The Sun.
London, England, 1867-04-29 00:00:00

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THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENING. APRIL '29, 1867.

IONDON NORTII-WESTERN RAILWAY.
1.1 CHESTER. RACES, April 30, May, 1,2, and 3.
RETURN TICKETS istAtcd from London (Euston.
Kensington, West Brompton, (Moises, Battersea, and (;lap-
ham Junction), to enEsTF,n, on MONDAY, April 29,
soil following days, will be available for return by any
Train (Irish and Limited Mails excepted), up to and in-
clusive of SATURDAY, May 4.
SERVICE OF TRAINS 11. E l' \VEEN EUS tON AND

mission of the working classes to the franchise as
if they were fighting with an enemy, and they
therefore were desirous of adopting a system of
weights and checks to neutralise his power, forget-
ting that on the very first opportunity the working
classes would sweep away all the barriers by which
it was attempted to confine them. The present bill
at►in
he held to . be of so nnsatisfactory a character in all
its
e ()ading
; provisionsm to
teptthatto it was altogetherit, hope_
les s f and therefore
he thought it.far better to reject it ou the third read-
ing, and to defer the question till another se.-ision,
rather than .pass a measure which was universally
looked upon as eminently uns ttisfactory. He was
not of those who were desirous of seeing any bill
passed so that they dealt with the question of Re-
form, because he maintained that a great constitu-
tional change of this character ought to be effected
by the friends of Reform, and not by those who
had always shown and declared themselves to be its
determined and uncompromising opponents. At the
present moment the Tories brought forward their
measure under duress, as they sAw that the people
would have it. Mr. Otway then alluded to the in-
, equalities in the present measure, and the unsatis-
factory nature of its principal clauses,. the Act in one
town giving almost universal suffrage, as in Shef-
field, where it would give votes to 20,000, while in
Birmingham it would exclude 36,000. It also
created an invidious classification between the richer
and poorer voters, inasmuch as the £lO voter was
placed on a different footing from the voter below
thet amount. There was also a fatal defect in the
bill, as it provided for no lodger franchise, which, as
Mr. Disraeli took his stand on personal rating, could
not be adopted. Mr. Otway, after alluding to other
points of the proposed measure, spoke of the parti-
ally successful efforts which he had made in Parlia-
ment to obtain the abolition of the lash in the army,
and stated his determination not to relax his efforts
until that punishment was entirely got rid of. The
hon. gentleman also entered into some remarks
respecting the present complications on the Conti-
nent, and while he expressed the hope that England
would maintain a strict neutrality, he could not
conceal the conviction that the result of hostilities
between France and Prussia would terminate in
Belgium being annexed by the former, and the
kingdom of Holland by Prussia—a result which
England could not look upon with complacency.
Mr. Otway also alluded to the Alabama claims,
which he trusted England, as she was clearly in the
wrong, would, at once settle. The hon. gentleman,
after speaking for an hour and a half, resumed his
seat amid great applause, and at the termination of
his speech a resolution expressing the approval of
the meeting of the views expressed by him on the
question of Reform, and acknowledging his services
to the cause of humanity by his endeavours to ob-
tain the abolition of the lash in the army, was una-
nimously agreed to.
Three cheers each for Mr. Otway, Mr. Gladstone,
and Mr. Bright having been given, the vast audience
dispersed.

also supported in a few observations by Mr. Landon
and Mr. 11 mater.

Mr. 13tActotonn had no doubt but that the result
of that meeting would be watched with most intense
interest by men not only of their own, hut of all
professions and trades. Such being the case, it be-
comes their duty as employers to he firmly united
and determine 1. (i leer, Lear)
attention was
unions
publicwere on their trial, and at
that time more than ever directed to them in con-
sequence of the disgraceful disclosures recently
made before the commission appointed to inquire
into their actions. (Hear.) These combinations of
workmen were paralysing the industry of the coun-
try, and driving capital from its legitimate and
proper channels—(loud cries. of " Hear")—and it
became their duty as employers, both for the sake
of the empoyes as well as themselves, to put forth all
their power to check their progress. (Hear, hear.)
One means of check which. they had at command
was to resist those monstrous extortions which their
paid agitators, and not the unfortunate men them-
selves, were endeavouring to draw from the em-
ployer's pockets. (Hear, hear.) When once the
working man, whether a tailor or anything else, got
caught in the union net., he was no longer a free
agent. (Hear.) They must obey the orders of its
executive, contrary to their own judgment and in-
terest, to the ruin of themselves, their wives, and
innocent children. (Hear, hear.) In taking the
step which they were about to take, notwithstand-
ing the organs of ti agitators were constantly call-
ing them " oppressors" and " degradors," he:con-
tended that the employers were the real friends of
the working men. (Cheers.) That had been proved
by the charities they supported ; but it was neces-
sary that they should all unite, and further prove
themselves the true friends of the workmen by their
firmness in resisting this most unfair attempt at
extortion, and which would be the readiest means
of crushing this most unfair and unjust strike.
(Applause.)
Mr. SMALLPAGE said the men who had organised
this strike had begun at the wrong end of the stick,
as they generally did, for they had struck against
the best houses, where they got the best wages,
and where, according to their own admissions, they
earned scarcely ever less than from 38s. to 40s. per
week, and sometimes a great deal more. (Hear,
hear.) If they had commenced with the slop
tailors, and helped to put a stop to the rascalities
of those who paid poor creatures at the rate of one
or two shillings a-day, then there would be some
reason in their movement, and the better class of
tradesmen would help them. (Loud cries of " hear,
hear.") They desired, they said, to help the poor
women who were made the victims of these people,
but they could not complain of the way women
were treated in the better class houses, for they were
paid at the same rate as the men. (Hear, hear.)
His firm had determined to close their establish-
ment for a year if necessary rather than submit to
this unjust demand, and if the masters were all pre-
p tred to adopt a similar course they would soon
bring these men to their senses. (Loud applause.)
Mr. LAWRENCE, Mr. BROWN, and several others
said their firms were quite prepared to adopt the
course suggested, an announcement which was
loudly cheered.
A gentleman in the body of the meeting wished
it to be distinctly understood by the public that
there was no desire whatever on the part of the
masters to reduce the wages per hour, but they
were determined to resist the demand of an increase
now made by the men of 8d and 91. per hour.
(hear.)
Tile CHAIRMAN sail that was the real truth, and
if there were any reasonable points to be discussed
the masters were prepared to meet the men. As a
proof of this he held in his hand a proposal for refer-
ring a subject which might be in dispute to arbitra-
tion. It was to the following effect :—" Both parties
have agreed to refer any disputed point to an indif-
ferent person, whose decision shall be final, and
abided by by both parties, such person to be chosen
before the beginning of the conference under the
signature of both committees." (Hear.)
The resolution was then put from the chair, and
ctrried unanimously, amidst loud cheering.
The CHAIRMAN said a question had been put to
him as to what was the position of the association.
He begged to state that up to that moment the
members of the association numbered 181 employers,
and they had a guarantee fund to sustain their
objects of £5,587. (Loud applause.)
Some further discussion ensued, in the course of
which it was stated that last year the increase of
wages amounted to 16per cent., and that if the pre-
sent demands were acceded to it would make alto-
gether an increase of 35 per cent. since March, 1E66.
A vote of thanks was given to the committee of
the association for taking the initiative in the matter,
and a similar compliment being paid to the chair-
man, the meeting, which was a most excited one,
closed.

CHESTER.
IWN TRAINS.

THE TAILORS' STRIKE.

GREAT MEETING OF THE MASTERS.

On Saturday afternoon there was a general meet-
ing of the master tailors of the metropolis (con-
vened by the Master Tailors' Association of the
United Kingdom), held at the Hanover-square
Rooms, for the purpose cf determining the steps
necessary to be taken in regard to the present
strike of the journeymen tailors.
The meeting was a densely crowded and excited
one, and the large hall of the Hanover-square
Rooms was completely filled, there being upwards
of one thousand persons present, including either
the heads or repro entatives of most, if not all, the
principal West-end firms in the tailoring trade.
The CHAIRMAN, in opening the proceedings, said
the vast assembly of the trade showed the im-
portance which was attached to the subject upon
which they were assembled; important not alone
to themselves as employers, but to those through
whose proceedings they had been brought together.
(Hear, hear.) That meeting proved also that the
master tailors of the metropolis were not indif-
ferent to the call which had been made upon them
to assemble together and discuss the subject of the
strike of the workmen, and to consider if such a
proceeding were justifiable on the part of the
latter. (Hear, hear.) He thought that the mas-
ters would have no difficulty in proving to the public
that day that it was not, and consequently that it
was the duty of the employers to resist it. (Ap-
plause.) If they would refer to what had taken
place last year upon this subject, they would find
that the masters gave way to their employe's, and
with respect to the time-log they agreed to give
them what they required, namely, 7d. instead of Gd.
per hour. Now, although last year it was their
own proposal, it was asked by the men on strike
that these sevenpences should be further increased,
and those who made this demand had the assurance
to assert that the increase of one penny on each six-
pence conceded to them last April was only a
nominal increase. (Laughter, and Oh, oh.) How
this conclusion could be arrived at he (the chairman)
could not imagine, for what, he would ask, could
be more actual, and by no means nominal,
than the
addition of a copper penny to a Silver sixpence, ail
other arrangements being left as they were before
—nothing either added to or diminished from ? In
opposition to the calculation of those who said the
additional penny was a nominal increase, he would
contend that it was a clear increase of one-sixth
when the Gd. became 7d. (Hear, hear.) But
what was still further inexplicable in the matter
on the part of the men was, that it was almost
constantly contended in support of the increase
of the number of these sevenpenccs they were not
asking for an increase of money, but only for a time.
(Oh, oll.) Now in his (the chairman's) opinion, in
this case at least, time is money,' for an hour here
was a synonymous terra for 7d. It was just the
same, therefore, whether more hours be asked for
in the making of a coat, or more sevenpences for its
making. (Hear, hear.) Sometimes, also, the
2s. This was true
would say that the
isnpeeraekaesresd at
a• tyh ei men'sna c
o a
tme was e t in
onlygs
as to a footman's coat, or a gentleman's lounging
coat, which was formerly 24 hours, or 125., but the
price for gentlemen's superfine cloth coats had been
increased from 16s. to 18s., or from 32 hours to 36
of mystifying a plain
i
hours, at the 7d. per hour, therefore, the increase
upon was
35., making the 18s. coat 21s.
The manner in which these demands
werefacti theia d
e v l
aBsss,
a.
thes
with the view
question, by mixing up terms nit in a manner that
the public did not understand, so as to make it ap-
pear that the journeymen tailors were unfairly dealt
by, which everyone present knew was not really the
fact. (Hear, hear.)
Mr. BENNETT rcoved the first resolution
" Resolved, that in the opinion of this meeting the
time-log of the Amalgamated Society presented by
London operative tailors to their employers is unfair,
and ought to be resisted ; and that the action of the
Master Tailors' Association of the United King-
dom in resisting it is entitled to the full support of the
trade, and this meeting pledges itself to give them
their support in every way in their power." (Loud
applause.) Mr. Bennett proceeded at some length
to denounce the stateineuLs put forth at some of the
men's meetings, that the masters had reduced the
rate of wages, or had any desire to do so. The rate
of payment, whether by the hour or by the garment,
was what they had themselves fixed by the log of
last year. On the other hand, it was the workmen
who were attempting to coerce the masters into
giving them increased and unfair wages. If the
trade generally would support the association in re-
sistance be bad but little doubt this strike, which
could only result in injury to the men themselves
and their families,would speedily terminate. (hear,
hear.)
IVADL seconded the resolution, and it was

2)

PRICE.. 4d.
ST A. 31 PE D sd.

that the " Nicaragua line," so called, is the most
wretchedly conducted line of steamers that ever ran
out of the port of New York. Inds!ed, tho lin) is
a proverb ur inefficiency and failure; and many a
family has a deplorable rzeollection of its short-
comings and delays, by the death of some of their
best members, while abandoned by the company
on the pestilential isthmus. Only a few months
ago 300 United States soldiers. and as many more
general passengers, were abandoned there, to do-
mesticate themselves, half-starved, among the half-
breeds of the Isthmus for a period of over 30 days,
during which time, through the stupidity of a
management, that had no steamer to tranship them,
a large number of them miserably perished from
the fevers of the country. To be the President of
this company, the stock of which stands at 15 cents
on the dollar (in contrast to the 50 and 60 cents
under its previous President), and which has no
credit or character of any sort whatever, is claimed
by Mr. Webb's biographer to be one of the highest
of human dignities, and he exclaims with conscious
pride and irrepressible enthusiasm " that all the
abilities of Mr. Webb are centred upon the duties
of that station."

rt is admitted that Mr. Webb has been successful
in making money, but if he has any ideas, and they
have impressed themselves upon his business, WQ
know exactly how to measure them, by the results
they have produced. The deaths upon the Isthmul,
'and the hielanclibly fate of the Re ctertalierraW The
exemplars of them all.

INTENSITY OF HEAT GENERATED BY
PEAT.

It is an acknowledged fact that peat produces an
intense heat, a feature of so much importance as
to entitle it to prominent mention and careful
consideration. Its virtue in this respect is much
increased, when properly prepared, solidified, and'
dried, and it reaches its maximum of heating power
when solidified and charred or coked. Mention has
often been made of its peculiar qualities in this
respect, but their importance will be more clearly
comprehended when taken in connection with the
facts in an interesting article on the " Calorific
Value of Fuel," which we find in the American
Railway 7imes, and which contains remarks so
pertinent on this point that we quote as follows :
" There are, in all, five important kinds of fuel
only : these are wood, peat, coal, charcoal, and
coke—the first three being natural, and the last
two artificial fuels. The elements of which each
of these is composed are practically identical, the
difference of character being due to the proportion
of those elements entering into the composition of
each kind of 'fuel; and, according to those pro-
portions, each fuel takes its relative position in
the scale of value. Taking the comparative
chemical composition of the various kinds of fuel,
according to Dr. Machaltie, their percentage stands
thus :

Carb. llyd. 0 sy. Nit. Sul. Ash.
Wood (dried at 280 deg. F.) 50.0 6.0 42.9 1.0 1.0
Peat (dried at 220 deg. F.) 57.0 5.5 31.0 1.5
Coal 85.0 5.0 4.0 1.0 4.0
Charcoal
Coke
The amount of heat produced by fuels in their
combustion does not always constitute their rela-
tive value. For some purposes, it is apparent that
this would be the best criterion ; but, as a rule, in
metallurgic processes, the quantity of heat is of far
less importance than the intensity or power to
raise substances to the highest temperature—and
the fuel which affords the greatest quantity of heat
is sometimes incapable of producing the greatest
intensity.
" In determining the intensity of the heat pro-
duced, it is necessary to know the available quan-
tity of heat produced in the combustion of a pound
of fuel, the weight of the products of combustion,
and the quantity or number of units of heat re-
quired to raise the products of the combustion of a
pound of fuel, one degree Fahrenheit.
Where very high temperatures are required the
fuel which should be selected ought to approach as
near as possible to pure carbon in its composition,
and for the reason that carbon is the best substance
for the purpose.
" We now see the reasons for making coal into
coke, and wood into charcoal. Coal cannot pro-
duce a temperature equal to that obtained from
coke, neither can the temperature of wood be com-
pared with that of charcoal. And this resultg from
the relative accession of carbon, and reduction of
oxygen and hydrogen in them. This must be re-
ferred to the great difference between quantity and
intensity of heat. If we cannot raise sufficient
steam from a boiler by the use of one ton of coal,
we can easily meet the point by burning two tons ;
but, if the fusing point of metal cannot be attained
with one ton of coal, it by no means follows that
any additional amount of fuel will insure the re-
quired result. The great distinction to be observed
is between quantity and intensity of heat. The
first of these two conditions depends upon the
quantity of fuel, but the last is referred entirely to
the quality of .fuel.
" Twenty tons of coal will not give a temperature
so great as that afforded by one ton of coke."
It should be observed that in the above state-
ment of comparative composition of fuels no men-
tion is made of peat charcoal. Now, it is au
established fact that peat charcoal is of greater
density and calorific power than the best woo 1
charcoal, and, calculating the amount of carbon in
peat charcoal at no more than the relative amount
as between wood and charcoal in the above table,
peat charcoal will be represented by 98, which
exceeds any of the fuel mentioned in Dr. Maehal-
tie's table.
The intense heat generated by peat fuel is a sub-
ject of frequent remark, and will eventually be
dwelt upon, we think, as a very important con-
sideration in estimating .its value.—Leavites Peat
Journal.

The New York Tribune says :—" A crowd of
journalists, representing many sections of the country,
have sailed for Paris; and the Great World's Fair, shortly
to be held, will therefore have no want of historio-
graphers. From this city, Mr. Daniel 13. Seymour, the
dramatic editor of The Times, and Mr. itemack, the
musical connoisseur of the German press, have gone to-
gether; and Mr. George Alfred Townsend, one of the
most brilliant of the newspaper men who hold roving
commissions, has followed. Mr. E. 0. Haile, of the New
Orleans Crescent, another journeyer to the Great Exposi-
tion, has set " the first thousand ems," typographically,
towards the printers' fund for a monument to their bril-
liant fellow printer and benefactor, Artomus Ward. Mr.
Hall, of the Crescent, travelled to New York to organise
societies of printers to secure this monument. Each
printer is to contribute the worth of a thousand ems,
which is about 45 cents.
A correspondent of the Springfield Republican
gives the following instances of the feuds of literary
people:—" In a recent letter something was said of the
vindictiveness of literary people. Pages might bo written
on this subject with illustrations. Two young poets, one
resident in New York and 'one in Boston, and both of no
inconsiderable reputation, hate each other with the fury
of a scorned woman, lose no opportunity of procuring the
publication of sneers and slurs upon each other, and won-
der, in presence of their friends, why So and So is so
bitter. A reverend author of this city spends a good deal
of his time in abusing a popular monthly magazine,
simply because his contributions thereto have been " de-
clined, with thanks." But one of the most remarkable
evidences of this literary eccentricity appears in a
recent New York case. A divine of that city wrote
and. published a volume of essays not long ago. It
was received with general favour by the critics ; but one
" leading journal" devoted an editorial column to its anni-
hilation. The review was ono of the finest specimens of
the slaughtering style of review I ever saw, but its ani-
mus was plain enough. The writer of it came to New
York some years ago, unknown and unfriended. By the
kindness of the reverend author, he was put upon his feet
and given an opportunity to display his great powers. Ti)
put it mildly, his moral nature was weaker than his intel-
lectual, and his clerical friend found it necessary to warn
the members of a family into which he h d introduced the
a
young man, against the latter's dangerous wiles.
E. P. Whipple has written, at the request of Mr.
Fields, an essay on Dickens, which will probably appear
in the next number of the Atlantic. It is said to be ono of
his finest productions. The preparation and publication of
this essay in view of the publishing enterprise which now
mainly engrosses Messrs. Ticknor and Field's attention,
must be regarded as specially timely. Parton's article on
sewing machines will also, 1 believe, make a part of the
May Atlantic, having been "unavoidably postponed" from
the April number.