The Sun.
London, England, 1856-08-13 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EV'ENING; AUGUST 13, 1856:

was not till the afternoon that the fact became known that

the eruption had commenced; a rush was then made for
Santa Lucia, the side of Naples from which the mountain

can best be seen, and here the truth became apparent, as
the mountain was blazing from several places. U: on ac

complishinz, the ascent, and after passing the H mitage,
the intense heat betrayed the approach of th burning

element; and, after leaving various cascades o fire, down
which half-melting blocks of lava were dash gat a pace
to overcome all resistance, the current of the eruption was

reached, and resembled a liquid fiery river rushing from the

Rile of tho cone, and apparently fed from an orifice about
half-way up it, which, amid flames of fire, was throwing out
stones to an immense height, accompanied by volumes of

dense san.l e, while all b~loiv was clear, and the lava at
times even assumed a bright phosphoric blue. This was the
most magnificent part of the scene, as the ascent of the
cone did not repay the risk and trouble. During the scene
daylight dawned, and so earnest had been the attention given
to it by the thousands assembled on the mountain that al-
though a perfectly visible eclipse of the moon occurred dur-
ing the time it passed with few exceptions unobserved.

The eruption continued till near the end of the month, and

before its close 11 cones were in active operation, the dis-

charge from which was so great that at one time a total
falling in of the mountain was dreaded. This discharge

almost unaccompanied by the ejection of stones or ashes
was the peculiarity of this eruption.
A paper has also been read in this section by Mr.
VIVIAN, of Torquay, ou " the earliest traces of human
remains in Kent's Cavern, especially flint knives an.'
arrow-heads, beneath the stalagmitic floor." The peculiar
interest of this subject consisted in its being the link be-
tween geology and antiquities, and the certainty afforded
by the condition in which the remains are found of their
relative age, the successive deposits being sealed up in situ
by the droppings of carbonate of lime, which assume the
form of stalagmite. The sources from which the statements
in the paper were obtained were principally the original
manuscript memoir of the late Rev. J. M'Enery, F.G.S.,

which is deplored by Professor Owen, in his Fossil Mans
malia, and by other writers, as lost to scienee, but which
has been recovered by Mr. Vivian and was produced before
the section ; also the report of the sub-committee of the
Torquay Natural Society and his own researches.
We have not space for the interesting statements con-
tained in the paper, or the extracts from the manuscript
which were read, beyond the following brief summary of
Mr. Vivian's conclusions which were mainly in accordance
with those of Mr. M'Enery. The cavern is situated beneath
a hill about a mile fromTorquay and Babbecombe, extend-
ing to a circuit of about 700 yards. It was first occupied
by the bear (ursus spelceus) and extinct hyena, the remains
of which, with the bones of elephants, rhinoceros, deer, &c.,
upon which they preyed, were strewn upon the rocky floor.
By some violent and transitory convulsion a vast amount of
the soil of the surrounding country was injected into the
cavern, carrying with it the bones and burying them in its
inmost recesses. Immediately upon its subsidence the
cavern appears to have been occupied by human inhabi-
tants, whose rude flint instruments are found upon the
mud beneath the stalagmite. A period then succeeded
dining which the cavern was not inhabited until about
half of the floor was deposited, when a streak containing
burnt wood and the bones of the wild boar and badger
was deposited, and again the cave was unoccupied, either
by men or animals, the remaining portion of the stalag•
mite being, both above and below, pare and unstained by
soil or any foreign matter. Above the floor have been
found remains of Celtic, early British, and Roman remains,
together with those of more modern date. Among the in-
scriptions is one of interest as connected with the landing
of William 111. on the opposite side of the bay, " W.
Hodges, of Ireland, 1688."
In the discussion which followed, and in which Sir Henry
Rawlinson, the secretary of the Ethnological Society, and
others took part, the position of the flints beneath the
stalagmite seemed to be admitted, although contrary to the
generally received opinion of the most eminent ge3logists,
thus carrying back the first occupation of Devon to very
high antiquity, but not such as to be at variance with
Scriptural chronology the deposit of stalagmite being
shown to have been much more rapid at those periods when
the cavern was not inhabited by the greater discharge of
carbonic acid gas. Without attempting to affix with any
certainty more than a relative date to these several points,
or forming a scriptural interpretation upon natural pheno:
nine, which, as Bacon remarked, too often produces
merely a false religion and a fantastic philosophy, Mr.
Vivian suggested that there was reason for believing that
the introduction of the mud was occasioned, not by the
comparatively tranquil Mosaic Deluge, which spared the
olive and allowed the ark to float without miraculous in-
tervention, but by the greater convulsion alluded to in the
first chapter of Genesis which destroyed the pre-existing
races of animals—most of those in this cavern being of ex-
tinct species, and prepared the earth for man and his con
temporaries.
The subject was also continued before the geological sec-
tion to-day.
SECTION F.—EcoNomic SCIENCE AND STATISTICS.
W. M. Tartt, M.S.A.—On some statistics bearing upon
relations existing between poverty and crime.
Richard Bearnish, F.R.S.—On the statistics of Chel-
tenham.
Edward Clibborn.—On the tendency of European races
to become extinct in the United States.
R. Thomson Joplin;.—On the mortality among officers
of the British army in the East.
The Rev. C. H. Bromby, M.A.—Suggestions on the
People's Education.
Professor Richard Hussey Walsh.—A deduction from
the statistics of crime for the last ten years.
SECTION G.—MECHANICAL SCIENCE.

Dr. Green.—On a new railway break, invented by M.
Sioco, of Paris.
James Tams)°, C.E.—Report on the measurement of
water by weir boards.
0. Rennie, F.R.S.—.On the devolpment of heat by the
agitation of fluids.
In the evening there was a soirée at the college, which
was attended by nearly 1,000 persons.
The Literary and Philosophical Institution has been
converted into a Geological Museum for specimens of fos-
sils found in this district, and in analogous strata through-
out the country. These are arranged in a series of glass
cases, and form ono of the best collections of local geolo-
gical specimens ever exhibited at any meeting of the Bri-
tish Association. Oa the sides of the room a variety of
well-executed diagrams, illustrative of the geology of the
district, are displayed.
Excursions are proposed t) the following places on
Thursday next :—A geological party to Chartield and its
interesting locality, visiting Tortwith Court, and also to
Chepstow Castle and Winchcomb.

CHELTENHAM, AUG. 11.

The business of the various sections was resumed this
morning at 11 o'clock, the attendance being unusually
good. The following papers were read during the day :
SECTION A.—MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL SCIENCE.
W. Symons—On a new form of cast•iron Galvanic Bat-
tery.

T. Dobson—On the Dalaklava Tempest.
T. Dobson —On the canoes of Great Inundations.
Poole—Observatious with the Aneroid Thermometer
on the shores of the Dead Sea.
Rev. H. Rankin—Meteorological Observations for 1855
at Huggate, Yorkshire.
Captain Woodall—Barometrical and Thermomotrical
Observations at Scarborough.
Dr. Lee—On Negrett's Patent Mercurial Minimum
Thermometer.

Professor Hennessy—On an Instrument for Observing
Vertical Carronts in the Atmosphere.
R. Garner—On a Remarkable Hailstorm in North Staf-

fordshire.

J. Welsh—To Describe a Model of a Self-recording
Anemonif.ter, designed and constructed by Mr. R. Beckley,
of Kew Observatory.
J.. Welsh -Instructions for the Gradation of boiling
point Tberiunnieter.

B. Stewart—lles.:ription of a Thermometer for Measur-
ing Fluctuations of Temperature.

Mr. E. VIVIAN then laid before the section some (elabo-
rate and highly interesting statistim of the meteorology of
Torquay and South Devon contrasted with those of the
ai;orz.ge of England, as given in the Reports of the Regis-
trar-General, to which he is a contributor. The observa-
tions on which they were based extended from 1842 to
1853, but the comparative statement was confined to the
last six years. The following was the general summary :

6 1 6
I bo
•
E, E. Et, A

1,;.?.
~~r

•r

••••...• ......•

Torquay
England

des.
50.3
44.3

deg 1 deg deg.
76 27 i 9.9
183 15 14.5

.9 .71
.7 .8!

He explained the principles upon which the cool summers
and mild winters of South Devon and Cornwall are to be
accounted for—namely, the equable temperature of the sea
with which tho peninsula is surrounded. He had observed
the surface water Of Torbay to be as much as 21 degrees
above the minimum temperature of the air in winter, and
13 degrees below tl,O maximum, in summer. He also ac-
counted for the equable hygrometrical condition of the air
by the same cause—the temperature of the sea being fre-
quently above the dew point in winter and below it in
summer. He reviewed the inaccuracies in several medical
publications, which had raised a prejadice against South
Devon as a summer ref idence as being too relaxing, while
the exact contrary ia shown by these observations. He ex-
hibited a set of his newly invested meteorological instru•
mall the important elements of
en t for
climate
s i,yoh obtaining i ndg daily,
ly,
weekly, or 'monthly observation,
especially self-registeringhvgror JeterAone forthe maximum
and minimum difference of tho -web and dry bulb thermo-
meters, the other for registering -their average difference
during any period of time.
In the discussion which followed 4 Mr. Pritchard related
a striking instance of the injury occasioned in a house of
exotic plants by variations in the degree of humidity of the
air, and expressed a high opinion of the value of the instru
moot for horticultural as w6ll a a meteorological
purposes.
A similar estimate bad been exp reseed by the London Hoz'.

ticultural Society, an " honourable mantion" having been
awaided to it at a recent meeting of the council.

SECTION B —CHEMICAL SCIENCE.
T. Dcarsly—On several new metkols of detecting stryoh-
nia an.l brucia. A new method of cxtrating the alkaloids
from Dux vomica for toxological and manufacturing pur-
poses. Experiments on animals with strychnia, and pro-
bable reasons for the non-finding of strychnia in certain
cases. A new method of instituting post-mortem re-
searches for strychnia.
P. J. Worsley, B.A.—On a new process for making awl
melting steel.

SECTION C— GEOLOGY.
Professor Pogerß, of the -United read a paper on
io Correlation of tue North American and British Pala))-

z9ic Strata.
This paper very ably reviewed the continent of North
America, and proposed a new nomenclature for the rocks.
A discussion of very groat length ensued between Sir R.
T. Murchison and Professor Sedgwick, on the old debated
ground of Siluria and Omnimil,. Professor Phillips, and

others, tonic part in thin discussion.
Professor Rogers, in reply, stated that as a republican
and the disciple of an independent school of Geology, he
wished to emancipate American geology from the tram-

mels of English nomenclAture.
Sir R. J. Murchison read a paper on the Bone Beds of
the Upper Ludlow Rook, and the Base of tho Old Rod
Sandstone ; and Professor Phillips followed with the Re-
port of Cleavage and Foliation of Rocks.

SECTION D.—ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, INCLUDING
PHYSIOLOGY.
Robert Patterson—Reports on Forms for Dredging, and
the Results of Dredging at Belfast.
The Rev. C. P. Miles—Report on the Results of Dredg-
ing on the West Coast of Spotland.
T. Egton—Report ou the Oyster and Oyster Beds of the
British Shores.

The Rev. P. Carpenter—Report on the Molluscs of Cal

fornia.

Sir W. Jardine—Ropott on the Artificial Propagation
of Salmon in the Stormontfield Ponde of Perth.

Professor Gregory—New Form of Diatomacem from the
Clyde.

Robert Darner—On the Pearls of the Conway River,
North Wales, with some Observations on the Natural Pro-
ductions of the Neighbouring Coast.
Professor Goodsir —On the Morphological Constitution
of the skeleton of the Vertebrate Head,
Professor Gooilsir— On the Morphological Constitution
of Limbs.

Dr. Augustus Waller—Experimental Researches on the
Eye.
G. B. Knowles—On the Motions of Oacillatoriass
SECTION B.—GEOGRIPIIT AND ETHNOLOGY.
J. B. Davis, F.S.A.—On the Forms of Anglo-Saxon
Crania.

Professor Buckman, F.G.S., &c. --Notes on some An-
tiquos found at Cirencester, as evidence of the Domestic
Manners of the Romans.

Sir Thomas Phillipps, Bart., M.A., F.R.S., &a.—On the
most aneiont Map of Australia.
Dr. E. K. Kane, N.S.W. (Gold Med.), R.G.S.—Report
on his Expedition up Smith's Sound in search of Sir John

Franklin.
Capt. Irminger, R.D.N.—The Arctic Current around
Greenland.
Dr. Rae, F.R.G.S.—Romarks on the Esqnimaux.
SECTION F.—ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND STATISTICS.
R. G. Latham, M.D.—Statistics of the Albanians.
Louis K. Daa, of Chrietiatia.—On the last Census of
the Laps of Norway.
Professor Richard Hussey Walsh, LL.B.—A Deduction
from the Statistics of Crime for the last Ten Years.
Rev. John Clay.—On the reletinn between Crime, School-
ing, Attendance on Religious Worship, and Beer-houses.
T. Barwick- Lloyd Baker.—Statistics and Suggestions
connected with the Reformation-Of Juvenile Offenders.
R. Thompson Jopling.—On the Mortality among Officers
of the British Army in the East.
A paper was also read by Mr. DANSON on the diversity
of the measures used in the corn-markets of the United
Kingdom, and the consequent waste of labour involved in
a comparison of their current prices. The evil is the same
that caused the appointment of a committee of the House
of Commons in 1833, " to inquire into the present practices
of selling corn in the United Kingdom ;" the report from
which committee recommended a remedy that seems to
have been too complicated for adoption, and so had no
effect. Taking the current circulars of upwards of 20
firms engaged as cornfactors in as many of the principal
corn-markets of the kingdom, Mr. Denson enumerated the
various measures upon which the prices wore quoted, some
having reference to capacity only, some to weight only,
and some to both ; and the weights used varying with
nearly every change of locality. In London the bushel of
wheat and all other grain is determined by the imperial
measure. In Liverpool a bushel of wheat means 701 b.
in Birmingham, 621 b. ; in Gloucester, 601 b. ; and in New
castle-on-Tyne, 631 b. Again, in Birmingham, a bushel o
barley means 191 b. ; in Gloucester, 501 b. ; in Leeds, 52A1b.;
and in Newcastle, 501 b. ; and to extend the field of com-
parison only extends the variety of measures to be dealt
with. The following evils were specified, as resulting from
this want of uniformity in these markets, where, since
the promulgation of the Imperial Measures Act, it is vul-
garly supposed that tolerable uniformity has existed t--
" 1. That in almost all cases in which a seller or buyer
of agricultural produce has occasion to resort to more
than one market he is compelled to deal with more than
one mode of ascertaining the qaantity sold; and that,
while such differences answer no good purpose whatever,
they check the freedom of commercial intercourse, afford
facilities for the commission of fraud, often cause mis.
takes and disputes, and always involve trouble end loss
of time.
" 2. That the quotations by which producers, dealers,
and the public seek to inform themselves of the variations
of the price of the same commodity at the same time in
different parts of the kingdom (in order to their equalisa-
tion by the legitimate action of trade), aro deprived of a
great part of their proper utility, in consequence of the
weights or measures quoted for each locality being very
commonly unintelligible in moat others.
" 3. That the inconveniences thus arising are increased
precisely in proportion as the commercial intercourse of
each locality with every other in the kingdom is promoted,
by the improvement of road and postal communication ;
and hence are now much greater than they were when re-
ported on by the Parliamentary Committee of 1833, and
arc growing greater year by year."
A paper was also read in this section by Mr. W. M.
Tar-TT "On some statistics bearing upon the relations ex-
isting between Poverty and Crime." After alluding to the
frauds committed by those who were in the enjoyment not
merely of competence but of luxury, he contended that al-
though poverty might be a predisposing state it was rarely
an immediate cause of crime till allied with drunkenness
and ignorance. It was proved by prison returns from the
manufacturing districts of Lancashire that crime increased
during periods of prosperity; and diminished (sometimes
even to the extent of 40 per cent) in immediately succeed.
ing periods of adversity ; plenty leading to vicious indul-
gence, while poverty was the severe teacher of economy
and restraint. The same return showed that the greater
proportion of crimes COH:linitted were directly or indirectly
to be traced to drunkenness. At the assizes for Lancaster
in the year ending in March, 1354, out of 380 of the worst
cases, 250 (including murders) were traceable to this vice ;
and, of the male prisoners who came under the notice of
the chaplain of the County House of Correction in 1853
and 1854, 1,088, or 41 per cent., were incapable of read-
ing ; 938, or 36 per cent., were unable to repeat the Lord's
Prayer with any approach to accuracy in the words or
proper compsehonsion of their meaning; and 1,836, or 72
per cent., were unable to understand the import of the
plainest languasee necessary to convey instruction in moral
and religious truth. Similar results were shown by the
returns from other pieces. The remedy was the
greatest difficulty. Something, perhaps, might be accom-
plished by getting rid of the monstrous anomaly of raising
revenue from the vices of the people ; for, whatever may
be shown by tabulated retains, he could not but believe
that the establishment of becrhouses had been the greatest
incentive to crime that was ever sanctioned by legislative
enactment. One of the judges (Mr. Justice Wightman)
had declared' Lis belief that drunkenness would ultimately
he eradicated by moral and religious instruction. Mr.
Tartt hoped, ,however, that, as the vices of the higher
those below thorn, their virtues
classes are unit %tad by
slay also have smite influence, and that the temperance
which has been subelituted fur debasing excesses iu the
one may before long L e witnessed in the others.
A discussion of about en hour followed, in which Mr. M.
D. Hill, Dr. Farr, Mr. Heestiuge, Mr. Barwick Baker, Pro-
fessor Hancock, and Lord a-itanley took part.
SECTION G.-3la QUANIOAL SCIENCE.

H. Bessemer-03, thee manufacture of iron and steel
without fuel.
Mr. Kelly, of Neer Yrrk—Od communication between
the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by the Atrato and Torando
rivers.
R. Methuen, F.R.G.5..-4')a the management of mercan.
tile vessels.
Dr. Greene—On a met boti of uniting iron with iron and
tither metals without weftlit g, invented by M. Slice, of
Paris.
A meeting of the genera/ Co litnittee was held this after-
noon, the President of the asst niation (Professor DaubenY)
in the chair.
The minutes of the last m voting of the general committee
having been road and confi, used, Professor Putuirs pro-
ceeded to read letters front the corporation of Dublin, the
Provost and Fellows of Tri laity College, the loyal, Trial
Academy, and the Geologic al. Statistical, antl Meteorologi-
cal Societies of Dublin, invi ting the British Asaociation to
hold their next meeting in t t;at city. Letters of invitation
for next year ware also read fr,nn the Town Council and
the Sta.tistic,d, Botanical a ad linticultural, Geologists',
Literary and Philosophical, R.val Societies of Man-
chester. He concluded by lat tdiog a letter from the Lite-
rary and Philosophical Soci vof Leeds, inviting the asso•
elation to visit that town in 1 S3B.
The CHAIRMAN intissatka that it was intended by the
University of Oxford to form ..rd an invitation for 1859.
Tho meeting was then add passed by a deputation from
the city of Dublin, consist*
; of the Lord Mayor elect,

Dr. Lloyd, Professor DAll, kr. Perry, Professor Jukes,
and Mr. Hancock.

Mr. HEvvrooD, M.P., on behalf of the city of Manches
ter, did not wish to °p rise any obstacle in the way of the
association visiting Dublin next year. lie had hoped that
they would have bzen able to visit Manchester during the
time of the exhibition of art treasures in that city, but he
thought Dublin had a prior claim on the association, inas-
much as it was 22 years since they visited that place,
while it was only H years since Manchester was honoured
by their presence.
After a few remarks from Mr. M. MILNES, 111-. P. with
respect to the invitation to Leeds,
Sir R. J. MuttetilsoN, moved that the next meeting cf
the British Association be held in Dublin, and the motion
having been seconded by Mr. HEYWOOD, M.P., was car-
ried unanimously.
On the motion of Dr. WHEWELL, seconded by Sir W.
HAMILTON, Dr. Lloyd was elected president for next year.
The vice-presidents cleated for next year were —the
Lori Mayor elect of Dublin, the Provost of Trinity Col-
lege, the Marquis of Kildare, Lord Talbot, the Lord Chief
Baron, Sir W. Hamilton, Mr. E. J. Cooper, and Mr.
Griffiths.
The meeting adjourned at 4 o'clock.

extra. The second to save his stake. Once round. 1
(9 sub;.)
Mr. llickaby's Nettle, by Sweetmeat, 4 yrs, Bst 121 b
(Rick abv) 1
M. E. (7,1,1's Plausible, 4 yrs, 84121 b (Aldcroft) 2
Mr. Ridiey's Preston, 3 yrs, 7st 2lb (Bates) 3
Mr. Fiintoff's Timotheus, aged. 7st 61b ...(G. White) 4
Mr. Crump's Hera, 3 yrs, 64 4lb (Challoner) 5
Mr. Cliff's Buckefoot, 4 .yrs, 7st 1 Olb (r. Cliff) 6
Won by a neck.
The Burough Members' Plate of 60 sovs, for three-
yr-olds and upwards (optional selling weights, &c.), one
mile and a half, was won by Miss Hatch, beating Indian
Qtieen, Ostrogoth's dam filly, and Betsey B.

From the Lon

don Gazette of Last Night.

WHITEHALL, AUG. 1.
The Queen has been pleased to appDint G-donel William
Cartwright and Lieutenant-Colonel John Woodford to be
Inspectors under the "Act to render more effectual the
police iu counties and boroughs in England and Wales."
WHITEHALL, AUG. 11.
Tho Queen has been pleased to give and grant unto the
under-mentioned officers her Majesty's royal licence and
permisaien that they may accept and wear the Military
Order of Savoy, conferred upon them by his Majesty the
King of Sardinia, as a mark of his Majesty's approbation
of their distinguished services before the enemy during

the late war, viz.:—
Lieutenant-General Sir William John. Codrington,
K.C.8., the Grand Cross of the said Order ; and unto
Major-General Sir Harry David Jones, K.C.8.,
Major-General Sir Richard James Dacres, K.C.8..
Major-General Sir Henry William Barnard, K.C.8.,
Major-General Sir R. Airey, K.C. 8., and
Major-General Charles Ash Windham, C. 8., the Cross
of Commander of the First Class of the said Order.
T.he Queen has also been pleased to give and grant unto
the lunder-mentioned officers her Majesty's royal licence and
permission that they may accept and wear the Order of
St. Maurice and St. Lazarus, conferred upon them by his
MajE sty the King of Sardinia, as a mark of his Majesty's
approbation of their distinguished services before the
enem 7 during the late war, viz. :
Lie utenant-General Sir Colin Campbell, G.C.8., the
Grand Cross of the said Order • and unto
Major-Gen. Sir John Lysaght Penuefather, K.. C. B. , and
Colonel Lord William Paulet, C. 8., the Cross of Com-
mandor of the First Class of the said Order ; and to
Colonel the Hon. George Cadogan.
Cohonel Thomas Montague Steele, C. 8.,
Colonel the Hon. Percy Egerton Herbert, C. 8.,
Lie uteuant-Colonel Robert Blane, and
Commissary-General Sir George Maclean, K.C.8., the
Cross of Commander of the Second Class of the said Order;
and to
Depudy Commissary-General William Henry Drake,
C. 8., the Cross of Officer of the said Order.
[This Article is substituted for that which appeared in
the Gazette of Friday last, the Bth inst.]
WAR DEPARTMENT, WHITEHALL-GARDENS,

AuG. 8.
Notice is hereby given that the officers and men in her
Majesty's army, named in the supplement to the London
Gazette of Friday, the Ist inst., as having received her Ma-
jesty's permission to accept and war the insignia of the
several classes of the Legion of Honour, conferred upon
them by his Majesty the Emperor of the French, and who
have :not already received such insignia, are requested to
apply for the same to Henry Elliot, Esq., War Depart-
ment, Pall-mall, between the hours of 12 and 4 o'clock
daily, commencing on Monday next, the 11th inst.
The insignia for such non-commissioned officers and men
as have been nominated to the sth Class of the Order, and
who are now serving with their respective.corps, will be
delivered to the officers commanding those corps, or to such
officers as they may depute to receive them, with a view to
their distribution.
BOARD OF TRADE, WHITEHALL, AUG. 8.
The Right Hon. the Lords of the Committee of Privy
Council for Trade and Plantations have received, through
the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, a copy of a de-
spatch from her Majesty's Ambassador at Paris, contain-
ing a copy of an Imperial Decree opening the Custom-
house of WisSembourg (Bas Rhin), for the importation of
hides, at sf. per 100 kil.; thread, of linen and hemp; ma-
chinery (machines mecaniques), complete or in detached
pieces.
WAR DEPARTMENT, PALL-MALL, Auct. 12.
Royal Regiment of Artillery—Brevet-Colonel John Hill
to be Colonel, vice Clarke, retired upon foil-pay; Brevet-
Colonel Collingwood Dickson, C. 8., from the Supernume-
rary List, to be Lieutenant-Colonel, vice Hill; Second
Captain Edward Taswell to be Captain, vice Rogers, re-
tired on half-pay ; Lieutenant Ferderick Thomas Whin-
yates to be Second Captain, vice Taswell; Lieutenant
J ohu Henry Blackburne to he Second Captain, vice Far-
mer, placed on the Supernumerary List ; Brevet-Major
John Singleton to be Captain, vice Mowbray, retired on
half-pay ; Lieutenant William Noel Waller to be Second
Captain, vice Singleton.
BREVET.—Colonel Robert Clarke, retired full pay of the
Royal Artillery, to be Major-General, the rank to be ho-
norary only.

NOTICES TO MARINERS.
ATLANTIC OCEAN—FRANCE.
Pontaillac Light, River Gironde.
The French Government has given notice that on the
10th July, 1856, a light, alternately red and white (each
colour lasting twenty seconds, without intervening eclipse),
was exhibited from the summit of a wooden tower erected
on the high ground of Pontaillac, situated near the en-
trance and on the north bank of the River Gironde, on
the west coast of France.
The tower is 104 feet high, and the light 177 feet above
the level of water, and should be visible 15 miles in clear
weather. It :stands in latitude 45 deg. 38 min. 10 sec.
N., longitude 1 deg. 3 min. 42 sec. W. of Greenwich.
The north channel leading into the Gironde is lighted '
already by three lights, exclusive of that of Cordouan ;
one on Point de la Coubre, the second on Point de la Fa-
laise, and the third on the tower of Terre Negro.
Sailing Directions.—ln entering the Gironde by the
north channel at night, bring the white fixed light of
Terre Negro on with the red and white light of Pontaillac,
and keep them so until the Point de la Coubre light bears
N.N.E., then alter course immediately, and steer for the
revolving light of Cordouan, until you have brought the
lights on Point de la Falaise and Terre Negro in one.
Steer for and keep these lights in one until Cordouan
Light bears S.S.W., after which alter course to S.E. by S.
[All courses and bearings are magnetic. Var. 20 deg.
45 min. West.]
By command of their Lordships,
JOHN WASHINGTON, Hydrographer.
Eydrographic Office, Admiralty, London, July 21.
This Notice affects the following Admiralty Charts :
Ushant to Finisterre, No. 61; Sables d'Olonne to the Gi-
ronde, No. 71; Gironde to Arcachon, No. 72; French
Lighthouse List, No. 160.

MEDITERRANEAN SEA.
Light on Mount Navidad, Cartagena.
The Spanish Government has given notice that, on the
15th July, 1856, a fixed _light, of the natural colour, was
established on Mount Navidad, on the west side, at the
entrance of the Port of Cartagena, in the province of
Murcia.
The illuminating apparatus is catadioptric, of the fourth
order ; the light is placed at a height of 125 English feet
above the level of the sea, and should be visible 10 miles
in clear weather. It stands in lat 37 deg. 35 min. 30 sec.
N., long. 0 deg. 58 min. 37 sec. west of Greenwich.
Every vessel entering the port of Cartagena by night,
and intending to anchor on its eastern side, near the pow-
der magazine, or near the suburb of Santa Lucia, should
always keep the light in sight slightly open of Navidad
Point, taking care not to lose sight of, so as to pass clear
of the shoal named the Laja, within the harbour.
On the contrary, if the intention is to anchor in the part
of the harbour known by the name of the Espalmador
Grande. the vessel should lose sight of the light, by keep•
ing as close as possible to Navidad Point.
Light on Cape Huertas, Alicante.

Also, that on and aftei the 15th day of August, 1856, a
fixed light, of tho natural colour, will be exhibited on
Cape Iluartas, in the province of Alicante, in lat. 38 deg.
20 min. 30 sec. N., long. 0 deg. 22 min. 37 sec. West of
Greenwich.
The lens is catadioptric, of the fourth order. The light
is placed at a height of 121 feet above the level of the sea,
and should be visible at a distance of 10 miles in clear
weather.

By command of their Lordships,
JOHN WASHINGTON, Hydrographer.
Hydrograpbic Office, Admiralty, London,
25th July, 1856.
These notices affect the following Admiralty charts :
Ne,iiterranean General, No. 2,158 ; Gibraltar to Alicante,
No. 1,186; Alicante to Pal9.lnos, No. 1,187; Cartagena
Plan, No. 1,194; also Mediterranean Lighthouse List,
No. 5 a and 7 a.