The Sun.
London, England, 1860-01-03 00:00:00

NAPLES.

A letter from Naples, of December 2Gth, says :
" We have not so many English here this season,
nor are there many throughout the north of Italy;
everything seems perfectly tranquil, particularly
in this city. Our new King and Queen appear to
be more liked every day, and their liberal expendi-
ture begins to tell on the country. The Royal
family drive out constantly all over the city in the
most independent manner."

THE BRAZILS.

(BY ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.)

LIVERPOOL, TUESDAY MORNING.

The following telegram from Lisbon has been
received. by Mr. Court, secretary of the Liverpool
I:lnderwriters' Association :

Rio Janeiro—Exchange, 251.
Coffee unalterad.

Arrived from Liverpool—Gorilla, Carl Petter,
Elizabeth Brown, Jacobo, Caroline, Bexar, and
Christian. Swansea, to Pernambuco, put in leaky.
Chili, from Liverpool to Bornbayspalso put in dis-
mast ed
Bahia—Exchange, 24. Sugar, 200 reis higher.
Arrivals from Liverpool—W. B. Dean, Star of
-Elope, and William Fisher.
Pernambuco—Exchange, 25.
Cotton, 200 reis lower.

Arrivals from Liverpool—Floating Cloud, Ever-
ttin Fury, San Diego Hindoo, Panthea. Accring-
bon, Liverpool to Calcutta, put in, captain poisoned,
rind a large number of persons dead on board.

The funeral of the late Lord Hastings took.
pilaw thin day (Tuesday) at Molten Constable, N' orfolk, '
N g here the remains of his lordships ancestors have been in-
terred for many generations. The' office of commandant of
the `oriel]: Militia Artillery has become vacant by the death
od the noble peer.
THE LATE L9RD MAcAuLAY.—Lord Macaulay
ill be buried this week in Westminster Abbey. The sex-
tx,n of the Dean and Chapter is busy to-day opening a grave
our great historian, not with kings and knights of the
Alarter, not even with Stephenson or Telford, but in Poet's
corner or the south transept of the Abbey. He will lie at
tine foot of Addison's statue, and close to the grave of Isaac
1: ;arrow, one of the great Trinity of Cambridge men,
lacaulay's own college. 'The historian will not lie far off
Camden—almost the fatherof English history—not far from
v :hat remains of May, the historian of the Long Parliament,
a nd near to the remains of Johnson, Garrick, Sheridan, and
tlitford, the Tory editor of the Quarterly _Review. He will
lie facing the statue of the poet of " The Pleasures of
Hope," at whose funeral the noble historian helped (with
wise selection) to bear the pall. The day of the funeral is,
we believe, as yet unfixed.

JANUARY 3,

1860.

TUE POPE AND THE CONGRESS.

TO THE EDITOR OF TIIE SUN.

SlR,—The pamphlet of " The Pope and the Con-
gress," by M. de la Guerroniere, may be remarkable
for its plausible reasoning, but is certainly erro-
neous in point of historical facts, especially in what
concerns the history of the donation of the Patri-
mony of St. Peter.

The Emperor Charlemagne was the first sove-
reign who granted temporal power to the Popes,
by giving them the Duchy of Benevento, in
Naples.* The other States around Rome, called
the Patrimony of St. Peter, extending from Fer-
rara, on the North, to the boundaries of Naples on
the South, and from Ancona on the East, to
Civita Vecchia on the West, are well known to have
been the famous donation to the Popes perpetually
of the Serenissima Grand Countess Matilda di Gon-
zaga, Sovereign Princess of Mantua, Duchess of
Tuscany, Spoleto, Marehioness of Sardinia, and
other parts of Italy. She was the daughter of
Prince Boniface di Gonzaga, and Beatrice,
daughter of Conrad 11., Emperor of Germany.
The magnificent tomb of Beatrice is at Pisa, in the
Campo Santo.
So great was the power of Matilda as a sovereign,
that she gave the second crown of their triple tiara
to the Popes; and her cousin Henry IV., Emperor
of Germany, visited her at her palace of Canossa, to
have the benefit of her intercession with the Pope
for the security of his dominions.
The document of the famous donation (as it is
termed) of the Patrimony of St. Peter by the
Grand Countess Matilda, is dated December,
1102. It is actually preserved in the Vatican at
Rome, and her monument exists in the church of
St. Peter, representing Matilda, with the tiara in
one hand, and the sword in the other, with which
she defended the rights of Italy against her cousin,
the Emperor of Germany, at the head of a nume-
rous army. The town and province of Ferrara
were given to Pope Stephen 11. by Matilda in.
1077 ; thus it may be proved from these last-men-
tioned facts, that M. de la Guerroniere, in his
pamphlet, "The Pope and the Congress," is quite in
error regarding the donation of the patrimony of
St. Peter.—Accept, sir, the assurance of my dis-
tinguished consideration, .

VERITAS.

[* Examining carefully into the annalists of those times,
we find that, according to Gosselin (torn. I. ch i. § 8), it
was anterior to Hone'lug and Theodosius the Younger.
While, in regard to what follows, it may be worth noting
that Bergier (torn. V. p. 133) writes in regard to Charle-
magne—" Couronne empereur l'an 800 a Rome, it fit to
pape son premier magistrat :" adding, " A la decadence de
la 'liaison de Charlemagne le pape imita lea grand vassaux
et les seigneurs d'ltalie ; it se rendit independant." That
los, it will be observed, as a curious historical point, at the
commencement of the ninth century, or three hundred
years earlier than the date (the very beginning of the
twelfth century—A .D. 1102) subsequently specified above.]

COUNT CA YOUR AND TILE CONGRESS.

(From the Correspondent of the Daily News.)

TURIN, Dec. 29.—Count Cavour, should nothing
requiring special haste occur, will remain here until
the 12th of January. It is confirmed, that not
England alone but Prussia and Russia have expressed
a wish to see him at the Congress, a circumstance
that augurs well for Italy. Moreover, and con-
trary to the pre-conceived opinion of many,
Napoleon himself has intimated to the Sardinian
Government, that the choice of Count Cavour to
represent it worthily was only natural enough.
So that the perplexity exhibited for two whole
months by the ministry has never been owing to
any direct and important cause in its foreign rela-
tions, but to a few party manoeuvres and to court
intrigue. All is changed now, and no one dares
offer any further opposition to Caveats., whilst on
the other hand favours and demonstrations of hone
our aro being lavished upon him. Among these I may
single out as remarkable the presidency that has
been all but unanimously conferred on him by the
Whist Club. Cavour has accepted it, and inaugu-
rated it yesterday with a dinner, at which many
members of the diplomatic body were present.
This club contains the flower of the Turin aris-
tocracy, as regards birth and fortune. hitherto its
members, being unable to compete in talents, learn-
ing, and abilities with the democrats, have re-
mained apart, venting their impotent ire by satiris-
ing the Constitution, Italianism, and the habits—
not very refined, it must be admitted—of the plebeian
but liberal citizens. When the Duke of Gram-
mont was ambassador at Turin he confessed that, on
making inquiries respecting the Piedmontese states-
men , particularly Cavour, one of the most influen-
tial members of this very club described him with
epithets of too foul a nature for even the coarsest
and most vulgar to repeat. What a magician suc-
cess is, that it should change opinions better than
all the logic and moral arguments in the world!
Count Cavour has powerfully contributed to the
aggrandisement of Piedmont, to the reform of Italy's
destinies, and above all to rendering any return of
the old system impossible. Therefore has he been
named honorary president of this club, where mar-
quises and chamberlains, and royal equerries, as
they lounge through the gilded saloons are now fain
to declare, that really Italy will soon be indepen-
dent, and that in every case they must indeed be
ready to sacrifice both money and blootl. There is
another reason why such an extraordinary number
of antechamber admirers has sprung up, and that is
the conduct of the Rattazzi ministry, which pays to
the noble and ancient houses far less attention and
regard than Count Cavour used to do, for the latter
can never quite forget that after all he is one of
their number.
Well he is gradually becoming more assured ; he
does not conceal from himself the immense responsi-
bility he is incurring, but believes he can predict
that the Congress will do the Italian cause no great
good and no great harm. "Time is working for its
advantage," he said no later than yesterday to a
friend of his; " two things have become impossible
already—the restoration of the Dukes and the reco-
very of the Romagnas by the Pope. If Central Italy
remains firm and tranquil in its proposition of an-
nexation it will be impossible in other quarters to
prevent it for any length of time." " But what
proposals will be made to the Congress P" asked his
friend with very natural curiosity ; and the coulee,
with that subtle but good-humoured smile which
lightens up his countenance, replied—" You ask me
what nobody yet knows, neither the governments
nor their plenipotentiaries ; never will a congress
have met with elements so various and conflicting,
or with such an absence of preliminary concert. It
is only we Italians who know, in fact, what it is we
really do want. And, therefore, amidst all the die-
culties of my task, I esteem myself at all events for-
tunate in this, that my proposal will be most simple
and immutable. Let the wish of the peoples be
gratified. Should thereupon the Congress require
a fresh demonstration by the inhabitants of Central
Italy of their firm and general will, I neither can
nor ought to oppose it. Besides, I have the com-
plete conviction that they would respond to such
an invitation by renewing the vote they have
already given more than once. Any other proposal
will be contested by me." " Some one," observed
the friend, "may propose the sale of Venetia; what
would be your conduct then ?' " Ah, then," replied
the illustrious statesman, "my resolution would
have to Ige modified. If the Austrians quit Italy,
her destiny will he arranged in a more pleasant
way by diplomacy ; but I hold any cession of the
sort illusory, nor can I believe that Austria will
ever listen to good sense, or be induced to give up
Venetia by any arguments save those of cannon. Be
that as it may, one proposal will assuredly be laid
before the Congress, and that is, the creation of a
central kingdom detached from Piedmont, to consist
of Tuscany, Modena, and the Romagnas. France
will be the chief mooter and supporter of this pro-
ject, and I believe England will not oppose it. It
may so happen that I shall be left alone in my op-
position to it, but then I shall be backed by the
Italian peoples, whose desire for the annexation will
be firm. Before such a proposal can be carried, they
will have at last to break through the principle of
non-intervention." The conversation was continued
much longer, and other particulars were touched
upon. I have made no scruple in relating a part of
it, because Cavour rightly says, his diplomacy lives
in a crystal palace, where all may see what he does.
And, truly, the thoughts I have been retailing are
those of all Italy. I have mentioned the Count's
opinion that England will not oppose the project
of forming a central kingdom detached from Pied-
mont, but I myself think, on pretty good authority,
that the English Cabinet has been obliged to make
some concessions relative to this proposition, and
but for which the Congress would either not meet
at all, or Great Britain would take no part in it.
In the meantime Cavour is receiving deputations
from almost every Italian province. To the Vene-
tians he gives the advice that they must wait, for
that, he cannot plead their cause in particular before
the Congress, where he has one thing alone to de-
mand—one thing alone to follow up assiduously—
the annexation of Central Italy. In the same way
he answers and advises those suhjE ets of the Pope
'who arc not Romagnols.
General Garibladi arrived here last night. At
Milan, when it was known that he had arrived in
that city, although it was dark and snowing hard, a
great crowd of people assembled with torches to
greet him. It is a singular thing how he still main-
tains the prestige of hi.c: name, notwithstanding a
few acts that were not dulyweighed beforehand.
That which renders him, however, stilt so dear to
the whole nation is the knowledge of the people,
derived ilma a thousand proofs, that he is an honest
man, ever disinterested and noble at heart in all
that he undertakes.