The Sun.
London, England, 1867-10-28 00:00:00

THE SUN, LON DON, MONDAY EVENING, OC TOBE it 28, 18.67

late war in Germany that Italy was made free,
and those who then rejoiced in that happy
issue must now mourn the adverse turn that events
have taken. It is of course impossible for GARI-
BALDI said his forces to gain the day over French
troops, and the next news will very likely be that
the brave but infatuated chief has met his death or
been made prisoner. The aspect of affairs is in-
deed discouraging, and all the more so on account
of the promised change for the better which was
given to us last week—a respite that has turned
out to be as brief as it was illusory for all the im-
portant interests concerned in the matter.

The North German Parliament has ended its
brief session, and it may be noticed that these
assemblies in Germany aro seldom allowed a very
long tenure. Perhaps it would not be politic to
let them have too much space for action, and too
many opportunities for reflection afforded to them ;
but be that as it may, we no sooner think that they
are in the full swing of their work than forthwith
comes the news of its suspension and stoppage. The
speech of King WILLIAM on the occasion was much
the same as usual in such transactions, and
expressed the amount of self-satisfaction that ap-
pears eternally to pervade the minds of Prussian
authorities when they take a retrospective glance
at their policy. After making a flourish about the
success of the Federal Budget, the liability to mili-
tary service, and so on, the KING is obliged to
confess a practical failure in respect to the Treaty
relative to the continuation of the Zollverein to the
Southern States. That is not yet assured, but no
indication of a compromise is shown in this
discourse. On the contrary, his MAJESTY
declares that the "indispensable reform of the
constitution of the Zollverein must not be sacrificed
to temporary difficulties." Previous to the delivery
of the Royal Speech Count BISMARCK stated at the
morning sitting the position of affairs with respect
to the Zollverein Treaty with the Southern States.
He said that the Government had hoped that these
States would not withdraw from the Federal
treaties, but that the intelligence they had received
made them think that the Prussian Parliament
would reject the Treaty. He concluded with the
significant intimation that if the new Treaty were
not accepted, notice would be immediately given
of Prussia's withdrawal from the old Treaty.
This does not look very promising at any rate ;
but it was out of all character for the Berlin Go-
vernment to suppose that every State would bow
down to their behests, no matter how oppressive
their propositions were, and how little calculated
to serve the interests of those upon whom they
forced them.

There are, perhaps, few national characteristics
of which an Englishman is more justly proud than
the courage and readiness which his seafaring
countrymen have always exhibited in the dangers
incident to their profession. More especially does
ho congratulate himself on the daring humanity
which has won for the sailors on many parts of our
exposed and dangerous coasts so wide a reputation.
Every year, as the mournful lists of wreck and
disaster tell the sorrowful history of the tempests
of the year, the general regret is in some degree
mitigated by the records of successful
bravery, which show at the same time how
much more grievous would have been the in-
telligence without the prompt assistance often
rendered at great risk to life and limb. It is there-
fore somewhat mortifying to find that our French
neighbours think they have good reason to complain
of the manner in which some of these services are
rendered, and that so far from regarding the Eng-
lish salvors of property as worthy of imitation,
they think it would be well for us to copy their
maritime legislation so as to put some check
on the greed and officiousness of selfish and
interested assistants. It is worth while to examine
a little into the nature of these Charges.

It must be remarked at the outset that the com-
plaints made have no reference whatever to the
agents of that National Institution for saving life
and property from disasters at sea that has been so
warmly applauded, and even closely imitated by
the French themselves. The salvors, of whom
complaints are made, are those men on our coasts
who take up the business of saving property from
shipwreck, of assisting ships in danger, &c., as a
means of livelihood, often running great risk and"
undergoing considerable hardships, it is true, but
doing so entirely as a matter of business, with a
view to personal profit. In the current number of
the Lifeboat we find an interesting article, very
fairly and temperately written, from which it ap-
pears that our Continental neighbours regard this
question of salvage as a very great grievance to
their smaller shipowners. The Committee of
Underwriters of Paris have lately issued a circular
complaining that on the English coasts the violent
proceedings of the salvors of property contrast
strangely with the admirable arrangements for the
persons of shipwrecked sailors, and that assistance
in danger often results in spoliation and the pillage
of property. " The least service rendered to a
vessel in danger gives rise to exorbitant pretensions,
and degenerates into exaction. The pilot trans-
forms himself into a sailor for having simply ful-
filled an act of his profession. Thus our captains
dread almost as much as the rocks the uncontrol-
lable auxiliaries who would impose themselves on
them, and the calling of salvage approaches to
piracy." The Paris underwriters declare that so
often are the smaller vessels trading between France
and England the victims of these extortioners that
they refuse to insure them, not doing so from fear
of the storms and rocks, but of the English salvors.
A French pamphlet recently published in Paris,
and afterwards endorsed by the " Socidtd Centrale
de Sauvetage des Naufrages," enters very fully into
the matter, and, after comparing the laws of France
and England on the subject, speaks very strongly
of the bad working of the appeal to the High Cou:t
of Admiralty. If the salvors have to do with a
foreign captain, whom they suppose not to be able
to provide a deposit or to find a surety in the port,
they do not hesitate to claim over £2OO in order
to reserve the power of carrying the case to the
Admiralty Court, " which entails on the master the
seizure of his vessel, the interruption of his operations
during several months, and the accumulation of
enormous expenses." It is true that the claimants
run the risk of having to pay the expenses them-
selves ; but this seldom restrains them, because they
have in many ports a common fund, out of which
such laises are pail, and besides they know very
well that a threatened appeal to the Admiralty
Court will speedily effect a compromise. The ad-
vice of the Committee of Underwriters in Paris is
that " even if the success of a suit in the Admiralty
Court were certain it would still be more prudent
and more economical to effect a compromise, at
whatever cost, rather than to have recourse to that
tribunal." The consequence is that while the
French salvors, in disputed cases,:are thankful to
receive one twenty-fifth part of the value of the
cargo in England, " the indemnity sometimes ex-
ceeds the half of the value of the ship and cargo."
Such are the charges thus deliberately brought, and
in part at least subststntiated, by our French neigh-
bours, and certainly iu face of such accusations the

matter demands attention on the part of our autho-

rities.

The organ of the National Lifeboat Institution,
while defending the English sailors generally from
the accusations of violence, admits that their claims
are often extortionate, and sums up very succinctly
the difficulties of the case. The writer of the article
in question says, very sensibly, that it is useless to
appeal, as the French writers do, to the " duty
of humanity and confraternity," or to expect men
in following their business to be actuated by
chivalrous motives, but he thinks that some
legislation might be wisely directed to re-
strain them. lie says Ist--That they as a
body possess a monopoly, and make their
own estimate of the value of their services ; 2d,
The majority of the vessels they assist belong to
the coasting trade, whose masters and owners are
mean enough to depreciate the danger they have
escaped from as soon as it is past; 3d, Their profits
are uncertain, and the proceeds of one service often
has to maintain the men and. their families for
weeks ; 4th, The profession is overstocked and the
men are improvident. The difficulty of legislative
interference is very great, from the fact of the only
witnesses being parties immediately concerned, and
in the terms of the Act much margin is left for
the decision of the adjudicator. So vast aro the
interests engaged from the extent of our maritime
traffic that the question is growing in importance
every year, and unless some reform is instituted the
grievance will increase rather than diminish. If
the machinery of our naval courts were less tedious
and cumbrous in its action, they would be a protec-
tion instead of a threat to the shipowner in the case
of exorbitant demands, and we hope that the spring
session of Parliament will not be allowed to pass
without the matter being looked into.

CORRESPONDENCE FROM PARIS.

(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)
PARIS, Sunday Evening.

It is hardly necessary to say that much agitation
has been created in Paris by the ominously important
announcement in the Moniteur that, in consequence
of fresh attempts by The revolutionary bands to in-
vade the Pontifical territory, the Emperor has re-
voked the orders which he had given to suspend the
embarcation of the troops assembled at Toulon for
Italy. The information received by the Go-
vernment from Rome led to the assembly of a
Cabinet Council at St. Cloud, immediately
after which orders were transmitted to Toulon
for the embarcation of the troops before enu-
merated. The squadron left Toulon, yesterday
morning at six o'clock. The news received officially
from Rome and Forence is to the effect that a body
of about 1,000 Garibaldians bad attacked Viterbo
and set fire to the gates of the city. They were,
howover, vigorously repulsed by the Pontifical
troops, who captured a considerable quantity of
arms, munitions, and carriages. The population
of Viterbo did not at all sympathise with the Gari-
baldians. Rome was tranquil. According to
accounts from Terria Garibaldi had overpowered
the Pontifical troops at Monte Rotondo and
taken possession of three cannon. The efforts
of the Garibalbians against Rome had hitherto
entirely failed. The Deputy Cairoli, who, with a
few partisans, had endeavoured to enter Rome, was
killed, and one of his brothers wounded. The dis-
turbances which took place at Rome on the 22d
inst. are described still as of an insignificant charac-
ter. The Garibaldians lost 103 prisoners, and the
chiefs of the insurgents among that number are to
he tried befor a Council of War. Some depots of
arms were discovered.

The above news may be considered as authentic.
There is no lack of exciting narratives emanating
from the insurgent party, who report that popular
manifestations continued to be made in many cities
of Italy. Turin, Naples, Venice, Brescia, accord-
ing to these versions, have declared in opposition to
the Pope. At Naples the prefect of the province,
General Durando, replied to an address presented
to him that the people might rely upon the patriotic
firmness of the Government of Victor Emmanuel.
At Florence the King himself, in answer to an
address signed by some thousand persons, assured
the gentlemen by whom it was presented,
that they might assure their fellow-citizens
that they might place full confidence in him, and
that he had never paid any attention either to in-
sults or threats. In conclusion, his Majesty said—
" Believe that soon, by wise resolutions, our object
will be attained. Assure your fellow-citizens that
Rattazzi has always been a true patriot and my
friend. Let them wish him well, for he deserves it.
Let Italians remain calm and confident. Let them
repose faith in me, and we shall soon see the open-
ing for us all of an era of felicity, and the wishes of
the nation will be realised. When Parliament shall
assemble, I will make arrangements for it to occupy
itself with the army and navy, the good condition
of which is inseparable from that of the nation.
But let there be a short truce to your generous en-
thusiasm, and be assured that it pains me to arrest
it."

The Italia of Naples asserts that the bands of
Menotti Garibaldi and Salomon° have descended
from the mountains of Nerola and Palestina, and
have effected a junction near Tivoli, where two
ang u i
ona rplace. This report
seems
anotherversionthkoofprevious accounts.
stbye engagements

Garibaldi effected his escape from Caprera under
singular and rather romantic circumstances. On
the loth ho observed concealed in the grass a very
small boat, a sort of cockleshell used by Italian
sportsmen to shoot in the fens. This boat was so
small that Garibaldi could carry it himself under his
cloak, and he placed it in a solitary part of the
island, determined to trust himself on the sea with
it upon the first opportunity. In the evening, the
weather being calm, and favoured by a fog, Gari-
baldi got into his boat, remembering, as he has
since said to his friends, that the Indians often
navigate in such a canoe. In three hours Garibaldi
reached the Maddalena, where some friends were
waiting for him. They had a difficulty about the
sentinels at Maddalena, but he and his friends re-
solved to make for the coast of Sardinia. When
they arrived in the environs of Terranuova horses
were procured with some difficulty ; and Garibaldi,
in spite of the fatigue of the preceding night,
reached without stopping in 17 hours the northern
point of Sardinia, and arrived on the morning of
the 18th at Porto-Torres, where without being re-
cognised he procured a small fisherman's boat and
took the helm himself. In two days Garibaldi and
his friends arrived at Torre-di-Vado, a small fishing
station near Leghorn. Ho soon reached the Roman
frontier, and arrived at Florence on the night of
Sunday last, and proceeded directly to the house of a
friend. In the course of this difficult enterprise
Garibaldi was recognised by a brigadier of Cara-
bineers, who telegraphed to the authorities that the
agitator had been seen in a cart on the route to
Pisa. This cart Garibaldi had borrowed from a
peasant who was disposed to aid his escape.
The review on Friday was peculiarly magnificent.
It was perhaps the most splendid sight ever seen,
but it was one not susceptible of minute descrip-
tion, its brilliancy striking the sight as it were
in a moment. Imagine an assemblage of troops
to the number of 50,000, the sun shining with
remarkable splendour upon their beautiful uniforms,
and its rays being reflected also from the brass c in-
non and glittering swords and bayonets. In addition
to this vast assemblage of soldiers something like a
million of spectators were present, and there were end-
less lines of carriages. The troops consisted of 57 bat-
talions, 57 squadrons, and 16 batteries. They were
under the general command-in-chief of Marshal Can-
robert. Marshal Count Regnaud de St. Jean
d' A.ngely commanded the troops of the Imperial
Guard. Much attention was excited by the 13 bat-
talions of General Douay, recently returned from
Mexico. According to the judgment of those per-
fectly competent to forum an opinion, all the
mnamio)uvres and evolutions were performed with
consummate skill and precision. All the regiments
were armed with the Chassepot gun. The Emperor

Napoleon arrived on the ground, accompanied by
Marshal Niel, Marshal Bazaine, and a brilliant staff.
The Emperor of Austria came with his two brothers,
the Duke de Leuchtenberg, and Prince Napoleon.
Never were more hearty or more enthusiastic accla-
mations, oftentimes repeated. The general attend-
ance upon the Emperor of Austria included Baron
de Beust, and many other eminent personages.
General Fleury, Grand Master of the Horse, was
particularly noticed among those in close attendance
upon the Emperor Napoleon. He is a remarkably fine
man, and looked every inch a soldier. In the Imperial
Tribune, before which the troops defiled, were the
Empress Eugenie, the Queen of Holland, the Prince
Alexander, her son, the Duchess of Cambridge, the
Princess Clotilde, and the Prince and Princess de
'Metternich. The bands played admirably. One
very remarkable feature of this great spectacle was
that at a review of a French army one of the airs
played amidst general enthusiasm was " Rule
Britannia." This was probably in compliment to
the presence of the Duchess of Cambridge.
I mentioned at the time it occurred the particulars
of the murder of a Mons. Duguet, whose body was
afterwards cut to pieces, and the mutilated portions
of it found in the Seine and the canal St. Marten.
A man named Avinain has been tried for the murder
before the Court of Assize of the Seine, found
guilty, and sentenced to death. The motive was
robbery. The deceased, who attended the markets,
had often large sums of money about him, and the
evidence left no doubt that the prisoner first robbed,
then murdered him, and cut the body into pieces.

L&TEST INTELLIGENCE,

(REUTER'S TELEGRAMS.)

THE ROMAN QUESTION.

PARIS, Oct. 28.

The Moniteur of this morning says—" Despatches
from Monte Rotondo state that the Pontifical gar-
rison remained masters of this place after two suc-
cessive assaults upon the part of the Garibaldians.
It is believed that, leaving Monte Rotondo behin 1
him, Garibaldi has taken the direction of Rome. A
Pontifical column, detached from the garrison of
Rome, is advancing to meet his bands.
The Moniteur also publishes the treaty of com-
merce and navigation concluded on the 29th July,
1867, between France and the Pontifical States.
FLORENCE, Oct. 26, 2 30 p.m.
Garibaldi has been victorious at Monte Rotondo.
Three cannon were taken.

An attack on Rome is expected. The Papal
troops are greatly fatigued. The Pope is in Castel
Angelo.
The Ministry is not yet formed.

PROCLAMATION OF THE KING OF ITALY.
FLORENCE, Oct. 27, Evening.

The following proclamation of King Victor Em-
manuel to the Italian people has just been issued in
this capital :
" Italians,—Bands of volunteers, excited and
seduced by a party without my authorisation or
that of my Government, have violated the frontier
of the State. The respect equally due by all citi-
zens to the laws and international stipulations sanc-
tioned by Parliament and by me, under these
serious circumstances, prescribes an inexorable debt
of honour.

" Europe knows that the flag raised in
territories adjacent to ours, and upon which
is inscribed destruction to the supreme spiri-
tual authority of the Head of the Catholic
religion, is not mine. This attempt places our cora-
mor. country in the most serious danger. It im-
poses upon me the imperious duty of saving at the
same time our honour and the country, and of not
confounding in one two causes absolutely distinct,
two different objects,
" Italy must be secured against the dangers she
may run. Europe must be convinced that, faith-
ful to her engagements, Italy does not desire to be,
and cannot be, the disturber of public order.
" A war with our ally would be a fratricidal war
between two armies who have fought for the same
cause. A® holder of the right of peace or war, I
cannot tolerate its murpation. I feel confident,
therefore, that the voice of reason will be listened
to, and that the Italian citizens who have violated
that right will promptly withdraw behind the line
of our troops.

" The dangers which disorders and rash schemes
may create amongst us must be appeased by main-
taining the firm authority of the Government and
the inviolability of the laws. The honour of the
country is in my hands, and the confidence the na-
tion has shown in me during the saddest periods
cannot fail me. 'When calm shall be restored to
men's minds, and public order shall be fully re-
established, according to the vote of Parliament, my
Government, in agreement with that of France, will
endeavour, with all loyalty, to make a practicable
arrangement calculated to put an end to the serious
and important Roman question.
"I have had, and always shall have, confidence
in your wisdom, as you have had in the affection
of your King for this great country, which, thanks
to our common sacrifices, we have at last restored
to the number of nations, and which we must hand
down entire and honoured to our children."

The proclamation is signed by the King and all
the Ministers.

The new Ministry is formed as follows : General
Meuabrea takes the portfolio of Foreign Affairs,
with the presidency of the Council ; Signor Gual-
terio, Interior ; Signor Cambray Digny, Finance ;
Signor Cantelli, Public Works ; General Bertole
Viule, War; Signor Mari, Justice. Until the com-
plete formation of the Cabinet General Menabrea
will also assume the ad interim direction of the
Ministry of the Marine, Signor Cambray Digny of
Agriculture, and Signor Cantelli of Public Instruc-
tion.

PLYMOUTII, OCt. 28.

The Royal Mail steamship Atrato, from the
`Vest Indies, is reported off here, and is expected to
arrive about noon.