The Sun.
London, England, 1851-08-26 00:00:00

N°. 18)385. LONDONI. TUESDAY
AtIGUST 2b, 1851.
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1

BRITANNIA LIFE ASSURANCE
COMPANY.
1, Princes-street, Rank, London.
Empowered by special Act of Parliament, 4th Vict., cap. 9.
DIRECTORS
Caantlt N—C ROBERT ALEXANDER, Blackheath Park,
Kent.
William Rardgett, Esq., 119, Fenchurch-street.
G org.. Bev neon, Esq., Nec:kinger Allis, Bermondsey.
F. I'. Esq , Shadwell, and Twickenham.
Georze Co en, Esq., Shacklewell-lane.
Miles Coventry Esq , Wnite Hart-courr, Lombard-street.
John !)reeve t, E q , 4, Princes-street, Bank.
Erasmus Robert Foster, Esq., Cold Harbour-lane, Camberwell.
T. S. 44ir !ter, Esq., 7, Tokeohouse-yard
H. L. Swale, Esq., Doctors'-commons.
ANKER.S.
Messrs. Drewett, Fowler, and ~owler, 4, Prince^ street, Bank.
SOLICITORS.
Messrs. IM'Lead and Steiming, Lon.lon-street, Fenchurch•sLreet.
ADVANTAGES OF THIS INSTITUTION.
Halt Credit Rates of Premium.
Persons assured accordinz to these rates are allowed credit (with-
out security) for half the amount of the first seven annual premiums,
paying interest thereon at the rate or five per cent. per annum, with
the option of paying oil' the arrears of premiums, at any time, or
h tying the amount deducted from the sum assured hould the policy
become a claim.

For Securing Loans eel Debts.
A Table adapted especially for the securing of Loans and Debts, by
which the tulicst security is obtained on very low but 6radually in-
creasing premiums
Policies rev ved, without the exaction of a fine, at any time within
twelve months, if heath remain unimpaired.
A B and of Directors in attendance daily at Two o'clock.
Age o the Assu•ed in eve, y case admitted in the Policy.
➢iedical atten tants remun -rated in all cases for their reports.
Extract trom the Halt Credit Rates of Premium.
Annual Premium required for as Assurance of 100/. for the whole
Term of Life.

Half Premium for Whole Premiam after
Age. Seven Years. Seven Years.
X s. d. X s. d.
30 1 1 9 2 3 6
40 1 9 2 2 18 4
50 3 2 6 4 5 0
60 3 6 6 6 13 4

E. R. FOSTER, Resident Director.
ANDREW FRANCIS, Secretary.
Detailed prospectuses, and every requisite iuformation as to the
mode of effecdng assurances, may be obtained upon application at
the office, 1, Pri ,ces-street, Bank, London; or of the several agents
throughout the country.

A.RGUS LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY.
39, THROGMORTON-STREET, BANK;
And 14, PALL-MALL.
Chairman—THOMAS FAR •COMB, Esq., Alderman.
Deputy-Chairman—WlLLlAM LEAF, Esq.
Richard E. Arden, Esq. Itltvert Ingleky, Esq.
Edward Bates, Esq. IThomas Kelly, Esq., Alderman.
t'homas Camplin, Esq. Jeremiah Filcher, Esq.
ames Clift, Esq. ;Lewis Pocock, Esq.
J. llumphery, Esq., Aid.
AUDlTORS—Professor Hall, M.A.; J. B. Shuttleworth, ESQ.
PlSYSlClAN—Dr.Jeaffreson, 2 Finsbury-square.
SURGEON—W. Coulson, Esq., 2, Frederick's-place, Old Jewry.
CONSULTING ACTUARY—Professor Hall, M.A., of King's College.
SOLICITOR -William Fisher, Esq., 19, Ponzhty-street.
ADVANTAGES OF ASSURING WITH THIS COMPANY.
In addition to a large subscribed capital, Policy holders have the
'ecurity of an Assurance Fund of Three hundred and resent:
Thousand Pounds, and an Income of 74,0001. a year, arising from
the issue of upwards of 7,000 Policies.
BONUS, OR PROFIT BRANCH.
Persons Assuring on the Bonus system will be annually entitled
to 80 per cent. of the profits en this branch (after payment of five
yearly Premiums) ; and the profit assigned to each Policy may
he either added to the sum assured, or applied in reduction of the
Annual premium
NON-ItONUS, OR LOW PREMIUM BRANCH. •
The Tables on the non-participating pralciple afford peculiar ad-
vantages to the assured, not offered by any other Once—tor where
the object is the least po'sihle outlay, the payment of a certain sum
is secured to the F.)licy-holder, on the death of the Assured, at a re-
duced rate at Premium.

PRFHIRM Tel 4SATIRIC Elm),

WHOLE TERM,

Out t e4r. heven 1 ears.

With Profits.

Without Profits.

20 £0 17 8 CO 19 1
30 1 1 8 1 2 7
40 1 5 0 1 6 9
50 114111 19 10
60 3 2 4 3 17 0

£1 15 10
2 6 6
3 0 7
4 6 8
6 12 9

.£1 11 10
2 0 7
2 14 10
4 0 11
6 0 10

One-half of the" Whole Term" Premium may remain on credit
for seven years, or one-third of the Premium may remain for life as a
lebt upon the policy at 5 per cent., or may be paid off at any time
without notice.
Claims paid in one month after proofs have been approved.
Loans apon approved security.
The medical officers attend every day at Throgrnorton-street at a
quarter before two o'clock.

E. BATES, Resident Director.

THE LONDON INDISPUTABLE LIFE
POLICY COMPANY.
No. 72, Lombard-street and 24, Connaught-terrace.
TRUSTEES
Richard Spooner, Esq., M.P.
I. Campbell Renton, Esq., M.P. I James Fuller Medea, Esq.
Richard Matins, Esq., Q.C. William Wilberforce, Esq.
The POLICIES are INDIcPUTARI.E, in terms of the Deed of
settlement of the Company, duly registered, and are not, therefore,
dependent for their validity on the construction to he put upon pre-
vious statements or the official papers which preceded them, or upon
reports, prospectu-es, or other varying documents They are thus
reiriered CERTAIN FAMILY PROVISION'S, AND NEGOTI S.BLE
DOCUMENTS OF SECURITY.
Owing to this important improvement in the practice of life
assurance, the progress of this company has been rapid from the
commencement of its businAess, andN is steadily advancing.
LEXADER ROBERTSON, Manager.

POLICIES ONCE ISSUED ARE INDISPUTABLE.
ENGLISH AND CAMBRIAN LIFE ASSU
RANCE SOCIETY,
9, BRIDGE-STREET, Blackfriars, London.
TRUSTEES.

Cl. M. Murray, Esq.
Isaac liaise, Esq.
W. Witite'ock, Esq. Daniel Ware, M.D.
' Declined" Lives assured at equitable rates.
Loans granted on undoubted security of every description.
Annuities and Endowments on most advantageous terms.
Divilion of Profits—Four-fifths to the Policyh ,Iders, and one-fifth
to the Shareholders.
Credit riven for half the premium for the first seven years.
Medical practitioners liberally remunerated for their rep xts.
Liberal Commission to Solicitors and others on introduction of
business.
Prompt payment of all claims.
Prospectuses, with the report, can he obtained from
CHARLES W. BEVAN, Resident Manager and Actuary.

APPETITE AND DIGESTION IMPROVED.
y EA and PERRINS' WORCESTERSHIRE
I.di SAUCE imparts the most exquisite relish to Steaks, Chops
and all Roast Meat Gravies, Fish, Game, Soup, Curries, and Salad
and by its tonic and invigorating properties enables the stomach is
perfectly digest the food.
The daily use of this aromatic and delicious Sauce is the beat safe-
guard to health.
Sold by the proprietors, Lea and Perrins, 6, 'here-street, Oxford-
greet, London, and 68, Broad-street, Worcester; also by Messrs.
Barclay and Sons, Messrs. Crosse and Blackwell, and other Oilmen
and Nierchants, London; and enerally by the principal dealers in
sauce.
S,B. To guard against imitations, see that the names of " LEA
tnd PERRINS" are upon the label and patent cap of the bottle.

INJUNCTION to CHEMISTS and PATENT
" MEDICINE VENDORS.
MORISON'S UNIVERsAL MEDICINE.
The public are informed that an Injunction to restrain Mr. Crofton
Nfoat, his agents, servants, and workmen, f-om selling, or
causing, or procnrinz to be sold, unde- the title or designation of
NIORI-ON'S UNIVERSAL MEDICINE, or of MOIt'SON'S VE-
GETABLE UNIVERSAL MEDICINE, any Medicine made or ma-
nufactured by him the said Crofton William Moat, or by or under
his order or dire.tion; and also to restrwn the said Crofton William
Moat, his agents, servants, and workmen, from making or com-
pounding any Medicines according to the secret recipe or prescrip-
tion, and fro,n in any manner using the said secreines, t recipe or pre-
scription of or for compounding the said Medic or any part
thereof, has been granted by Vice•Cbancellor Turner, at the suit of
Alexander Morison and John Morison. And any person infringing
the said Injunction will be proceeded against without further notice.
British College of Health, Hamilton-place,
New-road, London, August 20, 1851.

fALAIR'S GOUT and RITEUMATIC PILLS.
The following testimonial is another proof of the great effi-
cacy of this medicine :
" 157, New Bond-street, London, Octo',er 12, 1850.
" Sir,—ln ,cquainting you with the great benefit which I have ex-
perienced by taking BLAIR'S G /UT and ItiILUMATIO PILLS,
fo
I feel that I am hut perrming a duty to that portion of the public
who may be similarly affected.
" About twei.ity years since I was first attacked by rheumatic gout
in me hands and feet. I had previously been subjected to every va-
riety of climate, having served in Canada in the 19:h Dragoons, and
in Spain, under Sir John Moore, in the 18th Hussars. I always pro-
cured tire best medical aid, without obtaining any essential relief,
and my sufferings can be appreciated only by th se who knew some-
thing of this disease.
" It was durin; one of those paroxymv, between twelve and thir-
teen years ago, that I was recommended to try BLAIR'S PILLS. I
log no tine 1.1 procuring a box, and before I had taken that quantity
the pain had entirely ceased, and in a few days I was in perfect
health.
" From that moment. whenever I feel env symptoms of the dis-
ea,e approaching, I have instant recourse to this medicine, which to
ate Is so valuable, tha were it not that the days of male have
reredre
, o
bvteitr, 0 I
n rtehj(e)iec contrary
to say
believe
cetaso ed, I should certainly attrihute the r?lief I obtain to that cause.
l
hat m
the health e
, y o
t hdaesn
eno t int BLAIR any degreeS
PILLS
Is towards its improvement.
"I have recommended the Pills to many friends, and the result
has always been of the most gratifying character.
" I am, Sir, yours respectfully,
_ _ " GARRE f FOSTER GILL.

" To Mr. Print, 229, strand." --
For every description
nof Gout Rheumatism,Tanad.dßHEuiA
TIC LTsic-adroelo;
o
rea‘u,e o
remedy, conoain neither mercury, opium, or any other
g u
drug, require no care whatever in their use, and ler ra-
pidity of cure and complete safety have not their equal in the world.
Sold by Thomas Front, 229, Strand, London ; and all respectable
Medicine Vendors. nice 2s. 9d. per boa.
Ask for BLAIR'S GOUT and RHEUMATIC PILLS, and observe
that " Thomas l'rout, 229, Strand, London," is impressed upon the
Government StaTnr

CULVERWELL'S NEW WORKS.
To be had of Sherwood, 23, Paternoster-rev ; oaeveho.
(4 Fleet-street; Mann, 39, Cornhill ;or direct from the author
lrze Oue Shilling each ; by post, is. 6d.
ENJOYMENT OF LEE.
"A
—E3. Recreation, and ratienal Use of Time."
COWTTNTe:—EarIy Rising—Spring and Summer Moraings--Ex-
sarsions about the Environs of London—The Parks, Lanes, Hills,
Forests, Fields, Uigh-roads, and othet pleasant places—Country
trips and Rambles—The Sea—London at Night—Evening. at Uome
Drsma—On Eating, Drinking, Sleeping, Bathing, Air,
'zest, Ease, Occupation, tac., &o.
IL
FRAGMENTS FROM TIC VOA.
Volt.
VISIT TO THE LAKFIti; SKETCH OF EDLtiIaTILGII,
Vol. 11.
'EE I.,,,AEZS 07 KILLARNEY; RE'hiniIFOEY.CEIN OW
DITISLLN,
111.
WHAT TO EAT, DRINK, AND AVOID
"That three score years and ten our course may run?
A popular review of almost every form (cause and cure) of tier-
ously-debilits.ted health and enfeebled constitution, that baracses
ro young, besets the man of pleasure, business, ar study, and eta-
,itters old age, with tables and rules for the diet and physical re,,m-
Aloe of every-day life

TFIE 14.SSIONS,
What passions hurt the body—what improve.
Truths as refined as Athens ever heard."
ivancT : Life's pilgrimage, from infancy to old age. The advent
of tle passions. Chastity and Its Infringements. The casualties of
Ile intionsness and dissipation, with illustrations, graphio, narrative,
aid reasediative Advocacy of early searriages.;
Y.
TILE MARRIAGE STAT.
" To he or not to be, that is the queltion.'
loostatEnt:—LF.,37 and obligations of nature, society, and re-
lijon regarding marriage, to be observed by either sea. Time and
moles, on both sides, as to age, temperament, comptexkin, and
lgure, to secure healthy on-spring, with the art of rearing them.
?hysleal dcfecti.reseas sod its removal. Sterility and Its cor,verater,,,
ji,.siss, &s.
By R. 3 OULVEItWtII,I,, *1.1). ( Dist), M.N.C.S. 0827), 14.5.A-
-ketl4), 'Tent?-tv• yeeri Medical and IT,,,,,nitc Referee in these
ys ',tyre.. Re4srptcr hours ~,oiT em Ave. Avon 71.014 seven till nine,
10 #0111•PlAne. Zeitnl-etr•o;

PUBLICATIONS.

IN
ow ready, at all the Libraries, in 1 vol.,
C ALE B
I' IEL D.
By the anthorof
" MARGARET MAITLAND," " MERKL IND," &e.
" This beautiful proluction is every way worthy of its authcr's re-
putatio, in the very first rank of contemporary writers."—Standard.
" A deeply-interesting narrative—chronicled with all the fidelity
of a Defoe." Britannia.
Colburn and Co., Publishers, 13, Great Marlborough stnet.

NEW WORK BY ALBERT SMITH AND JOHN LEECH.
THE THIRD NUMBER OF
E M ON TH.
A View of Passing ,objects and Manners, Home and Foreign,
Social, and General. thy ALBERT SMITH. Illus,rated by John
Leech, will be published on the 30th instant, price One Shilling.
Office, No. 3, Whitefriars-street.

Just ready, in post Bvo., price 9s. cloth,
or,nEx DREAMSAND WAKING
,4431 L [TIES ; being the Adventures of a Gold-Seeker In
CalitCrnla and the Pacific Islands.

-
Ily WILLIXM SHAW.
London: Smith, Elder, and Co., 65, Cornhill.

PARLOUR LIBRARY.—New Edition.
Vols. IV. and V., price 2s. in boards, cnntain!ng
CONSU EL O. By GEORGE SAND.
Also, just published, by the same author, price Is. in boards,
or is. GI cloth,
The COUNTESS of RITDOLSTADT; beincz a continuation of
" Consuelo;" and formine Vol. LXIV. of the " Parlour Library."
Simms and M`lntyre, 13, Paternoster-row, London; and Belfast.
Sold at all the Rahway Stations.

MR. VERRAL ON THE SPINE AND PARALYSIS.
Cloth, price Six Shillimts.
HE SPINE. its CURVATURES, and other
I DISEASES, their Symptoms, Treatment, and Cure. To which
are added, Remarks upon PARALYSIS, with numerous cases in il-
lustration. By HARLES VERRAL, M.R C.S., Surgeon to the
Hospital for the Cure of Distortions, Portland-road, London, and the
Sea Bathing Infirmary at East Bourne.
Shortly will appear, by the s +me author, Practical Observations on
DISTORTIONS of the CHEST and LIEBS, illustrated by a Series
of Cases.
London : John Churchill; Princes-street, Soho.

NEW WORK ON STRICTURE AND SPERMATORiaI(EA.
Just published, Bvo., in cloth, price 3s. 6d., by post (free), 45.,
TREA.TISF.: on thA CURE of STRICTURE

ett. bithe URETHRA; containing the True Reasons why that
Disease so often assumes such an intractable character; with Rules
and Instructions for the successful Treatment of every Porta of
Urethral Contraction, based on the results of extensive and pro
longed experience. To which is added, Practical Observations on
the Treatment of Spermatorrhcea by Cauterization.
By F. B. COURTENAY.
"These who complain most loudly are those only who know not
how to use the common instruments. . • . . The prac-
tice of surgeons has been marked with all kinds of violence, and in.
difference about the simple cure of diseases, and a passion for
operations, and all the excesses and horror of surgery."—John Bell.
11. Bailliere, 219, Regent-street, London.

4FUND'S PERMANENT MARKING INK,
_3O the original and by far the best, requiring no preparation,
offers the surest means of protection for every variety of household
linen and wearing apparel, against loss or mistake, for which reason
ha careful to ask for the genuine article, prepared by the inventor,
JOIIN BOND, 28, Long-lane, \Vest Smithfield, City, London. Sold
by most Chemists, Stationers, and Medicine Vendors. Price Is. a
bottle.

MEDICAL ADVICE .sN Tat: ittriii.M.lTLEei tit
itotrefl MATURTTIi.
With Plain Directions for their Prevention and Cure.
FIFTY COLOURED ENTOR.AVINOS (IN 'TEEL.
et puhiistied, in French, English, German, Dutch, Spanish, and
Italian, In a Sealed envelope, or post-free, from the
Author, for forty-two stalupz.
QELF-PIiSSERVATION; a
aMedical Treatise on the Physiology of Marriage, and on 1
he Secret Infirmities and Disorders of Youth and Maturity,
suatly acquired at ass early pried of 'dfe, which destroy
:he physical and 'rental powers, liminish mad enfeeble the natural
f +clings, and exhaust the vital energies of Manhood • with Practical
soservations on the certain Prevention and successfill Treatment of
nervous Debility, Local and Constitutional Weakness, Syphilis,
stricture, and all Oiseaae, and Deran%ements resulting Pram In4is-
,:ction, at adopted by Lallemand, Ricord, and other eminent mem-
mrs of the faculty in France. With Fifty coloured Engravings,
llustrating the anatossi I, Physiology, and ,)inetAes of the Ea-
irodueLve Organs, ,nplaining their atruetui es, uses, and &metiers,
tnd the various ullaries that are produced in theta by solitary
'whits, excesses. Rod .nfeetor.
BY SAMUEL LA'IMF.RT, M.D.
37, BED FOR D-R. QUA RE, LONDON.
•isfrctor of Medicine, Matriculated Member of the University of EdLn-
,urgh, Honorary if the London Hospital Medical Society.
Meentiate of Apothecaries' Hall, London. Member of the Hunterian
Medical Society of Edinburgh, &c.,
This work contains a plain and complete description of the ana-
only and physiology of the reproductive organs, and er their relative
•onditions in health and disease. Dr. La'Mert, who has taken the
lighest medical honours, as evidenced by the diplomas and testimo-
lials inserted in the work, is the only legally qualified medical man
who has exclusively, and for many years, devoted his studies to
he treatment of these complaints. Ile may be consulted a ith ad-
vantage by all those whose constitutions may have become debit-
ated through secret practices acquired is youth, or by the excesses
.)1 later years, whereby the pleasures of life are marred, the objects
if marriage frustrated, and existence itself rendered a term of un-
*easing misery and regret.
Published by the Author, and may be had of J. Gilbert, 49, Pater-
ioster-row ; Hannay, 63, Oxford-street ; Starle, Titchborne-street,
Haymarket; Gordon, 146, Leadenhall-street ; Mann, 23, Comhill,
r free by post for forty-two stamps, troth the-author's residence, who
stay he consulted on these disorders persoaallp or by letter.daily,
ter, 0•••,. ... • 00-11.

IN SIX LA.NGUA9E3 - FORTIETH. EDITION.
ONTAINING THE REMEDY FOR TEE PREVEN TION OF

DISEASE.

u.uatrated by One Plwadredtvnaiomical Coloured Engravings on

e teen
Ps PHYSICAL DISQUALIFICATIONS, GENERATIVE LICCA-
PACITY, AND IMPEDIMENTS TO MARRIAGE.
new and Improved Edition, enlarged to 196 pages, price 2s. 6d.
by post, direct from the Establishment. Si. 6d. in postage stamps,
kll Communications being strictly confidential, the Authors have
discontinued the publishing of Cases.
PEG' 'LENT FRIEND, a Medical Work on
IL the exhaustion and physical decay of the system, produced by
ex ensive Indulgence, the consequences of infection, or the abuse of
nereury, with explicit directions for the use of the preventive lotion,
follnwe4.l by observations en the Married State, and the disqualifica-
tions which prevent it. Illustrated by 100,Coloured Engravings. By
It. and n. PERRY and CO., 19, Seniors-street, Oxford-street, Lon-
lon. Published by :he Authors ; and sold by Strange, 21, Pater-
noster-raw ; Hannay, 63, and Sanger, 150, Oxford-street ; and Gor-
don, 146, Leadenhall-street, Londen.
?LAT E. trews of she anatomy and physiology of the re-erre:Waive
organs, and is Illustrated by 28 Coloured Engravings.
PART 11. treats of the consequences resulting from excessive in-
dulgence, awl their lamentable effects on the system, producing
mental and bodily weakness, nervous excitement, and generative
incapacity. Illustrated by 10 Explanatory Engravings.
PaRT 111. treats of the diseases resulting from infection, either in
:he primary or secondary form, and contains explicit directions for
:heir treatment. This section LI illustrated by 62 Coloured Engrav-
ngs.
neva IT. conteins a Remedy for the Prevention of Diseaso by a
simple applieation, by which the danger of infection is obviated.
reis Important part of the Work should not escape the reader's
,otice.
Penn V. is devoted to the consideration of marriage, and its de-
nes. The causes of unproductive union aro also considered, and the
thole subject critically and philosophically inquired into.
Tile COBDIAL Balm OF SitalActat is exclusively employed in
treating nervous and sexual debility, impotence, &c., lls. and 335.
par bottle. The Concentrated Detersive Essence, an anti-syphilitic
remedy, for purifying the blood in cases of infection, secondary
iTaiptoms, eruptions, and the abase of mercury, lie. and 338. per
nettle. terry's Purifying Specific Pills, 25. 9d., 4s. 6d., and I ls.
pc,• box, a certain remedy for gonorrhoea, sleet, stricture, and
chromic Inflammation of the bladder. Consultation fee, if by letter,
re A. minute detail of the case is required: age, habits, and posi-
t:on in society. 51. Packets, with advice, to be bad at the Feta-
otislament eery, by which the fee. In, is saved. .741:3STS. Perry,
are Iri k Re- dance drill at Its, Berners-street, Oxford-street, Len-
ten, mite Eleven till Tenn and Five to Eh,' t: on nunlike. free.
tee.

THE GREAT EXHIBITION.
The number of visitors yesterday was 49,021. The
receipts, includinv 31 by the.sale of season tickets,
amounted to 2,4391. 14s. The mean temperature
iiuring the day, as shown by Mr. Bennett's thermo-
meter, was 66 2. .

When the visitor to the Exhibition contemplates
the stupendous machines which he will find placed
upon the railway, which, entering the western ex-
tremity of the building►, is conducted along the north-
ern side of the western aisle, he cannot fail to be
struck with .the extraordinary progress made in the
art of inland transport within u brief period of 20
years, especially if he comparei these machines with
the engines which were first uso on the Livexpool
and Manchester Rail way, the Orst line on which the
locomotive. engine was applied to the swift transport
of passengers.
It will not be uninteresting or uninstructive to
take here a brief retrospect of the progress which this
great age❑t of inter-communication has undergone,
the more especially as the main, features which distin-
guished the original locomotive are preserved in the
present machines.
That part of the locomotive engine employed to
generate ate= consists of three principal parts—the
boiler, the firebox, and the smokebox. The boiler
having a cylindrical form, the length of which is
three or four times its, diameter, ia placed with its
axis horizontal and parallel to the rails; behind it is
the firebox, and before it the smokebox, so that as
the machine progresses the bailer is preceded by the
latter and followed by the former; the whole is sup-
ported on four or more wheels. The firebox con-
sists of a hollow casing of metal, in the bottom of
which are placed the grate bars, and under them the
ash-pit; this casing is filled with water to a level
above its roof, and the grate-bars are placed below the
bottom of the boiler.
The boiler is traversed longitudinally by a number
of tubes, through which the flame and heated air
proceeding from the furnace are conducted to the
smokebox. Over the smokebox is erected the
smoke-funnel, or chimney, up which the heated air,
which has thus traversed the tubes, is conducted, and
from which it escapes into the atmosphere.
A vehicle called the tender, supported on four or
more wheels, which carries a certain supply of fuel
for the furnace and a tank containing a supply of
water for the boiler, is attached to the boiler. A
pipe of communication, havi❑g a flexible joint capable
of accommodating itself to the irregularities inci-
dental to the motion, connects this water tank with
the boiler, a force pump being applied in such pipe
of communication, by means of which the water is
driven from the tank into the boiler. This force
pump, or feed pump, as it is called, can be put in
operation or suspend-d, as occasion requires, by
the engine-driver. Behind the firebox is a stage
which is flush with the floor of the tender, so that
the engine-driver and fireman can pass freely from
the one to the other. In the back of the firebox
is a small door, through which the firebox is fed with

coke. •
If the visitor to the Exhibition mount upon the
stage just described, on any of the engines exhibited,
he will observe several appendages, the use of which
it may be interesting to indicate. At the back of
the firebox is usually attached a glass water gauge,
the purpose of which is to enable the engineer to see
the level of the water in the boiler. This is accom-
plished in the following manner :—lt will be ob-
served that the glass tube is attached to the fire-
box in a vertical position, and communicates at its
lowest and highest points with the interior by pipes
governed by stopcocks. Now, the position of this
gauge is so regulated that when the right quantity
of water is in the boiler its level should be below
the top and above the bottom of the glass tube, and
as the water in the tube must stand at the same
level as the water in the boiler, the engineer will
know when the boiler requires feeding, by observing
the water to fall in the tube to its lower extremity,
and he will know when the feed has been sufficiently
supplied by observing the level of the water in the
tube rise somewhat above its middle point.
As these tubes are liable to accidental fracture,
stopcocks are provided in rectangular brass tubes,
which connect them at top and bottom with the
boiler, which being closed the fracture of the glass
tube produces no other inconvenieuee than that of de-
priving the engine of the gauge.
But even in this case provision Is made by other
means, which will be seen upon any of the engines
exhibited.
Small pipes of discharge, furnished with stopcocks,
will be observed issuing from the boiler at different
levels. The engineer on opening these stopcocks,
severally, may at any time ascertain the position of
the level of the water in the boiler by reference to the
points at which these tubes severally enter it. If, on
opening either of these cocks, steam escapes, it shows
that the level of the water is below that of the cock ;
if water escapes, it is above it ; and as these cocks are
placed at several different levels, the engineer is able
to feel, us it were, by severally opening them, where
the level of the water lies, and he acts accordingly in
feeding the boiler.
A lever will be observed attached to the tender,
which governs the feed, so as to throw the feed-
pump in or out of action at the will of the engineer.
If the visitor direct his attention to the roof of the
firebox, generally on the left side as he looks for-
ward, he will see a lever held down by a spring con-
nected with as index and graduated scale. This
spring governs the safety valve, which is fixed upon
the roof of the firebox, and the apparatus is, in fact, a
spring steelyard which measures the pressure of the
steam in the boiler in pounds per square inch. A
screw will be observed in connexion with this steel-
yard, by which it may be so adjusted that the pres-
sure of the steam will open the valve when it attains
any proposed amount per square inch : thus the screw
may be so adjusted that whenever the steam acts
upon the valve with a pressure exceeding 601 b. per
square inch the valve will be opened and the steam
will blow off.
When a train stops, as it does at the several sta-
tions along the road. the boiler continues to produce
steam, which, accumulating, would soon attain a
pressure that would open the safety valve, and it
would escape into the atmosphere. An ingenious
means is provided by which this waste of steam is
saved. Instead of allowing it to escape into the at-
mosphere it is made to pass into a pipe, by which it
is conveyed to the tank upon the tender containing the
water intended to feed the boiler. The moment it
enters the tank it is condensed by the cold water, and,
mixing with it, raises its temperature. A gallon of
water, in the form of steam, which thus enters the
tank, is capable of imparting to nearly seven gallons
of water contained in the tank enough of heat to raise
this quantity to the boiling point.
Every one who has travelled by railways will re-
collect that when the train stops at a station for any
length of time he frequently hears a peculiar rattling
noise produced in or near the engine, and that the
noise immediately ceases when the engine begins to
move. This noise is produced by the sudden con-
densation of the steam escaping from the safety valve
and entering the tank.
It will also be observed that standing on the stage
of the firebox, and looking forward, two levers are
placed on the right of the engine. These levers are
what are called way bars, the purpose of which is to
start the engine. When at rest they invest the engi-
neer with a power of moving the valves two or three
times successively, so as to conduct the steam alter-
nately to each end of the cylinder, and thus to cause
the motion of the piston to commence. After the
motion of the piston has once commenced, the inertia
of the machinery and the self-acting mechanism will
cause its continuance.
Attached to the back of the firebox will also be
observed a lever which is usually made to move upon
a graduated arc. This lever governs a, valve which is
placed in the pipe of communication between the
boiler and the cylinder. This valve is so constructed
that it may be opened or closed in a greater or less
degree so as to admit the steam to -the cylinder in
greater or less quantity, and thus regulate the motion
of the engine.
The extraordinary speed attained upon the rail-
ways, and the not less extraordinary loads which
are transported at those speeds, will excite a natural
curiosity to know the physical principles upon which
such velocities can be imparted to such weights. It
happens that these principles are extremelysimple and
such as iney be made perfectly intelligible to any
commonly well-informed person. Let us take the
case of as engine moved with a speed of 70 miles an
hour, whose driving wheels are 7 feet in diameter,
and consequently measuring about. 21 feet or 7 yards
in circumference; as a speed of 70 miles an hour is,
in round numbers, 105 feet per second, it follows that
when moving at this rate the driving wheels of the
dimensions above mentioned would revolve at the
rate of five times per second. Now, to produce one
revolution of such wheels, each piston must once
pass backwards and forwards in the cylinder, and
its motion, therefore, must divide a second into ten
equal parts. On arriving at each end of the cylin-
der, at the moment it is about to change the direc-
tion of its motion and to return, a valve must he
shifted by which steam may be admitted at one side
of the piston and withdrawn from the, other side.
This valve must, therefore, be moved, ten times per
second, and must complete its motion so rapidly as to,
form but a small fraction of the entire stroke of the

piston, and therefore its motion must be computed by
a small fraction of the' tenth part of a second; and
this must be done• with. the utmost punctuality and
regularity, otherwise the action of the piston could
not be continued., The cylinder discharges its con-
tents througb the! escape valve every, time the piston
changes its direction; and consequently this discharge
must t•Ace plaCo, under the 'circumstances here sup-
psed, ten times per second.
But thEirdare two cylinders, and the mechanism is
so regullted
.that the, discharge from the one is in-
termediate between two successive discharges of the

other.
, There are, therefore, 20 discharges of steam per
Second at equal intervals, and thus these 20' puffs
divide a second into 20 -equal Pins, each puff having
the twentieth of a second between it and that which

precedes or follows it. The steam which thus puffs
from the cylinder is conveyed by a pipe to the chim-
ney, where it escapes upwards in a succession of
blasts, by which the draught through the fire-place
is maintained. It is these blasts of steam in the

chimney which produce the coughing noise heard
when a locomotive engine is moving slowly. As the
rapidity augments these coughs become more rapid,
and when the engine attains the speed which we have
supposed above there will be twenty coughs per
second. The ear, like the eye, is limited in the ra-
pidity of the sensations of which it is susdptible, and
sensitive as that organ is, it is not capable of distin-
guishing sounds which succeed each other at inter-
vals of the twentieth part of a second; therefore, when
the engine moves at such a rate, the puffing in the
chimney ceases tube appreciated by the ear, although,
as a mechanical effect, it continues to be produced as

accurately and regularly as when the engine is mov-
ing slowly.
According to the experiments of Dr. Hutton, it ap-
peared that the time of flight of a cannon ball having
a range of 6,700 feet, is one quarter of a minute. The
velocity is therefore 26,800 feet per minute, which is
equal to five miles per minute, or 300 miles per hour.
Ic follows, therefore, that a railway train moving at
75 miles an hour (not an uncommon speed for express
trains to attain) would have a velocity only four times
less than a cannon ball. The momentum of such a

mass moving at such a speed is difficult to conceive.
It would amount to a force equivalent to the aggre-
gate momentum of a number of cannon balls equal
to one-fourth of its own weight. The consideration
of the great damage done to the railway, as well as to
the rolling stock, by these extreme speeds, is a serious
drawback to the gratification which such wondrous
performances naturally excite. The fracture and
wear of rails is augmented in a very high
ratio with the speed. So, likewise, is the wear
of all parts of the vehicles most affected, such
as wheels, axles, &c. We have shown that, at
the speed we have here considered, a driving wheel
seven feet in diameter revolves five times per
second ; but the bearing wheels of carriages, waggons,
and vans are in general only three feet in diameter,
and sometimes even less. Now, if a wheel of seven
feet in diameter revolve five times per second, a wheel
three feet in diameter proceeding at the same speed
must revolve very nearly twelve times per second.
This, therefore, is the action which must take place
upon all the wheels of the vehicles composing each
express train.
It will be asked by what means so enormous a rate
of evaporation is produced and maintained as would
be necessary to impart such a motion to the piston as
is necessary to give the engine such a speed as is here
mentioned ? Since each piston must move once back-
wards and forwards in the cylinder for each revolu-
tion of the driving wheels, it is clear that in the case
above described four cylinders-ful of steam would he
consumed for each revolution of the driving wheels,
and since these wheels revolve five times per second
20 cylinders- ful of steam must be supplied by the
boiler to the engine per second, or 1,200 cylinders-
ful per minute. Now, if we suppose the volume
of the cylinder to measure three cubic feet, it
follows that the boiler must produce per minute,
exclusive of waste, 3,600 cubic feet of steam,
which at a pressure of 501 b. per square inch,
would require the evaporation of above seven cubic
feet of water per minute, or 420 cubic feet per hour,
being at the rate of evaporation of an ordinary sta-
tionary boiler of the nominal power of 420 horses.
This great evaporating power is obtained principally
by exposing a large heating surface to the action of
the furnace, and partly by stimulating the furnace by
great force of draught. The beating surface consists
of—first, the surface of the firebox, which is exposed
to the direct action of the heat radiating from the fuel
in combustion ; and secondly, the surface of the tubes
which traverse the boiler, and by which the heated air
is conducted from the firebox to the smokebox. These
tubes are all below the level of the water in the
boiler, as is also the entire heating surface of the fire-
box. The tubes are so regulated in number and
magnitude that when the heated air proceeding from
the combustion has passed through them, and arrived
at the amokebox, it is reduced nearly to the tempe-
rature of the boiler, and is thus, as it were, strained of
its heat.
A draught of intense power is maintained through
the firebox by discharging the steam which proceeds
from the cylinders, after it has driven the pistons,
through a pipe called the blast pipe, which is pre-
sented upwards in the chimney. Each successive
cylinder-ful of steam, after it has driven the piston,
escapes through a pipe of communication from the
cylinder to the chimney, and rushes through this blast
pipe with the coughing noise already mentioned,
which is heard distinctly enough when the engine
first begins to move.
The preceding observations are applicable generally
to all the locomotive machines which will 46 found in
the Exhibition. We shall now notice these engines
individually. •
The most conspicuous among them will be found to
be three stupendous engines—two of which are exhi-
bited by the North Western, and the third by the
Great Western It iilway Company.
The North-Western Company exhibits a locomo-
motive engine on a gigantic scale, called " the Liver-
pool," constructed by Mesers. Bury and Co. This
vast machine is constructed on the principle
of the Crampton patent, the peculiarity of
which is, that the driving wheels are placed at the
rear of the engine immediately under the firebox.
This immense machine is supported on eight wheels,
the driving wheels being eight feet, and the support-
ing wheels four feet in diameter. The cylinders are
18 inches, diameter, and 24 inches stroke. Tne eva-
porating power of the boiler must be enormous,
since the heating surface exposed to the direct action
of the fire is 156 square feet, and the total surface
of the tubes which traverse longitudinally the
boiler, and by which the gaseous products of combus-
tion are conducted from the firebox to the chimney
and strained of their heat en route, have a total sur-
face of not less than 2,090 square feet. Thus there
is a total heating surface of 2,400 square feet. The
weight of the machine when supplied with its full
complement of coke and water is 37 tons.
The second engine exibited by the North• Western
Company is " the Cornwall," designed by M. F.
Trevithick, one of the superintendents, and con-
structed at the Crewe establishment of that company
in 1846, for the purpose of running express trains at
a high rate of speed. The cylinders in this machine
are 17 s inches it diameter, and 2 feet stroke. The
driving wheels are 8 feet 6 inches in diameter. This
increase of diameter is given to the driving wheels
with a view •to obtain an increased speed • with a'
diminished wear, arising from too rapid reciprocation
of the pistons.
The cylinders in this engine are placed outside the
wheels. The centre of gravity is lowered by suspend-
ing the boiler under the driving axle. The driving
wheels are placed about midway in the length of the
engine, while the others, bearing a lesser weight, are
placed at the foremost and binder ends ; this disposi-
tion of the wheels being found to be favourable to the
motion on curves. Tne boiler has 1,046 feet of beat-
ing surface, with certain peculiarities of construction
and arrangement of the working gear which renders
it easily examined when running. The gross weight
of the engine in working trim is 27 tons. It is sup-
ported on 8 wheels, and has taken trains at speeds
varying from 60 to 70 miles an hour.
The Great Western Company exhibit a stupendous
engine, constructed at their works at Swindon, called
" The Lord of the Isles." The machine is one of the
ordinary class of engines which have been worked
for passenger traffic since 1847 by the Great Western
Company. It is affirmed that it is capable of driving
a train of 120 tons gross, at an average speed of 60
miles an hour, upon such gradients as those which
prevail on the Great Western Railway, which, as is
well known, is nearly level. The evaporating power
of the boiler, when in full operation, is stated at
1,000-horse power, and the effective power of the
engine, measured by a dynanometer, is equal to 743
horses. Its weight, including coke and water, is 35
tons. The tender attached to this machine weighs
nine tons, the :tank contains 1,600 gallons of water,
and there is space for a ton and a half of coke, giving
a total weight, fuel and water included, of 17 tons
13 cwt. The surface in the firebox exposed to ra-
diant heat mesures 156 square feet, and the heating
surface of the' tubes measures 1,759 square feet.
The diameter of the cylinder is 18 inches, the stroke
2 feed and'the diameter of the driving Wheels,B feet.
It is estimated that the bailer is able"to bear a pres-
sure of 120 lb. per square inch, and that its actual

consumption of; fnel ii practical work, drawing an
average load' of 90' tons at an average speed of 29
miles an hour, including stoppages (which represents
a mail train), is under -)1 lb. of coke per mile.
!wars.' HaVythorn exhibit a locomotive engine of
rather-less dimensions for which they claim a CBpa-
bility of running with safety at a speed of 80 n ilea
an hour with a large express train. The cylinders
are 16 inches in diameter, and 22' inches stroke ; the
diving wheels 6 feet in diameter, and the bearing
wheels 39 ineheS; the heating- surface of the firebox is
cquare feet; the boiler is traversed by 158 brass
tubes, giving a heating surface of 865 square feet.
The principal improvements claimed. by Messrs.
Hawthorn for this machine are the following :—ln-
stead of the six ordinary springs . on. each axle,4the
engine is fitted with double compensating beams and
four springs acting simultaneously on all the journals,
by which the weight assigned to the respective axles
is not affected by any irregularities or imperfections
on the line of railway, but is uniformly maintained
throughout, 'securing thereby a constant weight
upon the driving wheels, and consequently a con-
stant amount of adhesion. It is alto claimed that
by this direct, simultaneous connexion between
the axles great stability is given to the engine,
greater safety, particularly at high speed, and a
smoother and easier motion. The engine has outside
framing, with outside bearings to all the axles, the
cylinders being placed inside. The engine is sup-
ported on six wheels, the driving wheels being in the
centre. The second advantage claimed by the builders
for this machine is the application of their expan-
sive link motion and slide valves, which admit of the
boiler being brought down nearly as low as in en-
gines with straight axles, and by the introduction of
the slide valves the pressure on the valves, and conse-
quently the friction, is considerably diminished. An
arrangement is likewise introduced into the engine
of the patent steam pipe of Messrs. Hawthorn which
removes the domes and other projections on the top
of the boiler. This steam pipe is fixed into the tube
plate of the smokebox by a ferule like an ordinary
tube, and extends nearly the entire length of the
boiler. Being carried under the top, it is perforated
with a series of small apertures or slits along its en-
tire length, and it is arranged so as to
receive the steam directly above the place
at which it is generated, instead of compel-
ling it to rush from all parts of the boiler to one
or two orifices: By this arrangement the steam
is conducted to the cylinder, nearly if not altogether
free from priming. The inside and outside framings
extend the whole length of the engine, and are
firmly tied together by strong iron double knee
brackets.
tong the locomotive engines on a smaller scale
will be noticed one called " Ariel's Girdle," exhibited
by Messrs. Adams ; a locomotive tank engine, exhi-
bited by Messrs. Fairbairn ; and one called " the
England," exhibited by the engineer of that name.
" Ariel's Girdle " is a four-wheeled engine coupled to
a four-wheeled carriage, constituting thus a complete
eight-wheeled machine, adapted to run with great
speed and safety for a distance of fifty or sixty miles
without stopping. The carriage has accommodation
for eight first class, twelve second class, and twenty
third class passengers. This engine, with its atten-
dant carriage, thus forming a train to accommodate
thirty passengers, may also be advantageously worked
as a mail or express train, or a train fur branch lines.
The inventor claims, also, that it is well adapted

fur highway purposes, with rails laid on the 1-eve
of a macadamized road, which would not interfere
with the ordinary traffic, thus facilitating the con-
struction of branch lilies, at a very cheap rate, ley
which railway communication migfit be carried-inter
agricultural districts-and even into farmyards. It is
well known that in the United States such 'effects
hive been realised, the railways being, in many cases,
carried through the streets of the principal, towns.
A railway is, for ;.example, conducted through New
York and terminates at the very centre'of the city,
near the park. Another is carried through the streets
of Philadelphia, terminating in Market-street, and,
in like manner, a line of railway is carried with fa-
cility through the streets of Baltimore, terminating
near the harbour. In these cases the rails are laid
flash with the road, a cavity being left on the inside
of each rail in which the flanges of thaewheels play.
It is not, however, customary in America to drive the
locomotive engines through the streets. They are
usually detached from the trains at a station in the
suburbs, and the carriages are drawn by hones to the
termini in the towns.
Mr. Adams claims that one of these engines, draw-
ing one of the long eight-wheeled carriages, carrying
40 passengers, will travel with perfect smoothness and
steadiness from 40 to 50 miles an hour, and, by rea-
son of its lightness, will do this without any damage
to the rails or roadway. It may be employed, also,
as a simple four-wheeled tank engine to draw 100
tons gross of waggons for a distance of 25 miles. A pair
of ordinary breaks are applied to the driving wheels,
and powerful sledge breaks are applied to the other
vs heels, the whole of which are at the command of the,
driver and stoker on the platform of the engine. This
arrangement of sledge breaks prevents any damage
to wheels or rails such as they are liable to with
breaks of the common kind, and it is eviient that so
light a machine may be easily started and stepped.
Engines of this form and construction have been for
some time in operation on the Eastern Counties, the
Cork and Bandon, the St. Helen's, the Londonderry
land Eaniskillen, the Bristol and Exeter, and some
other railways. They may be applied, according to
the patentees, with advantage upon lines where the
traffic is small, and where the larger class of engines
is impracticable.
The second locomotive engine, of much smaller
dimensions, called "the England," the peculiarity of
which is great lightness in proportion to its power,
and the combination of the engine and tender upon
the same wheels, will also be observed. The purpose
of this engine is to work trains of light weight, and
its constructors affirm that it has sufficient power to
impel a train of six first-class carriages at a speed of
GO miles an hour ; and if their expectations be rea-
lized it will accomplish this at half the working
expense of the engines now used for such trains.
Although it has no tender, it is stated to he capable of
carrying a stock of fuel and water sufficient for a
stage of 50 miles, so that it would be capable of tak-
ing a train from London to York by taking in a feed
of fuel and water at three intermediate stations.
The South-Eastern Company exhibit an express
locomotive engine called "Folkestone," constructed
upon Mr. Crampton's patent, which claims advantages
from having the engine suspended from three points
.at the ends of the machine, the object being to insure
the weights on the wheels being at all times the same,
and thus producing the greatest amount of steadiness.
Attention is also claimed to the fact that the whole of
the machinery is independent of the road, and is thus
similar in its action to a fixed engine, and the risk of
breaking the cranked axle, which frequently occurs in
aside cylinder engines, is avoided.—Morning Paper.
ro he continued.)