The Sun.
London, England, 1856-09-12 00:00:00

CRUEL PERSECUTION AT FLORENCE.

The following particulars of a new persecution in
Florence will be read with melancholy interest.
The sufferer is the widow of a Protestant, named
Berretti, who had been enabled to witness to the
last a blessed testimony to the faith of Jesus :

Berretti's last words were full of faith and rej
breathing encouragement to his poor wife, who truly
❑eeded all the support that could be given her, and to be
lad to take hold on the help that cannot fail us; for,
scarcely was the breath out of her husband's body, when
her sore tria!s from without began.
First she hada visitfrom the priest, Burra ti (the one to
whom poor Cecchetti's imprisonment was mainly awing),
who demanded bow she had let her husband die with-
out the last sacraments of the Church. She replied
that "he bad long confessed his sins to God, and re-
ceived pardon for then through the blood of Jesus, and
that, as he had a good hope that the anointing of the
Holy Spirit had been vouchsafed to him, he felt in need
of no other consolation." At this the priest fell to
abusing her most furiously ; "vestro marito e dannat• e
soi carets dannata con lui ;" and so, after much threat.
ening and noise, he wrote out a formal repudiation
of the body, as that of a heretic, and refused burial
in consecrated ground. He then assured her that if
she persisted in her heresy she would be despised by
everybody, to which she replied, " Nu one was despised
as Jesus was, and it was too much honour for her to be in
anywise like her Lord." And as he persisted in heaping
abuse on her and asking questions, the soul of the new
made widow grew weary and bitter within her, awl she
said, " Senti, Signor Priore, I have seen my husband
die in that bed by inches, and almost every week we
have been tempted to renounce our faith, for the sake
of those comforts which might have softened his suffer-
ing, and prolonged his life. By the help of God wo have
been kept faithful hitherto, and now that he is gone yeu
have no longer the power to tempt me. I have drui,k
the cup of misery to the dregs ; nothing you can make
me suffer can equal the bitterness of his death ; that is
past, and I warn you not to waste time and words in
trying to influence me new." "We shall see that,"
growled the priest, and left her for the time. She had
then to go with the paper he had left to the tribunal,
where new insults awaited her. "What did she mean to
do with the cadavereebannater Did she expect help from
the police when the Church refused to take it in ? It
would just be left where it was, and she ;night lay her
account to infection for herself and her children." By
this course they sought to terrify her, as you know
they universally desire here to bury their dead at once
out of their sight. But God seems to have given woe-
derful strength to the weak, broken•hearted widow.
She told them they could do their pleasure. Her dear
husband had been precious to her living, and was
precious to her dead. She had, by God's mercy,
two rooms ; she and her children would retire to one,
and the corpse would remain in the other, till they
chose to permit of its being taken away. They knew
much bettor than she did, if at that season there would be
pericolo for the neighbourhood. Seeing that nothing
could be made of her, they let her go, and at night a
cart was sent (the cholera cart the crowd said it was), a
number of gene d'armes surrounding the house, and the
poor despised body of the servant of Jesus was carried
off to a little enclosure, at the opposite side of the road
from the great burial ground on the Strada di Bologna,
reser% ed for criminals, unbaptised infants, and any others
dying without the passport of the Church.
We saw the place two days after—desolate, uncared for,
and rank with frowsy vegetation, and thought of the
precious dust united even then to the Lord, and of the
glorious uprising when the trumpet shall sound, and the
beauty of his God shall shine forth unclouded in that
despised one
Such was the first day of a poor Florentine Chris-
tian's widowhood. And now I have troubled you with
all this, because the next step has been to threaten the
poor thing with the loss of her children, three in num-
ber, the eldest about seven, the youngest still an infant.
I hear they propose taking them from her, and putting
them into the Assilo Infantile, to bring them up as good
Catholics. As yet, only the priest, her own mother,
and a rich aunt, are engaged in this worthy attempt,
and with them the poor thing has a hope of successful
resistance, if only the government does not interfere, in
which case it would be hopeless, and the women, spurred
on by Burratti, are doing all they can to get the Dale-
gaelone to take it up.

Last week Sir B. Hall, Chief Commissioner of Public
Works, visited Glasgow, Perth, and St. Andrews, ac-
companied by Mr. Matheson, for the purpose of inspect-
ing t!is various public buildings, under the charge of the
Board of Works.
[ADvEurisioniNT.J—Britiah College of ,Health, New-
road, London.—Morison's Vegetable Universal Medi-
cine is the only medicine that strikes at the root of all
diseases- This has been proved by an experience of
thirty years, during which time upwards of 400,000 cases
of cure have been effected. The Hygeian agents through-
out the world ara unanimous upon the Hygeian system
of medicine introduced by James Morison, the Hygeist,
who not only taught the public how to cure their own
ailments, but also rescued the world from the dangers of
false medical doctrines. The monument lately raised to
his memory by a penny subscription sufficiently attests
the importauoe of his disooverieo.

CENSUS Oil
.1-_RELAND FOR 1851.

The Commissioners appointed to take an ac;;:"lat of
the population of irelatA under the provision of the 13th

. .
and 14th Victoria, chap: 44, Hasid pisertted their g 27) rc+l
and contiudinB cot On tile of /01 to his
I.'Acelleney the Lord Lieutenant. The report is prefaced by

a sketch of the measures taken by the Commissioners to
accpmplish the task aSsiOtioid td 4s-hedi; The enunnerwion,
Nvhith -4,itS conducted by the otlicei3 ot the C•cyllst;qml.ry

force, assisted by the Coastguard, was performed with
entire success, and without the necessity of resorting in

a single instance to the compulsory powers given by the
statute for obtaining the required information.
Tne Commissioners then submit a resume of the qcinz

tents of their previous reports, the first of which was A
comparative "abstract of the census of Ireland for the
years 1341 and 1851," showing by provinces, counties,

and towns the number of houses, families, and persons et
each of those periods. They next issued Part I. of their
publications, comprising the to wnlancl census, which
was followed by Part 11., setting forth the
agricultural statistics for 1851 and 1852 ; Part
being a report on the status of disease) Part IV.,

a report on ages and education ; and, Part V.,
report on tables of deaths, comical phenomena, &c.
Having arrived at the concluding portion of their la-
bours the commissioners then proceed :
"The present volume of our publications (Part VI.) has
reference to the area of the country, its population, habita-
tions, and house accommodation, its families and their pur-
suits; also the occupations and degrees of education of the
people. These are given for each parish in rural and civic
districts by baronies and counties. The inmates of public
institutions, their pursuits, and degrees of education are
also given ; while separate tables at the end of each county
show the several classes of houses and house accommoda-

tion, the condition of the people as to marriage, the Irish-
speaking population by ages, and the occupations of the
people.
" The territorial divisions of the country first claim ob-
servation. We have used the same boundaries as those
given in the census report of 1841; these are provinces,
counties, baronies, parishes, and towns.
" The boundaries taken for the counties, baronies, and
parishes are those marked on the maps of the Ordnance
survey ; the municipal boundaries have been adopted for
cities and corporate towns, except in the case of Belfast,
which had extended itself much beyond the municipal
boundary in 1811, and was then, as well as now, considered
of so much importance that separate tables were compiled
for it, showing the population both within and without
the municipal boundary. As regards the extent of towns
not having their boundaries legally defined, the same
area has been used as was assigned to them in 1811.
For those towns which appear for the first time in the
tables, we have had areas computed from the Ordnance
maps, of which tracings have been kept for reference. The
word town,' in the tables„ has been used to denote a col-
lection of 20 houses and upwards, as in the census of 1841.
We have also observed the distinction of 'rural' and civic'
districts then used, the latter including all towns having
2,000 inhabitants and upwards, exclusive of workhouses."
Then follows table 1, showing the proportion in every
100 acres of the total area of Ireland under arable and
uncultivated land, plantation, towns, and water, con
tained in each county in 1851.
Summing up the results of this table the report states:
" It appears that, of the four provinces, Munster contains
the largest proportion (20.15 per cent.) of the entire surface
of Ireland; next in extent is Ulster, which covers 26'31
per cent.; Leinster is third in order, containing 23.43 per
cent.; Connaught is the smallest, including 21.11 per cent.
of the whole area, while at the same time it has the least
proportion of arable and the greatest of cultivated land;
it has also—with the exception of Ulster, which it nearly
equals—the largest properetion of water. Munster has the
largest comparative extent of plantations, the ratio being
—Munster, 34; Leinster, 33'28; Ulster, 19'22; and Con-

naught, 13'40 acres in every 100 of the total number of
acres of plantations in Ireland. Leinster has a very small
surface covered with water, compared with the other pro-
vinces ; the proportions to every 100 acres of the entire area
being—Ulster, 34-0 j ; Connaught, 33.72 ; Munster, 23.98;
and Leinster, only 8'24 ; the last-mentioned not containing
any large lakes, or loughs, similar to the other three. Thus,
Ulster is remarkable for Loughs Neagh and Erne ; Con-
naught for Loughs Corrib and Mark, and also for nanny
smaller lakes amid its wild and beautiful mountain scenery;
Munster, for the celebrated lakes of Killarney, Lough Derg,
the river Shannon, and other lakes and rivers of lesser
size and note. Of the proportion under towns, the largest
amount falls to Leinster, which contains 41'04 per cent.
of the total area under the civic districts, Munster has
31.23 ; Ulster, 19.34 ; and Connaught, only 8.3'1 per
cent. Of the total arable land in the several counties
Cork has the greatest proportion-9.36 per cent. ; and
Louth, the least-I'l4 per cent. ; these counties respec-
tively being also the largest and smallest in Ireland.
The counties which contain the highest relative amount of
their extent uncultivated are—Mayo, 12.95 percent.; Gal-
way, 11.67; Kerry, 10.43 ; Donegal, 9.38 ; and Cork, 8.1.4
per cent.; these five counties containing together 52.57 per
cent., or more than one-half of the total area of uncul-
tivated land in Ireland. The counties having the least pro-
portion of uncultivated land are—Dublin, 0.31 per cent.;
Carlow, 0.38; Monaghan, 0.42 per cent.; and Meath, 0.49
per cent.; making together but 1.61 per cent. of the entire
waste land in the country. Cork contains 10.57 per cent.
of the plantations of Ireland; Tipperary, 7.27; Waterford,
6.46 ; Galway, 6.31; and Wicklow, 5.81 per cent.; Car.
low, Longford, Leitrim, Armagh, Louth, Monaghan, and
Londonderry, taken together, have only 9.30 per cent. of
their surface under plantations. The area stated as being
under towns includes those only which have 2,000 inhabi-
tants and upwards.
" The counties of Dublin, Down, Cork, and Galway 0' ill
tain the largest proportion under towns in their respective
provinces ; Leitrim is the only county in Ireland which has
not a town containing 2,000 inhabitants; this was also the
case in 1811. Of the whole area covered by water, the
largest proportion, 14'26 per cent. is found in the county
of Galway ; Clare has more than one-tenth (10'70 per cent.)
of the entire surface with water ; Mayo, 9'03 per cent. ;
and Antrim, 8'44 per cent. ; the other counties vary from
?'4l per cent., in Fermanagh, to 'O6 per cent. in Dublin
and Queen's counties."
Table 2 gives the proportion per cent. of the total area
of each county and province, under cultivation or other-
wise, in 1851, compiled from the report on agricultural
statistics.
Table 3 gives the number of acres in each province,
under cultivation or otherwise, in 1841 and 1851 ; also
the same reduced to proportions per cent , from which
it appears,

" On comparing the division of the surface of Ireland in
1811 with 1851, that in 1811 there was 6P7 per cent. of
the entire area occupied by arable land, and in 1851 71'1
per cent. ; there has thus been an increase of the arable
land of 6.1 per cont. This speaks favourably for the indus-
try of the people, notwithstanding the great diminution
of the population between the two periods. We should
here state that in 1811 the areas of the arable and uncul-
tivated land, of the towns and the water, were computed
from the maps of the Ordnance survey ; in 1851 they were
taken from the agricultural statistics for that year. It is
very difficult to ascertain the exact surface under unculti-
vated or unprofitable land in a country, especially whore
there are large tracts of mountains which, though linen-
closed, are used for grazing, but, which, to the ordinary
observer, appear as unreclaimed and of little value. These
figures, however, being the results of actual observation
and inquiries by the constabulary enumerators, who year
by year traverse the country to obtain the information,
may be considered as a near approach to accuracy and
when it is considered that the same enumerators do not
collect the agricultural statistics in the same locality each
year, being liable to transfer from one district to another,
the returns bear testimony to the satisfactory manner in
which the constabulary have performed their duty.
"The decrease in the proportion of uncultivated land
gives some criterion of the extent of the reclamation of
waste surface since 1841, and it is very grati-
fying to observe the progress made in the conversion of
waste into arable land, more especially in some of the
mountainous districts of the country. Thus in 1841 Done-
gal, Kerry, 'Mayo, Galway, and Wicklow had the largest
proportion of uncultivated land to the entire area of each.
In 18,1 this proportion, though still high, was consider-
ably reduced, Donegal having had 21.9 per cent. ; Kerry,
17.0 per cent. ; Mayo, 10.9 per cent. ; Galway, 7.8 per
cent. ; and Wicklow, 10.7 per cent. of their area converted
from waste into profitable surface during the previous 10
years.

"The entire area under plantations would appear to
have decreased by 0.33 per cent. between 1811 and 1851.
The only counties which show an increase in the extent
under plantations are Clare, Kerry, and Leitrim, and
this increase is very small.
" The number of the rural population to the square mile
of arable land, also to the square mile of the entire area in
1841 and 1851, is given by counties in Table 4. The altera-
tions in the total area of the counties between 1841. and
1851, as given in this table, have been caused by some of
the towns which were included in the rural districts in
1841, having been placed in the civic in 1851, and by towns
which wete civic in 1851 having been included in the rural
districts in 1841, owing to the changes in the number of
inhabitants of such towns above or below 2,000.
" All towns having 2,000 inhabitants and upwards, ex-
clusive of workhouses and other public institutions, are
omitted from the foregoing table. Considering the diminu
tion in the number to the square mile, the increase in the
extent of arable land of 2,091'06 square miles between 1841
and 1851 affords a cheering prospect for the permanent em-
ployment of the labouring classes, and the steady progress
of agriculture in Ireland.
" We now beg to call attention to the extraordinary de-
crease in the rural population, which resulted from the
famine and emigration of 1815 and following years. In the
whole of Ireland there has been a general diminution of
the rural population of 53 persons to the square mile of
the entire area ; and of 104 to the square mile of arable
land. The decrease in the province of Connaught was so
high as 60 persons to the square mile of the entire area,
'and 145 to the square mile of arable land ; in Munster the
decrease was, to the entire area, 57 persons, and to the
arable land 114, to the square mile. Ulster decreased at
the rate of 48 to the square mile of the total area, and 126
to the square mile of arable land ; and the province of
Leinster decreased by 45 persons for every square mile of
its general area, and by 56 for the square mile of arable
land. In some of the counties the proportionate decrease is
very high, partly caused by the increase in arable land, but
principally by the diminution in the numbers of the people.
Thus the rural population of the county Donegal warless by
241 to the square mile in 1851 than in 1811, while, according
to the returns received the extent of arable land increased
from 614-36 square miles in 1841, to 1,083'28 square miles
in 1851. In Mayo the rural population diminished from 475
to the square mile in 1841, to 255 in 1851; while the arable
land increased by 235.41 square miles. In Kerry the po-
pulation decreased from 416 to 216, or 200 to the square
mile of arable land, the arable land having increased by
315'39 square miles. The counties which show a decrease
in the rural population of less than 50 persons to the square
mile were Kildare, 32 ; Wexford, 36 ; and Meath 44. The
counties which show a decrease of 50, and under 100, in
this particular, were Louth, 50; Kilkenny, 51 : West-
meath, 53; King's and Waterford, each 59; Down, 60;
Antrim, 71; Dublin, 76 ; Roscommon, 77; Queen's, 78 ;
Carlow, 79 ; Tipperary, 81 ; Armagh, 94; and Wicklow,
96. The remaining counties varied in the rate of decrease
in the rural population from 104 to 241 persons to the
square mile of arable laud.
" The number of the entire population to the square
mile in 1841 and 1851 is given by counties in Table 5.
Both the civic and rural population are included in the
computations. Of the entire area of Ireland there has
been a decrease of 49 persons to every square mile.
" All the counties have decreased in population except
Dublin, which shows an increase of 91 persona to tho square
mile. Of the provinces, Connaught showed the largest de-
crease, having diminished by 60 persons to the square mile •
The decreased numbers for the other provinces are—Mun-
ster, 57; Ulster, 44 • and Leinster 39 perbowl to
a the Kure

mile. The greatest diminution in the numbers to the
square mile appears to have taken place in the counties of
Monaghan, 117; Cavan, 93; lieecorninon, 8t; Longford,
78 ; Sligo, 73 ; Cork, 71 ; Armagh, 70 ; and Leitrim, 70.
The least diminution was in the county of Antrim, which
7 to the square mile between 1841 and 1851 ; Done-
lost bu,,L
Antrim in this respect ; it lost 22 persons
gal ranks next Antrim
Wexford 24 • Kildare, 29; Kerry,
to the square mile ; "
each; Londonderry, 37; and
:0 •; Poem and Wicklow, .
eounties exhibit decreases
Weeeeeeeette, 42. The remaining ,
ranging frond 45 is6') for every squarj
visions of the
" Having referred to the territorial u.
eatentry, and compared the member of inhebitanie to the
ticiti-te wile in 1841 and 1831, we now present Table 6,
showing' the eettial number of inhabitants in the country
in 1841 and 1861, distinguishing the rural from the
civic
districts, and exhibiting the rate per cent. of increase) or
decrease of population between these periods. In our Re-
port en Ages and Education (Part IV.) we have already
published tables giving the ages of the people, classified by
countiete bane:dee, and large towns, and have alluded
generally to tile :4,13603 which led to the great diminution
of the Irish pepulatioe' betweee 1841 and 1851, of which
emigration continues to dinejnish still further, even to the
present time,
" The movements of a population in times of calamity
aro governed by a natural law. If plagues exists in the
towns, the inhabitants, to escape its ravages, fly tothe
country; if famine visits the country, to supply their wants
the rural population flock to the towns (the large mt.° of
increase in 1801 in the cities and large towns may be thus,
in some degree, accounted for) ; and, if both famine and
pestilence come upon the land, then emigration is the only
way of Maps) which presents itself.
The numerical decrease of the inhabitants between
1841 and 1851 atliolinted to 1,622,739, or 19'85 per cent. ;
but this, being merely the difference between the number
of the people in 1811 and 1851, without makinc any allow.
ante for natural and ordinary increase of population, con-
veys but very inadequately the effect of the visitation of
famine and pestilence, With wl2lch it pleased an all-we
Providence to visit Ireland. We may, however, so farms
the means at our disposal will perteit, estimate the num-
ber which it rnlcht reasonably be epectecl would have
been living in this country if the extrao:dinary number of
deaths and emigration had not lessened th., population in
such an unusual degree.
" Unfortunately, Ireland has not eeet been favoured by
the Legislature with a general measure tot theregistration
of the births, marriages, and deaths of its people, and is, in
this respect, an exceptional portion of the United Xingdoin.
We cannot, therefore, state the annual average number
of births and deaths to the population ; and, in the absence
of such a registration, we conceive Nye can find no better
data for our computations than the averages of the births
and deaths which have been regularly registered in Eng-
land and Wales since 1837.
" In the able reports of Mr. Graham, the Registrar-Ge-
neral, these averages are carried on from year to year ; and
in the latest of them, the 16th, we find that the births end
deaths registered for a period of 15 years in all England
and Wales have been at the annual rate of one birth to
every 31, and one death to every 45 persons living. Apply-
jug these rates to the population of the country in le4l,
and assuming that the emigration was equal to the immi-
gration, we find that the population on the 30th of March,
1851, would have probably numbered 9,018,799 instead of
6,552,385, and that, consequently, the loss of population
between 1841 and 1851 may be computed at the enormous
amount of 2,466,414 persons. The population removed
from us by death and emigration belonged principally to
the lower classes—among whom famine and disease, in all
such calamitous visitations, make the greatest ravages.
But, notwithstanding our sudden depopulation, we have
every cause for thankfulness that years of suffering have
been followed by years of prosperity ; for Ireland has in-
creased in wealth and progressed in the development of her
resources; as it appears that in 1851 the extent of land
under cultivation, the value of agricultural stock and crops,
and the proportionate number of educated among the people
were greater than at any previous period of which we have
a record."
Table 7 shows the probable number of inhabitants
which would have been in Ireland on the 30th of March,
1851, had emigration and immigration been equal—cal-
culated on the average number of births and deaths in
England and. Wales ; being at the rate of 1 birth to 31,
and 1 death to 45 of the population.
" This rate of increase is equal to 1.00 per cent. per
annum, and may, we think, be considered as very nearly
representing what the increase of the population of Ire-
, land would naturally be by the excess of births over
deaths. The rate of increase between 1831 and 1841, ac-
carding to the Census Report of 1841, page 8, was 0.12
per cent. per annum, but it was considered that this rate
did not truly represent the increase between these years,
as the Commissioners believed that the numbers returned
in 1831 were greater than the real population, or, at all
events; that any error was rather one of excess than defect,
because the census for 1831. was taken in different places
at different times, extending over a considerable period ;
and it was understood that- the enumerators considered
they would be paid, and in many cases were paid, in pro-
portion to the numbers they enumerated, the obvious tend-
ency of which would be to augment the total numbers.
For the same reason that the rate of increase between
1831 and 1841 was defective, the rate between 1821 and
1831 would also be erroneeus; that increase was at
the rate of 1.34 per cent. per annum. We cannot,
therefore, test the accuracy of the rate assumed by
us by the increase between either of these periods.
As, however, the Census Commissioners of 1841 state,
with regard to the census of 1821, that it was the
first successful occasion of enumerating the people
in Ireland, and considered that the number given was
`rather below than above the truth,' we may take the in-
crease between 1821 and 1841, which was at the rate of 0.92
per cent. per annum, as corroborating, in the absence of
better data, the probable correctness of the supposition
that the increase of the population, by the excess of births
over deaths, is not so dissimilar in England and Ireland as
is generally supposed."
Table 8 gives a comparative view of the proportion
per cent. of males and females at specified ages in 1841
and 1851 by provinces, counties, and towns. It will be
observed from it that the proportions living at the various
ages in 1841 varied but little in amount in each county ;
and the same may be said of the proportions at each age
in the several counties in 1851, although they differ
from the proportions in 1841, from whieh circumstance
it may be inferred that the same cauAlhas been in opera-
tion throughout the country at both periods in influenc-
ing the individual when stating his or her age.
"As in the census tables of 1841, we have divided the
number of persons in each family into 'Heads of Fami-
lies and their Children,' Visitors,' and Servants.'
" The proportion of these several classes, according to
the return& received in 1841 and 1851, are given in Table
9, from which we find that in all Ireland there was an in-
crease of 0.3 per cent. of males, and 3'4 per cent. of females
in 1851, in the proportionate numbers representing the
heads of families and their children. In the province of
Leinster there was an increase of I's per cent. of males,
and 3.9 of females • and in Ulster of 1 per cent. males,
and 3.6 per cont. of females in these proportions ; while in
Munster, and also in Connaught, there was a slight de-
crease of males in each of 0•8 per cent. Under this divi-
sion females, however, increased 3.3 per cent. in Munster,
and 2.5 per cent. in Connaught.
"In the several counties and towns the proportion
which the number of males bears among the heads of fami-
lies and their children to the total male population varied
when compared with 1841—the proportion of females in
this class have increased in every county, city, and large
town ."

Then follows Table 9, showing the proportion per cent.
of " heads of families," of "visitors," and of "servants ;"
also the proportion of males and females to every
100 persons in 1841 and 1851 respectively. Table 10
gives the increase or decrease in the last-named cate-
gories between 1841 and 1851. From Table 11 it ap-
pears that the total number of inmates of workhouses
on the 30th Mareh, 1851, in all Ireland, was 249,877 ;
of whom 101,138 were males and 148,739 females. In
the gaols, on the same day, there were 12,368 males and
3,530 females ; and in the hospitals and sanitary institu-
tions 7,136 males and 6,255 females. The total number
of inmates of public institutions was theretore 279,166,
of whom 120,642 were males and 158,524 ferna'es, or 4.3
per cent. of the entire population of the country.
The report then continues :
" The (*unties which exhibited a decrease in 1851 in the
proportionate number of males, in the class of ' Heads of
Families and their Children,' were Kings, 0.9 per cent. ;
Longford, o'3 per cant. ' • Meath, o'l per cent.; Westmeath,
0.4 per cent. ; Clare, o'2 per cent. ; Cork, 2.8 per cent. ;
Kerry, PI per cent.; Waterford, 0.9 per cent. • Cavan, o'9-
per cent.; Fermanagh, 0.5 per cent. ; Monaghan. o'B por
each 01 per cent. ; Mayo, 0.8
cent. ; Galway and Leitrim,
percent. ; and Roscommon, 1.1 per cent. Under this head
the cities and large towns which showed a decrease were
Drogheda, 2'3 per cent. ; Limerick city, 2.5 per cent. ;
and Galway town, F 9 per cent.
" The proportion per cent. of male ' visitors' to the male
population has decreased in every county and large town,
with the exception of Drogheda, in which the increase is
0.1 per cent., and Limerick city, in which it is o'3 per
cent. ; there was not any increase in the proportion of
female visitors.
" The proportion of male servants to the population of
the same sex increased in every county', city, and largo town
with the exception of the city of "Waterford, in which there
was a decrease under this head of 0.8 per cent. The propor-
tionate number of female servants of the female population
decreased in the following counties and towns :—Limerick
county, 0.8 per cent.; Drogheda town, 0.5 per cent.; Dub-
lin city, o'3 per cent. ; Donegal, Down, and the city of
Kilkenny, each 0.2 per cent. ; and Cavan and Tipperary,
0•1 per cent. each. The rural districts of Ireland contain
a larger proportion of the population under the class of
' Heads of Families and their Children' than the civic
districts. A larger proportion of visitors was found in the
civic than the rural; and a greater proportion of male
servants is found in the rural, and of female servants in
the civic districts. The number of males in Ireland to
every 100 persons in 1841 was 49.2 ; in 1851 it was 48.7.
The number of females to every 100 persons in IS4I was
50'8 ; and in 1851 it was 51'3 ; there was, therefore, a de-
crease of o's per cent. in the proportionate number of
males, and a corresponding increase in the proportionate
number of females.
" The changes which took place between 1841 and 1851
in the proportions to the population of 'Heads of Families
and their Children,' of ' Visitors and Servants, and also
the variations in the proportion of males and females to
the population, are given in Table 10, by provinces, come.
ties, and towns.
" With regard to the class visitors, it is to be observed
that the inmates of public institutions have been placed
under that head in the tables for 1851, while in 1841 they
were included in the general population. These institu-
tions have greatly increased in number since 1841, by the
erection of union workhouses, prisons, lunatic asylums, /to.
It has been considered necessary to enumerate their inmates
pseaprainragtetlhy nd
e;
parepe,
rtiinenoartdeenrutmobeprreevfentany error
visitors
iu in m
1841
cwoith-
that class in 1851, the inmates of public establishments
have been excluded from the calculations. The number
and proportion per cent. to the population of their inmates
from which it will be seen
tahreatg
iiuveanl
in them in
lilnrTelaabulde,ll, page 21,
4.3
1851.1:1e
per cent.
theof tphreevpopulation
unit
weree
maintained r
had 7.8., Connaught 4.3 per cent., Leinster 3.8' per cent.,
nt
d io speenritcyenntf.
KofiltkheeniuryinahuadbtiteawnutsnifnGthaei
wseayi n
thesti
pr large, -
tiri teln
Ulster l. h
ion per cent. was unduly
houses and other public
ap ensestablishments
withinrlc-
the boundaries of these towns. The county of Kerry
showed the largest proportion of inmates of these institu-
tions, so many as 11.6
per cent, of the population being
within them when the enumeration was made in March,
1851. In Clare there was 9'4 per cent., inLimerick city
B'7 per cent., and in Tipperary B'o per cent. The county
of Down had the least proportion of any of the counties,
being only equal to 0.6 per cent. Antrim had but 1, and
Donegal I'l per cent. Tho circumstances of the population
of public institutions, have been referred to in Parts 3 and
5 of our reports."

(To 1( continued

Country A larkets,

D ERBY SMITHFEZirJD.-SEPT. 9.

Our market was better supplied. with fat beasts to•dav,
high prices asked, and most of th ► animals disposed of.
There was a large supply of sheep and lambs, both of which
were heavy sale. A good show of fat pigs, and well sold.
Fat calves scarce.
The following were the quotations ?—Beef, 6d to 4:1;
mutton, 611 to 7d ; lamb, —d to Od ; veal, tc 7i4 per
lb. ; pigs, 100 6d to —s Od per score ; rough fat, 5s Oa to Oa
per 141 b. ; hi&ts, 4d. to 4td per lb ; calf-skins, 5d to 6il
per lb,