The Sun.
London, England, 1867-09-10 00:00:00

(From the Saturday Review.)

Abyssinia is an elevated table-land studded with
mountains and rocky pinnacles, between which lie
fertile valleys and broad forests, and it stands like
a green island in the midst of the African deserts.
All round it is a mountain wall that looks on the
map like a surrounding cliff ; and indeed there
would seem to be other signs, as well as the confor-
mation of its boundary, that the Red Sea once
covered the space between the eastern barrier and
the present shore, for a great part of the region still
resembles, in its deep chasms, sandflats, and fright-
ful barrenness, the bed of the ocean. But the line of
the highlands is not parallel to the margin of the
sea, which it approaches much more nearly at Mas-
sowah and Annesley Bay than elsewhere. Nothing
that can properly be called desert forms au obstacle
to an advance from this part of the coast, for every
march can be timed so as to halt amidst verdure,
shelter, and water. At Massowah, and along the
shores of the bay, the water is deep, and suitable
for landing ; transports could there ride in security;
and joining these facts to the circumstance, so
all-important, that the strip of intervening space
between the sea and the highlands is here at
its minimum, we cannot but infer that, of all the
possible starting points which have been indicated,
this offers most advantages, and will be selected,
unless Col. Merewether can show more proof than
we have yet met with in support of his opinion that
Amphila Bay is to be preferred. Suakin, higher up
the Red Sea, has found an advocate in Sir Samuel
Baker, whose preference seems to be founded on the
single fact that he has himself advanced from that
point, not into Abyssinia, but towards the Nile.
Now, supposing an army to have advanced from
Suakin to Kassala—a very marked and important
point on the route, to which it must be transported
on camels across the Nubian desert—it would leave
behind it a long list of most precarious and costly
communication with the sea, and would still be as
far from Theodore and his prisoners as if it were at
once set down at Massowah. Tajurrah, another
seaport considerably to the southward, is separated
from the nearest part of the highlands by a wide
expanse of desert, so pestilential, so impenetrable,
so devoid of water, and so beset with all the ob-
stacles that an insupportable climate and malignant
inhabitants can interpose, that it may be at once
rejected as impracticable for a base. We shall,
therefore, assume that Massowah, or the head of
Annesley Bay, or both of these places, will be the
points of debarkation.
All travellers who have visited Massowah agree
that it is among the most unhealthy parts of the
globe's surface. Fierce ultra-tropical heat, numer-
ous climatic diseases, and a barren soil, combine to
render it dangerous to Europeans, while the absence
of water, which is brought in scanty supply, and of
bad quality, from a village at some distance, com-
pletes the objections against the establishment of a
camp in its neighbourhood. In selecting it for a
base, therefore, sufficient preparation should be
made to enable the troops to march forward imme-
diately on landing to the high ground which inter-
venes between this place and the table-land. To the
westward are seen, 40 or 0 miles off, the moun-
tains that bound Abyssinia, and many routes lead
thither from Massowah and the head of the bay,
several of which might be used for expedition and
greater freedom of movement. Soon after leaving
Massowah we hear of plenty of wood and water--
roads, though difficult, yet "practicable for camels
and even artillery," " running water found continu-
ally," " the hills dotted with dense wood and high
grass," " the heat (in April) by no means excessive."
Next we find "a steep ascent unsuited to draught
artillery, easy enough for mules carrying moun-
tain guns, but difficult for laden camels, unless
having light burdens." The plateau being reached,
there appeared " hills densely clothed with verdure."
and " a finer or richer country than this could not
be desired." Stich is Col. Merewether's report of
an excursion made last spring, no doubt with a view
to the present expedition. In January he struck
off towards the mountains in another direction,
making for Adowa by Ailet, "a line plain covered
with rich verdure," "an excellent place to locate a
large body of cavalry on first landing, there being
plenty of wood, water, forage, and meat," with a
" perennial spring on the left side of the valley."
Evidently there is no obstacle then to the movement
of troops into the temperate region of the highlands,
which may easily be accomplished, by several paths,
in four marches. The first care of the commander
of the expedition will probably be to establish thus
far from the sea a fortified camp enclosing space for
considerable magazines of supplies. And the col-
lection of these, as well as the transport of the field
artillery, will be greatly accelerated by such
improvements in the road as could easily be made
by a band of pioneers, for all accounts go to prove
that in that country roads may be mended, and
even created, with unusual facility.
Planted with his army on the plateau, in a cool
and temperate region, with supplies at hand suffi-
cient for the next stages in the campaign, and Alas -
sowah with its heat and pestilences far below him,
the General may look forward with a lightened
heart. Yet many difficulties must still remain to be
overcome before he can attain any kind of decisive
success. Not the least of these is the difficulty of
fixing on any point in the country as that in which
success is absolutely to be found. Here is no capital,
to seize which will be to hold a sure guarantee for
compelling the foe to yield ; no fortress, to cut him
off from which will be to ruin him ; not even an
army, with the defeat of which his obstinacy might
give way; but a desperate chief, hemmed in by his
own revolted subjects, and standing at bay with
forces daily diminishing. It may be fairly doubted
whether, for the accomplishment of our object, it
would not be preferable to see him restored to his
former power, offering to us tangible successes and
substantial means of enforcing his submission. Cer-
tainly it is not easy to imagine that one in his situa-
tion will be influenced, as some sanguine people
seem to suppose, by the threat that we are about to
add to the nember of his already overwhelming foes.
Of the politics of the revolted chiefs we know
nothing. Any attempt to play one off against
another can only be founded on coarse appeals to
the mercenary nature of a savage. Fidelity to
engagements contracted on such grounds can
only be insured by fresh bribes ; and we can never
be sure that jealousy of the foreigner may not pre-
vail over internal dissension, and unite all in a league
against us. Meanwhile there is something almost
ludicrous in the disproportion between the means
we are amassing--the thousands of disciplined
troops, the scientific arms, the costly vessels, the
droves of transport animals which will darken the
Abyssinian pastures—and the object of rescuing a
few captives from the broken power of this bank-
rupt despot. So glaring indeed seems the discre-
pancy, so unusual this complete and lavish prepa-
ration for any English military enterprise, that, if
these were days when fresh conquests were deemed
desirable, we might almost suspect that the func-
tions of this formidable expedition would not cease
with the attainment of its ostensible object, but
that a new and by no means unprofitable colony
would be added to our empire. Nevertheless, all
this considerable force will be needed, not indeed to
fight, for the coup de grace may probably be given
to Theodore by an advanced guard of cavalry, but
to protect the long line of communications on which
our troops must be, to all appearance, absolutely de-
pendent. The country is pro luctive in a high de-
gree of food and forage awl cattle, sustenance for
man and beast ; but the incessant wars of the pre-
sent and former reigns have restricted the labours
of the rural population to the raising of what is in-
dispensable for their own support, and within these
few years extensive famines have prevailed in many
districts. Even were the crops and herds as abun-
dant as they might be, the absence of roads would
still render them in a great degree unavailable to
an invading force. Large depots must therefore
from time to time be established, fortified, and gar-
risoned; and between these, and the sea on one
side, the army on the other, long convoys must pass
which must be strongly escorted, for even in a dis-
trict which calls itself friendly it would be impossi-
ble to say how long the most virtuous ally could
resist the temptation offered by an unguarded train
of stores, or how far a population
that considers the
art of plunder a necessary part of a liberal educa •

tion could be induced by mere principle to restrain
its cupidity. A large part of the force must there-
fore be employed in protecting the long line between
the army and the sea, any interruption of which
would produce serious inconvenience. Besides the
enormous burden of transport, the condition of the
roads will be another cause of anxiety. There is
nothing in the country that resembles a highway ;
even the great caravan road to Gondar is in parts a
' mere sheep track, overgrown with thorns, and wind-
' ing in places through narrow and precipitous passes.
These will be the real obstacles, and not the cli-
mate, which is undoubtedly healthy ; nor the heat,
which, according to Bruce and Harris, never falls
below 50 deg. nor rises above 85 deg. But, in spite
of all difficulties, we should have little doubt that
the expedition would succeed could we but feel cer-
tain of what would constitute success. It must be
admitted that 10,000 regular troops, with cavalry,
artillery, and all munitions of war, led by an expe-
rienced general, will appear a very disproportionate
escort to restore to us a dozen or so of rescued cap-
tives. We would fain hope, therefore, if it were
still possible to hope, that the expedition might be
rendered unnecessary by the attainment of our ob-
ject in a similar way. Nevertheless, if it is to take
place, there aro other considerations besides the
support of our reputation which may help to recon-
cile us to the cost. To restore order and peace, and
plant the seeds of civilisation in so fair a portion of
the earth, would be an honourable task. The inte-
rests of science too would be furthered ; for we may
expect that the spirit which urged French savants
to accompany Napoleon to Egypt would induce our
naturalists and geographers to seize the opportunity
of studying a region so rich in interest and so im-
perfectly known. And, though we cannot expect
to earn much glory, yet the general and the troops
that penetrate to Bergemeder will have learned a
most valuable lesson in the difficult art of supplying
an army.

MEJIORIAL TO THE LATE BISHOP

HUGARTH.

(From the Darlington and Stockton Times.)

A monument, " erected by his Catholic flock and
'ellow-townsmen of every creed and party," has
ust been raised to the memory of the late Right
Rev. W. Hogarth, D.D., Bishop of Hexham and
Newcastle, in the Darlington Cemetery. The
basement of the memorial is composed of four
steps of polished Park Spring stone. From this
rises an obelisk of polished granite, the plinth being
of a dark red colour, with mouldings of light
grey, and a shaft of dark red, standing 13 feet high,
and a carved capital of light grey, surmounted by
a gilt cross. On the west side of the obelisk a
carved pillar, in which will be placed a photograph
of the deceased Bishop, is in course of erection.
The monument reaches an altitude of about 31 feet,
and is indeed a beautiful structure. The following
are the inscriptions which are engraved in block
letter on the panels of the obelisk :—" To the
Right Rev. William Hogarth, D.D., Bishop of
Hexham and Newcastle, the Father of his Clergy
and the Poor, who, by a saintly life, great labours,
and charity unbounded, won love and veneration
from all, this memorial was erected by his Ca-
tholic flock and fellow-townsmen of every creed
and party. Born at Doddin Green, Kendal, March
25th, 1786. Died at Darlington, January 29th,
1866. Buried at St. Cuthbert's College, lJshaw.
R.1.P." The column is from the design of Mr. E.
Welby Pugin, of London, and the contract has
been executed by Messrs. Priestman of Darlington,
at a cost of about £3OO. This sum of money was
raised by public subscription, in a very short time
after the object to which it was to be devoted was
announced. The monument blessed by the Bishop
of Hexham and Newcastle on Monday is but a
faint, though a sincere, expression of the affec-
tionate veneration and respect in which Dr. Hogarth
was held by every Catholic in the diocese, and by
every Protestant who came in contact with him.
Ilis useful and blameless life, stretching beyond
the span allotted to the rice, was full of precisely
those striking incidents, and was characterised by
exactly those traits, which attract public interest
and awaken public feeling ; for, whether in his
career as a priest, or in his conduct as a citizen,
Dr. Hogarth was especially remarkable for thorough-
ness and sincerity. In the numerous and varied
duties of Vicar Apostolic of the northern district,
and latterly in the onerous offices of Bishop of the
diocese of Hexham and Newcastle, he was always
looked up to and trusted by his colleagues and
associates ; while as a good priest, going about his
Master's business, and bearing the gospel of faith
and love, and the unaffected example of a single-
minded devotedness, to the dark corners of society,
he was loved and revered by all.
Dr. Hogarth began life when his beloved Church
was on the eve of an important change, and when
her position in England was about to be placed on
a fairer and a more satisfactory footing than she
had enjoyed at any time since the Reformation.
From that historical point Catholics, desirous of
educating their children for the Church, were
obliged to send them abroad to get what they
wanted. There, in the cloisters of Douai, Sala-
manca, and other kindred institutions, the best
Catholic mind was formed, and to the influence of
the foreign associations inevitably bound up with
these colleges, may doubtless be traced that in-
difference to matters of purely domestic policy
which was, too often, and with justice, laid to the
charge of the Catholic clergy. But the French
Revolution, which has overturned so many ancient
land-marks, and which has exercised an imperish-
able and as yet an unascertained influence upon
the history of the world, was destined memorably
to influence the position of Catholics in Protestant
England. Swept away from their familiar resting-
places, and severed from their old associations, the
emigration—the flower of la veille noblesse, the
proudest blood of France, the most cherished off-
spring of the Catholic Church—landed upon Eng-
lish shores. They were received with open arms,
comforted and caressed by the nation. From that
time the distrust of the Catholic portion of the
community, which had too long been entertained
by society, began to wear off. Shortly after this
Catholic educational institutions were founded in
the country, and thus were laid the first seeds of
the public feeling which led to Catholic Emanci-
pation. Among the earliest of these institutions was
a modest establishment at Tudlioe, in the county of
Durham, which shortly afterwards migrated to
Crook Hall, near Consett, in 1793. Here Dr. Ho-
g►arth was a student, and he made such good use of
the time spent that, sixty years afterwards, one of
his masters, the late Rev. and Venerable John

.........
Perswick, said of him that he never " knew of any
student who could give a more fearless or better

account of the employment of his time to that
Supreme Judge who sifts the evidence of every
word, and poises the use we make of every minute,
than the same William Hogarth." In 1808 the
magnificent College of Ushaw was founded, in
which foundation Dr. Hogarth took a prominent
and interested part. His character was essentially
English, and he clung with tenacity to English
institutions. Contrary to the custom of Catholic
bishops he never visited Rome, and never left Eng-
lish soil. Thus he considered English Catholic
colleges to be best for English priests, who were
to minister among the English people and to elect
the English bishops. In 1809, at the age of
twenty-three years and nine months, he was
ordained a priest, and destined for the mission of
Blackbrook, in Lancashire. The young priest's
attainments, however, were valued by the heads of
the college, the Blackbrook appointment was can-
celled, and he was elected a colleague. In the
early days of Ushaw progress was made slowly and
-carefully, and everything was conducted on the
most economical scale possible. So Dr. Hogarth
did the work which is now done by three--he
taught classes, he looked after the discipline of
the house as General Prefect, and he administered
the college finances. The office of treasurer to
Ushaw was at this time no sinecure, " and
often," said the bishop to his associate, the Rev.
Mr. Coll, " did I tremble whenever I heard the
kitchen door opening, lest it should be a creditor

coming for his remittance, when all I had was a
few shillings." In addition to the embarrassments

of the exchequer, the young prefect had many
other difficulties to contend with. But, looking

back in after life upon the cares and anxietiesim-
plied in the early struggles of the young colony at
Ushaw, the associate and colleague of Lingard, the
friend and the tutor of Wiseman must have had
many pleasurable recollections. For seven years
Dr. Hogarth remained at Ushaw, at the end of
which term failing strength warned him that re-
laxation was needed. He was accordingly sent as
chaplain to Cliffe Hall, by the Rev. Dr. Gibson.
At Cliffe he remained eight years, and on the 9th
of November, 1824, he was transferred to the mis-
sion at Darlington. His flock, which at the time
of his decease numbered 3,000, at that time only
consisted of 200 individuals. Here he laboured
during forty years, until the day of his death,
leaving mementoes behind him, in the kindly feel-
ing of the townspeople, which are now laid like
flagrant flowers upon his tomb. Many anecdotes
of his thoughtful benevolence, and many incidents
illustrative of the regard in which he was held in
Darlington, might be related. In 1850, for instance,
when the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill was under dis-
cussion, demonstrations were made against the
Catholics for the purpose of getting up petitions
in favour of the bill. Such a meeting was held in
Darlington, but a speaker, pointing out the unos-
tentatious and simple life led by Dr. Hogarth, the
meeting separated without adopting any petition.
For some years Dr. Hogarth filled the office of
Provost of the northern district, and on the death
of the Right Reverend Dr. Riddell, in November,
1847, he was raised to the post thus vacated, and
in the following year was consecrated Vicar Apos-
tolic of the Northern Diocese, at Ushaw. On the
establishment of the English Hierarchy, Dr. Hog-
arth became Bishop of Hexham; and in 1860, St.
Mary's, Newcastle, having been consecrated as
pro-cathedral, the bishop assumed the title of the
Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle. How the
episcopal duties of the diocese were performed by
the late bishop, we may gather from the circum-
stance that an address of congratulation was pre-
sented to him on behalf of the Cathedral Chapter
and all the clergy of the diocese, on the 28th of
August, 1860, about ninety priests taking part in
the gratifying proceedings. The address noted the
interesting fact that since the time of Dr. Hogarth's
succeeding to the mitre, there was not a chapel or
church then existing in the four northern counties
comprised in his bishopric, that had not been either
first erected or rebuilt. The diocese, besides, is
almost free of debt, and is looked upon by Catho-
lics as the model diocese.
But the evening was drawing on, and the sunset
of a beautiful life culminated on Sunday afternoon,
January 28, 1866, when the bishop was seized with
inna,tanured
was
wppaarotrniaelnytsoirusa.tlli, eaAdnidefdiotrhcaeal
fea
silverwid h
corduwarss called;:w b was broken broken at a
Francis of Sales, his
uqauryart2e9rttho—fothure of'celaosctkoofn
sMt.onday afternoon, Jan-
uary
throughout the diocese by the
aCteadtholicsnote. A profound im-
ppraetrssoinonsawinast,P
death of the bishop, and in Darlington in particular
his loss was felt most acutely. After lying in state
in St. Augustine's chapel, from Tuesday evening
until Thursday morning, a solemn requiem mass
was celebrated by the clerical dignitaries and other
priests of the diocese, and a funeral oration, ex-
pressive of the love and veneration felt for the late
bishop by his flock, was appropriately delivered by
the Rev. H. Coll. After this, the body was re-
moved, with all the pomp and magnificence of the
Catholic ritual, and amidst the sincere grief of
the late bishop's fellow-townsmen, whose sorrow
found outward expression in closed shops and
windows and suspended business, to Ushaw. There,
in the precincts of the college he aided materially
in raising, and where he so indefatigably laboured,
within the peaceful shade of the cloisters he loved
so well, they laid the gentle dust of William Hog-
arth to rest in peace.
Shortly after the funeral a committee was formed,
and steps were taken to get subscriptions to be de-
voted to some tangible memorial. The result of the
subscriptions so gathered together is the beautiful
monument blessed by the present Bishop of Hex-
ham and Newcastle, on Monday night. The cere-
mony took place under the most favourable auspices.
The sky was clear and bright, the air calm and
soft, and the stillness of the evening conduced to
the success of an open-air gathering. The notice
of the ceremony, inserted in the local newspapers,
brought together a large throng of people, varying
in numbers estimated from 3,000 to 5,000. Of
these the majority were Protestants. A little after
six o'clock, the bishop's procession, consisting of
the bishop of the diocese—the Right Reverend
Dr. Chadwick—Monsignor Canon Eyre, Canon
Brown, the Rev. H. Coll, the Rev. W. Strickland,
the Rev. M. Green (bearing the cross), and the
Rev. W. Rigby, duly attended by acolytes, and
thurifer shedding incense, followed by the Catholic
schoolchildren and the Darlington Sax-horn Band,
conducted by Mr. 11. Hoggett, left the Cemetery
Lodge. Slowly and solemnly the procession
moved to the spot where the memorial cross is
erected, and there it halted. Among those around
the cross were Mrs. Middleton, the Misses Middle-
ton, Miss Eliza Kipling, Miss Nevin (from Edin-
burgh), Mrs. lleslop, Miss Strother, the Misses
Ridsdale, Mr. 11. K. Spark, Mr. Fra. Mewburn,
Mr. Ornsby, Mr. Coffey, Mr. Smith, Mr. W. L.
Dodd, &c., &c. The bishop took his seat upon a
chair which had been provided for him, and the
band played the magnificent "Kyrie" from Mozart's
Twelfth Mass. The bishop then rose and delivered
a most able address.
After the ceremony of blessing had been per-
formed, the band played the " Gloria in Excelsis "
from the same Mass. When this was finished
the bishop left the dais.
The Rev. H. COLL ascended the dais and said :
My lord,—On behalf of the Catholics of this mis-
sion, I beg to tender you heartfelt thanks for the
favour and honour conferred on us in coming at no
little personal inconvenience, to perform the cere-
mony we have just witnessed. We are deeply in-
debted to your Lordship for a beautiful and able
explanation of that ceremony ; an explanation
which carried us back in spirit whole centuries ago,
to the time when St. Cuthbert (whose successor it
is your glory to be) raised in Fame Island the
stone cross, near which he wished to be buried,
and blessed it with the self-same rites and the
same prayers. You have made us feel, too, that
it was, indeed, a happy thought, a thought inspired
by their very Christianity that prompted our
ancestors to erect crosses, and especially cemetery
crosses. A burial ground is, naturally enough, a
spot calculated to fill the mind with the gloomiest,
the saddest reflections. But set up a cross in its
centre, and there is at once a light and solace to
the mourning survivors who may then scent " the
sweetness of the violet" over " the mould" of their
deceased relatives ; for in the cross, the symbol
of salvation, is our hope and comfort ; pointing
(as your lordship remarked so well) to " heaven "

—the home where we shall meet again and be
happy for ever, without fear or sorrow, sickness or
death. And this it is, my lord, makes us still more
grateful for honouring us with your presence ; and
because your blessing has imparted a sacred cha-
racter to this tribute to the memory of him whom
we loved from our heart of hearts. My lord—
Dr. Hogarth was our pride and joy. I use the
word " our " advisedly, for he made himself really
the common property of this town. There are
many monuments in this cemetery, whose inscrip-
tions are read with a cold lack-lustre gaze by

the passer-! ; and the praise (however just)
recorded in those epitaphs may be deemed ex-
aggerated, or even extravagant. But no inhabi-
tant of Darlington will so regard this monument ;
every letter on its grey block cannot but meet
with approval as most true. And the eyes of
hundreds of his own flock will grow moistened as
they read that inscription. They will see that it
is all true that is there said of him, and that it
does not sufficiently tell of the merits of the de-
ceased. These hundreds certainly need no monu-
ment of him ; during two years nearly he has
been " out of their sight," but never " out of
mind ;" he holds a place in their grateful recol-
lection which can perish only with their frame.
Bat still thankful are we, beyond expression, to
our Protestant fellow-townsmen for helping us to
give a more permanent form to our love of him—
for
-contributing so generously towards the eree-

tion of this graceful monument, so that the
memory of his rare virtues may be kept for ever
green in this field of his labours. In the list of
subscribers I find every creed and party repre-
sented Jews, Quakers, Baptists, Methodists,
Churchmen are there seen joining hands to hon-
our the memory of the Catholic Bishop, and echo
the words of the poet :
"Let us, let all the world agree,
To profit by resembling theo!"
It was a refreshing spectacle on that " day o'ercast"
of his funeral, to see how they all suspended business
and turned out in the rain, to form in files, resting on
their arms, so to speak, in admiration, of his former
life ; while the deceased was being conveyed to St.
Cuthbert's College, followed by the thousands who
wept their thanks to him ! And now it is a fine
sight to have you lay aside all differences and cheer-
fully part with your money to perpetuate his simple
name. True, he was a Catholic, and the head of
Roman Catholics in the north ; but there is justice
enough within the breast of Englishmen to admire,
in whomsoever they see it, sterling goodness,
which was indeed the "fruit" of his religion.
Day after day, wet or dry, for forty years, had
they not seen the " old Bishop " traverse the
town, go into the filthy lanes, the slums and alleys,
to sit in dingy houses, by the bed of pain, assuage
distress, and "do good," in fine, wherever and
whenever he could? "His house, was it not
known to all the vagrant train ?" And truly, "he
chid their wanderings, but relieved their pain."
Moreover, was he not a man of peace, so meek and
humble, and pleasant withal ? What wonder they
should gather together in such crowds this evening
for the sake of the departed? I thank you from
my heart for that, and in the name of my con-
gregation. And long may we join hands and hearts,
despitecaned
deep on this
alldifferences, and, looking up to the name
monument, acknowledge the
virtue and goodness personified in him to whom
it is erected.

THE REVOLUTIONARY NATIONS.

Snege! nlg
rtehpaetntth eh
having
in
g Frenchha
d Revolutionah a nd
in is stillthe w
ocrokn,
,-
tin ,
wrote Tallyrand in his retractation—this clause of
which, suppressed by the desire of Louis Philippe
and the consent of the Holy See, has never as yet
been published.
Theß Frenchowmany men, who now are
foremost in supporting the European Revolution,
Tallyrand,
liveßtoevroelpuetinotnoifs the work-
wcoonrk-
of will
theirnot,
hands.lik e
tinning ; its principles are still at work, under-
mining all existing
institutions, civil and religious,
which are not of its own •
creation. Its results, in
brief, are disregard the law .
of of nations, the tear-
ing up of treaties, lt •
aeration in the map of Europe,
perpetual instability, dread of change, war, armed
peace, and the keeping up of
upwards
of three
millions of men under
revolutionary "ideas " •no nation in Europe feels
itself secure. It may be attacked either at home
or from abroad under one plea or another put for-
ward by the advocates of
is progress which wishes to set aside existing insti-
tutions in Church or
State in order to refashion
all things anew ; now
it is the theory of nationali-
ties, which by the help of foreign armies annexes
a smaller state to a larger one ; now it is the
sovereignty of the people which overthrows an
ancient and peaceful dynasty, and sets up a tur-
bulent and aggressive Republic, which in turn
yields to a military dictator
who, called in by uni-
versal suffrage, shoots down opposing citizens, and
tramples life out of liberty. There is no security
but in force, and force comes from numbers ; hence
the tendency—it is but the instinct of self-preser-
vation—of the agglomeration of states. The theory
of nationalities has reduced Italy to a state of
anarchy and bankruptcy ; it served as a pretext to
Prussia to annex Schleswig-Holstein in spite of
treaties and of national law ; it was the sole jus-
tification of the war against Austria, and of the ab-
sorption by Prussia of independent states ; and on
the strength of this theory there will never be peace
again in Germany until every German nationality,
either by force or fraud, is brought under the yoke
of Prussia. It is the powerful solvent which the
Revolution is now applying to the Austrian Empire
—hitherto the great bulwark of Conservatism in
Europe. It is the agent on which Russia grounds
her hope for the establishment on the ruins of
Austria, Turkey, and Greece, of a vast Pansclavonic
empire. Again, it is the feeble pretext for Fenianism
in Ireland. And France, the birthplace of the Revo-
lution, chafes under the victory which revolutionary
ideas and forces have conferred on the rival at her
gates. Poetic justice is being done on France.
Retribution is overtaking the mother of the Revo-
lution by the hands of her own children. She was
the first in the field with revolutionary propa-
gandism. Her ideas preceded her sword, and have
survived the victory of her arms. But her " ideas"
are now no longer exclusively hers—they are
become the strength of her enemies.
In Russia,
Prussia, Italy, they are at work ; but it is a work
of self-aggrandizement at the expense of neigh-
bouring nations, and in spite of right, law, and
justice. But their aggrandizement will put an end
at once and for ever to the supremacy of France
on the Continent. Prussia is already
outstripping
her in the race and supplanting her in the lead.
France is stung to the quick at the sight of the
boastful and ambitious rival on her frontier. They
are both arming in a manner and with a magnitude
never before known in the world. What will be the
issue of this terrible preparation ? We will not, for
an instant, contemplate, even in thought, the
horrors of a life and death struggle between, not
two barbarous peoples, but two nations at the head
of modern civilization ; we will not seek to estimate
the crime, the bloody-guiltiness of either of these
representatives of revolutionary principles. It is
enough to contemplate the immediate, the actual
consequences of this armed mutual distrust, the
closest approximation to peace which the Second
Empire, which the embodiment in Europe of the
" ideas " of " 89 " allows of. The material
progress
—the progress in wealth, in industry, in • the
spread
of knowledge, in wider popular .
sympathies, which
Europe has enjoyed since, and we readily acknow-
ledge, partly in consequence of the French Revolu-
tion—of the abuses of power, that is to say, which
were swept away by it—is now again arrested by the
dangerous and sudden development of
the moral
evils which it introduced and
sanctioned. Doubt,
the enemy of commerce, has taken the place of
confidence, trade stagnates, agriculture is injured
by the transfer of such multitudes of men from
the field to the camp. Debt
accumulates in such
a proportion as to tax the springs of industry.
Popular liberty is crushed under foot on the pretext
of the presence of danger, and mental culture is
neglected in the excitement of angry passions, of
fear and distrust. The
civilizing arts of peace are
withering in the breathof war. The revolutionary
nations have overthrown the old principles of right
embodied in treaties and the law of nations, and
substituting material for moral force, have put their
trust in the sword,
and they are perishing by the
sword even before
it
is drawn.
We have said enough to show the dangers which
await the revolutionaryeven
nations,without
touching on the impious in principles of the Revolu-
tion and their effect on society and on governments.
It is needless to recapitulate here how the Revo-
lution, by substituting human for divine sanctions
of authority, attacked the stability of society itself,
or how it loosened the most essential .
of social bonds
by introducing civil
marriage, and weakened the
rights of property by
,:,
the Church. In a word, by formally severing
civil society and governments from God, the
far as
Revolution undid, as f 'it reached, the work of
Christian civilization, and inaugurated a political
Atheism which naturally and forcibly reacts on
private life, and lays but
too
tsure a foundation for
the spread of religious unbelief. Consequently
in the revolutionary nat. in • •
ions, addition to the
other dangers we have enumerated, there exists
to a very wide and dangerous extent a fierce anti-
Christian propagandism,
a hatred of the superna-
tural, a lowering of the moral standards of life, a
substitution of material interests and •
higher motives and • •
sanctions. In intellectual life,
among the educated l c asses, belief in Christianity
is giving place in the •
nations subject to the in-
fluences of the
Revolution, to the materialistic

philosophyof Auguste-Comte, or to the rationalistic
theories of Protestant Germany.
This intellectual defection from Christianity is
not the least of the dangers which threaten the
stability of modern society as it exists under the
Revolution. Not to travel beyond Prussia and
Italy, the two latest products of revolutionary
fraud and violence, what principle of cohesion and
stability do we find in these two kingdoms, ag-
grandized by the violent or fraudulent seizure of
States only held in subjection to the aggressor by
superior force ? Italy, bordering on a state of
chronic anarchy and bankruptcy, exists as a united
kingdom only on sufferance : it depends on the
protection of France. And the new Prussian
kingdom—an ill-assorted congeries of subjected
but recalcitrant States, without a principle of real
union and cohesion, beyond the revolutionary
theory of nationalities—is only held together by
an enormous armed force. Based on revolutionary
principles without faith—without national tradi-
tions or historic associations, what future has it--
what hope ? It is a military and aggressive state,
and it represents no policy but aggression. It
has not time to conciliate—it must conquer.
Therefore is it hated in Germany. Its strength is
all external—material only ; it has no moral force.
Revolution, therefore, is the sure heir to all its ill
gotten gains. Revolution cannot be " stamped
out" in Europe like the cattle plague or the cho-
lera, for moral diseases are slower to be cured than
physical. Catholic nations fall because they are
untrue to Catholicism; but the Revolutionary
nations perish the more faithful they are to the
Revolution.— Westminster Gazette.

THE REPORT ON RIIUALISM-A
COMPROMISE.

True to the hereditary spirit of the Establish-
ment, the Royal Commissioners appointed to inqu—ge
into and report upon the ritual of the Church of
England advocate a compromise. They are of
opinion that it is expedient to restrain all variations
in respect of vesture from what has long been the
established usage in the Church of England ; but
they are not yet prepared to suggest the best mode
of giving effect to their conclusions. They avoid
pronouncing an opinion as to whether the "Rubric,"
on which the Ritualists ground their right to use
the novel ornaments and vestments, is rightly in-
terpreted or not. It can scarcely be expected that
the Ritualists, in spite of the report framed in a
spirit hostile to their practices, will forego the use
of ceremonies and vestments which, though not in
themselves essential, yet are the outward and visible
expression of what they consider essential doctrines.
As long as the holding of their distinctive doctrines
is tolerated, it is idle to attack vestments which are
looked upon as symbolical of these doctrines. It
is leaving the root of the reputed evil untouched.
But will the Royal Commissioners dare to recom-
mend an interference with the "Catholic "doctrines
of the Ritualists ? and if the Protestant party,
which so largely predominates in the Establishment,
were to insist upon so unwise a step, would the
House of Commons, in these days of religious
Liberalism, consent to narrow the broad and expan-
sive boundaries of the national Church The hope
of the Ritualists, and their strength, lies in the
religious Liberalism and the wide toleration of
differences of opinion as to essential doctrines which
distinguish the Church of which they are members.
Were the Anglican Church of a sudden to become
intolerant of error and of the differences of opinion
as to essential doctrines—were the bishops to insist
upon uniformity of belief and practice, they would
be confronted at once by the ambiguity of the for-
mulas of faith and the wide interpretations which
the ecclesiastical courts, and the Privy Council in
the last resort, would find themselves compelled to
put on articles which were framed for the very
purpose and intention of allowing, in the Estab-
lished Church, a wide divergence of opinion.
Were it possible to imagine that the House of
Commons could be induced to pass an act of uni-
formity which would in effect exclude from the
Church the Ritualists and the extreme Broad
Church party, it would raise such a discussion in
the country as would endanger the existence of
the national Establishment. There is no likelihood
of such an unwise policy being pursued ; both the
Ritualists and the Rationalists may live in peace
and in close proximity, if not in amity, without
any fear of being called upon to forego their
liberty of opinion. Even the Ritualists, in spite of
their yearnings for unity, have given up the hope
—in this far inferior in Catholic principles to the
elder Tractarians—of making their Church the
faithful guardian and teacher of what they consider
the essential doctrines of Christianity. They are
content to remain what they are—one among
many tolerated schools of widely-divergent opinions
on matters of faith in a Church whose bond of
unity is not unity of faith. But while such widely-
divergent doctrines are tolerated it seems in the
highest degree not only absurd, but unjust and
dishonest to attempt to suppress the outward
symbols and expressions of these different and op-
posite doctrines.
The Times—in this representing the mass of the
people who are indifferent in the matter of doctrine
—insists upon retaining an outward uniformity, so
that the eye of the public may not be disturbed,
nor the mind even of the most superficial observer
awakened as to the divergences in belief which
exist in the Protestant Church. It likes to see the
sepulchre whitened. Whilst the Daily News, which
in spite of its consistent Liberalism, is intolerant
of what it considers religious errors in the Estab-
lishment, honestly and vigorously repudiates the
notion of restraining, as the Royal Commission re-
commends, the use of vestments, so long as the
doctrines of which they are symbolical are left
unmolested, it declares that no report so arbitrary
and halting—that no law merely restraining the
clergy from the use of symbols---will satisfy the
country that the real issue, carefully avoided in the
report, must be honestly raised, and the matter of
doctrine be discussed and decided, once and for
ever, so that Englishmen may know what are the
doctrines which the Establishment is authorized to
teach. We shrewdly suspect that the Daily News
is aware that if, as it urges, Parliament were really
to take the matter into its own hands, the very
existence of the Establishment as a national Church
would be endangered.

The Guardian, although little favourable to the
Ritualists, is keen-sighted enough to see this rock
ahead, and wary enough to be anxious to avoid
" that conflict between Parliament and religious
liberty which, in the opinion of all thoughtful
persons, must have such disastrous results."
"Putting aside," it says, "on the one hand the
Ritualists themselves, and Lord Shaftesbury's
people on the other, we find a multitude of persons
between these two extremes who have an objection,
more or less decided, to see any change in the
ornaments of, the minister' from those to which
they have all their lives been accustomed."
The Guardian is, in fact, as is natural to it, in
favour of compromise. It agrees with the report
in desiring that " churchmen in general should be
secured against innovations which they dislike,"
against "an obsolete rubric being employed to
force an unpopular ceremonial on the ordinary wor-
shippers in the parish churches of England," against
any step that would lead to " a revision of the
Prayer-book." On the other hand, it does " not
venture to say that the idea of au exceptional
`Ritualistic' use is without precedent, nor to main-
tain the theory of absolute uniformity." The Guar-
dian is, in a word, like the Royal Commissioners,
not:against "Ritualistic congregations but Ritual-
istic aggressions." But in this also, like the report,
it fails to suggest the mode in which this compro-
mise is to be effected.

The practical lesson, which we sincerely hope the
Ritualists may draw from the Report of the Royal
Commissioners on Ritualism, and from the discus-
sions which arise out of it, is to note that whenever
differences as to matters of doctrine, or practices
which involve doctrine, arise in the Anglican
Church, it does not define its doctrines more
sharply, but adds one compromise the more to the
many which constitute its history and its origin.
In this procedure, as in so many others, how unlike
the Catholic Church, which, whenever new errors
are broached, endangering the integrity of the
faith, defines its doctrines and sharpens its teaching