The Sun.
London, England, 1867-10-28 00:00:00

TIM SUN, LONDoN, MONDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 28, 1867

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'aval and Military Intelligence.

Her Majesty's uuarmoured screw steamer Myr-
lon, having had some portions of her machinery
readjusted and her boilers cleaned out, was yester-
day taken from Chatham harbour to the measured
Mapliu Saudi, for some further trials to test
her steaming qualities and her rate of speed. The
vessel was in charge of Capt. the lion. A. A.
Cochrane, of the Cumberland, 24, guardship of the
steam reserve, the other officials on board being Mr.
W. Eames, assist.-inspector of machinery afloat at
Chatham ; Mr. Owen, acting inspector of machinery;
Mr. Hutchens, assist.-master shipwright ; and Mr.
S. Matthews, chief engineer of the ship. The en-
gines were again in charge of Mr. Humphrys, of the
firm of Humphrys and Tennant, the contractors of
the machinery. The weather was favourable for the
trial, the sea being smooth, with the wind nearly a
calm. The ship's draught of water was llfc. Bin.
aft, and 10ft. 3in. forward. With six runs over
the measured mile, the mean average speed rea-
lised was 10.338 knots per hour, or rather more
than a third of an knot per hour than on the occa-
sion of her former trial. The maximum number
of revolutions of the screw per minute was
1101, and the minimum, 102 ; load on the
safety-valve, 22.41 b. ; mean pressure in cylinders,
20.031 b.; vacuum, 27in. ; mean pressure of steam
iu boilers, 201 b. The screw, an ordinary Griffith's
propeller, was set at a pitch of 13ft. 10/in., the im-
mersion of the upper edge being 12in. At half-
boiler power the mean speed realized was 8.335
knots per hour. The complete circle was made, at
full power, in 4inin. 44scc. During the trial yes-
terday the machinery worked in a highly satisfac-
tory manner, there being an entire absence of hot
bearings, and an absence of priming of the boilers.
The indicator cards showed that the collective horse-
power of the engines during the trial was 778.64.
At the close of the trial the Myrmidon returned to
harbour to await orders from the Admiralty. The
arrangements for lifting the screw of the Myrmidon
have been fitted on Mr. Eames's principle, the trial
made yesterday at the close of the speed runs being
attended with very satisfactory results.
The Isabella llurcas, freight ship, with a part
cargo of war stores for Bermuda, yesterday re-
ceived 150 tons of wrought-iron shields, and other
supplies from Woolwich, in the West India Docks,
and is now ready for sea.
The following is the programme of the course of
lectures to be delivered to the officers and men of
the Royal Engineers, at headquarters, Chatham,
during the autumn session :—Oct. 21, 21, and 28,
on " Hygiene," by Dr. de Chaumont, Assist.-Pro-
fessor of Hygiene, Netley ; Oct. 31, Nov. 7 and 14,
on the " Properties and Characteristics of Different
Kinds of Timbers," by Mr. T. Laslett, timber in-
spector, Woolwich dockyard ; Nov. 4, 11, 18, and
25, Dec. 2 and 9, on " Building Materials," by
Professor Abel, F.R.S. ; Nov. 28, Dec. 5 and 15,
on " Mining Engineering," by Professor Warring-
ton Smyth, F.R.S. The lectures will commence
each day at 5.30 p.m.
A portion of the military gymnasium at Chatham
garrison has been closed to the officers and troops
for some weeks past, to allow of some important
improvements and alterations in the arrangements
being carried out, the whole of which have been
effected under the personal superintendence of Mr.
Maclaren, of Oxford, director of military gymnastics.
The fittings and apparatus have been readjusted,
and in place of the former temporary tan and saw-
dust floor, an entirely new one, which is soft and
elastic, has been substituted. It is composed of
thick layers of an elastic material, covered with
stout, close canvas, made expressly for the purpose,
giving at once a convenient and safe surface for the
exercise of various gymnastic exercises. Floors of
the kind just completed at the Chatham gymnasium
have been under trial for some time at other estab-
lishments, and being found to answer in all respects,
they will be at once laid down at the othe: military
gymnasia.

The following appointments were made on Friday
at the Admiralty :—Capt. Edward K. Barnard, of
the Constance, to the Formidable, additional, for
service in the Trafalgar ; Commander 11. B. John-
stone to the Ilyruaidon, commissioned ; Lieut. J.
Shortt to the Oberon, vice I land, promoted ; Navi-
gating Sub-Lieut. A. J. ch Vismcs to the Victory,
as supernumerary ; C. F. Jordan, chief engineer,
additional, to the Asia, for charge of the engines of
the Danii? ; Dr. J. llenderson, Staff-surg., to the
Excellent ; J. G. Clarke, assist.-surg., to the Im-
pregnable, additional, for service irt the Squirrel ;
and E. H. Whiddon, assist.-paymaster, to the
Royal Adelaide.

THE YORKSHIRE !VOLD IN VESTI-GA-
'LIONS.

During the week the Rev. Canon Greenwell and
the distinguished arcl,ologists who accompanied
him have opened a large barrow on the Potter
Brompton \Vold, on Sir Charles Legard's estates,
showing a mixture of the inhumed and cremated
modes of burial in use by the Britons. The skulls
obtained show the burials to be those of a very early
people, who appear to have known nothing of metals,
for no trace of aught but flint or bone implements
has been found. The bodies were very numerous,
and interred in all imaginary positions, the one fea-
ture appertaining to all being the practice of doub-
ling up the body into the least possible space by
drawing the knees up to the elbows. The tumulus
contained the remains of several adults of both
sexes, and of several children, and mostly interred
with pottery and flint implements. Of these latter
on the western side of the barrow, unassociated with
a burial, were upwards of 100 in one deposit. Some
of these were well-made and beautifully chipped
scrapers, but a large majority were the flakings of
flint from the core, as if prepared for the chip-
ping into form, but which had not been fabri-
cated into worked implements. This was a dis-
covery totally unusual, and it is a difficult matter
to say why so large a deposit of flints should have
been made in one particular place. In a few years
they would have been scattered by the plough ; and
the human remains in the tumulus were some
of them so near the top that continued cultiva-
tion must also have very soon dispersed them over
the land. The details of the opening show results
of curious interest. The tumulus was 60ft.
diameter, and reduced to 3ft. in height, and was
formed of large flints and chalk rubble. About 2ft.
above the natural surface, and 7ft. S.E. of the centre
was the body (1) of a young person, laid on the left
side, with the head to the east and the hands on the
knees. At the crown of the head was a prettily
ornamented flower-pot-shaped urn, the ornament
on the upper portion being of alternate bands of
horizontal and zigzag thong markings. Over the
skull and the urn were two large blocks of flint for
protection. About 3ft. east of this body and lift.
east of the centre, but on the same level, was an
imperfectly burnt body (2), with blocks of chalk
and flintatones carefully placed above it. Just
east of this burnt body was the body (3) of a child,
laid on the left side, with the head to N.N.E., with
right hand on the knees and the left under the face.
Below these, in a grave (of which these occupied
the upper part) lift. deep and 53-ft. diameter, was
a body (4) on the left side, the head to the east,
and the hand up to the head, and knees drawn up.
Behind the skull was a "drinking cup," and below
it a flint knife, 3in. in length, and finely and care-
ful;y
chipped into form. A great deal of charcoal
surrounded this body. Eight feet south of the
centre was a body (5) on the right side, 2ft. from
the surface, in a shallow grave. The heal was to
the S.E. The left hand was to the face, and the
right on the knees, which were drawn up. Before
the face was an urn 51n. high, ornamented with
horizontal thong impressions. The head and urn
were protected by large stones. Sixteen feet S.S. \V.
of the centre was the body of a female (G) on the
right side, with the head to the S.W. and hands up
to the face. This was in a shallow grave only lft.
deep, and was surrounded with much charcoal.
The central grave was Bi.t. by Eft. Gin., and 3ft.
deep. In it was a body (7) on the left side, with
the head to the east, and touching the eastern side
of the grave. The left hand was up to the face. Be-
fore the head was an urn Bin. high, ornamented in
the upper part with four lines of punctured holes. At
the other cad of the grave was the body (8) of a
young person on the right side, with head to the

' N.W., the hands up to the face, and the knees up.
The head of this body was just west of the feet of
the last. Upon the knees was a very beautiful leaf-
shaped flint arrow point. Fifteen feet F.N.E. of
centre the most remarkable discovery was made.
Two bodies (9 and 10), male and female, were found
interred together, face to face—the skulls touching
indeed. The heads were to the S.E. The woman
lay on her right side, with her hands and knees
drawn up, and the man lay on his left side, with his
head upon the woman's hands, and the femurs across
those of the female. The left hand of the male was
down by his side, and the right arm was extended
at right angles from the elbow towards the female
skeleton. Between the bodies—above the drawn-up
knees of both—were two very pretty and peculiar
small urns, ornamented on the rims and in the
sinuses with herring-bone work, and both having
lids, with central handles ornamented in four com-
partments with double lines of punctured holes, the
edges being also punctured. These were very re-
markable and quite unique. One urn was beauti-
fully perfect, and one lid was obtained sufficiently
so to allow of drawings being made. It is not known
that any previous find of funeral urns with lids has
been recorded. With one urn was a split boar's
tusk, ground into a sickle-shaped cutting instrument.
These two bodies were interred on the level of the
natural surface, but 2ift. above the bottom of a
large grave. Eleven feet N.N.E. of the centre in
the grave (or trench) named was the body (11) of
a young child with the head to the west, and 12ft.
N.N.E. of the centre was another body (12) of a
child, about three years old, behind the head of which
was an ornate drinking cup. These bodies were
just to the west of the two (9 and 10), but 2ft. below
them. Twenty-one feet E.N.E, of the centre was
the body (13) of a very young child, with head to
E.N.E., in a shallow grave sunk in the bottom of
the irregular trench, which it was found ran E.N.E.
to W.S.W., from about Bft. E.N.E. of centre
to 23ft. distance. It was in this trench the three
last-named burials of children were made. The
trench was about sft. wide. The disposition of the
bodies in this hone and their various levels show
the burials to have been made at different times,
except in the case of the two bodies (9 and 10).
The materials of the houe yielded several potsherds,
chippings of flint, animal bones split for the mar-
row, and part of a red deer horn. The examina-
tions are being continued.

PASTORAL LETTER OF THE BISHOP OF

BIRMINGHAM.

The following is a Pastoral Letter by the Right
Rev. Dr. Ullathorne, Bishop of Birmingham :
To our Dearly Beloved Brethren and Children in
Christ, the Clergy, Secular and Regular, and the
Faithful of our Diocese.
Health and Benediction in the Lord.

Dearly Beloved,—Much has been written of late,
and especially in a portion of our lay periodical
press, which, from its general tone, is calculated to
leave an impression on the mind of its readers,
that English Catholics have not that faith or loy-
alty towards the Holy and Apostolic Sec which
they ought to have ; or at all events, that they do
not comprehend what that faith and loyalty require
of them. Abstruse questions belonging to doc-
trine and theological teaching have been discussed
on that lay arena as to what is of faith and what is
not of faith, as to what is of sin and what is not
of sin, and that in a style and after a manner which
we will not characterize, but which perplexes and
bewilders the faithful, whilst it exhibits us to the
non-Catholic world around us, as though, divided
like them, the English Catholics know not what
they believe, or of what.they speak. Nor is this
all ; for, as we have some reason for knowing, the
notion is thus spread abroad amongst our brethren
in foreign countries, that our body is disunited on
high and low views of doctrine, even as were the
Greeks of Constantinople, whilst the enemies of
their faith were thundering at their gates. And
yet, beloved brethren, you cease not to be united
with the teaching voice of your pastors ; your
pastors are united and of one accord in their
teaching ; and their united voice is ever one and the
same with that of the holy See.
We are the faithful children of the Church,
and therefore we are the loyal children of the Holy
See. Was it not the consciousness of this truth,
and was it not the inheritance of this consolation,
that strengthened our fathers in their cruel con-
flicts with the adversaries of the Papacy? And
what is it but this same consciousness, and this
self-same consolation, which gives us courage to
endure, and strength to bear lightly those temporal
disadvantages and those social inconveniences, that,
because of our fidelity to Peter's chair, are apt to
meet us at every turn of life?

If our fathers encountered the loss of all things--
if they suffered the loss of society, goods, and life;
if they endured oppression, the rack, the sword,
and the gibbet, and that for no earthly cause
except their adhesion to the Holy See ; who shall
lightly accuse their children of defection, who still
are holding with much earthly cost to the faith of
their fathers? The soil of England has been pur-
pled with martyrdoms for the Holy See. Nor,
by:the grace of God, has the practical tradition of
that fidelity been broken up as yet. Some, indeed,
we must confess with sorrow, have fallen away.
Others have taken their places. But of the body
of English Catholics at this:hour, those whose faith
in the Holy See is weak and languid may be
counted without much difficulty. They form a
poor and feeble baud.
You have been taught, beloved brethren, that
our Blessed Lord gave all his power on earth to
Peter before He communicated any portion of that
power to the rest of the apostles. You know that
whilst the rest of the apostles had not apostles
but bishops for their successors, the glorious
apostleship of Peter continues in his successors to
this day ; and that it will continue to the end of
time. You know that whenever the apostle,
holding Peter's place, speaks to the Churches, his
confirming voice speaks the unfailing truth. If the
Pope proclaims to the Church that a doctrine is
heretical, it is heretical. If he says that a doctrine
is nigh to heretical, it is nigh to heretical. If he
says it is erroneous, it is erroneous. "What he de-
clares from Peter's chair to be unsound, is un-
sound ; and what he affirms to be rash or scandal-
ous, is rash or scandalous. And if the Pontiff
warns us that this line of thinking or that course
of action is dangerous to faith or to morals, it is
dangerous to faith or to morals, exactly as he
declares it. This you know. This you believe.
By this voice. you both guide your faith and regu-
late your conduct. The sincerity of your faith will
not allow you to be falterers ; nor, if we must
allude to the latest term invented as a brand for
the brow of Catholics, will the simplicity of your
belief allow you to be minimizers. And for this
very reason is your faith sincere and simple, that
you keep to what the Church has taught you
through her pastors, and concern not yourselves
with such opinions as are framed by any unautho-
rized teachers ; you know what example your
bishops have set you, and you have witnessed their
quick response to every call made upon them by
the Sovereign Pontiff. For example, when that
great doctrinal instruction, the Encyclical and
Syllabus of 1861, was promulgated from the chair
of Pius IX., with what reverence and gratitude was
the precious gift received ! It was at once recog-
nized as a light from Heaven to guide us through
the intellectual danger of these perilous times.
Copies of it were multiplied by the bishops in the
hands of their clergy, and they in their turn were
exhorted to inculcate its principles amidst their
flocks ; and the clergy made it their study, not
only in private but also in their conferences.
Have we heard of one of them who has questioned
the least of its principles, or who has otherwise
accounted of it, than as au inestimable light, shin-
ing with all the force that is derived from
apostolic authority ?

With this not uncalled-for introduction, we have
now to speak with you, beloved brethren, on a sub-
ject of considerable gravity, and one in which we
do not speak without the direction of the Holy
See.

At a meeting of the English bisho, s of Decem-
ber, 1864, the last over which the :ate Cardinal
Wiseman presided, the subject of the education of
Catholics at Protestant universities was fully con-

sidered, and that with the help of very copious
information. The unanimous conclusions of the
bishops were sent to Rome, and received the confir-
mation of the Holy See on February 3, 1865. And
at a subsequent episcopal assembly held on the
23d of March in the same year, those conclusions
were drawn up in the following terms :
"The bishops are unanimously agreed in their
disapproval of the establishing of a Catholic college
at any of the Protestant universities. And they
are further of opinion that parents ought to be in
every way dissuaded from sending their children to
pursue their studies at such universities. This
judgment was expressed by the bishops, and by
our lamented Cardinal Archbishop, in the last
meeting over which he presided ; and in forming
it they were guided by those principles which the
Church has ever maintained in the matter of
education."

This document was at once published to all and
each of the clergy throughout England. But
although formally addressed to the clergy it was
obviously an instruction for the laity. To them
also it became widely known, and received a new
circulation through our Catholic press. Yet some
amongst the laity drew the unsound distinction
that what was only addressed to the clergy was
not directed to them ; although its very terms
indicated that the clergy received this instruction
for the express purpose of its being conveyed to
the laity. However, to remove all further objec-
tion on this head, we now give this document
the same promulgation to the laity which has
already beenlgiven to the clergy. And we declare
to all the faithful within our pastoral charge, that
parents ought to be in every way discouraged from
sending their children to pursue their studies at
Protestant universities. To send them to these
universities is to place them within an atmosphere
and beneath a combination of influences so com-
pletely and exclusively Protestant, that it cannot
be otherwise than perilous to the faith and con-
science of Catholic youth. From their constitution,
the religious views of their teachers, and the spirit
that pervades them, these great educational insti-
tutions are essentially anti-Catholic. Nor could
any legal relaxation of their exclusiveness make
them otherwise. On the contrary, it will but
open them to a wider sectarianism, to a freer
scepticism, and to a confirmed spirit of indiffe-
rentism ; to all, in short, that is adverse to the
fundamental principle of Catholicism. And what
is this principle ? That there is a fixed and cer-
tain truth made known to man, a creed imposed
upon his conscience, which he can neither change
nor question without apostatizing from the light
and law of God.

Let us reflect for a moment on what this transition
from Catholic teaching to a Protestant university
implies. It occurs at that crisis when youth is
developing into manhood. Nature is then in its
highest ferment ; imagination is rising into ascend-
ancy, and reason is making its first essays. Then
also it is that awakening to the novel sense of inde-
pendence, the restless and inquisitive mind of
youth is susceptible of every fresh influence, and
accessible to every new idea ; whilst neither his
character has obtained that consistency, nor his
judgment that maturity which will enable him to
resist the charms that attach to novelty, or to repel
the spirit of free inquiry that meets him with its
fascinations on every side. At this unsettled time
above all others does the Catholic youth need the
firm yet gentle guidance of his Catholic preceptors ;
and yet it is at this period that some persons would
throw him into the vortex of anti-Catholic senti-
ment and thought, without pilot, rudder, or com-
pass. Into that vortex is he thrown, with no help
but the graces, whilst they last, of his calmer and
more innocent boyhood, there to struggle with
those untried forces of nature that are springing
like a flood tide within him ; and there to contend
with an intellectual world whose energising prin-
ciples and forces are all working in opposition to
his faith, and against the life of his religion. Ile
is but an atom in that great whole, and can he avoid
being influenced by the laws of its attraction?
What he derives not of Protestant influence from
his clerical preceptors he will gain more surely from
his free and constant intercourse with his fellow
pupils. Surrounded and pressed upon by a crowd
of sentiments, views, and theories, touching God
and man, creation and redemption, religious, moral,
and social principles, the products of free-thinking
or of Protestant tradition, whilst his own Catholic
teaching is thrown into abeyance, he will of ne-
cessity imbibe views of human science, of history,
and of what concerns revelation, both hostile to
his religion and driving him on towards principles
that are subversive of all faith. And their influence
will be the more insidious, and the less alarming
to the conscience of a Catholic youth, for the very
reason that there is probably no formal intention
of perverting his principles ; and that the very
urbanity and that courteous forbearance with which
those principles and views are held throw him off
his guard and soothe him into security. Is he a
youth of quick parts and self -reliant ? Then his
intellectual danger is the greatest. Is he dull of
head and infirm of purpose? Then the dark,
immoral stream that runs through the hidden ways
of that university will be his greater danger.
It may, however, be urged that in one at least of
those universities there is a party, and that not in-
significant, that is struggling in various directions
towards Catholic light. But that party exerts no
corporate influence, it is not of the genius of the
place, it is an accident uneasily borne with, it is
driving the university proper in a direction oppo-
site to its own. And, however that party may
attract our sympathies and awaken our fervid
prayers for its deliverance from error, as an in-
fluence on Catholic youth placed in habitual com-
munication with it, it carries its own peculiar dan-
gers. This we see even outside the universities,
where the relaxing influence of this school of
thought has exerted an effect upon certain imper-
fectly-instructed converts, that has led them to
advocate a modified form of their theory through
the press. The very sympathies awakened by
these partial approximations may beguile our youth
into an interchange of lax and defective principles,
and may sow the seeds of questions in what bears
upon the Church and Church history, upon the
Sovereign Pontificate and Church unity, and upon
the authoritative or the liberal interpretation of
the Scriptures. They may induce habits of ques-
tioning her teaching even where the Church has
spoken. And be it remembered that this party—.
if we can call those scattered groups placed at
higher and lower levels of thought a party—has
anything but a Catholic temper ; for, whilst it is
detached from the authority and traditions of its
own body, it is afloat and at sea upon the raft of
private judgment.
Truth, by its very nature, is one and exclu-
sive ; and it necessarily follows that the teaching
of truth is exclusive. It admits of no compro-
mise. Mild in all things else, the Gospel is inexor-
able in demanding the teaching of her children by
the Church, to the exclusion of unsound teachers.
There is no communication, says the Apostle, be-
tween light and darkness, truth and error. And
our Divine Lord gives us the admonition to beware
of false teachers, who wear the clothing of the
true sheep. And again He says : " Ile that walketh
in darkness knoweth not whither he goeth. Whilst
you have the light believe in the light, that you
may be the children of light." But this light is in
the Church of Christ, as St. Paul tells us, and not
in the assemblies of error. If it be said that this
doctrine concerns religious truth and not human
science, the reply to that assertion is not far to seek.
For the two orders of knowledge are inseparably
interwoven with each other. The grace of a
Christian is united with nature, his faith with his
reason, and his religious with his civil life. We can
no more separate man, his thought and his history
from the light which revelation throws upon them,
than we can sever God from His creation, or from
His guidance of the world. No man, in fact, ever
makes this separation, he either construes his
science in the light of his religion, or constructs
some kind of religion by his science. Whatever
Luther has said to the contrary, he cannot hold two
contradictory systems in his mind together ; he
must either subject his science to his religion, or
his religion to his science. When St. Paul cau-
tioned the Bishop Timothy against men who were

" ever learning, and never coming to the know-
ledge of the truth," and when the same Apostle
urged the same Bishop to guard the Ephesians
against some who taught otherwise than he taught,
giving heed "to fables and genealogies without
end ; which minister questions rather than the
edification which is in faith ;" the object of St.
Paul was to guard the faithful against certain
theories drawn from oriental philosophies, which,
under the pretence of science, were destroying
faith.

The conflict for an exclusive as against a mixed
system of education is no new thing ; it is com-
mensurate with the history of revelation. From
the Book of Genesis to the Apocalypse, the history
of God's people is filled with the records of that
conflict. The Patriarchal law fenced the family,
as the Mosaic law fenced the nation, of true be-
lievers from the errors around them, by the ex-
clusive system under which they were trained.
How earnest are God's injunctions to the Pa-
triarchs, how stern His prohibitions through
Moses to the Israelites, how vehement His de-
nunciations through the Prophets to the Kings as
well as people, to shun the teachings, the manners,
and the customs, of the unbelieving nations round
their borders. For this cause also were intermar-
riages prohibited. And from the fall of Solomon
to the conflicts of the Maccabees, the Holy Spirit
ceases not to ascribe the corruption that defiled
Israel to the neglect of these exclusive educational
precepts. In the New Testament, as we have seen,
both Christ and His Apostles enforce the same
maxims of exclusive teaching. The children of
the Church are to give ear to the Church, and to
shun the teachers of error.

The whole spirit of the Scriptures, as it relates
to this subject, is summed up in that noble con-
flict of the Maccabees with the Greek Sovereigns
of Syria, which terminates the history of the Old
Testament. The object of that conflict was to save
Jerusalem from a mixed system of education.
Certain wicked men of Israel persuaded many to
make a covenant with the heathen. And when the
King had given the licence which they asked,
they built a gymnasium (or school) and a place
of exercise in Jerusalem, according to the laws of
nations." And thus the youth " were led away
from the covenant and joined themselves to the
heathens, and were sold to evil, and the kingdom
was established before Antiochus." Then arose
the just and valiant men of Israel to save their
faith and nation from destruction. Yet no sooner
have they repelledtheir enemies, purged Jerusalem
from this evil system, and offered the sacrifices of
thanksgiving for their victories over the great
King, than the Scripture reopens with a new con-
flict against the successor of that King, and for the
self-same cause. But this time it is an aspirant
to the high-priesthood, who gets a licence from
the King of Syria to establish a school and place
of exercise, " after the manner of the Greeks."
And as the Scripture observes, this was not now
the beginning, but. the increase and progress of
changed manners, "insomuch that the priests were
not now occupied about the offices of the altar,
but despising the temple and neglecting the sacri-
fices, they hastened to be partakers of the games.
And setting nought by the honours of their fathers,
they esteemed the Grecian glories the best." This
conduct opened the way to a new invasion of
Israel, and the Old Testament, like the New,
closes amidst the scenes of victorious exaltation,
in which the cause of God has triumphed over
that of His enemies. The closing Book of the
New Testament exhibits the progress of the Church
until the end of the world. And there the contest
of the Church with the world and with Satan, is
but a repetition of that former contest on a vaster
scale and with augmented powers. But the object
of that conflict is for the intellectual guidance of
mankind, a conflict in which the world and its
seducers grow ever more ingenious and energetic
in their efforts to secure to themselves the training
of God's people ; until God overthrows both the
world and its devices.

Protestantism has always been consistent with
itself on this point, and this consistency has made
its education exclusive. It never sends its children
to Catholic schools. By the most stripping con-
fiscations and the severest penal laws, it did its
utmost for ages to make the education of England
exclusively Protestant. And with equal if not yet
greater severity did it prohibit the Catholic
education of Englishmen beyond the seas. The
very enumeration of those ruthless laws but so
recently repealed is enough to make one shudder,
whilst they prove with what valour our fathers
contended for the purely Catholic education of
their children. But that instinct which closed our
schools with penal bars is not dead nor do we
need the testimony of Archbishop Whately to
show that the earnest desire to force on us a Pro-
testant system of education lives still to exert it-
self after the milder and more subtle methods of
the age we live in. A mixed system of education
is essentially a Protestant system. It is Protestant
by the very exclusion of Catholic elements. And
the effort to force this system on Catholics is
always the most insisted upon where Catholics
are the most numerous. We see this in the
Godless colleges and the mixed system of popular
education in Ireland. We see it in the extreme
reluctance to grant any civil advantages to the
Catholic university already established by dint of
so much effort and sacrifice. We see it in the
efforts of Australian legislation to put down the
separate system which had there so long and
happily prevailed. Protestant Germany has acted
like Protestant England, until the nobler Catholic
minds were aroused to remedy its fatal results.
And the cry for a Catholic university for German
Catholic youth is the final expression of that peril
from which they are seeking to escape. Catholic
Belgium, oppressed with the educational schemes,
first of its Protestant Dutch Government, and next
by those of the free-thinkers within its borders,
found a solution of the conflict in the re-establish-
ment of the Catholic University of Louvain.

Let us take this Protestant education in its
most negative shape, separate it from the personal
influence of its ministers, and clear it of its doctrinal
errors, and what remains, but a habit of thinking
on all subjects apart from God, and independent
of faith ? Restore that purely Protestant element,
and you deliver up your sons to its manifold
action ; and then will it set up in their mind its
own tests and standards of truth and error, right
and wrong. For example, the independent
thought of man is raised high above the authority
of the Church ; whilst the ethics of Aristotle are
more sedulously inculcated than the precepts of
Christ. - And yet it is upon the principles of
human pride, and the self-sufficiency of man that
the pagan moralist rests his teaching ; whilst the
principles of grace, of humility, and of our de-
pendence on God, are the deep foundations
upon which our blessed Lord has planted the
Christian soul. In short, the spirit of these uni-
versities bears full sweep against the fundamental
principles of the Church ; whilst the partial
reaction in the opposite direction has only brought
back a stronger anti-Catholic current.
We may be told that the army, the navy, and
the public offices are as perilous to Catholic youth
as the universities, and that, therefore, the one
cannot be more objectionable than the other. But
a moment of sound reflection ought to dissipate
this deceptive argument. Each one must take up
a career in life, and the choosing a profession is
often a sort of necessity from which there is no fair
alternative presented. Nor have these professions,
like the universities, a provision in their very
nature calculated to saturate the mind with anti-
Catholic principles and modes of thought. The:r
moral dangers are as great as those of the uni-
versities, and even, as we must admit, greater ; but
they have not the same undermining influence on
those principles, which once lost, are rarely re-
covered. On those moral dangers it is impossible
to reflect too seriously, against them it is equally
impossible to guard too cautiously ; and yet those
dangers are but the 'self-same in kind to which
every youth is exposed, who has a career to take
amongst his fellow-men in this licentious world.
But is there the like necessity for passing.through
the last years of education in a Protestant univer-
sity ? This we cannot admit. The freer and more
extended society which characterizes a university

we are not yet in a position to give. And some-
thing ought to be sacrificed in the maintenance of
great principles. But a completer and more ex-
tended education than our Catholic youth receive,
that we can give. There would be no great diffi-
culty in providing a more advanced study of
classical literature, if that were really in demand,
and our colleges embrace a complete university
course of ,natural science, logic, and metaphysics ;
yet with the exception of our clerical students, very
few indeed are willing to profit by them. The
statistics of our colleges would show how very
small a number of their lay-students go through
the ordinary school course. As to the efficiency
of that course, we have only to point to the ex-
aminations of the London University, and to the
examinations for civil employments. Let the cost
of pursuing higher branches of study be calcu-
lated on an adequate scale, for a fair number of
students, and there will be no very great difficulty
in procuring the competent professors. But what
we fear is, that it is not so much a course of studies
that is sought for as a certain social atmosphere.
And as that is such as can only be found in the
large and populous field of the Protest nt univer-
sities, we cannot provide it within our own con-
tracted circle. It is precisely from this atmosphere
that we would wish to shelter Catholic youth until
their character and principles are formed. And the
one effective way of doing this is to consolidate
in their minds those principles of Catholic truth,
philosophy and science, by which, if completely
educated in them, they would go forth fully armed
into the world to encounter the battles and the
trials of life.

We have to think for the common frailty, and
not for rare and exceptional cases of strength.
And who, indeed, can undertake to say that this
or that youth is so rooted in his principles, so
strong in faith and piety, as to be enabled to
resist, even in the opening years of his intellectual
formation, influences that axe blended with all
that process of formation, and ever pouring upon
his faculties and senses to the exclusion of any
counteracting influence ? Those who amidst so
many perils, neither lose faith nor imbibe such
principles as may lead to the loss of faith cannot
fail to contract a disposition towards laxity in
matters of faith, and towards languor in their reli-
gious practices.

Hence, beloved brethren, after receiving com-
plete information, after hearing all parties to the
question, after twice hearing the united judgment
of the bishops on this subject, and after long
and careful consideration, has the Holy Apostolic
See lifted up its warning, and uttered its teaching
voice. In a letter of the 6th of August of this
present year, addressed to each of the English
bishops, the Sacred Congregation says :

" You will clearly explain in your Pastoral Letter
the doctrine of the Church about avoiding the dan-
gers of mortal sin, to which no one without griev-
ous sin can expose himself, unless under the pres-
sure of serious and adequate necessity, and unless
such precautions be employed as may remove the
proximate danger of sin. In the present case,
where, as his Holiness has declared, those who
frequent the universities incur an intrinsic and
most grievous danger to purity of morals as well as
to faith, which is absolutely necessary to salvation;
who can fail to see that it is next to impossible to
discover circumstances which would allow Catho-
lics without sin to attend non-Catholic universities?
The light and unstable minds of youth, the errors
which in such institutions are imbibed almost
through the atmosphere, without being counter-
acted by more solid doctrine, the very great power
which human respect and the taunts of their com-
panions exercise upon young men, lead them so
readily and so immediately into the danger of fall-
ing, that, generally, no sufficient reason can be
conceived why young men should be entrusted to
those universities.

" [Such being the case, you in your wisdom will
so use the arguments of authority and reason in
publishing the letter, that it may be at length
clearly seen, as well by all the clergy as by the
faithful, what it is their duty to think and to do
in this most grave matter.]"
Promptly obeying the voice of the Supreme Pas-
tor and Teacher of the faithful, anxiously remem-
bering the severe account we must render of your
souls, and deeply conscious of that influence for
God's honour, which the children of those who
are in the higher positions of life are destined to
enjoy, where that influence is well directed—we
desire all our clergy to explain, in public and in
private, now and hereafter, the necessity of pre-
serving the children of the rich as well as of the
poor, from the inevitable dangers to which their
faith will be exposed, if they are educated amongst
those who do not possess its truth, and do not
comprehend its mysteries.

117 e direct that this Pastoral Letter be read in
each church and chapel of our diocese, on the 19th
Sunday after Pentecost.
May the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ ever
keep you, brethren, in the light of His eternal
truth, that being rooted in the faith, and obedient
to your pastors, who break for you the bread of
life, you may be careful also to keep the unity of
the spirit in the bond of peace.

Given at Birmingham, this thirteenth day of
October, 1867.

►ji WILLIAM BERNARD, Bishop of Birmingham.

MISCELLANEOUS NE rVS.

(From the Anglo-American Times.)

The Democrats of Maryland have nominated
Col. Odin Bowie, of Prince George County, for governor ;
and the Republicans of Baltimore have nominated General
Andrew W. Dennison for mayor.

Secretary Seward has returned to Auburn, where,
it is said, he will shortly announce his resignation. Ho
has received a letter of thanks from the Japanese he lately
entertained at Washington, and who announce their safe
return.

Secretary Browning, though still farfrom well, has
returned to his official duties at Washington.

Mr. Reddie hasbeen re-elected Mayor of Newark,
New Jersey, but his majority shows a loss of 1,000
Republicans during the year.
Dr. Thomas J. Gardner and Dr. J. Edward
Turner, after four days' trial, have been acquitted of burn-
ing the asylum for inebriates, Binghamton, New York,
and the principal witness against them has been arrested
for perjury.

In the case of Charles Johnston and George
Craig, the beauties of Lynch law wore illustrated. On the
10th instant those two ruffians were taken from the cus-
tody of the Elsworth police, Kansas, and hung.

Mrs. William Baxter (junior), and two children
of Mrs. Isaac Smith, were killed at Chatham, Canada, on
the 7th inst., by the upsetting of a carriage, the mother,
Mrs. Smith, escaping with her life, though seriously in-
jured.

The Boston negro lawyer, Bradley, is under arrest
for instigating the late riot at Savannah, and ho will pro-
bably be so dealt with that he will feel no further inclina-
tion to delude the negroes to their ruin.

William Lloyd Garrison is about to receive a
substantial token from his admirers in the United States ;
$30,000 have been collected for him, and the committee
ask for more, desiring to make the sum up to $50,000.
At Richmond the Radicals have nominated Judge
Underwood, Mr. Hunnicutt, and William R. Tall, late of
Massachusetts, as candidates for the Convention, and will
complete the ticket by putting on two coloured men.

Captainlle, formerly Secretary of Legation to
the Danish Embassy in Paris, has been appointed Danish
AntbassAdor at Washington.

A New York paper says that a brother of Burns's
Highland Mary is an ordnance sergeant at Newport, Rhode
Island, and is 80 years of age.
The Greek Consul at New York has published an
appeal for aid for " 35,000 women and children flying from
unhappy Crete." On the principle that charity begins at
home, wo think the field in the South is sufficiently large
to exhaust all the charities of New Yorkers.

Governor Brownlow was inaugurated on the Bth
inst. He hopes to be elected immediately United States
Senator, but if he fails, Congressman Horace Maynard
will probably be the successful candidate. James Sumner
(coloured) was chosen over several white competitors as
assistant door-keeper of the House by the Tennessee
Legislature.
General Ord has ordered the election for mem-
bers of a Convention in Mississippi and Arkansas, to com-
mence on the first Tuesday of November. The registra-
tion lists are to be revised fourteen days before the elec-
tion, and each voter in offering his ballot must exhibit his
certificate of registration.

Justice Dunn has lately asserted his rights as
Recorder at Now Orleans. A man accused of perjury was
brought Moro him, when Judge Abel, his counsel, ob-
jected to the case being tried by a negro. Mr. Dunn tried

and acquitted the man, then fined the witness $23 for con-
tempt of court for refusing to take the stand and give evi-
dence.

An attempt has been made to induce General
Grant to reinstate ex-Governor Wells, of Louisiana, to
enable him to sign the Levee Bonds, and finish the work
he commenced.

General S. F. Carey has been elected to Congress
at Cincinnati over Richard Smith, editor of the Gazette.
Both were Republicans, but the General was supported by
the Democrats.

Samuel Merrill is elected Governor of lowa on
the Republican State ticket; also John Scott lieutenant-
governor, and Joseph M. Beck judge of the Supreme
Court.

Frank Leslie says :—" It may be interesting to
note what some of the Virginia unpardoned Southern
leaders are about. Lee is President of Washington Col-
lege, at Lexington, Joe Johnston is President of
the Selma Railroad, General Beauregard has a Louisiana
railroad on hand, Cooper is somewhere in Virginia, very
old, and Bragg is most probably worrying somebody for
stealing his chickens, Hood was somewhere in Texas at
last accounts, Pemberton has disappeared, also Holmes,
Long -street is in New Orleans, Hardee is in Georgia,
Magruder is in Now York, Jabal Early is in Canada, Gus-
tavus W. Smith has charge of some ironworks at Chatta-
nooga, Tenessee; Wade Hampton is planting cotton on
the Mississippi, Forrest is a commission merchant and is
planting eotton near Memphis, Dick Taylor is managing a
canal near New Orleans, Mahone, of Virginia, is running
the Norfolk and Petersburg Railroad, Gordon is in
Georgia, Admiral Semmes is editing the Memphis Bulletin,
Captain Maury is writing school-books in England, Cobb
is practising law in Georgia, Toombs planting cotton,
Billy Smith, Seddon and Hunter, of Virginia, are busy on
their farms, Joe Brown, of Georgia, is stumping that
State for the Republicans; Bonham is7planting in South
Carolina, and so are Chesnut and Barnwell Rhett."

Mr. and Mrs. Edwin M. Stanton are at present
at the country house of Judge Pierrepont, on the Hud-
son.

Calvin M. Northup, a New York lawyer, has
been sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment for attempting to
poison his wife.

A young lady is reported at New Haven who goes
through the Zouave drill with a 121 b. musket on parlour
skates.

Ex-Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston has
resigned the presidency of the Alabama and Tennessee
Rivers Railroad, from Selma to Dalton, and his place has
been filled by the election of Franklin 11. Delano of Now
York.

Many of the people of Columbus, Texas, fearing
yellow fever, have gone out of town and established
camps. The town is nearly depopulated. There has been
but one case of yellow fever as yet, though about 25 per-
sons have died with it in the small neighbouring town of
Alley town.

A Knoxville letter writer says Governor Brown-
low is busily engaged in preparing his message to the
Legislature of Tennessee, to be convened on Tuesday, Oct.
8. A leading feature of the message was to bo the
question of indemnifying the loyal people of Tennessee for
losses sustained during the war.

Nicholas Hyman, of Buffalo, the natural guar-
dian of Anna Hyman, a little girl of twelve years, sues
Ellen Burk, wife of William Burk, for wilfully cutting off
two large black curls from the said Anna's head and con-
verting the same to her own use. The suit is in the Su-
preme Court, and the damages are laid at $2,000.

A party of workmen in the sugar refinery of
Wurtien, Dick, and Co., at Brooklyn, New Yoik, quarrelled
on Thursday night, the 10th Oct., when one man was
killed, and another severely wounded.
H. C. Craig, who has been telegraphing false re-
ports of Indian outrages over the country from Ellsworth,
has been arrested for forgery in Missouri, and taken to that
State for trial.

On Friday night, Oct. 10, the venerable mother
of General Garfield, seventy years old, drove a burglar
from her house in Huron, Portage county, at the muzzle
of a revolver.

The United States squadron proceeds to the
Mediterranian ti winter. Mrs. Farragut and the wife of
the Admiral's flag captain are the only ladies on board.
Several ladies leave England for Italy whose husbands are
officers of the squadron.
Mr. Gilead A. Smith has returned from America,
after au absence, prolonged by pressing business, beyond
the poriod he intended.

Mr. R. E. Ricker has succeeded the late Josiah
0. Stearns as superintendent of the New Jersey Central
Railway. He was recently connected with the Pennsyl-
vania Central.

The President, it is said, has summoned Gene-
rals Pope and Ord to Washington.
General Sickles has been refused a court of in-
quiry by the
...War Department.

Judge Underwood, Mr. Hunnicutt, and two
negroes, have been nominated delegates by the Richmond
Radicals to the Virginia Reconstruction Convention.
General Cialdini has formed his Ministry. He
takes the portfolio of Foreign Affairs and War, General
the Home Office, and General Bixio Minister of
Marine. There are so many generals that it might be
supposed that ho was making a War Cabinet.

Senator Howard, of Michigan, has suppressed a
letter he recently wrote in favour of impeachment—under
the cold water cure of the late elections.

The Western editors arrived at Omaha on the
Bth on their excursion to the Rocky Mountains, and they
left on the 10th after receiving a public dinner. If they all
write accounts, we will have a pleasing variety of descrip-
tion, incident, and style.
The correspondence of Governor Swann, Adju-
tant-General Barry, and the authorities at Washington,
relative to Maryland's quota of ordnance, of which so
great a handle has been made by the newspapers, has been
published to correct these misrepresentations
BOSTON, October 9.—The Java to-day took out
the following missionaries of the American Board—Rev.
Mr. and Mrs. Saunders and Miss H. A. Townsend, for
Ceylon ; Rev. Air. and Mrs. Lowery, for Syria; Miss Mary
G. Hallister for Central Turkey..—(A reference to our
columns of arrivals to-day will show they have reached
this country in safety.) _

Ohio displays its hostility to negro suffrage in
other ways than by votes. The editor of the Bucyrus
journal presented a negro at the polls to exercise the right
of suffrage on the Bth instant, when he was set upon by
the mob.

The Times' correspondent at Malta writes, dated
20th October, " Admiral Farragut landed yesterday morn-
ing at Mount Edgecumbe, and continued several hours in-
specting the grounds and gardens. His frigate, the
Franklyn, with her tender, were preparing for sea yester-
day afternoon."

A Paris correspondent (says the Pall Mall) sends
us the following account of the affair between the Prince
Antoine Murat and the Marquis de Rouge, which has been
so much talked about in high Parisian society during the
last few days :—" The Prince and the colonel of his regi-
ment, the Marquis Gallifet, have both for some time been
assiduous in their attentions to the same lady in Paris.
The other day the Prince asked for leave, which the
colonel refused. Upon this the Prince applied to the
Minister of War, and at once obtained the leave he re-
quired. This naturally incensed the colonel, who in a
letter to his friend, the Marquis de Rouge, concluded a de-
scription of the affair by the following sentence : ' Voila
ce que c'est que d'avoir des princes do carton sous ses
ordres.' Meanwhile the lady in question somehow got
possession of the colonel's letter, and showed it to Prince
Murat, who at once took it to the Emperor at Biarritz.
Ms Majesty therefore ordered the Minister of War to
administer a sharp remand to tha colonel. The Marquis
de Rouge, hearing of this, took his friend's part, and chal-
lenged Prince Murat. Another duel is to come off between
the Prince and his colonel."

Senator Stanton has written to some one at
Washington, it is said, complaining of the ovation given to
General Sheridan, while ho, the unhappy martyr, is re-
ceived in solemn silence. The Springfield Republican truly
remarks that, however useful Mr. Stanton's career, there
was nothing in it to arouse popular enthusiasm ; and if
such ovations as were given to Sheridan were offered to
Stanton they would be merely ludicrous. _ _ .

Mr. Senter was elected President of the Senate,
and F. S. Richards, of Shelby, Speaker of the House, at then
meeting of the Tennessee Legislature on the 7th instant.
The New York Democratic State ticket for the
November election has been published. For Secretary of
State, Homer A. Nelson, of Dutchess County; for comp-
troller, Judge William F. Allen, of Oswego; for treasurer,
Wheeler H. Bristol ; for attorney-general, Marshal B.
Champlain, of Allegheny ; for canal commissioner, John
D. Fay, of Monroe ; for State engineer, Van Rensalaer
Richmond, of Wayne; for State prison inspector, Nicholas
B. Schen, of Erie ; for judge of tho Court of Appeals,
Martin B. Grover, of Allegheny.
George Cookman, Esq., a merchant of Phila-
delphia, and the President of the Christian Association in
that city, died suddenly on Tuesday night, October 8.
Alleck Reed, a coloured man, who for many
years has officiated as a waiter upon the Mississippi House
of Representatives, has just died at Jackson. He was
emancipated long since by act of the Legislature for his
SOT vices in Mexico, and for general good conduct.
William H. Ketchum, a well-known stock-
broker of Now York, fell dead while eating his supper at
a hotel, in Philadelphia, on Thursday night, the 10th inst.
Mrs. Sarah G. Havings, resident of Newark,
New Jersey, on Tuesday, October 8, while stepping from
ono train of cars was struck by another just passing, and
instantly killed.
Mr. Charles W. Mason, Assessor and Collector
of Gonzales county, Texas, was shot and killed on the 18th
September, by William Baltzell, a citizen of Gonzales.
Baltzell was committed for trial.

The coolies who have been imported into Loui-
siana, according to the local papers, prove very inferior
substitutes for the negroes. They know nothing about

-..•--
American agricultural implements or methods of cultiva-
tion, and are said to be lazy, obstinate, mischievous, and
thievish.

Mr. Peter Lorrillard, one of the oldest and most
successful merchants of New York, died at Saratoga, New
York, on Sunday, October 6.

A New York company has purchased 140,000
acres of land in North Carolina, and are going into a wool-
growing speculation on it.

The Hommopathic College of Pennsylvania has
determined to open its doors to women, provided a suffi-
cient number offer to make it desirable as a test of its
benefits.

Mr. J. S. Clarke is acting at the SL James's
Theatre the character of Major Wellington de Boots, in.
"A Widow Hunt." The Pall Mall Gazette, in its usual
style of detraction, remarks that his manner is harder and
drier than that of Mr. Buckstone, his voice thin and harsh,
and his accent that of an Irish-American :—" Such amuse-
ment as he creates is by dint of hard work at high pres-
sure, as it were. Ho shrinks from no exaggeration. He
has little sense of the artistic in acting. He relies for
effect chiefly upon his faeulty of grimace. He distorts his
features, squints, and roll his eyes, after the manner of a
clown in a pantomime, while, in a costume never won' by
any sane man, ho indulges in strange postures and absurd
eccentricities of gait."

A meeting is announced at Washington, by the
Evening Star of that city, for the 18th inst., to ratify the
nomination of Andrew Johnson for President., and General
Sherman for Vice-President.

The New York Citizen says:—"The New York
Tribune this year commissioned a special correspondent to
Dundee to furnish a general roport of the proceedings of
the British Association—a stop, we believe, never before
taken by any American journal."

Little steam propeller yachts are The latest
novelty in Philadelphia. Being both safe and swift it is
thought that they will soon supersede small pleasure boats
that carry sails.

A peculiar carriage, with wheels ten feet in dia-
meter and sails, has been constructed in St. Louis for use
on the Plains. It can be used as a boat in crossing
streams.

Sixty days ago Cheyenne, Dakota, was a howl-
ing wilderness ; now it has a Mayor and Common Council,
publishes ordinances regulating city life, and has a news-
paper, rum shops, and various other incidents of civilisa-
don. Thus we go! say the American papers. "Here's
a Mushroom !" exclaim the London papers, commenting
on this wonderful growth,

TORONTO, Oct. 10.—The Globe's Ottawa corres-
pondence says it is reported that several car-loads of arms
have been discharged at Pottsdam or Malone for the use of
Fenians, and conveyed into the country bordering on the
St. Lawrence river and secreted, to be ready when re-
quired by the brotherhood. The report cannot bo traced
to a reliable source, but it is believed by the people at
Prescott and other points on the river. The correspon-
dent of the London Standard, however, vouches for the
truth of the report.

Ad vices from Alaska and our Russian posses-
sions state that the inhabitants express great gratification
at finding themselves annexed to the United States.
Business is rapidly extending in New Archangel, and
although loather money still predominates coin is being
gradually introduced.

A quartermaster's clerk at Nashville, on Saturday
evening, Oct. 5, was sent to the express office with $7OO.
He stopped on the way at a gambling den, lost the money/
borrowed $250 more, and lost that. The winners were
compelled to disgorge the Government's share of the funds
next day.

Eighteen hundred dollars were laid under the
corner-stone of the
.Church of the Holy Cross, recently
laid in Boston.

The tobacco cutting season has fairly set in, and
our planters have the satisfaction of "raking" down some
remarkably fine specimens of the " weed."—Clarksville
Tobaceo Plant.

A Savannah paper states that a ship of over a
thousand tons camp into port, discharged a full miscella-
neous cargo, took on board 238 bales of cotton, and sailed
for New York in twenty-five hours.
A gentleman who has kept a record of cotton
losses during twenty-two years makes the statement that
more cotton has been destroyad by fires and other casual-
ties in that time than would now pay the national debt.

COUNTRY MARKETS.

NORWICH-SATURDAY.

White wheat (weighing 631 b), 75s to 78s ; red aitto
(weighing 631 b), 66s to 72s per qr. Flour, 49s Od to 510 Od
per sack. New barley, 44s to 46s per qr.

NOTTINGHAM-SATURDAY.

Old white wheat, 76s to 82s ; old red, 70s to 74s ; nevi
white, 74s to 80s ; now red, 68s to 73s per 36 stone. Oats,
old, 34s to 38s; now, 27s to 33s per 24 stone. Beans, (Ad,
48s to 52s ; new, 46s to 52s per 38 stone. Fine flour, 50s
to 52s per sack.