The Sun.
London, England, 1856-05-15 00:00:00

LONDO.ST, TE.WASDAY _EVENING, MAY 15, 1856.

O, I 9„94:3.)

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Just publishQ, in 3 vols.,

MODERN SOCIETY in ROME.
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Translated from the German of Dr. PICICFOI4).
" Dr. Picktoro is known to English readers by his trient practo
,al contributions to German medical literature. This As the firstime, he informs es, that he has addressed himself to till noe-medi
3i/ reader. We trust this may not be the last, if he shaltsteteat an}
other equally flagrant evil which it may be in his p Aver to der.
rest."—l ondon Medical Gazette. " The tribe of Quiet Synvathisers,
Sad 'Medical Friends,' aro mercilessly exposed; and if this boo}
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ie saved much needless suffering of body and mind, and What is o'
o,:a, importance, though it is that which the quacks in o4„prize-
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aleat upon a more rational and physiological basis. It is, therefore
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London: H. Balliere, 2113, Itegont-street.

STATE OF _EGYPT.

( Front the 7intes' Corresponde4t.)
ALEXANDRIA, MAY G.
The Peninsular and Oriental Company's stean.-s
Indus and Vectis leave this day with the 80m1.4
and Calcutta mails, which arrived at Suez—the'
former on the Ist, the latter on the 3d of this
month.

The transit through Egypt continues to be con-
ducted in a very unsatisfactory manner, and
no pains are taken t-) . improve it. Toblieries of
cargo and passebgers' luggage still occur, and
by the last mail two boxes of specie and one of mer-
chandise were again allowed to be abstracted while
passing through the country.
the Overland mail of the 10th of April was
brought from London to Alexandria, a distance of
2,2130 miles, in eight days ; and it took the Transit
Administration four days to convey the same mail
from Alexandria to Suez, a distance of only 220
miles; 133 of which are crossed by rail, so that the
India steamers, which had been waiting since the
17th, mold not leave Suez before the 22d of the
17410).re the construction of the railway, when the
nriiatis 4t the disposal of the then directors of the
transit were very limited, and when the water in
-she Canal ants. in the Nile, by its variations in
height, F •esented great obstacles to regular traffic,
threedl7io, Tore considered ample for the communi-
cation between Alexandria and Suez ; and this
J-0 ;,,d, was_ s-szldom exceeded ; and now that the
rad wty between Alexandria and Cairo offers such
treat facilities the transit always takes more than
•t;
t lree days between the arrival of the steamers at
one end and their departure at the other end of
}'c-
.pt, and. it 'is sometimes (as last month) four
e Southampton passengers of the 21st of April
:Ived . bore in the Indus at daylight yesterday,
' d wing, and notice was sent to them by the trait-
-4tl' director's, as also to the passengers who had
a j.ked by.the Vectis the day before, that they
w:- dd start by train at 12 o'clock. t was a hot
bing day, with a strong southerly or Khamseen
w, id blowing, of a peculiarly painful and oppres-
si--.. rtakyre to the passengers; and although they
w- at the station at the appointed time the train
di. not start dntil three hours " and a-half after-

ie claim of El Harnee
,s Pasha, is still going
,emanded of Said Pasha
.hich .the present Vice-
;t, from the precedent
e to pay to himself a
ion of his inheritance.
Inc or two other Consuls
Pasha, attend at the
on the justice of the
lry difficult to enter into
.he.eislittle doubt that
must be that a sum of
lee Pasha, and that in
me nature will be at-

E,fypt that, after pay-
.?..sary_,expenses of the
the Sultan, the excess
vale property, and that
fur the benefit of the
,nals, &c., ought to be
heir of the preceding
continue to be at all
far to impoverish the
,ctoal Viceroy to hoard
own private benefit,
About public improve-
bered that the inheri-
direct line, but to the
If the family, so that it
others, nephews, and
he comes into power,
State will pass into
very generally, as is
he has no sympathy.
,t disadvantages; but,
leritance were made iu
a- were a minor, the
i great confusion and
y.
~01 _.oe, would become of
gypt if raid Pasha were to die just now and the
reins of government pass into the hands of his
s9P._Tfilo is u9ttr.Pe years
Said Pasta, who protects his private soldiers in
every way and wishes to attach them to his person
announced a few days ago that he gave leave to the
-my to spend the present month
Ith of fasting, in their own
that-his Highness expected
'enerally avail themselves of
,hem, but that they would ex-
:t to him by remaining with
he was much disappointed at
:displayed to get a way as fast
even to the means of trying
.ain to 'themselves, for which
dbacler,an punished. Said
s _ find hisinistake in granting
Aogiers, for they evince
•dinatiot*asd will give Min

It the following is a translation
several Consuls General by
Ign. Affairs of Egypt :
new bank under the title of the

, given rise to diverse interpreta-
-140 interests by its very title,l have
loopy the order to communicate to
d abject to exaqtly the same condi-
akreidy existing banks ; that, like the
aitilidependent of the Egyptian Go-
the mind of his Highness, there
in ey question of granting to it soy
k ); ich would have constituted in
etenbdeebyn t reati es. ''
thoroughly
t eaPi
x:l7.
thhdlwtia
fabesi
again
Alexandria been let intoand
' ii - erly done the bed of
The work, by all
the N4iitiehwe i—.ll' be unin't'''''..°l4s
accounts has been ye '
the wind ii now on a leirel, ,-th the bed of the river,
which will insure a regular a p- ply of water all the
year round f and, though
,ltlhyedistributed
• e any thousand people
; gt
heelmu
a
•
t laboured
n
awnedrefaassatlyrual4. twd.
ir,ttihoenewdOarkm :
heartily a., ..smpleted it ' s in a very short
and 'very little mortality h occurred! time,
SaiePaptis. is at present=++ the Nile. Trade is very
dull, hut the canal being .', :na good deal of pro.
deco may bkexpeoted froml4se interior, which will
give employment to the sh ising in part.
Exchange' on London, ~ « .)! I
piastres per pound
sterling. - .
Syria is in, a very unsati ° tory state and the
k
whole country—seems qui ' d I
rea y for a general
rising against the authority Ale Sultan.
The Sllltateis decree of the : th of
February gives
general Idissatisfaction, for • . 0 bigoted Matiom-
/pedant+ ;will pot allow t s `. s e Christians should
be put qs Ike same footing .
,; , .
„sieves ; and
the Christians are displeased ! 'cause they feel that
the Aftibommedans will .., :r consider them as
their eoalBl and they wo i. ; rather pay an addi-
tional tax than be made to • e in the army.
A great outrage has been Y.tutnitted at Marash,
near
eppo. An Englisk agent, named Guer-
mano, gaged in purchasi . animals for English
accoun „
having had a diffe nee with some of the
n,.. , 1 47 es , Ile was shot in his o a house, which was
art'eiwards set on fire, alid` ilia wife and two
children wege burnt to death.
Tbe,riotoie•at Nablous have become alarmed for
the cvnikiiya ces of their late outrages, and it is
' t,
uncle4to t.:tt the Pasha of .I.e.rusalem and the
Conakfs are d:M", It.,;;; TneentTothle 1.1). plinishment
L,61t1:40 ringlapts4 Mr. Lyde'a share of the' mat-
Vir `is being investigated by the Turkish authori.
Veit ; but it is.the general opinion that the English
Consul has aided improperly in not r.:..using the
trial to take place within his own jriCi,diction.
The Christiati pilgrimage to the Jordan, and the
opposition Mahonimedan pilgrimage to Nebby
Ilifooseh took p • ce without disturbance. The num-
ber. of -1 , , ' his year fie.k been considerably
largerlb. .`for ..eky years past'. •
The infamcins imposture of tile Holy Fire was
exhibited in the church of th Holy S,Tulehre
on Saturday, the 25th of April, with the usual
scenes of profanity, superstition, and fanaticism.
The church was filled by a Mixed multitude of
Greeks, Armenians, and a few Mohammedans,
while in the galleries were a good many Euro-
peans, Some of the people were rushing about in
troops, shouting, singing, dancing, raising men
on their shoulders and carrying them round the
church, and working themselves up to a high
pitch of excitement. One man walked round the
sepulchre with another on his shoulders, and a
boy above him. One man would go before a num-
ber of others clapping his hands and singing, his
followers answering iu chorus. When the Pasha
arrived his soldiers were formed so as to keep a
clear space for the procession round the sepulchre,
and the people gathered in two dense masses round
the holes in the wall from which the fire was to
*lke, the Greeks on one side and the Armenians
' on the other. - The Greek bishop then made his
appearance, and with seven banners before him

marched three thaws round the Sepulchre, after
which, having divested himself of his cap and outer
robes, •he entered the sepulchre. The excitement
of the masses round the holes now increased to
frenzy ' • in the midst of great shouting the fire was
handed out, and the flames spread from torch tq
torch amid a general roar of fanaticism. The
Greeks and Armenians began to quarrel ; very
soon there was a gentn•al melee; and the church re-
sounded with the blows of sticks, crashing of lamps,
and tearing of pictures. The Alahomineclan sol-
diers Were called upon to interfere, and in half an
hour their bayonets succeeded in •. raring the
church, the pavement of which was rowed'
with broken glass and oil from the lamps. • ticp.4
had transfixed toe fine pidture of the.RdSV
over the en'aance of the tomb.

7LT INDIA COMPANY.

D DALHOUSIE'S PENSION.
A sßecial general court of the East India Company wps
held yaelertlay for the purpose of laying before the 'p6-
prietors, for their approbatioa, a resolution of the Court of
Directors, passed on the 25th of April, granting to the
garqtris of Dalhousie, K.T., late Governor-Generel
ladia, a retiring. pensiste or annuity of 5,090/. pbr annum,
There were sixty or more of the proprietors present.
Lieut.-Colonel SYSEs, the chairman, explained to them,
after the report of the Court of Directors ha _I been read,
that it was proposed.to grant this pension in grateful testi-
eriony of the services-of one of the ablest men who hail ever
administered the government of the British empire in India.
Notwithstanding the various changes which bad been of
late years effected, the East India Company stiltpossessed
the power, subject to the control of the Board orCommis-
sioners, of rewarding the zeal and the merits of heir own
servants. lie referred to numerous instances, fro; Lord
Clive to Lord Hardirge, in which tfita power 14d been ex-
ercised by the company ; and he thenleroceedsild to state,
following the report of the directors, the -4-bunds upon
which Lord Dalhousie had a claim to their gratitude.
During his administration the British territo4bati been
greatly extended on the western and on the east Aides of
our old possessions, as well as in Central Ie he Pan-
jaub of ancient renown had been the scone tab mili-
tary glaiesewhich outshone those bf former conquerors--
the occasion of their acquisition being the revolt Or Moolraj,
and subsequently of the Sikh army, after the forbeatenc4
which they had experienced from Lord Hardinge. The
conquest of Pegu, also, had increased our resources, whilst
it had diminished the means of aggression posse'sied- by-a
power which always sought to use them ta our detriment.'
The kingdom of Nagpore, which was wrenched from
the declining Mogul empire by the Mahrattas,
hurl fallen to us, by the ex_ timatiop of the family
of its princes. ,In that case, as in the ca,se of the
Punjaub, great forbearance had previously beep shown
by the British Governnient, the conduct of the Rajah, in
the Mahratta war of 1817, having caused the forfeiture of
his dominions, to whiqh, nevertheless, his family was after-
wards restored. The kingdom of Oude, likewise, had been
recently brought under British rule, relieving it from that
long-continued oppression which hail outraged humanity,
and had been a disgrace to theguarantae of the British Go-
vernment, under which it existed. Former governors
general had repeatedly given a Solemn warning to the
rulers of Oude, but,it was Lord Dalhousie who carried out
the dictates of a just and sound policy by effecting that
transfer of the authority.' Whieh had been acceptable not
only to the people, but to the chiefs, and which had caused
not one drop of bloodshed, but had been made with a gene-
ral acquiescence. The financial results of these acquisi-
tions of territory, together with those of Setters and
Borer, were very satisfactory. Tho Punjaub yielded a re-
venue of 1,500,0001. ; Pepe, in this very year, would yield
270,0001.; Nagpore, with the tribute which it formerly
paid, gave '410,000/. ; and Oade, even at present,
yielded 1,450,0001. ; these sums, with the revenue derived
from Setters; the cession from Elydorabad, and ottoSr
sources, made up a total of 4,330,0001. per annum. But if
the genius of LordDalhoasie bad been conspicuous in con-
ducting wars, and in the augmentation of the empire, it
hail been so, not less, is consolidating the internal govern-
ment, in establishing Ipmeficial institutions, and in pro-
moting social improvement and agricultural or commercial
prosperity. Scene of his most eminent labours might here
briefly be mentioned. Works of irrigation, to preserve
the people frOm the disasters of drought, early engaged
I his attention. The Ganges Canal, the greatest work
of that kind aver yet seen, was projected before he
assumed the government of India, and 170,0901. had then
already been expended on it ; but so important did he
consider it, that, although encumbered with wars, which
'caused a heavy drain on the finances, he devoted a mil-
lion and a. quarter sterling to that object, and on the Bth
of April, 1854, he had the happiness of seeing the opening
of that prodigious work, which, when its branches .weye
finished, would extend above 930 miles, and irrigate an
area of 1,470,000 ems. Another groat work of ,the same
kind was now in progress in the Punjaub ; it would be
navigable, and would extend, with its branches, 461 miles.
There were also canals, for the purposes of irrigation, in
Scinde and other provinces, constructed under Lord Dal-
housie's auspices, and other works, of civil or military uti
lity, roads, bridges, gaols, barracks, and public buildings.
An idea of the vast extent of theirs undertakings might be
formed by looking at the public works budget. The outlay
upon them in the year 1853-4 —was as much as 2,520,00 G/.
sterling ; and in the year 1851.5 it was no less than
2,991,5CXX.1 the-budget for the present year would be
2,471,8211., the total outlay in the last three years
would be 8,907,0501. No other government upon earth
had done so much in this period to advance the pre•
gross and welfare of the country. Ibis total would:ouch
exceedthat of all the deficits of the revenue during Lord Dal
housie's administration ; and under these circumstances no
well wisher to the prosperity of India would regret that
those deficits had been created. To carry out theee'great
works systematically and under proper supervision,. Lord
Dalhousie had originated and established a distinct depart-
ment of publio works in each presidency, as well as giving
them his own earnest attention. The electric telegraph was
commenced at Calcutta in Nov., 1353, and by the energy
of Dr. O'Shaughnessy, it was enabled on the 21th of March
following to carry a message to Agra, a distance of 800
miles ; and by the Ist Feb., 1855, the three presidencies
of India were brought into telegraphic communication
With each other, over a space of 3,050 miles ; and now the
'lines were in working order over nearly 4,090 miles. The
railways of India, though constructed by private capital,
°yet) much to Lord Dalhousie, who was the author of a
ceUiprebenkive plan for a system of Indian railways ; and
to his hearty co-operation the railways were indebted for
the facilities of getting land and for the encouragement
which had been afforded to them. Lord Dalhousie had
also reformed the Indian post-office, and given the people
of that country the same great boon of a penny postage
over immense distances which we enjoyed in England,
and arrangements had been made by him with the Eng-
lish Post-office by, which the postage of a letter from Bog-
land to India, or from India to this country, was reduced
to 6d. This was not the least of the social advantages
derived from his administration. The gross revenue of
India had risen during the term of his government from
twenty-six millions sterling to about thirty millions in
the present yeas'. He found a large annual defici
ency in 1847.8 and in 1848-9, but in the four succeeding
years he had p surplus, until, in 1853.4, began those mag-
nificent improvements, and the construction of those great
publio works, which became a surplus charge. But the
net amount of the deficiencies of revenue during bis admi-
nistration was 6,105,1171., whereas it should be remem-
bered, as above stated, that the total expenditure for pub.
lie works in the same period was 8,907,3811. It was evi-
dent, therefore, that the ordinary revenues of the Indian
empire were more than sufficient to cover the ordinary
charges, and only failed when the extraordinary public
works system began. Amongst the financial operations of
Lord Dalhousie should not be omitted his conversion of
the 5 per cent. debt into a 4 per cent. debt, by which ho
had saved above 300,000/. per annum to the state. To
improve the moral and intellectual condition of the people
had been an object of his earnest and continual care.
He had established departments of public instruc
Lion in all the presidencies. and promoted .#ho—esta-
blishment of schools, both English and vernacular, of
eelleges for general science and literature, medical science,
and practical engineering. The formation of museums,
art societies, and lending libraries, had engaged his liberal
benevolence. It might bs mentioned that, on the death of
the late Mr. Beeton, a member of the Legislative Council,
who had established a school at Calcutta for the education
of girls, Lord Dalhousie took that school under his care,
supported it at his own private expense, till the depart-
ment of public instruction was createl, to which it was
handed over. It would be difficult to enumerate all the
multitude of various objects in which the vigorous ant
active mind of Lord Dalhousie had been employed. The
natural production of India, cotton, tea, iroq,
forests, agricultural improvement, seaports, naviret'Attief
rivers, inland communications, the suppression of suttee,
thuggee, infanticide, and human sacrifices, the improv
ment of the condition of native and European soldiers,
the care of cadets, the preservation of the ancient monu-
ments of India, dispensaries, vaccination, silk, merino,
sheep—in short, nothing appeared to have been too great 4
or too minute for the grasp of his beneficent intelligenoe."
Perhaps it might be objected that the extension of
territory, the increase of revenue and oven the im-
provement of the internal administration, did not necessa-
rily involve the welfare of the people, and thatif they were
oppressed by undue taxation they might still be in a lan-
guishing condition. The trade and shipping returns would
afford some indications of what was the fact. For many
years past the industry of the prodacers iu India had been
so active that the balance of trade in favour of India had
gone on increasing from, year to year. In the five years
from 1819.50 t0'1853-4; that balance of trade in favour of
India amounted altogether to 40 millions sterling, and last
year alone it was above 8 millions. In consequence of Eu-
ropean manufactures being little suited to the tastes and
wants of the natives of India, it had 1?oen found neces,ary
to liquidate that balance of trade by remittances of bullion;
and in the last 20 years about 64 millions sterling ire silver
had been senteto India, of which about 50 millions sterling
never left the country again. Nearly 43 millions sterling
of silver had been'taken to the whets in India by private
individuals, not by the Government, and converted into
rupees, and Government had recoined a large amount of old
rupees, so that silver to the amount of 56neillipneesterling,
had beerput into circulation.. The shipping and naviga-
tion returns of India showed that the number of ships had
increased from 3,933 in 1843.6 to 5,815 in 1:52 3, and the

' --
silt I' of the SINAITi° INSCRIPTION;-against the Incorrect wa:,,,is.
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By the Rev. CHARLES FORSTER, R.D., Author of" The PitOta,, son of the late Abbas
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H. Lamb. .
. 1 archy. ,!,What,for install(
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greater part of his am
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ha-. r .. issued two the
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