The Sun.
London, England, 1858-03-09 00:00:00

COVPF,RPI'O47 O P ITATIAN DPLFG,4TES. _ THM ATLANTIC ST PAM-PACKETS.

I',n eleeneenoe the Address teaniiiated yester-
day morning. This important document, which
on the motion of Signor Farini was passed unani-
mously, after undergoing various alterations, runs
as follows :
"THE ADDRESS OF THE CONFERENCE DELEGATES OF
THE ITALIAN NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LEAGUE
TO THE VARIOUS SOVEREIGNS, PRINCES, AND STATES
MEN OF EUROPE.
" The claim of Italy to enjoy a nationality of
her own has been so often urged and brought before
public attention as almost to preclude on our part the
advancement of any new ideas or principles on which it
may be founded.
"Yet, impressed as we are by the important and
solemn duty which has been entrusted to us by the
suffrages of thousands of our countrymen, and by the
anxious expectation which watches with an earnest and
heartfelt eagerness our deliberations, we enter upon the
task with a humble diffidence in our capacity of doing
justice to so important a duty, yet determined to perform
it to the best of those abilities it has pleased Providence
to gift us with.
" The vitality of nations has been a subject that has
often excited the deep interest of historians while gazing
on the strange and unfathomable effects of Providence
in peoples being suddenly restored to life ; in others,
with equal rapidity consigned to the grave of a feeble
memory. But in every instance of history, where a
people has sprungeither suddenly or by long and tedious
degrees into a nationality of their own being, there has
been invariably to be seen the mighty foreshadowing of
an inward vitality, which has proclaimed by unmis-
takeable signs the future germs of an existence. Pro-
vidence seems to have foretold, in its wise dispensation
of the destinies of future people, by either their language
or their traditions, or the actual position their country
may occupy in the map of the world, the eventual cer-
tainty of a future nationality springing into a healthy
existence. So also has it foretold, by an inward decay,
by a false appearance of real strength, by the slothful
indifference of a people to all which cone .rns their
future being, the certainty of their eventual disappear-
ancel from those bounds which hitherto had marked
their position and name as a nation. Yet still, if such a
nation bas enjoyed for a long period of time the self-
consciousness of strength, the certainty of its own great-
ness, now wading through fields of carnage and blood-
shed, to-day struggling for its own being, to-morrow
fighting for the supremacy of the world alone, it leaves
to its posterity, to its future descendants, as a memento
of what it was, the dream-of its ancient power. But when
that dream has been further enriched by deeds of true
virtue and heroism, recorded either by the pen of the
discerning historian or the glowing imagination of the
poet, it becomes a dream ever dwelt over by the chil-
dren of the past as one always to be remembered with
pride, as one always to be emulated at every period of
their existence ; and if with this dream should be left
with such a people still a distinct language of their own
--still the name of an unity which may at any moment
be forthcoming into a reality, and with it combined the
effects of civilisation—intelligence ind indomitable
energy of character, ever working, ever preserving, such
a people may well rely yet on achieving for themselves
a new position and ex;stence of their
" The place whica Italy occupies in Europe at the
preeeut time, although divided as it is in parts or parcels
of contending interests, presents to the mind the various
features we have endeavoured to portray as the sure
signs of an existing vitality, of a nationality sooner or
later certain to be realised. The aspiring dreams of
Rienzi, of Julius 11., of Lorenzo d'Alcdici, the touching
strains of Petrarch, of Alfieri, throughout the entire of
the middle centuries, exeibited ever the dream of an
Italy entire and united. And in later days the continual
insurrections, the always uttered watchword `L'ltalia
fara da se,' sounding every now and then throughout
every part ofltaly, with her exiles homeless and shelter-
less, seeking refuge on foreign shores, proclaims in
unmistakeable language the dream ever existing, is
speaking its action in bold and powerful effort; to malice
it DA'S fact.
" Such, too, was the similar destiny of Greece until
it burst into a spontaneous action of a vitality impossible
to be resisted. The same ancient glory, the same tradi-
tions of past greatness, of noble deeds formerly realised,
became the heirloom of what was long deemed a
nation for ever extinct. But living as they did,
ever dreaming of the past, fondly cherishing in the
minds of their sons the hope of yet springing again
into a united nation--the Sparta and Athens of old,
rivals for former glory—they seized their first oppor-
tunity of forcing the idea into a stern reality,
" The idea of Italy cannot be too often reiterated ;
she must become the same reality as the Greece of the
present day, indissoluele in its ties of relationship, The
pact feuds of Ghibelline and Gue!pb, of old divisions and
hatreds, of antique superstitions and ignorance, have
passed away before the dawn of eulightenment, leaving
in their place the continual seeking, the craving desire
of an united Italy.
"Its claims for such a being, strengthened by the
gratitude, the justice, the humanity, and the interests of
toe various Powers of Europe, apart from any already
proclaimed as above, are many and numerous.
"1. With regard to the gratitude due to Italy one
sole claim is sufficient to name—that it is to that people
who now pant for liberty, Europe and the world at
large owe the great debt of having been the first to unite
together the great lesson realised in the middle centuries
—the unity of liberty and civilisation
"2. To their humanity—to stop th9gliowtinual scenes
of atrocity and infamy which every nog; ilid-thin awake
the attention of the world, and which, while covering
the soil of Italy with the blood of ber eons and daugh•
tern, victims of political expediency, are daily enacted—
a crying disgrace to civilisation and religion.
"3. To their justice.—By the non-fulfilment of the
Treaty of Vienna, signed in 1815, by which numerous
advantages guaranteed to various parts of Italy have
never been bestowed, or if given, have entirely become
obsolete in the eyes of absolutism,
"Boy the non-fulfilment of the pledges made by the
English and French Governments in 1848 and 1849 to
the Italian people, especially as regards the armed occu-
pation of Rime. And,
"4. To their interests.—The continual alarms created
in Europe by the constant insurrections taking place in
almost every part of Italy, which apart from the discus-
sione which inevitably take place on the subject between
the various European powers, lead to the entailment of
an enormous cost by the prosecution of those who take
part in the strn!:gleß, by the keeping up of prisons, ever
full of political victims, and by especially requiring large
foreign standing armies in Italy to keep in cheek the
revolutionary spirit of its people ;
"The numerous exiles who, crowding the streets of
foreign countries and brooding over their misfortunes
and the wrongs of their country, keep Europe and
society at large in a continual state of terror and sus-
pense not alone by the concoction of conspiracies, but
even of crimes of a worse nature to the wellbeing and
happiness of the world, as, for instance, the crime of
assassination.
" Such, then, is but a list of the smallest portion of
the claims which Italy possesses on the gratitude, the
humanity, the justice, the interests of the various Euro
peen Powers.

"It may be urged, however just are either one or more
of these many claims, the doing justice to Italy becomes
an impossibility, in the present state and division of
Europe ; that if the idea were entertained by the various
Powers the problem would still remain to be answered,
How could Italy become united without overthrowing
the balance hitherto considered essential to the well.
being of the continent of Europe
" The answer which would be given to such a ques-
tion would be, that the Italian people do not seek to
demand an impossibility at tbeir bands, but simply what
could easily be carried into effect without disturbing the
natural balance of power in Europe. To do away with
the absolute state of terrorism in which they for ever
live, to do away the spirit of evil, seeming to crush the
very beauty of life itself, is all they desire to render
them happy and contented in the enjoyment of social and
political and religions rights.
"The realisation of this object can thus be effected :
"The giving to each of the vatiuus States of Italy a
Constitutional Government.
"The Constitutional Government of each State to
embrace—
" I. A RepresentativeAssem,ily and a House of Peers.
"2. The freedom of public spet,eh and the liberty of
the press.
" 3. The right of public assembly.
" 4. The appointinont of a municipal guard.
" 5. The organisation of the municipal authority on a
liberal elective system ; and

"G. For all courts of ju-,tice to be open to allow public
opinion to give full weight tf4 justice. A mutual arrange-
ment to be made between each of the various Sovereigns
of Europe to appoint a central and euprome Power to
arrange all matters of difference that may arise between
them, and to allow the Representative Assembly of each
State to choose their own delegates by vote to represent
the mutual interest of each Sovereign at the central and
supreme Power.

"Thus, by the joint confederation of the States, would
be represented to the world a body compact and united
in itself, and the dream of the people of Italy would
become at once a reality.

"That they are fitted to enjoy such a state of govern-
ment a calm and di•passionate glance at Italy, devoid of
prejudice or preconceived ideas, must readily be admit-
ted. Apart, however, from the growing intelligence of
the Italian people within the last few years, the
experiment has already been tried and found fully
successful in that country. The liberal constitution
granted to the Sardinians by their late king, Carlo
Albert, for whose memory Italy will ever retain a grate-
ful recollection, has fully proved the undeniable fact
that the Italians are already fitted to claim for them-
selves the only form of government suited to their wants,
and which, when accaded to their just demands, will for
ever set aside that loud murmur of disc ntent which ever
and anon threatens to overwhelm the Continent in a
deluge of human blood."
The address, on being declared carried by the
President, Sigo, r Borromeo, was received with
loud cheers by the delegates, and the Conference
adjourned to his day.

STATUE TO OLIVER GOLDSMITH.—The author of the
" Vicar of Wakir.fiebs" is, at last, about to have a monu-
ment erected to his memory in the land of his birth. A
meeting was held a few days ago, at the provost's house,
Dublin, for the purpose of considering a suggestion
made by his Excellency the Earl of Carlisle for the
erection of a statue of Oliver Goldsmith, by public
subscription in the neighbourhood of Trinity College
The provost presided, and the meeting resolved to carry
out the suggestion of his Excellency. A committee was
appointed, and a subscription list opened. The first name
appended was that of the Lord Lieutenant for 1001.
Several other gentlemen present subscribed 641,, few
eligeeding 1?, •Aeb.

The announcement of the Postmaster-General a
day or two since that the United States packets
(Collins' line) had ceased running, is an event in
the history of steam navigation. For ten years the
American mails were carried by British steamers
(Cunard's). The Americans then thought they
could build mail packets as well as Englishmen ;
they accordingly started Sand's line between New
York and Southampton. These vessels were soon
surpassed in speed and size by new ships built by
Cunard. In 1850 Collins started his line between
New York and Liverpool, in direct opposition to
Cunard. He has built in the whole five ships, at
an expense of 800,000/. ; two of these, viz., the
Arctic and Pacific, worth 200,0001., were lost. Soon
after 1850, Living Stone started another American
late between New York and Southampton. His
first two ships, the Humboldt and Franklin, were
lost. Cunard established a weekly mail communi-
cation with America, and the three United States
lines established another weekly communication,
thus making the arrival and departure of a mail
between England and America semi-weekly. Sand's,
Collins', and Livingstone's packets were heavily
subsidised by the American Government. Collins
reduced the passage between New York and Liver-
pool to less than ten days. Cunard has built eight
ships since 1850, only one of which, the Persia, has
beaten those of his great rivals in speed, and this su-
periority is only on the eastern passage. Horses, it is
said, run faster returning to than going from their
stable, and something like this would appear to be
the case with steam ships. The English mail packets
run fastest from New York to Liverpool, and the
Yankee steamers beat the Britishers from Liver-
pool to New York. Sand's line ran ten years, and
last year the subsidy was withdrawn—the ships
were found to be worn out for ocean steaming, and
they ceased running. They earned a five per cent.
dividend during the last three years of their career,
but nothing previously. Collins's line has never
paid simple interest to the stockholders. The only
line now. properly subsidised by the American
government is Livingstone's, and the subsidy to
this will shortly be discontinued. When it was
first started, it paid a 7 per cent. dividend, but this
was soon-reduced to nil. The ships by this line
only form a monthly mail communication with
England. Vanderbilt's ships carry American
mails for a portion of the postage on the letters
which such mails contain. The failure of the
American lines is attributed to various causes.
The steam machinery of American steamers is in-
ferior to that of English vessels, and the hulls are
not so strongly built. Hence the former ships
break down oftener than the latter, and this causes
irregularities in the mail service. Again, Ameri-
can hoes work with fewer steamers than English
lines ; when there is a break-down, therefore, with
the former the mail service must be interrupted,
becatise ships are not at hand to be substituted for
the disabled ones. There is less certainty also
about the continuance, of the Anseric in subeid'es
than about the English ones, and there is conse-
quently a difficulty in raising sufficient capital to
o
provide an acl,quate fleet for the American lines.
ocsotaotfratchtea
if
ocetabneyl,iranens
ata wouldmderate speed. As pay well without
mail
it was the pace which used to kill horses in mail
coaches, so it is the pa% which wears out steamers
and ruins the owners. !!-I'llen a line of packets ob-
tains a mail contract the packets are tasked at a
high speed. This of course secures the most pro-
fitable traffic, and the non subsidised lines on the
same route, if they do not run as fast, are ruined.
The wide difference in cost of working steamers at
high and low speed is easily proved. Collins' ships
were obliged to run 14 miles an hour by contract ;
but to do this each ship burnt 128 tons of coal daily.
Ncw, that same ship could run 12 miles an hour
and only consume 80 tons of coal daily ; and 61
tons a day only would actually drive her 11 miles
etsrepepower of three miles an
of coal h
an hour. Thus it took more than double the quan-
tiotyur. of
fuel ttorui
neces-
sary to produce speed must be increased in the ratio
of the cube of the velocity. But not only is the
truth
ehathtl
cost of fuel enormous in fast steamers, but the wear
and tear of such ships must be very great.
They must first be built with great strength,
at an extra expense, of course. After running
six years, Collins' ships cost in repairs more
than the original outlay for building them, and yet,
notwithstanding those repairs, the ships would not
last above 12 years. Every trip of one of Collins'
steamers to England and back again cost upwards
of 10,0001. Every six years the boilers have to be
renewed, at an expense cif 22,0001. Collins' last
ship, the Adriatic, cost in building 170,000/. Her
speed has not yet been properly tested. Neat to
the Leviathan, she is the finest ship in the world.
Notwithstanding that all Collins' steamers were
really very fast and splendid ones, they never sup-
' planted Cunard's in public tavour, not even with
the Americans themselves, Collins is a true patriot.
He bag"spent au immense fortune to_eatablieh a
reputation for hie" countrymen for skill iu ocean
steam navigation. Somo of his family perished in
the great calamities which have overtaken his own
ships, and lie has experienced the bitterest obloquy
and opposition in his own country while undertak-
ing for its benefit one of the most spirited enter-
prises ever sustained by a single individual.
What will the British Government do now the
formidable rivals to Cunard's ships have been fairly
driven off the Liverpool and New York line, and
America has acknowiedged the supremacy of Eng-
land in steam navigation ? For some years there
has been a simi-weekly mail communication between
this country and the United States, and the two
countries can scarcely do without such a frequent
communication, for the American mails are of great
magnitude. .Now is the time for English capital
and enterprise to grasp at the whole of the mail
traffic, and all the lucrative trade that accompanies
it in the North Atlantic, but of every shilling post-
age on a letter to or from the United States the
Bi las( Government, according to the last postal
convention, nets 103 d., if the letter is conveyed
across the Atlantic in an English packet. The
American Government bee not yet finally decided
on the non-subsidy policy, and Collins, with true
Saxon pluck, having been driven from the Mersey,
is contemplating running his magnificent steamers
to some port in the British Channel, where they
would be sure to monopolise the traffic of the whole
continent of Europe with America.

MAIM FOR THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA.

In accordance with the provisions of a postal
convention concluded with Liberia, and which will
come into operation on the Ist April next, the fol-
lowing rates of postage will be substituted for those
now levied :
Letters not exceeding
oz , 6d. above oz.,
and not exceeding 1 oz., is. ; above 1 ez., and not
exceeding 2 ozs., 2s. ; above 2 0Z3., and Not ex-
ceeding 3 ozs., 3p. ; and so on, adding two rates
. ;
for each additional ounce or fraction of an ounce.
The postage must in all cases be prepaid.
Registered Letters Letters addressed to Liberia
may be registered provided the postage, together
with a registration fee of 6d., be paid in advance.
Newspapers. —Ne wspape ris addressed to Liberia,
and posted in conformity with the usual regulations,
will be chargeable with a pottage of ld. each, which
must be paid in advance, and no charge whatever
will be made on the delivery of the newspapers 111
Liberia.

Book Packets.—Book packets may
be for warded
to Liberia at the following reduced
rates of postage
which must be prepaid, and no further charge will
be levied in Liberia. For a book packet not ex-
ceeding 4 ozs., 3d. ; above 4 ozs., and not exceed-
ing A lb., 6d. ; above i lb., and not exceedingllb ,
is. ; above 1 lb., and not exceeding 1,), lb., a 6d;
above 11 lb., and not exceeding 2 lbs.- 2s. ; and so
On, adding 6d. for each additional i
of half a pound.
A book packet may contain any number of sepa-
bowokill,
rate books or other publications, prints, or maps, and
any quantity of paper, parchment, or vellum;
be allowed,
books or other publications, printct
publication,
~ 121Ip jrc
srdth.e,
may he either printed, written, or plain, or any
mixture of the three. Further, all legititnate bind-
ig ~ mounting, uonft i rat
whether such binding, &c., be loose or attached
as also rollers in the case of prints or maps,
g,p(o)rrtcioovneritnlgi eorefoaf;
markers (whether of paper or otherwise) in the case
of books ; and, in short, whatever is necessary for
the safe transmission of literary or artistic matter,
or usually appertains thereto ; but no patterns or
books of patterns (unless consisting merely of
paper) will 133 allowed. The following regulations
must be observed :-1. Every packet must be sent
either without a cover, ns in a cover open at the
ends or sides. 2. A book racket must not contain 1
any written letter, closed or open, nor any enclo-
sure,
sealed or otherwise closed against iuspeation ;
nor must there be any letter, or any communica-
tion of the nature of a letter, written in any such 1
packet, or in or upon it.,, cover. 3. No book
packet must exceed two feet in length, width, or
depth.
. By command of the Postmaster GeneraL Row-
LAND HILL, Secretary.—General Pobt-office,
March 6. —

THE LATE LORD CLIFFORD OF CHUDLEIGII. —Nam; has
been received in England of the death of Lord Cliff ,rd
of Chudleigb, which happened at _acme on the 28th of
last month, after a short ilness, in hia 68th year. The
deceased nobleman, Hugh Charles, eldest son of Charley,
seventh Lord Clifford, by a daughter of Henry, eighth
Lord Arundel of Wardonr, was born in 1790, and re-
ceived his early education at the Roman Catholic College
Of Stonyburst.

S. M. rltnperatriea des Francais entoura des
Dames de as Cour. Lithographi6 par Leon
Noel : Peint par F. Wiuterhalter. Paris :
Goupil and Co. London :P. and D. Colnaghi
and Co.
A resplendent picture, less like the representa-
tion of a reality than like the realisation of the
day-dream of a poet—a vignette for the Decamc-
ron of Boccaccio. Nevertheless it is in simple
truth nothing inure ideal than a collection of
literal portraits—limned by the courtly brush of
the Chevalier Winterhalter. The engraving taken
from the original painting by Leon Noel, is some-
thing wonderful as an example of lithography.
It has nearly all the brilliancy of a line engraving,
with the softness and the subtle grace of a mezzo-
tinto. It represents the "fairest of the fair"—
her Imperial Majesty the lovely Eugenie, Empress
of the French—the mother of the Child of
Prance. Her Imperial Majesty is here pourtrayed
surrounded by some of the most famous beauties
of her magnificent Court—among whom maybe
recognised the Prineesse d'Essling, the Duchess()
de Bassano, the Baronue do Malaret, the Mar-
quise de la Tour-Moubray, the Marquise do la
Mirasmas, the Baronne de Pierres, the Marqniqe
de Lezay-Afarn-z'a, and the Duchess() de Monte.
bell°. The beautiful Easpreas Eugenie and her
lovely ladies are grouped together in a green
pleasaunceamongiloweringshrubs and umbrageous
trees—a luxuriant mixture of blossoms and ver-
durous foliage—fit scene for so radiant and be-
witching a spectacle.
*** It should be remarked that the original
paintings, both of H. R. H. the Princess Royal
and of H.I. M. the Empress of the French, are
now, by permission of the two Courts, on view
simultaneously at 121, Pall-mall, in the same
Gallery,

DEATH OF BENJAMIN TRA VERS, ESQ., F.R.S.

This distinguished surgeon expired at his resi-
dence in Green-street, Grosvenor-square, on the
6th inst., aged 76. Mr. Travers was surgeon in
ordinary to his Royal Highness the Prince
Consort, and only a few weeks since we announced
that he bad been made serjeant-surgeon to her
Majesty, an appointment which carried with it the
cordial assent of the profession, whose highest
honours he had more than once received in his
election to the presidency of the Royal College of
Surgeons in England. Mr. Travers was the son of
a wealthy sugar baker in Queen-street, Cheapside, a
man cf political importance in the City, and who had
destined the subject of this notice to succeed him iu
the counting-house, but the youth exhibited so much
dislike to commercial pursuits that his father
articled him to Sir Astley Cooper for the term of
six years, during which time he enjoyed the advan-
tage of witnessing the exercise of that gentleman's
admirable talents as a hospital surgeon and teacher.
Under his preceptor's auspices he established a
clinical society among the pupils, to which he
acted as secretary. Ou the 17th of October, 1806,
he passed his examination at the College of Sur-
geons, immediately after which he repaired to
Edinburgh, where he made the acquaintance of
some of the moat distinguished savans. After a pe-
destrian tour of the Scotch aad English
lakes he settled in London, having married
the daughter of W. Morgan, Esq., the
founder of the Equitable Life Assurance Com-
pany. He was shortly afterwards appointed
demonstrator of anatomy, at Guy's Hospital, and
m 1810 Mr. Travers was surgeon to the Opthalmic
Hospital. In 1813 be was elected a Fellow of the
Royal Society, and in 1815 one of the surgeons to
St. Thomas's Hospital. In 1827 he was chosen Pre-
sident of the Hunterian, and in 1828 President of
the Medico-Chirurgical Societies. In 1833 he was
elected a member of the Council of the College of
Surgeons, and of the Court of Examiners of the
Veterinary College. In July, 1847, he was raised
to the dignity of President of the Royal College of
Surgeons, an office which he again filled in
1856-57. In 1813 Mr. Travers married, as his
second wife, the eldest daughter of G. Millet,
Esq., one of the directors of the East India Com-
pany. This lady dying, he married, for the third
time, in 1831, the youngest daughter of Colonel
Stevens. The deceased had contributed largely to
the advancement of medical and chirurgical know-
ledge by the publication of works of great merit,
for which ho bad been rewarded with diplomas from
learned and scientific universities in Europe. In
speaking of Mr. Travers, the Lancet remarks,
" that he was never celebrated as a rapid, dashing,
or showy operator ; frequently, however, his opera-
tive dexterity was most admirable, and he had often,
iu the operating theatre, received the public com-
mendation of his great master and colleague, Sir
Astley Cooper. One thing respecting his operative
career all have allowed—namely, the remarkable
safety that has followed his knife, which is cer-
tainly one of the tests, and not the meanest test, of
sound and genuine surgery." Mr. Travers has left
a lag number of relatives and friends to mourn
the loss of one of the most accomplished and perfect
gentlemen in the profession.

According to the advices from Vienna no doubt is
entertained that the National Bank, which has sus-
pended specie payments ever since the Hungarian war,
will be in a position to resume at the end of the present
year. Its stock of billion has increased to 10,000,0001.,
and is expected steadily to augment.
In the Journal de Frankfort it is stated that the labt
loan of 5,000,000 mares banco to Hamburg by the
Austrian Government bas just been liquidated ; 5,000, 000
of the first loan will be repaid in the course of June and
the remaining 5,000.000 in September.
THE BIRMINGHAM .MOSICAL FESTIVAL—We are re
quested to announce that the Birmingham Triennial
Festival has been fixed by the committee of managetnk at
to be held on the 31st of August, Ist, 2d, and 3d of
September next. The Earl of Dartmouth will act as
president, and the proceeds of the festival vvil be al•plicvsl
to the use of the Birminsham General Hospital, as on
former occasions,