The Sun.
London, England, 1858-10-05 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 5, 1858.

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Now ready, at all the Libraries, in 3 vols.,
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By MRS. THO3ISON.
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LIFE OF CHARLOTTE.' BRONTE. New
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Just published, •
Mit. THACKERAY'S LECTURES on the
ENGLISH HUMORISTS.
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New Novel. This day,
Y LADY: a Tale -of Modern Life.
_ _ In Two Volumes.

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F•
EIST!S • RACING _ RECORD for 1858.
Part IX., price 3d., will be published on the Ist of
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It is only a short time since this singularly efficacious
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and has puzzled many a brain to explain how this has been
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ARRIVAL OF A FORTY-FIVE TON
CUTTER FROM NEW YORK.

SOUTHAMPTON, MONDAY.

Many of the readers of The Sun will doubtless
remember the arrival at Liverpool, in July, 1857,
of a small craft named the Charter Oak, only 23
tons burden, from New York, her owner and
builder having performed the perilous passage across
the Atlantic in this frail bark with a single com-
panion. The adventurous navigator, whose name
is Charles R. Webb, has now accomplished a second'
enterprise of the kind, having arrived at this port
on Saturday evening in a small cutter named the.
Christopher Columbus, this time accompanied by
two boys, both 18 Years of age, neither of them-
previously acquainted with nautical pursuits. The
cutter sailed from New York 011 the 19th of August,
and has occupied 45 days in the voyage. She is
only 45 tons burden, 53 feet in length over all, 45
feet keel, 16 feet in width, and the mast is 50 feet
6 inches long. She has no raised bulwarks, the deck
being 'protected by a stout rope sustained by iron
stanchions. Her greatest draught of water is 6 feet.
A more frail-looking bark in which to cross the
stormy Atlantic it is scarcely possible to
conceive, and as she lies off the town quay, sur-
rounded by the larger craft built for the purposes
of our river and coast, few would imagine, or scarce
believe it when told them, that this miniature
vessel could have travelled over such a wild waste
of waters.

The Christopher Columbus was built at Stam-
ford, Connecticut, in seven months, every part of
the work being executed by Webb himself, except
the stepping of the mast and the rigging, even to
the cutting down and shaping of the timber with
which she is constructed. • Webb is a native of
Stamford, 29 years of age, and a shipwright by
trade, his nautical knowledge, as he tells us, having
been gained while working as a carpenter on boara
a Liverpool packet-ship. This is the 17th voyage
he has made across the Atlantic,—nine out and
eight home. The two boys by whom he was accom-
panied in his daring adventure are named George
Colles and Sam. Scofield. The voyage has been
conducted throughout on strict temperance princi-
ples, and the stores of provisions were of a very
modest and un-epicurean character, comprising
only biscuit, mackerel, and hams, with a little salt
beef. The vessel is built of oak, and sloop-rigged.
A plain cabin, with sleeping recesses on either side,
in the centre of the vessel, the stores occupying
either end, constitutes the whole internal economy
of this remarkable craft. She arrived off Cowes on
Saturday at two o'clock, and came on here in the
evening.
Not the least curious part of the whole affair is
the log, kept in a very rough manner on a few
sheets of foolscap paper stitched together, the en-
tries all made in pencil, ink being evidently an un-
known commodity on board. We subjoin a copy
of the log, for the benefit of nautical readers who
may feel interested in the daily progress of so very
remarkable a passage :
" Auk. 19th.—Passed the Hook Light, 8 a.m.
Wind, N. 12 noon, lat. 40 31 ; distance sailed, 26
miles.
" 20th.—Noon' lat. 40 11 ; 112. miles. Wind,
N.W. 8 p.m., spoke ship Aurora, bound to Liver-
pool.
" 21st.-10 a.m., passed full-rigged ship bound
west. Noon, lat. 40 26 ; 83 miles. Wind, S.W.
" 29d.—Light air of wind to the southward ;
cloudy ;no observation ;43 miles. Passed three
vessels.
" 23d.—Fres14 breeze, N.W. Lat. 40 51; 122
miles.
" 24th.—Fresh breeze, N.W. Lat. 41 6; 158
miles.
" 25th.—Light breeze, W. Lat. 41 33 ; 120
miles. 10 p.m.; light breeze N.
" 26th.—Light breeze, N.E. Lat. 41 39 ; 94
miles. 4 p.m., passed a large ship bound west.
8 p.m., N.E. ; hove to.
" 27th.—Wind, N.E. 6 a.m., passed a large ship
bound west. Lat. 41 25 ; hove to.
"28th.—Wind, N.E. Lat. 41 32. Hove to.
" 29th.—Wind, E. Hove to. No observation.
" 30th.-4 a.m., got under way. 6 a.m., light W.
winds. Noon, lat. 41 4. 4 p.m., wind S.W.
" 31st.—Wind, S.W. 10 a.m., passed a ship
bound west. Noon, lat. 42 32; 143 miles.
"Sept. lst.—Light winds, foggy; no observation.
6 p.m., wind N.W.
" 2d.—Dead calm. Lat. 43 54. On the Banks ;
4 p.m., two vessels in sight to the southward.
" 3d.-2 a.m., wind, N.E., foggy, rainy. 6 a.m.
dead calm. Noon, lat. 43 52. 4 p.m., light air
N:W. 8 p.m., calm.
" 4th.—Light air from the south. Lat. 43 52.
Made sail, 2 p.m., ship in sight bound west.
" sth.—Wind, S. S.W.- Lat. 44 45 ; 132 miles.
Afternoon, wind W., foggy.
" 6th.—Wind, W. ; foggy, rainy, and squally.
No observation. 131 miles.
" 7th.—Rainy ; fresh westerly gales. No obser-
vation. 128 miles.

" Bth.—Fresh gales, west. 10 a.m., ship passed
us steering east. Lat. 46 46 ; 158 miles.
"9th.—Heavy westerly gales. No observation ;
123 miles ; hove to. 12 p.m., gale broke, leaving a
tremendous cress sea running.
"10th.— -Light breeze, west ; made sail-; com-
menced raining. No observation ; 60 miles. 6 p.m.
wind shifted to N.E. ; still raining ; Bp.m., hove to
again ; 10 p.m., blowing hard ; 12, made sail.
" 11th.---4 a.m., hove to again ; 6 a.m., blowing
hard by N.N.W.:; 10 a.m., saw two ships under
close-reefed. top-sails. Noon, lat. 47 25 ; 6 p.m.,
hove to, still blowing hard ; 8 p.m., made sail.
" 19th.—Wind, N.W. Lat. 47 40; 139 miles.
"13th.—Wind,'N.E. 8 a.m., sail in sight, close-
reefed. No observation ;88 miles. 6 p.m. Wind,
N.N.E. ; 8, hove to ; 10, wind E., blowing hard.
" 14th.—Lat; 47 14 ; blowing hard, E.
"15th.—Light breeze, E. ; lat. 46 55.
" 16th.—Strong breeze, N. ; 6 a.m. made sail ;
noon, let. 46 47. _ _

" 17th.—Wind N.W., squally. Lat. 47 16 ; 144
miles.

" 18th--6 a.m., saw a large ship steering west
Noon, lat 47 58 ; 121 miles ; very squally.
• "-19th.—Beautiful day ; very little wind. Lat.
47 38 ; 40 miles. 4 p.m., light breeze, E. ; 8, blow-

ing a gale ; hove to ; 12, a ship passed us steering
west.

" 2041.--8 a.m., blowing a gale from the east-.
ward : noon, lat. 47 10 ; hove to. 4 p.m., a brig
passed us steering east, under close-reefed topsails.
8, blo-Ring, hard and raining.
"21st.-2 a.m., made sail, light breeze W. ;8,
wir.d dying out. Noon, lat. 44 1, dead calm ; 4
wind N.W. and squally ; 8, rainy.
" 22d.—Wind, N., blowing hard, rainy. 10 a.m.
spoke the brig Fordmill, of Swansea, lat. 48, long.
18 12 ; 6 p.m., passed a piece of floating wreck. 10,
wind N.W.
" 23d.—Wind, N.W. 6 a.m. spoke the ship
Courant, of Bath, bound to Pembroke, lat. 48 15,
long. 15 10 ; 167 miles. 2 p.M., spoke Hermaphro-
dite brig Pallas, P. E. Island.

" 24th.—llead calm. Lat. ,48 39 ; 80 miles. 6
p.m. spoke the ship Robert Cushman, - bound to
Charleston, lat. 49 20, long. 1215.
"25th.—Wind S.W. Lat 49 40, long. 10 W._.;
85 miles.
" 26th.—Wind to southward. Lat. 49 50 ;42
miles.
" 27th.—Light airs. Lat. 49 56 ; 37 miles. Calm:
" 28th.—Light breeze from N.E., with rain ;
foggy. No observation. 18 tniles. Hazy at night.
" 29th:—Thick and, hazy. Lat. 48.30. Sun-
shine at noon. Wind, N.E..:
." 30th.-8 a.m. Scilly bore N.N.E. 10 a.m.,
split scudding sail. 2 p.m., wind,N.W.
a Oct. lst.-8 a.m. made Start Point, bearing E.
by N."

in the way of her Majesty's Government affording
-you protection, and upholding and maintaining the
fishery rights and privileges which you possess.
" Should you have any grievances to complain
of, you will state to the honourable the Colonial
Secretary, who will report them to me, and should
you fall in with any of her Majesty's ships cruising
on your coasts the officers commanding them are
instructed to report to me any interference you may
have met with in pursuing your lawful occupa-
tions, or any complaint you may have to make in
consequence of intimations which have been
made or may be made to you by officers command-
ing the ships belonging to his Imperial Majesty the
Emperor of the French.

•
"Given under my hand and seal at the Govern-
ment-house, at St John's, in the aforesaid island,
the 31st day of Aug., in the year of our Lord, 18J8.
" By his Excellency's command,
" J. KENT, Colonial Secretary.
• " God save the Queen. "

THE- CZAR AND THE NOBLES OF-

RUSSIA.

The Emperor Alexander, on his journey to War-
saw, had to pass through the governments of Tver,
Kostroma, laroslav, Nijni-Novgorod, Vladimir, and
Moscow. In most of these his Majesty addressed
the representatives of the nobility, speahing chiefly
on-the topic of the day, the situation of the peasant
class. The Moscow correspondent of -the ...Nord
transmits one of the Emperor's addresses, which
we translate. To the nobles of the government of
Tver the Emperor said :
" Gentlemen,—l am happy to embrace the op-
portnnity of expressing to the nobility of Tver my
gratitude for its devotedness and zealous readiness
to contribute, like all my other governsents, as far
as possible to the public weal. This you
proved to me during the late war, when you formed
your militia ; and I have not forgotten the sacri-
fices then made. I have now confided to you a
work—one of the most important for you and
myself—the improvement of the condition of the

peasants. I hope that you will justify my confi-
dence. It is for ,-our delegates to occupy them-
selves with this important affair. Weigh the
matter well, deliberate yourselves, and seek the
means of regulating the new condition of the pea-
santry according to each locality, and in con-
formity with the principles announced in
my rescripts, in order that the results may not
entail inconvenience either upon them or your-
selves. You know how much I have your welfare
at heart ; bit I hope also that the interest of your
peasants is dear to you. I have, therefore, the
conviction that you- will strive to have everything,
regulated in a manner useful to the common inte-
rests of all. When your preliminary labours shall
have terminated the prepositions of the committee
will be presented to me by the ministry, and I have
already arranged for two members elected by this
committee to attend the deliberations that will take
place in the general committee assembled at St.
Petersburg, for, the purpose of examining- all the
propositions emanating from the several committees
the empire. It is impossible for us not to.pro-
ceed harmoniously in our acts, since our sole desire is
the general welfare- of Russia. I leave you with the
firm conviction that you.will justify my expectation
and confidence, and remain persuaded that you will.
aid, and not impede me.".
At Kostroma the- Emperor spoke as follows :
"Gentlemen,—The government of
.Kostroma is
connected with my family by historical reminis-
cences, and we regard it as our cradle. I rejoice,
therefore, that after an absence of 20 years I again
find myself among you. The reception of yester-
day touched me deeply, and I thank you for the
zeal with which you have anticipated my desire to
improve the condition of the peasants. This ques-
tion, so seriously affecting Russia's future, moves
me to the heart. -I hope you will justify my expec-
tation in this question, which-is in a manner a vital
question, by adapting to the local wants the funda-
mental principles enunciated in my rescripts, and
by terminating with God's aid this work without
detriment to yourselves or the peasants. To pre-
sent the result of your discussions, I give you per-
mission to choose from among you two deputies,
who will repair to St. Petersburg when the labours
of the committee shall have ended, with a view to
revise your propositions definitively. I hope you
will justify my confidence ; and I reiterate my gra-
titude to you for the devotedness you displayed for
me in the late war, as likewise for your present ser-
vices and for all your sacrifices."
To the nubility of Nijni.Novgorod the Emperor
spoke as follows :
" I rejoice, gentlemen, at being able to thank you
in person for your patriotism, a sentiment by which
the nobles of Nijni have ever distinguished them-
selves. At every call from our country you have
always been found by her among the foremost ;
thus, in the late and afflicting war you were the
first to respond to my call, and loyally did you ad-
vance; your militia troops were among the best;
and I have alSo again to thank you for having been
the first to respond to my expectation in the grave
question touching the improvement of the lot of the
peasantry. This is why I desired to distinguish
you, by receiving your delegates Cheremeteff and
Potemkin, whom I commissioned to convey to you
my thanks, when acquainting you with my inten-
tions and wishes. I have no doubt they performed
this their mission. As for me, my object, you know,
is the public good. Your task, in the grave ques-
i•

tion now pending, is -to balance private interests
with the welfare of all. Yet, I hear with regret
that egotistic opinions are sprung up in your midst,
I regret this, gentlemen. Selfish views spoil every-
thing that is goad. Abandon them. I depend
upon you. I hope they will no longer make their
appearance, for then only will the common cause
make progress. I know you have made real efforts
and considerably advanced the work. Continue !
This day the term fixed for your labours expires, but
as I know that they are not yet. ended, I have con-
sented to prolong it to the Ist of October. But by
the Ist of Octobar you will have completed them,
will you not, gentlemen ? I reckon upon you ; I
trust in you, and you will not deceive me. The path
is traced out ; do not abandon the principles laid
down in my rescripts or the programme I gave you.
Your labours will be revised iii the general commit-
tee, and I permit you to delegate two members
electsd from your body to supply all necessary ex-
planations, and these ought to be made so as to
harmonise with the welfare of all. Act, gentlemen,
in such a way that it may be well for yourselves
and not ill for the others. I do, indeed, wish you
to consult your own interests, but do not forget those
of others. Confiding in you, I hope you will justify
my confidence. If you prepare this great work con-
scientiously and bring it to a happy issue, you will
give me a fresh proof of your attachment, as like-
wise your devotedness, and especially of those dis-
interested efforts for which the Nijni-Novgorodians
have ever distinguished themselves, the public weal
being their end and aim. lam happy, gentlemen,
I repeat, at finding myself among you after an
absence of 20 years."
At Moscow, where the measures proposed by the
Emperor had not been very favourably received,
his Mjesty said :
" Gentlemen,—ram always happy at being able
to address thanks to the nobility; but it is not in

my nature to speak against my conscience. I always
speak the truth, and, to my regret, I this day can-
not thank you. You may remember, two years ago,
in this hall, I spoke to you of the necessity of pro-
ceeding, sooner or later, to the reform of those laws
which regulate servitude—a reform that must come
from above, that it must not come from below. My
words have been ill understood. Since then, this
reform has been the object of my constant solicitude,
and having invoked the Divine blessing on my un-
dertaking, I have commenced the work. When, at
the request of the Governments of St. Petersburg
and Lithuania, my reseripts appeared, I expected,
I.confess, that the nobility of Moscow would have
been the first to answer my appeal. But it was the
nobles of Nijni-Novgorod who took the lead, and
the Government of Moscow figures neither in the
second nor the third rank. I have felt great sorrow
at this, because I am proud at having been born at
Moscow, because I always loved this city when
heir apparent to the throne, because I still love it
as my native city. I have fixed for you the bases
of the reform, and I shall never swerve from them."
Here the Emperor explained the fundamental
principles of the abolition of serfdom, as contained
in his reseripts, and continued as follows
I love the nobility ; I regard it as the first
support of the throne. I desire the welfare of the
people, but have no intention that it should be
effected to your detriment ; but you yourselves
in your own interest, ought to endeavour to im-
prove the condition of the peasants. Remember
that all Russia has its eyes fixed on the govern-
ment of Moscow. I am always ready to do for
you all that lies in my power to do ; give me, then,
the possibility of espousing your interests. Do
you understand me, gentlemen ? I have been told
that the committee have already effected much ; I
have read the minutes of its sittings ; I have 'ap-
proved several of the regulations.- Once again,
repeat to you, gentlemen, that you so act as to