The Sun.
London, England, 1856-08-22 00:00:00

~~~~¢

SUN LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY,
LONDON.
Policies effected with this Society now WM PARTICIPATE IN
FOUR-FIFTIIS, or 80 per cent., of the Net Profits of the Society,
according to the conditions contained in the Society's Prospectus.
The Premiums required by this Society for insuring Young Lives
are lower than in many other old-established offices, and Insurers
are fully protected from all risk by an ample guarantee fund, in
addition to the acanualated fluids derived from the investments of
Premiums.

Policy stampspaid by the Office.
Prospectuses may be obtained at the Office in Threadneedle-streel
London, or of any of the Agents of the Society.
CHARLES HENRY LIDDERDALE, Actuary.

PROVIDENT CLERKS' ASSOCIATION.
This office, established in 1840, offers to assurers of all classes
the advantages of mutual life assurance in all its branches, com-
bining moderate rates of premium with an ample reserved flind and
unquestionable security.
Annuities, Ennowments, and every description of Life Assurance
effected daily.
The annual income is now 25,8001. 45,0007. has been paid in claims,
and upwards of 15,0001. has been divided in the shape of bonuses
among the assured.
The nest quinquennial bones will be declared at the end of 1857.
Chief Office, 15, Moorgate-street, London.
WILLIAM THOMAS LINFORD, Secretar7•
The attention of Clerks and ether employes 1., earnestly invited to
the great advantages offered by the Provident Clerks' Benevolent

ARE YOU GOING TO THE HIGHLANDS,
unrivalled for scenery, famous in story and song, to visit
the land of Sir Colin Campbell and the Highland Brigade? If s".
make a note to call at (when in the Capital of the beautiful North)
MACDOUGALL'S WAREHOUSE, High-street, Inverness. There
only can the varied products of the Highlands, natural and industrial,
be seen. In his extensive rooms MACDOUGALL has gatheredtogether
all the best productions of the Highland looms, in TWEEDS, TAR-
TANS, LINSEYS, PLAIDS, SHAWLS, DRESSES, the favourite
HIGHLAND
E CLOAK, FLORA IVIACDONALD ditto, &c., gm,
.T
w: th the best Native WELLERY, CAIRNGORMS, PEARLS, &c.;
the pretty products of the Skye, Lewes, and Gairloch Looms and
Knitting Needles ; the home-made. Undyed PLAIDS of Ord, Suther-
land, and Aroch ; the SNUFF-BOXES, COUPS, BICKERS of the
Culloden Carvers, &c. Side by side with all this he has placed all
the necessary clothing of every description for Deer Stalking, Grouse
Shooting, stud for Tourists, &c. Visitors to his rooms can at once
compare the varied products of the Three Kingdoms, _

D. 31ACDOiTGALL, Inverness.

(TOURISTS and TRAVELLERS exposed to
it the scorching rays of the sun,
will find and heated particles of dust

ROWLANDS' KALYDOR

a most refreshing preparation for the Complexion, dispelling the
cloud of languor and 'relaxation, allaying all heat and irritability,
and immediately affording the pleasing sensation attending restored
elasticity and healthful state of the akin.
Freckles, Tan, Spots, Pimples. Flushes, and Discoloration fly
tefore its application, and give place to delicate clearness with the
:low of beauty and of bloom. In cases of sunburn or stings of
insects its virtues have long been acknowledged.
Price 4s. 6d. and Bs. 6d. per bottle.
ROWLANDS' MACASSAR OIL.

A delightfully fragrant and transparent preparation, and, as an
Invigorator and purifier, beyond all precedent.
The Prices are 3s. 6d., 75., family bottles (equal to four small), 10s.
6d., and doable that size, 21s.
ROWLANDS' ODONTO,

or Pearl Dentifrice, compounded of the rarest and most fragrant
exotics. It bestows on the Teeth a pearl-like whiteness, frees them
and imparts to the gums a healthy firmness, and to the
Price 28. 9d. per box.
tiomrea rtathtaar,
grateful sweetness and purity.

• Sold by A. Rowland and Sons, 20, ilattoulgartlen, LondOn, and 14
Choliata and Perfumers,

Irk

proving the reformatory system

. The business of the sections commenced at 11. o'clock
yesterday morning. Section A met in the billiard-room
of the Queen's Hotel, Mr. Commissioner Hill presiding,
and Mr. Bengough officiating as secretary. .
Mr. WHEATeLY, chairman of the West Riding ses-
sions, read a paper on punishments in • reformatory
f,ehools. There were, perhaps, he said, differences of
opinion among them as to the right principles of penal
legislation, and still more as to the administration of
punishment for crime. Some might view it merely as
a deterrent ; others might regard the reformation Of the
individual as the sole end to be sought in the adminis-
tration of punishment. Others again, though regarding
such reformation as a chief end, might still believe that
the satisfaction due to the public sense of justice is an'
eleMent not to be ignored or forgotten. There might be
differencei of opinion, more especially with regardto the
young criminal, as to whether ho should be made the sub-
ject of penal treatment in a prison previously to his ad-
mission to a reformatory school or not ; but, whatever dif-
ferences there might be on these points, he trusted they
would all agree in this, that the treatment of the Refor-
matory School itself should not be penal, by which he
meant that the school was not to be a place,for the ad-
ministration of the punishment assigned by law to crime.
This principle was most distinctly embodied in the first
Ro'ormatory School Act, the 17 and 18 Vic., C. 86, by
which the magistrates were empowered to direct the de-
tention of On-young offender inetheachoeletacenernence
at the expiration of the Sentence passed upon him as a
punishment for his offence. ut punishments, even to,
severity, would be needed in a reformatory, because they
had to do with 'children whom neglected or vicious edu-
cation had more or less made deaf to the voice of con-
science. He was of opinion that if the young criminal
\were to undergo penal treatment it should be in a cellu-
lar prison, away from the reformatory, rather than, as
had been proposed, in a penal ward within its precincts.
The prison was the fitting termination ofa course of crime
—the reformatory the commencement of a new life. Let
them net be brought together ; let them not bridge over,
but rather widen, the gulf between them. The punish.
ment of the reformatory differed from the punishment of
the prison in that, while the latter had reference to past
crimes, the former had reference only to moral faults
committed there, and for these faults it would bo often
needed. It was with the profoundest deference that he
ventured to express the opinion that the discipline of
Mettray was too severe. In an establishment so large
he fully believed that such severity was necessary, but
for that very reason, among others, it did seem to him
that it was not desirable to form these estithlishmeutr
upon so large a scale, especially in this country, where,
from the difference of national character, such severity
would probably operate more prej ndicially than in France.
He was bound to say that, so far as his experience went,
it entirely confirmed the opinion of thecondnetors of Met-
tray as to the beneficial effects of the cell as a means of re-
formatory discipline. Our prison rec?rds showed that in
them, though constructed with all the best appliances for
separate confinement, the same beneficial results had net
been obtained. Having briefly explained what be con-
ceived to be the cause of this, difference, Mr. Wheate'y
offered a few remarks upon corporal punishment. He was
one of those inclined to the old-fashioned idea that in cast s
of abate moral disease, the outbreaks of uncontrolled
passion and wilful disobedience, to which ordinary chil-
dren were so liable, a counter-irritation, judiciously ap-
pliel, might often be useful to draw down, as the cold
herbalist would Say, the bad humours from the nobler
parts. But he believed its usefulneis was limited to
cases in which the general tone of the moral constitution
was healthy. He had little faith in its efficacy in the
chronic diseases with which they had for the most part
to deal in their reformatories. From being rather an
advocate of corporal punishment for young criminals, he
was first led to the opposite view by observations de-
rived from their vast prison in the West Riding of York-
shire and froinethe black books at quarter sessions, in
which it was remarkable how often in those long lists
cf previous convictions which 'appeared against young
criminals a whipping had been one of the early punish-
ments, and as far as his inquiries into the primary cause
of youthful crime had gone, be found none more com-
mon than over severity of parents, step-parents,—cr
others. Considered merely as a deterrent, he believed
corporal punishment to be less effective than the cell,
which was more really formidable, because, though less
severe, its mild discipline could be continued almost in-
definitely. Considered as a correction, the cell could be
adjusted with a nicety, which corporal punishment did
not admit of, to the requirements of the, case, and under
proper arrangements prolonged from simple temporary
rreventive detention to long-continued isolation, as the
moral symptoms of the patients developed from time to
time might seem to require. In both points of view,
both as a corrective and as a deterrent, the plan adopted
at Mettray was most important—viz., that the period of
detention in the cell should never be fixed beforehand,
but should be regulated according to the effect apparent
during its continuance, He would not have corporal
punishments absolutely excluded from the reformatory,
because in the infinite variety of cases and characters it
might occasionally be useful and even necessary, yet he
strongly believed that it should be used rarely and with
the utmost caution. In the school let no fault be unpun
ished, but never let them use one morsel more of punish
meat than was absolutely necessary for its correction. Ti
do so was, independently of any consideration of justice
or benevolence, bad economy—a waste of motive power
Considering punishment as a deterront, it was rathem
certainty than severity that was wanted. Considering i
as a reformatory agent, they needed not that which
would produce a sudden and violent impressiou, but tha
which would operate surely, continuously, and so perma
neatly—not the rush of the torrent, but the drop that
wore the stone.
At'the conclusion of the papers a lengthened discus.
sion arose upon the question of punishments and rewards,
in which part was taken by Lord Stanley, Lord R
Cecil, M.P., the Rev. S. Turner, Dr. Wallis, Mr.Bsker,
Mr. Adderley, M.P., and the chairman, who proposed a
vote of thanks to Mr. Wheately for his valuable paper.
Mr. G. W. HASTINGS next read a paper by Mr. F.
Hill, late Inspector of Prisons in Scotland, " On a visit
o Mettray," which has already appeared in The Sum.
The section then adjourned.

SECTION B.
This section met at the Victoria-rooms; Sir J. Paking-
ton, M.P., in the chair. Papers were communicated
by Capt. Crofton, Chairman of the Directors of Convict
Prisons in Ireland, "On the advantage of giving tn-
couragenoent to prisoners, and of allowing t'nem some
freedom of action ;" by Mr. Alfred Hill, on " Danlop's
Act, and on the working of industrial schools in Scot-
land ;" and by Mr. H. Cossham, "On the connection be-
tween drunkenness and juvenile crime."

ENCOURAGIEWENT TO PRISONERS.
Captain Crofton, in his paper, remarked the success
which had attended the application of the reformatory
system in Ireland previous to the discharge of Govern
:cent prisoners. The plan had been, some months before
the release of a well-conducted prisoner on licence or
otherwise, to train and. prepare him for the world in
which he was about to mix, by removing him from the
prison to a Government establishment. Here lectures on
useful subjects were delivered, moral, social, and indus.
trial training imparted, and the priitoner was placed in a
situation of trust. By these mean!' self-respect was en-
gendered. Every proper safeguard was of course taken.
There 'was abundant evidence of the well-doing of prison-
ers who bad been released after thi s probation, and the
demand for their labour was quite equal to the supply.
A loan fand'had been instituted, a nd afforded a good
test of
,the permanency of resolutiix es farmed in the in-
stitution. A record was kept' at t he Smithfield depot
and facts proved that the majority I A' prisoners might be
returned as useful members to sec ety. As to the eco•
nomical question a much greater qt malty of work com-
paratively was done in the institute ons than in prison,
and with far less supervision, and cost. lie was con
vinced that able-bodied prisoners a a situated could be
made self-supporting. Lord Carlis le bad taken an jute
rest in the subject, and had aver ted many difficultie,
that might otherwise have arisen, .nd had acted as a
favourable stimulus both to officer s and to prisoners.
They were training officers at Smithfield, so that when
they commenced public works, the first of which would
be a juvenile penal reformatory, a well-qualified stsfi
would be ready. Captain Crofton ti len proceeded to con
sitter the reformatory question inec mnection with West
ern Australia, and the difficulties' w hich surrounded tht.
question of secandary punishments, It was represented
that Western Australia was only able to absorb 800
convicts annually ; but if a reflrm ed class of prisoners
alone was sent this number might 1 es so increased as t,
make the deportation of great vale to to the united king
cloms A. public MeetiDgmently b old_ in this colony kwi.

DUNLOP'S Acr.

•
• u --
7:12, .
r ' 4, Chi
MAir, '
',4;; .40
0- • '
.„. •
-7: -

forwarded to our Government reeOlUti bighij AP

•
Mr. HILL sail the manageinent and diminution of the
criminal and vagrant class in this country v' one of U'e
moot pretaing diffiCultfes of the arc ; ai,d the
be divided into those wh) were 0• is s.essi, those wtie were
in prison, those who were in refereetterhfs; and these who
were in industrial schoile. There ceilidh °no cl.o.f;t that
Owe who were at larguyere by far the most costly to the
,public. Some 30 years ago witness:s examined upon the
question of the estab:iehinent of the leistropoliten police
estimated the amount of property anisnally stolen in Len-
don at 1,500,0001. Criminals in prison, tno, were very
costly, and the evsenses of pre-fishing and prosecuting
prisoners in Enslsnd and, Scotland was estimated at
355,000/. Matters were mach better in refortriateries and
industrial eiChools ; the especially urged en extensive
establishment of the latter. M ,re industrial :schools had
been established in Scotland than--elsewhere; and' waif
better effects. It was at first hoped that the schools
might be made self-supporting, bpt this sv,a'st not the
case either at Aberdeen or elsewhere. Of the children
who were induced toeenter the school, some were re-
moved by parents who preferred to have what they could
obtain by hegsing,' some deserted because they could
not endure the discipline of the sehool, but the majorits
remained and attended regelarly. In all the schools
the number of children who had lost one or both .pa-
rents was very large,. and of the others in most cases
the parents had forsaken thechildrap, were
aban-
Char-setters -frequently in pristC7.7lt was proved
by experience in every town where an industrial school
had been established that the number of children in
the school and the number in the gaol were like the
two ends of a beam, and, as the one rose the other fell.
In Edinburgh, Glasgow, Paisley, Greenock, Perth, and
Arbrsath these schools had been established, and had
produced most important results. They d.ffered from
each other only in the mode of imparting religious in
etruction. From the commencement of the Edinburgh
schools in 1847 the number of children under 14 years of
Age committed to the Edinburgh gaol had diminished
rom 260 to 81. At Perth an interesting experiment was
;lied by employing the boys to cultivate four acres of
and. This succeeded so well that it was determined to
sake a much larger piece of ground, but, neighbouring
Andowneri objecting to this plan, it was not carried
into effect. An important feature was the habit which
lad sprung up for parishes, on whom children had a
,lain, to send thena to industrial schools, paying a sti-
t)end for their beard ; and it was difficult to conceive of a
nore advantageous mode of supporting pauper children.
Another circumstance was, that when children left the
ichool they were put out to employment where they were
cot boarded, but that was frequently found for them
at the school, their wages being drawn and'placed against
he cost. There was a difference of opinion in Scotland
en the policy of Dunlop's Act, but, as far as he could
earn, the weight of testimony was greatly in its favour,
tnd an indirect benefit was probably derived from the
6ct, in that the fear of its being enforced induced pa.
eats and parishes to board children at the school by ar-
angement, or otherwise ptovide for them, so that they
lid not continue to be vagrants.
Mr. H. COSSUAAr, in his paper, which was not long,
nicest juvenile crime, in a great degree, to the drinking
iabits of a great mat's of the people, and said that two-
;birds of the children now in reformatories had bees
)rotfet to their present state by the drunken habits of
:heir parents.

SECTION C.
This section met in the Octagon of the Victoriai-ooms,
under the presidency of Mr. W. the secretary

)eing Mr. W. Gillow.
The first paper read was that by Mr. PEULPOTT, on
" Ship Reformatories." The author offered suggestions
oy which juvenile offenders might be reclaimOd and a re-
gular supply of seamen obtained for her Majesty's ser-
vice. He stated that upwards of 10,000 young men
.ruder 18 years of age were annually committed for theft
a Great Britain, and he suggested that, as there were
inany ships lying up in ordinary in the various ports, the
-3xperiment might be tried of fitting up a number of them
at Portsmouth, Plymouth, Sheernesf, and Pealbroke, for
;he reception of 1,000 1 oys each, the vessels to be eigad
,ustruction ships. In his opinion,' the Le4islature shsuld
)e applied to to pass an act, authorising the ina;is-
;rates in petty sessions to examine all youths under 18
:harped with felony or serious misdemeanour, and i
;uilty, instead of committing thorn to gaol, to apprentice
them to her Majesty until they were 21 years of age. In
.hone vessels the boys should be taught everything ne-
iessary to make them good sailors. The colt of this
ixperimeut would he much less than the cost of prosecut-
' itig and convicting young delinquents and supporting
them in gaol. They would, he said, be free from all
contamination, their characters would be preserved, and
,vben they left the instruction-ships either to serve her
Niajesty or to go into the me rchant service they would
lay.) the advantage of ntver having been convicted of

ime.
A.nother paper was also read frau Mr. J. R. Brough
" Oa the Liverpool Akbar Hulk Reformatory."

ham, - - .
was a highly interesting Papers descriptive of that Re.
ormatery.
At the conclusion of these papers,
The CLtAz3MaN said he was of opinion that many ob-
jections might lie urged to the plan proposed, the princi-
pal, however, of which "ff PA, that it would interfere with
free labour. He thought that the utmost that coald be
lone' would be to give) the young persons good moral
training and inure thein to the diecipiMe of the Refer
eatery, and then lot them seek their own livelihood.
Sir S. Nortelioolos agreed with the chairman, that it
would be very unwise to interfere with free labour, and
called attention to the fact, that in the reign of George
IV. it was lawful to gelid persons who had transgresses
the Customs' laws to the navy, but the practice was
found so objectionable that it had been discontinued in
the following reign. He thought, however, that ship re-
formatories might be rendered very valneble as recep-
tacle tor those boys who, having been convicted, pun-
ished, and placed in reformatories, had no trade or ocete-
pation whatever. In such a case they could be taught
the occupaiion add duties of a sailor, and then discharged
to seek their living.
After some further remarks from other gentlemen,
Mr. F: N. WATKINS suggested that very Much benefit
would be effected by the establishment of ship schools in
Bristol, for which he picturecontende locality was well
adapted. He drew an affecting pt of the poor desti-
tute boys of Bristol, who, he said, were sometimes seen
actually scraping the sugar-casks for food.
Mr. BLIVIIGILIat obj acted entirely to the principles of
the pap The Government by itself could not reform
the criminal population, and every attempt on their part
to do so would infallibly put an end to the movement.
A paper was then read by Miss•CAEPEISTEn, "On the
present position of reformatories to the Slate and the
principles on Which they 'should be cond acted, especially
asregards girls reformatories." After ale e iutreeuetory
remarks, Miss Carpenter obeerved that the one great
principle which bad been lost sight ef is the treatment
of juvenile criminals was the treatment of a child as a
child, and all the machinery of judge, jury, and officers
was brought to bear against youths wuose teuder years
and ignorance Lardly enabled them to distinguish right
from wrong, Sue then gave a lengthened description of
the various improvements in criminal jurisprudence,
strongly advocatiog a sYst" which shoued give to the'
Govereinent,plenary powers Over the inmates of refer-
met:lies, Without interferiug with the fes•edem of Action
on, the part of the managers. Hitherto the progress of
legislation, however slow, had been in the right direction;
but, instead of magistrates having merely a permissive
power to send the children convicted to reformatories,
further legislation was necessary, making it compulsory
en them to send all children twice convicted, and thoee
who bad been convicted once could not gat security for
their future good behaviour. There was no fear of the re-
formatories being too lull as yet, for many were not half
filled while others were building. After detailing many
striking instances of the benefits derived in this neigh-
beurhood front reformatories, she conclued by express-
ing her ()Pinion that, veuila she thoughtsong imprison-
ments injurious M the highest degree, a short period
of seclusion with the advantage of those moral agencies
At
Oss pos. ecl might be attended with the
they now happily
ereateet benefit. At the same time she thought that
previous puniShment ought not to be absolutely re-
quired before admittance into reformatories.
The reeding of this paper elicited the warm applause
of the meeting.
The Very Rev. the Dean of Binseole after a short in-
terval devoted to refreshment, read a paper by Lord
Brougham, "On thninefficiency of our alinply penal legis-
lation," of which the following is an abstract. His lord-
ship observed that the education and moral training of the
people, and the making punishment subservient to the
reformation of offenders, offered the best means of sav-
ing society from the pellution it is exposed to from the
ignorance, the immoral habits, and the neglect of those
who have fallen into criminal .courses. "nue could be
no doubt that while the very existence of society was
threatened by the frightful progress , of crime, the in-
efficiency of the laws for its restraint became every day
,nore deplorably nianifeet. The opinion of every
h per
dson
ef• experience was that punishment by itselfa no
crithinals. The dread of pu
steady effect in deterring
nishtnent always depended upon the certainty of its fol
lowing the commission of crime, and nothing like cer.
teinty was attained by the connection which tile law at
present established between guilt and punishment.
Sleuth had been dune of late years to diminish the
cbances of escape, but gratuitous prosecutors weve etill
required to put the um 331.9ti913, and Ragland alone;

r • r

• '" *,z,
s ~...;: _
~,:,‘....:,, ' t 4,,,, •, , . ..,;•:-.:;1 ;,...,
• - -.''',,r, >
.......,`"Y /
1 •
, *

of all the netiots of Europe, was without a public pre
secuter. The consequence wat frequent failures of
tice, it being often poseible, for a trifling sum, to buy off
a prosecutitm. Many things, however, had cootrileuted
to improve our criminal jirispruderree. Toe amend-
relents in the rules of pleading, the greater frequency
trials, the improvement of the police in gieat towns,
;it) better selection of rhegietratee—all had a share in
;en:teeing tide desired result, and public prosecutor and
etieendiary jueticem were alone wanted to make our cri-
-eine! cede as efficacious as human law .eould be ex-
acted to be. (Hear.) But we had committed one
serious error. We had always considered crimes insu-
lated—that they orgineted in occasional gusts of pas-
eion. Nothing, however, could be more certain than
that the great msjority of offences committed in every
civilised cemumeity were the results of immeral charac-
ier or gross ignorance, the offences themselves being
-only a question ef degree. The deterring effect of pu
oishment wee very much lessened to a perverted mind,
end the olject shops t he to induce so radical a change in
the course of thinking of the criminal that he would
not only be deterred from'one but from all wrong
nctiens. The f, equency of escape from penal visitation
engendered bad habits, with which the moral perception
of the criminal maintained a.vain and fruitless conflict,
:yea, however wisely penal nodes might be framed, they
became feeble and irefficacious in action. The criminals
aeho infested society must be regarded as a class who
had turned crime into, a trade ; and when it was consi-
deted how many offences a. thief must commit to earn:
his daily bread, it was evident t:hai impunity was the
rule,, and detection the exception. But even certainty-of
itself would not be enough. Celerity' mostbdadd(d to'
certainty in the punishment of crime; and 'the worn-
plistitneetlof both those objects was almost`irnposible.
If the sight or shearing of punishment could produce
:ffeet, actual experience must prodoee still . more. But
!neat etood the facile-;:By the returns of Convictions for
Manchester for 19 years ending in 1827, it was shown.
that between a third and a fourth of -the whole number
convicted were recommitted to the same gaol for other
lalonies. In the same period between 12,000 and 13,000
were committed to the gaols of Salford and Leeds, of
whom 4,000 relapsed, and the magistrates of Liverpool
had found that out of 14 bays taken at random one had
in:en recommitted no less than 19 times, and another (a
child of 7 years old) in two years had been condemned
three times to imprisonment, and a fourth to transpor-
tation. Now, what has been the means adopted for the
prevention of this recurrence to crime ? Nothing was
more certain than the first offence might by proper treat-
ment be made the last, but almost all magistrates admi-
nistered the law as if each offender was of the self-same
character sod belonged to the same class. (Hear.) It
was clear that the State should provide the means of
punishing the youthful and unhardened culprit without
exposing him to the contamination of older criminals,
and, more,
,should enable him to resume his place in so-
ciety without either the disgrace of exposure or the des-
peration of leaving a prison for a state of destitution.
Tee Code Napoleon enabled the judge to give up the
young convict to his relative, master, cr guardian; on
the undertaking of careful superintendence, with the
power of police watchfulness ; and Mr. Hill, the
learned, able, and humane Recorder of Birmingham,
bad adopted a similar course with a success which
was extremely encouraging. (Mean) It was, however,
the duty of the Government to provide more ample
means for reforming criminals. The geol must be con-
sidered as a moral hospital and its inmates treated rather
as patients than as criminals. After referring to what
had been done with this object at Stratton-on-llunsmore,
Horn, near Hamburg, Lyons, Bordeaux, Rouen, Or-
leans, and at Mettray, and giving statistical results of
the success which had attended the establishmetits at,
these places, the noble ler,' proceeded to remark that,
in contrast with these pleasing details, they could only
reflect w to pair and statne upon the rude and barbar-
ous method hitherto pursued with our convicts. He
used hardly ash, was this wicked system to be con-
tinued ; or were they to amend it only with respect to
the young ? Nothing could be more unreasonable than
drawing a line of demarcation between youthful and
other offenders ; for they had no more right to imprison
a man and then turn him loose on society, as bad or
worse than before, than they had to perpetrate the same
offence with a boy or child. (Hear.) In truth, we were
guilty of a 'e s offence by liberating a boel than discharg-
log an accomplished malefactor. After quoting the opi-
nions of Bentham, Macoonochie, and other writers
ti pen the subject of punishment, the noble lord observed
that how grievously lawyers, magistrates, and specula-
tive reasouers had erred in bestowing so little attention
upon a reformatory process must be plain to every mind.
Every convict leaving the gaol uereclaimed became the
teacher by precept and example of others ; the patient
discharged from the moral hospital uncured carried with
him a eel tagious disease which threatened the existence
of society, and from which, unhappily, society could not
escape. flow should thus mischief be prevented By
taking care that the patient should not be sent forth
decured. But what was the fact? ~Not one, but
thousands of uncured patients were every year
vetnited from the moral pesthouses of the country,
and the very rules of those establishments requited
that they should be cast out uncured. Undoubt
edly the moot important portion of a reformatory
system was the general establishment of infant train-
leg. And how long, continued the noble lord, are we
to wait before the most scandalous disgrace resting on
our character as a people shall be removed?—how long
before the bitterness of sectarian controversy shall so far
be allayed by the Christian feeling of mutual forbear-
nice, and the heats of polemical conflict be so far tem-
pered by brotherly love as to allow us to feel that " the
greatest of all these things is charity," and that the tri
umphs of sect over sect are as absolutely nothing com-
pared with the mighty and the holy conquests of sound
knowledge over ignorance How long most it be before
we see the adversaries in such miserable contests prefer
that victory which is far greater than his who conquers
a great city—the victory over their own temper—leading
to the sapping or the storming of the strong but not im-
pregnable fortresses of ignorance, immorality, and irre-
ligion? It is our highest duty to rescue the people trotn
ignorance and vice by giving them the inestimable bless-
ing of a sound moral and religious education, to prevent
the growth of crime, while we provide for reclaiming
from` their vicious courses those who have been led
astray—a cure only to be effected by making the punish-
ment of criminals the instrument of their reformation.
That duty we have not discharged. -But if we have
planted no schools where habits of virtue may bo in-
duced, stretched forth no hand to extirpate the germs of
vise, we have kept open other schools where vice is
taught with never-failing success, and both hands inces-
santly to stifle the seeds of virtue ere yet they had time
to sprout, and laid down many a hotbed where the
growth of crime in all its rank luxuriousness is assidu-
ously forced. The infant school languishes which a pa-
ternal Government would have cherished ; but Newgate
flourishesNewgate with her thousand cells to corrupt
their youthful inmates, seducing the guiltless, confirming
the depraved. (Cheers.) The infant school is closed
which a paternal Government would have opened-wide
to all its children ; but the penitentiary, -
pentance and penance should rather be performed by
the real authors of their fall, yawns day and night to
engulf the victims of .our stepmother system. The
infant school receives no innocents whom it might
train or hold fast to natural virtue, but the utterly
execrable, the altogether abominable hulk lies moored in
the face of' the day which it darkens, within sight of the
Lend which it insults, riding on the waters which it
stains with every unnatural excess of infernal pollution,
triumphant over all morals! Shall civilised, shall free,
shall Christian rulers any longer pause in the discharge
of the first of their duties? or shall it be said that be-
tween the claims of contending factions in Church or in
State, the Legislature stands paralysed, and cannot put
f rth its hand to save, lest offence should be given to
some of the knots of theologians who bewilder its ears
with their 'wise, as they have bewildered their own
brains with their controversiee I Be well assured, that if
you suffer the patent ef all evil, all falsehood, all hypo-
crisy, all uncharitableness, all self-seeking—him who
covers over with pretexts f conscience the pitfalls that
he digs for the souls ou which he preys—to raalk about
the fold and lay waste its inmates—if we stand still and
make no head against him; upon the vain pretext
the far
that
our action is obstructedb by religious cabals, or
can
more guilty one, that by playing a party game we
turn the hatred of conflicting professors to our selfish
purposes, wo shall be greeted with a shoat
send up of univereal
scorn, which all mankind in all ages will
us. (Cheers.) he
The reading of this paper concluded the business of t
meeting. against

SECONDARY ITNISEMENTS.
At 3 o'clock the several sections re-assembled Teat the
Victoria-rooms, when Sir S. Northcote, 111P.,a
paper ou previous imprisonment of
Turner`chidren sentenoed to
reformatories, and the itev. S. on the best means
of
providing for the inmates of reformatory schools upon
their discharge. These two papers were taken out of the

sections. ,
Sir S. NOBTFICOTE condemned punishment which was
of a merely retributive character; an attempt should be
made at reformation. They should not be discharged
without any provision being made to prevent their re-
lapsing into crime. There were two great questions
which be wished them to consider. The first was whetherhe
youthful offenders ought to be punis at all ; and t
second was, whether reformatory schools ought to be
made places of punishment. It was cruel and unjust to
punish youthful offenders for an infraction of the law of
which they had clearly been convicted, and then, when
they had endured the pain which, " for the sake of so-
ciety," was inflicted upon them, to turn them adrift
upon the world without making any effurt to avert the
ruin which was staring them in the face on their return
tk, society. Society, like property, had its duties as well
;.;,s its rights. (Hear.) The establishment of reformato-
ries had materially altered the aspect of this question,
and het ought that they were now likely to see their
way clear to the gra,dual introduction uf a system by
ineans of which penal and reformatory measures would
go hand in hand together. When this could be done
ivery youthful offender who was clearly conscious of the
act which he was committing, and who was aware of
its criminality, ought to bo. appropriately punished. 11,
r,otally tliQapproved the French system of acquitting al-
most every child under the age of 16, because long
wrong, be-
fore that age 99 boys out of every 100 were
Perfectly
Able to discern between right and opg
3 and to olea-

late the consequences of their own acts. No doubt the
moral perceptions were 'often blunted by the ,want of
education and by debasing associations. He next came
to the question as to whethernitive measures should
be resorted to reformateries.pu He thought decidedly
not. .4e objeCted. to' the confusion of - edneatioa and
punishment, because to the criminal himself it" would
have the aspect cif itiflictieg an educatien . upon hien as
punishment for his crime, and to the 'general publid it
would present the beCtecle- of guilt rewarded by a•good
education. The boys themselves appreciated the differ-
ence between the prison to which they were sent to be
punished for their critneC and the reformatory to which
they were sent to be iinproved. - ft was of. great import-
ance that this distinction shouldibe clearly l:ept Unit they
wished to secure the co-operation of the ooys in the work
which they undertOok for their benefit, and which ca-
-1 operation, would be a very great advantage.: 'Diem
need not be any insuperable difficulty in ineruciog a bey
to take part iu his own improvenient, but it was out easy
to see how they were to bring him to Os° a willing p irt
in his ovn punishment. At Parkhurst, for instance,
where field labour was male compulsory ae a punishment,
the boys shrank from it, and evaded it as far as pcssihe,
whereas at Polhill, where it constituted a portion of the
training which was to fit them for after life, they took to it
, heartily and well. Everything depended upon whether
the boys looked upon themselves as Scholars •or as pri-
soners—(hear)—an4 whether they regarded the
period of
penal discipline should be resorted to, and followed by a
system of industrial and edUcatinnal ran
the n
reforms-
g
punishment whatever should take place in
tmise, because they were intended as establishmente to
win buy's hack from a life of vagrancy, misery, andime,
cr
and to give them a taste for honest industry
wan
to for the
e.
comforts of home.. No onet.however, wouldh ma
their position in any respect mil as that it should excite
the jealous .feelings of the lonest poor. Paitishruent for.
-past offences ehould be administered hefted-
associated Tee
- imprisonment. He would, therefore., adviie short terms of-
imprisonment upon the separate system so Icing ae refor-
matory schools were confined to children who had been
guilty of a breach of the law ; euch children ought clearly
to undergo some sort of punishineet.
A general meeting will be held this evening at the Vic-
toria rooms, when Lord Stanley. will give a resume of the
proceedings of the sections.

ASCENT OF MOUNT
ISH AN.ARAT BY FIVE
ENGLALEN.

In this age of ripe ewerience, when universal
enterprise and searching investigation have brought
almost everything beneath their touch, it is some-
thing to be able to announce to the public the ac-
complishment of an undertaking which has hitherto
been deemed impossible, while by many the very
attempt would have been considered as bordering
on the impious. .
To most men the name of Ararat suggests
thoughts of a solemn nature ; and among the people
who inhabit the countries round its base, its snow-
capped summit is regarded With mingled awe and
veneration, being guarded from all approach, ac-
cording to their belief hitherto, not only by physi-
cal obstructions of an insuperable nature, but also
by Divine prohibition. This belief no longer
exists, and the practicability of ascending Mount
Ararat is now an established fact.
On the 11th inst. a party, consisting of Major
Alick J. Fraser, the Rev. Walter Thursby, Mr.
James Theobold, jun., of Winchester, Mr. John
Evans, of Darley Abbey, Derbyshire, and myself,
started from Bayazid on this new expedition. We
were accompanied by two servants and a zaptieh,
or native policeman, and by the kindness of the
Kaimakan, Hadjee Mustapha Effendi, we were
consigned to the special charge of Issak Bey, a chief
of the Ararat Kurds, under whose safeguard we
had nothing to fear from the plundering habits of
his followers. At Bayazid we had provided our-
selves each with a stout pole between five and six
feet long, furnished with a spike at one end and a
hook at the other.
Crossing the plain of Ararat we commenced the
ascent through a wide ravine, enclosel between vast
ridges of volcanic rock. For three hours we wound
our way through rugged defiles, occasionally
traversing fertile plateaus, verdant with growing
crops of wheat and barley. Our sure footed
little horses, accustomed to this sort of work,
picked their way through the most break neck
places, and brought us in safety to the black
goats'-lair touts of our host, which were pitched
on some pasture lam's on the southern slope of
Greater Ararat, about 8,000 feet above the level of
the sea. Hither the Kurds resort in summer with
their flocks and herds, returning to the villages cf
the plain at the approach of winter.
A portion of the chief's tents were set apart for
our use ; the floor was covered with gay-coloured
carpets, a fat sheep was killed, and everything was
supplied that Kurdish hospitality could suggest.
At 3 o'clock next morning we were on the move,
all except Mr. Thursby, who, to our regret, was
obliged by indisposition to remain in the tent.
Three hours of continued ascent on foot brought
us to th© base of the cone. Here Major Fraser
bore off to the south-cast, and took a line of his
own, while Mr. Theobold, Mr. Evans, and I com-
menced the ascent on the southern side, keeping
I to snow, which presented an unbroken surface to
the very summit.
To my two friends, who are experienced Alpine
climbers, this was easy work, but it soon began to
tell unfavourably on my unaccustomed limbs. For
a time we kept pretty well together ; by degrees,
however, Mr. Theobold began to forgo ahead, fol-
lowed by Mr. Evans, while .1 brought up the rear
as well as I could. But my strength was fast giving
way, and when about half-way up the cone I found
myself unable to proceed any further. Accord-
ingly, there being no altefnative but to descend, I
sat ou the snow and shot down with the velocity
of an arrow, undoing in a few minutes the labori-
ous toil of nearly three hours. This was a keen
disappointment, amply repaid to me, however, as
will appear by and by.
At the foot of the cone I found Issak Bey, who
with a couple of his people had come out to watch
our progress. He looked on my failure as a mat-
ter of course, and. seemed to think the others, too,
must soon give in ; but no, up kepiwent higher
and higher, his interest and surpriseg pace
with their ascent.
For some hours we watched their upward course,
the sharpsnaked eye of the Kurd plainly discern-
ing what I was able to see only with the aid of a
i telescope. At length, at 1.45, Mr. Theobold
crowned the summit. Great was the astonishment
of the Chief. " Mashallah !" he exclaimed, " God
is great !"—" What wonderful people these Eng-
lish are ; a few of them come here, and without
iany difficulty walk to the top of that holy moun-
tain, a thing that never was done by man before.
Wonderful, wonderful 1'
At 2.50 Mr. Evans reached the summit. He
and Mr. Theobold made the descent together, by
the same track that they ascended, and returned
to the tents about sunset.
We must now follow the movements of Major
Fraser, who, as already stated, took a line of his
own. Not being accustomed like the others to
snow work, he chose a ridge of stone, which led up
about two-thirds of the ascent.. Over this he made
his way without much difficulty, and then, taking
to the snow, he patiently toiled upwards till within
a few hundred feet of the summit. Here, in at-
tempting to cross over to what appeared a more
practicable line, he slipped on some thinly-covered
ice, and, losing all control over himself, he shot
down with fearful velocity, now head, now toot
foremost, over a space of about a thousand feet.
By wonderful efforts and presence of mind. he suc-
ceeded in arresting his perilous descent, and,
scrambling with difficulty to a rocky ridge that
protrudelabove the snow, he climbed over it with
immense labour ; and thus recovering his lost way,
he won the height about 3.30, having been thrown
back fully three hours by his mishap. He descended
lon the traces of Messrs. Theobold and Evans, and
regained the tents at midnight, having been about
20 hours on foot.
On the 13th, about 2 p.m., Mr. Thursby and I
started from the tents accompanied by two Kurds,
carrying rugs, greatcoats, and a small supply of
provisions. We proceeded slowly and leisurely
until we reached about one-third the ascent of the
cone. There we were obliged to dismiss the Kurds,
who, from religious fear, refused either to proceed
further or to spend the night on the mountain ;
but, to insure their return in the morning for the
rugs, &a., we thought it expedient to detain their
arms, the dearest her
of these nomade people.
As we had. neither of us much fancy to try the
ascent by the snow, we chose a new line of or
own over a rocky surface, facing nearly due south,
which the wind and sun had bared nearly to the
summit.
the night, piled up stones to windward as a
.s shelter
having dined heartily, we
against the cold, and, .. _
Left now to ourselves, we selected a spot toh pass
made ourselves as comfortable as possible. We saw
the sun set in indescribable glory, throwing the
and even darkening the distant shadow of the vast mountain far away over Georgia
gad
A
haze
Wrapping ourselves in our rugsa we passed the
ofdtehre b ij Eastern ans,
horizon.
tern

THE FATAL BOILER EXPLOSION NEAR
BURY.

The deplorable occurrence at the bleach and dye
works of Messrs. Warburton and Holker, Hemp-
son Mills, near Bury, briefly described by us yes-
terday, turns out, on further inquiry, to have been
attend:ea with more lamentable results than was at
first stated. Upwards of 20 persons have been
scalded and injured in various ways, in addition to
the immediate loss of nine lives. The works are
situate on the right bank of the riveriloach; and
consisted of two parallel lines of workshops, only a
few yards apart, and connected at one end by the
boilerhouse, with dyehouse immediately behind it..
The boilerhouse was thus seated in the midst of a
block of buildings in which nearly 200 persons
were employed, but, fortunately, owing to the
early hour at which the explosion took place, some
of the workpeople had not arrived. There were
three long tubular boilers in the boilerhouse, one
of which was new, and had not yet been put into
working order, but was to have started on Monday
next in place of the one that was burst. The
other two boilers were old ones, and generated
steam for three engines, of 30, 25, and 10 horses'
power respectively. The boiler that has burst was
a high pressure and not a low pressure one, as stat-
ed in our former account. It had been in work
10 or 11 years, and had been repaired and fitted
with new fireboxes. The following is a list of the
sufferers .I.
Kdled.-1. James Barlow, the engineer, who
was found on the fireplace, where he had probably
been feeding the fire at the moment of the explo-
sion. He was one of the first of the sufferers res-
cued, but he had sustained a fractere of the head,
extending from one of his temples backward, above
the ear. The head, in fact, appeared to be almost
split in two, but when fint taken from the ruins
he was conscious and was able to speak. He told
Mr. Warburton that he bad no idea of the cause of
the explosion, for he had started every thing work-
ing all right, and he believed the valves were all
right too. He died within an hour of his extrication.
He was 50 years old, and has left a; widow and three
children. 2. JohnComstive, blue dyer, aged 60, who
leaves two children. 3. Francis Chadwick, blu e -
dyer, aged 14. 4. John Maude, blue dyer, aged
15. 5. Thomas Knowles, fancy dyer, aged 19.
6. Daniel Worsley, foreinan of the blue dyers,
aged 60, leaving ,a widow. 7. James Wakes, a
dryer of cloth in the stoveroom, aged 19. 8. Thos.
Eutwisle, labourer, aged 60, leaving a widow and'
daughter. 9. John Whittaker, aged 23, who bad.
been only recently married. Whittaker worked
at the adjoining mill of Messrs. Chambers and
Livsey, and was passing the premises of Messrs
Warburton and Co. at the time of the explosion,
when part of the ruins fell upon him and killed
him. Most of these unfortunate persona were
killed by the fall of the buildings; but some were
badly scalded. The last of the bodies was not got
out until past noon.
Injured...-As we have already stated, more than
20 persons were injured, besides those who were
killed. Among the list are the following :—Otho
Bridge, aged 18, head cut and legs scalded ; Henry
Heywood, head cat ;Peter Appleby, badly scalded
Edward •Hepkinson, hurt in the back ; William
Chadwick, leg badly cut ; Richard Naylor, severely
bruised ; Robert Whiteside, John Ashworth, John
Knowles, William Bury, James Brooks, John
Kay, David Mayor, two daughters of Oliver
Hayes, Thomas Smethers, and John Ramsbottom,
more or less injured. John Brooks and Edmund
Walker, seriously hurt, and doubtful of re..
covery. Walker was taken out of the ruins three
hours after the explosion, from under 6 feet of brick.
work and wreck that had fallen upon him, and his
life was apparently saved by two heavy ,cast-iron
as
pipes falling across the place where he w awor
over his back, so as to keep off him part of the
superincumbent materials.
The surviving sufferers have been attended by
Mr. Bolt and Mr. Fletcher,
surgcous at Bury, and
Mr. John Lancashire, surgsoo, of Pilldugton.
They were all doing as well as could be expected,
considering the serious nature o some
e of their in-
juries, yesterday yesterday morning, and, soas could
ascertained on the spot, serious fears were only •
entertained for the lives of four out of the whole
number. •Of the cause of the explosion—as it will
form very serious matter for inquiry at the inquest
—which is to be opened this day at 10 o'clock—it
is desirable that very little should be said, lest
prejudice should be created before all the facts are
known. It may be mentioned, however, that in
one place the boiler was worn nearly as thin as a
sixpence, at one of the rents, while the original
thickness of the plates was rather more than the
third of an inch. It is possible, however, that this
wearing away of the metal had escaped observation;
but this, of course, will be one of the principal
subjects for inquiry by the jury. After the explo7
sion some of the cleat in the building took fire,
and sustained a good deal of damage before the
.flames could be extinguished. The total pecuniary
damage caused by' the explosion and fire is esti-
mated at about 3,000!. ; and, so far as the loss
from fires concerned, essrs. Warburton and Co.
are covered by insurance in the West of England
Fire-office.