The Sun.
London, England, 1856-08-15 00:00:00

LONDON GAZETTE—(This Evening.)

FOREIGN-OFFICE, Aui. 14.
The Queen has been pleased to approve of Mr. Nathaniel
Solomon as Consul at St. Helena, for his Majesty the Em.
peror of Austria.
~. _ _ _

- The Queen bas also been pleased to approve of Mr. A.
V. Colvin as Consul at Demerara for the United States of
America.

CROWN-OFFICE, AUG. 15.
MEMBER RETURNED TO SERVE IN THE PRESIOT
PARLIAMENT.

County of Kerry—The Honourable Valentine Augustus
Browne, commonly called Viscount Castlerosse, of Ken-
more House, in the county of Kerry, Comptroller of her
Majesty's Household.
BOARD OF TRADE, WHITEHALL, Ave. 14.
The Right Honourable the Lords of the Committee of
Privy Council for Trade and Plantations have received,
through the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, a copy
of a despatch from her Majesty's Minister at Lisbon, en-
closing a copy and translation of a law by which vessels
entering Portuguese ports with cargoes of grain are placed
upon the same footing with regard to the payment of ton-
nage duties when departing in ballast as vessels leaving
with cargoes of national goods.
WAR DEPARTMENT, PALL-MALL, AUG. 15.
60th Regiment of Dragoon Guards—Major Wm. Neville
Custance to be Lieut.-Colonel. without purchase ; Capt.
Chas. Sawyer to be Major, without purchase, vice Cus-
tance. To be Captains, without purchase—Capt. Henry
Brett, from 14th Light Dragoons ; Capt. Chas. Potts
Romer, from the 10th Light Dragoons ' Lieut. Ellis B.
Cunliffe, vice Sawyer. To be Lieutenants, without pur-
chase—Lieutenants Wm. Oliver Bird, from the 10th Light
Dragoons ; Jas. John Neil, Buchanan, from 10th Light
Dragoons ; John Wynter Jas. Gifford, from 3d Dragoon
Guards; George Silvaiter Davies, from 10th Light Dragoons;
Charles John Heaton Ellis, from 9th Light Dragoons ;
John Hudson, from 10th Light Dragoons ; Charles Hill
Uni.acke, from 10th Light Dragoons ; Augustus Alfred de
Bourbel, from 10th Light Dragoons ; Sydney Vyse. from
10th Light Dragoons. Cornet Baker Creed Russell. To
be Lieutenant, by purchase.—Cornet Frederick Shells,
vice Murdock, who has retired. To be Cornet, by pur-
chase.—Henry Reginald Forster, Gent., vice Shells.
To be Assistant-Surgeon. Assitant-Surgeon Charles
Joules Davenport, M.D., from 6Gth Foot.
COMMISSIONS SIGNED BY LORDS-LIEUTENANT.
Sherwood Rangers—The Right Hon. Henry Pelham
Alexander Pelham Clinton. commonly called the Earl of
Lincoln, to be Cornet, vice Eyre, resigned ; William
Knight Hamilton Ramsay White, Esq., to be Cornet,
vice Gordon, resigned.
Oxfordahire Regiment of Militia— Lieutenant Frederick
Morton Eden to be Captain, vice Williams, retired ; En-
sign Charles James Garstin to be Lieutenant, vice Eden,
promoted.
City of Edinburgh Regiment of Artillery Militia—Win.
Downing Bruce, Gent., to be Second Lieutenant, vice
Lieut. Wingate, whose commission has been cancelled.

NOTICE.-

" AZOFF" CLASP.

Department of the Accountant-General of the Navy,
Admiralty, Somerset House, Aug. 7.

Her Majesty havingr been graciously pleased to grant
the "Azoff" Clasp to all Officers and Crews of such Ships
as served in the Sea of Azoff between the 25th May, 1855,
and the 9th Sept., 1855, the names of which are under-
mentioned, viz.

Miranda
Swallow
Medina
Lynx
Snake
Grinder
Clinker
Sulina

HER MAJESTY'S SHIPS.
Vesuvius
Stromboli
Wrangler
Recruit
Beagle
Boxer
Fancy
Danube

Carlew
Ardent
Viper
Arrow
Weser
Cracker
Jasper

Also, the first and second launch of her Majesty's ship
Royal Albert - first and second launch of her Majesty's
ship Hannibal; first and second launch of her Majesty's
ship Agamemnon ; first and second launch of her Majesty's
ship St. Jean d'Acre ; first and second launch of her Ma-
jesty's ship Princess Royal ; first and second launch of her
Majesty's ship Algiers.

Notice i.i hereby given, that all claimants to such clasp,
notwith.tandin;; any previous application, should apply
personally, or by letter, with the words " Azoff Clasp," on
the onti,itle, to the " Accountant• General of the Navy,
Admiralty, Somerset House."

Every applic Lot most state his rank or rating, and the
name of the ship or ships on board which he served.
Where there are several claimants on board the same
ship, it would be desirable that they should make their
applications in one letter, through their Commanding Offi-
cer, by a list, alphabetically arranged under the names of
the ships in which they were serving at the time, and
affording the information as above required.

BANK OF
An Amount pursuant to the Act
the Week ending on Saturday

ENGLAND.
7th and Sth Victoria, cap 32. fo
• tho 9th day of August, 1856.
ETMEXT,

Government debt.... 11,015,100
Other securities ...... 3,459,900
Gold coin and bullion 11,832,540
Silver bullion.. -

£26,307,590
F. R. EISEY. Deputy Cashier.
1856.

Government securities

(includg.Dead Weight
Annuity) 12,010,078
Other securities. ... 14.478,928
Notes ••.. .. • ....... 6,195,000
Gold and silver coin .. 662,355

of& ial assignee, Exeter ; Trenchard, Taunton ; Stogd ir •
Exeter. 1

Spirit of the Public Journals.

SCOTCH SEQUESTRATIONS.
John Ranson Hunter, merchant, Inverness.
P. Barry and Co.. commission agents, Glasgow.
Alexander Wilson, flesher, Edinburgh.
David Reid, wine and spirit merchant, Glasgow.
Charles Morrison, farmer, Boghead, Aberdeenshire.

(From the Times of this day.)

Russia, though with a new Emperor and fresh
opportunities, seems far from disposed to enter the
path of reform. The obstinate and sullen spirit
still lives—humiliations are, it would appear, al-
most already forgotten, and both Czar and people
are as ready as ever to play the old game of pride,
violence, and cunning, which was successful for
more than 150 years. But we cannot think that
at the present time such a display will be success-
ful. Common prudence would advise a more gra-
dual and less demonstrative return to the assump-
tions and menaces of former days. It is but a few
months since Russia accepted the terms of peace
proposed through Austrian mediation. At that
time we were told by the Russian press in Europe
of the sincerity and moderation of the Czar. To
believe certain prints and certain politicians, Russia
was a land of good faith, and her unambitious
people were lost iu astonishment at the designs im-
puted to them by the misguided Cabinets of the
West. About last February, when the represen-
tatives of Europe were to meet in Paris, the tone
of every Russian organ was most magniloquent and
high-minded. Peace, goodwill to all men, popular
instruction, railways, canals, improved agriculture,
free trade, were in the heart of every Russian. A
smile of good-humoured pity was the answer to
those who hinted that Muscovite policy might still
remain unchanged, and that it would be as well to
take guarantees while we were still strong, unite],
and in earnest. All this lasted until peace was
made, and Russia obtained conditions with which
she had no reason to be dissatisfied. Now, how-
ever, all is changed. Cronstadt is no longer
threatened ; Poland is for ever abandoned by.
the West, and will be fully Russianised be-
fore war again visits Europe ; Bessarabia, with
the exception of a narrow slip, is preserved ;
the Caucasus still remains a Russian possession.
The Czar is about to be crowned with much
splendour, and all Europe is flocking to the sight.
Russia is again taking her stand as a great Power,
and is no longer a vast prison, with a Sovereign,
nobility, and people placed under the ban of the
world. Hence the old, inveterate obstinacy, re-
vives ; the old cunning is once more to be tried to
discover if it can, as of yore, command success.
There can be no doubt of the unwillingness of
Russia to cede quietly and honourably what has
become by treaty the property of the Ottoman
State. We shall, perhaps, have it explained with
many details that the difficulties we complain of
were unavoidable ; that the destruction of Kars
and the Danubian forts was strictly legal, and that
the occupation of Serpents Island was only some
transaction connected with the lighthouse. But
facts still remain on record. It is certain that the
conduct of the Russians has induced England again
to occupy the Black Sea. The Hannibal has been
sent to Serpents Island, and sufficient intimation
has been given that in the opinion of the allies
something like a breach of faith has taken place.
Compare the conduct of France and England with
that of their late enemy. The allies had more than
250,000 men in the East. They had prepared, far
from their own country, immense stores of food,
clothing, and warlike material, in expectation of
long hostilities. Every man and horse and gun
had to be brought away by sea, at a time when
transport was scarce and dear. Yet in four months,
two-thirds of the time allowed, not only the Crimea
but Turkey itself has been cleared of the allied
troops. We learn from Constantinople to-day that
after the departure of a flotilla then about to sail
scarcely a thousand Frenchmen would be left in
Turkey. Our own naval and military establish-
ments have been broken up, and soon Scutari
will retain no traces of us except the graves of
the dead and the monument which commem-
orates them. This promptness, so honourable to
both nations, has not been imitated by Russia.
Although Kars is but some 30 miles from her own
frontier, and held but by a few thousand men, she
is there still, destroying works, cutting down fo-
rests, refusing English officers the right of visiting
the spot, and, during her little term of power,
playing the despot after the fashion of Warsaw or
Tiflis. The same is the case at the mouth of the
Danube. Russian troops are still there, and will
remain until the latest day allowed by treaty, with
perhaps the desperate hope that something will
happen to enable them to refuse the cession alto-
gether. The part of Bessarabia which is to be
added to the principalities is still in Russian hands,
and the Czar raises doubts on the topography,
and would, as far as may be judged, from appear-
ances, gladly evade the condition which for the
first time causes his frontier to recede.
We do not certainly think that any practical re-
sult will follow from these litigious and undigni-
fied displays. The other Powers are far too much
in earnest to allow any trifling in matters of such
importance. It will be observed that Austria,
who perhaps knows her neighbour better than we
do, has not yet evacuated the Principalities, al-
though she ought to have done so some time since.
She is, no doubt, waiting until Russia shall have
performed her part of the engagement. That when
the end of the six months comes we shall see the
Russians unwillingly depart is certain enough.
We may in future times have to watch their de-
signs for the recovery of their former territory, but
that they will acquiesce for the present we know,
because we have the power to enforce it. But the
spirit of the Court of St. Petersburg is not the less
apparent. It can hardly be to impose on civilised
nations that the Russian Sovereign makes this
display of impotent obstinacy. Indeed, the im-
pressions it must leave on Europeans is rather
that Russia is weaker and more sorely wounded
than was thought. To see her lingering at the
spot she must leave, and performing acts of paltry
tyranny till the last, cannot raise her in the eyes of
German or Italian. But it may he that on some
ignorant and confiding races the spectacle of her
armed occupation after the Allies have left the
East may have an influence. If she holds Kars
after France and England have withdrawn their
armies from Constantinople, the fact may be ex-
plained consistently with Russian interests among
nations to whom Russia alone speaks. Neverthe-
less, in the end such subterfuges can be of little
avail, and the conduct of Russia, by destroying
any nascent feeling of confidence among the Wes-
tern nations, will bring on her evils far over-
balancing any advantages which a dilatory evacua-
tion can procure.

COURSE OF EXCHANGE.—Tins DAY.
Amster dam............. I 1 17 Gibraltar ••• • ••
Dittc , tares months .. 11 19% Leghorn 29 90
gotterla ............. 11 19% Genoa ......... • ~... 45 75
Antw,Jr7 .............. 25 50 Milan
Bruoset .. • 25 50 Venice
,nbu rgh ........ ~.. 13 8% Naples .• • • 4414
A.t0n5....... Palermo ....
Earls .
...• ... 25 30 Messina -
Dit9o. Vireo mouths .. 25 62% Lisbo-1
arseillets 25 65 Oporto .............. • • 5271;
Bourdear.x .......... ! Rio Janeiro ..... .• • ....
Frankfot .• .. 120 , Buenos Ayres.... • •
Berlin ..,..., ...• New York, 60 days' sight
Viet:wt.. • • .... 10 21 , Philadelphia ..........
Trieste •• •••.••••••• .• •. 10 23 ' PRICES OP EIILLICN, PEE OZ.
Peter,,l Airs ............ 37 3.a Foreign Gold In Bars £3 17 9
lity.tri, 1 .........., 4944 Portugal Gold Coin .. 0 0 0
Co.dix ......... • • ..., 5014 J Mexican Dollars .... 0 5 0
(',arcs lona ............ New Dollars ...... 0 0 0
e— - • •• • . — I Sliver in bars .. 00 0

•
(From the Daily News of this day.)

One day iu the year 1788, a thoughtless
" Middy" was leaning over the bulwark of his ship,
then anchored off Spithead, listlessly gazing into
the water. His captain, who had been pacing the
deck, all at once stopped short, tapped him on the
shoulder, and pointing to some ships sailing past,
said—" Mark those vessels, young man ; they
carry in them the germ of a mighty empire." The
vessels the captain pointed to were the small
squadron in which was embarked the first batch of
convicts sent to " Botany Bay."
The " Middy" to whom the prophetic words were
addressed still lives, an honoured veteran. Year
after year passed away, and the future empire
seemed in no haste to develope itself. In 1810—
twenty-two years after the floating prisons had
passed Spithead—New South Wales had only
10,000 inhabitants. In 1817 the summit of the
mountain range behind Sydney was crossed for the
first time. The exports from the colony were
nil ; the imports were convicts, rum, provisions,
and slops. The foundation of the colony had been,
like everything else done by an English Govern-
ment, a compromise. For some twenty years
before 1788 almost the only punishment in Eng-
land for all sorts of crimes was the gallows. Men
and women were banged for the most dangerous
and revolting crimes ; boys and girls were hanged
for picking pickets of a few shillings. They were '
strung up by the dozen or half-dozen at a time.
Men grew sick of this. The idea of reformatory
punishment dawned on their minds. Bentham
promulgated his scheme of a Panopticon. Minis-
ters shrunk aghast from such a daring innovation.
Then Mr. Eden came forward, with his scheme of
a penal colony. Before the American revolution a
considerable proportion of the crime-class of Eng-
land had been absorbed by the North American
colonies. A class of speculators had sprung up,
who took convicts off the hands of a Government
which knew not what to make of them, and sold
them to " the plantations." The young republic
refused to remain the moral dunghill of England,
and as no other way of disposing of the surplus
gaol-birds on hand occurred to the English Govern-
ment they were hanged up to get rid of them. On
this hint Mr. Eden spoke ; he would create a new
colony to receive the convicts, whose hanging the
public would no longer tolerate. There was a pre-
cedent for this proposal, and that is all in all with
English statesmen. Besides, it promised to relieve
them of the difficult practical question, what was
to be done with the convicts when released from
prison. Eden's compromise between the gallows
and the Panopticon was snatched at, and an Act
of Parliament was passed for the settlement of
" Botany Bay."
Having achieved this great feat the Government
and the Legislature sat down to take breath, and
thought no more of the experiment they had initi-
ated. The criminals, and the soldiers sent to guard
them, were left to shift for themselves. The spot
on which they settled was ill-adapted for tillage ;
and none of them had any notion of such employ-
ment. Year after year fresh gangs of convicts were
fnt out. Prisoners and gaolers had alike to be
clothed and victualled from the old country. " Bo-
tany Bay," as it was long called—or Sydney—was
merely a larger prison, with an arid soil for floor,
and the ocean and sterile mountains for walls.

THE SUN, LONDON .PREDAI EVEN AUGUST 15 185

The no-discipline of English prisons was faithfully
copied at the Antipodes. The criminals herded to-
gether, and made each other worse. Their gaolers
tried to prevent them from escaping, and donie-
times knocked a refractory subject on the head.
The so-called colony became a hell upon earth. It
cost England an immense sum of money eVery
year. Bet then the convicts were got out of the
way, and men were not so often shocked by hang-
ing matches.

littit4 AN

DUB LIN, TuulsruY

IVA 61114.41 NAyroNAL CATTLE SHOW.

The Royal A.grieultdial improvement Society
held their annual cattle show at Athlone yester-
day. tiering tel the very unfavourable staid lei the
weather during the earlier part of the day the
attendance of visitors was rather Meagre, but sub-
sequently the rain having ceased the show-yard
rapidly filled with crowds of spectators from all
parts of Ireland. The exhibition of stock of all
kinds is described as being unusually fine. The first
prize in short-horned bulls, calved between jai:wary,
1851, and 1854, was awarded to Grand Turk, be-
longing to Mr. Henry Ambler, of Watkinson-hall,
Halifax. Lord Clancarty's short-horned roan bull,
Pro Bono Publico, took the second prize. The
Lord-Lieutenant was present, and in the course of
the day a congratulatory address was presented by
the town commissioners, to which his Excellency
replied as folllows :
" Gentlemen--I beg to return my sincere thanks to
the Commissioners of Athlone for the expressions alike
of respectful loyalty and friendly welcome with which
they have greeted me on my visit to their ancient bo-
rough. Its old and almost pre-historical name of Ath-
Lunn. or the Ford of Luan,' the scene of many a
struggle between conflicting tribes and jealous races,
affords a striking contrast to the spectacle it now pre-
sents, when, as the centre of the inland communication
of the kingdom, it has brought this large and peaceful
concourse of its inhabitants together to witness the
bloodless triumphs of agricultural industry. I trust
that your community will ever entertain the noble re-
solution of keeping due pace with the manifold advan-
tages of your local position and the general improve-
ment and progress of Ireland."
The banquet took place in the evening. The
Duke of Leinster, as president of the society, pre-
sided, and the guests comprised the Lord-Lieute-
nant, the Earl of Erne, Lord Mouck, Lord Talbot
de Malahide, Lord lancarty, Lord Clonbrock,
Lord Castlemaine, Lord Clifton, Sir T. Redington,
Judge Keogh, and many of the leading gentry of
Westmeath, Roscommon, and the neighbouring
counties. The usual loyal toasts having been given
and responded to, " The health of the Lord-Lieu-
tenant" was proposed amid great cheering. His
Excellency replied at considerable length, and,
inter a/ia, supplied some highly interesting facts
connected with the annual return of agricultural
statistics which have not yet been officially promul-
gated by the Registrar-General. After alluding to
the historic recollections attached to the old town
of Athlone, the central garrison of Ireland, Lord
Carlisle proceeded as follows :
" Where could we have placed Irish agriculture upon
a more befitting throne I Nor are there wanting some
very gratifying points of contrast with the times that
have passed away. This same majestic Shannon for-
merly separated Connaught almost as a distinct country
from the rest of Ireland. Sometimes, indeed, Connaught
was represented as being one side of a less political alter-
native—(laughter and applause)—and this very year the
most brilliant of historians has described to us how that
inhabitants of the same realm guarded these lines, and
watched these fords, and reddened these plains in deadly
conflict. (Hear.) Now this same stream washes the
confines of ten peaceful Irish counties and benefits them
all, and, as on this day, brings together a large unarmed
assembly to meet in peaceful lists where there is no
more destructive rivalry than that between polled
Anguses and Berries. (Loud cheers.) While on the
subject of this great river, I may state much pains have
been taken of late years to heighten its natural capa•
bilities by improving the navigation and by diminishing
the overflow of its banks, to which it was so much sub-
ject ; and I am not sure whether our great Imperial
ally might not borrow some very useful hints from us as
to how to deal with these disastrous inundations, which
on a larger scale have so recently occurred on the banks
of the Loire and the Rhone. (Cheers.) But with re-
spect to ourselves, this deepening of the channel of rivers
and strengthening of their courses, and the reduction of
their waters to theirsummer level, prepare the way most
usefully for thorough drainage, and I rejoice to find how
much of that beneficial work is going on over Ireland
generally. I have learned that since 1843 no less than
176,000 acres have been drained by the Board of Works,
and I imagine more than double that area by private
hands; and sub-soil draining and surface draining on
mountain lands have been attended with like benefieial
results to the upland farmer and grazier. Now, I need
not point out to the practical and enlightened men who
now surround me how all-important drainage must be
to a country like Ireland, where the insular climate must
' necessarily cause so great an abundance of moisture, and
where we cannot always rely on the brilliant sunshine
with which we were favoured during the last fortnight.
Nei. can I be debarred, even by the golden promise of
the harvest which now gladdens our eyes, from urging
you to bear in mind that what Nature in her wise eco-
nomy seems specially to have fitted this island for is to
be the mother of flocks and herds—to be, if I may so
say, the herd and the dairy of the world—to send rations
of beef and bales of bacon to our armies wherever they
are, whether they are to -be found, as many of our
friends here to-night can speak of their being, upon the
distant ridges of the Caucasus, and to send firkins of
butter to every sea and harbour of the habitable globe.
(Hear, hear.) Within the last twenty years more than
a million of Irish acres have been reclaimed from
the waste. In 1841 to eight millions of people there
were 13,000,000 of cultivated acres in Ireland. Now
perhaps more than a million has been subtracted from
the population, and more than a million acres has been
added to the cultivated area. (Hear, hear.) I wish,
however, not to deal in generalities on a subject of this
sort, but will confine myself to the actual progress as
contrasted between the present year and that which im-
mediately preceded it. I derive my information from
the very valuable returns collected by the constabulary
of this country ; and this is a matter in which I conceive
that you in Ireland have got a material start over your
proud neighbours in England. These returns, as you
are well aware, are collected anneally, and, be it spoken
to the great credit of the Irish gentry, farmers, and peo-
ple, they are furnished voluntarily, and rare indeed are
the instances in which the information requested is not
supplied with alacrity and good will. (Cheers) Well,
I find from these returns, which have not yet been given
to the public—the time has not yet arrived for their
being sufficiently matured for the purpose—l find that,
comparing this year with the last, there is a decrease of
some amount in the growth of oats and barley, hut there
is an increase in the growth of wheat of 83,683 acres.
The increase in green crops amounts to no less than
114,774 acres ; and, though I must admit potatoes are
by far the largest portion, yet I am in hopes that pota-
toes themselves are grown now more as a farmer's crop
than with a view to the exclusive subsistence of the cat-
tle. The increase in flax, which I sin especially glad to
learn coven 90,000 acres, and the increase of the whole
extent under tillage this year, as compared with the last,
amounts to 65,773 acres. So, with respect to livestock,
the increase in the number of horsesainounte to 18,000 ;
of head of cattle to 25,000 ; of the number of sheep to
90,000. There is a very large decrease observable in pigs,
amounting to no less than 250,000 ; but it is thought by
those who are charged with the collection of these returns
that it is owing to theirhaving been made up at an earlier
period than usual, for I believe the farmers generally
like to have their pigs to feed when they have the largest
quantity of actual produce to give them. However, that
is a matter which must be tested by subsequent expe-
rience. I have the pleasure of seeing opposite to me on
this occasion a most useful public officer, Mr. Donnelly,
and 1 cannot see him without rememb ring that both he
and I have together striven to inculcate how much u3e
it would he to effect a still larger destruction of roadside
, weeds. Ido not like to go over ground which I have
travelled before, and I believe and hope much has been
done, and is doing in this respect. I know that some
railway companies have been good enough to give very
useful directions on this head, and I believe both they,
and grand juries, and road coutractore, and proprietors
at large, might do still more. I do not wish at all to
treat even the unproductive pauper as a human weed—
I should be very sorry to represent him in that light—
but I am happy to say that this crop shows a great defi-
ciency as compared with its state last year, for, upon
inquiring the numbers in the workhouses, I am happy
to find that in the last week there were 17,771 fewer
than in the same week in August, 1855, and there are
1,571 less last week than the week before. (Hear, hear.)
Indeed there is no circumstance in the present social
condition of Ireland which inspires me with more satis•
faction than what I believe to be the rise, perhaps the
gradual but the general rise, perhaps the slow, but I
believe the certain, and I trust permanent rise, in the
rate of wages. An dif there are any here to whom that
has a less comfortable sound, I would invite him to
remember that low wages by no means always represent
cheap labour—(loud cheers)— and that no real or deep-
seated or permanent prosperity can be expected in the
country unless it is grounded upon a prosperous and
contented tenantry, and labouring class ; and, let me
add, that it is thus, amid the harmony of classes, the
co-operation of interests, the blessings of external peace
and internal concord, that I trust the Royal Agricul-
tural Society is destined to pursue its honourable and
beneficent career." (Loud cheering.)
The other principal speakers were Lord Erne,
Lord Clonbrock, Lord Clancarty, and Mr. Justice
Keogh. The latter concluded an animated address
in these terms :
"There are subjects on which no man can for a moment
admit himself to be ignorant, questions which, while
they do not trench in any way on the disputed regions
of politics, on which we are never at liberty at meetings
of this kind to touch, yet all must know to be fostered,
to be encouraged by the exertions of the Royal Agricul-
tural Society of Ireland. They met together with no
selfish ends, except in the most enlarged sense in which
all men may be supposed to be actuated by selfish mo-
tives—namely, the increasing the general.store of wealth
and improving the character of the country which they
all love. But this society, meeting for the purpose of
diffusing useful knowledge among the humblest as well
as the highest classes of the community, spreading
among the peasantry of the land that information which
is calculated to improve their condition and raise them
in the scale of their fellow-creatures—(hear)—and surely
it is not necessary for me or for any one to go outside
the limits of this room to see how meetings such as this
are calculated to bring men together on occasions when
they can assemble without any difference of party or re-
ligious conflict—and forgetting those topics on which
unfortunately they may differ, combines in one common
concord for the common benefit of its country. Surely
also we can see in the observations which have been
made by his Excellency this evening one of the most dis-
tinct and clear marks of the regeneration of Ireland,
when he reminded us, and reminded us so appropriately,
that upon the banks of this river, which at sno distant

It so happened that among the officers of the
corps of regimented gaolers at Sydney, there were
one or two eannie Scots. Partly to dispel ennui,
and partly to make money, they imported a few
sheep and rams, and commenced farming. They
engaged to relieve the Governor of the charge of a
certain number of convicts provided he would ob-
tain for them grants of land, and allow them to
employ the men without paying wages. They laid
claim to sundry other privileges, of which the most
important was a monopoly of the rum imported
into the colony. This rum became the currency
with which they paid their way. Most of them
made fortunes by the sale of their farm produce.
Hence arose in time a New South Wales aristoc-
racy, a free commonalty, composed of convicts
whose term of punishment had expired, and a num-
ber of white slaves. Free adventurers from the
mother country began to drop in, hoping to parti-
cipate in the prosperity of the military aristocracy,
and by means of patrons at the Colonial-office ob-
tained grants of land and white slaves. Now began
a stormy era. The rum-monopoly aristocracy
rose in rebellion against one Governor who would
not obey them, and deposed him. His successors
trimmed and veered between the rum aristocracy
and the expirees, and the convicts, who made com-
mon cause with the latter. One Governor laid
down the law that the colony was founded for the
convicts, and that free immigrants had no business
there. His Excellency introduced a compendious
classification of the inhabitants into convicted
and unconvicted felons. Political asperities were
now combined with the most demoralising social
influences. There were scarcely any women in
the colony. The men were, for the most part,
brutal tyrants or felon slaves. In 1832 the
population had increased to 46,000, but in the
forty-fourth year of the colony's existence it had
not become self-supporting. A Pandemonium in
itself, it was threatening to convert all the islands
of the South Sea into refuges for buccaneers. In
almost every island of the Pacific were to be found
one or two escaped convicts, imparting to the na-
tives the vices without the virtues of civilised
society.
From th• English Government there was no
help. The convicts had been got out of sight, and
the " respectability" of England felt comfortable.
A knot of benevolent one-idea• I enthwiasts, whose
whole souls were engrossed with the abolition of
the slave trade and negro slavery in the British
possessions, had made a lodgment in the Colonial-
office. Their contests with the West Indian plan-
ters inspired them with an aversion for all colo-
nists. Their sole aim seemed to be the establish-
ment of a mother•country despotism in the old
colonies, and the prevention of the settlement of
new.

But there is a vis medicatrix in the healthy con-
stitution of English Society. The increase of free
immigrants, and the horrors of an exclusively penal
settlement, had brought into life a party in Now
South Wales which demanded the abolition of con-
vict transportation to that colony. About the
same time the idea that emigration was a panacea
for the evils of a redundant labouring population in
the old country had taken possession of the minds
of some intelligent leaders of public opinion in
England. From these two sources came motions in
Parliament for committees of inquiry into the
Transportation system, and associations to promote
systematic colonisation out of doors. We have
not time at present to enter into the details of
the agitation of these subjects which pervaded the
country and the Australian colonies from 1836 till
the commencement of the late war. But its fruits
appear in the news brought from Australia by the
Royal Charter, and published in our yesterday's
impression. In Australia there are now some half-
a-million of white settlers. There are six orga-
nised colonies (including New Zealand), with the
prospect of a seventh being soon added at Moreton
Bay. None of these are penal settlements except
Van Diemen's Land and Western Australia. One-half
of the wool annually imported into Great Britain
comes from our Australian colonies. Melbourne alone
exports annually a hundred tons of gold to Eng-
land. Australia produces grain and cattle more
than sufficient for its own consumption. A rising
sea-borne traffic is carried on from the colonies to
India, China, and the islands of the South Sea.
Australia has its colleges, its schools, its infant
manufactories, its museums, collections of paint-
ings, and theatres. Above all, it has got respons-
ible parliamentary government. Some relics of
the original taint of the convict settlement may
still be detected, but with every year they are be-
coming less. Something of the lawless spirit of the
pioneers of the desert at time breaks out, but it is
as nothing to what has been witnessed in Califor-
nia. With the same indomitable spirit of enter-
prise that characterises the North American ad-
venturers in new lands, the Australians combine
much of the respect for law and order that charac-
terised the original settlers of New England.
Our aged friend who saw the first batch of con-
victs set sail for "Botany Bay" will not survive to
see Australia a great empire. But he has lived
long enough to be favoured with a Pisgah glimpse
of that consummation. The time when Australia
will be severed from the parent state is yet distant,
but come it must; and then there will be a third
great nation of English race to hold the balance
between England and the United States. To the
living men of England and Australia it is given to
decide, in a great measure, what shall be the cha-
racter of this third nation. The old country's part
in this great task is obvious : to leave to Australian
energy to develope Australian resources and frame
Australian institutions, and to rest satisfied with
supplementary efforts to aid the struggles of their
brave countrymen at the Antipodes. What Aus-
tralia is it has become in spite of the thwarting and
cramping influence of successive English Govern-
meets. 'What Australia is yet to become must be
mainly the work of the Australians themselves, but
let us hope that they will themselves enjoy the
sympathising aid of the English Governmeut, as
they have all along done of the English people.
And let us also keep in mind that the tentative
improvement in our penal law—which led to the
first settlement in Australia—has as yet made very
short and very slow progress.

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[ADVIIRTIRAMENT.I SIGHT AND MCARIND SPECTACLES,
POWERFUL TELESCOPES, OPERA, RACE, AND PERSPECTIVE
Grassos.—Messrs. S, and B. Solomons, opticians, 30, Mho-
marle-street, Piccadilly. Observe—opposite the York Hotel.
By leer Majesty's Royal Letters Patent for valuable and
extraordinary improvements iu the most powerful and
brilliant Telescopes, Camp, Racecourse, Opera, and Per-
spective Glasses, to know the distances. These telescopes
possess such extraordinary powers that some three and a-half
inches, with an extra eye-piece, will show distinctly Jupiter's
moons, Saturn's ring, and the double stars. With the same
telescope can be seen a person's countenance three miles and a
half distant, and an object from 16 to 20 miles. They are of
larger and sizes, with increasing powers accordingly,—Toe
Royal Exhibition, 1851. Valuable, newly-invented, very small,
powerful waistcoat-pocket glass, the size of a walnut, by which
a person can be seen and known 1i miles distant ; they answin.
every purpose on the race-course, and at the opera houses,
country scenery, and ships are clearly seen at 8 to 10 miles.
They are invaluable for shooting, deer-stalking, yachting, to
sportsmen, gentlemen, gamekeepers, and tourists. Opera,
race-course, camp, and perspective glasses, with wonderful
power. Newly-constructed Spectacle Lenses of the great-
est transparent power. The valuable advantage derived
from this invention is, that vision becoming impaired is
preserved and strengthened, and very aged persons are
enabled to employ their sight at the most minute occu.
pation- can see with these lenses of a much less magniCy.
ing power—and they do not require the frequent changes
to the dangerous effects of further powerful assistance.
Persons can be suited at the most remote part of the world,
by sending one of the glasses out of their spectacles in a
letter, and stating the distance from the eyes they can read
small newspaper print with it; and those who have
not made use of spectacles by stating their age,—Deaf-
ness. —New Discovery.
The OrganiC Vibrator, an ex-
traordinary powerful, small, newly-invented instrument f( r
deafness, entirely different from all others, to surpass any-
thing of the kind that has been or probably ever •-.4in be,
produced. Being of the same colour as the skin, is not per-
ceptible ; it enables deaf persons to hear distinctly at church
and at public assemblies; the unpleasant sensation of singing
noises in the ears is entirely removed ; and it!affords all the
assistance that possibly could be desired.-30, Albemarle.
atreeto Piccadilly. Oliserve—oppooito the York Hotel.
• •