The Sun.
London, England, 1858-11-22 00:00:00

THE ARMY.

The following -----'--
rnetinforcements, selected from.the
battalions of i
der orders to embarknfarr atf Chathani garrison, areun-
n'.
India, viz.:-24 men of
the ISt battalion of the
12 men of the 29th _ e Bth (the King's) Regiment
(Royal Sussex) Regittmegninnot, 16 men of the 35th
men of the 75th Re-
giment, together with 13 men of
Engi-
neers, the whole of whom proceed to Calcutta; the
the Royal
following are to embark for Kuria
of the 81st (Loyal Lincoln Volunteers)-ehee :-18 men
and 20 men of the 94th Regiment. Regiment,
The
reinforce-
ments selected from the Indian depot battalions at
Colchester are 20 men of the Ist battalion 6th Re-
giment, 16 men of the 37th Regiment, and 30 men
of the 88th Regiment (Connaught Rangers), all of
whom are ordeJed to Calcutta, together with 32
men of the 56th Regiment, under orders for Bom-
bay. The total number of reinforcements now
awaiting embarkation will increase the British
troops serving. in India to close upon 100,000 men
of all ranks.
A handsomely ornamented timepiece has been
presented .by.the non-commissioned officers of the
Royal Engineers at headquarters, Chatham, to
Colour-sergeant E. Orm, Royal Engineers, as a
mark of their esteem for that non-commissioned
officer, on the occasion of his quitting. that corps
after upwards of 30 years' service. The presentation
took place in the sergeants' mess-room at Brompton
Barracks; in the presence of nearly 100 non-com-
missioned ;of cersbelonging to the Royal Engineers.
A few days previously the good-conduct medal and
annuity were presented to Quartermaster-Sergeant
Marsh, Royal-Engineers, by order of the Duke of
Cambridge, for long and. meritorious service. The 1

medal was presented to the Quartermaster-Sergeant
in the presence of a full parade of the troops, by
Col. Sandham, who highly eulogised the conduct of
that deserving non-commissioned officer.

M. KOSSUTH ON THE CHARACTERIS-
TICS OF EUROPEAN NATIONS.

On Thursday evening the ex-Governor of Hun-
gary delivered a lecture in the Music-hall, Edin-
burgh, on the "Characteristic differences of the
European nations." The chair was occupied by Mr.
Black, M.P., and there was a very numerous at-
tendance.
M. KOSSUTH premised his lecture by some remarks
on the Chinese and Indian nations," now casting
the shadow of their historical eternity on the Bri-
tish race," and contrasted with their monotonous
and unchanging life the restless activities of the
European nations. Adverting to the antipathies and
prejudices with which each of the great European
nations regarded the rest, he proceeded to show
that national peculiarities were not fit subjects for
mutual ridicule or contempt, but a providential ordi-
nance commanding mutual forbearance and respect.
The diversity of national character ought rather to
be the ground of reciprocal esteem. He proposed to
illustrate this by contrasting with each other the
distinct characters of the three great nationalites—
the German, the French, and the English--each of
whom had great claims on general esteem, but each
of whom pretended to be in possession of a special
charter of superiority over the two others, and over
the rest of the universe besides. It has been
said (he proceeded), and not without foundation,
that as the moral personality of the individual
man is made up by the harmonious concurrence of
three forces, which, for the sake of brevity, we will
call mind, heart, and soul, or intellect, sentiment,
and will, just so the national genius of the Ger-
man, French, and English, combined in harmoni-
ous symmetry, would form a most perfect collec-
tive being, inasmuch as each of them corresponds
to one of the three spiritual faculties of the indivi-
dual man ; intellect or mind being represented by
the German, sentiment or heart by the French,
and active spontaneity of will or the soul by the
English national genius. In fact, on inquiring
into the predominant feature of these three na-
tional characters, we find in the German indivi-
dualism and idealism corresponding with reason
in the abstract. In the French we find sociable-
ness and communicativeness corresponding with
sentiment, affection, passion, heart ; and as to the
English, it being a compound of half Saxon, half
Norman, and, as the Irish would say, several other
halves besides, we find in the English the German
individualism likewise, but not in the ideal line. We
find it connected with practical activity ; it is in-
dividual energy applied to substantial results : it is
the force of the strong will, bent on rendering phy-
sical nature subservient to the welfare of man. We
might say that the whole history of these nations,
every relation of their life, private as well as social
and political, the character of their achieve-
ments, the turn of their ideas, their jurisprudence,
their philosophy, their literature—nay, their very
language, appears shaped in the mould of the par-
ticular quality which underlies their respective
national character. In illustration of the last
remark M. Kossuth referred to the English
word " common-sense," a word highly character.
istic of the national mind, but which had no proper
equivalent in either French or German, the French
seas conzmun and the German gemeinsinn express-
ing ideas entirely different. On the other hand,
the master-word of the French national charac-
ter was esprit, which he defied the whole philo-
logical profession to translate into English.
The essence of the German character was ex-
pressed by the word gemuth ; but, take Oxford
and Cambridge, take the Sorbonne and the
French Academy, and every French and English
scientific circumlocution-office, and, though they
pounded them all to powder and dust, they
would not make out one particle of German
genzuth either in English or French. The Hun-
garian was, to his knowledge, the only language p os-
sessin g both the English " common sense" and the
German gemuth, but the French esprit had not. M.
Kossuth proceeded to contrast the German with
the English character. The German, he said, is
undoubtedly the profoundest thinker among all.
The individualism and idealism of his national
genius pushes him to meditation. His mind is
essentially contemplative. He is the philosopher of
Europe. His philosophy is totally different from
Y""rs- You speak of a " natural philosophy ;" the
German no'Jshudders to hear the
word "philosophy" applied to a mere st
But you are a matter-of-fact people ; the German,
on the contrary, is the man of ideas—to him the
whole universe, moral and physical, and every-
thing besides, are but materials for speculative in-
quiry into the absolute reason, into the infinite sub-
stance, infinite power, infinite form. Some people,
said the lecturer, are apt to deride the individual-
ism of the Germans. Instead of deriding it, every
nation of Europe ought to be penetrated by a sense
of respect and lasting gratitude. It is the modern
German individualism which fintroduced into the
cradle of modern Europe that element which every
lover of freedom, every heart throbbing with the
proud consciousness of man's inborn nobility must
value the most—the element of personal independ-
ence—that element, which Burns, the poet of na-
ture, the poet of the people, felt stirring in his
breast when he sang that—
" The rank is but the guinea stamp,
The man's the gowd for a' that."
And it is, likewise, to the German individualism
that Europe is chiefly indebted for the rich deve-
lopment of nationalities, because it is the German
individualism which, abhoring the very idea of
centralisation, preserved Europe from a revival of
the Roman Empire, in the shape of a spiritual or
of a secular universal monarchy; either of which
would have made both political and religious free-
dom impossible. We have to thank G:rman indivi-
dualism that Europe is not now a second China, or
at the best another Russia. Again, men are prone
to deride the idealism of the German. Yet it is that
idealism which, irresistibly drifted towards the ex-
pansion of thought through all time and space, in-
spired Guttenburg to invent the printing press ;
that marvellous emancipation of the human mind,
which, arming the idea with the weapons of infi-
nite space and infinite time, assembles the unborn
generations of men around the solitary thinker,
makes mankind the audience of his solitary medi-
dations, and causes the midnight lamp of his study
to shine over the world with the light of an intel-
lectual sun. In that invention, the Spirit of God
moved over the face of the waters once more, and
there was light. And Luther came; he, too, an
emanation of the German idealism—he held up the
Bible in that light to the free inquiry of man's
emancipated reason ; and the shackles of slavery
fell from man's emancipated conscience. Yet, for-
sooth, the practical English and the social French
deride the German genius. It is as if the soul and
the heart were to deride the mind. M. Kossuth
went on to contrast the French and English cha-
racter. With the English, he said, the man, the
individul, is everything. Society is to him but the
frame in which he expands his individual energies,
but it is not on society he relies; he relies on him-
self. We read of St. Olof that on asking one of
his warriors, "In whom dost thou believe ?" the

warrior answered, " I believe in myself." That
man must have been the progenitor of the Anglo-
Norman race. With the French, on the contrary,
society is everything. The individual regards him-
self but as a component "part of society, a drop
mixed up with millions of drops ; he believes not
in himself, but in society ; and it is from this be-
lief that each Frenchman might say, " My name is
legion." People in England will say, " I am an
Englishdian ;" there you have the article of indivi-
duality " an," and there you have the " man."
You have him in the Scotchman, Irishman, noble-
man, gentleman, alderman, yeoman, the liveryman,
and in the old form of address, " Ye men of Eng-
land"—everywhere you meet the " man." The de-
signation of nationality, rank, office, are but adjec-
tives with him ; the man is the substantive. Your
neighbourthere across the Channel will not say that
heis a Frenchman ; he will sayhe is French, he!drops
his personality and makes himself an adjective,
his country is his substantive. Verily, the lan-
guage of a nation is the mirror of its character.
Hence the French genius centralises, the English
individualises. The French can tell of a powerful
State, the English of a free nation, which never
feared, nor never will fear, any Power on earth.
The French have struggled much for freedom, but
scarcely ever were free ; the English have struggled
but little for it, and nearly always were free. M.
Kossuth proceeded to say that the Frenchman's
theory of government was centralisation ; he had
yielded his liberties to a central power, and he took
his faith from a central source. The Englishman, on
the other hand, asserted his individual rights and
his will in political matters, and his liberty of con-
science in religious belief. Every enterprise into
which the French nation entered was guided and
controlled by the central Government • even their
system of colonisation
Nas under State direction,
')
and hence its comparativeo failure. English com-
merce, on the other hand,tviit spread over the world, itsannayNanted freedom and
colonies
The
political
con-
ela i d
the foundations of new empires.
dition of France was a bitter irony on the gigantic
efforts which that great nation had made for liberty.
The failure of its past exertions were directly trace-
able to centralisation ; for centralisation must lead
to absolutism—it was absolutism in the germ. The
French genius tended towards levelling individuality
—the English towards its expansion. France had
acquired equality without liberty; England had
freedomwith social inequality.. M. Kossuth carnet°
what he termed the rather amusing chapter of the

social relations of France and England. A French-
man and his wife stood on terms of equality ; in
England no such equality existed. Marriage in
France was a company formed under a tacit under-
standing of " limited liability ;" in England it was
a solemn contract, in fulfilment of which, when
affection subsided, duty took its place. The house
of the Englishman was his sanctuary, his castle.
The Germans would say, " He is at his house," and
the French, " He is chez dui," or " at himself."
(Laughter.) We Hungarians, too (said M. Kos-
suth), have our word home, and it is indicative
of our national character that we apply it to our
private homes, the door of which is seldom
shut, and to our national home, our fatherland ;
love of private home and love of national home
form the ground-work of the character of Hungary-
-judge, then, from this what it is for a Hungarian
to be an exile. An Englishman, resumed M. Kos-
suth, would live 20 years in a house without know-
ing his neighbours ; a Frenchman would know all
of them in 24 hours. Let the sociable Frenchman
be planted among the tatooed islanders of the South
Sea, and in two years he would be found tatooed ;
put an Englishman in the same position, and he
would be king of the island in that time. The lec-
turer also referred to the communicativeness of the
French character—a quality which was not only
individual but national ; and hence the electric
celerity with which the throb of liberty communi-
cated from Paris spread throughout the continent,
and made every European despot tremble. France,
ruled by one ambitious man (he said), might be a
standing menace to Britain, but from free France
she had absolutely nothing to fear. Let Britain
therefore withdraw her hands from propping the
established " order of things"—an order which
rightly should be called " disorder," for freedom
was order, and despotism was the anarchy that
should be feared. Let the rising tide of aspiration
for freedom now spreading over the continent re-
lieve the French nation from the apprehension of
foreign coalitions, let onlyonce-more-reviving France
remember that the freedom of Germany, Italy,
Hungary, and Poland was the best and only gua-
rantee
cf her own freedom, and they should see the
dead weight of centralisation fall from off her breast
and France would stand in the face of day free as
the freest of all. France, notwithstanding her own
enslaved condition, through her love of centralisa-
tion, had far more influence in promoting the spread
of political liberty than Britain with all her free-
dom. Every pulsation of the sociable heart of the
French nation (said the lecturer) makes Europe
palpitate. An unheaving at Paris is a political
earthquake in Europe. France oppressed, is the
Continent oppressed ; France struggling for free-
dom, is Europe struggling for freedom ; France
consolidating her liberty, is Europe free. (Cheers.)
The lecturer concluded by observing that the
great natural characteristics of English, French,
and German were requisite to make a perfect
whole, and that if any one were wanting progress
would be at an end. Let, therefore, the proud
pretension of •exclusive superiority in each be
softened to mutual esteem; that fruitful source of
the sentiment of national brotherhood, which is the
great crowning word of mankind's emancipation.
Mr. Kossuth throughout his lecture was loudly
applauded, and received a very cordial vote of
thanks at the close.

THE LATE POACHING AFFRAY NEAR

BEVERLEY.

Eight men have been apprehended on the charge
of being concerned in the murderous affray at Bishop
Burton, near Beverley, on Tuesday-night, as already
reported in The Sun, and they have all been re-
manded. Four out of the eight are Lincolnshire
men, and one of them named Woodhouse Marshall,
of Newport Lincoln, when apprehended at the
house of his sister, Holderness-court, Witham, Hull,
was found to be suffering from about 50 shot wounds
in both thighs, which were bandaged up with
cloths containing bran, he not having had medical
assistance. On being charged with being concerned
in the murder of Mr. Watt's gamekeeper he re-
plied, "I am clear of the murder." At the inquest
on the body of Jasques, held by Mr. E. D. Conyers,
Geddes, one of the underkeepers, who was shot in
the abdomen, was sufficiently recovered to give an
account of the affray. He deposed as follows :--
"I am underkeeper to Mr. Watt. On Tuesday
night Jacques myself, and Robinson, went out
together a little before 10 o'clock. We went to
the Brogdale Plantation. We had not heard any
firing previous to going out. We kept together, and
between. 10 and 11 o'clock heard the streams of two
hares. We came round thr. ?4; do of tho plantation,
I and stood there fur a few minutes, when we gut

sight of the poachers inside of the plantation.- I
saw one man at first, and almost immediately after-
wards five or six others standing a little lower down.
The keeper and myself had each a double-barrelled
gun and pistol. I asked Jacques what we were to do.
He said, We must go into the field,'and went in first;
Robinson and I followed. We should then be
about 20 yards from the poachers. Jacques went
forward first, when a dog came up to him (there
were six or seven dogs, but we had no watchdogs
with us.) Jacques said if they did not fetch the
dogs away he would shoot them (meaning the
dogs). The answer was if he did they would shoot
him, and they came forward as if they would at-
tack him. The dogs still kept coming on, and
Jacques fired and killed one of them. I also shot
one of them. When Jacques had shot the dog some
person fired at me, and the contents of the gun hit
me in the groin of the right thigh. I fell upon my
right knee when I received the wound. Jacques
said, Come on,' and the poachers cried out, 'On to
the —,' and I saw them fall upon Jacques and Ro-
binson with sticks and bludgeons. I could distinctly
hear the blows with the sticks. They separated me
from Jacques. A man came up to me with a stone
in his hand—l believe it was Playforth. Six or
seven more then came up, and as I reeled round I
fired my pistol, and they then went away. I could
not see anymore of Jacques or Robinson. They were
hidden from me by the poachers. I did not see
Jacques knocked down. I then came to the village
and was the first person to give the alarm. I was
able to get to the house of Thomas Ellerker, the
woodman, and told him about Jacques and Robin-
son. There would be 16 poachers, I should say, in
all. It was light enough to distinguish their faces.
I have seen some of the poachers since. I can iden-
tify those men that have been brought before me.
I believe the first man I saw was Macgarth. lam
sure about Franklin and Playforth. Johnson had a
bludgeon in his hand. They all had sticks or wea-
pons of some description. They had dogs with them
—one a black one, another dark and white, and the
others were sandy-coloured."
Thomas Ellerker, one of Mr. Watt's woodmen,
who was called up by Geddes after the affray, de-
posed to finding the body of Jacques in a seed. field.
He lay upon his side quite dead. He afterwards
found Robinson, another of the under keepers, a
quarter of a mile from Jacques, in a very bad state.
A ramrod and a turnip dig with an iron head were
picked up near the place. Mr. Brereton, surgeon,
of Beverley, said he examined the body of
Jacques, and found an immense fracture of the
skull, which had no doubt caused instant death.
He had also examined Robinson, and had found six
or seven severe wounds upon the scalp, most of
them cut to the bone ; he had also] a swelling in
the jaws, and could not speak ; he was in a very
dangerous state. The inquest was adjourned to
Wednesday next.

A GAMEKEEPER SHOT BY A TENANT
FARMER NEAR NEWARK.

Between 10 and 11 o'clock on Thursday night,
a melancholy and fatal occurrence took place at
Barnaby-in-the-Willows, about four miles from
Newark. Thos. Birkitt, jun., a tenant farmer, of
Barnby, was out with a guu shooting rabbits by
moonlight, on his own land, where he had a right
to shoot. When he had fired several shots, two
watchers in the employ of Henry Gilbert, Esq.
(whose land adjoins to Birkitt's farm), came up
towards a gate which divides the two farms.
Birkitt asked them where those two rabbit traps
were which they had stolen, and he called them
thieves. One of the men, named Wetmore called
him a thief in reply, and the three men all drew
near to the gate, where an altercation took place.
According to Birkitt's account, the deceased lifted
a stick and 'threatened to strike him, and as he
(Birkitt) drew back to escape the blow, his gnn
went off—he knew not how—and the contents of
the barrel lodged in the breast of Watmorc, who
was only three or four yards from the muzzle. The
poor fellow reeled a moment and fell to the ground
dead. The other watcher went to the hall for as-
sistance, while Birkitt stayed with the body, which
was afterwards removed in a cart to the hall,
where Mr. Gilbert resides.

Mr. Job, surgeon, of Newark, was soon in at-
tendance, but of course nothing could be done, as
life was extinct. Police-constable Thomas Walker
was on duty at the time within a short distance of
the place where the affair occurred. On learning,
the particulars, he went to Birkitt's house, and ap-
prehended him on the charge of shooting Watmore.
He was conveyed to Newark police-station.

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