The Sun.
London, England, 1867-09-10 00:00:00

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SCHOOL OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, &C.
Admiralty 26th July, 1867.
The LORDS COMMISSIONERS Admiralty, 26th
hereby give notice that the arrangements for the ADMIS-
SION of PERSONS, not already in the Government ser-
vice, to the Royal School of Naval Architecture and Marine
Engineering, as Admiralty Pupils, will, for the present
year, be as follows :
Candidates must not be less than 18 nor more than 21
years of age, and must have served at least two years in
private shipbuilding or engineering establishments, or
must give satisfactory proof that they have in some way
been so connected with shipbuilding or engineering opera-
tions as to become well-grounded in the elementary prin-
ciples and practices thereof.
The pupils will be selected by competitive examination,
the subjects for which, and numbers of marks assigned
for each, are as follows : Marks.
Pure Mathematics, including—Arithmetic, mensu-
ration, geometry (plane and descriptive), plane
trigonometry, and the elements of the differential
and integral calculus 2500
Applied Mathematics, including mechanics and
hydrostatics
Practical Shipbuilding, including laying-off (for
shipwright's candidates only) 2,500
Practical Marino Engineering (for engineer candi-
dates only)
Elements of Physics and Chymistry 750
English Grammar and Composition 750
Geography and History
No candidate will be admitted who does not obtain at
least two-thirds of the full number of marks in the two
first-named subjects, and three-fifths of the full number,
either for practical shipbuilding or marine engineering.
The last four subjects, although counting in the com-
petition, will not be considered obligatory.
The candidates who mirybe selected will be treated,
while attached to the school, in all respects as the Admi-
ralty pupils ; they will receive wages the same as dock-
yard apprentices, commencing at Is. 6d. per day for six
days per week for the first year, and increasing yearly 3d.
per day till it reaches 2s. per day; and in addition a sub-
sistence allowance of 3s. per day for seven days per week
while away from their homes, either at the school or inthe
Do
S ckyards.
ix months of each year, viz., from November till May,
will be devoted to study at the School, and the remaining
six months to active work and the acquirement of practical
knowledge in the dockyards.
It is to be understood that the Admiralty make no en-
gagement to employ these pupils after the completion of
their course of study ; and they must rely on their own
worth as educated naval architects for obtaining employ-
ment in their subsequent career. The number of such
pupils to be selected this year is ono shipwright and one
engineer. Persons desirous of competing must forward
their names, with a certificate of birth, and of the grounds
on which they consider themselves practically qualified,
enclosing proper certificates to that effect, to the Secretary
of the Admiralty not later than the Ist of September.
The candidates should also state whether they wish to
be examined as engineers or shipwrights.
The examination will take place on the 23d September
and three following days.
By command of their Lordships,
lIENRY GORDON LENNOX,

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Hyam & Co.'s Spring Suits
Ilyam & Co.'s Spring Jackets
Hyam & Co.'s Spring Frock Coats 3os. to 70s.
Ilyam & Co.'s Spring Vests 6s. to 14s.
Hyam & Co.'s Spring Trousers l4s. to 255.

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Boys' Eaton, Harrow, and Rugby Suits 255. to 425.
Boys' Jackets for School and Home 9s. to 21s.

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*** in, Duke-street, Liverpool.

THE MANCHES7ER TRADES UNION
INQUIRY.

MANCHESTER, Sept. 9.
FIFTH DAY.

The proceedings opened at 11 o'clock.
Mr. Commissioner Pickering said he wished to
give notice that the Commission had possession of
the Brickmakers' Society's box, and unless the keys
were produced on Wednesday it would be broken
open.
George Harrop, inspector of police, at Droylsden,
said he was on duty on the 28th of June, in 1862,
and on duty with him was Constable William
Jump at Smalishaw. Saw eight men going towards
the Oldham-road. They had sticks and staves, and
some had masks on. It was 2 o'clock, and a dull
morning. Before they came up they left the foot-
path and walked in single file. Asked the last but
one what was the meaning of it. Told the man if
he had done nothing wrong he need not be afraid.
He called out " Now, men," and witness got hold
of him by the collar. They then collected together.
Saw Burke, who said something ho did not under-
stand. Burke had a pistol and discharged it,
catching witness over the right eye, and knocked
his staff out of his hand. Two more shots were
fired, one over his head and the other over his
shoulder. Jump appeared to be engaged with the
others. Witness had a struggle with three of them.
He dropped one of the men and hit another, and
hearing a discharge of firearms went towards Jump.
Ho went to him and found him crouched down
under the stile. He was shot in the breast. Sent
for a doctor, and when the doctor came he was
dead. Six men were taken, and Ward and Burke
were committed at Liverpool Summer Assizes, con-
victed, and sentenced to penal servitude. Hipwell,
Barlow, Ryan, and Toule were acquitted. Two of
the pen, Dawson and Gregory, could not bo met

publichouse. Don't remember that there was a
president, but there was a treasurer. Clifford's not
employing union men was mentioned at the meetings,
but could not say how long. It was not long before
action was taken, he heard John Ward mention it.
Henson and others were there. They met in a hat

shop. He was a district man, but Clifford's yard
was not in his district. John Ward and John Hen-
son summoned him to the meeting at the hat shop.

They and he were employed to warn people. Ward
and Danson and Ilenson were present. It was at 10
o'clock on the night of the attack they met. He did
not know what they were to receive, but should sup-

pose about £5 or £6. Never received anything.
Might have engaged in a job of this sort without
without stipulating what they should receive, trust-
ing that the usual rate would be paid. Never re-
ceived as much as £5 for himself or on behalf of

others. They separated after agreeing where to
meet. Near the Old Church John Henson and him-

self had some gin on their way. He carried a stick
and Henson a pistol. Thomas Barlow carried a
stick. They were good serviceable sticks. Burke
had a pistol, and Ward had one. Those who car-
ried pistols had sticks also. Got to Clifford's yard
about 12 on the 28th of June. There was a police-

man at the kiln and two or three men with him,

There were in the company Michael Burke, Thomas
Barlow, Robert Ryan, Joln Tonle, John Henson,
Gregory, and himself. The policeman and others
at the kiln could not see them owing to the kiln fire
and the darkness. They trampled on the bricks and
destroyed about 18,000. In coming home we met
with two policemen. Witness engaged with Har-
rop and threw a larg boulder stone at him. War d
or llenson were to have paid him, but he did not

get his. In November, 1861, an outrage took place
at the house of John Tetlow, a master brickmaker
at Ashton, who bad offended by employing non-

Union men—Renshaw, Barlow, Ward, Ryan, Scho

field, and himself. Witness got a pound himself for
that job. They met before going in the waggon-
road out of Charles-town to agree upon it. lien son
warned him to come to the meeting, which was at a
publichouse he could not remember the name of.
That was the night they made the attack. It was
the 6th of November, 1861. They were to bottle
him. Witness had a bottle given him. They used
gill bottles. The bottle contained naphtha and
blasting powder, but could not say as to whether
they had slugs in them. They had fusees. They
reached Tetlow's about midnight. He saw one
bottle go through the windows of the bedroom
Felton was supposed to be sleeping in. Four
were thrown. He threw in his bottle through
a window down stairs. Two. of the combus-
tible bottles were thrown at the bedrooms. He
heard one explode in the bedroom, or two. One
man had a dark lantern, and the fusee was lit, and
the bottle was then thrown. Did not know if
Tetlow's bricks had been destroyed since. Knew of
an outrage in November, 1861, at Newton Wood,
in consequence of employing non-union men.
Henson, and John Ward and himself, and Thomas
Barlow and Charles Barlow, Robert Ryan, and
Burke and John Toule were employed for that,
They met at Guide Bridge, and agreed to go and
destroy the bricks. They had only sticks that
night. Could not remember how many bricks were
destroyed, but there was a good many. Could not
remember what he was paid, but they all shared
alike. Remembered the case at Dukinfield in 1865
at Blocksey's place. Himself and Thomas Barlow,
Michael Burke, John Henson, and others to the
number of eight, went there. Some of the men
might have pistols in their pockets. They knocked
down the walls and spoilt all the bricks they could.
Was paid for that, and supposed the Union found
the combustibles. Remembered Smithurst's case at
the Guide Bridge. All the men who went were
Union men. They were mostly the same men, and
they destroyed as many bricks as they could. They
were paid according to what they spoilt. Remem-
bered the case of Shepley at Hyde. John Ward
and himself watched with John Henson outside the
stable. John Ward took a razor, and he and
Thomas Barlow went in. They had settled they
should hamstring the horses. They came out and
said they had done the job—hamstrung the two
horses. Saw the razor, but could not say as to
seeing the blood. They had £lO for it, or £2 10s.
each. The razor was thrown into the canal. Had
heard of John Rogers being shot at, but was work-
ing at Oldham at the time. Thomas Barlow told
him he was one who did it. It was not Rogers, but
Mr. Rogers' watchman who was shot at. Believed
Mr. Rogers was a brickmaker, but did not know of
his quarrel. Did not know, but had heard of
Sutcliffe's horse being hamstrung. Thomas Barlow
told him he and Ward were drinking at a public-
house, and if Ward did he must have done it while
he
a gallon of beer. Knew
of and heard of the attack
(CBhaarrll oo ws )B
waswi o
s fetching
place,
there, but was then at Oldham_
By Mr. Chance—Did not doubt but there were
ar
slugs in the bottles thrown into Tetlow's house.
Did not know what they were for. They might be
to frighten, but he had no doubt they would hurt if
they hit any one.
John Tonle, by Mr. Bastow—Clifford's property
was injured three times before Jumps' murder, and
twice since. Application was made to his men to
go into the Union. The first time 15,000 or 16,000
bricks were destroyed. In October everything on
the premises was burnt. There were planks, bar-
rows, a new shed which had just been built, boards,
and shovels burnt. The damage amounted to about
£4O. A bottle of naphtha was afterwards found on
the premises. There must have been eight or ten
men employed to do it. It was done at six o'clock
in the evening. There were no bricks on the pre-
mises then to spoil. They must have been many
men engaged, because they had to carry the planks
a good way to the place where they collected them
for burning. A reward was offered, but the men
were not detected. There was another attack
before Jump's murder. He thought it was in the
summer of 1862, when 15,000 or 16,000 bricks
were destroyed. The value mould be about £5. No
one was apprehended. There had been two at-
tacks on the same premises since the murder, but
witness could not give any details.
At this stage of the inquiry,
DU, W. P. Roberts said he had an application to

well, Charles Barlow, and himself were there. They
met together in Old-street in Ashton to go. He
carried nothing with him that night. Spoilt all the
bricks and did all the damage they could. Henson
paid him £1 for it. The offence was not employing
Union men. Remembered the attack on Bloxley
in 1861 at at Dukinfield. Ward, Burke, Ryan,

Toule, Hipwell, and Henson were there. Received
255. for that. Remembered the attack on Smet-
hurst's yard. There were six at that, and received
15s. for it. Remembered the attack on Shepley's,
but was not present. On being cautioned he re-
membered that he was one. Henson, himself,
Ward, and another were the four. He did not go
into the stable. Ward went in and took a razor.

Ward cut the hamstrings of the horses' legs.
Did not see him do that, but heard him say he had

done the job when he came out. Received 50s. for
that from Henson. Thomas Harrison was treasurer
of the club at that time. Had never been in any
attack since Jump's job. Knew Mr. Rogers' brick-
yard. There was a meeting of the union because
he would not employ union men. Two men were
appointed to go to him to see if they could not
arrange-matters. Henson and another went, but
did not get him to comply with their wish. There
was then another meeting, and believed Henson

was president. John Barlow was secretary, and

about 60 men were present. No resolution was come
to at that meeting about Rogers, but something was

said about making him have Union men. No men
were named then, but afterwards himself and Ward,
Henson, Ryan, Charles Barlow, and Jonathan
Acton went to spoil Rogers' bricks. Acton and
Ward had pistols. When they got there a dog
came ont, and both Ward and Acton fired, and
Newton, the watchman, was shot. Received
from Henson for that. There was a meeting of the
Union to talk of this afterwards, but he was not
present. Witness described the attack on Clifford's
property, when they fired the sheds, barrows, and
other property, and said he was there. Had not
seen Acton since Jump's job, and did not know
where he was. Had hearcl that six or eight weeks
ago Acton was working at Crewe.
By Mr. Pickering—They took pistols to defend
themselves with. Did not get money for that, be-
cause Acton made off with his share.

John Barlow, by Mr. Barstow—ls now a master
brickmaker at Droylsden. In 1860, 1861, and
1862, was secretary to the Ashton Bricklayers'
Union at various times. There were a president,
treasurer, secretary, and keyholders, elected quar-
terly ; no council. They were appointed at general
meetings. All important business had to be deter-
mined on by a general meeting. The meetings
would appoint men to wait upon an offending
master, and exhaust every legal means to induce
him to comply. There was then a general meeting,
and of course they knew what had to be done then
was unlawful. About 150 to 300 men attended
these meetings. Remembered the officers Schofield,
Henson, James Bateman, and others, who had held
appointments. There were not many mm who had
the qualifications. The principal causes of collision
between masters and men were respecting wages
and the employment of non-union men. In the
case of finding a master was employing non-union
men, they sent a deputation, and after that if he
did not comply it was understood that another
course was to be adopted. It was not settled who
were to execute these things, but it was left to the
treasurer, secretary, and president to say how much
should be paid. There were generally a number of
men who were ready to execute these affairs. The
money for these outrages was generally entered
before the auditors came as expenses, the auditors
full well understanding what it meant. Only a
small minority expressed a disapproval of these acts,
but of course the majority decided. When horses
were to be destroyed or bricks spoilt, it was
not mentioned in general meetings, but the expen-
diture of money for such purposes was generally
understood among the members. There were usually
four or five cases of this kind to be settled while he
was in office, and he understood it was so now.
Believed he was in office when the two attacks on
Clifford's took place before the murder, but could
not remember if he paid for them, though he had
no doubt they would be paid for. Witness paid for
the defence of the men tried. More than £2OO was
paid. Manchester, Oldham, Wigan, Liverpool,
Sheffield, St. Helen's, and Birkenhead unions all
subscribed for the defence of the men who com-
mitted the murder.
By Mr. Pickering—Waited on the Stockport
Union to get a subscription, and received £lO there.
There was an amalgamated union at that time, and
it was mooted that funds were wanted for this de-
fence, and it was agreed to apply to the different
unions. Harrison and himself received over £2OO
from the various societies for this defence. Shepley
was a non-union master. Did not know whether
he had paid money in Tetlow's case, but it would
be paid. The attack on Barlow's place might be in
1863. Had no reason to believe that was done by
Ashton union men. Remembered a man named
Kirk. Bottles were thrown at his window. Did
not know who did it. It would probably be in Hen-
son's time, because all the money witness paid was
to Henson. Remembered Hobson's case. That was
for paying less wages. Remembered Butterfield's
case, but no money was paid by the Ashton Union
for that. Paid Henson for the Newton-wood case
£l4 or £l5. Some men were working for him on
terms which were unsatisfactory. Witness was 17
years old when he first became secretary, and was
now 25. The books he had when he was in the
society were destroyed. Harrison told him so • He
did not destroy the books himself, and they would
pthr
By Mr. Pickering—ls a member now. Is eobmabinlyutbee-bdeesektrowyeeudlodnbtehperaeudduieteindg. day. Believed
com-
pelled from his position to be one. John Piercy is li
secretary now. Bateman is treasurer. The books
and box will be at the Drovers' Arms. Some leaves
were torn out a short time ago because there was an
entry which it was thought was unfit to be brought
before a court like this. He was there and heard
the tear, though he did not see who tore the leaves.
Smith (secretary), Harrison, Frith, and Smith were
present. The leaves were burnt. This was all the
mutilation he knew of. Did not know if all the
other books were to be found in the box, because
he saw a new cash-book the last time he was at the
club-room.
Tho Court adjourned till Wodue,iday.

second passed through the Hercules target, which is
probably the strongest yet constructed.
It is very necessary in the comparison of different
artillery systems to distinguish between the many
different questions involved. In the present almost
international competition the principal questions are
—lst. Racking v. punching; 2d. Comparative pene-
tration; 3d. Rifled v. smooth bore guns; 4th. The
material of which the national ordnance is to be
made. The difference between gunpowder is hardly
a question, because, though ours is stronger than the
American, we do not claim any advantage in that re-
spect,but rather the contrary, for quick burning pow-
der is too severe on the gun. The name by which the
American powder used in the late experiments is
known to the United States authorities is hardly
settled yet, for there are many gunpowders in their
list, and though the present sample is not the largest
mammoth powder, such as was meant when we were
told that 501 b. of it only equalled in strength 351 b.

of No. 7 cannon powder, neither does it appear to
correspond with the size of grain laid down for this
latter. It is perhaps something between the two,
and its name is still uncertain. " American service
powder" was the name used in contracting for it,

and American service powder it is, of a strength
one-sixth less than English powder for heavy guns,
whatever may be its exact title.
No one at all acquainted with the subject can
deny, in the face of all experiments made through-
out the world, that elongated shot are better calcu-
lated for penetration than round ones, nor did the
Americans deny this when they first produced their
heavy guns. They said that they did not wish to
perforate or punch targets, but to smash them to
pieces or " rack" them. Their ships were protected
with "laminated" armour, by which is meant
armour composed of several one inch plates hid
upon each other and bolted together. This is a kind
of structure easily shattered and even far more vul-
nerable to punching guns than solid plates or a lesser
number of thicker plates. English constructors saw
no difficulty in building ships that could not be
racked by guns of the powers set forth in American
publications, and the result of the late experiments
has proved the truth of the assertion. It was only
at close quarters and with charges of 601 b.—too
much for continued firing, according to their own
authorities—that officers were allowed to attempt to
penetrate a strong ironclad ship. The contest be-
tween the advocates of racking and punching was
hot, and we were unprepared for the vexation exhi-
bited throughout the United States when it was found
their cast-iron and even our steel shot fired from

their gun failed to penetrate the target. If penetra-
tion and not racking merely be now claimed for their
guns the only points to be assured of are these. Is
the average strength of a 15-inch gun sufficient to
enable their naval and military authorities to au-
thorise the employment of 100 lb. charges, and, if
so, will the projectiles which they use hold together
long enough to get through when they strike Y A
steel shot with 1,500 ft. of velocity will penetrate
the Bin. plate and Warrior backing. A cast-iron
shot may or may not, according to the excellence of
its material. Probably, but not certainly, it will
penetrate. Certainly neither of them will perforate
the Hercules.

It is very instructive to look back a little and see
how short a time has elapsed since the object of
ironclads was supposed to be the keeping out of
shells. Mr. Whitworth's achievement when he fired
a steel shell through the Warrior target rang
through Europe, and now chilled shells with ogival
heads have a power of penetration superior to that
of shot. The 9-inch'gun sends its shells through the
8-inch target, and we know that no round shells
from the 15-inch Rodman have a chance of piercing
it, whatever may be the success of their shot. And
then, be it remembered, this 15-inch gun weighs
seven tons and a quarter more than the English 9-
inch.

Many honest inquirers who are watching the re-
sults of the trials may say—" There is something
very odd about this matter. 'What is the virtue of
the English gun that it can send its lighter projec-
tiles with lighter charges through a target that
resists a far greater expenditure of ammunition on
the part of the American gun ? Is it quite fair not
to use chilled shot or shells which are so cheap and
strong in both cases?" It is fair, and, indeed, it would
be very unfair to the American gun to put chilled
projectiles into it, and estimate its force by their
effect. One chilled, or rather white iron shot, was
fired from it at the 8-inch target, and did least
damage of the three hurled against it on the same
day, as would have been predicted beforehand by
all who understand this not very abstruse question,
while iron projectiles are very brittle, and are of
little use unless they have sharp points, and are
driven point foremost, which can only be done if the
gun is rifled.
The range at 32 deg. elevation and with 1001bs.
charge was 7,680 yards, the initial velocity about
1,538 feet a second ; 1,600 feet a second is a common
velocity for smooth-bores, and much higher speed has
been attained in the wrought-iron guns constructed
some years ago for the navy. The Rodman gun is
probably too short to burn all the powder before the
shot leaves the muzzle, and a further increase of
charge would not give proportionate velocity. Sixty
pounds gives 1,170 feet per second, 100 lb. only in-
creases it to 1,538 feet, quite enough,
however, to
force an entrance into any of our ships at present
afloat if the range is short, and if the gun is fired at
right angles to the side of the ship. The least angle
will affect your round shot more than a pointed one,
because the former will glance, while the latter digs
in its point and then turns at right angles to the
target. This was well shown on Thursday last, when
an 8-inch shell from a converted Palliser gun pierced
the Warrior target at an angle of about 26 degrees,
the weight of the shell being 180Ib., that of the
charge 221 b. We hope that many interesting expe-
riments will yet be made with the American gun,
and we 'sincerely congratulate Major Rodman on
the excellence of his cast-iron, while we still adhere
by preference to our own material, which is still
stronger, especially for rifled guns, because grooves
in a gun cast ou llodnian'a method would vitally

jump, but the little steel piece is soon to do its duty
in actual war, unless wise and peaceful counsels pre-
vail at last in Abyssinia. Steel, while treacherous
in large masses, from the difficulty of casting and
working it equally, is a perfect, though rather ex-
pensive, material for small guns, and has been wisely
chosen for mountain service. The carriage is also
of steel, except the wheels, and nothing could be
simpler than its general construction. It stood the
force of recoil very well generally, though the wheels
suffered a little from the recoil of the piece when
fired at high angles of elevation. This mite of a
gun, which a man might easily carry in his arms,
for it weighs only 1501 b., sent its pretty little 71b.
projectile 2,944 yards, or more than a mile and two-
thirds, with a charge of 6oz. of powder and an ele-
vation of 32 deg. Such long-range work is not,
however, likely to be required of it, but rather shrap-
nel practice at ranges up to 1,000 yards, or less.
At 500, 520, and 540 yards more than half the
bullets in the shrapnel shell struck a target repre-
senting a column of men. With loz. of powder
and the same elevation the projectile ranged 478
yards. The recoil, which was very lively when full
charges were used, was brought under control by
hobbling the carriage, a small rope being fixed from
the point of the trail to one of the wheel spokes.
The so-called 64-pounder gun converted on Pal-
liser's principle proved its value on Thursday by
sending its shells through the Warrior plates, break-
ing once out of three rounds through the skin and
setting the wooden backing on fire. The charge
was 161 b., range 500 yards. The 8-inch converted
gun did even more work at 70 yards' range, and
angle of about 26 deg. to the face of the target.
The first round at 30 deg. angle set the target on
fire, the second at nearly 26 deg. passed through all,
bursting just as it cleared the inner skin. Here are
three instances of the value of rifled guns. Shell fire
either penetrates the target opposed to these compa-
ratively light pieces, or sets the backing in flames.
Let us once more put the state of the case before
our readers. The smooth bored gun, with its service
battering charge, and an expensive steel shot, fails
to damage seriously a target which the rifled gun,
leas than two-thirds the weight of its antagonist,
penetrates with shells of a cheaper material. With
an increased but dangerous charge the smooth bore
will probably penetrate the target with shot, but
never with shell. The rifled gun can be used in broad-
sides, the smoothbore only in turrets. Given the
same weight of rifled gun, the effect will be much
greater. If the material of which the guns are made
be compared, we take the actual results obtained at
Charleston, and fearlessly assert the superior strength
of our ordnance, for the Federal pieces were de-
clared by Gen. Gilmore to be unable to fire 500
rounds with charges of only one-tenth the weight of
the projectile. Our 9-inch rifled guns outlive many
more than 500 rounds with charges of about one-
sixth the shot's or shell's weight. These are not
theories but facts, and if any opposing facts can be
urged in contradiction, they arc at least out of the
bounds of our present experience, and we shall be
glad to hear them.
Such is the comparative power of the two systems
of ordnance. The positive power of the Rodman
with the powder lately fired is as follows :—With
601 b. of powder its power is very low compared with
its weight. With 1001 b. it can penetrate the sides of
any ship afloat in the English navy, and the 8-inch
target at 70 yards, the shot's energy being about 153
tons per inch of circumference. This supposes that
the projectile is of steel. Cast iron may or may not
break up according to its quality. At 700 yards it
would pierce the Warrior, Lord Warden, or Belle-
rophon, but probably not the 8-inch target, certainly
not the Hercules or Monarch now on the stocks. Its
power at 700 yards are much inferior to the 10-inch
rifled gun, with 100 lb. of English powder, at the same
range, the difference being about 56 foot tons per
inch of circumference. At no range whatever would
the American gun, with 100 lb charge, perforate the
side of the Hercules. These calculations are based
upon Capt. Noble's formula (which is in use in
other countries besides England, Prussia for in-
stance ; and upon the known strength of the Eng-
lish targets). To complete the interest of the late
experiments it would be well that the select com-
mittee should try targets on the American system
and one of Krupp's heavy guns.