The Sun.
London, England, 1858-11-04 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 4, 1858.

PUBLICATIONS.

Now ready, at all the Libraries, in 3 vols.,
FELLOW TRAVELLERS
By the Author of

" MARGARET ; OR PREJUDICE AT HOME," Asc.
" ' Fellow Travellers' is a work of mark. It is the produc-
tion of a mind far superior to the ordinary run of novelists,
and shows that the writer has been observant of many forms
of human nature, and possesses the capacity of both interest-
ing and moving the reader."—Literary Gazette.
Hurst and Blackett, successors to Henry Colburn.

MR. E. E. CROWE'S NEW HISTORY OF FRANCE.
Now ready, Vol. 1., in Bvo, price 14s. cloth,
HISTORY of FRANCE. An entirely new
work, to be completed in Five Volumes. By EYRE
'EVANS CROWE, Author of the "History of France' in the
' Cabinet Cyclopaedia."
London : Longman, Brown, and Co., Paternoster-row.

MR. H. TARVER'S NEW FRENCH READING-BOOK.
On Thursday next will be published, in 12mo,

LE CONTEUR or, the Story Teller : A French
Reading-Book, consisting of Tales and Plays, inter-
spersed with a few Scraps of Correspondence, selected for the
use of learners from the works of contemporary French
Authors. With Explanatory Notes on the Idioms, Peculiari-
ties of Construction, and more difficult Passages. By H.
TARVER, French Master, Eton College. . .
London : Longman, Brown, and Co., Paternoster-row.

- -Immediately will be
FROM NEW YORK
Rio de Janeiro, Australis
MisrruliN, jun.
"We do not know any book
from which persons who know
nothing of India would learn
so much, in so short a time
and so agreeable a manner, as
they might from this. Where,
indeed, are they to look at all
for what Mr. Minturn supplies
—an account within a mode-
rate compass of the great fea-
tures of Indian scenery, so-
ciety, and government ? here
are political books on India,
there are travellers' books,
London : Longman, Brown

e -published, in 1 vol.
to DELHI by way of
and China. By ROiIERT B.

there are missionary books;
but a book which did for a
considerable portion of India
what Mr. Laing did for Nor-
way, and Mr. Stirling for the
Slave States, was not, we be-
lieve, to be found until Mr.
Minturn wrote it. We have
in his volume a compendium
of all that it is most essen-
tial to know, put together not
by a compiler, but by an acute
and observant spectator and
inquirer."—Saturday Review.
, and Co, Paternoster-row.

A Library Edition, 5 role., with Illustrations, handsomely
bound, 155.,

MISS AUSTEN'S NOVELS.

1. SENSE A,ND SENSIBILITY.
2. EMMA.
3. MANSFIELD .PARK.
4. NORTHANGER ABBEY.
5. PRIDE AND* PREJUDICE.

. This edition, handsomely printed, beautifully bound, and
illustrated with 10 .engravings, is peculiarly adapted for a
present. Miss Austen's works have now become classics.
(Sir Walter Scott.)
"Miss Austen has a talent for describing the involvements,
and feelings, and characters of ordinary life, which is to me
the most wonderful I ever met with. Her exquisite touch,
which renders ordinary common-place things and characters
interesting from the very truth of the description and the
sentiment, is denied to me."
. London : Richard• Bentley, New Burlington-stroet.

. Now ready, in crown Bvo., cloth, price 10s. ed., post free,
THE TWO BRIDES ; or the French Château
and the English Home. •By F. Bit.LDWEN.

' THE ARTS OF BEAUTY. By LOLA MONTEZ. One
•Shilling. ' '

Londoti Blatk*ood, Pattrnoster-row.

• Just publiihed, in One Vol., demy Bvo., price 7s. 6d.
H E SI 0N E Y. 13 A G.-LITERATURE,
POLITICS, FINANCE. With.numerous Illustrations.
"An admirable melange of dramatic tale, political thesis,
financial to quoque argument, pasquinade, political economy,
literature, and light reading—and all got up with so much
artistic finish and skill in book craft as to make its perusal a
pleasure."—Scottish Press.

TO THE NERVOUS AND DEBILITATED.
-A- CHARLES WATSON, M.D., Fellow and Honorary
Vice-President of the Imperial African Institute of France,
Correa. Member of the Medical Societies of Rouen and Peru.
National Academy of Sciences, Paris, &c., and late Resident
Physician to the Bedford Dispensary, 27, Alfred-place, Bed-
ford-square, *London, continues 'to issue, on receipt of six
stamps, " THE GUIDE TO SELF-CURE."
" Those about entering the Marriage State should peruse
Dr. Watson's invaluable little work, as the advice he gives on
health and disease reflects much credit upon him as a sound
medical philosopher."—Critic.
" The true Guide to those who desire a speedy and private
cure."—University Magazine.
" The NEW AMERICAN DISCOVERY' demonstritei
the absurdity of the English mode of treating such com-
plaints, will prove a blessing to the afflicted, who may safely
and easily regain pristine health by adopting the means pre-
sented."—Evening Sun.
For Qualification, vide Diplomas," and the " London
Medical Directory:"

TH OR LE Y'S FOOD FOR CATTLE.-
It is only a short time since this singularly efficacious
article of animal diet first made its appearance ; and already
Its celebrity is world-wide. It has been a subject of wonder,
and has puzzled many a brain to explain how this has been
brought about. Yet when we are acquainted with a few facts
concerning the food, our wonder will cease. A few days since,
a gentleman wrote, stating that he had a horse which was a
" perfect bag of bones." He tried all kinds of things to get
the animal into condition, but in vain. He then bought some
of Thorley's food; and he says the effect was wenderfuL The
horse rapidly grew fat, and in the course of a few weeks had
gained no less thanl2 stones. Again we find at the late agri-
cultural shows at Birmingham, Cardiff; &c., the animals which
carried off the highest pres had been partly fed with Thor-
ley's food for cattle. Such facts speak for themselves, and we
are forced to the conclusion that its celebrity arises solely
from its own intrinsic merits, and the great demand for it can
proceed alone from the good opinion and testimony of those
who have tried it. All parties interested in horses and cattle
will do well to apply to 77, Newgate-street, London, for a
pamphlet which is sent post-free.

idivlsAottretihssLsilinAof
weiirthLye:OhltsmSATstanli;ceinT,hasHbfeoElrooecnS;7;!tt4;mdDurinaeOflaWaiteNotutynn.e—rpegsaatAiduneywnerdlr
mental depression, left her home on Wednesday, as it was
supposed, to visit some relation. No particular notice was
taken of the circumstance until evening began to set in
. when it was found that the lady did not return, and a meg!,
senger went in search of her. The familywas much alarmed
at learning that she had not been seen at the place Where it
was supposed she had gone, and the town was ransacked to
find her. No information could be gleaned for a long time,
until it was learned that a person ansuping the description
of the unhappy lady had been tracM. to Cis.sbin7,l one of
the chain of hills forming the South 'Downs. Search was
made in that direction during the whole of the night, but
unsuccessfully. Her two brothers were telegraphed from
London, and they went in pursuit of their sister over the
downs, but still without finding any traces of the lost one.
Information was then given to the superintending constable
at Worthing, who with great alacrity collected all the avail-
able men he could under him, and started in search.
During the whole of the night the poor lady and her pur-
suers remained on the hills, or about in that locality; with-
out meeting with each other ; and on Friday a strange
woman, in passing a pond in Rustington, about eight miles
from Worthing, saw the poor creature lying in an exhausted
state at the water's edge, her clothes being saturated with
water. The unhappy lady had been
wandering about the
to
district in a deranged state for two days and two nights
without food or shelter. Information was then given
Superintendent Bray, of Littlehampton, and she vms soon
restored to her distressed friends, but in s most smudged
ocalidoas,..TAve 45ekseez gazette.

SINGING IN SCHOOLS.

The adjourned conference on singing in schools,
which was convened by, the Tonic Sol-Fa Associa-
tion, and the first meeting of which took place on
the 20th ult., re-assembled yesterday evening, at
the rooms of the Young Men's Christian Associa-
tion, 165, Aldersgate-street. W. E. Hickson, of
Fairseat, Kent, again presided.
The CHAIRMAN, in opening the proceedings, re-
minded the conference that before the adjournment
took place. Mr. Tilleard moved a resolution the
consideration otiwhich was postponed. That reso-
lution was,he marked, as follows That in the
opinion of this conference all-methods which aim at
usefulness in schools should possess the following,
qualifications : They should be scientifically truth-
ful ; they should' be progressive, always proceeding
from the less to the more difficult, introducing new
topics in such a manner as to sustain a freshness of
interest, and enabling the teacher to take one
truth at a time, and to assist his pupils in discover-
ing it. The lessons and exercises should be in
themselves attractive, such as will, for their own
sake, be loved and remembered by a child. Such
.methods should also be easy to teach, making small
demands upon either the physical powers of the
•teacher or the invaluable time of the schools."
Mr. Tg,UARD, in renewing the foregoing reso-
lution, re-stated his views with regard to some of
the fundamental-principles on which music should
be taught in schools. He then went on to observe,
that in the teaching of music, as in the teaching of
any other art, there should, in his opinion, be the
use of a known and recognised terminology. Some
years ago children used to hear at school of back-
boned animals ' • but- it was afterwards found
that such. ternis would not serve the purpose,
and that for " backboned" must be substi-
tuted " vertebrate." Let them apply this
to music. " A major third," or " a minor third,"
was not, after all, a very
difficult _expression to
learn ; and he maintained that the terms now
recognised throughout the musical world were
essential to proper musical instruction. A pupil
under the tonic sol-fa system, if his knowledge did
'not extend beyond that system, would be unable
to converse with musical persons generally on musi-
cal subjects; and it was very desirable that all
should speak the same language. (Hear, hear.)
The chairman could onjy have been joking when
he told them on the last occasion that all roads,
that-is, all methods of teaching music, led to the
same point. There could only be one straight line
between two given points ; and the very fact that
so many persons had assembled twice to discuss the
question-of method showed that in their estimation
method was a very serious matter. (Hear, hear.)
Mr. MYERS, in seconding the resolution, said he
was not a convert yet to' the'- tonic sol-fa system,
but he was willing to adopt any portion of it which,
might appear to him to be useful.
The resolution was then put and carried unani-
mously.
The Rev. 3. CURWEN then moved the following
series of resolutions :—•
"1. That,-in accordance with the opinions just
approved by the conference, no System of teaching
to sing can be a good one hich does not accustom
its pupils- to measure intervals from the tonic or
key-note. Hence the failure of Mr. Hullah's
method.

" 2, That the chief difficulty of carrying out
this tonic principle arises from the frequency of
modulation, or change of key, in ey, the higher
styles. of music ; that this di
fpculty appears al-
most insuperable when the pupil of such methods
as Mr. Hately's of Edinburgh, Mr. Jackson's of
Bradford, or Mr. Turner's of London (which are all
confined to the established notation) wishes to sing
classic music at first sight—such a pupil being
obliged, then, to leave tonic solfaing and:have re-
course to what may be called chromatic Solfaing
That the tonic sol-fa system of interpreting the keys'
(in this kind of music), and expressing them in a
new notation, is to be regarded, at present, only as
an experiment ; but that this difficulty of a tonic
method is confined to the higher style of music,
and need not give any anxiety to the school teacher.
" 3. That, as in all good teaching the sign should
be regarded as entirely subordinate to that which
it signifies .(the object of the instructor being to
teach the thing itself, and only subordinately the
marks or names by which it is known), it is not
teacher-like' to object to the methods of Nageli
A
they have employed some new notation (of figures,
symbols, or letters) in order to attract the exclusive
attention of their, pupils to the great principle of
key-relationship in their early lessons on interval ;
if it can be shown that the pupils do learn the thing
music more truthfully or more quickly, or obtain
music at a very much cheaper rate, and therefore
more abundantly, by the help of these new nota-
tions than without them. This conference, how-
ever, recommend's that those school teachers who
adopt new notations for this purpose should not
neglect to introduce the pupils of their higher
classes to that notation of music which is now
established. in general use throughout the world."
Mr. GOODCHILD, of the British Schools, Stock-
port, seconded the resolution, observing hat he
had become a convert from the old notation to the
tonic soi•fa notation.
Mr. G. IV. MARTIN then rose to reply. to Mr.
Curwen. That gentleman had, he said, referred to
his own remarks respecting singing by ear. Every
sensible teacher would begin by teaching the pupils
to sing by ear. They must cultivate the ear before
they hegan to cultivate the eye, and if the ear was
bad, they must endeavour to improve it. Great
credit was claimed for the teaching_9f key relation-
shipby the tonic sol-fa system. What teacher of
music would ever neglect to teach key relationship ?
(Hear, hear.) It formed part of all good teaching.
As regarded the syllables, he admitted that if they
were taught at all, the moveable " doh" of the
tonic sol-fa system was preferable to the other ; but
he maintained that the syllables were useless, and,
more than that, actually in the way. He still
maintained that the old notation was the best when
properly taught. To this extent he presumed Mr.
Curwen and himself agreed, that they must culti-
vate the relationship, and that the first note of the
scale was the principal note. Mr. Curwen admitted
that there were many difficult passages which the
very best musicians could not sol-fa, and if the sol-
fa system were right they would be able to do so.
Some of the modulations in " Israel in Egypt" were
so rapid that it was impossible to sol-fa them.
Mr. CtrnwEN—At sight.
Mr. MARTIN—WeII, they were talking about
singing at sight. They had been told of new
systems of notation in Germany and in France
as well as in this country. The tendency of all
this novelty was completely to destroy the univer-
sality of musical language, and it was a serious
question for the conference whether it should not
set its face against the absurdity of introducing a
number of notations. The difference in the cost of
music, which was now so cheap in the old notation,
was not so important as community of language.
Children could now get-as much for a penny of the
old notation as to last them a month. (Cries of
"No, no.") Mr. Martin concluded with an elabo-
rate, scientific comparison of the merits of the old
notation with those of the new with the practical
aid of the blackboard and of the voices, of his
audience.
Mr. CRAMPTON, of the Borough-road Schools,
viewed the tonic sol-fa system as a capital intro-
duction to a knowledge of the 'scale. Lines and
notes no more represented music in themselves than
syllables represented it—it was only by common
agreement that they served that purpose. The key
was not established by any note, but by the accom-
panying harmony of that note. [The speaker here
illustrated his meaning by means of notes on the
blackboard.) The cheapness of music depended, he
believed, chiefly on the demand. The " Messiah"
might now be had for ls.—[A Voice—No, ls. 4d.]
—and if the demand increased, the price would be
quite low enough with the old notation. He re-
garded the tonic sol-fa system as a valuable intro-
duction to harmony, but he thought that when
harmony came in the sooner that system was aban-
doned the better.
Mr. ROBERTS thought the tonic sol-fa system
had not been dealt with fairly. If the question was
what vessel was best adapted for the Australian
service, they would all inquire which had performed
the voyage hitherto in the shortest time ; and
having tried other systems before trying Mr. Cur-
wen's, he had no hesitation in saying that the latter
was the only one from which he could obtain satis-
factory results. (Hear, hear.) When he tried Mr.
Hullah's system he found that very few boys could
learn to sing under it. He had now 250 learning
to sing on the tonic sol-fa system, and of these, 150
could sing a moderately difficult tune at first sight.
(Hear, hear.) He denied that the old notation was
the musical language of the world, it was the lan-
guage of a select few ; only a very small per cent-
age of the world had yet learnt to sing. (Hear,
hear.) It was an important fact that a great deal
of the best classical music was already found in the
tonic sol-fa notation, including Handel's "Messiah,"
Hadyn's " Creation," Romberg's " Song of the Bell,"
MoildelOolao "An the heatt puts:" Ncott'o

glees, &c. [A Voice—ls it sung ?) Yes, it was
sung. (Hear, hear.) Let the system be judged
by results. On Mr. Curwen's system the child
went away after the very first lesson, feeling that
he had learnt something ; after the second lesson
he went home with glee, knowing that he had
learnt something more ; after the third lesson he
took home with him his penny Reporter, and could
there make out a simple tune by himself. He was
not speaking of a boy with a first-rate ear, but of
one with an ordinary car.
Mr. BENNET said, having taught music for 15 or
16 years on the old system, And having recently
made use, to some extent, of the tonic sol-fa system,
he wished to know how it was that the notation
of the latter was so powerless that it could not go
into the very first relative major key, the simplest
of all modulations, without doing violence to itself?
Mr. CURwEN said he had purposely avoided
giving anything like a lecture that evening, but
the question was very easily answered. If the
gentleman who had put it was acquainted with the
system, he would know that the use of " tu" and
" soh" was a condescension to the old system. The
power of getting into any key was of the essence
of the tonic sol-fa system. _ _

Mr. LLNE bore testimony to the rapid progress
of pupils in his school under Mr. Curwen's system.
Mr. RUNTZ, superintendent of the Birkbeck
Schools, said, having for a long time talked against
the tonic sol-fa system, he determined at length to
try it, and he was now prepared to testify, as the
result of experience, that for teaching children to
sing rapidly at sight there was no method like Mr.
Curwen's. (Cheers.)
After a few general remarks from the Chairman,
the resolutions were put and carried, there being
only about six dissentients. Thanks were voted to
the Chairman, and the conference then separated.

PRICE 4D• STAMPED, SD.

THE lONIAN ISLANDS.

(From the Morning Herald.)

In the excitement of foreign affairs, and the tur-
moil of home politics, topics connected with our
colonial empire require more:than ordinary interest
to attract public attention, Since the accession to
office of Sir Edward Lytton our colonies have not
been wanting in their contribution to public
discussion. A new goldfield has exalted a waste
laud into a populous community. Canada has
sent to the mother country a deputation composed
of three distinguished colonial statesmen. Victoria,
through the channel of her Mayor, the Whittington
of Melbourne, has poured her gold into the coffers
reserved for the relief of our countrymen in India,
and has evinced a desire, though at the antipodes,
to maintain intact her English connection and her
English. sympathies. But while contemplating
with satisfaction the acts of our Anglo-Saxon off-
spring, we cannot forget that our Colonial Minister
rules lands populated by other races—races, though
different in blood and national manners, yet, his-
torically, not less illustrious than our own.
Amongst these, an independent state—relying on
us for protection, not for existence—the United
lonian Islands, occupy a foremost rank. It is to
them that we would for the present turn the atten-
tion of our readers.
The original charter of the lonian Islands received
many popular modifiations in 1847. Since that time,
however—apparently from some defects in the legis-
lative or executive machinery which experience has
made manifest—the constitution of the islands has
worked badly. The Legislative Assembly has
failed to eo-operate with the Lord High Commis-
sioner and the Senate. The progress of the public
works has been materially checked. Salutary
reforms have been thwarted. Matters, in short,
have threatened to come to a dead lock. Recent
dissensions between the municipal officers and the
Senate have aggravated these mischiefs. The
moment has in fact- arrived when some search-
ing inquiry must be made into all these com-
plications. It has been found necessary, therefore,
to dispatch to the lonian Islands some statesman
whose standing in this country, whose eminence
and attainments, fit him to inquire into the causes
which obstruct the harmony of the governing ac-
tion. Such a mission required no ordinary man.
It is for the commissioner to separate apparent from
real causes, to detect defective foundations, and not
to be deceived by the plausibility of detail. There
was but one man indeed specially marked out for
the post, from his eminent fame, freedom from
party ties, liberality, of opinion, commanding cha-
racter, and scholastic accomplishments.
These great qualities are united in Mr. Gladstone,
and we are indeed happy to announce that this dis-
tinguished orator and statesman has consented to
undertake the duties of this difficult and peculiar
mission.

But beyond these there are other accessories tend-
ing to facilitate the objects held in view. Mr. Glad-
stone, as the early friend and colleague of Sir John
Young, will not by his presence cast any slur on the
merits or services of that administrator ; and we
have reason to believe that few will welcome Mr.
Gladstone's nomination with so much cordiality as
the Lord High Commissioner. In the selection of
Mr. Gladstone we perceive a further proof of that
discriminative quality which has characterised all
the appointments made ;by Sir Edward Lytton.
When engineers were required for British
Columbia the Colonial Secretary obtained for his
new colony the services of men amongst the most
eminent of their craft. Judgeships have been
vacant at Corfu, and Sir Edward Lytton sought for
the posts those men who, to high legal acquire-
ments, added a thorough knowledge of the Romaic
dialect. To have secured the services of such a man
as Mr. Gladstone, is a fitting reward for the labours
of such a man as Sir Edward Lytton. Nor has
reward ever been so well deserved. Without re-
mission for a single day, the Colonel Secretary has
devoted the whole of his time and his splendid
talent to the duties of his office. It is by applica-
tion such as this that brilliant results can alone be
achieved. The co-operation of Mr. Gladstone is
amongst the first of his successes ; nor will any
lengthened period elapse before the public will
recognise the valuable fruits of so much labour and
so lofty a talent.

fFrom the Times.
the lonian Islands, and will leave England immedi-
ately for those interesting dependencies. How far
personal tastes may have led Mr. Gladstone to
seek temporary occupation and residence on classic
ground we cannot say, but the reasons whiCh have
induced the Government to send a Commissioner
to Corfu may be shortly stated, and we think
will be found to justify so unusual a course.
Our readers need not be told that the great body
of the lonians are of the Greek Church and speak
the Greek language, and that since the Protectorate
has been establisheed, and particularly of late years,
they have evinced a total antipathy to British rule.
Now, England cannot be accused, except by the
most ignorant and virulent, of harshness in the
government of her dependencies. Indeed, of late
years, the conduct of the mother country has been
so uniformly generous and forbearing that sensible
men at home have begun to complain that colonial
self-will and caprice have too much of their own
way, In any dispute between the Central Govern-
ment and a dependency the dependency is sure to
get the best of it, and the economists do not fail
to point out that we pay for the administration,
the defence, and, to a certain degree, for the inter-
nal improvement of regions which give us no ad-
vantage of trade over the American or Dutchman,
and even refused to allow our penitentiary estab-
lishments to remain within their limits. But this
country is, we are all proud to think, actuated by
high motives and a far-sighted policy. To treat
dependencies, whether inhabited by our own race
or any other, with justice and kindness, to bear
with the excesses of a hastily gathered population
andthe rough working of new institutions, it is the
duty of an old State like ours, and it is the privilege
of England, bought by her achievements in great
struggles that she can yield gracefully to these young
communities, even when their tone is peevish and
their demands are scarcely reasonable. The effects
of this policy are to be seen in the present state of
the British empire. There is scarcely a civilised
nation which has not some of its kindred living
peaceably and contentedly under the British
sceptre. The old French in Canada have increased
and multiplied ; the newer French in Mauritius
are among the most prosperous of sugar-growers.
Germans, Dutchmen, Spaniards, are flourishing
under the mild sway of Queen Victoria. The
unquiet Yankee, too, settles down to trade within
our borders ; and in his more candid moments
confesses that action and speech are as free as in his
own enlightened land, while property is as safe,
and life, perhaps, a little safer. Even among the
ignorant Asiatics we find that a call to rebellion
addressed to 180 millions ofpeople by a treacherous
army has been answered only in a narrow district,
and by the race of aristocratic landowners, In
short, the general verdict of the world has been in
favour of our government, and populations the
most diverse have agreed in respect and attach-
ment to the British Crown.
But nothing has been able to conciliate the
race which inhabits the Seven Islands. We are
not now about to make any remark on Greeks in
general or lonians in particular. They
_waeres,tenrn
won o
doubt, aware of their unpOpularity l
Europe, and it is unnecessary for us_ to.ltaunchuo taat
them the accustomed darts, nged wi hq-
tions from Juvenal. But, if ever invective and
sarcasm were provoked, it has been by the conduct
of the lonians towards the Government and people
of England. All that gives them dignity and con-
sequence in the world they owe to the British
crown. They have not followed Venice into
subjection to some Austrian commandant ; they
are not Turkish Rayahs ; they are not worried by
the police of the Russian Emperor. They have
been elevated from the lowest grade of Medi•
terranean vagabondage to be citizens of the richest
and freeest empire in the world. Within a few years
of the establishment of the Protectorate the Go-
vernment of England, Tory as it was, allowed
them an amount of freedom of which no Southern
race had previously conceived a notion. How that
freedom has been abused the history of the last 40
years will tell. But not only do the lonians owe
everything to England, the independence of
Greece was almost wholly an English work. It
was in this country that the enthusiasm for the
supposed descendants of the ancient Hellenes took
its rise ; it was English statesmen who caused
Europe to interpose and wrest a province from the
Sultan, our ally, while he was engaged in a
terrible domestic conflict. One would think
that the lonians would remember all this,
or that they would find others to remind
them of it, either among the people of independent
Greece, or among their prosperous compatriots
who have made their homes in England. No re-
flection or advice, however, seems to have affected
the vain heads and acrimonious tempers of the
lonians. At length in 1,847 the constitution under