The Sun.
London, England, 1867-12-11 00:00:00

POLAND.

The British Consul-General at Warsaw, report-
ing to the Foreign-office on the trade and com-
merce of Poland in the year 1866, declares himself
unable to discern any improvement. The returns
show 2,136 cotton factories employing 12,800
persons, and producing to the value of 5,053,556
roubles ; 1,031 woollen factories employing 8,577
persons, and producing 6,217,913 roubles ; 40 sugar
factories employing 8,528 persons, and producing
3,733,925 roubles. Tho total number of artisans
and handicraftsmen, including about 40,000 em-
ployed in manufactories workingon agricultural and
animal produce, was returned in 1865 as 92,471, and
the total value of the produce as exceeding 72,000,000
roubles. The want of labour and capital
for agriculture is severely felt. In 1866, the year
under review, many persons were obliged to sell
their corn standing ; these crops were often bought
by Jew speculators, who had little capital them-
selves, and considerable waste ensued from neglect
and mismanagement. It is thought that large tracts
of land will go out of cultivation in the hands of
small proprietors, owing to inability to find capital
for buying seed and paying for labour. Some of
the best cultivated land, however, is to be found in
the hands of peasants who learnt the principle of
agriculture under the old system, and apply the
same now that they are freeholders, bestowing, in-
deed, much more care upon their work than when
they were rendering forced labour. One cause of
the scarcity of cattle for the raising of corn
is the attention given to the culture of beetroot
and manufacture of sugar, which is one of the
most profitable commercial speculations ; beetroot
sugar is protected by a duty on imported sugar.
The cross roads and bridges, now that they are no
longer in the charge of the landowners, are described
as getting into so bad a condition that they are
almost impassable except in the height of summer or
in hard frosts; and the consequent inconvenience is
immense, especially in the early spring. The popu-
lation of Poland, as shown by the census of 1865,
the most correct census that has been taken, was
5,388,534 ; previous returns were below the truth,
being taken from the returns supplied by the land-
owners for the conscription. Excluding the re-
turns of the custom-house of Wierzbolow, as repre-
senting nearly the exclusive transit to Russia by
railway, the consul puts the external trade of Poland
in 1865 at 34500,000 roubles, viz., 16,100,000
roubles imports, and 15,400,000 roubles exports,
corn, timber, and wool furnishing nearly four-fifths
of the exports.

Viscount Hamilton, M.P., left town last evening
to join the Marquis of Abercorn at the Viceregal Lodge,
.Dublin.

From the weekly return of the Registrar-General it
appears that in the week ending Saturday, Dec. 7, 4,031
births and 3,394 deaths were registered in London and in
twelve other large towns of the United Kingdom. The
annual rate of mortality was 29 per 1,000 persons living.
The annual rate of mortality last week was 27 per 1,000
in London, 31 in Edinburgh, and 25 in Dublin ; 28 in
Bristol, 29 in Birmingham, 34 in Liverpool, 36 in Man.
Chester, 29 in Salford, 27 in Sheffield, 24 in Leeds, 27 in
Hull, 30 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and 33 in Glasgow. Tho
rate in Vienna was 24 per 1,000 during the week ending the
30th ult., when the mean temperature was 7.1 deg. Fahren.
heit, lower than in the same week in London, where fa;
rate was 27. In London the births of 1,008 boys and 951
girls, in all 1,959 children, were registered in the week,
In the corresponding weeks of ten years 1857-66 the
average number, corrected for increase of population,
2,050. The deaths registered in London during the week vi,.a-e
1,588. It was the forty-ninth week of the year, and. the
average number of deaths for that week is, with a corree.
tion for increase of population, 1,554. The deaths in the
present return exceed by 34 the estimated number. The
cold weather which has prevailed during the last few
weeks has caused an increase in the number of deaths,,
particularly from diseases of the respiratory orgara.
Since the Ist of November the mean temper.:cure"
has been below the average on twenty-eight days,
and the mean temperature last week was 351 deg.
The poor especially suffer from the effects of cold, and
young children and old persons insufficiently clothed, and
without a proper quantity of food, fall easy victims to
disease. The returns of last week chew that three per-
sons have recently died suffering from "privation." At
this inclement season supplies of food, fuel, and clothing
to those who are in want would save many lives. Sixteen
deaths occurred last week from smallpox, 41 from measles,
32 from scarlatina, 48 from whooping-cough, 51 from
typhus, and 13 from diarrhcea. Phthisis proved fatal to
165 persons, 288 deaths occurred from bronchitis, 139
from pneumonia, and 55 from diseases of the heart.

A CHANGE .POR THE BETTER IN
27PPERARY.

A correspondent of the Express gives a very gratifying
account of the state of West Tipperary as compared with
other places in Ireland. Ho says, there is not a single
Tipperary man confined for treasonable practices or se•
ditious language. No processions have been made ; but,
on the contrary, all classes are unanimous. In condemning
such proceedings, and are steadily engaged in attending
to their various occupations. Ile adds
" The loyal feeling is predominant in Tipperary—a,
pleasing fact, which is owing to the good sense and inhe:
rent loyalty of the masses, and to the laudable exhortations
of the Roman Catholic clergy, who are unanimous in their
condemnation of Fenianism. The Royal Irish constabu-
lary stationed in this town (Ncnagh)—only about forty
men, a rather limited number for the chief town in the
North Riding of Tipperary—have, owing to the peaceful
state of the district, little or nothing to do, if we except
the usual duty inseparable from their position in a largo
and populous district, and a ' real live Fenian' would bo
as much an object of curiosity as his Royal Highness the
brother of the Tycoon."

Such a state of things presents a remarkable contrast
to that exhibited in former years, when Tipperary was
stained with blood, and obtained a terrible notoriety for
its crimes. The extent of the change may be inferred
from the accounts which are on record of its condition in
1534, when nearly the same political questions which now
agitate the country were exciting the public mind. It
was estimated that murders were committed then at the
appalling rate of four a week, and the lord-lieutenant
of the county reported to the Irish Executive that 556
murders had been committed in two years and five
months.

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