The Sun.
London, England, 1860-10-25 00:00:00

WAS ADAM BLACK OR WHITE'

Dr. Guthrie, at a meeting held in Edinburgh
the other
night, said he was not sure but what
Adam was black. (Much and long-continued
laughter, !and cheers.) He would tell them the
reason why,
(Renewed laughter.) Major Den-
ham, a distinguished African traveller, went to that
Country, and spent three or four years in the home
and cradle of the slave race, and had got so accus-
tomed to the dark beauties of Africa, and had got
so much to admire what men called God's image in
ebony, that when he reached the shores of our own
land, andsaw the white ladies, oh, they looked very
sickly like to him. (Laughter.) That was a fact
in a man's experience. (Renewed laughter.) And
he was now going to tel them a fact in philosophy,
and he had never heard it answered. The celebrated
Dr. Fleming, professor of natural science in the Free
Church College, and one of the greatest naturalists
of his day, maintained that black was the :1 vig_rn_r
and proper colour, and that we are all bleached
k one
—(roars of laughter)—that we were just 11 n
the
of those shawls that were seen sometimes i
gone.
Cowgate—(laughter)—the colour e cal
akin a ph y.
(Renewed laughter.) He would g
d of certain layers
sical fact in connexion with this.
covered our bodies was comp
the rete mucosunz.
—one of these anatomists called it was a
That was a learned term—(laughter)—buts.sd
te of a congeries of
iv'The that
sort of membrane which:oze;
these were very like
cells. Now, in the white
sas these of Mr. like
the was nothing in
—they were all for show—
in regard to the dark race
the boxes kept in such
them—(laughter)—but
anwdas filled with what is called a
if the rete inticosum was not
pigment,l
h ck pigment, what was it made for
made for the
hat r ) That wasrather a philoso-
phicalat all? (Lang c .__
tblllaecrkete 71ItICOStl
The opi-
nion argument. (Renewed laughter.)
was held by some that the dark race was the
old original race of man ; black face and a white
`heart. There was many a man who had a white
face and a black heart. (Cheers.)

THE SUN.
LONDON, THURSDAY, OCT. 25, 1860.

The Emperor of FRANCE has taken ample revenge
for exclusion from Warsaw. The three great
Powers saw fit to meet without him. The greatest,
territorially, was prudent enough to explain that
he " meant no offence" by not asking the elected
Emperor of FRANCE with the two other Royal
guests, to the old capital of the elected Kings of
of Poland. Oh, of course not, says the French
EMPEROR, only, since you do not let me confer
privately with you at Warsaw, I shall have a little
public chat with you and all Europe. It will
suit my purpose quite as well. And, if it should
so happen that I promulge notions inconvenient to
any or all of you, blame yourselves not me. Had
vou thought it worth while to ask the Sovereign
of the principal continental State, he might have
compared notes quietly with youj before giving his
notions to the world.

Such we understand to be the animus of the
article in the Constitutionnel, of which M. REUTER
furnishes us the principal points. One can easily
imagine the EMPEROR, after having drafted it for
his ma-official ergan, saying to, himself—There,
your Majesties, I wish you may like it; perhaps
next time 5 ou meet before Europe for a conference,
you may think it quite.'as well to ask me to it ; if
not, you may then hear a little more, rather
less to your taste than this. Certain it is that the
article in the French newspaper nullifies the War-
saw Conference. it tells all
the world what the
excluded potentate Neill let the assembled poten-
tates do; and they may bite their nails as long as they
like over the council table, they will not dare to
violate the circle which the Great Magician of the
Western Empire has drawn around them.
The sting of the article is that he vi •
rtually places
himself above them all. Ile is the Emperor of
Emperors. The whole article implies that on what
France does, depends, what they may dare e to do.
France wills to let the Italian revolution alone ;
therefore, two other ENIPERORS and a KING, ail
eager to rehabilitate every Italian despot, must let
it alone too ! The EMPEROR has even, for the
pleasure of vexing the magnates of Warsaw,
changed his Italian faith. Formerly it was that a
weak Italy was the interest of France. Now
he generously merges the interests of France
,-
in those of Europe, and tells the three ex
clusives that " an organised and powerful Italy
is henceforth the interest of Europe !" and he •
l not to hold
in-
forms them that Europe will do wis-e j
private conclaves of three kings, but a general
Congress to consecrate an Italian Monarchy by an
• • 0. all this
act of high jurisdiction ! How mortifying
t
must be is plain when we remember that Letts ra
had no other object in going to the conference than
to -et
6 a guarantee for Venetia, and probably, au-
thority to make an attack on her lost possessions.
Then, how biting are the reasonings. We read of
a gentleman who chose for his crest an arm holding
a hammer, and bringing it down on an anvil—with
the motto in plain English
" By this I got you ;"
" been
he:n early life a blacksmith. And

LOUIS NAPOLEON boasts in like manner of his
Imperial origin—and proclaims himself the elect
of France to those who hate the very idea of
popular election for any purpose, and most of all
for the creation of a monarch. Yet this, says the
excluded from Warsaw, "is my title to
the throne, and one reason why I cannot inter-
fere in Italy without betraying my origin.' "
"In taking part," says the Constitutionnel,
" against Italy, the Emperor would betray his
origin; he would lose the character he holds from
universal suffrage, by which he was selected, and
would divest himself of the authority necessary to
a Sovereign of France for the good of Europe.
The more he is equitable to peoples the greater is
the service rendered by the Emperor to the prin-
ciple of authority."—" Universal suffrage!" "Equity
to peoples"—and equity to peoples " rendering ser-
vice to the principle of authority." Why, such
Napoleonic Ideas must have spoiled the night's
rest and the breakfast of all the three monarchs.

And then the position claimed for herself by the
EMPEROR-IVIODERATOR OF EUROPE! Pacificator
of Europe ! The Emperor of RUSSIA'S father had
no doubt that such titles could be appropriate only
to the CZAR—the God of Russia. His son must
' hear a very different story. To think while the
Lords of some hundreds and millions of men were
met together, of being told by the monarch of
about a third of that number that he, not they,
was the Moderator of Europe ! That ROMANOFFS,
and HOHENZOLLERNS, and HAPSBURGS might all
play their parts, or put forth their energies, might
quarrel or combine, as they pleased, but that he
was the JUPITER of the continental Olympus, and
that, after having been re-instated on the throne
of his uncle by the hundred-handed BRIAREUS of
universal suffrage ! They will all whisper to each
other that they had better have had him in War-
saw, than this article in the Constitutionnel.
The worst is that if they look southward from
Warsaw they see that they are helpless. Austria
has tried her best to cajole the Hungarians, but
already the tidings of satisfaction and joy manufac-
tured at Vienna begin to be followed by very dif-
ferent accounts. The Hungarians begin to be heard
complaining of the very defects which we at first
indicated—the separation of the annexed nation-
alities from Hungary—the withdrawing the power
of taxation from the Diet—and the non-restitution
of the power over the army and over peace and
war, which are given by the old coronation oath to
the Hungarian Diet. Hungary will soon see that
her old guarantees, those without which the Diet
is no better than a parish vestry, are wanting.
Hungary therefore will not be quieted by this sham
humiliation, and so far Austria will be hindered
from venturing beyond the Quadrilateral.
Then she has put herself to an enormous cost to
strengthen Verona and Venice especially, and to
fill the country with troops; has done it too out of
her miserable poverty. Yet, all depends on whether
she can move at once. As soon as VICTOR E3IMA-
NUEL is proclaimed King of NAPLES, and has
ejected the King of GAETA, his game will be up.
Twenty-four millions of freemen under one heartily
constitutional monarch will soon be more than
a match for Austria, on their own soil at
least. And that consummation is now fast
approaching, Next Sunday VICTOR EMMA-
NUEL will, in all probability, accept at Naples
the almost universal vote of the country, and then
it will be for him to tell the last of the BOURBONS
that " the people, the legitzmate source of power,"
have made their choice, that he means to enforce it,
that he must therefore choose between exile or
apartments in St. Elmo—if any be left by that
time. With the " Moderator of Europe" at Rome,
and the King of ITALY master of all the country
besides, poor Austria, the pitied guest at Warsaw,
will be told—she must wait till she is attacked—
and what then ? -Why, that she must take care of
herself as she best can between Hungary and
Italy.

It was the Rev. SYDNEY SMITH who originally
remarked—" If you choose to represent the various
parts in life by holes upon a table, of different
shapes—some circular, some squAre, some oblong—
and the persons acting these parts by bits of wood
of similar shapes, we shall generally find that the
triangular person has got into the square hole, the
oblong into the triangular, and the square person
has squeezed himself into the round hole." The
reverend wit adding—" The office and the officer,
the doer and the thing done, seldom fit so exactly
that we can say they were almost made for each
other." Quaint as the saying is—it has long since
passed into a proverb. The complimentary or sup.
plementary sequel to which was happily hit upon, if
we remember rightly, by Mr. LAYARD, " the
Member for Nineveh"—meaning, the now familiar
aspiration.for the induction of the right man into the
right place in all the various departments of the
public service. With an especial. view to the attain-
ment of which desirable illustration of the " fitness
of things" there has recently been allowed to grow
up among us the comprehensive and elaborate ma-
chinery of the Competitive Examination System.
That system which a few years back, shortly after
its adoption by the QUEEN'S Government, carried
such a comical terror to one of the contributors to Mr.
DICKENS'S _Household TP ords—the writer avowing
himself to be in perpetual fear and trembling lest,
unexpectedly, one of these fine days some roving
body of commissioners should come down into his
part of the country and then and there subject him
perforce to a searching examination! The popular
novelist, Mr. ANTHONY TROLLOPE, has since then
exemplified the operation of the new system in
a very vivid manner through the humorous pages
of his well-known fiction of the Three Clerks. This
competitive examination system, in point of fact,
has now been sufficiently long in use amongst us to
admit of its being in its o'. n turn subjected to a
wide and stringent scrutiny. We have abundance
of data by this time to " go upon" in the not unrea-
sonable endeavour to arrive at some dispassionate
decision as to the efficiency or inefficiency of the
scheme in regard to the attainment of the particular
result originally aimed at in its organisation. How
the scheme has worked during the last five or six
years, we may now learn in detail from the authen-
tic records of the various public departments.
There is a particular row of the blue-books
annually accumulating upon the national book-
shelves that may be turned to for the desired
information.by Folio after folio stands ranged there
side
side big with the truths they have to tell
as to the working of the new-fangled system of com-
petitive examinations. There are the "Reports of
the Committees of Inquiry into Public Offices" to
begin with—under date 1854.—from the facts re-
corded in which the whole project, as now in active
operation, may be said to have sprung as from
armed and profound in
JOVE'S headache, fully
wisdom, sprang forth PALLAS herself, the very
goddess of all competive examinations. There are
next—under date the year immediately ensuinc,
(1855)—the " Papers relating to the reorganisation
sci:ncillnY—isstilloes
for
of the Civil Service." Then come pouring out in
ponderous yearly tomes—from 1856 to 1860 inclu-
" Annual Reports of the Civil Service
To say norling of that supple-
mentary volume the current year (1860)—the
"Report of the Select Comnlcltce on Civil Service

Appointments:" Under the shadow of the leaves
of which later blue books—how much domestic
wretchedness is there not lying perdue partially
visible, only half latent, dimly suspected—what
innumerable heartburnings are there, what poig-
nanthome griefs—what agonising disappointments!
Was it not Lord MELBOURNE who said in regard
to that supposed enviable privilege of patronage
appertaining to a Prime Minister that in reality it
was a privilege in no way enviable at all—for inas-
mueh as the Minister rejoiced one individual in
the award of each particular appointment, he
S disappointed a hundred, it might be many hundred,
less fortunate aspirants. What was thus upon the old
system a merely possible, or we will even say pro-
bable contingency—under the new system of com-
petitive examinations has become an invariable and
inevitable necessity. And the disappointments
here too are all the more painfully realised among
the competitors who fails to win the prize held up
to their competition by a sense of a something
partaking :of the ignominious in the mere fact of
the failure in the attempt to pass through those
competitive examinations I Whatever else has
come of the new-fangled system as yet, this one
truth has at any rate been quite plainly demon-
strated—that Sir CHARLES TREVELYAN was alto-
gether labouring under a misapprehension when he
anticipated (at p. 336 of the Reports of Committees
on Public Offices) that the result of the adoption of
the new system would be to attract into its
ranks (into the ranks of the Civil Service)
" the ablest and the most ambitious of the youth
of the country." The Right Hon. Baronet while
labouring under that impression was the victim of
an amiable hallucination. The " most ambitious of
the youth of the country" are not attracted into
the Civil Service by the magical magnetic in-
fluence of those marvellous competitive examina-
tions. Nor can the simple fact of their not being
so attracted be any matter for surprise, if we take
into account the probabilities of the case as de-
fined by Mr. WADDINGTON (vide Reorg. Civ.
Service, p. 387), where that gentleman remarks :

"A strange ambition indeed, for a double first. class man
to aspire to be a subordinate for life, upon pay which
might, with rigid and unrelenting economy, enable him to
bring up a numerous family, but which no power of self
denial or self-torture could stretch so as to enable him to
make a provision for them after his death ; and this to at-
tain, if greatly favoured by fortune, the dignity of Chief
Clerk, possibly on the ♦ery day on which his friend who
stood by him in the list of honours is made a Bishop or a
Judge. The reporters cannot, I think, have been acquainted
with many of 'the ablest and most ambitious youth of the
country.' If they had, they would have known that they
are not, and never will be, the stuff of which clerks in
public offices are made. It has been my great good fortune
to be the friend of several of them ; some of them are now
occupying high positions. I have had to deplore the early
fate of other; but I can assure the reporters that they all
duly appreciated their own merits, that they knew their
own value, and were not disposed to barter the golden
days of their prime for an abject pittance less than the
earnings of the clerk of a barrister in respectable practice."
The opinion expressed recently by one of the
ablest of the Quarterly Reviewers is also very
remarkable :
" Those who conduct the enormous and varied commerce
of Great Britain, and indeed of every other European coun-
try, have always contrived—apparently with satisfactory
results—to fill up the vacancies in their vast army of sub-
ordinates without the help of this new machine."
And the reviewer adds sarcastically :
" Even the directors of companies, who do not carry on
their business on their own behalf, but, like the Govern-
ment, on behalf of a vast body of constituents to whom
they owe their power, have found the system of simple
nomination perfectly effi:tient. They use their own judg-
ment in the choice of a servant, or they rely on the judg-
ment of subordinates or of friends ; and perhaps they sa-
tisfy themselves that he possesses the knowledge which the
office for which he is destined will call into play. But not
only have they never, within the memory of man, thought
of examining their candidate in philology, Greek verse-
making, and the differential calculus, but even now, when
the theory has become familiar to the world, they utterly
decline to accept, in the slightest degree, these qualifica-
tions as a recommendation for their choice. This system
is new in this Government, unknown to other civilised
Governments, and unknown to men of business anywhere.
There is one country, and one country only, where it is in
full force, and has been in full force for ages. In China
every officer, from the highest to the lowest, is appointed
by literary competition. If the state of things in China is
our administrative ideal, we are in a fair way to reach it.
These results of the new system are certainly so
directly contrary to those which were anticipated
at the period of its adoption, that the whole
scheme appears to demand most urgently a speedy
revision, with a view to decide at as early a date
as possible, as to the alternative of its retention or
its abandonment.

The Queen will hold a Privy Council tomorrow
(Friday) at Windsor Castle.

Their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Cam-
bridge and the Princess Mary left town yesterday afternoon
for Brighton.
The Countess and Mademoiselle St. Pierre have
arrived at the Brunswick Hotel, Jermyn-street, from Swit-
zerland.

Viscount and Vicountess Palmerston left London
yesterday for Leeds.
Baron Oscar de Mesnil has arrived at the Bruns-
wick Hotel, Jermyn-street, from Brussels.

The Lord Lieutenancy of the county of Sussex,
which has become vacant by the death cf his Grace the
Duke of Richmond, K.G., will, it is said, be bestowed on
the Earl of Chichester. The riband of the Garter worn by
the late duko does not fall, as it would naturally, to the
disposal of Lord P almerston, inasmuch as Lord Derby, on
retiring from office last year, was nominated an extra
knight of that illustrious order, by command of her Ma-
jesty, and consequently succeeds to the first vacancy which
occurs in that body by death.
THE DUCHESS OF CAMBRIDGE AT BRIGHTON.--
We are very happy to announce the arrival of her Royal
Highness the Duchess of Cambridge, accompanied by her
daughter, the Princess Mary. The Royal Duchess left the
London-bridge station by the 4.10 train on Tuesday after-
noon, and reached the Brighton terminus precisely at 10
minutes to 6 o'clock. Her Royal Highness's carriage was
iu waiting to convey her to the residence engaged for her
in Brunswick-terrace. The Royal Duchess travelled in a
beautifully fitted up saloon, but no ceremony was observed
either on her departure from London or on her arrival in
Brighton. We understand it is her Royal Highness's in-
tention to remain six weeks in Brighton, and we trust that
the Royal Duchess will derive benefit from the salubrity of
the air on the coast.—Brighton Gazette.

lIEALTH OF THE EAE,LhOF DERBY.—The state of
healthtiseofeotuhseidEearralbloef
anxiety Derby
taosifliosrme time been such as
however, to know that he is now steadily to ca
family.d It is gratifying,
convalescence. The answer to inquiriesailyatatvnaonweioniegytoylvsatredrs_
day was that his lordship continues to improve in health,
apprehensionyvereattacic so
soefvseQrrei
,ciinsdce(e)nd -,
saenciduenc thate con-
sequences. there
id ei shas not
hnaodwitasne
as at one time to excite painful anxiety,— butd fortunately it
emonestic,ll, attendants,
has yielded to the care and skillogfolodds
aided by the vigour of a naturally
Mrs. Glover,
DEATH OF Mlt. EDMUND GLOVER Nib on.
Theatre Loyal,
Glover, eldest son of the late celebrated actress,
and for some years past manager of the 'li!ria.
Glasgow, expired yesterday morning at Edinburgh, after
a long and painful illness.
RAILWAYS IN NAPLES.—Advises from Naples
state that the railway concessions granted to Mesra
Adami and Lemmi, of Leghorn, have not been revokeda,. as
was reported, but confirmed with modifications. One reason
for the hastening of railway enterprise in the TWO Sieila
ieea
consists in the desirableness of finding work for the native
volunteers, who will be thrown out employment at te
conclusion of the revolutionary struggle.
Rio DE JANEIRO.--Some of the advises from
Rio de Janeiro, by the French steamer Guienne, state the
failure of Messrs. Carriette and Co. to have been for
£190,000. They mention also that although the firm have
covenanted to pay their creditors a composition of 6 per
cent, the 'instalments are to be spread over two years, with-
out security, while it is also a condition that the partners
are to take the first £3,000 realised by the assets as a capital
to enable them to continue business. The principal circum-
stances connected with th a failure of Senhor Moho e Souza,
which took place in September for nearly £500,000, still
remained without clear explanation. Previously to the
stoppage of Carruotte and Co. another flour dealer, named
A. de Castro, had stopped for about £llO,OOO. There
have also been several other failures in the dry
goods trade, and thus the total liabilities of sus-
pended..r firms during the past three or four months had been
ral,e,l to an aggregate little short of a million sterling. The
debts of the flour and dry moods dealers fall chiefly on
foreigners, those of Mello e Souza principally on the Capi..
tafists and banks in Rio. Nevertheless,
,the general pros
in the Emperor
is perfect, and agriculture is gourisLillg,
peels of the country are described to be highly satisfactory.
The Government
the crops 1111110 st is stable and well supported, the confidence
districts being very large'

LATEST NEWti.

The following telegrams have been received at
Mr. Reuter's office :

TURIN, OCT. 24 (EvENING).
It is asserted that Baron Ricasoli remains in
office.

Adviees received here from Naples to the even-
ing of the 23d inst. do not confirm the despatch,
originating from an official source, announcing that
the Garibaldians had entered Capua.

King Victor Emmanuel had arrived at Venafro.
No further news has been received here concern-
Lug the result of the voting in Southern Italy.

CONSTANTINOPLE, OCT. 17.

It is asserted that several ambassadors have re-
quested•that Turkey in Asia should be visited by
the Grand Vizier as well as Turkey in Europe, the
state of the former being equally serious.
Arrests are reported to have been made in the
army and among the lower clergy of Constan-
tinople.

Several Poles and Ferrad Pacha have been
arrested.

VIENNA, OCT. 24.

The official Wiener Zeitung publishes an Im-
perial patent, dated Oct. 20, constituting a statute
for the organisation of the Provincial Diet of Styria.
The Diet is to consist of 6 representatives of the
clergy, 12 proprietors of landed property, to which
certain privileges are attached; 10 representatives
from certain chartered cities, 2 from the Chamber
of Commerce, and 12 from the other communes of
Styria, making in all 42 members, of whom 40 are
to be elected.

The Emperor appoints the President of the Diet.

WARSAW, OCT. 24 (NooN).

This morning the Prince of Hohenzollern Sig-
maringen visited the Prince Regent, and Count
RechbQrg conferred with the Emperor of Austria;
Up to to-day no special conference of the ministers
of Austria, Russia, and Prussia has taken place.
The Emperor of Austria and the Prince Regent
remain here until Friday.

NAPLES, OCT. 23.
Cojazzo and the vicinity have been evacuated
by the Royalist troops.

The line of the Volturno has been abandoned for
that of the Garigliano.
The national flag floats on the heights above
Capua.

Hopes are entertained that Capua will be shortly
evacuated.

We have also received the following telegram :
" Turr's division has received orders to be ready
to start by sea—destination not known.

" The Hungarian Legion is to form part of it."

FRANCE AND ITALY.

The Paris correspondent of the Morning Post
(second edition) says :—I beg to draw your atten-
tion to the following article in the Constttutionnel,
because I know it represents the present views of
the French Government regarding Italian affairs.
The policy of the Emperor Napoleon, the writer
observes, has been attacked with equal violence by
two classes of opponents. One declares that
although the French Government, in stopping
short at Villafranca, desired to check the revo-
lution to save the Pope, and to reconcile the
various Italian Princes with their popula-
tions, yet nothing of that programme has been
carried out, as the revolution has swept across
the whole Italian peninsula, invaded Sicily, and
avowedly intends to attack Venetia at no distant
period. On the other hand the opposite party says
to the Emperor's Government—You took in hand
the grievances of Italy, gave an irresistible impulse
to a whole people, spent the money and blood of
France in the cause, and now, when a dynasty so
odious and unpopular as that of the Neapolitan
Bourbons is attacked, you not only refuse your
support to the generous men who have devoted
their energies to the triumph of Italian unity, but
you prolong at Rome an occupation which irritates
the national feeling of the populations, and pre-
vents the sentiment of freedom from expandiug to
its legitimate extent. The article in the Constitu-
tionnel adduces arguments to prove that neither of
these extreme courses could be with prudence
adopted by France. To the first class of objectors
your contemporary gives the following reply :
" What do these persons, who would wish to see
the Emperor turn against Italy, call on him to do?
Thsy ask him to place himself out of the pale of all
the principles he represents, and all the rules he has
laid down. They ask him to renounce the moral
authority which he exercises for the welfare
and the peace of Europe. They wish him to
contradict himself, and, so to speak, to change
his nature. But is that, possible ? Can the Em-
peror forget that he is the elect of universal suf-
frage, and the representative on the throne of the
ideas of the new society and of all the progress
of civilisation ? Can he betray the origin of his
name and of the mission which he holds from the
confidence of the French people ? His enemies de-
sire it, no doubt, but they esteem him too much to
hope for it. And to what would such a defection
serve ? To weaken the prestige of the Emperor
without advantage to any one. There is one thing
which the whole world now understands, even those
who regret to see it, namely, that the great influence
of the Sovereign of France is one of the elements
of the equilibrium, and of the security of Europe,
and, moreover, one of the most precious resources
she can invoke in the troubled situation of most
States. The Treaty of Villafranca responded to
a high conception, and it is profoundly to be
regretted that the treaty has remained a dead letter;
but the Sovereigns who signed it never had the pre-
tension to impose by force of arms the rights which
were reserved in it. That pretension would have
been irreconcileable with the situation which
the treaty was to consecrate. Austria lost at Sol-
ferino her supremacy in Italy, and, except her sove-
reignty in Venetia, retained nothing ; but ought
France to inherit the very situation which she had
wrested from the House of Hapsburg ? Ought she
to impose her domination on Italy, after hav-
ing destroyed that of Austria ? Ought her
promises of enfranchisement to end in such a
falsehood ? And for the advantage of whom would
the Emperor have turned his arms against his old
ally, the King of Sardinia, and have placed himself
in flagrant discord with England ? For the ad-
vantage of Governments which, according us
neither their sympathies nor their confidence, have
no right to demand such sacrificss !"
Such is the answer given to the first category of
opponents—those who affirm that France has not
gone far enough. To the others, who consider that
he has gone too far, the article says :
"Italy is passing through a great crisis of her
destiny, and is, in fact, in revolution. A revolu-
tionary situation has temporarily replaced for that
country the regular conditions of international exis-
tence. Hence the profound perturbations, the infrac-
tions of public law, the violent invasions, the preci-
pitate annexations which we have witnessed !
Could France lend a hand to such wild move-
ments? At present, perhaps, we excite distrust,
but if we had encouraged Piedmont, instead of
blaming her, what would have happened ? We
should necessarily have had to break off Russia,
which has just -withdrawn her Ambassador from
Turin ; with Prussia, which protests ; with Austria,
which feels herself menaced. We should have in-
evitably glided to universal war. The fortune of
France, her labour, her industry—all that would
have been abandoned to the haz uds of a gigantic
conflict. The Emperor would have changed his part
and his character; instead of being the moderator of
the revolution, he would have become the leader of
it; instead of being the pacificator of Europe he

would be her terror ; instead of being the powerful •
arbiter in questions of equilibrium, he would have lost
the very titles of his jurisdiction; and, though elected
by 8,000,000 of suffrages and representing the na-
tional will, he would have become nothing more
than the instrument of a party."
The article concludc6 in the following terms :
" During the last year a very profound move-
ment has taken place in Europe, but it is not suffi-
ciently remarked. When the French Emperor, at
the beginning of 1859, pleaded the cause of Italy,
he had scarcely on his side the opinion of his own
country. But now everything is greatly changed.
England, which then demanded the inviolability
of the treaties of 1815, now favours Italian
unity ; Prussia,- in a recent document ema-
nating from the distinguished statesman who
directs her foreign affairs, recognises in Ita-
lion nationality a happy presage for Germany;
Russia, under the influence of a liberal Sovereign,
also shows herself disposed to take into account a
new element in the life of nations ; Austria herself
has an immense interest in escaping from the un-
certainties which weigh so heavily on her, and the
reforms she has just accorded prove that she is re-
solved to enter on a liberal course. As to France,
faithful to the interests which she has defended,
not being engaged with any one she would in a
Congress derive advantage from the reserve with
which she is reproached and the moderation she
has known how to maintain. Better than any
other Power, perhaps, she would be able to
indicate the points of a compromise between
all divergencies. After having enfranchised Italy,
supported the Pope at Rome, blamed the invasion
of the Roman States and of the Two Sicilies, and
caused the principle of non-intervention to be re-
spected by respecting it herself, she cannot be sus-
pected either by Italy, or by the Papacy, or by
Europe. We have too much confidence in the wis-
dom of the Sovereigns who would be represented
in s congress not to be convinced that they would
understand how much the spirit of compromise
constitutes the condition of the re-establishment of
order in the Peninsula. Italy, organised and power-
ful, is henceforth a European interest, and Europe,
in consecrating by an act of her high jurisdiction
that organisation, would prove herself both far-
seeing and just."

FRANCE.

PARIS, 0cT..24.

BouitsE, Oct. 24.—The market has been heavy,
and the little business done has been at a slight
decline on the quotations of yesterday. For the
Account, Threes are now at 68f 821 c; Mobilier,
702 f 50c ; Orleans, 1,367 f 50c ; Northern, 973 f 75c;
Mediterranean, 918 f 75c; Austrian,4B6l 25c; Lom-
bard, 483 f 75c. The following are the last quota-
tions :

41 per per Cents 95 85
Do end month
3 per Cents
Do. end month 6B 85
Bank Shares 2850
Credit Mobilier 705
Do. Account 703 75

Credit Fonder 9OO
Belgian 41
Piecimontese Fives 79 '—
Roman . 79
Austrian
Spanish Threes —
Home Debt

BAILWAYS.

Cash. Account.
Orleans .. .. 1367 Z5O .. 1367 50
Northern
New ditto BB5 ..
Lyons and Mediterranean 916 25 .. 915
Geneva 355 .. 355
Southern 505 .. r-
Western
Eastern
Sardinian 393 75 .. 388 75
Austrian
Imrbard 483 75 .. 482 50