The Sun.
London, England, 1867-04-23 00:00:00

arm, Rampart, Igerna filly, Lord Palmerston, Cruikshank,
Pearl Mosque, Gloiro de Dijon, Nelly Rose, harebell, Lady
Blanche colt, and Rona.

Betting —7 to 4 on Athena, 4 to 1 agst LOrd Palmerston,
20 to 1 "bar two."

Won in a canter by three lengths.
The Princess of Wales's Stakes of 100 sous each, h ft, for
four year old fillies, Sat 101 b each; winners of a 1,000
soya sweepstakes 71b extra ; maidens allowed 71b ; the
second to savo her stake ; A.E.C.; 9 subs.
Count Lagrange's Fleurette, by Ventre St. Gris—Lady
Nelson, 9st 31b (flibberd) 1
Mr. Thellusson's Actse t, 9st 3lb ..(Deacon) 2
Duke of Beaufort's Ischia, 9st 31h
Mr. Saxon's Miss Harriette, Bst 101 b (Loates) 4
13,dting—Even on Actcoa, 5 to 2 agst Fleurette, 4 to 1
each asst lechia and Miss Harriette.

Miss Harriette made play, and cressail the flat with a
lead of three or four lengths, Pieurette lying off till as-
cending- the aillibridgeShiro kill, where she took up the
running, and increasing her lead from the distance, won
in a canter by six lengths from Actrea, who defeated
Ischia three-parts of a length for second place ; Miss Har-
riette was last.

A Sweepstakes of 500 sous each, h ft, for tw., year olds;
colts Bst 91b, fillies Bst 61b ; last half mile of 13.0. ; 4
subs.
Marquis of Hastings's Athena, Bst Gib (Fordhatn) 1
Mr. I'ryor's Grirustun, Bst 91b (Loates) 2
Betting - 6 to 5 on Athena.

The pair ran head and head together till entering the
cords, where Grituston momentarily seemed to have the
best of it, but the favourite the moment Fordham called
upon •her drew away and won very cleverly by three-
quarters of a length.
Match.-50 sovs., 20 ft. Ditch Mile. Owners to ride.
Lord Grey de Wilton's Landlord (late Lord of
the Manor), list 101 b
Marquis of Hastings's Fern, lOst 101 b

HENDON SPRING STEEPLECHASES.
MONDAY.

The Tally-Ho Stak3s of 25 sous., for hunters ; winners of
50 SOW 14Ib extra; list 7lb each. About three miles.
Ur. F. Barker's Kingfisher, aged, list 71b (Mr. Reynolds) 1
Mr. Yates's Balharn, aged, list 71b (Owner) 2

The following also ran : —Maud, Ace of Spades, Chignon,
Rapture, and Aggravator.
Betting-6 to 4 agst Balham, 3to 1 agst Aggravator, 4
to 1 agst Kingfisher, 7 to 1 agst Ace of Spades, 10 to 1
agst others. Won by a distance.
The Tradesmen's Cup, for horses whose owners reside
within 30 miles of London ; llst 71b each ; winners of
50 sovs. 141 b extra. Once round, starting in front of
the Stand.
Mr. Williams's The Guide, llst 71b (Ellison) 1
Mr. Land's Holkar, list 71b (F. Martin) 2
Mr. Vallender's The Comet, list 71b (Rickaby) 3
The following also ran : —Black Gelding, Bandoline,
Balloon, Tourist, Betsy Copeland, and Crafty, Prima
Donna, Ireland's Eye, Alice Grey, Brown Mare, Black
Bess, Confederate, Little Kate, and Panther.
Betting-3 to 1 agst The Guide, 4to 1 each agst Tourist,
Crafty, and Betsy Copeland, 8 to 1 agst any other.
Won easily by two lengths.
Tho Middlesex Handicap of 5 sovs each, in case of accept-
ance, with 25 added; winners after April 10, at 11 a.m.,
7lb extra. About two miles.

31;.. Shepherd's Wade, aged, by King Tom—Bistre, aged,
12st _ (Owner) 1

)
Mr. Kent's Oscar, apid, 12st 71b (Jarvis) 2
Mr. Rickards's Pirate, 5 yrs (Barry) 3

The following also ran :—St. Maximum, Robin Adair,
and Lydia.
Betting—Even on St. Maximum, 4 to 1 agst any others.

Won by ten lengths.
The Selling Steeplechase of 3 sovs each, with 20 added;
four-yr-olds, lOst 71b ; five, list 91b ; six and aged, 12st
21b; winner to be sold; selling allowances. Two miles.
Mr. Rickards's Gorsehawk, by West Australian, aged,
12st 21b (Barry) 1
_ _

Mr. Aledhurst's Monitor, 5 yrs, 1 Ist 91b (Owner) 2
Mr. Hawkins's Prima Donna, aged, 11st 91b (sow) 3
The following also ran : —Garry Owen, Boninaga, Black
Prince, and Confederate.
Betting-6 to 4on Gorsehawk, 4to 1 agst Monitor, 6to
1 agst others. Gorsehawk led throughout, and won with
ridiculous ease.

The Kilburn Plate (handicap) of 30 sovs, for all ages ;

winners after April 10, at 11 a.m., 71b extra. About

two miles.
Mr. Poole's Camillus, 5 yrs, lOst (Mr. Mumford) 1
Mr. Jelly's Brandy Apple, aged, lOst 121 b (Foster) 2
.__. _ _. .

The following alsoian:—Cuiler, Rapture, Elise, Pearl,
and Crafty.

Betting-2 to 1 agst Cutler and Brandy Apple, 3to 1
agst Camillus, 10 to 1 agst others. Camillus leel through-
out, and won by two lengths.

DURHAM MEETING.

MONDAY.

The Trial Stakes of 5 sovs each, with 25 added ; two year
olds, sst 12Ib ; three, 7st 121 h ; four, Bst 101 b ; five, 9st
31b; six and aged, 9st 511; m and g allowed 411) ; pe-
nalties and allowances. Six furlongs. •
Mr. A. Ilarrisou's Paxton, by Cavendish—Scarlet
Runner, 3 yrs, 7st 105 t... (R. Clialloner) 1
Mr. 'l'. Masterman's Honesty, 4 yrs, 9st 31b...(Craddock) 2
Mr. J. Dawson's Paleface, 2 yrs, sst 81b (Hudson) 3
Mr. J. Davison's Lion, 5 yrs, Ost 31b (Sellers) 4
Mr. Campbell nd Underhand's Daughter, 3 yrs, 7st
(Cameron) 5
Mr. Davidson's Deerhound, 5 yrs, Bst 131 b (Colpitts, jun.) 6
Betting-2 to 1 agst Honesty, sto 2 agst Paxton, and 3
to 1 agst Lion.
Won by half a length ; three lengths between second and
third ; length third and fourth.
The Elmore Stakes of 10 soya each, with 80 added, for 2-
yr-olds ; colts, Bst 101 b ; fillies and geldings, Bst 61b ;
penalties and allowances. Six furlongs.
Mr. Cowen's Stella, by High Treason—Gillhook, Bst 31b
(Lawrence) 1
Mr. Jackson's Calcutta c, Bst 101 b (Cameron), 2
Mr. Hudson's Narrow Escape, Bst 71b (J. Osborne) 3
The following also ran :—Ada, Shibboleth, and Pope.
Betting-7 to 4 each agst Stella and the Calcutta colt,
and 5 to 1 agst Ada.— Won by a length ; two lengths be-
tween second and third ; four lengths third and fourth.
The Stand Selling Stakes of 5 sovs each, with 25 added ;
two-year-olds, 6st 111 b ; three, Bst 121 b ; four, lOst ;
five, six, and aged, lOst 51b; mares and geldings
allowed 31b ; maiden and selling allowances. Six
furlongs.
Mr. T. Dawson's Bit of Blue filly, 3 yrs, 7st 121 b
(Cameron) 1
Mr. T. Lund nd. Edi hof Lorn, 4 yrs 9st (Law nonce) 2
Mr. Osborne's Albreda, 2 yrs, Oat 121 b (Walker) 3
Mr. Gordou's Timbrel, 3 yrs, Bst (Whiteley) 4
Betting-6 to 4 agst Albreda, 2to 1 agst Tumbrel, 3to
1 agst Edith of Lorn, and 5 to 1 agst Bit of Blue filly.
Won by a neck; head between second and third ; neck
third and fourth. The winner was bought in.
Tho Durham Handicap of 100 sovs, added to a sweepstakes
of 10 soya each; curtain winners extra. One mile and
a half.
Major Stapylton's Fairwind, 3 yrs, Gat 41b (Noble) 1
Mr. T. Dawson's 13.31m0nt, 4 yrs, Bst ... (Cameron) 2
Mr. Jackson's Doralice, 3 yrs, 0 st (Hudson) 3
The following also ran : honesty, Empress of India,
Warwick, Fat Bub, Rap, and Raglan.
Betting-2 to 1 agst Belmont, sto 2 agst Raglan, 6to 1
each agst Honesty and Fair wind, 7 to 1 agst Rap, and 10
to 1 agst Warwick. Won by a head ; four lengths between
second and third. Raglan was fourth, a neck behind
Doralice filly.
The Durham Hunt Cup, value 50 sovs in specie, for half-
bred hunters; four.yr-olds, lOst 121 b; five, list 91b;
six and aged, 12st 41b; gentlemen riders. Two miles.
Mr. Slingsby Shafto's Bedale, by Farnham, aged, 12st 81b
(Mr. G. S. Thompson) 1
Mr. Robson nd Diddington, aged, 12st 41b ...(Mr. Cass) 2
Mr. Hutchinson nd George Buchanan, 6 yrs, 12st 41b
(Mr. Miller) 3
The following also ran : wl, Comrade, Whisker, Lord
Barnard, Spinster, La Belle Helene, Word of Honour,
Whortleberry, and Artemus Ward.
Betting-6 to 4on Bedale, 6to 1 agst Whisker, and 10
to 1 ea. h agst George Buchanan and Word of Honour.
Won by a length ; two lengths between second and
third. Whisker was a bad fourth.
Male was ohj icted to before the start, but the stewards
declared the horse qualified

o run.

Refoi in Demonstration at Birmingham.

BIRMINGHAM, Monday.

Another of those great popular gatherings on the
subject of reform took place to-day. The shops
were nearly all closed, the plate-glass windows of
such as were unshuttered being occupied, not by
tradesmen's dummies, but by animated spectators.
Flags were flying on prominent juttiugs overhead,
while from all quarters of the town there came the
music of brass bands and the beating of drums. It

was a most exciting time, and few there were pas-
sive enough to be perfectly calm and disinterested
spectators of the proceedings. The first part of the
_procession moved on its way up New-street at 12
o'clock, and for full two hours did nien l ais five,
six, and seven abreast, their banners flying on high,
their bands playing spirited and populsr airs, and
they themselves marching with firm and steady
tread on their road.

In the evening a meeting was hell in the Town-
hall, which was densely crowded in every part.
The Mayor (Mr. G. Dixon) presided, supported by
the members for the borough (Mr. Seholefield and
Mr. Bright), Archdeacon Sandford, Professor
Rogers, Mr. Beaks, M.A., Mr. Baldwin, and the
representatives of the provincial Reform Leagues,
with the leading Liberals of the town and neigh-
bourhood.

Messrs. Bright and Scholefield met with a mos'
enthusiastic welcome.

Mr. BRIGHT then rose, and was received with
bursts of cheers, which were renewed again and
again. When silence was restored, he said—lt was,
I believe, on the 27th of August last, now nearly
eight months ago, that I was permitted to address
you from this platform. Since then great changes
have taken place in reference to the question in
which we took so'deep an interest ; but in one thing
there seems to havebeen no change, that is, in the de-
termination felt and manifested by the people of Bir-
mingham and of this district in favour of a real and
substantial measure of reform. Eight months ago
you astonished the country by the magnitude of the
meeting which you then held. I understood from
several of those present whom I have consulted to-
day that the meeting to-day greatly surpassed the
meeting of August last ; but though you have not
changed, and do not intend to change, yet there has
been a great change in other quarters and in other
persons, and one not altogether unfavourable to the
objects which you seek. At this moment there is no
political party in this country, whether outside or
inside the walls of Parliament, that bases itself upon
a denial of the right of the people to a wide exten-
sion of the franchise. It is difficult to estimate the
measure of this change, but if you will look back
only 12 months to the bill that was before Parlia-
ment last session, and remember how it was treated
and what was said about it, you will then be able to
discover to some extent the distance that we have
marched since then. Since that time a proposition for
a £7 rental franchise in boroughs—for the discussion
turned then, as it turns no w, mainly upon the borough
franchise—was declared to be a measure of the ut
most rashness. It was said by many members of the
Tory party, by some who are now in office in the
present Government, that it was a measure that
would be entirely destructive of the Conservative
party, and there was a general chorus of observation
that Lord Russell and Mr. Gladstone were revolu-
tionary characters of the mostdangerous complexion.
(Laughter.) Well, during this session, there has
been nothing of that said ; on the contrary, men—
' some eminent—in the Tory party, and some very
much the contrary—(laughter)—have come before
the house expressing their repentance, in fact de-
scribing to us in touching terms•the manner of their
conversion, and making a complete confession of
the folly and the error of which they were guilty at
last session. (Laughter and cheers.) In fact, when
one remembers—for the sounds have scarcely yet
departed—when one remembers what was said last
year, we now seem to be in a different atmosphere
and amongst a different order of beings. They utter
strange and unaccountable things compared with
what they said only one year ago. 'The fact is that
the whole Tory party has been dragged from its
anchorage. They rind no longer any holding ground,
and in their confusion they offer they know not
what. (Laughter and cheers.) Some say that it is a
measure far in advance of anything that Mr. Glad-
stone and Lord Russell proposed ; others say, it is a
highly Conservative bill. in point of fact, I believe
the majority of the supporters of the Government
find themselves completely bewildered, and as the
only solution of their difficulty they have determined
to follow Lord Derby and Mr. Disraeli wheresoever
they may lead—(laughter)—but there is another
striking change. The arrogance which they dis-
played last session has been abandoned and some-
thing akin to moderation and to weakness has suc-
ceeded ; and even I, who am considered perhaps the
most guilty of all men in regard to this question—
even I escape now without one single sentence of
that vituperation which was lavishly bestowed upon
me during the whole of last session. (Laughter and
cheers.) Now, why is it that this change has taken
place ? This is the explanation of it —that since
the unfortunate catastrophe which overtook the bill
of last session, the working men of this country
have undertaken to do their own work. (Cheers )
About this time last year I wrote a letter—l am
not sure whether to my friend Mr. Beales or to the
Secretary of the Reform League—in which I made
an observation to this effect—That if the working
men of London would come out some day and ask
for a Reform Bill in such numbers that they
would fill the space between Charing-cross and
the venerable Abbey, that then I should not be
in the least surprised that they would find that
which they were looking after. (Laughter.) I was
very much blamed for that observation,which I made
in a very innocent letter which I was writing ; but it
did happen not long afterwards that the .men of
London did come out to look for a Reform Bill.
They did not go to the space between Charing-cross
and the venerable Abbey, but they went in the di-
rection of . Hyde-park— (cheers) —and, singular
enough to say, they found the railings of llyde-park
just as rotten—giving way on a gentle but united
pressure—just as rotten as they would find all the
other barriers raised up against their rights when
they are united in demanding them--(loud cheers)—
and then immediately following their example, the
example of the men of London, you in Birmingham
somehow simultaneously and unanimously agreed
that you would have a meeting—and you had a meet-
ing, the fame of which has not passed away, or the in-
fluence of which is yet felt; and, after you, in South
Lancashire and Manchester there was a similar meet-
ing, and afterwards in the West Riding, at Leeds,
and after that in the west of Scotland; and, besides;
this, and a thousand other meetings-in various parts
of the country. Well, then. I attribute the change
that has taken place to the effect of these meetings,
and if there be anything now that stops the way—
and there is much—lot these meetings go on.
(Cheers.) In the West Riding to-morrow there will
be a gathering, perhaps, not less than that you have
had to-day ; and thus the voice of a great people,
gathering strength as it proceeds from one end of
the island to the other, will at last strike with dread
those usurpers and impostors who, pretending tobe
a Government in favour of Reform, are offering you
the most affronting and insulting measure that has
ever yet been prop,psed. But if this change is not
altogether unfavourablo, there is one point which,
after all, is a great misfortune. It *as referred to
by Mr. Wr:glit this evening, and it is this—That
this question, on which we have set our hearts, is at
present in the hands of an Administration which is
not really and truly in favour of, the object which
that bill professes to grant. It may be, I think,
but I am not sure yet, that the Tory party have
learned no longer to hate Reform; but of this
I am quite certain, that they have not truly le:trtifor
to love it—the bill proves this. It is to impossible
,o
i
any man who really examines the question
clause b
through the bill front the first to the last
without coming to the conclusion that it
isnottle
bill of a Cabinet of statesmen—that it is the bill ofi
a Cabinet made of Tory agents, and there is this
proof of it further. The other night a circular was
the
read in the mouse of Commons, cent forth by
ecnot
us
auinititihlge
chief Tory in London to all the Tory as
various boroughs in England and 1Y ales,
them as to whether the borough suffrage proposed
by the Government in their bill, or that proposed

by Lord Grosvenor in his amendment, would be
most likely to serve the interest of the Conservative
party. (Cheers and hisses.) Every clause of
the bill will show the point to which Mr. Schole-
field just referred. Every clause of the bill
proves that the measure has never been intended to
satisfy the honest aspirations of the people, but th©
main object has been to deceive the people, and,
under the pretence of granting them reforms, to
strengthen Conservative interests in the boroughs.
I say that last session, as well as this, the whole
debates turned on the borough franchise. Let us
examine it for a moment, because it is that point
on which the fate of the bill depends. The Reform
Act of 1832 gave a vote to every occupier of a
dwelling-house, or a comiting-house, ors shop, or
w,lrel►ou:e, or oiler buildings, except to those b(le,v,r
£lO in value—that was the limitation. The bill
now before Parliament proposes not this limit, but
another, it proposes to give a vote to the occupier of
every dwelling-house, except to those whose ratea
are paid by their landlord. The limitation in one
case is £lO value ; the limitation in the other is that
all persons, however good they may be, however re-
sp Ttable in the ordinary sense of the word, however
industrious, however intelligent, instructed as well
as orderly, and desirous of the political franchise,
not one of them is to have a vote if his rates a,:e
paid through means of his landlord. . At the same
time Mr. Disraeli confessed in the House of Com-
mons that the multitude of those whose rates are
thus paid, who he said were just as good as those
who paid their own rates, would not be ad-
mitted to the franchise.. If that be so, clearly the
object of the limitation, the object of the principle
of the bill, is not the admission of the people, but
the exclusion of the great bulk of them. In addition,
to this there is that monstrous proposition of a two
years' residence instead of al2 months' as 4aow. As
Mr. Scholefield said, 12 months is a great deal too
long, for if a man enters into a house on the Ist of
Aug. he cannot vote for two years and four months,
if the bill passes; and a man coming to Birmingham
-from London or Manchester, and taking a shop in
your best street, and not being entitled without re-
sidence from July3l, 1867, cannot have a vote until
Dec. 1, 1870. These are the mean and contemptible
methods by which these persons, whilst pretending
to give, seek in every little dirty way to exclude you
from the franchise. Look at this limitation, and as
proposed in the bill. How will it work ? How far is
it equal, or what are the kind of its inequalities ?
There is a return before Parliament which gives

minute details on this
.point, and it shows that there
are 29 boroughs in England and Wales, 12 of which
are very small, and ought in any reform bill to be
all disfranchised. In these 29 boroughs the bill will
give household suffrage, because all the occupiers in
them pay their own rates and none through the
landlord. Every man in them who pays his rates

will have a vote. Of these 29 boroughs eight of them
are of considerable size, and, curiously enough, out
of the whole number of persons who would be en-
franchised—that is, supposing every man of them
comes on the register—two-thirds, thatis, 82,000 out
of 103,000, are to be found in these eight boroughs to
which I refer. Reference has already been made to
the special case of Birmingham, but I should like to
give you the case of these 8 boroughs out of the 29
to which I have alluded. In some of them, where
household suffrage will be established under the bill,
it will admit 82,000. There are eight other boroughs
out of the 29, and supposing that every man comes
upon the register the bill will admit 21,000 only, but
it will exclude 100,000. (Hisses.) I will read their
names, because it will show more clearly the mon-
strous, the incredible, and the unnatural injustice of
the bill. The first eight are Huddersfield, York,
Bury in Lancashire, Rochdale, Stockport, Oldham,
Stoke-upon-Trent, and Sheffield. In these eight
boroughs the bill, supposing every man conies on the
register, will admitB2,ooo. The othereight are Hull,
Merthyr Tydvil, Norwich, Bradford, the Tower
Hamlets, Leeds, Manchester, and Birmingham. In
these the bill will exclude 160,000, and will admit
2,330 in Birmingham. It is a curious fact that a
large portion of those to be admitted will be found
in Sheffield. In that town no landlord pays rates ;
but this bill makes no reckoning of a matter of this
kind. It gives to Sheffield 28,000 new voters ; it shuts
out from Birmingham 36,000. (Cries of „Shame,
we won't have it.") 'The town of Sheffield gets morn
than a quarter of all the new voters of the 29
boroughs, and it gets more than one-ninth 'of all the
new voters introduced into the boroughs by this bill.
I ask you as sensible men, looking to our legislation
upon other matters, whether such a proposition as
this is to be accepted by the country, even though it
should unfortunately be accepted by Parliament.
(No.) Suppose the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
who has proposed this bill, had come forward with a
budget framed on the same principle—suppose your
taxation or your tariff were so arranged that in one
county the taxes should be ten times what they are
now, while in another county there should be no
taxes at all ; or that in London and in Hull there
should be heavy duties imposed on imported goods,
and in Bristol and Liverpool there should be no duties
at all—suppose a bill that has excited the interest of
your Chamber of Commerce—the Bankruptcy Bill
—was to be a bill to affect the counties south of the
Mersey or south of the Hurnter, and to have no ef-
fect to the north of those rivers, everybody would
say that the Government which proposed such legis-
lation was a Government that was more fit for
Bedlam than the House of Commons, and yet this iS
the proposition which an eminent but always un-
successful statesman—Lord Derby—has offered to
Parliament and the country. What is the actual re-
sult of this bill? I will take it up on their own
figures, which are the most favourable that can be
stated for it. On their own returns they show that
throughout the country, throughout the boroughs of
England and \Vales, there are 216,000 male occu-
piers below the rate of £lO who might come in if
this bill passed ; but they admit, which I know to
be true, that from a two years' residence and vari-
ous other obstructions, not more than one half that
number would ever find itself upon the list ; in fact
it is a matter that may be demonstrated that no
more than 100,000 actual voters and names would
appear upon the borough register in all the boroughs
of England and Wales together if this bill as it now
stands become law. If more than that is to be done
it would be done by the repeal of the Small Tene-
ments Act, and the repeal of the various local rating
acts under which, as in Birmingham, the occupiers
pay their rates through their landlord in their rent,
and their landlord pays them to the parish. I hear
that you have in this town a local rating act which
was passed nearly 40 years ago. There is hardly a man
in this hall who took any part in the passing of that
bill, yet it was au act of Parliament as much a law of
the land as this bill, and I hope a great deal more
than this bill will ever be ; and that act determined
the mode in which the rates in Birmingham should
be paid—they should not be paid by the tenant to
the parish, but by the tenant in his rent to his land-
land, and by the landlord to the parish; but the effect
of that is, under this bill, to disfranchise not fewer
than 36,000 men, occupiers of dwelling-houses in
Birmingham under the value of 1:10 per annum.
Now, how are you to get rid of all this,
tsup-
a pose this bill t
gitation I your
tent to sit down just as youi :II
of
local rating, arcs ;
i n passes
irn Irlyeohu:ovlereetpoiewar con-
tent
ot
be 36,000 discussions
with his landlord. There tuns b
joilake ynoctilvwhilairhgaavirie
with the
know not what amount of correspondence
to go to-inorrow and ,try
, an amount of trouble and labour by
and agrcementa, o r attempts to bargain, and. then I
overseers, eyrou s
are not expected to get in, and by which
it is confidently believed by Lord Derby you will
be effectually kept out. Look at the. proposition of
Mr. Gladstone and compare it with tiavleniolidsttoe;,aiat noyi
rdvt
ehui
thing
ask-
ingthl
iesr
yi:vat.ita,
household at telv.earlyn notfa
suffrage man
ia
niai natvy:i
yield
from the household suffrage to which he is attached
—bear in mind that in the Ilouse.of Commons the

uneufranehised are but little represented; bear in
mind further, that there are in this country persons
whose opinions must be recorded amongst those who
Ate represented now, and no Minister and no Cabi-
net can arrange a Reform Bill upon the basis of•
meeting the view only of one section of the nation.

I said; ytlitrs ago, when I WM asked at an influen-
tial conference of lteformers to prepare a lteforui