The Sun.
London, England, 1858-09-25 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 25, 1858.

GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.--
WINDSOR and back for 2s. 6d., from Paddington.—
Week days at 8.45 and 10.30 a.m.. returning at 6.35 and 8.5
p.m. On Sundays, from Paddington at 9 a.m., returning at
7 p.m. Taplow and back; on Sundays, for 2s. d., from Pad-
dington at 9 a.m., returning at 6.57 p.m. Henley and back
for 35., from Padding-ton, at 9 a.m., returning at 8.55 p.m.

WEYMOUTH and CHANNEL ISLANDS
STEAM PACKET COMPANY (Limited).)
DAY PASSAGES.—Shortest Sea Route to Guernsey and
Jersey.—The Brighton, Cygnes, or Aquila, from Weymouth
Harbour, every-Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 8 a.m.
Ordinary Fare from London 3ls. and 21s.
Return Fare 455. and 355.
Stewards fees additional.
Passengers may break the journey at Chippenham, Dor-
chester, Weymouth, or Guernsey. Through-booking from all
the principal stations on the Great Western Railway.
Steamers from Weymouth to Cherbourg are now placed
upon the station, making three trips per week each way.
JOSEPH MAUNDERS, manager and Secretary.

ROME AND FRASCATI RAILWAY
CO MPANY.
The Half-year's Interest on the Bonds of this Company,
Nos. 1 to 120, due on the 22d of September and Ist of October,
1858, will be paid at the Agency of the Banque Generale
Suisse, 2, Royal Exchange Buildings ; or at the Succursale of
the same Bank, 30, Rue Louis le Grand, Paris.
By Order, F. FRIELI9RATH,
Manager of the London Agency of
the Banque Generale Suisse.

LONDON & NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.
CHEAP EXCURSION from LONDON to HUDDERS-
FIELD, MANCHESTER, and LIVERPOOL, on Saturday,
October 2, returning on Wednesday, October 6.

DOWN TRAIN, 9CT. 2. RETURN TRAIN, OCT. 6.
a.m. a.m.
London (Easton Stat.) dep. 9.20 Batley dep. 9.30
p.m. Dew-sbury
Warrington
Liverpool
Stockport
Manchester
Staley Bridge, „ 3.45 Manchester
Greenfield
Marsden
Huddersfield ...-.... „-Warriogton- „ 11.15
Dewsbury
Batley ... „ 5. 0 arrive about... 4.45
---- • •

FARES FOR THE DOUBLE JOURNEY, ' '
Covered Carriages. Ist Class.
To Liverpool ... lls. 225.
TO Manchester and other Stations 10s. 20s.
The tickets are not 'transferable, and are only available by
the above Trains.
Particulars may bc'had at any of the Company's offices, or
tickets and bills at the office of Mr. Marcus, Crosby-hall-
chambers, Bishopsgate-street, City. . By order.
Euston Station, Sept. 22, 1858.

• •
11ANK: OF,. DEPOSIT,,
Established A.D. 1844.
3, PALL MALL EAST, LONDON. •
Parties desirous of Investing Money are requested to exa-
mine the Plan of The Rank of Deposit, by which a high rate
of interest may be obtained with ample security.
The Interest is payable in January and July..
PETER MORRISON, Managing Director.
Forms for Opening Accounts sent free on application.

BOARD AND RESIDENCE. A Superior
Home is offered to a Gentleman of steady habits, en-
gaged during the day, by a family residing near Regent's-
Park. For a young man coming to London for the first time
thit would be found a desirable residence. Terms moderate.
References to be exchanged. Address, P., Wright's
Dairy, Granby-street, Hampstead-road, N.W.

GLENFIELD PATENT STARCH,
USED IN THE ROYAL LAUNDRY,
AND PRONOUNCED BY HER MAJESTY'S LAUNDRESS to be
THE FINEST STARCH SHE EVER USED.
Sold by all Chandlers, Grocers, &c., &c.

GEORGE HOBSON begs to call the attention
of Gentlemen to his New Autumnal Trousers, 218. to
255. Also his New Partridge ➢fixture Shooting Coats.
Excellence with Economy.
GEORGE H0850N,.57, Lombard-street.
Established 1796.

THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

LEEDS, FRIDAY AFTERNOON.

The auspicious opening of the 28th annual meeting of
the British Association, which has already been recorded
has been followed up with continued success. The sectional
meetings yesterday were well attended, and they are
equally well attended to-day, while the conversazione held
last night in tho Music-hall was one of the most distin-
guished, as well as gay, assemblies ever seen in a provin-
cial town. There were nearly 2,000 persons present, in-
cluding the elite of the West Riding of Yorkshire, as well
as most of the distinguished visitors now in Leeds.
It is impossible to notice more than a few of the papers
read in the different sections yesterday.
Dr. Whewell presided in Section A, which was ap-
pointed for the consideration of mathematical and physical
science.

A communication, by Professor Siljestrorn, was read by
Mr. Earrishaw, "On the Constitution of Comets."
A MEMBER suggested, as the result of his own observa-
tion, that comets might be merely electric fluids—a sort of
phantasma from the sun's rays. He had made certain ex-
periments, in the course of which he had almost succeeded
in realising the appearance of a comet.
The Rev.-E. TitomAßE read a paper on " The Geology
of a part of Lincolnshire hitherto unexplained," His remarks
were confined to the coast near the Wash, and he said there
was abundant evidence of the alternate submergence and
elevation of a large part of the district within the human
period, which he attributed to volcanic causes.
Mr. PAGE mentioned instances of similar submergence
and elevation of the coast of Scotland also within the human
period.
Professor OWEN, with reference to this part of the sub-
ject, said that, some time ago, he was sent for to the North,
to examine a fossilised tree, which had been found in digging
the Jarrow dock, which bore undoubted evidence of having
been cut by human hands. It was supposed to be a most
important discovery, as showing the antiquity of the human
race, and at first everything appeared satisfactory. On pro-
secuting his inquiries, however, he learned that one of the
navvies, not then on the works, was said to have discovered
a similar tree in another part of the dock, which he cut to
lay down a sleeper. The man was sent for and, on his
arrival, he declared that the tree pointed out was the one he
had cut. It was endeavoured to be explained that that was
impossible, as the place had not been excavated before ;
but, looking with supreme contempt upon the assembly of
geologists and engineers, the man persisted in the identi-
fication of his own work, and exclaimed, " The top of
the tree must be somewhere," upon which he (Professor
Owen) offered half-a-crown to the first navvy who would
produce it. Away ran half-a-dozen of them, and in a few
minutes they returned with the top. This explained the
mystery. The man had cut off the top with his spade to
make way for a sleeper; the stump afterwards got covered
up with silt, and on being again uncovered it was supposed
to be a great discovery. Never had he so narrow an escape
from introducing a " new discovery" into science, and never
had he a more fortunate escape. (Laughter, and " Hear.")
The Rev. F. F. STATHAM read a paper " On the Geology
of the Scilly Islands," in which he descrihed their geologi-
cal structure, -their probable union at some geological period,
the evidence afforded of their elevation and depression, and
the effects of the sea upon the rocks.
Mr. H. C. Sonny then read a paper "On the Currents
present during the Deposition of the Carboniferous and Per-
mian Strata in South Yorkshire and North Derbyshire."
Section E was devoted to geography and ethnology.
Sir RODERICK MURCHISON, the president of the section,
opened the proceedings with a brief speech. He read ex-
tracts from a long letter written to him by Dr. Livingstone,
and dated the 24th of Juno last. The general tone of the
letter was encouraging, and the principal subject mentioned
in it was the river Zambese. It appeared that the antici-
pations that a great amount of fever would prevail on that
river during the hot season had happily not been realised.
During his six weeks' stay on the river not a single case of
fever had occurred, and the Zambese had proved to be an
exception to the generality of rivers in Africa. These state-
ments were confirmed in another letter which had been re-
ceived from the commander of one of the ships forming the
expedition with which Dr. Livingstone went out.
Dr. LLOYD said that, having merely been to the mouth
of the Zambese, he could not give any account, of his own
knowledge, as to the characteristics of the river, but he had
no doubt that Dr. Livingstone's statements were true.
The next paper read related to British North America,
being entitled " Notes on the Geography of British North
America, more particularly British Columbia, Frazer River,
&c." Dr. Norton Shaw, secretary to the Royal Gesgra-
phical' Society, was the author of it, and read it to the as-
sembly. It commenced by referring to the exploration of
the interior of North America, the first steps towards which
Dr. Shaw attributed more to the French than to the Eng-
lish, the early Anglo-Saxon settlers in that country con-
fining their attention chiefly to agricultural pursuits. The
essay proceeded to give anaccount of the:vanous discoveries
which have been made in North America, alluding minutely
to those made since the cession of Canada by France to
Great Britain in 1763. He referred to the reward of £20,000
offered by the English Parliament in 1745 for the discovery
of a north-west passage, and to the explorations stimulated
by an organised association of the traders of Canada, under
the name of the " North-West Company," whose right of
trading, he observed, they not unreasonably supposed was
altogether irrespective of the charter of the " Hudson Bay
Company," since they existed before the cession of Canada
to the English, and the King of England could not, of
course, grant what did not belong to him. The paper next
gave a succinct description of the geographical position
of the Frazer River, the boundaries and hmits of British
North America, the mountains of the coast, called the
Rocky Mountains, and British Columbia. Dr. Shaw
gave interesting information also with reference to the cli-
mate of the country, the facilities of communication from
one point to another, and the characteristics of the rivers
and the mountains. Speaking of British Columbia, he said
that the face of.the country presented a succession of moun-
tain ridges, valleys, and plains, the more fertile districts
lying, for the most part, between the Cascade mountains
and the ocean. That portion of the country which lay be-
tween the Cascade mountains and the Pacific was subject
to a remarkably equal temperature, the mean being about
54 degrees Fahrenheit. There were only about four months
of winter, and all fruits and vegetable were as early as in
Canada. In many respects the climate of the middle sec-
tion was less favourable; it was subject to droughts, and
was warmer in summer and colder in winter. The air,
however, was pure and healthy. The eastern section,
under the snows of the Rocky Mountains, 'could not be
praised for its climate. It was subject to great and sudden
changes of temperature, occasionally going through all the
gradations of eummer, autwmi, and winter iu single day,

The western section was well adapted for agricultural
operations. All kinds of grain could be produced in abun-
dance, and pears, apples, and all kinds of vegetable grown
in England succeeded admirably. The undulating surface
of the hills was well wooded, bearing tree a of various kinds.
The eastern section was favourably spoken of ; and in the
course of his remarks upon the Frazer River Dr. Shaw
stated that it abounded in fish, as also did the other rivers
in the district. Geese, ducks, and waterfowl were plenti-
ful in the spring and summer. In the western section of
the country wild animals of various kinds were met with in
great numbers.
Sir RODBRICR MURCHISON said that he thought the
subject of Dr. Shaw's paper was of great importance, espe-
cially as very valuable auriferous deposits had lately been
discovered along the chain of mountains connecting British
North America with Russian America. With respect to
the physical geography of the district, they would, no doubt,
receive additional information from Sir Yohn Richardson,
the companion of Franklin, with whose presence they were
favoured, and Lord Goderich would probably advert to the
importance of this region to Great Britain. '
Sir JOHN RICHARDSON said that the facts given in Dr.
Shaw's paper had evidently been collected with great care,
but he thought that justice had scarcely been done to the
Hudson's Bay Company. In speaking of the credit due to
the Hudson's Bay Company he (Sir John) alluded particu-
larly to their treatment of the natives throughout Canada.
Nowhere in North America was the red man to be found
except in that portion of the country which was under the
management of the Hudson's Bay Company. They had
treated the Indians kindly; and had encouraged missiona-
ries to go among them, by whose instrumentality the
greater portion of the natives had become Christians,
and were springing up as a Chxistian community. He
feared that the discover), of gold in the vicinity of the
Frazer River would tend to sweep the Indians from the
face of the earth, as had been the general result of the influx
of the white man into the territories of the red man. Un-
less the gold seekers conducted themselves orderly a long
time would not *lapse before theywould be at war with the
natives. Sir John Richardson mentioned one or two facts
in refepence to the climate of the country, and
Lord Gonvnien next made some observations on the sub-
ject of the paper. Ile said he fully believed that that pm...
tion of the British possesalons which _had been referred to
was of great political and national importance. He thought
that a very considerable portion of it was perfectly avail-
able for the purposes of colonisation, and alight be culti-
vated with advantage. A committee of the House of Com-
mons, of which he was a member, came to the conclusion,
about 18 months ago, that the country on both sides of the
Rocky Mountains, particularly westward of them, might
H
be made in a short time available for colonisation. ow to
deal with the Indians was a very difficult question. No
doubt, hitherto, wherever the red race had come into com-
munication with the white it had gradually diminished and
disappeared, but he did not think that fact ought to debar
the population of this country from colonising so large a
portion of her possessions as was comprised in the territory
under the government of the Hudson's Bay Company.
Me discovery of gold, however, had decided the question
of colonisation. Many of the English people had already
entered the country, and as it appeared from the hi hest
authorities that the diitrict was likely to yield a large
supply of gold, no doubt the number of emigrants
thither would largely increase, and- a considerable
mipulation would before long permanently settle-
there,- and that country, which had been recently.
called British Columbia, would soon become a flourishing
c Tony. His lordship said that the favourable situation of
t e country was increased from its contiguity to the United
States, and he observed that some attention had been di-
rected to the practicability of constructing a line of railway
through the whole of the British possessions in that part of
the world,- from Canada, over or through the Rocky Moun-
tains, to the Pacific. It was most important that the atten-
tion of the public should be directed to British Columbia,
and that the best course should be taken to colonise it and
develope its resources. Ho believed it was destined to be a
very important part of our &denial empire.
Prefessor.TEsNarri alluded to the difference in the value
of the gold obtained is Australia and California and that
which had been found in British Columbia. He said that
Australian gold was Worth £4 an ounce, Californian £3155.,
and that got from the Frazer River district £3 lls. He
strongly urged-that attention should be directed to the im-
portance of procuring other metals besides gold, such as
copper, tin, silver, &e, which were frequently to be found
in the ore from which, gold was obtained, and which would
prOve equally as remunerative as what was generally con-
sidered the more precious metal. (Hear, hear.) •
Lieut.-Col. JAMES, the superintendent of the Ordnance
survey, gave an interesting statement of the steps which
have been taken by the Government for the exploration
of the new colony of Columbia. He expressed a belief
that the men who were making that survey, by uniting the
qualifications of the soldier and the artificer, would be
enabled to preserve order in the country, and also to arsis
in providing the necessary appliances for the establishmen
of a new colony. (Hear, hear.)
The discussion was closed by the CHAIRMAN observing
that he hoped that public attention would be aroused to the
importance of the subject, and intimating that the question
of a railway- communication throu3l the British territories
in North America would form the subject of a paper to be
read at a future meeting of the section. _ _ _ _

Mr. CLEMENTS R. kiiItKIIAM, secretary of the Royal
Hakluyt Society, then read to a diminished auditory a paper
"On the Navigation of the Ucayalt, an affluent of the
Amazon," The President, in thanking Mr. Markham for
his contribution, remarked that it w•an the result of that
gentleman's own experience and observation rather than a
reproduction of the writings of others.
In Section F, which was for the consideration of subjects
classed under the " Economic Science and Statistics," after
an opening address from the President, Mr. E. Baines, of
Leeds.

Dr. J. STRING, of Glasgow, read apaper ".On the Water
Supply to Great Towns—its extent, costt,mses, aTad abuses,"
r. T. BA;LEY, of Manchester, read an interesting
paper entitled, "Trade and Commerce, the Auxiliaries of
Civilisation and Comfort."

Mr. W. NEWMARCH, of London, addressed the section
"On the History of Prices of 1857 and 1858." He said
that at the meeting of the British Association in Dublin
last year a paper was read by hint on a subject some-
what analogous to the paper he had to submit to the pre-
sent meeting. On. that paper a discussion arose, and many
of the opinions he had advanced were somewhat vehe-
mently contested. One of the statements he made at Dublin
last year, and the statement probably which obtained the
least amount of adhesion at that time, was to the effect
that the high range of prices which was prevailing last
year, as regarded nearly all classes of commodities, was a
range of prices which had not been occasioned and which
did not prevail in consequence of the large numerical addi-
tion mado since 1848 to the quantity of the circulating me-
dium in the world, meaning by "circulating medium"
metallic money, but was to be attributed in the largest de-
gree and in the greatest number of instances to an excessive,
and, he ventured to say at that time, a vicious application
of capital and credit to speculation in commodities. (Hear,
hear.) Since that statement was made events had taken
place to which he need not in the town of Leeds refer.
Down to the present time there had been added from the
new sources of supply—California and Australia—at least
£230,000,000 sterling to the former stock, so that the addi-
tion was something like 40 per cent. It appeared to be a
very startling doctrine to lay down at the end of seven
years, during which an addition had been made of some-
thing like 40 or 50 per cent. to the amount of metallic
money, prices were somewhat lower. These facts struck
very much at the root of those doctrines which had been
assumed as almost axiomatic as to the relation of the
gold discoveries to the price of commodities. He should be
asked where this -1230,000,000 of new gold had gone. It
had been absorbed in increasing incomes, in increasing ex-
penditure, in increasing wages, in increasing commodities,
and in increasing dealings. The effect of the new gold had
been to apply a stimulus, of which he believed it was im-
possible to estimate the force, to all industrial enterprise,
and the truth was that those enormous additions had little
more than sufficed to meet the increased demand for
metallic money on the part of the civilized portiion of the
world. The results developed in this country and elsewhere
by the crisis of last year resolved themselves into five con-
clusions ;--First, That throughout the United Kingdom,
America, and the North of Europe, and throughout the
great seats of commerce, there had been an excessive
speculation in commodities, and likewise an excessive
application of capital and credit to deal in those commodi-
ties, which were held by parties with a view to making a
profit by resale within short periods. Second, That there
had been excessive credit. Third, That there had been ex-
cessive advances by banks.. Fourth,. That there had been
an excessive accumulation -of deposits in banks. And it
appeared in the fifth place, that one very striking feature in
the crisis, not only in this country but in America, had been
the very high rate of interest allowed by banks upon money
deposited with them on various conditions. He was dis-
posed to think that principally at the root of the
mischief was the evessiva application, through the
medium of banks ,of quantities'or floating capital in the
manner he had mentioned—nal:Ay; file dealing biekwardis
and forwards in large quantities of commodities under the
expectation of making a profit by the resale at short periods.
He might be asked whether, after the gold discoveries
which had taken place in Vancouver's Island and the un-
diminished amount of gold we were receiving from Aus-
tralia and California, it was not now certain tat the time
had come when fixed incomes would be affected? He was
very much disposed to -believe that taking the impetus
which had been imparted already to the industrial organisa-
tion of the great commercial countries of the world—taking
that in connexion with the strides that were making every
day in the application of science, it would be found during
the next few years, as it had been found during the last six
or seven years, that the apprehensions of those persons
who believed that fixed incomes would be affected would
not be realised.
Professor CAIRNES objected to some of the facts and to
the principle of comparison adopted by Mr. Newmarch.
Mr. R. M. Milnes and Mr. Nussey also made a few ob-
servations upon the paper.
Mr. F. G. P. NEISON, of London, read an able paper en-
titled " An examination of the influence of overcrowding
and density of population, in producing phthisis and dis-
eases of the respiratory organs, applied to the solution of
some questions discussed in the recent Report on the Sani-
tary Commission of the Army."
In Section. G, which was for the consideration of me-
chanical science.
—-- • - -

The 'PRESIDENT (Mr. W. Fairbairn, of Manchester) re-
viewed the progress of mechanical science in an elaborate
address. In mechanical science and general engineering
this country continues to maintain its high position. mai_
leable iron, now applied to the construction of bridges, was
capable of great development, and there was no span within
the limit of 1,000 feet which might not be compassed by the
hollow girder bridge. With respect to steam navigation
much remained to be done, with the object of giving uni-
formity of strength and security of construction. The
Leviathan, with all her misfortunes, was a magnificent
specimen of naval architecture the cellular system so judi-
ciously introduced by Mr. Brunel being her great source of
strength. He was so persuaded of the security of the prin-
ciple upon which she had been constructed that he had no
doubt she would stand the test of being suspended upon the
two extreme points of stem and stern with all her machi-
nery on board, or she might be poised upon ,a point in the
middle, like a scale beam, without fracture or injury to the
material of which she is composed. He expressed the hope
that the necessary funds would be forthcoming to complete
her equipment, and we should then see her dashing aside
the surge of the Atlantic at a speed of 18 to 20 knots an
hour. In this country we have now 9,500 miles of rail-
way, and, taking at a rough calculation, one locomotive
epglue with a force of 200 horse power to every three

miles of railway, and assuming each to run 120
miles per day, we might thence calculate the distance
travelled over by trains to be equal to 380,000 miles per
day, or 138,000,000 miles per annum. To transport
these trains required a force equivalent to 200,000 horses in
constant operation throughout the year. Referring to
manufactures, he attributed the depression existing in many
branches to the 'disturbed state of India and China, and.,
with these exceptions, believed that the manufactures of
this country were never in a more flourishing condition.
The iron trade, which had been similarly depressed, had
witnessed many improvements, such as the improved pro-
cess by which malleable iron and steel were now produced,
and the manufacture of steel bars and plates without the
intervention of an intermediate and tedious process. A
reference to the improved machinery now demanded for
purposes of agriculture, and to the consummation of tele-
graphic communication between the Old and New World,
terminated the address.

Mr. JAMES OLDHAM, C.E., Hull, read a paper elucida-
tory of a buoy, called a"Greshainibuoy," which was intended
to record disasters at sea. During the last 15 years, ending
with 1857, there were wrecked, burnt, or missing 8,998
sailing vessels and 175 steam vessels, giving a total of 9,173
vessels, or an average of 611 ships per annum. In 1857
there were 37,014 British registered vessels, of which 662
were lost, or at the rate of 1.78 per cent. To remedy, in
some measure, the dreadful suspense into which multitudes
are thrown by ships missing, a gentleman—Mr. Gresham
—proposed that -.every vessel should be provided with
one or more topper buoys bearing her name and the
port to Which she belongs ' • that these buoys should
also have an Admiralty mark and a Board of Trade num-
ber, and that each should be provided with a chamber with
a small spring valve made to open outwards, and capable of
resisting any pressure which should be used, for receiving
letters, or even treasures, so that if the ship were lost the
buoy would float off in safety, and the information it con-
tained would be communicated to the parties interested by
any ship which might pick it up. The buoy was intended
to be made of strong copper, painted in. bright red and white
stripes, and to be fitted with a small bell and flag on the
upper part.
Mr. JOSEPH GLYNN, F.R.S., C.E., read a paper on the
economy of water-power. He advocated the use of the
horizontal wheels, in which the water drove round a fan
with curved vanes, having a vertical axis, and revolving in
an iron case—the water escaping at the centre. This adap-
tation economised water, and gave power equal to that of
an overshot wheel.

Professor RANKIN expressed his opinion that horizontal
water-wheels might be more largely used, and
Mr. ROBERTS and the President of the Section concurred.
Mr. G. RENNIE, C.E., read an interesting paper on the
construction of floating and fixed batteries. The essay was
illustrated by models.
Captain FISHBOURNE was of opinion that with such an
extreme weight of iron it would be impracticable to build
seagoing ships. The rapidity of the motion of the Aga-
memnon, when she had the cable on board, had the effect
of nearly disintegrating the ship, and she must have had an
enormous strain upon her when she suffered in the way that
had been already publicly described. The principle advo-
cated by Mr. Rennie could only, he waq afraid, be used in
exceptional cases.
Captain.BLAKELET expressed a similar opinion.
Mr. SMITH, C.E., thought that if wood or some other
similar substance could be built over the iron shell of the
vessel it would preserve the ship from guns of ordinary
construction. . _ _

vv
Mr. ScoTT RUSSELL said the question before the section
was one of some difficulty. The French Government were
carrying on a series of experiments, as were also the English
Government, but although he had been informed of the
nature of these experiments he was not at liberty at present
to' communicate them. The English Government were
adopting a very wise and judicious course ; they were
making their experiments now before they built their ships.
The point with which, as mechanical men, they had to do,
was, whether wooden vessels of war were equal to the work
of iron vessels. If the English Government found that war
ships would be more advantageously constructed with shot-
proof sides and otherwise protectekr ith iron, then he had
no doubt that engineers and shipbWders would be found
who would both get the material and construct the vessel
in, a proper manner. (Hear, hear.) And he was also of
opinion that it was possible to make ships with shot-proof
aides which would have also good weatherly qualities.
After some further discussion the CHAIRMAN, in sum-
ming up, said that the Admiralty, some 15 years ago, had
degided against iron ships in consequence of the experiments
they then made.
An excellent paper " On the Performance of Steamves-
sels, the Functions of the Screw, and the Relation of its
Diameter end Pitch to the Form of the Vessel," by Vice-
Admiral Moorsom, was next read by the secretary, Mr.
Wright, in the absence of the gallant admiral. The memo-
randum was one of a purely technical character, and as the
subject has been referred to a committee of the association,
on which are Mr. Scott Russell, Mr. Napier, Professor
Rankin, and other eminent authorities, there is no doubt
that it will receive that careful and particular consideration
to which its importance entitles it.
Mr. C. F:WHITWORTH illustrated his recent improve-
ments in railway signals by two very pretty models. One
of those represented a line of rails in'the neighbourhood of
a station with the distant signal. By slightly inclixing a
particular pair of rails, and fixing a communication between
them and the signals, the train announces itself as soo* as
it passes over the permanent way, and the signal, exhibited
for the information of succeeding engine drivers, announces
that a train has just passed, and that it would be dangerous
for them to continue their journey until the obstruction
is removed. Mr. Whitworth also exhibited a model of a
railway signal intended to be attended by an ordinary sig-
nal man. The new principle in it was the use of a wheel
instead of a lever. This wheel, like the wheel of a vessel,
moved the arms of the signal, and registered the fact of its
having done so, by ringing a bell both at the station and at
the wheel itself.. In misty- weather, consequently, the sig-
nal man would be perfectly aware when he had discharged
his duty and when the proper signal was displayed.

RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE

TRAFFIC RETURNS FOR THE WEEK.

Miles Opened. Receipts.
Railways. p--,--.....,
~....___,...._____,
1858. 1857. 1858. 1857.
. .
- £ £
Ballymena and Portrush 35 35 - -
Bedale and Leyburn lO 10 ' 102 115
Belfast and Ballymena 65 65 1,198 1,236
Belfast and County Down l7 17 • - -
Birkd., Lane., & Ches. June 32 32 2,9 M 2,998
Blyth and Tyne 2O 13 1,729 1,543
Bristol and Exeter llB 117 7,537 7,936
Caledonian . l9BBl 19881 13,712 14,572
Ches.&Holyhead(withMold) 94 94 8;247 8,714
Cockermouth & Workington- -
Cork and Bandon 2O 20 261 289
Cork Illackrock, & Passage 64 64 294 301
Deeside l7 17. 343 • 269
Dublin & Belfast Junction.. 56. . 56 „ 1,324 1,652
Dublin and Drogheda 63 63 1,704 1,983
Dub. & Wicklow(id.Kingst ) 404 ' 404" 2,063 2,016
Dundalk and Enniskillen
Dundee and Arbroath la - • 174, • ' • 030° 648
Dundee, Perth, & Aber. Jun 3l .31 • • 1,038 • 1,045
East Anglian 674 . 674 .. . 1,066 1,013
E.Counties,Nrik.,&E.Union 489 489 20,895 26,347
East Kent 194 - - -
E.Lancashire(in.fflackburn) 111 105 ' 7,240 7,561
Edinbargh and Glasgow
Edinburg•li,Perth,& Dundee 78 • 78 3,537 3,555
Forth & Clyde Junction - . _ _ ___
Furness - _
. Glasgow & South-Western lB4 1834 7,016 7,313
Great Northern 283 283 26,799 24,655
Great North of Scotland
Gt.Soutlin. & Westn.(lrlnd ) 229- 2034 6,591 7,508
Great Western 466 466 32,931 31,568
Hull and Holderness - -
Inverness & Aberdeen June 52 15 - -
Irish South-Eastern 254 24 - -
Killarney Junction - -
Lancaster and Carlisle (in
Kendal and Windermere) 100 100% 8,023 8,003
Lane. & Yrks.(in.Blackburn) 200 299,- 28,075 28461
Limerick and Foynes 2 20,- 174 150
Llanelly , 4 35% 552 546
London & North-Western
London and Blackwall 5 854 1,534 1,524
London & South-Western
Lond. Brighton, S. Coast. 192 1 18,897 18,637
L'derry and Enniskillen
Land., Tilbury, & Southend. 42 40 2,307 2,024
Man.,Sheffield, & Lincolnsh. 173 1734 11,014 11,861
slanch. S.Jun.& Alt rincham 9 91 1,123 1,638
.31aryport and Carlisle
Midland
Midland Gt.Westn. of lrind. 177 177 4,129 4,279
Monkland 52 52 -
31onmoutlish. Rail. & Canal 44 44 - -
Newcastle and Carlisle 7B 78
Newport,Aberg.,& Hereford 50 43 1,305 1,153
North Briash (in. Dalkeith) ° 149 . 149 5,821 5,818
North Devon ' • 35 3.5 564 573
North-Eastern 7254 720 0,022* 42,5341
North London • 9 • 9 • 2,479 2,432
North Staffordshire 233 233 6,794 7,447
North-Western 464 464 1,051 1,142
N. Yorkshire and Cleveland 10} - - -
Oxford, Wore., & Wolver 94 94 4,748 4,780
Peebles lB . 18 - -
St. Helen's Canal & Railway 30 30 - -
Scottish Central
Scottish North-Eastern ll5 115 3,485' 3,5101
Shrewsbury & 'Birmingham 294 294 1,816 1,846
Shrewsbury and Chester
Shrewsbury & Hereford
Saropshire Union 1
1 937 878
South Devon
South-Eastern 3Ol 301 26,024 24,766
South Wales l7l 171, 7,067 8,276
S. Yorkshire and River Dun 108 108 2,818 3,172
Stockton and Darlington
Taff Vale 53 38 4,091 4,768
Ulster 36 36 1,677 i 1,638
Ulverstone and Lancaster
Vale of Neath
Warrington and Stockport - 12 12 - -
Waterford and Kilkenny 3l 31 351 425
Waterford and Limerick
West Cornwall 274 274 716 719
W.Hartlepool Harbr.&Rail 39 39 3,719. 3,612
Whitehaven Junction l2 12 487 450
Whitehaven & Furness Jun 35 35 461 492
W'haven,Cleator,&Egrmnt 7 7 302 284
FOREIGN AND COLONIAL
Antwerp and Rotterdam 52 52 1,111 1,150
Austrian 727 673 :33,363 33,214
Belgian Eastern Junction 264 264 306 295
Buffalo and Lake Huron
Deroit and Milwaukie 1574 100 1,929 1,536
Dutch Rhenish
Grand Trunk of Canada 849 849 9,691 9,797
Great Indian Peninsula l3O 884 1,644 1,143
Great Luxembourg .... ,
Great Western of Canada 294 2&3 8,770 10,070
• Lombardo-Venetian 283 219 10,772 8,508
Lyons and Geneva 142 107 5,581 3,290
3laded, Saragossa &Alicant 284 176 7,729 3,856
Maria Antonia' 2l 21 438 447
Northern of France 574 574 48,011 45,925
Norwegian Trunk - -
Paris, Lyons, & Mediterrn.. 781 781 ' 71,173 63736
Paris and Orleans 857: 771 48,720 44,729
Paris and Strasburg 979 791 48,490 42,773
Royal Danish 69 69 579 640
Sambre and Meuse 6B 68 1,112 1,145
Southern of France 624 577 17,341 15,187
West Flanders
W. and N.W. of France 621 594 41,820 39,785

• Estimated

i Actual.

FATAL ACCIDENT TO PRINCE GHIKA AT PARIS.
—On Wednesday evening the Walachian Prince Ghika,
who has been staying at Paris lately, was thrown out of his
phaeton at the Rond Point, in the Champ Elysees, the
horses having started off in a fright, and fell upon his head.
Hi was carried into an apothecary's shop, and promptly
attended to, but he died almost immediately.

FROM THE GAZETTE OF YESTERDAY.

FOREIGN-OFFICE, SEPT. 24.

The Earl of Malmesbury, her Majesty's Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs, has received a note from M. Van
de Weyer, Belgian Minister at this Court, dated the 21st
instant, stating that henceforward passports granted by her
Majesty's Government to British subjects proceeding to
the continent; by way of Belgium, will not require the for-
mality of being countersigned by any Belgian diplomatic
or Consular agent in this country.
FOREIGN-OFFICE, SEPT. 23.
Notice is hereby given, that the Earl of Malmesbury has
appointed George Grant Francis, Esq., to be Agent at
Swansea for the issue of Foreign-office Passports.

WAR-OFFICE, PALL-MALL, SEPT. 24.
2d Regiment of Dragoon Guards--Sergeant-Major Jas.
Russell, from the sth Dragoon Guards, to be Riding

Master, vice Kirke, deceased.
3d Light Dragoons—Cornet Reginald Piffard to be Lieute-
nant, by purchase, vice Fawcett, promoted.
9th Light Dragoons—Thomas Smales, Esq., late Chief
Paymaster of the Turkish Contingent, to be Paymaster,
vice Ratcliff, placed upon half-pay.
Royal Artillery—Lieut. Thomas Bland Strange to be
Second Captain, vice Earle, deceased. To be Paymasters
in, the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers—Charles
Wilkinson, Gent. ; Edward Gibbs, Gent.
3d Regiment of Foot—Assistant-Surgeon James Wilson,
M. 8., from the Staff to be Assistant-Surgeon.
Bth Foot—Lieut. Forster Longfield to be Captain, by pur-
chase, vice Martin, who retires.
10th Foot—Robert Slakeney Mitchell, Gent., to be Ensign,
without purchase, vice Grant, promoted in the 16th Foot.
13th Foot—To be Ensigns without purchase—Andrew
Charles Cunningham, Gent., vice Henzell, promoted ;
Wm. James Hall, Gent., vice Starr, who resigns.
16th Foot—The promotion of Ensign C. H. Newbatt, from
the 10th Foot, to a Lieutenancy, without purchase, as
stated in the Gazette of 7th September, 1808, has been
cancelled.
22d Foot—Ensign Win. Busfeild, from the 50th Foot, to be
Lieutenant, without purchasv.
23d Foot—The second Chrfstint name of Ensign Jones,
appointed, without purchase, on the 4th June, 1858, is
Palmer.
24th Foot—Ensign H. B. Church to be Lieutenant, without
purchase ; Lieutenant R. P. Fox to be Adjutant ; Lieu-
tenant A. T. Jones to be Instractor of Musketry.
28th Foot—R. B. Singer, Gent., to be Ensign, without
purchase, vice Wade, promoted.
29th Foot—R. Berkeley, Gent., to be Ensign, without pur-
chase, vice Bacon, promoted.
30th Foot—Lieut. H. C. Singleton to be Captain, by pur-
chase, vice Litton, who retires ' • Ensign M. D. Steven-
son to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Singleton.
37th Foot—C. E. King,, Gent., to be Ensign, without pur-
chase, vice Mason, promoted.
39th Foot—Lieut. E. Gatty to be Instructor of Musketry,
48th Foot—Brevet-Colonel Edward Geo. Walpole Keppel,
from half-pay 'Unattached, to be Major, vice Chapman,
pronintnd ; Brevet-Mojor Robert Blakeney to be Major,
by purchase, vice Keppel, who retires ; Lieutenant H.
F. Brooke to be Captain, by purchase, vice Blakeney.
49th Foot—John Jamieson Russell Russell, Gent., to be
Ensign, without purchase, vice Hill, appointed to the
70th Foot.
51st Foot—Ensign Henry Steuart Tompson to be Lieute-
nant, by purchase, vice Brigstocke, promoted ; Arthur
Shaen Carter, Gent., to be Ensign, without purchase,
vice Oliver, promoted.
56th Foot—Assistant-Surgeon Cathcart Boyd,
from the Staff, to be Assistant-Surgeon, vice Knox, pro-

moted on the Staff. _
60th Foot—Major W. Butler to be Lieutenant-Colonel,
without purchase, vice Brevet-Colonel Spence; deceased;
Brevet-Major Sir E. F. Campbell, Bart., to be Major,
without purchase, vice Butler ; Lieutenant G. Hare to
be Captain, without purchase, vice Sir E. F. Campbell,
Bart. ; Ensign F. A. Campbell to be Lieutenant, without
purchase, vice Hare.
65th Foot—Lieut. John Owen Jones Priestley to be
Captain, by purchase vice Marsh, who retires ; Ensign
Falcon Peter Leonard to be Lieutenant, by purchase,
vice Priestley.
67th Foot—Lieut. R. E. Barry to be Captain, by purchase,
vice D'Arcy, who retires ; Ensign Chas. William Creyke
to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Barry.
70th Foot—Ensign W. H. Ralston to be Lieutenant, with-
out purchase, vice Travers, promoted in the 17th Foot;
Ensign John
Bedlam to beLieutenant, without purchase,
vice Crozier, promoted in the 18th Foot; Norman Hus-
kisson, Gent., to be Ensign, without purchase, vice
Ralston.
83rd Foot—Lieut. John Sprot to be Captain, without pur-
chase, vice Cooper, deceased ; Lieut. Richard Thomas

Sweeny to be CtiPtain, without purchase, vice Nott, de-
ceased ; Ensign Frederick Karslake to be Lieutenant,
without purchase, vice Sweeny.
88th Foot—Lieutenant Edgar Edward Austin to be Adju-
tant, vice Evans, who resigns the Adjutancy only.
89th Foot—Richard Nathan Hubbersty, Gent., to be En-
sign, without purchase, vice Warburton, deceased.
98th Foot—Lieutenant William Henry Joseph Lance to
be Instructor of Muskestry, vice Griffin, appointed to act

as Adjutant to an Eurasian Corps. .
99th Foot—Quartermaster-Sergeant John Johnston to be
Quartermaster, vice Brown, who retires on hall-pay;
the second Christian name of Ensign Ffolliott, appointed
by purchase on the ith Sept., is Homan, and not Homar,
as previously stated. • '
100th Foot—Ensign Frederick Morris to be Instructor of
Musketry.
Rifle Brigade—Ensign A. A. A: Kinloch to be Lieutenant,
by purchase, vice Moore, promoted.
Ceylon Rifle Regiment—Lieutenant Charles Hamilton
Roddy to be Captain, by purchase, vice Bews, who re-
tires ; Ensign —F. -A.' Stewart; to be rientenant,Ty pur-
chase, vice Roddy • Frederick Chenevix Baldwin, Gent.,
to he Ensign, without purchase, vice Daniell, appointed

to the 75th Foot.
Cape Mounted Riflemen—Ensign Charles Henry Marillier
to be Instructor of Musketry.
Royal Canadian Rifles—Capt. K. M. Moffatt to be Major,
by purchase, Tice Seton, who retires.
HOSPITAL STAFF.
Assistant-Surgeon Francis Walter Knox, from the 56th
Foot, to be Staff-Surgeon of the Second Class, vice John
Grogan, M. 8., placed on half-pay.
BREVET. _ __ _

Lieut.-Colonel C. Cameron Shute, of the 6th Dragoons,
having completed three years' actual service in the rank of
Lieut.-Colonel, to be Colonel in the Army, under the Royal
Warrant of the 6th Oct., 1854.
Brevet-Lieut.-Colonel Patrick Gordon, 11th Bengal Na-
tive Infantry, to be Colonel in the Army.

ADMIRALTY, Auo. 11.
CORPS OF ROYAL MARINES.

Captain and Brevet-Major Gallway Byng Payne to be
Lieut.-Colonel, vice Langford, retired on full pay.
First Lieut. George Bazalgette to be Captain, vice Payne,
promoted
First Lieut. Edward Gough McCulhun to be Captain,
vice Lillicrap, retired on full pay.
Second Lieutenant Henry Towry Miles Cooper to be
First Lieutenant, vice Bazalgette, promoted.
Second Lieutenant Frederick Edward Molyneaux St.
John to be First Lieutenant, vice M'Calltun, promoted.

•
COMMISSIONS SIGNED RY LORDS-LIEUTENANT.
Royal Monmouthshire Miilitia—William Allanay, Gent.,
to be Ensign.
Royal Bucks (King's Own) Militia—Ensign John Wood
to be Lieutenant, vice Russell, deceased ; John Stratton
Fuller, Gent., to be Lieutenant, vice Roworth, resigned.
WHITEHALL, SEPT. 21.
The Lord Chancellor has appointed James Campbell, of
Clyrnouth, in the county of Devon, Gentleman, to be a
Commissioner to administer oaths in the High Court of
Chancery in England.