The Sun.
London, England, 1867-10-12 00:00:00

'THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, OCFOBER 12, 1867

IRELAND•

DUBLIN, Oat. 11.

The cattle show of the Erne estate at Lifford,
which was held this week at Ballindrait, was for
many reasons one of the most interesting that has
yet taken place. Lord Erne and several of the gen-
try of the neighbourhood attended. A striking im-
provement was noticed in the stock exhibited, and
the beneficial results of the inducements held out by
the Irish Peasants' Society of London to improve
the character of the cottage farms and labourers'
dwellings was greatly noticed. In his lordship's ad-
dress to his tenantry he announced the next year he
would give further prizes for seamstresses and for
farm servants who have lived the longest time in the
same employment. Ile congratulated the farmers
upon the prosperous harvest they had secured and
the prospect of obtaining remunerative prices for
their produce. lle stated that he had Dever wit-
nessed more comfort, more cleanliness, or a greater
appearance of industry and prosperity than during
his visit to his tenantry. He was also gratified by
their open and friendly reception of him. There was
not, he said, a farthing of arrear due on the estate,
and the tenants had laid out last year in permanent
improvements £490. He referred to a return from
his agent, which showed that in nine years the
tenants had expended in permanent Improvements
—such as drainage, subsoiling, fencing, and build-
ing—no less than £5,900. He referred particularly
to one tenant, named Robinson, who had built a
scutch mill and gasworks at his own expense, and he
recommended the other tenants to imitate the regu-
larity, cleanliness, and system which pervaded all his
work. His lordship's plan as regards the society is
to contribute double the amount of the farmers'
subscriptions, and he strongly urged them to give
more liberally to it. He also advocated the neces-
sity of their improving the dwellings of their
labourers, if they wished to retain their services.
In order to encourage improvements he allows at
once 5 per cent. upon whatever is expended. The
advantage of estate shows, instead of county
shows, is apparent in the greater emulation which
they tend to promote, not only between the farmers,
but the proprietors, and in the good feeling which
is called into play when the two classes of landlords
and tenants are brought into closer contact, and
enabled to take a closer and more enlightened view
of their mutual interests. There are several societies
upon this plan in Ireland, and the effect of their
operation has been almost invariably to smooth
away prejudices on both sides, and awaken feelings
of attachment and confidence.

A magisterial inquiry was held yesterday with
respect to the conduct of Maurice Dunne, an engine
driver, in the employment of the Waterford and
Kilkenny Railway Company, who is charged with
having wilfully driven his the engine on line at
Maryborough on the evening of the 30th September,
without any authority, and thereby obstructed a
train coming from Waterford to Rlaryborough,
causing damages to the carriages and endangering
the lives of the passengers. An accident occurred
on the occasion, which, fortunately, was not attended
with any loss of life, although the accused himself
was at the time reported to have been killed. Evi-
dence was given that Dunne wilfully drove the en-
gine on the line and occasioned a collision with a
passenger train belonging to the Kilkenny Junction
Company. The magistrates resolved upon sending
the case for trial, but admitted him to bail. The
occurrence was only an incident in the fierce war
which is raging between the companies, and which
has been productive of much inconvenience and an
noyance to the public.

The flax movement is extending steadily in the
county of Cork, owing chiefly to the active interest
taken in it by Lord Bandon and Col. Bernard. A
meeting of the Ballineen Farmers' Club was held
on Wednesday, at which his lordship presided, and
congratulated them upon the success of the flax-
market which they had already established. Some
excellent advice was given by gentlemen from the
north of Ireland who attended.

The Poor-law Commissioners in Ireland have an
extremely difficult task to perform in the fair and
firm administration of their departments. They have
succeeded, however, by their prudence and deter-
mination, in checking abuses and maintaining a
uniform and efficient system. An instance of some
of the obstacles which were thrown in the way may
be mentioned. Some time ago it was accidentally
discovered that a relieving officer in the Longford
Union bad kept back for long periods sums of money
given to him for the use of the poor. The Commis-
sioners instantly required him to resign. Some of
the guardians attempted to shield " the poor man,"
but the Commissioners threatened to dismiss him if
be did not resign, and he had no alternative but to
obey. A majority of the guardians now persistently
urge the Commissioners to let them allow him a re-
tiring pension for his " faithful services" for 20
years. The Commissioners, however, have steadily
refused, and are not likely to establish so dangerous
a precedent.

Some petty charges of Fenianisin continue to be
brought in different parts of the country. In almost
every instance the only offence proved has been
using seditious expressions while in a state of
intoxication, and sufficient punishment has been
imposed in binding the parties over to keep the
peace. No prosecution of a serious nature has been
instituted.

A gentleman, it appears, has recently taken a
pedestrian cruise round " Erin's Isle," and made
observations in his diary of the various phases of
Irish character which he witnessed. Perhaps the
following incident, which occurred some time since,
and has escaped notice in the press, may serve to add
a curious illustration of our manners and customs.
It is not merely founded " on fact," but it is in all
material points- literally true. In one of the work-
houses of Dublin—north or south, it matters not
which—an old woman died who had long been an
inmate. Boards are generally as hard as they
ought to be, and are little afflicted by such a
casualty, except as it relates to their contracts.
They never omit, however, to show a becoming con-
sideration for bereaved friends, so- far as giving
them notice of the fact, in order that if they choose
they may pay the last tribute of respect by interring
the deceased at their own expense. Accordingly in
this instance word was promptly sent to Bridget
Murphy, as we assume her name to be, informing her
that her mother was no more. Bridget hastened to
the workhouse, and was brought by an officer of the
house into the dead-house where the body lay. He
witnessed unmoved the outburst of Bridget's grief,
being familiar with such scenes. After it had sub-
sided she examined more minutely the features of
the deceased, and at length exclaimed, " That is
not my mother at all !" He calmly observed, " Well,
you ought to know best." She looked again, and,
more perplexed than before, remarked, "It cannot
be my mother—sure my mother had a Williamite
nose !" It may be well to explain that the Celtic
antipathy to the " glorious memory " of King
William does not extend to his nose, which is re
garded with traditional respect as the type of true
gentility. The officer replied, " Well, you had
better. leave her where she is." "Isit to leave her
in this cold place ?" she said ; " no, I must take her
away." She had the remains accordingly removed
to her leklgings. Her friends and neighbours
assembled that night at the " wake," which was
conducted with the customary observances—the
chief essentials on such occasions being innumer-
able candles, unlimited whisky, and an inex-
haustible mixture of sacred and secular things,
lamentations and lovemaking, snuff-taking, story-
telling, smoking, joking, gibing, and, to crown all,
an indiscriminate row at the end. Matters went
on as usual until an advanced hour in the night,
when misgivings as to the identity of the deceased
began to increase as the liquor began to fail. At last
they were convinced that they had been " waking"
the wrong person. A hearse was obtained, the body
was brought back to the workhouse, and next day
they discovered that it was another Mrs. Murphy
who had died, and that the one in whose honour the
" wake" had been celebrated was still a living charge
upon the rates. Now comes the sequel of the tale.
In a few days a bill, of which the following is an
exact copy, was furnished to the guardians to re-
cover expenses incurred through their mistake in the
notice:—

13read and butter, 4s. 6d. office (for the dead,

10s. ; four extra angels, Bd. ; bringing the diseased'
home, 4s. Bd. ; candles, ls. 6d. ; snuffers and sheets,
is. 4id. ; whisky, 4s. Bd. ; porter, 2s. ; pipes,
tobacco, and snuff, ls. 3 d. ; paid for washing
sheets after corps' was taken away, is. ; cleaning
the place, Is. ; loss sustained by two grandsons kept
from work on behalf of the diseased' 7s. 6d.
Nothin' charged for grief."
The modest liberality of the last item is worthy of
all praise. One cannot help wondering that " angels"
were so cheap—only 2d. apiece—while spirits of
another kind cost 4s. Bd. The details, however, need
not be dwelt upon—they speak for themselves. It
is enough to say that the little bill was settled, and
to add that such mistakes as to the identity of de-
ceased persons have repeatedly occurred.

surrounded by the work of the needle. This
machine, if not thundering over a country, or plough-
ing vast 'oceans, is alike to be seen in every kit-
chen and drawing-room, and the name of the
inventor will probably go down to posterity asso-
ciated wii:l a contrivance which more intimately
enters into household economy than any other now
used, or: likely hereafter to be introduced.

---
COTTON-17S HIS7ORY AND PROSPECTS.

The following interesting article is the first of a
series given, in the Round Table of the 21st Sep-
tember, a journal the Pall Hall Gazette patronis-
ingly says is of some repute in America :
This vegetable, which, next perhaps to corn, is
the most important of all the products of the earth,
was grown at the very begi'ining of the Christian
era in a province at the head of the Persian Gulf,
and at that period was manufactured there. In the
time of Pliny, about A.D. 75, the plant was well
known in Upper Egypt. In Spain it was grown
and manufactured as early as the tenth century.
In Italy it was used at the beginning -of the four-
teenth century. In China it was grown in gardens
before the thirteenth century, but only as people of
modern times grow roses ; it was then manufactured
there simply as a curiosity. It was indigenous in
Mexico at the time of the Spanizh conquest.
Magellan found it in use in Brazil in 1519. Colum-
bus saw it growing wild in Hispaniola and other
West Indian islands ; but India is the birth-place
of its manufacture, where it was spun in periods of
remote antiquity. The sixteenth century saw cotton
cloth for the first time in England. In 1590 it was
brought from Guinea thither, and centuries before
this period cotton cloth was known in Morocco.
Baines, in his very elaborate work upon cotton
manufacture, which was published in England about
thirty years ago, states that the growth of cotton
in India was nearly as general as that of articles of
food. It is curious to consider that during many
centuries so little improvement had been made in
the method of spinning cotton. In the year 1760
the machines used in England for that purpose were
nearly as simple as those of India, and but a few
years thereafter, viz., in 1767, just one hundred
years ago, the world was startled by the discovery
of Hargreaves. The poor man, like many other
similar benefactors of his kind, gained little by his
mechanical genius. If we mistake not, he was in
early life a barber, and his invention led him into
sad trouble. His wife beat him about the head, broke
up his jennies ; and his fellow-townsmen in 1768
drove him away from his native town, alleging that
his machines cheapened labour. It was not untill77o
that he obtained his patent. He did not long sur-
vive, but it is not true, as is often said, that he died
in a workhouse. On the contrary, he left a guinea
in his will to pay the vicar for preaching his funeral
sermon. Hargreaves's and John Wyatt's names are
the most important in the early history of cotton
spinning in England ; and it is a sad pity that
Wyatt, who had a patent for roller spinning thirty
years before Arkwright claimed to have conceived
the idea, derived no benefit whatever from it. He
was very poor—too poor, it seems, to take the pa-
tent in his own name, which appears in that of his
business partner, and it lay unnoticed and useless
for many years.

We shall offer to our readers, by-and-by, some
interesting facts with regard to English trade in
eotton, but meanwhile we take occasion to
observe that, contrary to the public esti-
mate of the man, Arkwright cannot fairly be
called a genius. He stole Wyatt's idea, as is most
conclusively established by a comparison of their
several patents, which, so far as the method of
spinning by rollers is concerned, are almost iden-
tical. Hargreaves's spinning jenny, which was rude,
simple, and carefully hidden for a while from the
public eye, was a discovery almost as important as
that of the art of printing or the uses of steam. The
whole world for centuries had been spinning cotton
a single thread at a time. Hargreaves made that
one thread into a spider's web, which drew the busy
flies of industry into it for ever after. The mecha-
nical inventions of the latter half of the eighteenth
century were indeed wonderful. Arkwright's patent
was taken out in 1769, followed closely by Cromp-
ton's discovery of the mule, Kelley's application of
water-power to drive it, Cartwright's power-loom,
Roberts's self-acting mule, and Watt's steam-

engine.

Arkwright was a man of indomitable energy and
perseverance, and he speedily became the founder
of the factory system in England. Great efforts
were made to set aside his patents, which he success-
fully resisted for sixteen years, and it was not until
1785 that they were finally broken up. The effect
of this was at once apparent, the total import of
cotton into England in 1784 being 11,482,0831b5.,
while in 1787, only three years thereafter, the im-
port was doubled, viz., 23,250,2681b5. Two years
later, viz., in 1789, Watt erected the first steam-
engine in Manchester for cotton-spinning, and four
years after this date, in 1793, in order to keep pace
with the increased demand for the raw material, our
own Whitney gave the cotton-gin to the world.
The following table shows the imports of cotton into
England from all countries, at different periods
during the eighteenth century, the earliest record
which we have seen being that of the year 1697
in which year the total import was 1,976,3591b5. :-
1701 . . 1,285,168 lbs.

1705 . . 070;881 „ average for four years.
1710 . . 715,008 „
1720 . . 1,972,805 .„
1730 . . 1,545,472 „
1740 . . 1,645,031 „
1751. . . 2,976,610 „
1761 . . 3,870,392 „
1771 to 1775 . . 4,764,589 „ average.
1776 to 1780 . . 6,766,613 „
1781 . . 11,482,083 „
1785 . . 18,400,381 „
1787 . . 23,250,268 „
1790 . . 31,447,605 „
1800 . . 56,010,732 „
The first export of cotton from the United
States to Great Britain occurred in 1781, in which
year an American vessel arrived at Liverpool with
eight bales, which were seized by the custom-house
authorities upon the plea that they were not the
product of this country. It was not until 1791 that
any considerable quantity, namely, 189,316 lbs.,
was exported from the United States. The follow-
ing table shows the total exports at different periods
thereafter :-
1796 6,106,729 lbs. 1821 124,893,405 lbs.
1801 20,911,201 „ 1826 204,535,415 „
1806 37,491,282 „ 1831 270,979,784 „
1811 62,186,081 „ 1832 322,215,122 „
1816 81,747,116 „ 1838 595,952,297 „
The following are the exports to Great Britain
alone since 1850, the total quantities since 1860
being computed at an average of 450 lbs. to the
bale :-
1851 670,645,122 lbs. 1862 82,500,000 lbs.
1854 696,247,047 „ 18g3 59,5C0,000 „
1856 892,127,988 „ 1864 89,000,000 „
1857 683,997,972 „ 1865 208,000,000 „
1860 1,160,000,000 „ 1866 523,000,000 „
1861 830,000,000 „ To Aug. 22, 1867 477,000,000 „
These figures show that in but little more than 60
years our export of cotton increased from about
6,000,000 lbs. to 1,100,000,000 lbs.—a wonderful
difference, truly.
The records which have been preserved of the
prices of cotton in Liverpool in old times show that
in

S. D. S. D.
1782 the value fluctuated between 1 8 and 3 6
1784 7/ 17 71 1 0 2 1
1786 71 71 1 10 3 6
1789 77 17 11 1 0 110
1792 1, /1 1 8 2 6

The above quotations were solely for West Indian
cotton. Georgia cotton is first quoted in England
in 1793, viz., ls. ld. to ls. 10d. for uplands, with
Tndian cotton at 10d. to ls. 4d. In 1799 Georgia
cotton ranged in price, in Liverpool, from ls. sd.
to 55., and India cotton from 11d. to 2s. 4d. In
1803 the quotations respectively were Bd. to ls. 3d.
and 9d. to ls. 2d.; between 1806 and 1814 the
lowest price at which middling uplands were sold in
England was in 1811, viz., 121 d., with Surats at
101 d. The highest prices known at any period
between the year 1800 and the breaking out of the
Southern rebellion was in 1814, when uplands were
sold in Liverpool at 23d. to 37d. ; Sea Island,
42d. to 72d. ; and Surats, 18d. to 25d. Be-
tween 1814 and 1834 the lowest cotton year
was 1829, when uplands were quoted at
4d. to 7d., Sea Islands from 9d. to 21d., and
Surats from 28d. to sid. These very low prices
were no doubt caused by the heavy import of 1827
Ekud 1528, 452,249 bales being Werp9ol

at the close pf the former year, and 405,886 bales
at the end of the latter.

The amount of cotton grown in the United States
in 1850 was 2,445,793 bales ; ten years later, viz.,
in 1860, the yield was doubled, being nearly
5,000,000 bales, of which the State of Mississippi
alone grew nearly one-quarter, a quantity equal to
about one-half of the total product of 1850. Slave
labour had become highly profitable, and was taxed
to its utmost to raise the staple. Look, for example,
at the growth of 1866, which was only about 300,000
bales more for the whole country than Mississippi
alone made in 1860 !

But, to leave these figures for the present, let us
see what was the course of prices in this country for
cotton during the late war. The fluctuation in the
article from April, 1861, to July, 1861, at New
York, were only 3 cents per pound, viz., from 121
cents to 151 cents. In September of that year
middling uplands had risen to 22 cents, and in
November to 221 cents, in December early to 28i
cents, and on December 25, 1861, to 37 cents per
pound. These were all gold values, as specie pay-
ments were not suspended until January, 1862.
The year 1861. closed, however, in New York with
only about 15,000 bales on hand. The article in-
creased in value very rapidly afterward, but did not
reach its maximum price in currency until the 23d
to 25th of August, 1864, when middling uplands
were sold in New York at $1 90 per pound. The
statistics of 1864 are curiously interesting, and, at
the risk of tiring our readers, we submit them. The
following table shows the percentage of premium
on gold, and the actual prices of cotton in this city
at various times in that year :

June 13, 1864, Gold 95 preen., Mid. Upd. Cotton $1 25 cur.
„ 18, „ ~ 96 „ ~ 150 „
„ 23, „ „ 115 „ 147 „
71147
• 29, „
„„ 144 „ „
1,
July 11, „ lB5 „ 77 168 „
11 21, 17 77 159 77 I, 163 „
„ 28, „ „ 150 „ 77 162 „
Aug. 3, „ „ 158 „ ~ 168 „
„ 18, „ „ 158 ~ 1, 178 „
„ 23, „ „ 158 „ 71 190 „
„ 30, „ „ 134 „ ~ 180 ~
Sept. 8, „ „ 136 „ ~ 186 „
Dec. 30, „ „ 127 „ ~ 118 „

From this it appears that between the 13th
and 18th of June, 1864, with no advance in
gold, cotton rose 25 cents per pound, and on the
11th of July of that year, on which day gold
reached its maximum of no less than 185 per
cent. premium, cotton sold at 22 cents per lb. less
than it did on August 23, 1864, when gold was 27
per cent. lower. On July 1, 1865, the gold pre-
mium stood at 40 per cent. and cotton at 44 cents
per lb. ; and at the end of 1865 gold stood at 45
per cent. premium and cotton at 46 cents. Now,
while we write, the gold premium is about 45 per cent.,
and middling uplands are selling at 25 cents per lb.,
currency, or about 17i cents., gold ; about the same
price as was paid in August, 1861. Of course the
extraordinary fluctuations which we have named
built up and destroyed many a fortune. Gains and
losses in cotton were enormous, the latter in many
well-known instances amounting to no less a sum
than $7OO or more per bale. Many cases are known
of almost ridiculous hardship, in some of them equi-
valent to a total loss of the cotton on the part of
the planter, by reason of charges only, where no
advance had been made him, other than freight and
Government dues. At this moment we are credibly
informed that an invoice of about 250 bales of
cotton is offered for sale, in this city, which will
result in a loss to the parties interested of more than
$lOO,OOO.

The belief that no other country can grow such
desirable cotton as our own is a very common error
North and South. The best cotton produced in the
world is undoubtedly the growth of our Sea Islands
—that is, the islands which fringe our southern
coast from South Carolina to Florida. The quan-
tity of this, however, is not important, and, indeed,
this year bids fair to be very much less than usual.
But, apart from quantity, the best qualities of
Egyptian rank nearly as high in Liverpool as Sea
Island, and the cotton of Brazil is nearly all of long
staple and takes rank next to Egyptian. The Cot-
ton Supply Association of Manchester have just held
their annual meeting, and their report states that
American seed has lately been more extensively used
in Turkey, India, the .Brazils, and elsewhere, and
that the result has been the growth of a better qua-
lity, and that cotton from Smyrna and other
districts has realised in Liverpool nearly as high a
price as the produce of the United States. The fol-
lowing table exhibits the relative values of Middling
Orleans, Egyptian, Brazilian, and India or Surat
cottons in Liverpool at the end of each month in
1866 : _ _

Mid. Orleans. Egyptian. Brazil. India.
January
February
March ..
April lsi 19i 17 12
May
June l4 18i 1:4/ 9f
July
August l4 20 16/ 9j
September
October
November - 141 101
December
And the quantities of these four classes of cottons
which were imported into England in 1866 are as
follows :—Out of a total import of 3,749,588 bales
there were 1,162,745 bales American; 407,646
bales Brazilian ; 200,221 bales Egyptian ; and
1,867,150 bales India. Our Sea Island seed was
planted in Egypt in 1827 and yields finely. It is a
singular fact that, notwithstanding cotton bad been
known in Egypt since the days of Pliny, its culti-
vation had been abandoned, and it was not until
1821 that any energetic attempt was made to revive
it. In that year but 60 bags were made, in the
next year about 50,000, and in 1824 no less than
140,000 bales. We have not at hand the statistics
of its recent growth, but are persuaded that large
quantities would be exported thence were labour
more abundant. Egypt and Turkey together ex-
ported to England nearly 414,000 bales in 1865.
Egyptian cotton was first imported to England in
1823, although the cottons of Brazil were known
there as early as 1781. .
(To be continued.)

31UNICIPAL REFORM IN AMERWA.

(From the Nation.)

Apropos of municipal reform,- the Evening Post
has been reiterating its doctrine that " the people "
(the Post always means by this the numerical ma-
jority) " have a right to misgovern," and rebukes
the Citizens' Association and everybody else for
claiming the right to instruct " the people" on any
subject. It is as well to repeat that this is one of
the most immoral and detestable doctrines ever
preached in a Christian country—that it is worse
by far than the doctrine of the divine right of
kings—that it claims for the numerical majority the
right to disregard the moral law in its dealings with
the minority—that it would, if sound, justify slavery
or spoliation or any kind of baseness or corruption
—that it is incapable of defence by any educated
man, and contains a fallacy over and over exposed
—that the promulgation of it at such a time and in
such a community as • New York City is likely to
work mischief, and only mischief—and that, if such
a creed were deliberately adopted by any Democratic
community, it would make Democracy stink in the
nostrils of every sober-minded friend of humanity.
We, for our part, bold that all possessors of power,
whether the Many or the One, are bound to use
it in the service of justice; and that the
right of a numerical majority to " misgovern "
rests on precisely the same basis as the right of a
band of brigands to rob a solitary traveller. We
hope, too, the educated and intelligent and Christian
minority of this city will not be deterred by talk of
this sort from telling " the people" what they think,
from asserting that they are wiser, are more en-
lightened, do know better what ought to be done,
than the crowd which votes for Fernando Wood for
mayor. That that crowd will work its way into
more light through the exercise of political power
may be true, but that it is the duty of journalists
and preachers to keep it constantly advised of its
ignorance, of its corruption, of its gullibility, and of
its responsibility to God and man for the use it
makes of its power, admits of no question.

The Opinione of Florence denies the statements
of some Italian and French papers that the United States
Legation of that city had officially protested against the
arrest of Garibaldi, on the ground of his being an American
citizen, • - ,

Miscellaneous Foreign News.

A letter from Rome, dated Oct. 4, says :
Attention is fixed on the events which, since the
29th of September, have occurred in the province
of Viterbo. Here at Rome we only know what we
read in the Journale di Roma, and, on the other
hand, we cannot trust the rumours which circulate
in the Florentine press, so exaggerated are they.

At the moment in which I write these lines
there are still at Bagnorea about 600 Garibaldi-
ans. It is the only town where they have taken
up a military position. The other Garibaldians,
who have not recrossed the frontier, have dis-
banded in the neighbouring country. Bagnorea is
a town of 3,500 souls.

On the 30th of September the band which
had entered at Acquapendente found there but
seventeen soldiers ! This was a great imprudence
on the part of the military authority. On the
night of the Ist of Oct. those seventeen soldiers
were obliged to surrender. They were deprived of
their arms and of their horses, and expelled the
town, but no injury was done to them. In proceed-
ing towards Montefiascone these soldiers met with
a column which was coming to their assistance. It
was, however, too late.

The column occupied Acquapendente, and there
replaced the arms of the Pope. The Garibaldians
took to flight. But during this time, a multitude
of Garibaldians, seeing the troops advancing
against them, took refuge in Bagnorea, and there
sacked the Palace of the Bishop. Then they pro-
claimed the Italian Government, and fortified
themselves in the town. They were attacked on
the 3d inst. but without any success. This is the
last news.

The Garibaldians, however, pulled down the
arms of the Pope, and proclaimed Victor Emman-
uel King. These men are all aliens to the Papal
State. The greater part are armed with excellent
muskets. Some only wear the red shirt. How
could these individuals have entered into the Papal
States without being seen by the Italian troopsy
This is the question everyone asks.
It is consoling, however, to be able to say that
the population evinced indifference to the revolu-
tionary party, and even cheered the Papal troops.
This evening 200 Zouaves and a battery of artil-
lery leave. Rome for Bagnorea. General Kanzler, the
Minister of War, will leave to-morrow morning.
Perfect tranquillity reigns in Rome and in the
other localities of the Papal States. Down to the
present moment no Garibaldians have appeared
but in the province of Viterbo.
General Kanzler is reproached for having placed
but 650 men to defend the Province of Viterbo,
the most turbulent as well as the nearest to Flor-
ence.

On many points, the Garibaldians have cut the
telegraph wires, and this explains the late arrival of
news.

Everything at this moment announces a con-

tinuance of rain, which will doubtless have a favour-
able influence on th esanitary condition of Rome.
Since our last letter there have been in the capital
and some other localities 140 cases of cholera
and 20 deaths.

The charity of the Romans continues to provide
for the most pressing wants of the families tried
by this scourge. A pious Patrician has placed
himself at the head of an association instituted
for this object. Without reckoning the sums dis-
tributed by the Holy Father, by the public Trea-
sury, and by the Municipality, more than 80,000
francs have been already expended in this work of
charity. The orphans destitute of aid are received
in two houses set apart for this purpose. This
is not all. The Holy Father proposes to organize
a lottery in favour of these unfortunate families by
means of the gifts which the generosity of the
faithful during the festivals of the Centenary and of
the Canonization have laid at his feet. Among
these gifts there are reliquaries of inestimable value,
splendidly bound books, medals with his effigy,
cameos, pictures, and rosaries wrought by Chris-
tians in foreign missions. The whole world will
be invited to take part in this lottery.
The schools, the congregations, and the courts
of justice are now in their vacations. These va-
cations are called ferice autumnales to distinguish
them from the Easter holidays. They usually last
to the first days of November.

The canonization of the Blessed Benedict Joseph
Labre is now being actively prosecuted. This pro-
cess was first instituted on the 31st March, 1792,
in the Pontificate of Pius VI., and from that day
the pious pilgrim bore the title of Venerable. He
was beatified on the 24th of May, 1860. A decree,
dated the 3rd of last September, has approved of
the acts prepared on the subject of itwo recent
miracles ascribed to his intercession. Another
decree will testify the approval of those miracles.
Then the Holy Father will sign the final decree,
declaring that in all safety the Congregation may
proceed to the canonization of the beatified.
The Rev. Father Francis Virili, a missionary of
the Precious Blood, is the postulator in the cause
which has such especial interest for France. Day
and night he is occupied with the matter, and copies
himself, from pure devotion to his work, the long
document of the process. In the Church of St.
Louis, and in many other churches here, boxes are
placed to receive the offerings of the faithful.
There its one also in the Colosseum on the very
spot where the beatified was accustomed to pass
his nights in prayer.

The Nation, in reviewing " Mistakes of Edu-
cated Men," by John S. Hart, LL.D., and "Mental and
Social Culture," by L. C. Loomis, observes :—" A writer
of considerable acuteness, in one of the Irish papers, has
lately been maintaining that we need an additional pro-
fession, the business of which should be simply and solely
to point out to each man, after a proper investigation of
his antecedents, attainments, and mental and moral quali-
ties, in what calling he should engage. This conclusion
has been reached after long and painful observation of the
tremendous blunders which lads make every day in select-
ing their walk in life. The ministry swarms with men
who would have made good lawyers and soldiers ; the bar
with men who would have made excellent merchants;
commerce with men who would have done bettor as
professors, and so on. In old societies these mistakes aro
almost irretrievable. They are not usually discovered
until a man has fairly settled down to his work for good
or evil, or has grown too old to make change possible. In
this country, where the social organisation is less fixed,
men make more frequent attempts to correct early errors
by abandoning the calling once taken up and going into
others; but even here change is difficult, and, when made,
it is often unsuccessful. Even if the person happens in
the second attempt to hit on his right vocation, the mere
act of changing—the feeling that, having once made a
mistake, he may make another—is apt to unsettle him
permanently, and convert him into one of those versatile
mortals who are 'everything by turns and nothing long,'
and who, after a life of failures, sink into an embittered
and unhappy old age."
The Rev. R. W. Alger is revising for publica-
tion his new book, "The Friendships of Women."
The actual product of the cotton crop of the
United States for the cotton year ending the 31st August,
1867, is differently stated by American authorities. Tho
Charleston Courier reports it at 1,969,291 bales, of which the
Sea Island cotton amounted to 43,430 bales. The New York
Commercial and Financial Chronicle, however, states that
the quantity sent to the shipping ports during the year
was 2,019,271 bales, of which about 1,700,000 bales it
estimates as the crop of the year, while 300,000 bales were
old crop cotton. The latter journal states that the new
cotton yea: begins with an unsually small stock in the
interior, while on September 1 there were but 83,155 bales
on hand at the shipping ports. During the year ending
August 31, 1867, the total exports of cotton to foreign
countries wore 1,552,31.1 bales. Tho Chronicle estimates
the crop of Sea Island cotton for the year at 32,228 bales.
The growing crop is beginning to be received at the ship-
ping ports iu considerable quantities, and 2,500,000 bales
continnes to be the favourite estimate of its product.—
Times' Correspondent.
The Russian territory ceded to the United States
has been officially called Alaska, and the military head
quarters are established at Sitka, the district being
attached to General Halleck's military division of the
Pacific. Two companies of troops, with a battery of
field artilloiy and ono year's supplies, are to garrison
Sitka.
In an editorial note of September 23 the New
York Tribune exults over the fact that General Sherman
has made three treaties with different tribes of Indians
and hopes that "the history of Indian affairs will now
proceed in ink and not in bloodshed." In another
part of the paper (same issue) wo read that General
Sherman said to the Indians at Montana, "If you don't
leave the roads alone I will kill you, and I will give
you neither powder nor ball till you make peace ;"
whereupon "Pawnee-Killer," chief of the Cheyen-
nes, Itlt the council ih disgust. Also that the 7th Itegi-

ment of Volunteers would start on the 9th inst. on an
expedition against the Crows. Also that the Indians had
notified to the contractors on the Kansas Pacific Railway
that the road should not be built beyond Fort Hayes, and
that they meant war to the knife. The editor of the
Tribune appears to bo too sanguine therefore.—Pall Mall
Gazette.

The Nation says : —We are sorry to say
that we have had another outbreak between " H. G."
and "T. W." The hopes we entertained that
"H. G.'s " temporary removal to a wider sphere
of usefulness at Albany would lead to a cessation
of hostilities have not been realised. In the first place,
" T. W." endeavoured to fasten on " H. G." the responsi-
bility of recommending Callicott, the hero of the great
whisky frauds, to the Government for the place he has
disgraced. The result of this was that " 11. G." was com-
pelled to pronounce " T. W." and his aiders and abettors
" immeasurable liars," meaning, of course, that their
powers of mendacity were greater than our finite minds
could grasp or comprehend, and not, as some absurd
commentators have supposed, that the superficial area of
their persons could not be computed. Smarting under
this imputation, " T.W." published, in parallel columns,
on one side a private letter of "H. G." written to the Presi-
dent in confidence last year, strongly recommending
General Steedman as Stanton's successor in the War-
office ; and, on the other, an article from the Tribune, pub-
lished last month, strongly denouncing the said Steedman
as the worst man whom the President could possibly
select for the said office. The thing wears an awkward
look ; but it is not quite so bad as it seems, as it
was quite possible for an honest man to think very well of
General Steedman a year and a half ago and think very ill
of him last month. He has done several things which
show him to be utterly unfit for any place of responsibility
just now, which he had not done when "H. G." wrote his
letter. Our advice to "H. G." would be, however, to re-
tire resolutely, and to matter at what sacrifice of feeling,
from the business of recommending people for office, and
devoting the time and energy thus saved to the advocacy
of Mr. Jenckes's Civil Service Bill, and thus help to re-
deem the country from its greatest curse and canker-the
filling of the public :rvice with the nominees of editors
and politicians as the reward of dirty job-work.

If the Philadelphia correspondent of the 7 imes
is correct, the New York Herald adheres to its resolutions of
withdrawing from the Associated Press, and trusting to
its own enterprise and industry to procure intelligence.
It announces that, outside of its expenses as a member of
the Associated Press, it has spent during the past 14 years
$600,000 for special telegraphic despatches, and during
the year ending July 27th last it has expended $50,000
for special cable despatches from Europe. The herald at
present has the largest circulation of any daily newspaper
in America, and its annual expenditures are estimated at
$1,500,000.

The Libertl believes it can state that a treaty has
just been concluded between Persia and Russia. The latter
Power will aid Chir-Ali-Khan to reconquer the eastern
provinces of Affghanistan, that is to say, Cabul. Persia
will aid Russia, and will receive the province of Herat
which the Affghans had annexed under Dost-Mahomet-
Khan. This is said to be from an official source.