The Sun.
London, England, 1833-11-19 00:00:00

&c. &c. &e.

The whole Chances and Shar s, divided agreeably to
the directions of the Act, are on Sale at
SWIFT AND CO.'S OFFICES,
No. 19, C rnhill ; No. 255, Regent Circus, Oxford-
street ; and No. 38, Haymarket, t the following prices :

Whole Chance ...... Ll 3 13 0

Half ...X7 6 OlEight h £1 18 6
Quarter 3 15 6 Sixteenth 0 19 6
The Holders of the fortunate Shares may receive the
value of each in money, as soon as drawn, deducting
5 per cent. to cover the tisk and expense of belling the
property.

WASHING WITHOUT LABOUR.
ViTARMOLL and CO.'s PURIFIED
SOAP, which has been proved decidedly better
than other soap yet offered to the public, having the power
to eradicate grease, dirt, and stains from linen compara-
tively without rubbing. This desirable article is found to
obviate the unpleasant and hurtful effects of wet linen
being long on hand, likewise from being torn by excessive
friction, as they have only once to be slightly rubbed.
This soap saves two-thirds of the labour, two-thirds of
the time, two-thirds of the fuel, two-thirds of board and
wages, and prevents all the injury dune to the bands by the
use of pearlash, &c., in the usual way, as none is required.
Sold by most respect-Ale Grocers and Oilmen, in neat
tin packet•, 4d., Sd., 161, and 2s. each ; cash on deli-
very. The trade in country towns supplied by writing,
with references, post paid, to the manufactory, 25, Old
Montague street, Whitechapel; and 36, King. street, Suho.

DR. ADAM CLARKE'S COMMENTARY.

In imperial Bvo. and in 4t0., a New Edition, being the

Fourteenth, of
DR. ADAM CLARKE'S LEARNED
COMMENTARY on the OLD and NEW TES-
TAMENTS.

This work is regularly published in Parts and in
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N.B. A very limited Edition is printed is quarto, at
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London Pnblished by appointment of the Executors
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Everett, Manchester ; and by all other Booksellers in the
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UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF THE SOCIETY
FOR THE DIFFUSION OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.
On the 19th of November will b- published,
THE BRITISH ALMANAC.
THE BRITISH ALMANAC of the So.
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the year 1834, contains the Calendar of Remarkable
Days and Terms; List of Garden Plants in Flower, and
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the Sun, Moon, and Tides; with a Miscellaneous Register
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It contains Seventy-Two closely Printed Pages, em.
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THE PENNY CYCLOPEDIA
OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE DIFFUSION OF
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its information. In the commencement of such an un•
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In this they feel satisfied that they only second the wishes
of the great body of its purchasers.
The Committee have therefore to announce the follow-
ing arrangements :-
1. That the First Volume of the Penny Cyclopasdia—
containing Eleven Parts—will bo concluded on the 30th
of November next ; and will be published on that day,
handsomely bound in cloth, lettered, at 7e. 6d.
2. That commencing with December next, Two Num-
bers of the Work will be published regularly every week,
without Supplements, so that sometimes Eight, and some-
times Ten Numbers will appear in each calendar month.
3. That on the Ist of January, 1834, Part XII. will be
published, price Ninepence, and the Monthly Parts regu-
larly continued at that price.
4. That on the Ist of September, 1834, the Second
Volume, containing Eight Ntnepenny Parts, will be pub-
lished, bound uniformly with Vol. 1., at 7s. 6d. ; and that
the future volumes will be completed every Eight Months.
CHRISTMAS PRESENTS.
The following Works, published in the series of the Li-
brary of Entertaining Knowledge, are complete ; anti,
being handsomely bound in cloth, (lettered,) are well
adapted for School Prizes and Presents :
British Museum ; Elgin Marbles, with
211 wood-cuts 2 vols, 9s.
Pompeii, with 293 wood-cuts and
steel-plates
Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties,
with 7 steel-plates.. 2 vols. 91.
Insects, with 444 wood cuts 3 vols. 13s. 6d.
Birds, with wood-cuts
Vegetable Substances, with 210 wood-
cuts

New Zealanders, with 1 steel-plate, and
46 wood-cuts 1 vol. 4s. 6d.
Paris and its Historical Scenes, with 15
steel-plates and 26 wood-cuts 2 vols. 9s.
London ; Charles Knight, 22, Ludgate-street, and IS,
Pall Mall East.

In Bvu., with Sixteen Engravings, price ISs. cloth
lettered,

AHISTORY and DESCRIPTION of
MODERN WINES. By CYRUS REDDING.

" This work will be read with interest by a large circle
of readers. It is generally written with fervour and per-
spicuity. The printing and paper are as beautiful as they
can be, and there are numerous embellishments from the
pencil of the aurhor, which occasionally remind us even
of Stothord in their wealth of grace. A more splendid
volume has not issued from the press this many a day."—
Athenaeum, Sept. 12.
" Mr. Redding's work contains a vast fund of practical
and curious information."—Spectator, Oct. 19.
"We have read with great pleasure a very instructive
and entertaining work, entitled ' A History and Description
of Modern Wines, by Mr. Cyrus Redding.' With no
pedantic pretensions to profound learning or philosophical
research, with no laboured attempts at wit, or unneces-
sary display of poetical reading, to which his subject
might have inclined him, Mr. Redding has given us
a book which contains a vast deal of interesting acd
useful information, conveyed in a clear and unaffected
style. The Appendix itself contains a body of facts of
sufficient interest and importance to compose a volume, a
body of facts which will be .ound in no other single work
on the subject."—Times, Oct. 31.
" In research, arrangement, and statistics, it ought to
be in the hands of every lover of the vineyard, and of
pure wine. "_United Service Gaz.
" A varied collection of very curious facts in a highly
interesting branch of Natural History, which will conduce
to the entertainment even of those who may be careless of
the pleasures of wine, but yet partial to the contemplation
of the beautiful phenomena of the vegetable kingdom•'
Monthly Review, November.
" Every thing that can be said on the subject of modern
Wines throughout the world is here brought together in a
malt. rly style."—Brighton Gazette.
Whittaker and Co., Ave Maria-lane.

The following lamentable scene occurred a
few days ago in the Police office at Moulins :—A woman
having been illtreated by her husband, summoned him
before a Magistiate, when a violent altercation ensued,
and the wife became so enraged, that she denounced her
husband as the perpetrator of a murder committed in the
year 1815, on the high road, near Chalons. Upon this
the man, who has been long established at Moulins as a
porter, and was in great repute as worthy of trust, was
immediately committed to prison, and the woman, who
had been urged by her passion to divulge a crime of which
she alone was cognizant, endeavoured to retract her de-
claration, and finding that unavailing, fainted in the
office.—French Paper.
ACCIDENT AT \VOMBWELL'S MENAGERIE
—Monday Mr. Wombwell was aroused from his bed by
a dreadful noise within the interior of his establishment,
and, on approaching the caravan from whence the sound
came, he discovered that the antelope gnu (one of the
same class of animals that killed its keeper in the Zoo-
logical Gardens, London, last summer) had forced the
door of the kangaroo's den open, which, owing to the
negligence of the keeper, was left unfastened, and before
they could be separated, the female kangaroo received so
severe a wound from his horns that she died the same
forenoon. The male animal is now considered out of
danger.—Leeds Mercury.

On the 2d inst., the crew of a chassemaree
off Belle Isle, under sailing orders, were dancing on the
deck, while the Captain was gone on shore to receive his
final instructions, when one of the merry group reeled so
violently against his raessmates, that he upset them all,
and turned their mirth into mourning, for several of them
fell overboard, and two were drowned.—French Paper.

The merchants of Sligo have succeeded in
establishing a steamer, for the conveyance of goods, be-
tween that town and Liverpool.—Liverpool Chronicle.

ANECDOTE. OF THE LORD PRIMATE.—
When Dr. Phelan took (in 1821) his final departure from
the College, his circumstances were by no means easy.
From the enjoyment of a Fellumship, as a single, he passed
at once to the privations of a Curacy (2t heady,) as a
married one. This the Primate knew, and accordingly
took an early opportunity of calling at the Curate's
humble residence—and, after some general conversation,
delicately hinted at the expenses which must, almost in.
evitably, beset a new married man ; expressing a hope,
that he might be permitted to become his banker. Mr.
Phelan, with very fervent acknowledgements, assured his
Grace that he did not, at that time, stand in need
of any such assistance, but promised if any emergent y
should arise, he would, without hesitation, avail him-
self of it. The Primate still lierservered ; " you can.
not," said he "be aware how many demands on your
purse must uow be answered ; Mrs. Phelan, too, muter
want several articles of comfort, which your present means
may not be able to supply." Mr. Phelan respectfully
declared " that he was unconscious of any want, fur which
be was not already provided." " Come, Phelan," said the
Primate, " you must want a horse." Tbe reply was,
"My Lord, I have two." " Well, then," his Grace adderl,
" you will excuse my importunity—but.—the remittance
to your father—have you thought of that ?" "My
Lord," said Phelan, with tears of gratitude in his eyes, " I
have not forgotten him; before leaving Dublin I took care
that he should not want." We leave this beautiful anec-
dote to tell for itself ; and assuredly it is in no spirit of
censoriousness that we say to our Bishops, while yet we
have a Bench of Bishops, " Go and do you likewise."..—
University Magazine.

The following interesting and affecting account
appeared in the paves of a morning. contemporary
It is from the pen of the Rev. Dr. Fletcher, who.
we understand, will receive subscriptions, at his
residence in the Mile-end-road.
Sir,--Permit me through the medium of your parr to
direct the attention oc the benevolent and humane to a
case of most affecting and overwhelming calamity :
The Paragon, a Stockton trader, sailed from the Tees
on Friday morning, November 1, and during that and the
two following days encountered heavy ga'es. On
Ntinday, Nov. 4, at 6 o'clock p.m., they anchored in
safety near the Nore. The master of the vessel, , vercorne
by excessive fatigue, retired to rest ; the female pass.,neers,
four in number, were also in bed. About 7 o'clock the
seamen were alarmed by the smell of fire in the fore-
castle ; at the same time one of the females perceived fire
railing from a locker in the cabin. The captain being
called, discovered the half-deck to be in flames, and
though every exertion was made to extinguish the fire, all
their efforts were unavailing. The crew and passengers,
making 16 persons, saved their lives by taking to their
boat ; but not AO atom of the property was rescued from
the flames. The vessel burned to the water's edge, and
then sank. In this state of peril and destitution, the
party thus preserved from deatruction were received on
board the Martha, of Sunderland, and were kindly treated
by the captain (Chapman) and his men.
By this affecting calamity an unfortunate family, five
in number, has been unexpectedly plunged into the deepest
distress. Mr., Thomas Metcalf, with his wife, two daugh-
ters, and a son, were taken out of the burning vessel in
their night clothes only, and wire exposed to the incle+
menu of the weather, up to their knees in water, in an
open boat, nearly three hours. No attentions in their
power were withheld by the mantes and crew of the
Martha, when the piny were taken on board, but it was
not till the afflicted father hail arrived is London that
clothing could be procured for his family. He was about
to settle in London, and had embanked with his family, his
household furniture, linen, &c., aod ali his property in
money; and by this overwhelming visitation of Provi-
dence all has been lost, and he and his fanOy are in entire
destitution. It seldom falls to the lot of suffering huma-
nity to be so suddenly reduced by calamitous events to
such extreme privation. Your journal has always been
the able and powerful advocate of the cause of benevo-
lence; and I feel persuaded that your powerful influence
will be kindly exerted in recommending this case of pecu-
liar affliction to the generous sympathy of the British
public. I subscribe my name to this communication as a
voucher to the accuracy of the above statement, and be-
cause I am personally acquainted with all the circum-
stances of this distressed and truly bereaved family.
I ought to add, that the property thus lost was riot
insured, and that it includes all their resources.

I am, Sir, yours respectfully,
J. FLETCHER.

Mile-end, Nay. 14.

NAVAL INTELLIGENCE.

PROMOTIONS AND APPOINTMENTS.-Commander Chase
Pearson, Lieutenants Samuel Fielding Harmer and John
Towne, Mr. J. Rankin, Surgeon, and Mr. S. Allen,
Assistant-Surgeon, to the Sparrow hawk ; Mr. J. Napier,
Master, to the Romney; Mr. E. Beddecombe, Second
Master, to the Blonde; Mr. J. G. Briggs, Master's
Assistant, to the Dee steam-vessel; Rev. A. Watson,
Schoolmaster ; G. Biddlecombe, Second Blaster of the
%Etna ; J. Palmer, Mate, is appointed to the Blonde.—
R. Marsden, Additional Clerk H. A. Norman, Coilee
Midshipman ; C. Triphook, Master's Assistant ; J. Gill-
man, Carpenter; Dudley Sinclair and W. E. A. Gordon,
Midshipmen, to the Edinburgh.—G. Butt, Lieutenant ;
J. B. Driffield, Supernumerary ditto; Mr. Kennedy,
Mate, on probation, to the Excellent.—J. Emey, late
Gunner of the Talavera; W. Lewis, Carpenter of the
Romney; J. French, ditto, of the Edinburgh, to be
borne on Portsmouth Ordinary.—R. Jenner, Mate, to
the Orestes ; 11r. Homer, Clerk of the Orestes,
to the Rolla, as Clerk, in charge of stores; C. W.
Pears, to be Supernumerary Lieutenant of the Ver-
non ; N. B. Lash, Sup. Additional Clerk, to the Victory:
W. W. Walker, College Volunteer, to the Favourite; S.
Boyle, boatswain, to the Jupiter ; Mr. Charles Maxwell
Luckraft, Midshipman, from the African steamer at
Lisbon, to his Majes,y's ship Talavera, which has sailed
from thence to the Mediterranean; Mr. J. Whi{maish,
Assistant• Surgeon, to be Dispenser of Malta Hospital,
vice Donnet, deceased ; Commander E. Yonge is appointed
to the Melville, vice Shepherd, invalided ; Mr. R. C.
Barrow, Purer, is appointed to act as Clerk of the Blonde ;
Mr. T. MiDonald is appointed Surgeon of the Dee steamer,
vice Neale, appointed to the Phceoix steamer.
. _

The following midAhipmen pasied their examination for
navigation at the Royal Naval College on Thursday:—

Robert Jenner, Orestes; W. S. Wiseman, Rattle-
snake ; John Astle, late of the Blanche ; E. P. 13. Von
Donop, Edinburgh ; Alexander Hope Reid, late of the
Tyne ; Gustavus A. Ellerman, late of the Pearl; F. W.
Merewether, late of the Barham ; W. R, Russell, late of
tt,e Raleigh ; Thomas Bailie, late of the Echo ; Benja-
min Sharpe, late of the Magpie ; Baldwin A. Wake, San
Josef; Robert Synge, Caledonia ; Henry A. Story, late
of the Blanche; Abdel Kerim Effendi (an Egyptian),
Supernumerary Mate of the Favourite.
ROYAL MAILINES.—Captin Thomas Ques'ed, and Se-
cond Lit utenant T. D. Fusbroke, are appointed to the
Edinburgh ; Second Lieutenants T. and J. 'F. C. APCar-
thy, are appointed to the Blonde; Messrs. C. D. Harring-
ton and T. B. Pleydell are appointed Second Lieutenants
at the Woolwich Division; Messrs. Whiting and Noble
are appointed Second Lieutenants at the Chatham Division.

The condition of the grain farmers appears to
be nearly as deplorable in Scotland as in England. A.
rich landed proprietor in the east country has IS farms
unlet. A farm of fine land in Mid Lothian, from which
the tenant was lately " sold up" for a rent of about 31.
per acre, has been let at 30s.— Glasgow Chronicle.
" The Memoirs of Marshal Ney,' of which
the English translation has just appeared, are unquestion-
ably published by his family, from the documents and
papers in their possession, and the anecdotes with which
they are interspersed have plainly been collected with
great care from all the early friends of that illustrious
warrior. These Memoirs may be regarded as the Ney
Papers, connected together by an interesting Biography,
abounding in anecdote, and full of patriotic spirit and
military adventure "—Blackwood's Maga:bee.
SUICIDE OF A WELL-KNOWN CHARACTER.
Yesterday an Inquest was held at the London Hospital,
on the body of Joseph Hill, well known at the East End
of the town, as " Mad Joe." He once made a very
good living when sitting under the walls of " Old
Bedlam," in Moorfields ; he regaled the ears of the pas-
sengers by the music of small bells, which he had affixed
to his head, elbows, wrists, knees, and toes, and in ringing
changes, in which he showed great dexterity. Upon the
removal of the building " Poor Joseph," as he sometimes
termed himself, lost his staid, and became an itinerant
bell ringer. He then had his bells hung in scientific order
upon a portable rail. Poor Joseph was not only a musi-
cian but a poet, and would often give the bystanders an
extempore harangue in verse; be had also published some
of his humble lyrics, in which he gave a very grievous ac-
count of the manner in which he had been treated in
several madhouses. The police at last took his bells Irvin
him, and he became a " bone grubber." He had lived
for some time with a wretched old woman, named Sarah
Jennings, whom he promised be would marry at Christ-
mas, and lie bought a ring for the purpose. On Friday
last he was found hanging in his room. On a table near
was a book, " Alleine's Alarm to the Unconverted,"
which he appeared to have been reading. Oa a blink
led was written, with a pencil, the following poetical
effasion, showing that even here the ruling passion was
strong in death :
" Now I declare to you to be your sweet bride,
Then pray God protect us on every side;
For say you do love me—do not tell me a lie,
For if you deceive me, then I soon must dye."
--Verdict, Insanity.
The will of the late Joseph Gawan, of
Waterloo-place, Pall-mall, who died suddenly at Brighton
the Ist of last month, has been proved in the Prerogative
Court of Canterbury. The testator has bequeathed—to
the Fund for the Decayed Members of the Stock Ex-
change, 2001. ; to the Bath General Hospital 100/. ; to
the Bath United Hospital and Dispensary, 100/. ; to the
Bath Penitentiary, 1001. ; to the Humane Society, in
London, 1001. ; to the Marine Society in London, 1001. ;
to the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, in London, IOW: ;
to the Asylum for the Indigent Blind, in London, 1001. ;
to the S_,ciety for the Relief of Prisoners confined for
eupr the Destitute,
Small Debts, 1001. ; to the
theß Fund for the Dscayel
f
100/.; and the further burn of 3,0001. stock, ni the
Consols, 3 per Cent. Annuities, to be distrdoited, after
the ,death of the widow of the deer ased, among the follow-
ing six charitiea,—,nanaelY, i
Members of the Stock .10.111n4e, 500/. stock ; to tha
West Loudon Infirmary and Chat ing-cross Hospital,
to the B,th General Hospita,, 500/. sock ;
to the:Bath United Hospital and Dispensarv,ssoo/. sock-;and to ihe Bath Penitentiary, 500/. stock..
-50000/1.. snick ;
to the Sussex County Hospital, at Brighton,

LONDON,
TUEF,DAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 19, 1833.

The Paris Papers of Sunday arrived this
morning. The Ministerial Journals contain
intelligence from Spain much more favourable to
the Regency than the preceding accounts.
SA ARsFIELD is said to have commenced a
movement on the 31st ult., and letters from
Saragossa, dated the 4th and sth inst. give a
very satisfactory account of the state of Arragon,
and of affairs in general. The country between
Barcelona and Valladolid, and from the latter
city to Burgos, is said to have completely sub-
mitted to the QUEEN. There is no fresh news
of interest in these papers.

The latest accounts from Madrid, received at
the Spanish Embassy here, are dated the 4th
inst. At that time the capital was perfectly

tranquil.

We understand that no doubt is entertained
by our Government of the authenticity of the
Manifesto of Don CARLOS. The date, how-
ever, is fictitious, for on the 6th inst., instead of
being at Alcantarra in Spain, he was at Sabra-
tierra in Portugal.

We have received Hamburg Papers to the
15th inst. Their contents are not important.

Frankfort Papers to the 13th instant arrived
this morning. The following is the only pa-
ragraph in them of the slightest interest :

NUREMBERG, Nov. 10.—It appears that great hopes
are entertained at Berlin of the success of the mission of
Baron Fagel as Dutch plenipotentiary to the Diet to treat
of the affairs of Luxemburg. It is also affirmed that the
German Ministerial Conferences will begin in November,
and that M. Ancillon will go, for the purpose of partici-
pating in them, on the 23d of Nov., to Vienna or Prague.

The last official accounts from Portugal re-
ceived by our Government are by no means so
favourable to the constitutional cause as we could
have wished. The delay in convoking the
Cortes, and the attempt to get rid of the Duke
Of TERCEIRA and Admiral NAPIER, on ac-
count of the desire which they had evinced to
see the Duke of PALMELLA at the head of the
Ministry, had created a powerful sensation in Lis-
bon against the present Ministry, and materially
augmented the party of the Duke of PALMELLA.

We regret to hear that the Chevalier de LIMA,
the Portuguese Charge d'Affaires in this country,
and who, during the whole of the struggle be-
tween Don PEDRO and his brother, has performed
all the functions of an ambassador, has been
removed from his post by the Pedroite Ministry,
and appointed to the minor office of Portuguese
Minister in Paris. Those who know the extent
of the sacrifices made by M. de LIMA in
support of Don PEDRO are astonished at his
removal. We have heard that M. de LIMA
not only sacrificed the greater part of his fortune
to the cause which he espoused, and of which
he has been so efficient a supporter, but also
made himself personally responsible to others for
the advances which they made to enable the
Constitutionalists to carry on the contest.

We are authorized to state that out of the
number of distinguished Spanish Refugees in
this country who have been included in the
amnesty of the QUEEN REGENT, only three
intend to avail themselves of the benefit of that
act. ARGUELLES, VALDEZ, and the other
patriots who have declined to profit by the
amnesty, are not indifferent to the contest be-
tween the Carlists and the Government, but
they are unwillingto give the sanction of
their presence to the Bermudez Ministry, lest
their apparent adoption of the
Cause
should retard the important consequences which
must result from allowing the QUEEN REGENT
to feel the impossibility of putting down Carlism
without a frank union with the Constitutionalists.
They are two well acquainted with the resources
of the Constitutional party in Spain, to have
any dread its to the result of the contest, what-
ever progress the Carlists may make, provided

an appeal be made bp the Government the
Liberals ere the administrative means shall ave
escaped from its custody. Even if the QUEEN
REGENT should be unwise enough to let the
reins of Government fall into the hands of Don
CARLos, the Constitutionalists would find
little difficulty in wresting them from him if
assured that the principles of non intervention
would be enforced fairly, and that the ignorant
mass in Spain would not be encouraged in their
' resistance to the just and liberal views of the
intelligent portion of the community.

The Post of this morning is wild with glee
at the idea of the Merchant Tailors' Company
having come to the determination not to submit
to the " illegal and arbitrary authority of the
Corporation Commissioners." Our cotempo-
rary discovers in this resolution symptoms of
such patriotism and courageousness as convince
him that the good cause of monopoly is not
yet wholly lost. English corporations, he
thinks, will yet be persuaded to do their duty,
and wax rebellions. We are unwilling to damp
the zeal of our cotemporary, but we are yet to
learn how a sense of public duty can be recon-
ciled with an audacious disregard and defiance
of constituted authority. The Merchant'
Tailors' Company have no doubt as good and
serviceable reasons for refusing to cowl.; with
the demands of the Commissin;;,e„, as the
Boroughmongers had for re:::
istingschedules A and
B. Interest was, an:-,1 is, the moving spirit in both
instances. iiut even self-interest should teach
the company rather to agree to than reject the
demands of the Government Commissioners ;
for public opinion will not fail to say, " You
would not dread exposure if your works were
such as could bear the broad, searching light
of day." Wherever there is mystery, there is
always legitimate ground for suspicion; and that
suspicion deepens into certainy, in exact propor-
tion as the conduct of the parties concerned be-
comes more and more decided. The brazen
hardihood of the Merchant Tailors' Company
is the last resource of desperation and conscious
misdoing.

With the aid of the author of " England
and America," we laboured last week to show
that if we wished to raise the profits of capital,
if we hoped to remove the anxieties of the
middle, or, as our anonymous friend calls them,
the " uneasy" classes, if we desired to see our
working classes of all descriptions educated and
happy, if we meant to preserve our present pre-
eminence in the scale of nations, we must leave
industry unfettered, leave each man to dispose
of the produce of his labour in the way most
advantageous to him, in short, must repeal the
Corn Laws. The question we now propose to
examine is, whether it would be more advan-
tageous to allow of the free admission of foreign
corn at once, or gradually ? As much as we
shall say will have reference to the arguments
advanced in the note in " England and Ame-
rica," entitled " Free Trade in Corn, as a Means
of enlarging the Field of Employment for Eng-
lish Capital and Labour," we think it better
at once to quote those arguments :

" But here a consideration arises, which is of great
importance to the landlords. Two ways of making bread
cheap are proposed ; that of suddenly repealing all the
laws which restrict the importation of corn; secondly,
that of substituting for the present truly whimsical laws
a fixed duty on imported corn, and providing that the
duty shall decrease year by year until it cease altogether.
The ground of this latter suggestion is tenderness for the
landlords, farmers, and farm labourers. Give them time,
say some of the advocates of cheap bread ; give the agri-
culturists time, so that the transition from corn growing
to other kinds of production being gradual, not even a
passing injury may be suffered by any of them. Now, this '
gradual method of proceeding appears to me to be the
only way in which the agriculturists may be injured by a
repeal of the corn laws ; and the only way, too, in which
the other classes could fail, for a time at least, to reap
much advantage from cheapness of bread.
" First, as to the landlords. Let us suppose that twenty
years were allowed for the reduction of bread to half its
present price, and that a twentieth part of the whole re-
duction should take place in each of the twenty years. In
that case, each year would bring a fall in the price of
bread equal to one-fortieth of the present price. With so
slow a decrease in the price of bread, little or no improve-
ment could take place in the condition of the hulk of the
people, because the number of labourers would increase as
fast as bread became cheaper ; and thus, though every year
there would be more labourers to eat bread, nay even
though all the labouring class should eat more bread, the
class of labourers generally, who form the bulk of the
people, would not be able to purchase more animal food.
The price of bread being reduced by so slow a process as
to give time for a corresponding increase of people, money
wages would fall with the price of bread, and the quality
of labourers' food would not be raised. In this case, the
increase of demand for animal food would not be more
rapid than the increase of population generally. But if,
on the contrary, bread were suddenly reduced to half its
present price, then, as the labouring population could not
increase suddenly, the bulk of the people must be able to
purchase a great deal more than twice as much animal
food as they purchase now. At present, they buy very
little animal food. By giving to the bulk of the people
the power to buy animal food, the present demand for
animal food might he immediately doubled, trebled, or
even quadrupled ; and thus the transition from corn grow-
ing to the production of other kinds of food might not
have to wait upon the increase of population. If the slow
process were adopted, a considerable decrease of the de-
mand for home grown corn might take place, before po-
pulation had increased enough to increase the demand for
animal food : whereas, if the sudden process of repeal were
adopted, the power of the whole labouring class to buy
animal food being thus suddenly and greatly increased,
then the increase of demand for animal food would
more or less correspond with the decrease of de-
mand for home grown corn. In this way, the
transition from one kind to another kind of production
might take place without even passing loss to the owners
of land. If, then, bread is to be made stireap, the cheaper
the better, and the sooner the better for the landlords.

" Secondly, as to the farmers. These, like the land-
lords, might suffer from a slow process of repeal, which
should cause a decrease in the demand for home-grown
corn, without a corresponding increase of demand for
other things which English farmers could raise. In fact,
what has just been said of the landlords ought rather to
have been said of the farmers, since the landlord could
suffer only through the farmer's loss. Supposing transition
from corn growing to other kinds of production inevitable,
the thing which the farmers have to fear is temporary
stagnation. The best way to produce a temporary stag-
nation of farming business seems to be, by enabling the
bulk of the people to buy foreign corn without enabling
them to buy English milk, butter, cheese, and meat; the
only way to prevent such stagnation, by suddenly making
bread very cheap, so that the demand for farm produce
not corn should at once equal, if it did not exceed, the
present demand for corn and other things together."
The first thing which strikes us in the quota-
tions here made is, that the writer assumes that
a sudden withdrawal of all restrictions on the
importation of foreign corn would cause a great
immediate reduction in the price of bread.
The facts before the public are far from justify-
ing that assumption. A comparison of the
price of corn at Dantzic with the price in this
country, when the ports were virtually open

from the Corn Laws being inoperative for a
series of years, will show, not low prices but
high prices,--prices raised at Dantzic constantly
to within 12s. per quarter of the price in
London, 12s. being the cost of bringing the
corn to England. This was certainly during a
period not so favourable to industrious pursuits
on the Continent as the present ; but since then
population has vastly increased on the Conti_
nent, and we may fairly presume that there will
be less and less room every year for an exten-
sion of cultivation at the same cost AS at pre-
sent. Granting that there is at present much
land in Russia, Prussia, and Poland *hick may
be made to produce corn as cheap, or nearly so,
as that now brought to market, it must be evi-
dent that it would take some years before the
supply could be made very greatly to
exceed its present amount. Capital is necessary
as well as land and labour to the production of
corn, and of capital the Polish and
Russian landlord! are not suspected to have a
very large supply. They would be obliged to
have recourse to loans, or wait the gradual ex-
tension of their means, arising from the increased
demand for their produce, before they could
make much impression upon; the° market.
With "respect to the supply from the United
• States, the author of " England and America"
seems to say, in different parts of his book,
that it will be some time before labour is so
cheap there as to allow of any very great exten-
sion of the supply of cheap corn. 'lt appears too
by the evidence of gentlemen examined before
the Committee which sat last Session on Trade,
Manufactures, and Commerce, that although
the price of grain brought down from the
Western States is sometimes very low at New
Orleans, yet that at New York and Boston it is
frequently at from 40s. to 50s. Such prices as
these in the home market will, until an enor-
mous increase of production takes place, act as
a check upon carrying an article like corn to
find a market on the opposite side of the At-
lantic. Whatever, therefore, might be the ad-
vantages to the labouring classes of a sudden
supply of cheap bread, we must confess that we
do not look upon sudden cheapness of food as
a necessary consequence of a sudden repeal of
the Corn Laws. If our argument be well
founded, it follows that a gradual reduction of
duty would have just no effect whatever ; for the
fall in price, which it is its object to make gradual,
would be gradual without it. For this reason ,
therefore, we should not object to gratify those
who might fear the effects of sudden repeal by
making the diminution of duty progressive,
although we should not certainly like the pro•
gression to last twenty years. Ten years would
be ample to allow as the period which would be
required to overcome all the natural obstacles to
our getting bread as cheap as we possibly could.
If it were not for this impression upon our
minds, that corn would not be immediately much
cheaper, we should be unwilling to delay com-
plete freedom of trade in food even for a day,
as it is impossible to exaggerate the advantages to
the working classes, in a moral as well as physi-
cal point of view, of a sudden cheapness of
food. But although an immediate free admis-
sion of foreign corn, or its admission at a mo-
derate fixed duty, would not have the effect
of immediately much lowering the price of corn
at home, it would have the certain effect of
raising the price abroad to within ten or twelve
shi hugs of our own. We should thus at once
take away the suicidal encouragement we are
now giving to the manufacturers of Prussia by
forcing them to have cheaper corn than our-
selves.

As these are opinions we have long enter-
tained, it is possible that they create a bias in
us which prevents our doing full justice to
the arguments advanced by the author of
" England and America ;" but the difference
between us is slight, and so we trust will be
the difference between him and the agricultu.
rists. Already many of them begin to feel
that the corn laws have done them no good,
and we may hope that a persevering dis-
cussion of the question will show them
how much they have to gain by enlarging
the field for the employment of capital in
England, instead of contracting it as they now
attempt to do. The Scotsman, received by this
morning's post, contains alparagraph which gives
us reason to expect that it is the farmers north
of the Tweed who will be the first to make an
open demonstration to that effect. Our Con-
temporary says—

" A respectable and intelligent farmer in East Lothian,
informs us, that nearly the whole of his brother
agriculturists in that quarter, hive come to the belief
that the abolition of the corn laws would be benefi-
cial to all classes of the community. He states,
that so soon as any of the leading characters in Edinburgh
move in this matter, the farmers of East Lothian will
send a deputation to cooperate with a public meeting of
the citizens in petitioning Parliament for the entire repeal
of the corn laws, and they are anxiously expecting that the
whole of the Scottish burghs will speedily take up the
subject."

This is as it should be. It is natural that
the most intelligent and best educated part of
the agricultural community should set the ex-
ample of having a knowledge of their true
interests. When they have discovered the use-
lessness of petitioning, we doubt not that our
neighbours will have recourse to the proper
steps to enforce their sentiments upon their
representatives.