The Sun.
London, England, 1858-12-30 00:00:00

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PRICE 4

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f fir•. +,

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I marriage, &c., and thus tn. possessor is
not driven to take up the inojr once. Still,
Mortgages are very genera oit properties,
but they are rarely or never in Prussia, as in France,
for the purchase money, but are either for working
capital, or, as now described, for the express pur-
pose of keeping the property together. Over-mort-
gaging is rare in the case of peasant properties ;
not so in the case of large estates. Where a peasant
property is too heavily charged the circumstance.
may usually be traced to extravagant habits in the
owner—hardly ever to the family compact. Speak-
ing generally, the Prussian small proprietors are a
frugal race, comfortably off; in some districts even
intelligent and well-informed. As a class they show
no symptoms of disappearing before the encroach-
ments of either cottiers, on the one hand, or large
landowners on the other; they are, on the contrary,
more flourishing and well-to-do than at any former
period of Prussian history.
This is the general result; each province has its
own peculiar conditions. On the one hand we have
Pomerania, where large properties are the rule, and
the cottier -is hardly known. At the other end of
the scale stands the Rhine Province, in some parts
of.which the parcelling of the surface has been
carried to as great an extent as in France. Not-
withstanding, when we take the whole area of this
province (the Rhine) we find that only 10 per cent.
of the whole is in holdings 'of under four acres
English, while 35 per Cent. is in properties of from
20 to 200 acres,- and 21 per cent. in estates of 400
acres and upwards: In Ponierania, where there are
hardly any cottiers, no less than 62 per cent. of the
total. area of the province is in estates of 400 acres
a-id upwards, properties of from 20 to 400 acres
f.)rzning 33 per *cent. of the. area. In the roving
fTruasitt, "where eottier nwithi of w,The
area. is more equally divided between the Ritter-
guter and the Baucrguter than in any other pro-
vince 38 per cent. of its area is in estates of up-
wards of 400 acres English, 49 per cent. in prooer-
ties varying from 20 to 200 acres.
Turning to the province of Posen, the following
figures of the transfer of land are given by Lette,
which are equally inconsistent with the assertion
that thessubdivision of the surface is advancing at
an alarming pace. Between 1823 and 1854 as
many as. 18 Ritterguter in Posen were broken up
and sold in small parcels. But, on the other hand,
20 new Ritterguter have been created by consolida-
tion of small farms. The area occupied by large
estates has actually increased, by favour of the law
enacting the divisibility of 'property, by no less
than 6,000 or 7,000 acres. At the other extremity
of the kingdom, in the province of Westphalia, a
comparison of the register book in the year 1837
with 1851 shows thatinotwithstanding a-good deal
of property changed hands in the interim, the Rit-
terguter were only diminished by two, so nearly
had dismemberment and consolidation balanced
each other.

I add the following view of the ratio which the
largest and the smallest properties respectively bear
to the total area in each province of Prussia :
Estates of more than 400 acres English consti-
tute in Pomerania 62 per cent. of the total area of
each province, Posen 55, Silesia 50, Brandenburg
46, Prussia 38, Saxony 27, the Rhine 21, West-
phalia 15.

Crofts of less than three acres English consti-
tute in the Rhine 10 per cent. of the total area of
the province, Westphalia 3, Saxony 3.2, Silesia
2.6, Brandenburg 1, Pomerania 0.7, Prussia 0.6,
Posen 0.5.

THE UNITED IRISHMAN AND THE

FORGE- HOBSON respectfully calls the
kA attention of Gentlemen to his West of England wool
dyed Black Cloth Dress and Frock Coats, £2 18s. to Three
Guineas ' • Black Dress Trowsers, £1 ss. A Choice Selection
t, of Waisc,oating. Overcoats, in all the new Beaver Cloths,
Two-and-a-half to Three Guineas the Inverness Cape,
price 338. A large stock of Winter Trowserings, price 21s. to
258.

Excellence with Economy.
GEORGE HOBSON, 57, Lombard-street.

Established .1796.

APPETITE AND INDIGESTION IMPROVED.

LEA and PERRINS' WORCESTERSHIRE
SAUCE imparts the most exquisite relish to Steaks,
Chops, and all Roast Meat, Gravies, Fish, Game, Soup, Cur-
ries, and Salad, and by its tonic and Invigorating properties
enables the stomach to perfectly digest the food.
The daily use of this aromatic and delicious Sauce is the
best safeguard to health.
Sold by the proprietors, Lea and Perrins, 19, Fenchurch-
street, London, and 68, Broad-street, Worcester ; also ty
Messrs. Barclay and Sons, Messrs. Crosse and Blackwell, and
other oilmen and merchants, London ; and generally by the
principal dealers in sauce.
N.B.—To guard against imitations, see that the names of
"LEA and PERRINS " are upon the label and patent cap of
the bottle.

RAILWAI' INTELLIGENCE.

MORAYSHIRE EXTENSION.

The extension of the Morayshire Railway (from
its junction at Orton with the Inverness and Aber-
deen Junction Railway) to Craigellachie, a distance
of five miles and a half, was opened on Thursday
for public traffic. It appears the line has been
completed at a cost under £4,800 per mile,
and that considerable satisfaction has been
expressed by those interested at the smallness
of the cost and the completeness of the line,
which was entirely approved by the Government
inspector. It shows that much might be done in
the construction and extension of local railways
where proper care has been taken in the first in-
stance to select the best route, followed by atten-
tion to every detail in design and during the pro-
gress of the works. The permanent. way of the ex-
tension line is laid with rails of 701 b. per yard, and
the latest improvements in fish-jointing have been
adopted. The bridges are of a substantial masonry
and wrought iron, but the stations are for the pre-
sent constructed f timber until the proposed line
to Dunkeld and Perth is completed. The portion
of the through line extending from Craigellachie
to Grantown is now being promoted by the direc-
tors of the Morayshire Railway, and, it appears, is
receiving the cordial .support of the landowners
and inhabitants of the district through which it
is intended to pass. The line has been surveyed
by Mr. J. Samuel, the engineer-in-chief to. the
Morayshire Railway Company, who has expressed
an opinion that it can be constructed on the ave-
rage for £6,000 per mile, including two crossings
of the Spey of 220 feet each, and one of 150
feet over another river. The through line
to Dunkeld will be about 86 miles in length, and
effect a saving of nearly 15 miles between London
and all places north and west of Elgin and Inver-
ness. It will also accommodate a large local traffic.
The Morayshire Railway was designed and con-
structed under the direction of Mr. J. Samuel, C.E.,
and opened in 1852, at a cost of something less than
£16,000 per mile, including engines and carrying
stock, and, it seems, has worked satisfactorily up to
the present time. The engines are constructed so as
to consume only 71b. of coke per mile, being one-
third of the average weight consumed by ordinary
locomotives on railways. It is expected that the
successful execution of these local lines on a cheap
and remunerative principle will be followed by
useful extensions in other districts where railway
communication is much needed.

UNITED STATES.

(From the New York Times.)
King David confesses that he was not in a very
good temper when he denounced all men as liars ;
arid the wisest of monarchs and of men had doubt-

less been driven half mad by some simpleton of un-
usual severity when he declared that though you
bray a fool in a mortar, his folly will not depart
from him. Yet, if Solomon were living now to be
tormented by the ephemeral nonsense of the living
age, he might well repeat, with the earnestness of
deliberate conviction, what was conceived at first in
a poetic fervour of disgust. In Mr. John Mitchell
he .would find his proverb- incarnated. Had the
saying never been uttered; indeed, it might well be
invented for the benefit of the race, from data fur-
nithed by this incorrigible Irishman's intolerable
absurdity. . Mr. Sohn Mitchel's case is happily of
a kind from which some instruction may be derived
for those among u; who are capable of profiting by
the folly of others, when that
.tblly leads, as it some-
times does, to failure ; and it therefore deserves
some attention.

roughly brayed by a cert
can, Mr. Fleming ; so thorn
we had, begun to hope the proverb falsified
at last, and to expect a complete deliverance
icom Mr. John Mitchell and his chronic eruptions.
We were wrong, and Solomon was right, Mr. John
Mitchell has broken loose in:Washington, He can
no longer endure the prospect ofpacification opened
to the Union by the growing intelligence of the
South and the mollification of the New _Fork Tri-
bune. His voice is still for war—the more loudly
that nobody else can be induced to think of war.
He has carried his Citizen to the capital of the
United States, in the hope of disuniting .the said
States, and driving the South into an open war
upon the North. This is the sensible little pro-
gramme of his present campaign. Will our domestic
agitators look upon it and be warned ? The folly of
this supreme fool is one in kind. with their own, if
more flagrant in degree. He is the fool he is, simply
because it is his wish to be, and do, and govern
everything and everybody, -and because, finding no-
body disposed to help him to this wish, he flies out
of all the bounds of self-command. "I have long
felt," he said in 1847, " that I belong to a party of
one member." To that party he gave -the incompar-
able title of the "United Irishman." The " United
Irishman" he was, and is, and ever will remain. No
braying, not even his own, will change him.
Meanwhile, let us be thankful for the stupendous
folly which shows us, in a giant mirror, the true
nature of the many men who arc trying, each in his
own way, to upset that other United party, " these
United States."

It appears to be a monomania of this man to ima-
gine himself a great destructive force of nature. As
conceived by himself Mr. John Mitchell is and
always has been a walking volcano, a talking
simoom, a buttoned-up deluge, an earthquake hid-
den in the flesh of man, and capable of eating,
drinking, proposing toasts, editing newspapers, and
undergoing imprisonment. He began his active ex-
perience of life in strict obedience to this halluci•
nation. To all outward seeming a decent young
citizen of Dublin, he felt himself to be a new Attila
—an avatar of vengeance upon the tyrants of his
native land. He resolved to make the world tremble
and bring the throne of the Guelphs tumbling down
about the cars of Victoria I. For some time his pro-
jects attracted no more notice than the fulmination.
which the editor of the Eatanswille Gazette is re-
ported, in the veracious pages of " Pickwick," to
have levelled against the brazen front of the Czar
of Russia. But events at last gave a sudden and
sinister importance to the unrecognised Catiline of
the Hibernian Rome. Distress, misery, destitu-
tion, the most real and the most _ heartrending,
fell upon Ireland. She was smitten with such cala-
znitics and famine and of pestilence as men in
modern times had been more used to read of than
to realize. The year 1847 came upon her terrible,
blasting, opening the hardest hearts to pity, con-
fusing the clearest brains with the anguish of the
spectacle, that demanded the relief of their counsel.
This was Mr. Mitchell's moment. To drive this deso-
late, maddened, suffering Ireland into still greater
extremities of misery and despair, to heat ten times
hotter the furnace of her trial—to add to all the
troubles of her estate fresh, intenser troubles of the
spirit, and to inflame her from famine into civil
war, was a task congenial to the temper of this ex-
emplary patriot. He set about it.
By his avowal he was at the bottom of conspira-
cies of all sorts and kinds, the sole object and end
of which was to light the flame of intestine war
throughout the Green Island. "I have a stomach,"
he exclaimed, "for all the treasons that man can
commit ;" and he did not fail to satisfy his appe-
tite. He encouraged every species of outrage by
which the popular temper could be kept at fever
heat. Murders committed in the dead of night by
armed men—the .dragging
dracrging away of young heiresses
from their homes into compulsory marriages with
rebel leaders not well provided with this world's
goods—baptismal administrations of hot sand and
vitriol lavished upon recreant " patriots" or recu-
sant lovers of the law—all the imaginable and un-
imaginable excesses of malignity, recklessness, and
cruelty, which for months, at that unhappy time,
converted whole counties of Ireland into so many
Aceldamas, were but the natural fruits of an " agi-
tation" whose leaders avowedly shrunk from no
crime in pursuing their purpose.
For all this Mr. John Mitchell had not the paltry
excuse of even technical oppression. He was per-
fectly at liberty to combine any ordinary occupa-
tion of profit, drysaltery, cab-driving or tallow
chandlery, with the most intemperate mid exaspe-
rating style of political editing. The grave had
hardly closed over the remains of the greatest
agitator whom Ireland had ever seen, and the
" minions" of British tyranny had looked on in
silence while such a procession of mourners as the
world has rarely witnessed followed O'Connell to
the first resting-place his high and busy heart had
known on earth. Mr. John Mitchell might have
fooled to the top of his bent, had he been conten
with bloodless fooling. But this could not be. He
must have pikes and hand-grenades—and so he
came at last to his first braying in the mortar. He
was tried for felony, and by a jury of his own
people found guilty, lamenting aloud, after convic-
tion, that he could not have been allowed to fill the
panel with Roman Catholics, who would have re-
turned a verdict contrary to law, and set him free
again to break the law. The result of this trial
was that exile to the hulks of the Bermudas of
which he has favoured mankind with the literary
fruits, but for which for all its effects upon his own
wits most fully justified King Solomon's excla-
mation.

At last the hands that wielded the pestle grew
weary of so aimless a task. Mr. John Mitchell was
kindly turned over to get what future braving he
might need on American soil. He soon called upon
us to begin operations. Hardly had he landed in
this much-enduring capital of New York befcre he
began playing volcano and earthquake, in the hope
of forcing us into a war with England, with
France—with anybody, in short, strong ( n ug'a
give ns plenty of. trouble and Mr. Nitele l a good
wholesome excitement. Of all this nothing came,,

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