The Sun.
London, England, 1833-10-10 00:00:00

LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 10, 1833.

THE SWEDISH ARMY AND NAVY,

JANUARY 1, 1832.

The first organisation of a regular army is due to
Charles XI. in 1680, in whose time it solely con-
sisted of men billetted upon the landed proprietary.
The latter, if possessed of an income of not less
tha►► 501. or 601. a-year, are bound to provide one
soldier with a small dwelling, a piece of ground, and
certain necessaries. The quota has been increased
by adding men who have been enrolled, as well as
such as are drawn by ballot under the conscription
law. The army is at present composed of 32,694
men, inclusive of 2,580 artillery, 4,705 cavalry, and
25,409 infantry. Of this force 26,914 are quartered
with the landowners, and 5,780 are recruits. In-
dependently of these troops, the five classes of con-
scripts furnish 95,518 men fit for service. The
army is divided into three regiments of artillery,
eight of cavalry, and twenty-five of infantry. Each
regiment, in addition to the two or three towns as-
s;gried to it for its quarters, is under directions to
a-semble occasionally en corps at some given spot.
The whole army, with the exception of the artillery
arid foot-guard, being disperse•t at its several quar-
ters, a regular rendezvous of the whole is ordered
at a certain period, either at Stockholm, Christian-
stadt, or Wenersborg. The officers of the Navy con-
sist of 1 Admiral, 3 Vice-Admirals, 4 Rear-Ad-
mirals, 34 Captains-Commandant, 16 Captains, and
176 Lieutenants, divided into two classes, besides
38 officers of marines. The naval force comprises
a corps of artillery of 955 men, and a corps of
marines of 450; 360 naval cadets, 5,694 sailors
quartered on the inhabitants in the counrry, and
892 on townsmen; 1,505 termed extraordinary
men, and 11,580 sailors of all ages. Including
every individual employed in the Navy, its whole
strength is 23,005. The number and class of ships
are as follow:-10 of the line, 4 large frigates, 5 light
frigates, 10 sloops or brigs, 5 cutters, 24 galleys, 4
semi-galleys, 25 decked gun-boats, 200 gun-boats
without decks, and 155 other vessels.

ENGLISH AND SCOTCH LANDLORDS.

Mr. Oliver is one of the few Scotchmen who
understands the working of the poor laws of Eng-
land. They, as he says, unqueitionably raise the
standard of the labourer. The Enelishman, know-
ing he must be supported when unfit to work, con-
sumes all his wages; the Scotchman must insure
himself, and thus his standard must be lower. The
English will always make a stout resistance to any
attempt to deteriorate their condition. And it is
an understood matter, that so long as there is tan-
gible property in the country, the labourers will,
through intimidwion, or by stealing, or other means,
force such a subsistence as they have been accus-
tomed to.

If Mr. Oliver's estimate be correct—and he is
known to be one of the most skilful agriculturists
in the island—the consequences of increased faci•
lities of communication with Scotland and Ireland
on the condition of the English landlords is obvious.
We shall take the case of the lands in the Weald of
Kent, mentioned by Mr. Cramp, as yielding three
quarters and two quarters of wheat an acre, and
being unable to pay any rent—say the average two
quartets and a half, or 20 bushels. Were lands of
the same quality in Scotland and the value of pro-
duce 20 bushels—say at 7s. a bushel—there would
remain to the Seotehman 20 per cent. less in the
expenditure; that is—

One-fifth, equal to four bushels
One-tenth for tithe—two bushels 0 14

£2 2

Without including poor-rates, the Scotchtnan
wolld have a land of the same quality two guineas
more per acre than the Englishman. The stipend
paid in lieu of tithes in Scotland is never more than
9d. in the pound, and the poor-rates a penny in
the pound.

We may thus see, that in consequence of the in-
creased communication with Scotland and Ireland,
land may be thrown out of cultivation by low prices
in England, while very poor land can be cultivated
in the other two countries.
The English landowners are either the most gene-
rous men on the face of the earth, or the greatest
gulls. By allowing a free intercourse with countries
without burdens, and where the landlords can reduce
wages to the minimum of subsistence, while they
are burdened with poor rates, and cannot lower
wages, they are giving a large bounty to the land-
lords of the two countries in question. They are
allowing themselves to be ousted from their estates,
in order to swell the rent-rolls of Scotch and Irish
landlords. Wages being permanently higher in
England than in Scotland and Ireland, is the cause
why there must be a constant stream of emigration
to England, by which English labourers are thrown
aside and supported in idleness in their parishes, in
order to allow Scotch and Irish landlords to draw
their rents without any deduction. When men are
so stupid that they cannot protect themselves, they
naturally become the prey of others.
We shall only observe with reference to the ob-
servation of the Standard, that a full proportion of
the lands thrown out of cultivation in the clay
counties is tithe-free land, that supposing the pro-
duce of an acre of land subject to tithe which can-
not pay rent, to be twenty bi shels, such land, if
tithe free, might pay fourteen shillings an acre. We
are aware that in land of this description the farmers
in general work the Parsons,through the poor rates,
and compel them to take a small composition. How-
ever, if the English landowners are satisfied with
this state of things, we see no reason why the Scoi ch
and Irish landowners (who will soon pay no tithes)
should not be benefited by this example.— Morinng
Chronicle.