The Sun.
London, England, 1867-12-30 00:00:00

MERCANTILE SHIP NEWS.

Deal, Dec. 24.—Arrived, the Forest Queen, from Hali-
fax. Arrived from the River, the Prince George, for New
Orleans. Liverpool, Dec. 21.—Arrived, the Cathedral,
from Mobile; the Beatrice, from Bavannah. Sailed the
Cuba, screw steamer, from Boston.
Amsterdam, Dec. 20.—The Oquenda, which arrived
here, Dec. 12, from Havannab, had encountered very
severe weather throughout the voyage, during which she
strained very much, and made a good deal of water from
tho decks and upper works; her cargo is coming out with
considerable damage.
Hooksiel, Dec. 16.—The two barrels of petroleum that
wore driven ashore near Inhansersiel and saved are
marked, the one "13 W 097 R 1.4 M 242," the other " 8.W.,
a 99, RAC M ]32," and painted blue and white.
•

Clyde, Dec. 19.—Sailed the Britannia, screw steamer,
for New York. Leith, Dec. 19.—Sailed the Reymont for
New York.
Kingroad, Dec. 20.—Arrived, M. W. Brett, from New
York. Broomielaw, Dec. 20.—Sailed the H. L. Routh for
New York.
Custom House, London, Dec. 21.—Entered inwards, the
Marcia Greenleaf, from New York ; entered outwards, the
E. H. Taylor, for New York; the Rusoer, for Phila-
delphia. Cardiff, Dec. 21.—Sailed the Addie M'Adams
for Havannah.
Liverpool, Dec. 23.—Arrived, the Floris, from San
Francisco; the Donna Maria, from Mobile; the Persia,
mail steamer, from New York. Sailed, the Garibaldi, for
Havannah; the Margaret Pollock, for Savannah. Custom
House, London, Dec. 23.- Vessels entered inwards, the
Forest King, from Halifax ; the Jenny Lind, from Balti-
more ; the John Mann and the Alpha, from Now York ;
the Forest King, for Halifax.
Liverpool, Dec. 23.—Sailed, the Ulidea, for Havannah;
the Northern Empire and the Jas. Keeler for Mobile. Dec.
24.—Arrived, the Cultivator, from Now York. Sailed,
the Emerald, for Mobile.
Gloucester, Dec. 23.—Arrived, the Martin W. Brett,
from New York.
Newport. Dec. 21.—Arrived, the Kong Sverre, from
Tvedstrand, for New York.
New York, Dec. 9.—The Hecla, steamer, from Liver-
pool, reports having left the Sacramento, of Boston, with
mainmast gone and jury mizenmast rigged, on Dec. 8, in
lat. 41 N., long. 73 W., heading S.W., wind N.W. Had
stood by her 32 hours, having her in tow three times,
ropes parting each time. Dec. 24 (per Atlantic cable).
The Panther, from Baltimore to St. John's, is
ashore at Cape Prospect, Nova Scotia. The Beau-
tiful Star, of and for Liverpool, from Laguna, was
abandoned on December 11 ; crew saved by the lihine,
arrived in the river from New York. The Herald sailed
from Shields on March 1.6 for Hongkong, and has not since
been heard of. The Enoch Bonier, which sailed from Li-
verpool on August 22 for Boston, was off the Smalls on
the 27th, and has not since bean heard of.
Savannah, Dec. 9.—The Consul, bound to Liverpool,
which caught fire Dec. let, burnt to the water's edge as
she lay on the bank, and the tide afterwards flowed over
and put the fire out. About 180 bales of cotton have been
saved, slightly injured by its breaking out, and it is sup-
posed 1,000 to 1,200 bales will be saved damaged.
Vessels Spoken With.—The Ellen Southard, American
ship, San Francisco to Liverpool, Nov. 27, lat. 18 N, long.
31 W. ; the Arnold Boninger, Shields to New York, Dec.
7, lat. 33 N., long. 26 W.
Bristol, Dec. 26.—Arrived, the Artistic, from Charleston.
Queenstown, Dec. 25.—Arrived the France, steamer,
from New York, and proceeded to Liverpool.

1 2
Intrafa4L ART AND I EMI CAL
%EDUCATION:

Mrs exceedingly interesting and valuable
"Lttar " cal the industries and systems of technical edu-
e-ation abroad is now before us. Himself a practical iron-
master, and familiar from habitual observation with
the comparative merits of the processes of general manu-
factures in England and -on the Continent, Mr.
Samuelson is eminently qualified to frame a really trust-
worthy and valuable report upon such Subjects ; and when
Lord Robert Montagu, the Vice-President of the Com-
mittee of Council for Education, requested him to place
at the services of Parliament the results of his recent
visits to many of the great industrial centres of France,
Switzerland, Germany, and Belgium, his lordship made
a choice which is no less creditable to his discrimination
than it is likely to prove valuable to the country.

Of the vast number of important facts and valuable
suggestions which this letter contains, we can only, within
our limits, present a brief abstract. Mr. Samuelson seems
to have directed his attention to two distinct classes of
facts—the processes of manufacture in the workshops of
the Continent, and the distinctive and special features of
the technical schools in which the workmen arc practically
taught those processes.
The first point to which Mr. Samuelson draws attention
is that of the. evil effect of strikes supported by trades
unions. Instances are given of cases in which strikes
have taken place in English factories, employed
mostly by foreign firms, and the result of which was that
the business of such factories was transferred to foreign
countries and could not be won back again. The enforced
uniform rate of wages per week to men of different
degrees of skill was another retarding influence. In the
manufacture of cotton and woollen machinery that has not
been subject to strikes, English manufacturers held
their own in foreign markets. But, no doubt, the
inferior education of the English artisan as compared with
the artisans of the Continent generally accounts for what
is undoubtedly the fact, that in many, almost all, branches
of manufacture in which complicated machinery and the
latest scientific appliances are required, the workmen of
the Continent are taking the lead. This is exemplified -
by the cases of Leeds and Bradford in. the-woolleisss—
naaintfacinie An Leeds everything has stiffened into
tradition and routine; old-fashioned forms are adhered to;
and even when an enterprising wool-spinner introduces
improved machinery into his factory, he finds that his
" hands " will not or cannot work it to the utmost advan-
tage. " One result is that the spinners and manufacturers
of Belgium are exporting woollen yarns and cloths
valued at nearly two millions annually to this
country, produced from wools a great portion
of which are first imported from our colonies into
London and shipped thence to Antwerp." At Bradford
the woollen manufacture is carried on with the newest
appliances, by energetic nia,sters and unprejudiced work-
people, and is consequently a most thriving branch of
industry, which has nothing to fear from continental com-
petition. Nottingham has suffered quite as much as Leeds,
but in this case the chief cause has been the differences
between masters and workmen. The trade here, in every-
thing except cotton lace and net, is rapidly being trars-
ferred to France ; and unemployed English lace machines
of £4OO to 12800 in value have been bought by manufac-
turers from Calais, arid are now in full operation in that
town. In the hosiery and carpet trades of the Nottingham
district, and in the steam-coal trade of the north of England,
"Boards of Conciliation' for the settlement ef differences
between masters and men have been established, and are
working with the happiest effects, so that the hosiers of
Nottingham compete successfully with the extremely low-
paid labour of Saxony. In lace curtains there has been
no decline at Nottingham ; in fact, quite the reverse. The
success in this branch is due to the excellent local school
of art. Mr. Samuelson saw beautiful designs by pupils of
the school, which were being executed in one of the fac-
tories, and he was informed that the English patterns
in this branch are preferred to those of France. The
thriving lace-factories of St. Pierre les Calais contrast
most favourably with the decaying establishments of
Nottingham. One of the most successful Calais manufac-
turers said to Mr. Samuelson that the Nottingham lace-
makers had relied too much on their acquired position,
and had ceased to give that close attention to details
without which the lace manufacture cannot be carried

The manufacture of iron of the highest class, fit for the
construction of British engines, is still almost a monopoly
in England, but in France it can be obtained from a great
variety of workshops, and at prices considerably below ours.
" For instance," says Mr. Samuelson, " I found that the
iron tyres or hoops for the wheels of locomotive engines
made at the Great Yorkshire Works ranged in price from
ss. to Llt) 165., while iron tyres of equal quality, and
of corresponding weight and size, but made in France,
cost only from £6 :-3s. to £l3 45.; and I have good reason fur
stating that the routine and prejudices of our railway
superintendents alone prevent the latter from being more
extensively introduced than they have yet been on our.
railways.

At the great ironworks of Crcuzot-the coal and ores are
411454•4031 the alt p1a114440.1.red .41W iron,_aßlLAis7vaiL
into the most powerful and elaborate machinery. The
works cover 300 acres, the workshops and forges 50 acres;
the mines yield annually 250,000 tons of coal, and 300,000
tors of iron ore. The ironworks produce more than
100,000 tons of iron; machinery, locomotive, and marine iron
bridges and viaducts ; and even iron gunboats and river
steamers of an average yearly value of £600,000. 9,950
workpeople are employed at the works of Creuzot, and
receive in wages the sum, in all, of £370,000 a year. The
steam engines worked are equal to a duty of 10,00 t horse.
power. The machinery in use is made after the best
English designs ; but no appliances for producing perfect
work, or for economising the cost of production, have been
omitted, and the great forge is " probably unequalled in
the world." Excellent schools— both primary and special
or technical—have been established in connection with het
works, and by means of these unfailing supplies of skilled,
scientifically trained workmen are obtained.

Mr. Samuelson went over the :works of the Terre Noire
Company, and saw the process of manufacturing Bessemer
steel from the iron—a simplification of the Bessemer pro-
cess as compared with the practice in England—which
involves such economy that the Terre Noire Company are
supplying one of the great French railway companies with
20,000 tons of steel rails at a price below their prime cost
in England, in spite of comparatively dear fuel and ores.
At these works no precaution is omitted that success may
be ensured, and measurements and qualities are looked
upon with as much anxiety as if the great iron works was
a chemical laboratory. " The most careful chemical daily
analysis of all the raw material and products is one of the
conditions of the success of Terre Noire in their manu-
facture. At the steel works of Firminy, near St. Etienne,
another modification of the making of steel is followed,
and steel rails are manufactured at an extraordinarilycheap
rate. The ingots run from the furnace are simply rolled,
and the rails produced are of so excellent a quality that
the waste ends are used in the works for turning tools and
chisels, without being re-melted or subjected to any other
process except that of ' tilting' or hammering. The
works of Terre Noire and Firminy are unsurpassed in the
world for economy in the production of ordinary steel."
But the most marvellous steel works in the world are
those of Krupp and Essen in the Wupper Valley, West-
phalia. They consume 800 to 1,000 tons of coal per day,
raised from pits within the walls of the works or immedi-
ately adjoining, the cost of the coals being less than
per ton. " The machinery of every department is as
perfect as the magnificent products of the works would
lead one to expect. The range of crucible furnaces
is a sight of its kind unparalleled in the world,
except, perhaps, at the neighbouring works of
Bockum. At the time of Mr. Samuelson's visit a steel
1,000-pounder breech-loading gun was nearly completed
for Russia, and several 200 and 300 steel breech-loading
guns, hooped and rifled, for the German navy. Thousands
of steel breech-loading guns were in course of manufacture
for all nations." Besides these, Mr. Samuelson noted a
number of forged cast-steel cranked axles—one of them
of enormous size for a Transatlantic steamer then being
built at Greenock by the Messrs. Caird. Eight thousand
men are employed indlihese works, and 60,000 tons of steel
—more than twice tEe entire export of steel from the
United Kingdom—are produced annually.

While the continental workmen are better educated
than the workmen of Britain, they are also apparently
more peaceable in disposition. " Nowhere in France are
the hindrances felt which the abuse of trades unions is
placing in the way of several trades in England ; and this
for the simple reason that unions such as we have here do
not exist." " There are no trades unions in the north of
Germany." The workmen save their wages, buy a piece
of land, which they and their families cultivate. Thus
they become attached to localities, and are interested
supremely iu the preservation of amicable relations be-
tween them and their employers. Strikes do not enter
into their heads, though it is undoubtedly true, that while
as a rule they are better educated than British workmen,
they work longer hours for considerably less pay.

STOWS WARNINGS,—Tho Board of Trade and the
Meteorological Committee appointed by the Royal Society
have decided on issuing cautionary signals to the following
places, viz. :—Hayle (Cornwall), Grimsby, Morecambe,
Fleetwood, Aberystwith, Carnarvon, Boston, Liverpool,
Goole, and Leith. These places have sent in applicatiom
to receive telegraphic information respecting the weather,
and have undertaken to hoist the drums and keep the
gear in order, Other places have also applied, apsi, thou'
aPPlicationg fire still tinder comiderattoP.

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LONDON, MONDAY, DEC. 30, 1867.

Loyal subjects of the QUEEN will learn with
satisfaction that such loyalty is not confined to the
British Isles alone, but flourishes also on the other
side of the globe. Our news from the antipodes
has of late been of a somewhat stormy character.
Political differences have reached so acrimonious a
pitch that the public business has been brought to
a standstill, and it has been found impossible to
induce the members of either House of the Victo-
rian Legislature to sacrifice their own affronted
dignity to the exigencies of the public ser-
vice. By the latest mail we learn that the
deadlock still continues, and that nothwithstanding
the advice of the Governor the Upper House has for
a second time rejected the Appropriation Bill. The
Government now ask for a Supply Bill of half a
million to meet pressing exigencies, and then intend
to dissolve the Assembly. It is probable that the
result of that dissolution will be considerably in their
favour. It is the more to be regretted that the
dispute should be thus perpetuated, as there were
originally faults on both sides, and a little mutual
concession would have been the more honour-
able as well as the more politic course. One or the
other must eventually give in, and the longer the
readjustment of affairs is delayed the more difficult
and disagreeable will be the task. But notwith-
standing these angry divisions in the colony there
is one point on which all parties are agreed, and
on which the mutual jealousies of the several
colonies themselves only resolve themselves into a
laudable emulation. The visit of Prince ALFRED
to Australia has long been looked forward to with
eagerness and interest. The sturdy independence
of the colonists has in no way affected their
loyalty. So far from chafing at the ties which
bind them to the mother country, they are
proud of their allegiance, and are resolved that no-
thing shall be wanting on their part to give the son
of Queen VICTORIA a hearty welcome to Australasia.
Curiously enough, as often happens on such occa-
sions, after the long and eager watch kept for the
Galatea, his Royal Highness arrived unnoticed.
Soon after midnight the Galatea reached Glenelg,
South Australia, unperceived by the Government
vessel which was stationed' in the Gulf of St.
Vincent to herald her approach. A party of
clerks and an aquatic excvrsion were the first
colonists who welcomed the young Prince south-
wards. Very soon the news flew right and left,
through the telegraph wires, and in the capital of
every colony the good news was announced by the
firing of a salute. The Prince landed officially at
Glenelg in the afternoon, and was received on the
jetty by the Governor, the Ministry, and the mem-
bers of the Legislature. The Mayor and Corpora-
tion of Glenelg were ready with an address, and a
procession was formed, accompanied by a corps of
volunteers to escort his Royal Highness to the town.
These preparations were made on a great scale.
Triumphal arches were raised, salutes were fired,
and 25,000 Sunday school scholars sang the National
Anthem. Melbourne was also on the qui vive, and
the reception prepared for the royal visitor is to be
"the grandest ever known out of England." One
of its principal incidents is one which does honour
to the good feeling of the colonists, a free banquet
to 20,000 of the humbler classes. Over on the other
side of the equator they can afford to do the thing
on a grand scale. In all parts of Australia there
is the same good feeling and loyal hospitality. The
West Australians are disappointed that they have not
received a visit from the Prince. Perhaps this over-
sight may be remedied before his return. The latest
intelligence which we publish this day reports the
arrival of the Galatea at Melbourne, and the unpre-
cedented enthusiasm of the demonstrations made
in honour of the Duke of EDINBURGH. Fetes were
being held daily, and the enthusiastic tide of loyalty
had swept away for the time being all traces of the
political difficulty. The dissolution was suspended
in consequence, and let us hope that in the pleasur-
able excitement of the young Prince's arrival, and
in the general unanimity of feeling, an opportunity
may arise for reconciling those differences which
have so harassed and perplexed the community at
Victoria.

It is not surprising that in consequence of the
curiosity caused by the Fe:liana some doubts should
have been entertained respecting the safety of the
Sovereign and the security of the Royal Family now
at Osborne. The inhabitants of Cowes have sig-
nified, through Mr. MOORE, their good wishes in
this matter, and their willingness to render any
assistance that might be deemed advisable, further-
more adding their regret that it had been deemed
advisable to take more than ordinary measures to
secure the safety of her MAJESTY. If Colonel
GREY, it was said, could point out any mode
by which, as acting as special constables, the people
could be of use they would unanimously agree
to the suggestion. In reply to this loyal communi-
cation, Colonel GREY stated that he had laid the
letter before the QUEEN, and that her MAJESTY
commanded him to say she was " deeply touched
by these loyal assurances on the part of her subjects
at Cowes and very grateful for them." Her MA-
JEsTY also declared that she never entertained the
" slightest apprehension as to her personal
safety ; but she has deemed it advisable to
yield to the representations of her Government,
and permit the precautionary measures which they
considered the exigencies of the case required." The
letter of Mr. MooRE has been sent to the Home
Secretary, and it will be for him to judge how far
it will be necessary or desirable for the authorities
to avail themselves of the professional services of
the loyal inhabitants of Cowes. This is a satisfactory
episode in the annals of Feniauism ; more, it is a
sure proof of the loyalty and affection of this portion
of her MAJESTY'S subjects, and also it affords a strik.