The Sun.
London, England, 1858-09-20 00:00:00

THE SECRET INFIRMITIES OF TOUTA AND
MATURITY.

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SELF-PRESERVATION.----A Medical Treatise
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with numerous engravings and cases

IW SAMUEL LAWERT, M.D.,
37, REDFORD SQUARE, LONDON,
Matriculated Member of the University of Edinburgh, nom-
_ rary Member of the London Hospital Medical Society, Li-
centiate of Apothecaries' hall, London, &c., &c.
The essential object of this treatise is to point out the fear-
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THE ATLANTIC. CABLE.

BY PROFESSOR 'WHITEHOUSE, ELECTRICIAN PROJECTOR
OF THE ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH.

The excitement consequent upon the unexpectedly suc-
cessful laying of the Atlantic Cable, and the realisation of
electric communication with America—followed as it has
been at so early a time by a painfully ominous silence of
many days—leads me to believe that a succinct outline of the
scientific part of the undertaking would be valuable—more
especially as there are many facts of importance connected
with the Atlantic Telegraph of high interest to the public,
which can be elicited only from those whose intimate con-
. nexion with the enterprise from its very birth has placed
them in a position accurately to know, as well as to chronicle
such matters.
Dismissing, therefore, entirely, every other feeling than
the interests of science, and more particularly with a view to
the progress throughout the world of extended submarine
electric communication, I will endeavour to lay before the
public an outline of the glorious enterprise as it has de-
veloped itself under the eyes of one of its earliest promoters.
To Professor Moore, of America, belongs the honour of the
first published opinion, in 1842, declaring the possibility of
connecting Europe and America by telegraph. The idea was
' for some time compelled to lie dormant. The first step of
actual progress was the discovery of gutta-percha, and its
properties as an insulating medium. In 1847 and 1848, the
use of underground wires. insulated with gutta-percha, was
proposed and adOpted in Englandt by Charles V. Walker,
Esq., F.R. S., and in Prussia by Werner Siemens, of Berlin.
The first submarine experiment made in the open sea by
the use of gutta-percha was made January 10, 1849, by
Charles V. Walker, Esq. He attached two miles of insu-
lated wire, submerged in the sea, to the end of one of the
wires of the South-Eastern Company's system, at Folke-
stone, and spoke through it to the directors in London, from
the deck of the steamer.
, In January, 1850, the Messrs. Brett projected and ob-
tained concessions for a line across the Channel ; in order to
secure which it was necessary to carry a temporary line
across at once, and demonstrate its capability before the Ist
September of the same year. So small, however, at that time
was the public confidence in the undertaking thus began,
that some of the chief contributors to its success have told me

that it was not without difficulty they raised among their
friends even the very small amount required for this experi-
mental line.

Success, however, crowned their efforts on August 20,

1850, and from that day all doubts as to the possibility of
submarine telegraphs were set at rest. A cable of massive
construction was laid on September 25, 1851. On the occa-
sion a the only interruption from accident, the vital part of
the cable (the insulated conductor) was found, except where
broken by violence, to be in as perfect a condition as the day
it was laid, the gutta-percha appearing unchanged, and in

_
the highest state of preservation.
Coincident with the use of the gutta-percha covered
wires, were observatiOns made by those in charge of
various telegraph instruments, that a peculiar form of
embarrassment arose in connection with such wires. In

the course of his early experience Mr. Siemens had noticed
a new and important fact in connection with the beha-
viour of such buried wires. I make especial reference to
this because it constitutes the marked distinction between
aerial and submerged telegraph wires, and is the origin of
the many difficulties with which the latter are compassed.
He noticed, that if one pole of a battery was connected with
the earth, it was possible to pour a current from the other
pole into the near end of a buried wire, although the far
end of this wire were retained insulated and the circuit
open ; and also that the electricity thus poured into the
insulated wire could be again drawn out or discharged from
either end at pleasure. He investigutefl this phenomenon ;
the result at which he arrived is given in a memoir pre-
sented to the Academy of Sciences at Berlin on April 15,
1850.

The attention of Professor Faraday was directed to these
phenomena by the Electric Telegraph Company. He com-
municated the result of his inquiries to the members of the
Royal Institution on January 20, 1854. He confirmed the
' conclusions at which Siemens had arrived, and also showed
that the electric currents which he employed travelled at
the rate of only 750 miles per second along buried wires.
He explained how this retardation was due to the Leyden
charge, which the current had already been proved to
confer upon the wire. In March, 1855, he confirmed some
results communicated to him by Mr. Latimer Clark, that
no increase of velocity was obtained by increasing the in-
tensity of the current by adding to the number of battery
cells. Faraday's special work as a philosopher and teacher
ended here when he had in a most masterly manner inves-
tigated a new and difficult subject:
The result of these researches, however, by no means
ended with the publication of his paper upon the subject.
A general opinion prevailed that the facts elicited by
him were such as to place an almost insurmountable
limit to the more extended spread of submarine tele-
graphs. The embarrassment to signalling would be
such, it was said, as to make it impossible to work
any great distance, while the delay or retardation
experienced by each wave of electric force ' would be
so great as to make it impossible that any but the shortest
lines could work at such a speed as to be either useful cor
profitable. Thus the probabilitr of the accomplishment of
aniftlantic telegraph seemed to fade upon the dim horizon,
while the chance of any early attempt being made to realise
it became altogether hopeless.
It was in March, 1855, and under these circumstances,
that I was led to pursue with greater diligence the investi-
gation of the subject which I had commenced in the previ-
ous autumn. Already practically conversant with electrical
research, and with the details of every telegraph in use, their
peculiarities and relative advantages, it appeared to me that
this problem demanded for its solution a combination of
philosophical research of the most extended character, with
the most patient and unwearied assiduity in the tentative
application to practice of the principles thus elicited. Fara-
day had enriched the world with ne w facts, and made known
their condition and laws ; but he had left each of us to work
out their application to his own purposes and requirements.
Here then was a field upon which I entered with the ob-
ject of ascertaining, and, if true, of demonstrating the possi-
bility of working an Atlantic telegraph. This object was not
taken up lightly, or haphazard, but in full view of those
difficulties which at that time were believed by many to be
insurmountable ; of the almost interminable amount of la-
bour which for years it would necessarily involve ; of the
ery large expenditure which it would require of means
drawn from the exercise of an arduous profession ; of the
injury which the so-called " dabbling in science " would
infallibly produce in my professional status and practice ;
and lastly, of the great and irretrievable blow which in all
these respects would surely follow any ultimate failure or
want of success in my. undertaking.
From this time every available hour was devoted to the
practical and experimental examination of this subject. The
observation of new phenomena, I soon found, required the
construction of new instruments of research fitted for the
especial purpose of their examination. Results of intense
interest and of the highest value were thus obtained ; some
which were laid before the British Association at their
meetings at Glasgow and Cheltenham in 1855 and 1856,
with the special object of exciting an interest in and aiding
the cause of Atlantic telegraphy.
Observations upon the velocity of the electric current
under varying circumstances (amounting to many thousand
in number) were made upon different lengths of cable in
process of manufacture, and the encouraging fact was
brought to light that by simply altering the electrical condi-
tions, the transmission of a «'ave of force through a given
distance can be materially accelerated, and in fact that not
only can a great economy be attained in the time of transit
of each wave, but also that a proportionally greater number
of currents can be sent through the same distance in the
same time.

The limitations to the working speed of various forms of
telegraphs imposed by the electrical conditions of submarine
conductors were closely and critically examined, and im-
portant results elicited ; and here again was made evident
the necessity for a speciality in the ihvestigations, as well
at in the instruments employed.

The effect of induction, as manifested by the retention of
" charge" in the cable, became an object of special research
—and a process was arrived at by which the amount of elec-
tricity retained and the time of its retention have become the
most valuable mode of testing the integrity of the insulation
—so perfect, indeed, as to surpass, and almost entirely to
supersede, the old mode of testing.
I greatly desired to direct the attention "of the scientific
world to the importance and the novelty of the results of
these researches as they presented themselves, in order that
the examination by other minds might severely scrutinise
and test their validity and value; but incessant and laborious
occupation in the same field prevented my carrying this design
into effect. I felt that the opportunities which at that time
presented themselves for such research were too valuable to
be lost, and that perforce I must 'postpone publication of
the remits.

It was at this time that I received from one high in the
scientific world, Professor Tyndall, the advice which coin-
cidently with other considerations, determined the relin-
quishment of my professional position in Brighton, in the
pursuit and investigation of the great problem of Atlantic
telegraphy, He counselled me to give myself wholly to

the work, and to make it my own, adding that, as far as he
knew, no one else had been working in the same field—at
least not in the same manner or with the same success.
About the same time Mr. Brett kindly placed at my dis-
posal for research a length of cable then in process of manu-
facture for him for the Mediterranean line.
Thus encouraged; the field enlarged before my eye, and
ever bearing in view that these researches, to be imme-
diately valuable, must be essentially practical, I endea-
voured to grasp and realise every detail as it presented itself,
laying up in store for future use the principles thus elicited,
and incorporating them into the construction and working
of new forms of instruments, several of which I subse-
quently patented.
Anxious to test these to the utmost under varying and
less favourable conditions, as there was at that time no cable
of any considerable length laid down, I sought the use of
long lengths of insulated subterranean wire, as offering the
closest resemblance in function to that which was the special
object of research. The system of wires belonging to the
Magnetic Telegraph Company seemed to offer the greatest
facilities for this purpose. They extend from London via
Liverpool, Dumfries, Donaghadee, Portpatrick, and Bel-
fast, to Dublin, a distance of 660 miles. Mr. Charles
Bright, the engineer of that company, then stated that the
establishment of an Atlantic line of telegraph had long been
One of his favourite objects of speculation and of occasional
ilerperiment, and he proposed that we should co-operate for
the better attainment of our joint object of pursuit. Assent-
ing to this proposition, and to the terms on which it was to
be concluded, I entered into an agreement, giving me, at his
Ouggestion, the larger shture of anything that might result
from our union.

The first joint experiment which we made with my new
instruments, designed and constructed especially for such
purposes, took place on November 5, 1855. The whole of
this length of subterranean or submarine wire had never
before been spoken through by direct acfion ; the message
always having been repeated, by hand, at the several breaks
or junctions. The wires were, on-this occasion, connected
so as to form a single unbroken length of 660 miles, from
London to Dublin, which was sknalled through both ways,
by use of my instruments, with perfect success on the first
and only occasion of trial.

Subsequently, in the autumn of 1856, Mr. Cyrus Field
took occasion to engage my active co-operation in the great
work, admitting me to fair participation therein, and recog-
nising me, by agreement, as one of the original projectors
of the Atlantic Telegraph,
The magnitude of the undertaking soon made a division
of labour necessary, and while I retained the entire control
of electrical matters, Mr, Bright devoted his time to the
details of the engineering work.

Additional cables mantlfhctured at Greenwich (Glass and
Elliott's) during this year, afforded continual opportunities
of extended research, of which the utmost use was made.
The arrival of Professor Norse in England enabled me to
repeat experiments upon many points for his satisfaction at
Greenwich and Blackwell ; and I had the advantage of the
daily counsel and co-operation of the veteran electrician for
many weeks. Cables, containing wires whose aggregate
length amounted to nearly 1,200 miles, were at our disposal
for a considerable time ; and no point, I believe, of practical
importance escaped close and rigid examination.

the results of these trials were deemed so encouraging,
that advantage was taken of the oprortunity, and it was
thought right to commence the organisation of the com-
pany. To this end an experiment was made on a length of
3,000 miles of underground wire belonging to the Magnetic
Telegraph Company, and upon a successful result being
obtained, it was forthwith incontinently published. This
was the second and last occasion on which I made any joint
electrical experiments with Mr. Bright. Of this experi-
ment, upon the issue of which so much was made to depend,
I am bound to say that my own habits of research would
have led me to repeat it again and again in various forms
before I should have ventured to regard it as a basis of
operations in so gigantic an enterprise.
Without (at this distance of time) throwing any doubt
upon the facts, I am free to admit that the inferences drawn
therefrom were in some -respects incautious, and the pro-
mises of working'speed too ianguine—in which respect more
extended experiene has convinced me of several sources of
error.

The organisaticn of the company being now likely to
proceed rapidly, I made arrangements for a course of critical
and practical resurches upon the size and form of con.
ductor most suitable for our purpose. It was obvious that no
existing line could arord any criterion ; and as the widest
difference of opinion existed among electricians upon this
point, I did not dem it right to decide the question except
by appeal to actual experiment. A conductor about thirty
times the sectional aria of the present wire had been seriously
proposed and thought necessary. Two systems of insulated
wires of equal length laid under similar circumstances be-
tween tho same towns in the north of England, and differing
only in the size of the conductors which they contained,
seemed to offer themselves for examination. " therefore
proposed to seek from the companies to whom those wires
belonged permission to experiment during non-business
hours, and to extend my investigations over several weeks.
The rapid aad hasty progress of the company, however,
forbade it ; and most reluctantly was I compelled to forego
this necessary examination, and to decide immediately upon
a conductor which should be certain to answer the purpose,
though I had not had the opportunity of satisfying myself
that it was the one best fitted for our use.

The form and structure of the conductor and its insulat-
ing coatings havng been decided upon with all the care
which the circumstances allowed, the question of the ex-
nal form and structure of the cable remained to be discussed.
While, therefore, the engineer was engaged in examining
the mechanical fitness, and testing the breaking strain of
various specimens of cable of different structures, I had as-
certained their specific gravity, and constructed apparatus,
and made arrangements for determining the rate of sinking
in deep water of several specimens of the best forms of cable
proposed, in order that I !night be able in this respect to
judge of their relative merits.

The company's operations were now being pressed for-
ward, and I urged most strongly the necessity for tho
utmost facility to be afforded to the electrical department, in
order to ascertain from time to time, as the cable increased
in length, the fitness of the instruments for their office, and
that if alterations should be required they might be made
simultaneously with the growth of the cable. The work
was so vast and yet so rapid in its progress, that it would
not be possible otherwise to keep pate with it, or to insure
the perfect adaptation of means to end.
Duplicate sets of instruments fOr both stations were to be
designed and made under my own eye, and to be perfectly
ready in six months. Meanwhile, there did not exist any-
where the opportunity of trying them adequately, except
such as the directors should provide.

Under these circumstances it pained me to find that tho
contracts for the cable were given out to two manufacturers
situate at different parts of England, without any provision
being made for the possible use of the entire cable in ono un
broken length by myself. Thus, that which I had de-
scribed as essential to enable me to prepare instruments fit
for immediate use was denied me apparently without com-
punction, and my earnest efforts to secure success frustrated
and set aside by those who were unable to appreciate heir
value.

The testing of the cable during the progress of its manu-
facture presented points of difficulty and new phenomena of
great interest. Knowing the importance of this subject, it
was my wish to attain the highest degree of perfection in
the insulation, an amount of defect or imperfection which
might be of no importance for shorter lines being sufficient
to prove absolutely fatal to the project. It became neces-
sary to adopt a high standard, and to make use of a more
than usually searching current.

Every mile of cable made came in detail under my own
personal observation, and was tested in various ways—for
which purpose detectors of special delicacy were constructed.
The constant examination of lengths in detail in this
manner enabled me, as mile by mile could be added at plea-
sure, to make repeated researches into the best means of
detecting a fault at various distances. A known faulty
piece could be inserted at any distance, and then in a variety
of ways, with different instruments examined and detected.
I have records of a great number of trials of this character,
in which my assistant inserted the fault at a spot unknown
to me, in order to test and verify our calculations.
The tact thus derived both by myself and assistant from
these repeated experiments has proved to be invaluable, and
has already been of the utmost service in the operations of
the company. It has pointed out with confidence the
position and nature of an injury immediately upon its
occurrence.

During the manufacture of the cable at Greenwich the
opportunity was afforded of observing the effect of tempera-
ture upon the insulation in the most marked manner, the
change from night to day, and from sunshine to shade, pro-
ducing a variation in the state of a portion of our cable to a
degree which was at first sight alarming. This effect is
transient, and ceases when the temperature falls. It is
quite unnconneeted with the occurrence, at a later period,
of serious injury to some miles of our cable by the actual
melting of the gutta percha under exposUre to the intense
heat of the sun. An accurately drawn table, the result of
multiplied observations, 1111 been constructed, both as a
record for myself and a guide for others who may follow.
During the manufacture of the cable, Professor Thomson
drew my attention to certain variations in the conducting
power of different specimens of copper wire, amounting in
some instances to as much as 45 or 50 per cent., while yet
no proportionate chemical impurity could be detected.
From that time every separate hank of wire was tested by
myself or my assistant, and all below a certain standard
rejected. These, and other points of novelty and of diffi-
culty from time to time presented themselves,- and it was
necessary that they should be at once met and mastered.

I turn now to some points in the early progress in the
engineer's department, In order .to determine the best

form of cable, great numbers of specimens were made, and
of various constructions—some excelling in strength, some
in flexibility. They were limited to an average weight of
not more than a ton per mile. These were subjected to the
most critical trials of strength and flexibility, and the ques-
tion of their mechanical fitness was, in this respect, I be-
lieve, fairly exhausted. Experiments were continued at
intervals for several weeks, and the result led to the adop-
tion of the present cable, no trials having been made of the
rate of sinking of the various specimens.
The consideration of this vital question having been re-
peatedly discussed by the board, had been finally referred
by them to a sub-committee of three (of which neither the
engineer nor myself formed part), consisting of Mr. Field,
Mr. Brett, and Mr. Tupper, and was by them almost imme-
diately decided, upon what appeared to me a very limited
and partial examination ; flexibility, weight, and strength
being apparently the sole points considered : to the exclusion
of the questions of specific gravity or the rate of sinking
two points of essential importance in determining the strain
upon the cable during the process of paying out.
A specimen cable of light specific gravity and great
strength, made after experiments of my own, was rejected
by one of the members of this committee in an almost con-
temptuous manner. " I would not have it if it were laid,"
said he. Nevertheless, I thought it right, in a written re-
port, to state my own personal conviction of its superiority,
with the reasons for my preferring it to the present form.
It is to be regretted that an early promise, incautiously
made to the ihareholders and to the public, of the intended
completion of the line within the year, prevented the de-
termining of many of these points by direct experiment. It
had been propoSed, and with justice, to make trial in deep
water of the relative mechanical advantages of several of the
best forms of cable, by paying out and raising again con-
siderable lengths of each. Much information of the highest
value would thus have been obtained, both Fith regard to
the best structure of cable, and of the machinery to be em-
ployed in its submersion.
The result of the unsuccessful expedition of last year, of
the exparimental trip, and oftheearlyattempt of the present
year, and not leis the details' of the successful expedition
itself faithfully..considered, alt lead irresistibly to the con-
clusion that very great expenditure and grievous discourage-
ment would have been avoidedif the course above advocated
had been at that time adopted bythe company. It is equally
clear that the results of our past experience may lead us on
a future occasion to provide a moresuitable cable at less cost,
requiring a paying-out machinery of a more simple and less
ponderous construction, and attended with less hazard in its
use.

It devolved upon the engineer at this time to devise the
necessary means for the safe submersion of the cable, and it
was decided—unwisely and unfortunately, as it appeared to
me—to make the same machinery fulfil its officefor both the
light deep-sea part and the heavy shore-ends of the cable.
This almost necessarily insured itsunfitness for one or other
of these purposes, as in point of flexibility the cables were
the very opposite of each other, their size differed consider-

ably, and their relative weights were as eight to one.
The early deep-sea experiment proposed for last year would
have set the engineer's mind at rest upon many points. of
practical importance ; but unfortunately time did not admit
of this, and meanwhile the work must proceed, and every •
thing be prepared for completion within the prescribed limit.
The engineering part of the enterprise has, however, from
the first, been brought so prominently before the public,
that I need not linger over it, but return again to the spe-
cial and less known details of progress in my own depart-
menth

It was not until a considerable length of cable had been
manufactured at Greenwich, that I was enabled to commence
trials of a set of experimental instruments made for the
special purpose of determining the exact form, size, and
structure of induction-coils best suited to our purpose.
These trials were resumed from time to time, as the addi-
tional length of cable admitted, in order that I might work
out the details of the laws by which I should determine the
just proportion which each part should bear to others, and
the whole to the length of cable, in order to obtain the best
possible results. These determinations, involving a very
considerable amount of research, were most necessary and
important; but they required time, and more of this time
than could well be afforded—time, that is, for the cable to
grow from length to length, and time again for the altera-
tion and re-making of such experimental instruments as
_ _ _

the increased length demanded. Lastly, the actual tele-
graphic instruments intended for use on the line, when laid,
could not be put in hand with any certainty of perfect or
satisfactory results till all these preliminary stages had been
passed through, and a successful trial made upon at least
1,000 miles of cable. They ought to have been tried upon
2,000 ; but this had been rendered impossible by the dis-
tance which separated the establishments of the two mann-
factut:ers engaged upon our cable. It seemed thus likely to
be quite as much out of my power to make sure of our in-
struments by experimental determination, as it had previ-
ously been placed beyond my reach to decide strictly and
practically upon the size of conductor best fitted for the
longest cable which the world would ever require.
Several incidents occurred during the manufacture which
caused me the deepest anxiety. I have already alluded to

the effect of temperature upon the cable at Greenwich. At
Birkenhead the evidence was, if possible, more striking and
more embarrassing. The cable was stored in a large room
or shed, under the same roof with the boiler and engine
which drove the machinery for its manufacture. The test-
ing of various lengths of cable at this place showed a great
depreciation in its condition as compared with the very same
lengths previously examined at the gutta-percha works in
London. This state of things continued during the whole
process of the manufacture. Observation satisfied me that
the effect of the temperature alone by which it was sur-
tounded was sufficient to account for its anomalous condi-
tion. At one time a hobnail drawn from the boot of a work-
man punctured the gutta-percha and ruined the insulation
at the part. At another time, a mysterious break in the con.
ductor destroyed our continuity in a most perplexing and
capricious manner. Again, there was a day on which the
direct rays of the sun were so intense at Greenwich as to
cause the gutta-percha in some exposed parts of the cable to
soften and actually to exude, showing itself in drops or tears

upon the outer surface. Several miles of the cable were
thus most seriously injured. I need hardly add that in
these and similar cases the injured parts were of course de-
tected and most carefully cut out and removed, the cable
being afterwards made as perfect as before. The whole of
the steel covered cable prepared for the purpose of bearing
the greater strain expected at the mid-ocean splice was in
this way destroyed. It was on consideration decided not
to remake it.

The time fixed for the departure of the expedition was
now so near at hand that it became necessary to complete
our instruments without delay. On trying them through
1,200 miles of cable, when that length was fmished, shortly
before the sailing of the expedition, it was satisfactory to
find that there was ample powerinthe generating apparatus

for the whole distance, so far as we could judge from the
half-length.
The circumstances already mentioned made it, of course,
impossible for mo to have my clerks skilled in the manipula-
tion of the instruments. These being necessarily new in
their form, and differing in every respect so largely from
those previously in use, the most experienced manipulators
_ _

would have everything to learn afresh. If, therefore, the
cable had been laid on that occasion, we should have had
no operators ready to work the instruments.

The trials made in Cork Harbour for the first time,
upon the whole length of cable—hurried and imperfect as
they were, interrupted too at-the turn of tride—proved two
things ; first, that I had provided ample power ; secondly,
that the receipt of signals was slower than I had expected,

and that consequently parts of the receiving and recording
apparatus would require considerable modification. At this

distance of time I can hardly trust myself to say how deeply
I then felt that the interests and requirements of the elec-
trical part of the undertaking had been subordinated and

sacrificed to other and less weighty considerations. Tho
paramount importance of the scientific element in such an
enterprise was unrecognised ; it remains so to this day.
The expedition sailed and failed ; its want of success, I be-

lieve, admittedly owing to the crude and untried machinery
upon which the engineer relied, having proved itself to the
most competent judges unequal to the safe submersion of
either light or heavy parts of the cable. The opportunity

- -
for experiment would have shown wherein it required modi-

fication and improvement.

The electrical arrangements for the voyage were scarcely
less crude and unprepared than those made mechanically
for the submersion of the cable, for reasons already stated.
I had expected to be able to make use of our special instru-
ments for speaking during the whole voyage—a mistake,
as I am free to confess—but one which a previous rehearsal
would have immediately made manifest; as it has since

proved to be contrary to the very nature of things that our
apparatus should do justice to itself in all the varied move-
ments of a vessel in mid-ocean. The constant speaking,
too, in the manner proposed would have rendered the conti-
nued careful testing of the cable impossible ; the mere inter-
change of intelligence, courtesies, and congratulations, pre-
venting the exercise of Ciat cautious vigilanro urrm which,
indeed, the success of the whole enterprise might abso-
lutely rest. _ _ _ _ _

The loss of the cable in the autumn of last year caused
a temporary paralysis of all our efforts. While, however,
it postponed the accomplishment of our wishes, it tended
towards insuring the success of our labours at a future time.
It had been, in fact, a rehearsal, but made at great cost,
attended by a lamentable sacrifice of prestige, and, moreover,
without those advantages which a premeditated rehearsal

would certainly have afforded, not the least of which would

have been the confidence given to the public mind by the
obvious careful examination bestowed, by the company upon
every part of the great work which they had taken in hand.
The =shipment and storing of our cable at Keyham for
the winter promised at length to afordme the opportunity so

long sought for and so deeply needed of thoroughly maturing
the details and working of our instruments, in order that on
the opening of the line I might be ready for the transmission
of intelligence without loss• of time. It was not till about
six weeks after the accident that I was able to get the first offi-
cial step taken towards this object, and several weeks more
were necessarily spent in transferring and refitting our work-
shop for repairs and alteration of instruments as required.
One-fifth, therefore, of the whole time had expired before the
work could fairly be begun. In the interim, I was able to
get a series of veryvaluable observations made upon the lost
length of cable, one end of whichwas connected with Valentia
Island, while the other had been dropped in the Atlantic.
Terrestrial currents, variable in force and in direction, were
noted as occupying the cable night and day ; these have been
tabulated and represented in a series of diagrams intended
for presentation to the Royal Society.
The 2,150 miles of cable stored at Keyhantbecame now the
subject of continued research. One of the points which I
was anxious early to examine was the influence which the
coiled state of the cable could exert upon the results of my
experiments—what the amount of that influence might be,
whether aiding, embarrassing, or in any way modifying the
transmission of signals. The cable might be fully said to
present at that time a gigantic helix, containing 2,150 miles
of wire ; and as it is well known that the helical form of a
conductor exerts in some respects a marked influence upon
the current sent through it, it was, I thought, desirable to
examine the question closely, to determine what amount of
reliance might be placed upon results of trials of instruments
necessarily made under such circumstances.
Repeated experhnent showed that every wave of electric
force on its entrance into the cable was accompanied, or
rather preceded, by a smaller wave of opposite polarity, in-
ductively excited in the adjacent helical turns; this small,
but opposing antecedent wave, was traceable throughout
the whole extent of the cable par passe with the greater;
and it was demonstrable that it tended under some circum-
stances seriously to embarrass the action of the instruments.
I therefore felt and was able to state with confidence, that
this source of difflcAlty would cease upon the laying of the
cable; and 'that, not only on this account, but from other
considerations also, I should anticipate a greater ultimate
measure of success than we could attain under the existing
conditions at Keyham. I referred especially to the low
temperature of the ocean depths, calculated largely to bene-
fit the insulation, while at the same time it would augment
the transmitting power of the conductor.
Satisfied that results thus obtained would be reliable, and
_ _

would fall within rather than beyond the mark ultimately
attainable, I proceeded to test in the most rigid manner the
practical working of the instruments. The staff of manipu-
lating clerks was engaged many hours daily in transmitting
despatches ; trying and comparing various instruments of
my own, various model of manipulating, and various forms
of alphabet ; in fact, practically searching for the best in
each. Several most important advances in instrumentation
and in detail were obtained in this way, and were ingrafted
and incorporated with the company's present system. Other

improvements, the results of observations made at a later
date, it was not in my power to incorporate, as my request
for the additional aid required in the workshop met with a
negative response from the board.

It was my earnest desire at this time to bring before the
scientific world some of the more novel and interesting of
those phenomena by which I was daily surrounded, and to
invite the presence of those specially interested in such
matters ; assured that by such intercommunication the real
welfare of the company would have been forwarded, while
science would have been able both to give and to receive
additional impetus. These wishes becoming known at
head-quarters, I received a letter forbidding all scientific
communication upon this subject, couched in terms so
peremptory and oppressive that I at once felt it necessary
to tender my resignation. I was subsequently told that I
had entirely misunderstood the purport of this letter, and,
being urged to do so, consented to withdraw my resigna-
tion, entering, at the same time, an indignant protest
against such attempts at the suppression of thought and
intercourse on points of science.

I obtained shortly afterwards for several weeks the kind
counsel and aid of Charles Walker, Esq., F.R.S. ; con-
jointly we investigated some matters of high interest, and
elicited very important results with reference to the nature
and degree of the static charge communicated to the wire
under various conditions. We also made very accurate
measurements of the proportion of electric force manifested
at the distant end of the cable, under various circumstances,
as compared with the whole amount of force entering, and
the per centage- of loss. It had long been my wish to
try some means of shortening the usual mode of telegraphic
correspondence, and I had thought it possible to attain this
end, either by the use of the phonetic system, or by having
recourse to a code arranged on the principle of the Admi-
ralty code, which by a single hoist of several flags can con-
vey an entire sentence. Well aware of the difficulties sur-

rounding this subject, and of its general inapplicability to
short lines, Lyet thought it worthy of investigation for the
special purpose of the Atlantic Telegraph, where every
moment saved in transmission would be of importance. I
had in the previous year bestowed much attention on this
subject, and had a large amount of matter in type and
manuscript. The whole was at that time set aside by order
of the board. Now, however, upon my renewed application,
I was allowed to resume it at my own expense ; and Mr.
Bartholomew, the superintendent at Valcntia Station, took
the matter most zealously in hand for me, and repeated
trials made at that time satisfied me that the foundation
then laid admits of being wrought out into a system of great
value for all submarine lines of 1,000 miles or more, where
the process of signalling is comparatively slow. It will re-

quire the bestowal of some months further of thought and
labour upon the subject ere it can be laid before the world in
a complete form for use.

Some weeks before the first sailing of the expedition in
the present year, the chief improvements in instruments—
suggested by the experimental practice in Keyham—had
been completed and tested repeatedly in every possible way.
The final instruments for each station, embodying these
improvements, were ordered and put in hand at Henley's,
the best manufacturer in London. The certainty, accuracy,
and definitiveness of the signals received by this method,
as well as the ease and correctness of manipulation, sur-
prised and gratified me exceedingly. I could have wished,
however, to have added the last improvement, which would
have given seventy or eighty per cent. increase in speed,
but the want of additional hands in our own workshop at
the right time had already made it impossible ; it can even
now, without difficulty, be appended to the existing instru-
ments at small cost. A transient doubt upon the subjo(.4
having occasionally arisen in my mind, I thought it right
to ascertain by experiment the possibility of rapid inter-
change of signals at short intervals from either end of the
cable alternately, with as little delay as possible. It was
gratifying to find that my fears had but little foundation in
fact; we could work either way with equal facility, and
could readily interchange within a few seconds.
Professor W. Thomson at this time visited Keyham, with
the object of testing and introducing a new system of tele- 1, !
graphing, about which he was very sanguine, the principle
being that the various letters of the alphabet were to be in-
dicated by corresponding degrees of force exerted by the
current, and rendered visible upon a small and delicate
galvanometer, a single motion sufficing for each letter. A
ray of light constituted the index, as is usual in very delicate
instruments, and by the movement of this in degrees of de-
flection, the despatch was to be read off. This system, beau-
tiful in theory, seemed to require much to reduce it to a

practical form, if, indeed, it should ever be made available.
The nature of the galvanometer, however, and the very

small amount of its resistance, allowed it to be left in circnit

without interfering with the action of any other instrument
then in use, whilst its delicacy and freedom from inertia or
momentum made me think highly of it for other purposes
than those for which it was designed by the professor. I

thought I saw more in it as a galvanometer than Professor
Thomson had anticipated, but not in his mode of using it.
It received the coil currents of my instruments readily, and
the letters of our usual alphabet were easily read off upon
it, and could be either written down or recorded by finger-
key upon chemical paper, in my usual way. I therefore
determined, at any future opportunity, to give it a full and
fair trial under my own eye, and for the purposes to which
I have alluded.

The last two or three weeks before the departure of the
vessels from Keyham was necessarily a period of consider-
able excitement. The directors came down to examine the
working of our instruments, with the accuracy and certainty
of which I understood they were well satisfied. Professor
Thomson's researches and rehearsals were at their height.
The vessels left Plymouth for the Bay of Biscay, to snake

an experimental trial in deep water, and returned having
learned much, but not perhaps all that such an opportunity
might have taught.
The paying out machinery having been retouched and
adjusted in such points as the engineers thought neces-

sary, the expedition set sail for mid-ocean. Of the terrible

storm encountered on that occasion by the Agamemnon,
the stirring history which appeared in the Times must be
well in the remembrance of all who read it. The vmels

mectin subseqic-.2!:,- at the rendezvous in niid-ocean, the
attempt made to lay the cable, but without success ; the
causes of the several accidents onthis occasion do not appow
to have been clearly ascertained or defined. The first we
may regard as having been merely a false start, so small an
amount of cable being payed out : the second remains quite

unexplained : while the third seems to have involved the
mechanical paradox of a sound cable being suddenly snapped
_ _

by a strain-below that which it ought to bear, andwhicit;by

examination afterwards the broken end was found able to
bear. Close examination of the broken ends of the wire at

the point of fracture revealed nothing, and the paradox, so
far as the engineers are concerned, remains unsolved. •
Awaiting itle arrival of the vessels, the Chairman, Vice-
Chairman, Secretary, and several of the directors spent

anxious clays at Yatgatia, till at length, came the unwelcome

,p.:,_ --..!=74--,4- .- , • s*sz, i,...,„ ,-, t
1-,- i pi.,:1.:7;-: •Ic',,V.--''.;-~tl-7,is-4;
t friltet j
\ci \;.,:•;-"--1.1, -:'l,gAt:
~,:z= 9t,,;,;•*:,,.:1;7-5-tp-tR
tiding of the failure, and the Niagara's arrivgat Qfitens-S
town. The result of this trial was so pre-60nenfly dis-
couraging, that the warmest friends of '-the -enterprise
regarded the sailing of the ships on the .next occasion more
in the light of a forlorn hope, than of an expedition with
any prospect of successful issue. This at least was the_tone
of feeling which . came most frequently before me in
conversation with all those in connexion with the enterprise
—success posSible, but almoSt infinitely improbable.
The electrical arrangements to be made use of this year
in the process of paying-out hadbeenreduced to the simplest
elements, and the instruments required were of the leant -
complex form. No telegraphing, in the ordinary Sense of
the term, was toteitteuipted between the ships, but a code
of signals to be • used interchangeably every ten minutes,
by either of the vessels in turn, afforded at once the means of
incessat, •tg, flel of conveying, by a change of symbol,
information on one or two points connected with the pro-
gress of the work. As every ten miles of cable was payed
out, each vessel was to notify the fact to her companion,
and to receive her acknowledgment thereof, in token of her
receipt of the intelligence. The announcement of being in
shoal water, and of going to land the end, with a very few
others, filled up the category of this simple code.
The expedition sailed, bearing with it the good wishes
of all, and the sanguine hopes of few, if any, of those con-
nected with the undertaking. That which seemed
hardly to be in the engineer's power to accomplish by any
effort of skill, was effected for him by other agency than
his own, and this in a manner which ho, perhaps, would
least have anticipated. Tho machinery contained no special
adaptation for rough weather ; it had been wished to select
the finest period of the year, and to take advantage of the
calmest weather for the purpose. It is the opinion of one
the most competent to judge on board the Agamemnon,
that the rough weather on this last occasion saved the cable.
This he explained to me as arising from three causes—First,
that it made them go faster than they otherwise would have
done, and this greatly relieved the strain upon the cable.
Secondly, that the load on the breaks being thus rendered
unnecessary, it was in great measure removed, and thus
a source of great risk greatly lessened. Thirdly, that on the
commencement of rough weather, it became obvious that
the rise and fall of the stern of the ship alternately hastened
and then retarded the movements of the wheels to such an
extent as to make it certain that the inertia of the paying-
out sheaves would shortly snap the cable. No compensa-
tion apparatus had been provided for this, nor could the
steam-engine which had been fitted up on board be made to
answer this purpose; but the hands of the, sailors, guided
and encouraged by their officers, performed this duty, re-
gulating the run of the wheels with the rise and fall of
every wave, day and night without intermission, from the
commencement of rough weather on- the Ist, till the Aga- :: _
memnon cast anchor at Videntia on the sth of August.
I have carefully looked over .the published report of the
engineer, and can find in it no allusion to this fact; perhaps
it escaped his attention. It is the more necessary, then,
that it should be brought prominently forward as a matter
of the highest importance towards the successful laying of a-
future cable. It proves that while 'engineering skill may
fail, the unwearied care and attention on the part of others
engaged in the work may win success. True, Capt. Preedy
and the officers of the Agamemnon are not entirely forgotten
in the report, but the acknowledgment of their labour is dealt -
out with such scant measure that it falls on the ears worse than
an empty compliment to those who know how largely, how
entirely, the success has thus been earned by the officers and
crew of the Agamemnon. Last year the nautical element in
the expedition was made light of and discussed—this year
it seems to have been made use of and ignored.
The arrival of the Agamemnon and Niagara at Valentia
and Trinity Bays respectively took place within a few hours
of each other. "Within a few miles the same length of cable
had been expended by each ; communication had been main-

tained, with one or twa temporary interruptions, by -means
of the pre-arranged ship-signals until the time of landing.
Theie interruptions had given rise at the time of their
Occurrence to the greatest anxiety ; but, whatever had been
their origin, they had been remedied or passed away, and
had ceased to produce any serious inconvenience. The ends
of the cable were now landed, the distant one in an almost
wilderness at the head of Trinity Bay, our own on Valentia
Island. Communication, at first maintained by the ship-
signals only, was shortly attempted by use of our special

instruments for speaking. New:oundland answered our
coil currents by giving us the pre-arranged landing signal
as used on ship-board, and this was repeated frequently
during the day. We therefore waited patiently till time
should admit of their making the necessary arrangements,
continuing, meanwhile, to exchange signals with them,
their special instruments for speaking of course not yet
being prepared or adjusted.

By midnight on the fourth day after the landing of the
end, the speaking instruments at Newfoundland were suffi-
ciently adjusted for them to work—, We received from them
words at good speed and with perfect accuracy, which were
recorded at times by the use of my OW,i instruments alone,
at other times received also upon Thomson's galvanometer,
and recorded in the manner already described at Keyham,
and sometimes by both systems simultaneously. Sentences
and messages followed, and the facility with which these
were received, led me to believe at first that a difficulty
which they experienced in reading our signals was to be
attributed to the injury, or still imperfect adjustment of the
delicate receiving instruments cam ied out in the Niagara
and Gorgon.

The gradually decreasing strength of our current as re-
received at Newfoundland, and reported by them, soon made it
evident, however, that slight, but gradually increasing iujury
to our cable at this end was the cause of this embr7.-assment,
This continued to increase, till they were reduced to read-
ing our signals by barely visible movement of their most
sensitive detector—half a degree—while we received more
than a hundred times this amount of force from
them. Our mode of working was then modified to suit the
altered condition of the conductor—voltaic currents of low
intensity being employed, and the signals being sent, at
their request, much more slowly than before.
Soon they ceased to receive even this feeble trace of
communication from us, while yet their signals as received
by us were 'of ample strength. After a time these also
began to diminish very considerably in force, and it became
evident that the injury was gradually increasing, and
would shortly interiupt all communication either way.
The peculiar mode in which this difficulty manifested
itself pointed unmistakeably to the Valentia end as the seat
of injury. Our superintendents at Newforudland them-
selves detected it, and twice telegraphed to us to test
for it. I had satisfied myself, by most conclusive tests,
that it was close At hand.
The shore end, intended for protection of our cable, was
ly:ng at Keyham, and our slight and "-agile cable, pre-
pared for the tranquil ocean depths, was exposed to the
full swell of the Atlantic on the Irish coast, and to tho
swaying to and fro from every tide,
I belayed, from my testing, and from the gradual mode
i:i which the injury had manifested itself, that the fault
would be found slight in degree, but extended probably
over that portion of our fragile cable between high water
mark and the deep and tranquil sea, for which is was alone
intended, where it was exposed—and allowed to remain
exposed, I cannot but say negligently—almost wantonly__
to an amount of strain and attrition for which it was known
to be unfitted.

I w:11 not here offer on opinion as to whether it was the
duty of the board or their engineer to ,have guarded against
the occurrence of injury from such well-known causes
while the means were at hand provided by themselves ;
suffice it that up to the fourteenth day, I was left, sur-
rounded by these difficulties, in responsible charge of the
station 'without support.

I therefore took upon myself the onus of directing the
cable to be raised and examined by Mr. Carting. The
weather prevented the completion of this till the day on
which I left for town by order of the directors. On the
evening of that day I was informed by telegraph at one of
the stations on my journey that our superintendent had
discovered and cut out a faulty part, which by testing had
given 45 degress of loss. And the following morning, on
my arrival at the telegraph station at Dublin, I found that
the President's message, which had been waiting a long
time, was at last coining through the cable.
The submersion of the shore end—always admitted to be
necessary_and which ought to have been ready on tho
arrival of the ships, has been, in my opinion, unnecessarily
delayed. It is now again, I hear, postponed, and May is
spoken of by some of those immediately connected with the
company as the proper time for recommencing operations.
Meantime, no steps that I can ascertain have been taken
since I left Valentia to prove the validity or otherwise of my
opinion, further than multiplied appeals to a mode of testing
demonstrably uncertain in its application to the present
purpose.

- Of the circumstances attending my resignation of office
the public will become aware through other channels ; I
will not, therefore, now enter upon them. If the opinion
which I had then formed and expressed as to the nature
and seat of the injury should prove to be correct (aud I
have heard nothing since my resignation which leads me to
think otherwise), the directors of the Atlantic Telegraph
Company stand in a remarkable position. Having a suc-
cess which has startled the whole world laid at their feet,
they know not how to use it, but by apathy and incompe-
tence suffer it to elude their grasp, aud the grand enter-
prise of the day to fall into collapse.

P.S. While penning these lines, lam informed that com-
munication from Valentia Island to the mainland, hitherto
established by means of a spare mile-length of the Atlantic
deep-sea cable, has been for some days entirely interrupted
in consequence of injury occurring witlin the harbour.
EDWARD ORANGE WILLIAM WHITEHOT_TSE,
Electrician Projector of the Atlantic Telegraph.
Royal Institution, Albemarle-street, Sept. P.

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Under the Management of Miss L. Pyne and Mr. W.
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THIS EVENING, Balfe's ROSE OF CASTILLE :Miss
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Conductor—Mr. Alfred Mellon.
To conclude with a Ballet Divertissement : Mdlles. Zilia
Michelet, Pasquale, and 31orlacchi.

THEATRE-ROYAL, HAYMARKET.
Lessee, Mr. J. B. Buckstona.
THIS EVENING will be performed THE RIVALS :
Messrs. Buckstone, Howe, W. Firren, and Chippendale ;
Mesdames Reynolds, B. White, E. Fitzwilliam. &c.
After which, THE • DAUGHTER OF THE GUADAL•
QUIVER. I'erea Nona.
Followed by THE BALANCE OF COMFORT.
And MY HUSBAND'S GHOST.
Commence at 7.

ROYAL LYCEUM THEATRE
Manager, Mr. Edmund Falconer.
Great Success. The New Comedy o TEXT
Mellon (late
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To conclude with the New Farce, entitled TOO MUCH
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Doors open at half-past 6, to commence at 7. Box-office
open from 11 to 5 daily.

ROYAL STRAND THEATRE.
Lessee and Directress, Miss Swanborough.
HIS EVENING, NOTHING TO NURSE ; Mr. Swan-
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After which THE LAST OF THE PIGTAILS ; Messrs.
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Followed by THE BONNIE FISH WIFE.
And I'LL WRITE TO THE TIMES.
Commence at 7 o'clock.

ANTERBURY HALL, Westminster-road.--
N--/
OPEN EVERY EVENING.—The following Company
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from all the popular OPERAS, MADRIGALS, CHORUSES,
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W. Mackney. Pianoforte, Mr. Cecil Hicks—Harmonium,
Mr. Courtnay—Director, Herr F. Jonghmans. Commence at
7 precisely. Suppers, dec., until 12 o'clock.
NOTICE.-Arlie Proprietor begs respectfully to announce
teat in the month of October,
A FINE ARTS GALLERY,
•

now in course of construction, will be thrown open in con
sexton with the above Hall.

THE WEATHER.—SvN Orricr, SEPT. 19.
THERMOMETER, IN THE SHADE.
71—highest since noon yesterday.-
50—lowest this morning and during the night.
62—this day at noon.
BAROMETER-40'10.
Wisp, S.W. ; fresh, with rain.

SEPT. 20.
62—highest since noon yesterday.
57—lowest this morning and during the night.
63—this day at noon.
BAROMETER-30.24.
WIND, South-Westerly ; light, with dull weather, and
some rain in the night.

THE SUN.

MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 1858.

Last week we once more pointed out that at all
times, even when a monetary panic was destroying
the welfare and prosperity of.
Great Britain, and
the independence and happiness of the industrial
classes, it was not capital but currency that
was wanting. We possessed substantial property
in its most eligible forms. All the necessaries,
comforts, and luxuries of life were at our command,
but unfortunately a measure and representative
was wanting ; and if the bank-note remained
always convertible on demand—which converti-
bility, by the way, was only endangered by the
precautions adopted to ensure it—property and
commodities of all other descriptions were rendered
practically inconvertible, because they could not
be exchanged fora fair and bona fide equivalent.
It is not fair to the manufacturer or the wholesale
or retail dealer to expect that they should all sub-
mit to alarming and ruinous sacrifices in order that
the " hard calculators" who advocate the PEEL-
OVERSTONE restrictions embodied in the Act of
1844 should be enabled to realise enormous profits
on the commodity at their disposal—the only one
that could be profitably parted with during the
crisis. " The many" should not be ruined in order
that a few should obtain the command of almost
fabulous wealth. The money-changers were not
the only parties to receive protection from the
State ; there were many other pursuits having at
least equal claims for sympathy and assistance.
The real capital of a country consists in its accu-
mulated products of labour. It is by labour alone
that raw materials are obtained, to be turned to
still greater advantage by the application of other
and possibly more skilful work. Even mother
earth does not yield forth her fruits or cereals
spontaneously. The experienced and careful hand
of the husbandman is required to plant, prune,
graft, train, and pluck the tempting produce, or to
manure, plough, sow, reap, and garner up the
harvest.

The search for gold is but one class of labour—
one the least eligible to its votaries, and which is
not available to any of our home population.
They cannot make gold, or dig it forth from their
native soil, but still they must find it. The case
has never been paralleled since PHAROAII ordered
that the straw should be withheld from the
Israelites, but that,, nevertheless, they should pro-
duce their daily tale of bricks.
We have flocks and herds in abundance—every
description of agricultural produce stored up, and
machinery fabricated with almost miraculous skill
and ingenuity, so as to render the toil of the work-

ing classes less oppressive ; we have public build-
ings, and private dwellings admirably adapted
for the purposes for which they are required,
and furniture suitable for all classes, from

the Sovereign to the peasant, and works of art by
the most illustrious masters, and less pretentious
ones, which, nevertheless, are well suited to advance

a nation's taste. With these we should be rich, if

there were not a single ounce of coined gold or
silver in the realm, and it is ridiculous to say that
we must undergo
_periodical sufferings of a very
fearful character, merely because it suits the cur-
rency quacks to introduce restrictive regulations on
the very " life-blood of industry." What
would be thought if the inhabitants of
a district were in want of bread, and there was
an abundant supply of corn at hand, they should
be permitted to perish miserably, because the work-
ing gear of the corn-mill usually resorted to was
out of order, and the authorities would not permit
any other to be used. They -would certainly be
termed knaves, and those who submitted to so ab-
surd a regulation would justly be regarded as fools
of the most degraded kind.
The simple fact which we last week referred to,
that the rate of interest on permanent investments
never varies more than from 1 to 1, or from, £3 to
£3 10s. per cent., while the discount, or price, for
temporary advances vibrates between 2 and 2 per
cent., is another clear and convincing proof that
our resources are still ample for every emergency,
and that it is currency only that is wanting. In
fact the people are tantalised by being starved in
the midst of plenty. The cup is at their very lips,
but is withdrawn at the moment that it should be

quaffed.
We have already stated that no more favourable
opportunity can be anticipated for a modification
of our monetary system than the present time.
Confidence has at lehgth been restored. The people
do not care for bullion.. The aura sacra fames has

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