The Sun.
London, England, 1858-04-02 00:00:00

For Qualification, vide Diplomas and " Medical Directory."

VIE SECRET INFIRMITIES OF YOUTH AND MATITRITY
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ELF-PRESERVATION. —A Medical Treatise
on the Functions and Disorders of the Generative System.
tad on the cure of Nervotts and Physical Debility, resulting
from vicious habits acquired during the critical passage from youth
to Manhood, with practical observations on the Physiology or Mar-
riage in its social, moral, and physical relations. To which are. added
remarks on the wonders of the Microscope in revealing the hidden
mysteries "of Life within Life," and its advantages in detecting, by
urinaryexamMation, the cause and effect of every variety of these
complaints, with numerous engravings and cases.

BY ,'AMUEL LAWERT, M.D.,
37, BE I)FORD SQUARE, LONDON,

MarriPulated Member of the University of Edinburgh, Honorary
Member of the London Hospii.al Medical Society, Licentiate of

Apothecaries' flail, London, Sc., tire.
The essential object of this treatise is to point out the fearful con-
iemences resulting from certain habits, irregularities, and excesses,
which have produced more misery in Vouth, degradation in Man-
hoNi, and premature decay at all stages of life, than, perhaps, any
-niter class of disease known to modern pathologists. Its perusal is
particularly recommended to persons entertaining secret doubts of
.heir physical condition, and who are conscious of having hazarded
the health, happiness, and privileges to which every human being is
. . . _

It is absolutely necessary that all men should know that there are
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o it incurring grievous penalties, and when wisdom and regret sue-
ce,d the heyday of inconsiderate self-indulgence, how those penalties
arty be mitigated, how the sting of their bitterness may be removed,
in how the evil and its consequences maybe avoided, and, above all,
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CONTRACT FOR T4ll, PITCH. AND TALLOW, AND
GALLIPOLI, OR NEAPOLITAN OIL.
Department of the Storekeeper-General of the Navy,
Somerset-place, 31st March, 1858.
THE Commissioners for executing the Office of
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THE CAUSES OF THE INDIAN MUTINY.

The following important paper, receive ] by the
last mail from Calcutta, is headed " A few words
relative to the late mutiny of the Bengal army and
the reb2llion in the Bengal Presidency, by Shaik
Hedayut Ali, subaclar and 9irdar bahadoor, Bengal
Sikh Police Battalion, commanded by Captain T.
Rattray, who has translated this paper from the
origin al, 0 ord :
" I deem it my duty, as far it lies in my power,
to explain what has led to the disafectio❑ lately so
universally evinced both by the native army and
many of the sirdars or chieftains throughout Hin-
dost an.

" It is well known to the British Government,
and to all the world, that the country of Hindostan
in former times was almosi; solely inhabited by
people of Flindoo persuasion, and that many years
afterwards the Mahomedans conquered the country;
and it is also well known that the Hiudoos are pro-
verbi thy foolish, on the score of religion, and deem
no religion equal to their own.
" To the best of my belief and understanding,
the first symptoms of disaffection to the British Go-
vernment on th.. 3 part of the Sepoys were shown in
1833, when an army from Hindostan was ordered
Cabul. When this army crossed the Indus to At-
took the Sepoys became discontented, grumbling,
and angry. They heard that when Rajah Ma,un
Sing, Wuzeer of one of the former emperors of
Delhi, crossed the Indus to wage war with the
Afghans he caused all the Brahmins to take off
their japer), or sacred thread worn by Brahmins and
emblematic of their caste, and told all his men that
the Hiudoo religion extended no further than the
Indus. Maun Sing built a temple on the other
side the Indus, and in this temple the Brahmins
were directed to suspend their janeo. This fact is
well known to all 'Endow, whether literate or the
reverse.

" One of the customs of the Hindoos is never
to eat or cook their food until they have bathed
and gone through other forms of their religion.
When, in 1838-39, the army reached Affghanistan,
the Hindoos left off bathing and the performance
of other acts which their form of religion demanded
on account of the extreme cold, to which they
were unaccustomed.

" Whatever they purchased in the bazaar for
their daily food they were compelled to take from
the hands of Mahomedans, because in the Cabul
country all the Buneeahs, with few exceptions, are
of the Mahomedan faith. Tho Hindoos being
obliged, as above stated, to abstain from certain acts
of their religion (bithing, which to a Hindoo is
almost as necessary as his daily food), and to re-
ceive their bread from the hands of Mahomedans,
fancied they had lost their caste, and had been
forced to beemne Mahomedans ; they therefore be-
c,tine much dissatisfied and disgust'd.
" When the winter set in at Cabul the Hindos-
tanee Sepoys suffered much from the snow and
cold. The commanding officers, pitying their condi-
tion, gave to each man a posteen or jacket, made
of sheepskin, the wool worn inwards. The sepoya
at the time pretended much to be pleased with
the pasteons, but really in their hearts were
much displeased, because no Hindoo, except of
lowest caste, likes to touch the skin of a dead
animal. Fearing to object, they consented to
wear them. They thought and talked openly among
themselves, We must not show our anger and
discontent in this country, because if we do we
shall never be able to return to Bindostan, and we
cannot live in this country ; so they kept quiet,
only to show their anger and discontent on a more
opportune occasion. They, moreover, thought that

even if they did mutiny in that country, and killed
all the English, they would be no better off, becaus3
the Afghans would compel them to become Ma-
homedan9. Many Sepoys of the 27th and 54th
Native Infantry, who were wounded and taken
prisoners, were converted to A.lahomedanism.
Don't let any English gentleman think that the
above is not true, because they were not acquainted
with it at the time. A native of Hind.ostan seleom ,
opens his mind to his officer—he only says what he
thinks would please his offi,:er. The se poys reserve
their real opinion until they return to their lines
and to their comrades.
" When the English returned to Ferozepore in
1842 1 was there with the light company of my
regiment (the Btla Native Infantry), in which my
father was a subadar. Eight light c impanies were
formed into one regiment, and were under orders

for Affghanistan, but were never sent. I was then
a private. I visited nearly all the regiments that
had returned from Cabul, having many friends and
acquaintances in them. The sepoys of all the' regi-
ments wore displeased at having been sent to
Cahill, and said of themselves that by going to
Cabul they had become outcasts to their religion,
by having been compelled to clothe themselves
with the skins of animals, to abstain from
bathing, and other acts demanded by their religion,
in consequence of the country being so unfitted for
Elindocs on account of the great cold, and the
whole country being Mahomedans.
" The Mahomedans of the regiments were dis-
pleased because they said the Ditish Government
had forced them to fight against people of their own
creed, which was forbidden in the Koran. For
saying this a subadar of the 27th Native Infantry
was shot to death by musketry. The Mahomedans
always boasted among themselves how they had
evaded the English order by never taking aim when
they fired.
" None of the lliudoos in Hindostan would eat
with their comrades who went to Afghanistan, n
would they even allow them to touch their cooking
utensils ; they looked upon them all as outcasts,
and treated them accordingly. It was said that
the sepoys of the 27th Native Infantry who were
snit up in Gnuzuee were all compelled to become
Mahomedans.

"At Ferozer,ore, Zalim aubadar in the
71st Nativa Infantry, told the men of the 35tla
Light Infantry that they had lost their caste and
become Mahomedans, and that consequently none
of their comrades could eat or smoke with them.
For this offence he was tried by general court-
mat tial and dismissed the service. When the sepoys
of other regiments heard how the sepoys who went
to Affgbanistan were treated by their own com-
rades, and heard what hardships they had under-
gone in Aff2hanistan, they became exceedingly
dissatisfied and displeased with the Government
for having ordered them there, and determined on
the first favourable opportunity to show their
feelings.

" The first symptoms of mutiny broke out in the
64th Native Infantry, who were ordered to Scinde
on their arrival at Sukhar, and I believe previous
to their arrival there they mutinied about their
pay. The 7th Light Cavalry and several other
regiments showed a most
inmutinous spirit, but
byou I hanging a few men the 64t0, and trans
porting and dismissing others, the Government
took but little notice of the bad feeling evinced.
"Some years after this the British went to war
with the Sikhs, and annexedthePunjab to their do-
minions. On the annexation the native army occu-
pied the country, and the Sepoys received double
batta as long as they remained in the Punjab, but
the British Government never openly proclaimed
how long bath would be granted. From avarice
regiments
wspa
eneur dry, jerTl
ad(en)ibvaiois.eastoonwafefl Whenat; moosrmweloaoetH6ionde6kyi
double
hhioddtmehu:
:ebestriireattiosgitenii pem.
aay(r)tseTiy:nwaas:::geslrrbirrieker liked serving in the
art,
reernieinve,
wPeegvcdui,
wriaebhjgne Yaledbmt. owtteFhhhneaeoretyderrs
would have drawn in their own provinces.
this
dish sled, and in m y humble (,pinionif was very pro-
perly treated ; for an army is faithless to its salt
and can decide as to the proper amount of pay it is
to receive, of what good is it? It is right for every
one to receive according to his deserts. The 32d and
22d Native Infantry also showed symptoms of mu-
tiny, but they were hushed up. The Government
must be well aware that when a soldier has once or

twice shown a disposition to mutiny he is useless as
a soldier, one mutinous sepoy infects his whole com-
pany, arid gradually one man after ano her, either
from fear or sympathy, joins-the mutineers.
" It is very necessary when any sepoy or sepoys
mutiny that the commanding officer of the regiment
should report fully the whole circumstance to the
Government ; how otherwise can Government be-
e ime aware of the lac', and make proper arrange-
ments to prsvent the mutinous feeling from
sprea 'ing ?
"Many commanding officers to my knowledge
reported their regiments all right when they knew
that there were discontent and bad feeling in the
ranks, and, to my belief, for the sake of the name
of their respective regiments concealed the real
state of their regim-nts until at -length the sepoys
took to murdering their officers.
"I feel perfectly convinced that up to the pre-
sent time the real cause of the mutiny, and the
feeling of the country generally against the British
rule, is not well kuo wn to the State. It is for this
.reason that I am now taking the liberty of expres-
sing my views on the subject.
" I will now attempt to explain why the sirdars
and higher classes of Hindostan became disoffected
to the 1.1, itish Government.
" In 1849 or 1850 the authorities at Sabarunpore
caused a large hospital to be built for the sick of
all creeds and persuasions. The principal authori
ties ,_( r
purposely
abstain from giving names, al-
though I could do so) issued a proclamation saying
that all sick men or w, men, high or low, 'pa, dab
nishi on' (those who never go out in public), or
others, must resort to this hospital for treatment,
and all native practitioners were forbidden to pre-
scribe or attend sick people. When the meaning
of this proclamation was explained to the chief
people they
collected many men tog,•ther for the
s
purpose of making a disturbance, for shese people
imagined in their ignmauce that it was the inten-
tion of the British to take away the dignity and
honour of all ; on ' his account they became angry
and exeit d,
and determined to offer opposition,
but for want of arms they could do nothing. When
the authwities saw the bad feeling the proclama-
tion had produced they withdrew it, and the ex-
citement fora time subsided.
" A year or two after this my regiment, the Bth
Native Infantry, was cantered aCShahjehanpore.
I was in the habit of visiting the chief people of the
city. In course of convetsaiion these people said to
me, ' If any of our brothers commit any offence
against the
S,ate accsrding to the nature of the
offence and by the laws of the laud they get pun-
ished ; this is all very right and proper, and we
have nothing to say against it, but that law
must be bad which by its inflic ion ruins our
for instance, when any one is sentenced
to imprisonment, immedia'ely on his reaching the
p on his beard and moustache are cut ; this to us
religionisrio
a_
great insult. In gaol it is ordered that the
prison rs should eat in nasss?s, the M dromedan.s by
themselves, and the Hindoos by themselves ; this
is no outrage t i a Mahomedan, but it is a great one
to the feelings arid religion of a Hindoo. One
Hindoo won't eat from the hand of another unless
they happen to be brothers or cousins." The Go -
vernment is also well aware that there are many
kinds of Brahmins ; for instance, there are Tewa-
roes, Dhobiee, Choubies, Paundes, Missers, Opt-
of these, though all Bralleai
,
Opt-
diahs, Saokhuls, Baghpais, Agunitri s, &c. ; none
other's hind —that is, won Brahmins, will eat from each
't eat what the other
cooks. I ask, what is the use of such men in any
army ? To give an instance, among the 50 Sikhs
of this regiment lately besieged at Arrah there was
a Hindostanee Brahmin; this man, fur five or six
drank anything ; at the end
soreduced that he could
scarcethisly
e sitttihma neither
ate
h e
wagßnoo rvasofno
use in the garrison,
even had he been trusted ; the other men, Euro-
POenanacocrotSn'ikt o'sf'' thesecanie out as well as they went in.
prison arrangements it was the
general opinion that the Government wished to do
away with ail caste. When any Hindoo is released
from prison he is always tabooed by his family, and
looked upon as having lost caste. On this account
both the prisoner and his relatives become disaf-
fscted towards the G ivernment. The above strict-
ness was carried out in nainY gaols, in consequence
of which disturbances broke out in the Gyab,
Assail, B.enares, and many other gaols.
"After these events the missionaries requested
all the moulavies and pundits (ISTahomedan and
Hasked them why they shut nil their women ; that
theyind
ought
gphrti et,t s)
oletto
them
assemble, hollea ,
likean d when assembled
women of other
countries ; toldthem they ought not to circumcise
their children, or give them the janeo, or marry
them
18 years of age ; and that
none should be carried out with-
outouftit
theil they
the permission of the magistrate of the district.
above were
forms
These questions and remarks caused great fears in
the minds of both the matiornedans and the Hin-
doos. They said among theinFelves, 'lf the Govern-
ment insists upon our acting up to these orders,
what next shall we not be compelled to do against
our customs and religion V To talk over this mat-
er many persons of both religions assembled in
Calcutta. The mis ionaties of the Mofussil also
spoke t o the same effect
to the villagers, so that all,
more or less, became alarmed for their religion and
displeased with the Government, for they thought

"The Government is well aware that the gene-
rality of the inhabitants of Hindostan are unedu-
ca ed and extremely bigoted, and the more educated
they are the more bigoted; they have no books or
literature, and tbink what their fathers did before
tht m must be the best, for instance, they wear the
same clothes, of the same pattern as their ancestors
did before them, and imagine that if they put on a
coat or trousers of an English cut it indicates a
Christian ; they think any thing new or anything
they don't understand must be meant, in some way
or other, to affect their religion.
"From this foolishness on their part all the late
anarchy and ruin have come to pass.

"In 1856 the British Government annexed the
kindorn of Ouie. At the time of annexation it wa3
the talk of the whole of liindostan that the British
Government had promittei the ruler of Oude (I be-
lieve there was a treaty to the same effect) that,the
kingdom of Oude should never be taken by the
English, because in former times the Kings of Oude
had rendered valuable assistance to the British Go-
vernment.

" When the Government of India issued the pro-
clamation of the annexation throughout Oude, the
King of Oude also issued a proclamation tha', on no
account should any of his subjects resist the Biitish
authorities, and that when the British troops en-
tered his territory all assistance in the shape of pro-
visions should be afforded. The sirdars of Oude and

the army of the King ob,tyed his order. The people
of Hindostan likewise said, The country of Oude
belongs to the King, and, whether he has done well
or ill as regards his own Goveinment, he has not
injured or broken faithiwiltn, tke Engkiehjr:n any,
way ; if tlie-BritiSh-t4Overnmerii &thrones a ring
who has ever been so faithful to them, what inde-
pendent Nawab or Rajah is safe ?' Fir the above-
mentioned reasons every sirdar who had anything
to lose began to fear and susrect the B; itish Go-
vernment; but they felt that they were helples,
having no army with which to resisr, and so they
remained quiet, baiting for a favourable opportu-
nity to rise. _ _

The feeling of the people of Oude became
known to me in the following manner :—I was pro-
ceeding to join the Sikh regiment Captain Rattray
was raising in the Punjab, and arrived at Cawn-
pore on the 14th March, 1856. On that day the
Nawab of Oude also reached Cawnpore on the way
to Calcutta. I remained at Cawnpore six days,
and had frequent interviews witu the King's
vakeels, courtiers, and servants. No one but his
own people ever saw the King. The principal
people of Cawnpore, and many of the native office! s
and sepnys from the regiment stationed at Cawn-
p ire, had interviews with the valteels and servants
of the King. They were all of opinion that the
Government hid acted unjustly in annexing the
untry of Oude, and they all sympathized with the
King and his sirdars.

"The vakeel, or minister, of the Bithoor chief

(the Nana Sa,:ib, who is so well known for his
perfidy and cruelty) was present, and said how
displeased and angry his master was with the
British for annexing Oude.
"The serai in which I had taken up my tempo-
rary abode became so full with the King's people
and their visitors that I was com-pelled to leave it.
I went and lived with Shaik Rsheern, a subadar
in the 2d Company of the Ist Native Infantry. 1
learnt from this officer that the sepoys of his regi-
ment were all indignant at the King of Oude being
dispossessed of his kingdom, and talked among
themselves as to the little fai' h that could be p'aced
in the English after their treatment of the King,
who, laina,elf and his progenitors, had been so
faithful to them, A few days after this I proceeded
and joined my new corps at Lahore, and returned
with it to Bengal.
"On the march down I heard that the Native
Infantry Regiments at Barr ickpore were beginning
to show symptoins of mutiny, so f om time to time
I learnt all I could of their prcceeflings, which I
duly reported to the commanding officer of my
regiment.

I have no hesitation in asserting that the re-
bellion first commenced in Calcutti, when the
King of Oude was tither a prisoner or under sur-
veillome.

" The reason for the mutiny breaking out at
Ciwnpore is this, as stated above. The King, (I
Oude reached Cawripere in Dec. 1856, and stayed
there 12 or 15 days, aud the inhabitants oft awnpore
and the sepoys hal many opportunitiei of plinuing
mutiny and rebellion. The annexation of Oude,
in addition to- their imaginary grievances, caused
a universal disaffection throughout the army, and
from that time it dete mined upon mutinying.
" When the country of the Punjab was taken by
the British a general order was issued that in every
line regiment 200 Sikhs and Punjarree Mahomedans
were to be entertained.

" MauycommaudingofficPrs enlisted the required
number, some 150. When the Sikhs and Mattorn-
nuedaus came for enlis•meet the commanding offi-
cers promised that they would never interfere with
their hair and beards ; on this stipulaton the Pun-
jaboe Mahumedans in particular took service will-
ingly. Some years afterwards a general order was
issued by General Anson, the late commander in-
chief, directing the Mahomedana to cut their beards
after a prescribed fashion. On this trder being
understood the Punjabees petitioned their respec-
tive commanding officers, saying, ' When we en-
listed we were promised that our beards should not
be cut, and tine cti not and will not cut them.' •
" This was reported by the exu-wri4.i.ig 4,ffic•,rs
to the Commander-iu-Chief, but his Excellency
rem,
e
be dismi-sed the service.
ofv:r:sdel 'el
di rdtnoto s. shouldbi sbitete ciwa
ert
ror
ei e tdthor abnudt
tdirected.
et hwaht trbe
Many Punjab sepnys, rather than have their
beards teudied, took their discharge and went
to their homes. These men, on the road,
bitterly complained how the commanding officers
had broken faith wita them, and said there was
no dependence to be plac,:d up )11 the English,
—they say one thing and do another. The Hindos-

tanee sepoys were also much displeased with this
beard•cutting order and with the way that the Pun-
jabees had been treated. Several good men, who
took their discharge on account of thii order, re-
enlisted in this regiment, and I have often heard
them talking about this order, and how they had
lost so many years' service..
" In Sept., 1856, a general order was issued, to

. ,
the effect that all 'recruits hereafter enlist must
swear that they would go wherever their services
were required. When the old sepoys heard of
this order they were much frightened and di.pleased.
Up to this day those men who went to Aflghania-
tan have not been readmitted to their caste ; how
are we to know where the English may not force us
to go ? They will be ordering us next to go to Lon-
don.' As I have said above, any new order issued
by Government is looked upon with much suspicion
by the native army, and is much canvassed in every
regiment.
" Lately the British Government desired to in-
troduce the English rifle into the ranks of the native
army for this simple reason—the rifle can throw a
ball with accuracy soma 900 yards, and conse-
quently is much superior to the musket. It was of
course given by the Government, with a view to
save the sepoya lives in action, but the natives of
this country are such ignorant, bigoted fo ds that
they never will believe anything is intended for
their good. Three depots were appointed for the
purpose of teaching the new rifle exercise ; one
was stationed at Dum-Dum, one at Umb tlla, and
one at Sealkote ; one Naik and four sepoys, one
European officer, one native officer, and one havil-
dar, were to be sent to learn the use of the new
rifle. When these men were learning a Kalassie from
Fort William went to the sepoys who were on duty
at the fort, and told theta that the cartridges of the
new rifle were made up with the fat of cows and
pigs, and that if they bit these cartridges they
would lose all caste. On hearing this great sus-
picion seized their hearts ; the Brahmins especially
objected to touch these cartridges, but were told
that the Government wo old force them. When

they saw the cartridges th.y said—' If we touch
these cartridges we shill lose caste ; so how cm we
put our teeth in them?' About this time the men at
Dam-Dum wrote letters to all the regim-nts in the
service. From reading these letters the tth de army

were induced to believe the time was come when
the Government intended to force them all to Chris-
tianity. All this was told me by the regiments at
Dinapore.

" From this imperfect relation of facts the Go-
vernment will perceive that for the last 16 ye trs
the sepoys have been becoming more and more mu-
tinous. The different orders, as above described,
viz., the mrst.ing together in gaol, the remarks and
proclamations of missionaries, the annexa.ion of
Oude, the swearing in of reer its to go wherever
they were ordered, and the arrival of the new rifle,
set the whole country and army mad.' The chief-
tains and sirdars kept constantly telling the sepoys
that it was better to die than to give up their reli-
gion. For this reason alone the 19th N.I. at Be"'
rhampore mutinied, and when this regiment
was
ordered down to Calcutta to be disbanded threyg_ to
out wherever they went that they were ma v'' *