The Sun.
London, England, 1867-09-16 00:00:00

OXIDE OF MANGANESE.

At a recent sitting of the British Association
(Section 8., Chemical Science), Mr. Walter Weldon
read the following paper on " A new Manufacturing
Process for the Perpetual Regeneration of the Oxide
of Manganese, used for the Liberation of Chlorine
from Hydrochloric Acid." Every process, previous
to that to be described in the present paper, by
which it has been attempted to regenerate oxide of
manganese from the residues of the manufacture of
chlorine has been peformed in the dry way, and has
thus required considerable time, and has involved
not only at least one—more or less troublesome and
costly—furnace operation, but also several removals
of the material from vessel to vessel and from place
to place, every such removal, of course, curtailing
more or less loss of material. The process, how-
ever, which is about to be described is performed in
the wet way, and may be completed, even when
operating on the largest scale, within as little as one
hour. Moreover, all the operations of the process
are performed in the same vessel as that in which
the oxide produced by it is afterwards employed
to react with hydrochloric acid, and from this
vessel or still the manganese is never removed,
so that it is entirely free from risk of loss by
removal, and as it is not subject to anv other cause
of loss, a charge of Manganese, once put into a still,
when treated by this process, not only never needs
to be replaced, but never needs even to be added
to, while it will liberate an equivalent of chlorine
every few hours for literally any length of time.
The starting-point of any process for the regenera-
tion of the oxide of manganese employed in the
manufacture of chlorine, must of course be that
residue which is known as " still liquor," being that
which remains in the stills when oxide of manga-
nese and hydrochloric acid have been digested to-
gether until all the chlorine which the oxide is
capable of liberating from the acid has been libe-
rated and given off. When working with a native
.oxide of manganese, the still liquor contains, in
addition to a quantity of proto-chloride of manga-
nese equivalent to the quantity of manganese which
has been dissolved, a considerable quantity of free
acia,'b.nd more or less chlorides of iron and other
bases, due to the native oxide of manganese being
always more or less associated with other oxides.
When working, however, with the artificial oxide
of manganese, produced as is about to be described,
the still-liquor scarcely contains anything what-
ever but proto-chloride of manganese, and the
new process consists simply in first adding an
equivalent of lime to this liquor, without removing
the liquor from the still, and then blowing atmo-
spheric air through the resulting mixture of pro-
toxide of manganese and solution of chloride of
calcium. The white protoxide is thereby rapidly
converted into a very dark-coloured higher oxide,
and when this product has been allowed to subside
from the solution of chloride of calcium in which it
was formed, andlhe greater part of that solution
has then been drawn off from it, it is ready to be
treated with hydrochloric acid, from which it then
liberates chlorine, with reproduction of exactly as
much proto- chloride of manganese as was commenced
with. From this point the very simple series of
operations described is repeated just as before, and
so on, over and over again, for any required number
of times. The manganese is thus constantly under-
going, always in one and the same vessel, a round
of recurring changes of state of combination, by
which it passes, first, from the state of proto-chloride
to that of protoxide, next from the state of protoxide
to that of a higher oxide, capable of liberating
chlorine from hydrochloric acid, then back again to
the state of protochloride, and so on continually.
As regards the richness of the oxide produced by the
process above described, sesquioxide is all that one
would have expected to obtain by means of it, but
it actually yields a richer than sesquioxide. Ses-
or compound of about 55.5 per cent (being one qa uciholxoi
rdi en
eo fmma
na nu gf
aaent eusree
ri 8
's,
ppor
nett i
oc af 1
vl e—wt
al eamsitxftruorme
equi-
valent) of binoxide with about 44.5 per cent. (being
scribed contains about 65 per cent. of binoxide,
noxide that would
most
also one
frequently
equivalent)ob ta
io pnf e
d r
bo
yt o
thexi d e
p; r
owc le
sl e a tbhioe v
eo x
deid e.
which is about the proportion of bi
be contained in a mixture or compound of three
which clorine manufacturers have been in the habit
contain
of using about 70 per cent. of binoxide, but
teo(lxillidirea.lenTtshoef
rbiicnhoexsitd e withnative two
oxides equivalents
o f
m anogfapn re os
e-
a native oxide is practically much less valuable, so
far as the manufacture of chlorine is concerned,
than an artificial oxide containing considerably less
oxygen. The reason is that in order to dissolve a
oxide
of
with a
still
atirlgl
liquorm
excess
of
a nga
acidcea
isrded: ,
it
m has
resultinglia t
con-
taining a very large quantity of free acid, all of
eadigested sud tsue
cd native
t
of a
which is practically lost; whereas a recently formed,
artificial, hydrated oxide, in an exceedingly minute
co
to
in ben
the
Yd
production
state of division, will dissolve in a bare equivalent
of acid, producing a still liquor containing no free
acid at all. Hence, whereas when using a 70 per
cent. native oxide it is rarely found possible to ob.
tain in the free state more than one-sixth of the
chlorine contained in the hydro claloric acid put into
the still, an artificial oxide of less even than 60 per
cent. will liberate fully one-third of the chlorine
contained in the acid put into the stills, and this in
far less time, and at much less co3t, for labour and

Sir,—With reference to the long letter from Mr.
E. W. Pugin, which appeared in:the T:mes of the,
7th inst., I wish to crave a,very small portion of the
spaee it occupies.

Correspondence in the columns of a newspaper is
obviously not the fittest or most convenient way
either of arriving at a clear exposition of facts or of
affording the public suitable means of forming a
correct decision on the merits of such a case as the
present. Mr. Pugin at first addressed himself to the
Building News, then to the Pall Mall Gazette, to the
Sun, to the Globe, and possibly other papers which
I have not seen, and, lastly, to the Times, and the
letters inserted in each of these have not been con-
tinuous, have not invariably been the same, refer to
one another in a most perplexing way, and have
therefore formed an imperfect basis in each case for
the editorial comments, and a still more imperfect
one for the judgment of the public reader.

The letter in the Times of Saturday, for instance,
refers to letters in other papers from four or five
different persons, which are not reprinted, to which
Mr. Pugin alludes with some effrontery as helping
his case, but which if read in their entirety would
simply be found to demolish it. Exactly in the same
way in making his original claim he had the folly to
refer to certain gentlemen—Mr. Terrey, Mr. Tal-
bot Bury, and Mr. Wright—as persons able to cor-
roborate his statements, and they one and all took
the earliest opportunity of contradicting them
publicly.
Again, it should be noted that all the evidence
Mr. Pugin thinks he can draw from private letters
of my father in his possession is given in "extracts"
from those letters, which, if published complete,
might most probably give a totally different colour to
that which he thinks suits his views. The diary of
his father is also referred to and relied on by him as
furnishing evidence. This, of course, may be so,
but I have been credibly informed by one who
knew the late Mr. Pugin very well that he never
kept a diary in the proper meaning of the word,
though he may have made notes of special subjects
he desired to remember.

In the same way he speaks in this letter of some
one person to whom alone, with him, " all the facts
are known," but he does not venture to name this
important witness. He must pardon me for doubt-
ing if any such person exists at all, but if he does,
and if he knows all the facts, he will, I feel sure,
fail Mr. Pugin, as the above gentlemen have
done, and for the obvious reason that Mr. Pugin
is alleging what is " not a fact," though he may
have misled himself, or been misled, into thinking
it one.

The only way that I can conceive as being satis-
factory will be the inquiry that has been suggested
by the Royal Institute of British Architects, of
which all parties concerned (except, by the way, the
late Mr. Pugiu) were, or are members, and, pend-
ing this, I now content myself with reiterating in
the most positive manner my denial that the late
Mr. Pugin stood in any other relation to my father
than he has himself stated in his published letter of
the 6th of September, 1845, or that he was in any
sense " the architect of the New Palace at West-
minster."

I trust I may not have to trouble you with any
further request for space, and have the honour to be
your obedient servant,
CHARLES BARRY.
1, Westminster-chambers, Victoria-street,
Westminster, S.W., Sept. 9.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE " TIMES."

Sir,—Without questioning the very impartial
verdict, as matters stand, which you have pro-
nounced on the relations which existed between Sir
Charles Barry and Mr. Pugin in regard to the build-
ing of the Houses of Parliament, will you allow
me to suggest an explanation of what, as you justly
observe, seems so incredible—viz., that Pugin in
his lifetime should never have advanced his claims,
but, on the contrary, have quietly- allowed Sir
Charles Barry to enjoy the credit of a work which
belonged exclusively to himself ?
The clue to this mystery, I am convinced, is
given in that letter of Sir Charles Barry's—pub-
lished in Mr. E. Welby Pugin's statement in the
Times on Saturday—in which he speaks of Pugin's
indifference to " filthy lucre," and of his readiness
" to make a sacrifice for the glory of making the
Houses of Parliament the means of establishing for
the future what you believe," he writes to Pugin,
" the one and only true style of art." In these
words lies the secret of Sir Charles Barry's power
over Pugin. He knew his man, none better. He
knew the one idea of Pugin's life, the dream of
his youth, the aim of his manhood, was the
revival of Gothic architecture in England. To
this passionate enthusiasm he was ready to
sacrifice hope of personal fame, position, and
wealth. This disinterested enthusiasm was the key
to his character. With this key Sir Charles Barry
unlocked the treasures of Pugin's creative and
fertile mind, and turned them to his own account.
They who knew Pugin well are not in the least
surprised at what to others seems simply incredible;
on the contrary, they would have been far more
surprised, knowing the nature of the man, had
he not, withatit hesitation or regret, sacrificed
prospect of fame, of advancement in life, of wealth,
to the glory of seeing revived in England the art
which he loved, " if not wisely, yet too well."
This was the " glory" which Sir Charles Barry held
out before his eager eyes ; this was the hope which
fired his imagination ; this was the " price " offered
and taken for his services. Pugin was not a man
to do things by halves ; if he once put his hand
to the plough, even though another man's, he would
never draw it back. Fascinated with the glory of
reviving Gothic architecture—a " glory" which Sir
Charles Barry knew so well how to appeal to—and
having once offered up at this shrine hope of fame,
it was not in his nature to violate his understanding
with Barry by afterwards putting forward claims
to personal credit or emolument. Pugin was a
singularly unselfish man, and a man also, as every
one who has ever known him intimately and
there must be many such men still living—can con-
firm, of scrupulous and almost Quixotic delicacy.
He was just such a man as would serve Barry's
purpose. His geniis, his enthusiasm, his love of
his art for its own sake, his unworldliness, his
singular consideration for others and unexampled
generosity conspired to make him just the man
whom Barry stood in need of. There are many
men, unfortunately, who would act as Sir Charles
Barry seems to have acted, but there are, perhaps,
none who would have acted as Pugin did. But
then Pugin was a genius, an enthusiast, an ex-
ceptional character, and not to be judged of as
other men, especially in business transactions.
LWhat in ordinary men would be simply incredible

Sir,—Finding that no one has hitherto come for-
ward to testify to the circumstances under which
the late Mr. Pugin wrote the letter of September
6, 1815, so often referred to by the Messrs. Barry,
I am requested by my wife to communicate them to
you. She was visiting at St. Augustine's Grange
when Mr. Pugin returned from London, and she
tells me it is impossible to describe the state of
prostration in which he entered the house. In reply
to her inquiries as to its cause he said, " I have
been up all night. Barry is in an awful state re-
specting the reports that have oozed out about
my being the architect of the Houses, and he
wants me to write i% letter to save his reputation
—it is gone if I do not, and 1 have no alter-
native." These sentences, which are as fresh upon
her memory as on the very day he uttered
them, were spoken while explaining to her that, on
the one hand, he was committed to secrecy with
regard to his relations to Sir Charles Barry, and
could not acknowledge that he was the architect of
the Houses ; on the other, that he would not lend
himself to any denial of his own work in 1835 ; and
therefore his great anxiety was to write such a letter
as would save Sir C. Barry and at the same time
not stultify himself.
This letter my wife knows from her own personal
knowledge was worded in such a way as to refer to
nothing more than his engagement in an official
capacity under Government, when it was perfectly
true that he was working from the general designs
which he had made for Sir C. Barry ten years pre-
viously, and which he considered by his contract
with Sir Charles to be his property. Any one read-
ing the letter can see at a glance the circumstances
under which it was written, and that it bears no
necessary reference to the transactions of 1835 ; and
indeed, although Sir C. Barry intended that it
should at once smother the reports in question, and
Mr. Pugin felt it his duty to save Sir Charles, yet
he was determined that its phraseology should in no
way convey a denial of his claim to having been the
original author of the designs fox' the Houses, and
this claim it in no way touches.
I am fortunately able myself to confirm this ex-
planation by a recollection of speaking to several
gentlemen connected with the House of Commons
shortly after the letter appeared, and they quite
ridiculed the idea of its throwing the least doubt on
Mr. Pugin's claim.

Trusting that you will kindly give this letter an
early insertion, I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

. _
JOHN MAnEs.
21, Lower Belgrave-street, Sept. 14.

THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM ON
NATIONAL ANTIQUITIES.

The Bucks Arcl,reological Society held its annual
meeting on Thursday, at Wotton, one of the seats
of the Duke of Buckingham. An excursion was
made to Boarstall, Brill, and several other places of
historical interest. The duke presided at the busi-
ness meeting, in the course of which Sir Harry
Verney, M.P., made some remarks on the destruc-
tion of valuable antiquities through neglect, and
suggested that these rem tins should be under the
care of local authorities, and the supervision of a
responsible Minister of the Crown. A vote of
thanks to the Duke of Buckingham for his hospi-
tality, and also for his kindness in presiding, having
been passed, in acknowledging the compliment his
Grace remarked :—" Sir Harry Verney has alluded
to the destruction of many monuments of antiquity
in various parts of England. I have seen in Corn-
wall a great deal of this going on under the eyes of
persons who, if their attention were ar-awn (A, it,
would be the first to say it should not continue.
There are close to Buckingham farm buildings
erected in great part by my own family out' of the
destruction of most ancient Roman remains. We
discovered very curious pavements, rooms, and so
on, showing that if the search had been made 50 or
GO years before we might have laid open the arcana
of a Roman house, and all its domestic arrange-
ments, as perfectly as auy preserved in Hercula-
neum and Pompeii. I have much more faith in
the voluntary efforts of persons interested in the
preservation of these relics than in Government
taking charge of them. The first thing in the way
of State interference would be the employment of a
great number of people to do very little. These
persons would not do a great deal of work without
many other good people to look after them, and I
do not think that would be found extremely pleas-
ing to the House of Commons. There is another
point of disadvantage. Government have the care
and direction of large museums in London and the
neighbourhood, national collections into which it is
their duty to get every valuable relic, showing the
past history of the country, and exemplifying the
progress of art. The first thing that would result
from Government care would be the centralisation
of everything in London, on the plea that it is im-
possible to take care of it in the country. I want
rather to see these old relics preserved in their own
localities, and I really think it will be done far better
by local associations calling the attention of local
residents to them than by any possible Government
provision that can be devised. There are many
things in our own county, for example, the curious
works thrown up in the civil war, near Muswell-
hill, in front of these windows, and Boarstall Tower,
which you have seen to-day. Their preservation
must depend upon how the tower is occupied, and
as to the earthworks on whether the farmer is
allowed to plough over them. These are not matters
which can be trusted to Government. If we look at
what Governments do in other countries—for exam-
ple, in France—l doubt if you will find this work
better carried out than in England."

IMPERIAL TRAVELLING.—The special train in
which the Emperor Napoleon went with his suite flora
Paris to Salzburg is described as exceeding in comfort and
elegance anything of the kind that has hitherto been
known. The train consisted of nine carriages, communi-
cating with each other by tastefully decorated bridges.
In the middle was a handsome sitting-room, furnished with
chairs, ottomans, sofas, mirrors, pictures, clocks, and chan-
deliers. On one side of this room was the dining room,
and on the other the Emperor's study. In the centre of
the dining room there was a table, capable of being ex-
tended or contracted at pleasure, with easy chairs placed
parallel to the sides of the carriage. The Emperor's study.
contained an elegant writing table, a clock in the style of
the rainaissance, a ,thermometer, a barometer, and a tele-
graphic apparatus, by means of which telegraphic com-
munication was established with the apartments of the
various court officials travelling with his Majesty. Next
to the study was the bedroom of the Emperor and Empress,
with two beds placed transversely against the sides of the
carriage. Two dressing rooms were attached to tho bed-
room. The remaining carriages consisted of a kitchen, a
wine cellar, and the apartments of the suite. There was
also a conservatory filled with the choicest flowers.—Thee
Train. _ • _.

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for the wholesome power they exert over all disorders of
the stomach, liver, bowels, and kidneys. They instan-
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and in their course dispel headache, biliousness, flatulency,
and depression of spirits. It is wonderful to watch the
daily improvement of the complexion, as Holloway's Pills
purify the blood and restore plumpness to the face which
had lost both flesh and colour. These Pills combine every
excellence desirable in a domestic remedy. The most
certain and beneficial results flow from the occasional use
of this regulating medicine ; even parsons in health, or
when following sedentary occupations, will find it as
in-
valuable aperieut

COVENT-GARDEN PROMENADE
CONCERTS.
COVENT-GARDEN THEATRE.
Under the sole Direction of Mr. JOHN RUSSELL.
Band of 100 Performers.
First appearance of Madame Jetty Treffz.
The Programme This Evening will include—Grand
Orchestral Selection from "Der Freischutz ;" a Selection
of Classical Music ; New Quadrille, Pot-Pourri ; Valse,
Nachfalter ; Gounod's "Meditation ;" Sterndale Bennett's
Overture, The Naiades ;" Songs by Madame Jetty Treffz
and Mr. Wilford Morgan ; Solos by Mr. J. M. Wehli,
Mr. Lazarus, Herr A. Van Biene, &c.
Conductors--Signor BOTTESINI; and for the Dance
Music, Herr JOHANN STRAUSS.
Wednesday next, Sept. 18th (for the first time in Eng-
land), an Orchestral and Choral Valse, by Johann Strauss,
entitled "On the beautiful Danube," for full Orchestra and
Chorus of Male Voices.
Thursday next, Sept. 19, a SPOHR Night—
of Sound Symphony," Overture to Jessonda, &c.
Commence at Eight. Promenade, Amphitheatre Stalls,
and Amphitheatre, One Shilling.

-"The Power

THEATRE ROYAL DRURY-LANE
1 Sole I.!seee and Manager, Mr. F. B. Chattertca.
_

The public Is respectfully informed this Theatre will Open
for the Autumn Dramatis Season on Saturday, Sept: 21.

On SATURDAY, Sept. 21, Monday, Sept. 23, and during
the week, her Al ajcsty's servants will perform an adaptation,
by Bayle Bernard, of Goethe's romantic Play of FAUST.
Principal characters ty Mr. Phelps; Messrs. Edmund Pheirs,
IlarcJurt, Warner. Birtleman. Webb. Johnstone, Temple,
Moreland,; Mrs. Hermann Vezin, Mesdames Vandenboff,
Gratton, Brougham, &c.
At the conclusion of the Play on Saturday, Sept, 2', the
NATIONAL ANTHEM will be sung.
To conclude with each evening, for the first time at this
theatre, Poeock's romantic Drama of THE MILLER AND
31 KN. Characters by Messrs. Ryder, E. Phelps-, Har-
court, IJarrett, Rouse; Mesdames Edith Stuart, Stafford, and
Gratton.
Scenic) department under the direction of Mr. William
Beverley, Musical director, Mr. J. H. Tully.
Stage-manager, Mr. Edmund Stirling.
Doors open at half-past 6, commence at 7 o'clock.
Box-office open from 10 till 5 daily.

THEATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKET,
Sole Lessee and Manager, Mr. Buckstone.
THIS EVENING, ROMEO AND JULIET. M. sere.
Chippendale, Howe, Rogers, Compton, Readat, Braid, Clark,
White, Coe. Vincent, Weathersby, ; Mesdames Chippen-
dale. Scott-Siddons, Laws, Coleman. tc.
After which, TO PARIS AND BACK FOR FIVE
POUNDS. Mr. Buckstone.
Concluding with PERFECTION. Mr. Kendal and Miss
lone Burke. _

Commence at Seven.

ROYAL LYCEUM THEATRE
Mr. Fechter, cote, actual, and responsible Manager.

THIS EVENING, and during the week, the perform-
ances will commence at Seven o'clock with a comedietta.
entitled TUE 3IISTREiS OF THE MILL. Mr. 11. Mellon,
Ifir. S. Calhaem ; Miss Ritter, Miss Montgomery.

At Eight o'clock, Lord Lvtton's Play of the LADY OF
LYONS. Beauseant, Mr. G. Jordan; General Damas, Mr.
Addison ; Glavis, Mr. S Calhaem ; M. Desehappelles, Mr.
H. Mellon; Gaspar, Mr. Dalton; Landlord, Mr. J. Francis;
Officers, Messrs. Stuart and Fleming; Claude Melnotte, Mr.
Fechter; Pauline Deschappelles, Miss Carlotta Lcclercq ;
Widow Melnotte, Miss Elsworthy; Madame Deschappelles,
Mrs. H. Marston.

ROYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE
Sole Leseee and Manager, Mr. Thine,

OPEN tor the WINTER SEASON.
THIS EVENING, the performances will commence with
the popular Farce, by J. M. Morton, Esq., entitled rooß
PILLICODDY. Characters by Messrs. Dominick Murray
and Miss Polly Marshall.
At a quarter-past 8, THE STREETS or LONDON, by
Dion I3oucicault, Esq. Badger, Mr. Vining. Messrs. M'Lean,
Dominick Murray, H. Forrester, C. Price, R. Cathcart, W. R.
lof ins, Newbound, Chapman, Tapping ; Miss IL Sanger,
Miss Emma Barnett, and Mrs. Addle.
N.B and Mrs. DION BOUCICAULT will shortly
make them' re-appearance at this Theatre in AR RAH-NA-
POGUE.

.11
JOYAL ANPITITHEATRE AND CIRCUS,
HIGH HOLBORN.
Universally admittei to
heatre be the
in best ventilated and most
elegant t London.
" With the dog days proOlged into autumn it is something
to know that thero one tiwatre in London where the ven-
tilation is good and the E eats r,Oomy. When to these recom-
mendations it may conEciantiouoly be added that the enter-
tainment is excellent of its kind. we have pronounced a
stron..r, but not undeserved, eulomium on the new Circus
Theatre in Holborn. Altogether,- foi young folks, or old
ones who are still young enough to like the cir us, we can re-
commend the clean, cool, well-appointed, and well conducted
Holborn Amphitheatre."—Times, Sept. 10, 15137.
THIS EVENING, and during the week. the new Panto-
mime Alimique ARLEQUIN SINGE; and SCENES IN
THE ARENA Commence at 8.

GRA_..ND MORNING PERFORMANCE every
SATURDAY at 2.30. Carriages may be ordered at a
Quarter to Five.

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Paper (in addition to his agency for the sporting edition of
TkiE SUN"), and can supply the same on Friday evening,
if required, in Town or Country.
G. R. G. begs to inform the Trade that he is Special Agent
for the LATEST EDI fION of "THE SUN," and can sup-
ply it earlier than any man in f.ondon or Country the evening
of publication. No connexion with any other wrsons,
grocers, Bally's, Huff's, Wright's, and Guides.
All the Daily Papers, Magazines, and reriodictes as soon as
published. Agent for the Joint-stock Coal Corndany. Orders
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TVII
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Paddington.—Mr. PIZZEY (many yeazs of Church-street)
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lished.— I, Bath-street, City-road, E.C.

LA TEST INTELLIGENCE.-
" 0141) SANE SMITH," late of "The Mail Coach,"
Shepherd's Bush, now of the White hart, Acton, Middlesex.
begs to inform his friends and neighbours that the LATEST
EDITION of "THE SUN" can be seen at his house as
above.

THE "SUN" NEWSPAPER.—
G. It. GLENIE, Sporting Library, 4, Counaught•
terrace, Edzware-road, delivers the LATE EDITION of
" TUE SUN " at the earliest possible moment after leaving
the press. lie is able to deliver copies in Town, the Suburbs,
and in many parts of the Country at a comparatively early
hour the same evening, say 40 miles by 9 o'clock.