The Sun.
London, England, 1858-12-29 00:00:00

L I

Share! Railways.

Paid. Cil,orreng I Business
Done.

Onwards. By the author of " Anne Dysart,"
" Rosa Grey," &c. 3 vols. Hurst and Blackett.
This story possesses the same merits which
have rendered the former works of this author
favourites. Without belonging to the first-
class of novels, they attract by their sim-
plicity and unaffeected earnestness. The present
story is a very interesting one on the whole, it
relates the adventures that befel two young
people in their arduous endeavours to make
an onward progress. There is sufficient dif-
ference marked in the characters of James
Carver and Honor Sky, to impress the mind of
the reader with the contrast. Both were very
clever children, and far in advance of all
their companions ; but the feeling of conscious
superiority animated them very differently.
While James only thought how he could rise and
trample down under foot all who opposed him, how
when rich himself he should repay with interest
the taunts with which he had been assailed when
poor, the gentle Honor dwelt alone on the power
to do good with which her talents endued her, and
she ever sought to renderherself more competent to
impart to others that instruction for which she had
so often sighed in vain in the days of childhood,
and which, when she at last gained she prized and
loved as a rich benefit and a great blessing. The
record of her career as a scholar and a teacher is
full of a quiet interest, and the details are
all naturally given. Some of the persons
who appear on the scene, are very well sketched.
Mr. Mauleverer, for instance, with his pompous
plausibility and self-sufficiency, is a decided suc-
cess. Mr. St. John is a very different character,
but a far more pleasing one. He was peculiarly
adapted to the profession he had chosen, with
his qui& perception of talent, and his ready
appreciation of worth, he was indeed an invaluable
friend to the poor and needy, and a benefactor to
the young aspirant. He was the first to recognise
the abilities of the two children, and he at the same
time admired the varying qualities of each. The
passages which relate the engagement between
James and Honor are excitingly narrated, and
the heroine acts in a manner becoming her early
promise of excellence. .There is another source of
interest in the fortunes of Frank and Mary Austen,
and the episode of Mary's brother, William Hurst,
is an_ agreeable diversion to the incidents of a
school life, and the simple details of Honors's
humble friends. The• moral of the story is con-
veyed in the fact of James Carver's ambitious
schemes at last passing beyond the restraints of
rectitude, and he being compelled to leave the
country for ever, only saved from an ignominious
fate by the interposition of Honor with his
betrayed friends. She is left peaceful, if not happy
in the faithful discharge of her duties, which she
truly thinks are worthy • objects to which to
dedicate her life, and she reflects that to succeed
it is not enough to look only " onwards," but that
the traveller to whatever goal of earthly labours
should also look " upwards." There is sufficient
in the book to engage the attention agreeably and
profitably, and it is therefore a welcome addition
to the fictions of the day, and has every chance of
meeting with the same success that attended the
author's previous productions.

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A Dictionary of Political Economy. By H. Dun-
ning Macleod, Esq., of the Inner Temple. Part
1. Longman.
This is the first part of a very remarkable and
valuable work—one which has no competitor in
our language, though it treats of a subject which
is calculated to excite the interest and develope the
faculties of the profoundest thinkers and most cul-
tivated minds. Political Economy is a seienc e which,
in its wide ramifications, involves so many vital
questions of national prosperity, and affects indirectly
the happiness of so many millions, that it should
be .a subject of congratulation to the public when a
work of this character makes its appearance in the
literary world, with the avowed object of collecting
and classifying all existing information on the sub.
ject. A work of a similar nature, we are told, has
been brought out in Paris, the production of thirty-
eight of the most eminent Politico-Economists of
Franoe, but none such exists in the English language.
This omission is the more remarkable when we call
to mind the many eminent names which rank
among the list of our countrymen which have
distinguished themselves iu this science, one which
from its peculiar character seems particularly
adapted to the English taste and intellect. The
following programme of the work explains its
object and design in a clear and intelligible manner.

" It will contain—Biographical notices of all persons who
have contributed to advance the science, according to their
relative importance, with a list of their works. Original
articles on each branch of the subject, exhibiting, where
necessary, full and accurate details of business ; and the
views of all preceding writers of eminence will be brought
together and critically examined, An analysis of all the
principal works on the subject, exhibiting the distinguish-
ing features of the opinions and system of each writer. A
critical examination of each work, indicating how far it has
advanced, and the permanent truths it has added to, the
science; in what points it is defective, and what it has left
to be done by succeeding writers. Much valuable infor-
mation, many germs of important theories, several of the
chief doctrines, and many of the opinions of eminent per-
sons, in political economy, are only to be found in pamph-
lets and other fugitive writings. A distinguishing fea-
ture of this work will be, that copious and literal extracts
will be given from such pamphlets, etc., containing all such
facts, opinions, and doctrines as are of permanent value.
It will be preceded by a Preliminary Dissertation, contain-
ing a narrative of the rise and progress of the science from
the earliest times, being a complete history of ideas on the
subject up to the latest form it has assumed. It will thus
bring together a greater body of information on the subject
than is contained in any other work, and it is hoped that it
will greatly facilitate the labours of all future writers and
others interested in the science. It will be published in
parts of ninety-six pages each, royal octavo, double
columns. Price 4s. each part. It is expected to be com-
pleted in 15 parts, in the course of two years. The follow-
ing parts will appear as speedily as can be done, with due
regard to the efficiency of the, work."

Cassell's Illustrated Almanac.

One of the most prominent of the articles in this
part is the one headed " Axioms and Definitions"
which treats largely of the nature of the science.
The following paragraph exemplifies the lucid
style in which this difficult question is treated—
"With respect to the conception of the science itself, we
have shown the advantage obtained by framing such a de-
finition of it, as shall be free from the objection which Mr.
Mill has justly brought forward against the ones in com-
mon use. By treating it as the science which treats of the
laws which regulate the exchangeable relations of quanti-
ties, we obviate the objections which have been justly urged
against considering it as the science which treats of the
production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. For
it at once draws a sharp
and distinct line between an agri-
cultural product, and the art and science of agriculture,
between any commercial product, and the art and process
of producing it, and in general between any actual pro-
ducts, and their exchangeable relations, and the seve-
ral processes by which they are obtained. Thus
we have a clear and distinct test of what the
pure science of political
ecouomy includes, and what
is to be considered
beyond its limits. Because
whatever causes an increase
or diminution of the number of
products, or varies their exchangeable relations, is a ques-
tion of pure political economy, the method or process of
obtaining such products is a branch of the arts of com-
merce. Thus the causes which induce a greater or a
diminished quantity of corn to be produced, and influence
its price when produced, is
a question of pure political
economy, the improved modes of cultivation are part of the
art and science of agriculture. But the question of found-
ling hospitals, and the influences they exert in increasing
or diminishing the number of foundlings is a question of
pure political economy. So ragged schools and refornia-
tories, so long as they are considered with reference to the
improvement or deterioration of the inmates of them, come
under the denomination
of morals, but if we consider their
effects in increasing or diminishing the number of criminals,
that is a question of political economy, and so on."
The concluding passage
well worthy of perusal.:-- .of the same article is
"We must now rehtchintly bring these remarks to a
close. We have only selected a few prominent instances of
the important effects of accurate notions, and not exhausted
them. The considerations five have suggested would require
a volume for their proper development, and duly treated
would touch the foundations of all science. For. somewhat
fuller details we must refer to the Preliminary Discourse,
and to each separate leading terra in the subject. We shall
have done some little good, if we call attention to the causes
of the very incomplete state of political economy at the pre-
sent time, and show that this is not due to anything in the
science itself, but to the ihethod in which it has been
treated. There is but one possible mode of succeeding—
namely, to follow the brilliant example set by physicists.
.Almost all erroneous doctrine springs from erroneous defini-
tion. The only way to remove these idols, fallacies, or
misconceptions, is to form true definitions and axioms by
genuine induction. The most eminent physicists thought
no time lost, which was necessary to settle these elements,
but economists are apt to despise such things, and the con-
sequence is, instead of the opinions of writers at the present
day tending to uniformity, they are becoming more and
more divergent every day. Theory and practice must be
brought into harmony with each other. But, to elaborate
a just theory from the facts, certain qualifications are abso-
lutely indispensable :-1. A general knowledge of the mode
of argument in experimental science, and a constant
vigi-
lance to see that the arguments in political economy are in
strict conformity to the standards of reasoning in natural
philosophy. 2. A technical knowledge of the law of instru-
ments of credit, and some other things. 3. A technical
knowledge of the mechanism of commerce and agriculture.
Without these indispensable qualifications, it is a perilous
task for any man to venture upon the troubled waters of
political economy.
" Nave senza nocchiero in gran tempests."
When Galileo began to study natural philosophy, he put
aside mathematics, never dreaming that there could be any
connection between the two ; a sentiment, too, that appears
in Bacon. Galileo very soon found out his mistake. Many
persons at the present day may think that there is no con-
nection between political economy and natural philosophy.
They are in just as great error as Galileo was. Political
economy is a science of causes end effects produced by the
properties of men, and its types and standards of reasoning
are to belound in the science which treats of the causes
and effects produced by the properties of matter. In both
equally, the inductive logic reigns supreme. The sarao
general method of investigation is common to each. And
there is the same hope and encouragement to expect future
success, that the Athenian orator gave to his countrymen,
because their failure arose—not from the nature of the en-
terprise, but from their own. errors. .So it is with political
economy. The unsatisfactory state in which it is at pre-
sent does not arise from the nature of the thing itself, but
from its method of treatment, When economists pay the ,

THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 29, 1858,

The Commercial and Trades Legal Guide. By F.
H. Markham, M.A., barrister-at-law- Richard-
son, Cornhill. _ _

The author of this little work observes in his
short and sensible preface, that it is a well-known
legal maxim that " Ignorance of the law excuses
no one," and yet that most people who are not
lawyers are ignorant with regard to the legal
questions arising out of the simplest matters of
everyday life. He supposes that this want of
necessary information arises from the general idea
that the laws of England are so complex and mul-
tifarious they could never find time to read and
understand them. It therefore occurred to him
that a short and simple digest of the laws principally
affecting commercial men might be of practical bens-
fit. I n this little work he gives a brief and intelligible
account of a variety of legal questions ; contracts,
bills of exchange, partnership, copyright, wills,
executors, actions, bankruptcy, patents, and many
others of equal importance being among them. The
legal relations of landlord and tenant, master and
servant, husband and wife, and the laws relating to
the press, are also inserted. It is a very useful
little compendium, and we trust will enable many
of its readers to avoid the intricacies of the courts of
law.

The Farmers' Almanac and Calendar for 1859.
Ridgway.
This almanac contains a large and varied amount
of good practical agricultural information, besides
all necessary staistie_c of imports, exports, fairs and
markets, farmers' clubs, &c. It is a very handy
little work, likely to be a useful assistant to the
farmer, and giving also a calendar for the flower and
kitchen garden.

This almanac maintains the character of its inde-
fatigable publisher. The illustrations are above
the average, and the rest of the almanac fully equal
to its competitors.

POLICE INTELLIGENCE.-(TIIIS RAY.)

same attention, as physicists have done, to obtain true con-
ceptions and axioms from reality itself by proper methods,
and not by arbitrary dogmatism—when they proceed, step
by step, definition by definition, axiom by axiom, principle
by principle in due and proper order, and maintain a pro-
per unity of conception and principle, from the beginning
to the end, it will be found that a vast and magnificent edi-
fice of demonstrative truth may be reared up, and political
economy will emerge from the haze of controversy, a
science as well defined, as self-coherent, as complete, and
as harmonious as any in existence."

Another remarkable essay is that on the word
" Bank," which traces the history of banks and
banking from the earliest records of their existence.
Those who are acquainted with Mr. Macleod's
extensive knowledge and correct views of financial
questions, and who have met his laborious and
original work on the theory and practice of bank-
ing, will not be surprised to find that this subject
is treated in a most comprehensive and vigorous
manner, exhibiting great research, considerable
argumentative power, and a thorough knowledge
of the questions treated of. The biographical
sketches add to the value and interest of the Dic-
tionary, which, from the originality of its design,
and the ability of its contents, will doubtless be-
come a standard work in the national literature.

The Annual Gift Book. A Drawing-room Por-
trait Gallery of Eminent Personages. 199,
Strand.

The handsome series of portraits which have
adorned the pages of the Illustrated News of the
World since its commencement, are now bound up
in an elegant gift book, most suitable and appro-
priate to the season. A very faithful likeness of
the Prince Consort forms the frontispiece, and
is immediately followed by the portraits of
their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Prin-
cess Frederick William. A portrait of the
Duke of Cambridge completes the list of
royal likenesses. Further on, we meet some
of the chief politicians of the day. conspicu-
ous among them being Lord Palmerston, Lord J.
Russell, and Lord Stanley. Military heroes also
occupy the prominent position due to these days
of martial valour. Portraits of Major-General Sir
A. Wilson, the conqueror of Delhi ; of Major-Gene-
ral Sir J. Inglis, the heroic defender of
Lucknow ; and Lord Clyde, the Indian
Commander-in-Chief, are side by side with the cele-
brities of the late war—General Sir Fenwick
Williams, General Windham, and the Due de
Malakoff. Science and art have also their repre-
sentatives. Professor. Faraday's likeness is espe-
cially pleasing, while those of Charles Dickens and
Dr. Livingstone will be particularly interesting to
the public. Charles Kean, Miss Goddard, Madame
Alboni, and' other theatrical celebrities, are faith-
fully represented. The likeness of Miss Goddard
makes that lady appear somewhat too old, both as
regards her real age and her personal appearance.
The Lord Chancellor, Lord Campbell, the Attorney.
General, the Earl of Shaftesbury, Mr. Roebuck,
Mr. Duncombe, and a numerous selection from
eminent living personages, occupy the remaining
portraits, among them being the late and the pre-
sent Lord Mayor. The list is as yet incomplete,
many distinguished names being announced for the
ensuing portraits, including the Prime Minister
and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The short
and succinct biographies attached to the portraits
greatly enhance their value, and the volume is
altogether admirably adapted to adorn the drawing-
room table.