The Sun.
London, England, 1851-04-04 00:00:00

THE GREAT EXHIBITION.

We have much pleasure in directing the attention of
our readers to the following account of several ingeni-
ous productions about to be exhibited amidst the other
attractions of the crystal palace. They are the inven-
tion of Mr. William Dyne, an employe of the London
and South Coast Company, at their London station.
Mr. Dyne is, we understand, the first person in the
kingdom who applied gutty percha in the con-
struction of life-boats, rafts, &c., he having taken out a
patent for that purpose in 1847. A highly favourable
opinion of these boats was expressed by Captain Austin,
and but for an accidental delay some of them would have
been taken out by the gallant Captain, on his recent
Expedition in search of Sir John Franklin.

The following description will convey to the reader
some idea of the inventions, and of the extreme inge-
nuity their construction has called forth:-
1. THE ECLIPSE, OR STANDARD LIFE BOAT, posses-
sing the following recommendations, which no other
beat in its present construction can ever attain. It is
economically constructed, possessing in its formation
great strength and durability. It is very buoyant,
frees itself instantly of all water shipped, will keep its
upright position in the heaviest sea, is difficult to be
turned over, and if upset will right itself immediately;
impossible to be injured by hard collision, and is pro-
vided with a couch whereon to lay those suffering from
immersion. It is formed of diagonal battens laid
similar to that of lattice work, and its outer sheathing
is formed of gaits percha; its buoyancy is 350 cubic feet
of air, capable of sustaining upwards of 91 tons. It has
in its bottom 3,600 holes half an inch in diameter to
allow all water shipped to pass off; it has a convexed
bottom, 30 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 18 inches deep,
in which are placed three perforated fins for the pur-
pose of steadying and keeping the boat in an upright
position ; acting when the beat lurches from either
beam similar to a paddle-wheel ; a re-action taking
place through the perforated parts; which will be seen
to multiply its weight of water to four times its amount;
in this convexed part and between the fins is contained
two tons of weight of water, which must be displaced
therefrom before the boat can turn over, but such will
b 3 almost impossible, it being more than half the weight
of the boat; but as a provision against such a lament-
able disaster, she turns over on her quarter sixteen cwt.
of water, which rights her again. It may be remarked
that the two tons and sixteen cwt. of water referred
to is not one ounce weight to the boat when in her up-
right position—thus, it will be seen that Nature is its
servant as also its own master. At the stem and stern,
and on each beam and quarter, is run a bow, to which is
connected galvanized springs which will not corrode,
and will be found of the greatest utility in the event of
collision, which act similar to that of railway buffers;
in fact, at the very glance of the model, will be seen
great strength combined with lightness, and that its
construction is so compact that it gains the admiration
of all that see it. This model is submitted for the ap-
proval of his Grace the Duke of Northumberland for
the prize of a hundred guineas, and bids fair to be the
successful one, Ailing all the qualities his Grace desires.
2. A GUTTA PERCHA LIFE BUOY, for the rescue of
individuals from drowning, or to enable a stranded
vessel to communicate with the shore. It is intended to
be placed at the stern of the ship, so that on an alarm
being given (a man overboard) the person at the helm
can dislodge it instantly, and as it falls into the sea a
fuzee becomes ignited, which burns with a brilliant
light, guiding the sinking man to it; should it occur at
night, four uprights are placed upon it, containing
rockets, blue, and other lights, which ignite on being
drawn out, thus acting as a beacon to the crew.
3. AN EMIGRATION LIFE RAFT, intended for a first
class vessel, of the following dimensions:-20 feet long
by 14 feet wide; it is firmly united by strong bolts, and
is very portable from the mode of its construction, which
allows it to be folded up in the compass of 20 feet long
by 2 feet 6 inches wide. On occasion of shipwreck it is
capable of supporting 100 persons, as well as provisions
for seven days, allowing to each individual two and a
half pounds of food and one pint of water per day, in
addition to which it may be made available for a portion
of the cargo, and can be put in requisition in a few mi-
nutes. It will be found very useful in many cases of en-
gineering, and may be used as pontoons, which they
greatly surpass in buoyancy and portability, being easily
carried by two or three persons, while the others require
a waggon and two horses to convey them from place to
place.
4. A LIFE LAUNCH on an entirely new principle: is
rendered buoyant by inflated cushions placed under the
gunnel, which protects it from injury when coming in
contact with rocks or the sides of a ship, in being
lowered for use. Let it be here remarked that the life
boats now in use are almost invariably crushed and
rendered useless in the event of a wreck, by concussion
against the side of a ship. A boat constructed on this
principle, from 25 to 30 feet is length, contains upwards
of a thousand gallons of air, and would support six
hundred persons, were it possible for so many to attach
themselves to it. The tedious and incessant labour iu
baling, so necessary with all other life-boats is, by this
invention, entirely superseded, being provided with a
false bottom perforated with holes, through which the
water passes off, leaving a dry surface. The boat is
also furnished with a tank of fresh water, and the gun-
nels with lockers, containing water-proof bags of gutta
percha, for the reception of provisions; a water-proof
awning of gutta percha lies rolled up on the gunnel,
which can be raised so as to form a complete protection
from the inclemency of the weather, over which a lamp
or other signal of distress is placed. The cushions may
easily be removed when the vessel is in port, and may
be used as a common boat; it will serve as a paddle-box
boat on board of a steamer, the cushions acting as
fenders in the event of concussion.
5. THE GUTTA PERCHA. EMIGRATION LIFE BOAT is
constructed with ribs moving on pivots, in a line with
the keel, the gunnels folding down in the same direc-
tion; it possesses, therefore, this recommendation, that
fifty of these boats can be packed in the space usually
occupied by five crdinary ones. They will be found of
great utility in emigrant ships, which for want of room
can only take two or three ordinary boats, whereas they
may with no additional inconvenience carry with them
a sufficient number to save the whole of the passengers
and crew. They will be found of great service in over-
land journeys,lighter, and for use on the coast, being stronger,
and less expensive than any now employed.
6. A GUTTA PERCHA LIFE VEST; capable of being
inflated at pleasure, which may be worn under or over
the dress, forming a protection against the weather, when
not required as a life-preserver; this will be shown on a
man in connexion with a horse equipped with buoyant
belts, showing how animals may be made useful in the
event of wreck, by forming e.
vt
ahri
iso ius s apnl
ainterestingbemltosdweli.n.QhTphoesrseeassrethaelssoe pa
communication with the
st
ehno tree d;
va-
luable recommendations over all others, they qir
•no
tying, but are fixed round the body,
and fastenedre
übe3 a
clasp or spring, consequently not a moment islost7in
times of emergency. They also contain receptacles for
money, papers, and small valuables. Also buoyant
boxes, cases, belts, and cushions for ditto, which
can b e
attached to property of any description, without adding
to their bulk; and buoyant camp stools for steamers,
&c.; and two models which will attract some attention'
with the curious in the great building in Hyde-park—a
" Stone Life Boat and Buoy" will be shown floating on
the surface of the water, independent of any buoyant
properties being added thereto; also a newly-invented
article, a " Life Boat Comb," for the safety of boats
when boarding wrecked or distressed vessels in heavy
surfs.—Sussex Advertiser.

REPORT of the TITIIEO
fC
theO ilii l f 1. S
reportSolf Ot
the Tithe
18fi ' O.
Depa , rtment, dated February 24,
i followingsi Tie s tOi is
copy of
Secretary of State
fOoorTmhtnietle
home
1851 :
"Tithe Commission Office, Feb. 24, 1851.
"Sir,—lt is our duty
to report to you the progress of
theel c commutationclose of t the y ear England and Wales to the
thatvoluntary proceedings
.
notices
have commenced in 9,634 tithe u ..
of tithes in.
" We have received notice
ore wag received during the fear 1850.
'i,tricts; of these
" We have received 7,070 agreements, and confirmed
during6'7 86,;9:tfiztenhyoetesieace:swiiiht)a.rovp.ekbienege received and two confirmed
which 213 were issued duringatwhaeryd'es
" We have received 5,529 draughts of compulsory
ahralvsesboe.en issued, of
awards, end confirmed 5,260; of these 173 have been re-
ceived and 218 have been confirmed during
" We have received 11,424 apportionments, and con-
firmed 11,246; and of these 320 have been received aid
353 confirmed during the year 1850. the year 1850.
"inn 12,038 tithe districts, as vitt be seen from the

above statement, the rent charges to be hereafter paid
have been finally established by confirmed agreements or
confirmed awards. _ _ _

" We have in our possession agreements and draughts
aodfdaitwiLrdasl
taitley edtisutrniectosn,fiarnmd v
and make
ilic
lah include 561
whencom-
pleted, of 12,599 districts in which the tithes will have
been commuted.
" 652 altered apportionments were made by the Tithe
Commissioners up to the 31st of December, 1850, of
which 522 were confirmed.
" At that date exchanges of glebe lands were effected
in 358 places, and 39 such exchanges were in progress.
" At the close of 1850 we had confirmed 12,344 dis-
tinct mergers of tithes.
" As the term for which this Commission has been re-
newed is now nearly approached, it becomes evident that
although the great work of commutation is substantially
achieved, there must remain for a time unfinished por-
tions of it, which must be completed before a quieting Act
finally extinguishing all tithe can properly be passed.
" It is also clear that powers connected with tithes and
rent-charges must exist somewhere at the expiration of
the present Tithe Commission. Of these powers some
must be permanent, some temporary.
" Of the work remaining finally to complete the com-
mutations and prepare a quieting Act, it may be found
expedient, to prevent delays, agitation, and expense, to
deal with a part summarily instead of by those regular
processes by which the bulk of the tithes have been com-
muted.

"It may be useful to say a few words on each of these
heads of future arrangements. The powers that must
permanently exist relate—

" 1. To the custody and use of documents and maps,
and a legal power of giving attested copies of them.
"2. To re-apportionments on the division of estates,
and to the separation of gross rent-charges into dis-
tinct portions when the interest in such rent-charges
becomes divided among two or more persons.
" 3. To the creation of extraordinary charges for hops
and market gardens.
" 4. To the redemption of small rent-charges.
" 5. To the setting out and defining glebe where its
position and boundaries are unknown, and to exchanging
ecclesiastical lands and rent-charges.
" G. To authorising mergers where lands and rent-
charges now held separately come into•the same hands.
" The powers which will be necessary only for a time
relate to—

" 1. The sale of tithe barns and buildings.
"2. The taxation of valuer's bills, and the giving of
authority to collect them.
"3. A power of confirming such apportionments as
cannot be got in before the extinction of the present
Commission.

"4. To the completion of cases now litigating in the
superior courts.
" 5. To the applying the powers as to old and imper-
fect agreements for giving land for tithes, created by the
sth and 6th Victoria, c. 54, sec. 7, to the case of a few
enclosure awards, of which the arrangements have not
been legally completed, it Parliament shall be pleased to
extend those powers for that purpose.
" In some cases where the lands and tithes are re-
ported to us to belong to the same person, we find it
impossible to get in mergers; and if we are to map
lands and apf onion rent-charges in such cases,
great agitation would be created, and a vast unnecessary
expense incurred. Perhaps it might be advisable to
merge the tithes by Act of Parliament in such cases,
reserving the rights of all parties interested in the
tithes at the time. In a very few cases, where different
parties have interests in the tithes and in the lands, some
litigation might follow; but in most even of these eases
after full notice, this litigation would proceed from the
neglect of the parties, and be a much less evil than the
compulsory commutation and apportionment of the whole
of such tithes.

" In another class of cases minute rent-charges must be
established, which it will be probably found impossible to
persuade the parties to redeem or apportion voluntarily,
and which will create disproportionate burdens if
they are apportioned compulsorily. For instance,
the township of Gt eat Claybrook, in the county of Lei-
cester, consists of 1,071 acres, and contains 98 houses;
the only tithes remaining to be commuted are the tithes
of pigt., worth 205., and the tithes of a mill, worth ss.
To establish a rent-charge of 255., and to proceed by
map and apportionment to finish the commutation, would
be a harsh and burdensome proceeding.
There are apparently 100 cases of like character in
the north of England, in which it would be impossible to
complete a formal commutation at an expense amounting
to less than 50 to 100 years' purchase of the annual
value of the rent-charge; and of this the expense to the
public would amount to a considerable proportion.
"It is true the landowners might redeem these rent-
charges; but where they are numerous we find it impos-
sible to persuade them to do so.
" In such cases we think the rent-charges might, in
the first instance, be charged on the parish rates.
" It might be made the duty of the parish officers to
call a meeting, and attempt to get the parties to agree
to a voluntary apportionment, to be enrolled in the
parish books; and if such agreement could not be ob-
tained, the overseers might call magistrates to appor-
tion and make a like enrolment, and thus the enor-
mous expense of maps and all the regular processes of
apportionment would be avoided; or it might be pre-
ferable that in cases of such trifling amount the rent-
charge should be compulsorily redeemed.
" The redemption might be fixed at 24 years' purchase
on the sum awarded, and the money might, in the first
instance, be made payable by the overseers and church-
wardens of the parish, who might be directed to make a
rate and levy the amount upon the parties, giving dis-
sentients a right of appeal to the magistrates of the
district,

" These are rather rough measures, though we believe
them to be justifiable.
" What we have next to recommend would, perhaps,
smooth the operation, or, at all events, greatly reduce
the number of cases.

" The final consummation of the commutation must
be an Act declaring tithes to have ceased to exist, and
forbidding courts of justice to entertain claims for
them.

" We do not think this should be hastily done.
" When the Tithe Commission expires, most of its
powers should be maintained in some hands.
"Full notice should be given by Parliament that after
a reasonable period, perhaps three years, all claims to
tithe would be annihilated; and towards the end of that
period the mergers and small rent charges remaining
might, without tenable ground of complaint, be dealt
with in the summary manner we have pointed out.
" There are a few, perhaps not more than one or two,
cases of small acreable moduses, which we are of opinion
should be left as they are, with an option of future re-
demp ticn.
" We have the honour to be, Sir,
" Your very obedient servants,
" WILLIAM BLAMIRE.
"THOMAS WENTWORTH BULLER.

" RICHARD JONES.

" To the Right Hon. Su. G. Grey, Bart., M.P., 8zo."

THE COUNTRY MARKETS.

LOUGHBOROUGH, APRIL 3.—Our market to-day was
raiher thinly attended, and but little business doing. All de-
scriptions of corn made is more money than last week.
DERBY SMITHFIELD MARKET, APRIL I.—The number
of fat beasts to-day was not quite so large from our own and
neighbouring counties; there was a good number of superior
Scotch bullocks of undeniable quality, which reflected great
credit, to the breeders and feeders of such animals, and the de
mand for them was good • the price asked for all kinds of beef
was a shade higher. The supply of sheep was about the ave-
rage, with a good demand. Fat pigs were again plentiful.
The show of fat and store calves was large. Beef, 4lid to sd;
mutton, 6d to 61d ; veal, 4d to 41rd per lb; pigs, 7s to 7a 6d
per score. Rough fat, 3s 6d per stone of 141bs. Hides, lid
to 21d per lb ; calf skins 2d to 4d per lb.
Bonow, APRIL 2.—Wheat, red 24s to 39a Od, white 38s
to 425, extra 4is to 00a ; barley 18s to 24s ; oats 12s to 18s;
beans '24s to 29s ; peas 22s to 26s per quarter.
LYNN, APRIL I.—Wheat 30s to 345, fine 38s 40s to 41s;
barley 193 to 225, fine 23s to 26s per qr.
NEWARK, APRIL 2.—Wheat, old white 46s to 503,- red 44s
to 465, new white 4os to 425, new 38s to 40s ; barley, malting
23s to 265, extra 00s, grinding
.20s to 21s, extra this; oats,
seed 20s to 225, feed 18s to 20s ; beans, 26s to 30s ; tares
38s to 40s ; malt, sls to 56s per qr.
UPPINGHAM, APRIL 2 —Wheat 32s to 40s; barley 2:s to
23s ; oats 15s to 20s ; beans 24s to 27s Od per quarter. Butter
9id to Od per lh ; eggs 26 for Is.
EDINBURGH GRAIN MARKET, APRIL 2.—We had a
fair average supply of grain in the market for the time of year.
Sales were generally dull, particularly barley, which fell Is 8d
on the average. The top of wheat 6d down, and the
average fad down. Barley on the top is up, and the average
Is &I down. Oats on the top Is up, and the average the
same. Beans on the top 6d up, and on the average 2d up.
Unsold-260 qrs wheat, 286 qrs barley, 20 qrs oats, and 14 qrs
beans. The top beans sold for seed.
Top of Wheat 6311 b. 43s Od

Barley ... 57i1b. 32s Od
„ Oats ... ... 45 lb. 24s Od
1, Beans 67ilb. 30s 6d
EDINBURGH CATTLE MARKET, APRIL 2.—The number
of cattle was 759, or 230 more than last week. Top price
of the best cattle, 6s 6d; current, 6s to Os Od; middling
and inferior, from 5s Od to 5s 6d per Dutch stone. A great
many turned out unsold. The number of sheep this morning
was 2,545, or 194 more than last week. Top price of the best
mutton, 6cl per lb ; current, sid to Oil; ewes and inferior
sorts, 4d to 5d per lb.
CORK, APRIL 2.

Barrels. Currency.
9 White wheat ...00s Od to Oos Od 0011 Od-20 stone
5 Red wheat. 17s fid to 00s Od Oos 04-20 do
6 Barley .........12s Od to Oos Od 00s Od-16 do
0 Bere
61 Oats
0 Pigs Oos Od to 00s Od 00s Od per cwt
Quantity sold at the Highest Prices:-
0 barrels white wheat; 0 red ; barley ; 0 here) 1 oats ;
0 pigs.
Quantity of Grain and Number of Pigs sold last week

O
Wheat. 27. Barley, 113. Oats, 1,821. Pigs, 197.
Return of Cattle sold for the week ending March 29
Cows, 111.
Pigs, 632. Sheep, 512.
CORY.— Floor—First us 6d to 12s Od; extra 123
6d;
seconds, lOs Ed to 11, Od; households 9s to 104 Od; thirds, 7s to fis
per cwt. Oatmeal 10a to 1036 d; Indian meal 7s 3d to 7s 6d; wheat-
meal, 9s 6d to 10s per cwt. Indian corn 71 Os to 717 s 6d per
ton. Bran 80a to 87s 6d per ton. Hay—Farmers 303 to 423; average
365; dealers 48s to 00s Od; average 46s per ton. Stz aw— Fume: a
22s Od to 33% Od; average 288.; dealers 34. Od to 484 Od;
average 00s Od per ton. Bread—Wheaten loaf bid to 6d ;
household loaf 4id to 5d per 41b. Fresh butter, 10d to
12d per lb. Eggs --3 s 10d to 4s Od per hundred. Craig--
Newport 14s Od; Lydney 15a; Landore 14s; Neath Culp),
13s Gd per ton. Tallow 37s Od to 38a per cwt.
Whisky, 25 o. p., 5s 9d per imperial gallon. Meat
—Beef 4id to 6d; mutton 5d to 7d; veal 4d to
5d ; pork 4d to Od ; bacon 7d to 8d ; sausages 5d per lb.
Hops 6110 s to 0/ Os per cwt. Bangor slates 312. 6d to 315 s per
ton. Bark—Barbary 71 03 to 8/ Os; Valonia 151 to 01; French
6/ Os ; Spanish 0/ per ton. Fleece Wool 14s to 15s per stone.
Hemp 321 to 34/ per ton. Fish—Scotch herrings 191 to 008 ; red
ditto, 26s to 00s per barrel ; Newfoundland, 1115 s to 00/ per
ton. Timber—Memel, 80s per ton; red pine, 3/ 10s ;
white 8d to 10d; Minions,
; ealfyeskllionw
ditto, 2/ 15s per ton; deals, 12s to 15s per 100. Hides—
Market 243 to 343; salted 253 to 34s per owt
31Ld
ttoo pGeroalob.o—
PPeortuavtoianes,,
per ton. Tar.-9rehangel, 19a per barrel.