The Sun.
London, England, 1858-04-02 00:00:00

LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, APRIL 2, 1858.

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OUR OWN CORRESPOND ENT " says
Tvr'nty-one Million Pounds of T.( a has been released by
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MESSRS. NICOLL'S ESTABLISHMENTS
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No. 144 contains their other new Department for Clothing young
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CONTRACT FOR T AR, PITCH, AND TALLOW, AND
GALLIPOLI, OR NEAPOLITAN OIL.
Department of the Storekeeper-General of the Navy,
Somerset-place, 31st March, 1858.
THE Commissioners for executing the Office of
Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Ireland, DO NEREBY GIVE NOTICE, that on TUESDAY,
the 20th April next, at Two o'clock, they will be ready to treat
with such persons as may be willing to Contract for supplying
her Majesty's Dockyards with
STOCKHOLM TAR,
STOCKHOLM, ARCHANGEL, or BRITISH MADE PITCH,
RUSSIA or ENGLISH TALLOW, and GALLIPOLI
or NEAPOLITAN OIL.
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at the said office. No tender will be received alter Two o'clock on
the day of treaty, nor will any be noticed unless the party attends or
an agent for him duly authorised in writing.
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and bear in the left-hand corner the words "Tender for
and mush be delivered at Somerset-place, accompanied by a letter,
signed by two responsible Persons, engaging to become bound with
the person tendering, in the sum of 25 per cent. on the value for
the duo performance of each of the contracts.

THE CAUSES OF THE INDIAN MUTINY.

The following important paper, receivel by the
last mail from Calcutta, is headed " A. few words
relative to the late mutiny of the Bengal army and
the rebellion in the Bengal Presidency, by Shaik
Hedavut Ali, anhadar and ?irclar bahadoor, Bengal
Sikh Police Battalion, commanded by Captain T.
Rattray, who has translated this paper from the
original Oordeo

" I cl,em it my duty, as far it lies in my power,
to explain what has led to th© disaffection lately, so
..trireryisift..-evinced both be thg-mti-;.,...xisylfra
many of the sirdars or chieftains throughout Sin-
dostan.

" It is well known to the British Government,
and to all the world, that the country of Hindostan
in former times was almost solely inhabited by
people of Hindoo persuasion, and that many years
afterwards the I\l ihomedans conquered the country;
and it is also well known that the Hindoos are pro-
verbi illy foolish on the score of religion, and deem
no religion equal to their own.
" To the best of my belief and understanding,
the first symptoms of disaffection to the British Go-
vernment on the part of the Sepoys were shown in
1833, when an army from Hindostan was ordered
Cabul. When this army crossed the Indus to At-
took the Sepoys became discontented, grumbling,
and angry. They heard that when Rajah Mann
Sing, Wuzeer of one of the former emperors of
Delhi, crossed the Indus to wage war with the
Affghans he caused all the Brahmins to take off
their janeo, or sacred thread worn by Brahmins and
emblematic of their caste, and told all his men that
the Hindoo religion extended no further than the
Indus. Maun Sing built a temple on the other
side the Indus, and in this temple the Brahmins
were directed to suspend their janeo. This fact is
well known to all Hindoo3, whether literate or the
reverse.

" One of the customs of the Hindoos is never
to eat or conk their food until they have battled
and gone through o:lier forms of their religion.
When, in 1838-39, the army reached Affghanistan,
the Hindoos left off bathing and the performance
of other acts which their form of reigion dem rnded
on account of the extreme cold, to which they
were unaccustomed.

" Whatever they purchased in the bazaar for
their daily food they were compelled to take from
the hands of Mahomedans, because in the Cabul
country all the Buneeahs, with few exceptions, are
of the Mahomedan faith. The Hindoos being
obliged, as above stated, to abstain from certain acts
of their religion (bathing, which to a Hindoo is
almost as necessary as his daily food), and to re-
ceive their bread from the hands of Mahomedans,
fancied they had lost their caste, and had been
forced to become Mahomedans ; they therefore be-
came much dissati-fied and disgusted.

" When the winter set in at °abut the Hindos-
tanee Sepoys suffered much from the snow and
cold. The commanding officers, pitying their condi-
tion, gave to each man a posteen or jacket, made
of sbeepskin, the wool worn inwards. The sepoys
at the time pretended much to be pleased with
the posteens, but really in their hearts wore
much displeased, because no Hindoo, except of
lowest caste, likes to touch the skin of a dead
animal. Fearing to object, they consented to
wear them. They thought and talked openly among
themselves, We must not show our anger and
discontent in this country, because if we do we
shall never be able to return to Hindustan, and we
cannot live in this country ; so they kept quiet,
only to show their anger and discontent on a more
opportune occasion. They, moreover, thought that,
even if they did mutiny in that country, and killed
all the English, they would be no better off, becaus 3
the Affghans would compel them to become Ma-
homedans. Many Sepoys of the 27th and 54th
Native Infantry, who were wounded and taken
prisoners, were converted to Mahomedanism.
Don't let any English gentleman think that the
above is not true, because they were not acquaintel
with it at the time. A native of Hindustan solemn
opens his mind to bis officer—he only says what he
thinks would please his offi,ler. The sepoys reserve
their real opinion until they return to their lines
and to their comrades.

" When the English returned to Ferozepore in
1842 1 was there with the light company of my
regiment (the Bth Native Infantry), in which my
father was a subadar. Eight light c',)mpanies were
formed into one regiment, and were under orders

for Affghanistan, but were never sent. I was then
a private. I visited nearly all the regiments that
had returned from Cabul, having many friends and
acquaintances in them. The sepoys of all the regi-
ments were displeased at having been sent to
Calail, and said of themselves that by going to
Cabul they had become outcasts to their religion,
by having been compelled to clothe themselves
with the skins of animals, to abstain from
bathing, and other acts demanded by their religion,
in consequence of the country being so unfitted for
Hindoes on account of the great cold, and the
whole country boing Mahomedans.
" The Mahomedans of the regiments were dis-
pleased because they said the BiLish Government
had forced them to fight against people of their own
creed, which was forbidden in the Koran. For
saying this a subadar of the 27th Native Infantry
was shot to death by musketry. The Mahomedans
always boasted among themselves how they had
evaded the English order by never taking aim when
they fired.
" None of the Ilindoos in Hindostan would eat
with their comrades who went to Affghanistan, n
would they even allow them to touch their cooking
utensils ; they looked upon them all as outcasts,
and treated them accordingly. It was said that
the sepoys of the 27th Native Infantry who were
shut up in Ghuznee were all compelled to become
Mahomedans.

" At Forozerore, Za!im Sing, a subadar in the
71st Native Infantry, told the men of the 35th
-Light Infantry thAt ,thay- had-Jokitt, hair caste .itid
become Mahomedans, and that consequently none
of their comrades could eat or smoke with them.
For this• offence he was tried by general court-
mai tial and dismissed the service. When the sepoys
of other regiments heard how the s pods who went
to Affghanistan were treated by their own com-
rades, and heard what hardships they had under-
gone in Affghanistan, they became exceedingly
dissatisfied and displeased with the Government
for having ordered them there, and determined ou
the first favourable opportunity to show their

feelings.
" The first symptoms of mutiny broke out in the
64th Native Infantry, who were ordered to Scinde
on their arrival at Sukhar, and I believe previous
to their arrival there they mutinied about their
pay. The 7th Light eivally and several other
regiments showed a most mutinous spirit, but
byona hanging a few men in the 64th, and trans
porting and dismissing others, the Government
took but little notice of the bad feeling evinced.
"Some years after this the British went to war
with the Sikhs, and annexedthePunjab to their do-
minions. On the annexation the native army occu-
pied the country, and the Sepoys received double
batta as long as they remained in the Punjab, but
the Bri.ish Government never openly proclaimed
how long batta would be granted. From avarice
and love of money the sepoys liked serving in the
ben tthnneeretgli,emyenwtesrein
retlhieet•Peduubjylbothhaedr
served Punjab.
a c 1 eVr
regiments from Hindost an. The relieving regiments
were not allip wed double batta, but drew what they
would have drawn in their own provinces.
"This was looked upon as a great grievance. For
this reason the 66th at Unoriteir mutinied and were
dish. ivied, and in my humble opinion was very pro-
perly treated ; for if an army is faithless to its salt
and can decide as to ;he proper amount of pay it is
to receive, of what good is it ? It is right fur every
one to receive according to his deserts. The 32d and.
22d Native infantry also showed symptoms'of mu-
tiny, but they were hushed up. The Government
must be well aware that when a soldier has once or
twice shown a disposition to mutiny he is useless as
a soldier, one mutinous sepoy infects his whole com-
pany, and gradually one man after ano her, either
from fear or sympathy, joins the mutineers.
" It is very necessary when any sepoy or sepoys
mutiny that the commanding officer of the regiment
should' report fully the whole circumstance to the
Government ; how otherwise can Government be-
e,.me aware of the fact, and make proper arrange-
ments to prevent the mutinous feeding from
sprea ;ing ?
" Many commanding officers to my knowledge
reported their regiments all right when they knew
that there were discontent and bad feeling in the
ranks, and to my belief, for the sake of the name
of Weir' felyeetave regiments eotei'lealed -the real
state.of their regiments until at length the sepoys
took to murdering their officere
"I feel perfectly convinced that up to the pre-
sent time the real cause of the mutiny, and the
feeling of the country generally against the British
rule, is not well known to the State. It is for this
reason that I am now taking the liberty of expres-
sing my views on the subject.
" I will now attempt to explain why the Birders
and higher classes of Ilindostan became disoffected
to the B. itish Government.
" In 1849 or 1850 the authorities at Sabarunpore
caused a large hospital .o be built for the sick of
all creeds and persuasions. The principal authori
ties (I purposely abstain from giving names, al-
though I could do so) issued a proclamation saying
that all sick men or w. men, high or low, ‘puidalt
nisheen' (those who never go out in public), or
others, must resoit to this hospital for treat meat,
and all native practitioners were forbidden to pre-
scribe or attend sick • sic people. When the meaning
of this proclamation was explained to the chief
people they collected many men together for the
purpose of making a disturbance, for ;hese people
imagined in their ignotance that it was the inten-
tion of the British to take away the dignity and
honour of all ; on . his account they became angry
and excited, and determined to offer opposition,
but for want of arms they could do nothing. When
the authorities saw the bad feeling the proclama-
tion had produced they withdrew it, and the ex-
citement fora time subsided.
" A year or two after this my regiment, the Bth
Native Infantry, was cantoned at Shahjehanpore.
I was in the habit of visiting the chief people of the
city. In course of conversation these people said to
me, ' If any of our brothers commit any offence
against the State, according to the nature of the
offence and by the laws of the land they gat pun-
ished ; this is all very right and proper, and we
have nothing to say against it, but that law
must be lad which by its inffic ion ruins our
religion ; for instance, when any one is sentenced
to imprisonment, immediately on his reaching the
pri-ou his beard and moustache are cut ,• this to us
is a great insult. In gaol it is ordered that the
prison rs shout! eat in messes, the Mahomedans by
themselves, and the Iliudoos by themselves ; this
is no outrage t i a Mahomedan, but it is a great one
to the feelings and religion of a Hindoo. One
Hindoo won't eat from the band of another unless
they happen to be brothers or cousins." The Go •
vernment is also well aware that there are many
kinds of Brahmins ; for instance, there ere Tewa-
rees, Dhobies, Chriubies, Paundee, Missers, Op-t-
-diaha, Saokhuls, Baghpais, Agunitries, &c. ; none
i
of these, though all Brahmins, will eat from each
other's hands—that is., won't eat what the other
cooks. I ask, what is the use of such men in any
army ? To give an instance, among the 50 Sikhs
of this regiment lately besieged at Arrah there was
a Hindostanee Brahmin ; this man, for five or six
days, neither ate nor drank anything ; at the end
of this time he was so reduced that he could
scarcely stand. He was of no use in the garrison,
even bad be been trusted ; the other men, Euro-
pean or Sikhs, came out as well as they went in.
On account of these prison arrangements it was the
general opinion that the Government wished to do
away with all caste. When any Hindoo is released
from prison he is always tabooed by his family, and
looked upon as having lost caste. On this account
both the prisoner and his relatives become disaf-
fected towards the G ivernment. The above strict-
ness was carried out in many gaels, in consequence
of which disturbances broke out in the Gyab,
Arrali, Benares, and many other gaols.
" Af. er these events the missionaries requested
all the moulavies and pundits (Mahomedan and
Hindoo priests) to assemble, and when assembled
asked them why they shut up their women ; that
they ought to let them out like women of other
countries; told them they ought not to circumcise
their children, or give them the janeo, or marry
them until they were 18 years of age ; and that
none of the above forms should be carried out with-
out the permission of the magistrate of the district.
These questions and remarks caused great fears in
the minds of both the Mahomedans and the Hin-
does. They said among themselves, ' If the Govern-
ment insists upon our acting up to these orders,
what next shall we not be compelled to do against
our customs and religion ?' To talk over this mat-
er many persons of both religions assembled in
Calcutta. The missionaries of the Mofussil also
spoke to the same effect to the villagers, so that all,
more or less, became larined for their religion and
displeased with the Government, for they thought

the rniss;onaries dared not give such orders with
out the consent of the Government.

"The Government is well aware that the gene
rality of the inhabitants of Hindustan are unedu.

ca ed and extremely higo.ed, and the more educated
they are the more bigoted; they have no books or
literature, and think what their fathers did before
them must be the best, for instance, they wear the
same clothes, of the same pattern as th,ir ancestors
did before them, and imagine that if they put on a
coat or trousers of an English cut it indicates a
Christian ; they think any thing new or anything
they don't understand must be meant, in some way
or other, to affect 'heir religion.
" From this foolishness on their part all the late
anarchy arid ruin have come to pass.

"In 1856 the British Government annexed the
kindona of Ou ie. At the time of annexation it was
the talk of the whole of Hindostan that the British.
Government had promised the ruler of Oude (I be-
lieve there was a treaty to the same effect) thakthe
kingdom of Oude should never be taken by the
English, because in former times the Kings of Oude
had rendered valuable assistance to the British Go-
vernme n t.

" When the Government of India issued the pro-
clamation of the annexation throughout Oude, the
King of Oude also issued a proclamation that on no
account should any of his subjects resist the British
authorities, and that when the British troops en-
tered his territory all assistance in the shape of pro-,
visions should be afforded. The airdars of Oude and
the army of the King ob3yed his order. The people
of Hindostan likewise said, The country of Oude
belongs to the King, and, whether he has done well
or ill as regards his own Government, he has not
iejured or broken faith with tie English in any
way P • if.tOe British Government dethrones a king
who has ever been so faithful to them, what inde-
pendent Nawab or Rajah is sate 1' For the above-
mentioned reasons every sirdat who had anything
to lose began to fear and suspect the Mitts!) Go-
vernment; but they felt that they were helples;4,
having no army with which to resist, and so they
remained quiet, waiting for a favourable opportu-
nity to rise. _

The feeling of the people of Oude became
known to me in the following manner :—I was pro-
ceeding to join the Sikh regiment Captain Rat tray
was raising in the Punjab, and arrived at Cawn-
pore on the 14th March, 1856. On that day the
Nawab of Oude also reached Cawnpore on the way
to Calcu'ta. I remained at Cawnpore six day,
and had frequent interviews with the King's
vakeels, courtiers, and servants. No one but his
own people ever saw the King. The principal
people of Cawnpore, and many of the native officers
and sepoys from the regitneut stationed at Cawn-
pore, had interviews with the vake-ls and servants
of the King. They were all of opinion that the
Government had acted unjustly in annexing the
or untry of Oude, and they all sympathiz?.d with the
King and his sirdars.

"The vakeel, or minister, of the Bithoor chief
(the Nana Sat2ib, who is so well known for his
perfidy and cruelty) was present, and said how
displeased and angry his master was with the
Briiish for annexing Oude.
"The serai iu which I had taken up my tempo-
rary abode became so full with the King's people
and their visitors that I was con4elled to leave it.
I went and lived with Shaik R4heem, a subadar
in the 2d Compa.ny of the Ist Native,lnfantry.
learnt from this officer that the sepiirs of his regi-
ment were all indignant at the King of Oude being
dispossessed of his kingdom, and talked among
themselves as to the little fai'h that could be placed
in the English after their treatment of the King,
who, Isim4elf and his progenitors, had been so
faithful to them. A few days after this I proceeded
and joined my new corps at Lahore, and returned
with it to Bengal.
" On the march down I heard that the Native
Infantry Regiments at Barrackpore were beginning
to show symptoms of mutiny, so f om time to time
I learnt all I could of their pr ceeiings, which I
daly reported to the comm xndiug officer of my
regiment.

1' I have no hesitation in asserting that the re-
bellion first commenced in C.lcuttl, when the
King of Oude was Either a prisoner or under sut-
veillance.

" The reason for the mutiny breaking out at
atwupore is this, as stated above. Tile King f
Uncle reached Cawnpore in Dec. 1856, and stayed
there 12 or 15 &Lys, and the inhabitants of t-awnpore
and the sepoys had many oppoz tunitie 4 of planning
mutiny and rebellion. The anuexatioU of Oude,
iu addition to their imaginary grievances„ caused
a universal disaffection throughout the army, and
ft om ttnAttinxe ittletei4oined trporr-mutiuying.-
" When the country of the Punjab was taken by
the British a general order was issued that in every
lino regiment 200 Siklis and Punjauee Mahoinedans
were to be entertained.

" Many commanding officers enlisted the required
number, some 150. When the Sikhs and Mahom-
inedans came for enlismeet the commanding offi-
cers promised that they would never interfere with
their hair and beards ; or this stipulaton the Pun-
jabee Mahemedans in particular took service will-
ingly. Some years afterwards a general order was
issued by General Anson, the late command-r in-
chief, directing the Mahomedens to cut their beards
after a prescrined fashion. On this order being
understood the Punjahees petitioned their respec-
tive commanding officers, saying, ‘..When wo en-
listed we were promised that our beards should not
be cut, and we cannot and will not cut them.'
" This was reported by the commanding offic-?rs
to the Commander-iu-Chief, but his Excellency
would not listen to them, but directed that the
order should he carried our, and that those who re-
saaernddyst otp,s,tiuuneb
imaebdi
swteoeporoker t,
to h
ebri
ra
rather
h er
discharge
tdismissedin thhaae
vn se; rtvwi iecenei
rt.
be
to their homes. These men, on the road,
bitterly complained how the commanding officers
had broken faith situ them, and said there was
no dependence to be placed up al the English,
—they say one thing and do another. The Hind os-
Lance sepoys were also much displeased with this
beard. cutting order and with the way that the Pun-
jabees had been treated. Several good men, who
took their discharge on account of this order, re-
enlisted in this regiment, and I have often heard
them talking about this order, and how they had
lost so many years' service.
" In Sept., 1856, a general order was issued, to
the eXect that a'l recruits hereafter enlist must
swear that they would go wl.,arever Veeir services
were required. When the old sepoys heard of
this order they were much frightened and displeased.
Up to this day those men who went to Affghanis-
tan have not been readmitted to their caste ; how
are we to know where the English may not force us
to go ? They will be ordering us neat to go to Lon-
don.' As I have said above, any new order issued
by Government is looked upon with much suspicion
by the native army, and is much canvass.id in every
regiment.
" Lately the British Government desired to in-
troduce the English rifle into the ranks of the native
army for this simple reason—the rifle can throw a
bell with accuracy some 900 yards, and conse-
quently is much superior to the musket. It was of
course given by the Government, with a view to
save tue sepoys' lives in action, but the natives of
this country are such ignorant, bigOted fo is that
they never will believe anything is intended for
their good. Three depots were appointed for the
purpose of teaching the new rifle exercise ; one
was stationed at Dum-Dam, one at Umbilla, and
one at Sealkote ; one Naik and four sepoys, one
European officer, one native officer, and one havil-
dar, were to be sent to learn the use of the new
rifle. When these men were learning a Kalassie from

Fort William went to the sepoys who were on duty
at the fort, and told them that the cartridges of the
new rifle were made up with the fat of cows and
pigs, and that if they bit these cartridges they
would loss all caste. On hearing this great sus-
picion seized their hearts ; the Brahmins especially
objected to touch these cartridges, but were told
tbat the Government wo ild force them. When
they saw the cartridges thy If we touch
these cartridges we shill lose caste ; so hew can we
put our teeth i❑ thew?' About this time the men at

Dum-Dum wrote letters to all the regim ,nts in the
service. From reading these letters the ash .le army
wen-, induced to believe the time was come when
the Government intended to force them all to Chris-
tianity. All this was told me by the regiments at
Dinapore.
" From this imperfect relation of facts the Go-
vernment will perceive that fot the last 16 years
the sepoys have been becoming more and more mu-
tinous. The different orders, as above described,
v,z., the rcvssing together in gaol, the remarks and
proclamations of missionaries, the annexai ion of
Oude, the swearing in of recruits to go wherever
t hey were ordered, and the arrival of the new rifle
set the whole country and army mad. The chief-
tains and sirdars kept constantly telling the sepoys
that it was better to die than to give up their reli-
gion. For this reason alone the 19th N.I. at Be-
rhampore muinied, and when this regiment wa!3
ordered down to Calcutta to be disbanded they gatv:
lout wherever they went that they were mares'