It is now for the agricul-
turists to exert themselves to obtain a repeal of
the entire monet4:l7 code. They have a right
to demand it,
the fancied equivalent
has been
completely t
"-en away. Nor are the
less deeply
also had painful experience of a
manufacturers 1 • interested. They have
of the almost total cessation of.,
• dearth, of currency,
quence of the absence of a measure and .r
in conse-
t v e
turnedof
o value.ut o f .r,'wiresenta-
e-Imipillioyment. N° sale Could.be
s were closed, and
o.
tained for manufactured goods, or, indeed, commo-
dities of any description. "Notwithstanding an
impending famine, the orders for American bread-
stuffs were countermanded, and that because a few
millionq of sovereigus were withdrawn from the
Bank, while some eight or ten millions still re-
mained idle and unproductive in the coffers
of the Bank. Their productiax at that time, and

Alves