The Sun.
London, England, 1851-06-05 00:00:00

r

N°.18,315.] LONDON, THURSDAY Ert
ENING SU N, JUNE 5, 1851,

On Monday will be published, in ono vol. crown Bvo., price ltis.,
A B D-E L-K A D E R.
A POE

In Six Cantos.
By Viscount MAIDSTONE.
London : Chapman and Hall, 193, Piccadilly.

TEIE EXPOSITOR of this week contains in the
Walks amongst the Niach!nery, British and Foreign, at the
Great Exhibition, by an Engineer and Practical Machinist, a com-
plete Review, with numerous diagrams, of Screw and Paddle Pro-
p ilsion—Engraving of Messrs. Jackson and Graham's elaborately-
carved Oak Sideboard—The Carved Altar-piece, by Geert's, of Lou-
vain, from a Daguerreotype by Claudet—American Carriage—
Gothic Marble Font—German Original Articles on the Shilling
Visitors of the Exhibition—The naming of the New Planet—Early
Closing of Shops—The Week's Receipts of the Exhibition—The
Jewellry Expositor—Letters tram a German in London about the
Exhibition to Friends at Home—Miscellanea--Patents and Regis-
tered Designs.
Joseph Clayton, jun., 265, Strand and Piccadilly.

NEW WORK ON STRICTURE AND SPERMATORIZEREA.
Just published, Bvo., in cloth, price 3s. 6d., by post (free), 45.,
ATREATISE on the CURE of STRICTURE
of the URETHRA ; containing the True Reasons why that
Disease so often assumes such an intractable character; with Rules
and Instructions for the successful Treatment of every Form of
Urethral Contraction, based on the results of extensive and pro
longed experience. To which is added, Practical Observations on
the Treatment of Spermatorrhcea by Cauterization.
By F. B. COURTENAY,
"These who complain most loudly are those only who know not
how to use the eommon instruments. . . . . The prac-
tice of surgeons has been marked with all kinds of violence, and in-
difference about the simple cure of diseases, and a passion for
operations, and all the excesses and horror of surgery."—John Bell.
11. Bailliere, 219, Regent-street, London.

CATHOLIC LAW AND GENERAL LIFE
ASSURANCE COMPANY,
8, NEW COVENTRY-STREET, LEICESTER-SQUARE, LONDON.
The FOURTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of the Proprie-
tors of this Company took place on the 25th instant, at the Head
Office, at One o'clock precisely. The following is extracted from the
report, which le too lengthy for publication :
During the past year no claims have arisen from deaths in England.
and but two in Ireland—one for 5001. and the other for 2501.—making
together 7001., which have been paid. This is far below the expected
mortality, and is especially favourable, when it is remembered how
severely the life offices generally suffered from the epidemic of last
year.
The number of lives assured between the Ist of June, 1849, and
the 31st of hay, 1850, was more than double the number issued in
the twelve months preceding.
Proposals were made for 138 Policies, amounting to 52,9631.25. 6d.:
of these 123, comprising 106 lives, were accepted for 45,125/. 6s.
gixteen Policies lapsed, representing 6,0481., upon which 3201. as.
was received by the Company in the shape of premiums.
Since the commencement of the Company to the Ist of June last,
assurances were effected to the extent of 110,9721. lbs. 6d., pro-
ducing in annual premiums 3,732/. I Is. 6d. Of these 54 lapsed,
amounting to 23,9501. 16s. 6d., of which the annual premiums were
7411. Is., leaving the yearly income on the let of June last equal to
2,991/. 15s. 11d.
Since last meeting loans were applied for to the extent of 17,700/.,
but 1,183/. 1 ls. 10d. only was advanced.
The Directors were also highly gratified to report that within the
last four months they had considerably extended their business on
the Continent, having appointed, as Head Agent in France, Monsieur
de l'Etang, a gentleman of high standing in Paris, distinguished for
his integrity and ability in financial and in all assurance matters,
who, under the sanction and patronage of the Archbishop. of Paris,
the Cardinal Archbishop of Lyons, and Monseigneur Paris's, Eveque
de Langres, has already within the last three months effected a con-
siderable amount of business, not only in Life Assurances, but in An-
nuities both Immediate and Deferred.
After various resolutions, approving of the Report, and returning
thanks to the Right Reverend Chairman, Bishop Morris, the Vice-
Chairman, Actuary, Secretary, and Medical Officers of the establish-
ment, the meeting separated, highly gratified at its present results
and future prospects.

Foucault's Recent Experiments, De•nonstrating the Rotation of the
Earth, is shown Mornings and Evenings at the
ROYAL POI, YTECIf NIC LN BTIT LITTON
Important Deposits by the Gas-fitters' Association, illustrat-
ing the econo,nical application of Gas for Cookir_g and various other
purposes.—Lecture by Frederick Chatterton, Esq,, on the History
of the Harp, from the time of the Egyptians, with Vocal Selections
by Miss Blanche Younge, R.A. of Music, and illustrated by Drawings
of the Harps of various Nations.—Lectures by J. 11. Pepper, Esq., on
Chemistry, with brilliant experiments ; and on Natural Philosophy by
Dr. Bachhoffner.—Two splendid Series of Dissolving Views :—One
illustrating the Holy Land, painted by Charles Smith, Esq., &c., &c.
Open every morning and evening.—Admission, Is. ; Schools,
Half-price.

LAURENT'd GRAND CASINO,
Licensed by Act of Parliament.
ARGYLL ROOMS, GREAT WINDMILL-
STREET, ST. JAMES'S.
Sole Lessee, Charles Emile Laurent, jun., 57, Brompton-square.)
OPEN EVERY EVENING,
With LAURENT'S UNRIVALLED BAND.
Principal Cornet-a-Pistons, M. Boulcourt.
Doors open at Half-past Eight o'clock—Dancing to commence at
tilne and terminate at Half-past Eleven o'clock precisely.
Admission, One Shilling.

BATTY'S GRAND NATIONAL
HIPPODROME, Kensington, open every Evening, to com-
mence at Six o'clock. Daily crowded with rank and fashion to wit-
ness the most startling novelties ever presented in England.
Doors open at Five. Performance to commence precisely at Six
On Saturday, June 7, a grand Day Performance, to commence at
Two o'clock.
Admission to the Reserved Seats
First-class do.
Second do. -
Third do.

- 35. Od.
- 2s. Od.
- Is. Od.
- Os. 6d.

CREMORNE GARDENS.
This Mammoth Establishment is NOW OPEN for the
Season, nnler the direction of Mr. T. B. SIMPSON, with a new
Grand Gala, entitled THE FEAST OF ROSES, of a novel
and startling description, illustrative of T. Moore's beautiful poem,
" Lallah Rookh"—lmmense concentration of talent and attraction—
new Fairy Pallet, entitled THE STAR OF BEAUTY; or, The
Imp of Fire, composed and produced by Herr DetilM, with entire
new scenery, by Messrs. Gray and Devignes—New Tableaux Vivants,
representing the Six Prize Medals of the Exhibition—New Chinese
Pagoda—Orchestra and novel Platform, 100,000 feet, brilliantly il-
luminated, and decorated with luminous flowers—Dancing al Fresco
to tlorini's celebrated Band—W. G. Pell (the original Bones), De
Brenner, and Ledger—The Three Brothers Elliott in their surpris-
ing exercises—Madame Millen, the Female 'Wizard—War Exercises
and Domestic Customs of the Bosjesmans, illustrated by a Family of
that Tribe, on a new stage, with appropriate scenery—Professor Tay-
lor and the Double-sighted Youth—Splendid Pyrotechnic display on
the Polychrome Palace, by Chevalier Mortram—A new mid intricate
Maze—The Gipsey in her Tent—Shooting Gallery and Archery
Grounds, and numerous other Entertainments.
Mons. Franconi, Director of the Cirque National de France, and
and his unrivalled Troupe of Equestrian Artists are engaged, and will
arrive shortly.
THIS DAY, June b, a Grand Gala of Venetian Lanterns will
be repeated.
Admission, One Shilling—Children Half-price. Doors open at Three.
On Sundays, no charge for Admission, except by Refreshment
Card, price Sixpence.
The Proprietors have made arrangements with the Iron and Ci-
tizen Steam-boat Companies to convey their patrons to London after
the entertainments,

DR. CULVERWELL'S NEW WORKS.
To be had of Sherwood, 23, Paternoster-row ; Carvalho;
147, Fleet-street ; Mann, 39, Cornhill ; or direct from the althor
,rice One Shilling each ; by post, ls. 6d.
ENJOYMENT OF LIFE.
"Health, Recreation, and rational Use of Time."
CONTENTS :—Early Rising—Spring and summer Momings—Ex-
mrsions about the Environs of London—The Parks, Lanes, Hills,
orestn, Fields, High-roads, and other pleasant places—Country
trips and Rambles—The Sea—London at Night—Evening. at Home
—Mus, o—The Drama—On Eating, Drinking, Sleeping, Bathing, Air,
Zest, Ease, Occupation, &c., &o.
IL
FRAGMENTS FROM THE MOUNTAINS. Two Vol&
Voll.
e VISIT TO THE LAKES; SKETCH:OF EDINBURGH, too.
Vol. 11.
SZE LAKES or KILLARNEY ;
DUBLIN, &e.

rCZOt

HI.
WHAT TO EAT, DRINK, AND AVOID.
"That three seore years and ten our course may MM."
A popular review of almost every form (cause and cure) of ner-
rously-debilitated health and enfeebled constitution, that harasses
the young, besets the man of pleasure, business, er study, and em-
)lttere old age, with tables and rules for the diet and physical rep-
ation of every-day life.

IV.
THE PASSIONS.
"'What passions hurt the body—what improve,
Truths as relined as Athens ever heard."
SUBJECT : -Life's pilgrimage, itom infancy to old age. The advent
of the passions. Chastity and its infringements. The casualties o.
icentionsness and dissipation, with illustrations, graphic, narrative,
Ind remediative. Advocacy of early marriages.:
V.

THE MARRIAGE STATE.
" To be or not to be, that is the question."
Notlasatram:—Laws and obligations of nature, society, and re-
it:len regarding marriage, to be observed by either sex. Time and
;nice, on both sic cs, as to age, temperament, complexion, and
igure, to secure healthy offspring, with the art of rearing them.
Physical defectivoness and its removal. Sterility and its conversion.
Oases, Scre.
By E. J. CULVERWELL, M.D. (1841), M.R.C.S. (1827), L.S.A.
1824). Twenty-five years Medical and Forenaie Referee in these
ratters. Reesotlers hours .laily till Ave. Lvilnings.sevan till nine.
10 &roll-Warta. Ttostant-strept

DR. LA'MERT ON THE SECRET INFIRMITIESTURITY OF YOUTH
AND .
With Plain Directions for their Prevention and Care.
FIFTY COLOURED ENGRAVINGS ON STEEL.
lust published, in French, English, German, Dutch, Spanish, and
Italian, in a Sealed Envelope, 25. 6d., or post-free, from the
Author, for forty-two Stamps,
QELF-PRESERVATION; a
k_.7 Medical Treatise on the Physiology of Marriage, and on
the Secret Infirmities and Disorders of Youth and Maturity,
isaally acquired at as early pigged of life, which destroy
the physical and mental powers, diminish and enfeeble the natural
feelings, and exhaust the vital energies of Manhood ; with Practical
Observations on the certain Prevention and successful Treatment. of
Nervous Debility, Local and Constitutional Weakness, Syphilis,
Stricture, and all Diseases and Derangements resulting from Inelis-
rction, as adopted by Lallemand, Ricord, and other eminent mem-
bers of the faculty in France. With Fifty coloured Engravings,
Illustrating the Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases of the Re-
and the various injuries that are produced in them by solitary
habits, excesses, and infection.
BY SAMUEL LA'MERT, M.D.,
37, BEDFORD-SQUARE, LONDON.
Doctor of Medicine. Matriculated Member of the University of Edin-
burgh, Honorary Member of the London Hospital Medical Society,
Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hall, London, Member of the Hunterian
Medical Society of Edinburgh, &c., &c.
This work contains a plain and complete description of the ana-
tomy and physiology of the reproductive organs, and of their relative
conditions in health and disease. The author, who has taken the
highest medical honours, as evidenced by the diplomas and testimo- ,
male inserted in the work, is the only legally qualified medical man
by
who has exclusively, and for many years, devoted his studies to
the treatment of these complaints. He may be consulted with ad-
vantageallliwtsthrhoaestreeedwb,yhose constitutions may have become debili-
tated through secret practices acquired is youth, or by the excesses
ofof
mlaatrreriaygeoarfrs
anthde pleasures
sten"
iotfaelififerearned'emrodarroda ,ttehnne oobfjeuncte.
ceasing misery and regret.
63, Oxford-street • Starie, Titchborn-street'
Published by the Author, and may be had of J. Gilbert, 49 Pater-
flaymarket ; Gordon, 146
noster-row ; HannaY, e
Leadenhall-street • Mann, 23, Cornhill
may be ens salted on these disorders personally, or by letter, dally,
free by post for forty-two stamps, from the aiuthor's residence, who
from tan tilt two. and from six tin eight.

any two or three of whom might have been called before
his Lordship?. The only way in which his assertions
could he met was by calling these people; but it was
quite against the rules of evidence that such statements
should be made by third parties. The Learned Ser-
geant then cross-examined the witness, who, in reply to
his interrogatories, denied that he ever
gave legal ad-
vice, and stated that he was paid in proportion to the
amount which he recovered. If nothing was recovered,
he got nothing, but if he brought an action for 101., and
got a verdict for SZ, ho received his full amount.
Ho admitted that he had attended before Mr. James,
and had been repremanded by him. By Mr. James,
he had been accused of extortion, but not by Mr.
Ramshay; nor had Mr. Ramshay ever prohibited him
from practising in the court. As regarded the clerk's
bringing the ledger and day-book, the attempt was to
show by whom the orders were given; and Mr. Ham-
..;hay's objection was to their admission as evidence of
any such thing. The name of the clerk whom the judge
called a " stupid, mumbling old blockhead," witness did
not know. The principals in the several cases he cited
were not present. Mr. Stone, the High Bailiff (pointed
out to him) witaces knew, and after some hesitation he
admitted that on ono occasion he and Mr. Statham had
complained openly in court of his extortion.
In answer to Mr. WHITMoRE, witness attempted at
some length to explain away this charge, which ho ad-
mitted had been made, but which he asserted had origi-
nated in a misunderstanding, rendered the more easy by
the fact that one of the under clerks, who communicated
the fact to Mr. Stone, " was not altogether on the most
friendly terms" with witness. The charge before Mr.
James he explained as the act of "an illiterate woman,
who kept her accounts in chalk."
Mr. M'Connel, draper, of Lord Nelson street, Liver-
pool, was the next witness called—About this time last
year he had brought an action in the County Court
against a person named Wright, the mate of a ship, for
goods sold and delivered. Amongst these goods was
a muslin dress. He proved the sale and delivery
to Mrs. Wright, wife of the defendant; but the judge
said it was very imprudent in witness to sell
a muslin dress to a mate's -wife. "A. dross of
3s. 6d. was quite good enough for her to
buckle up her sleeves and scrub the floors in." On this
ground, her being a mate's wife, and for no other reason
that he knew, the claim was reduced from 14s. to 4s. by
Mr. Ramshay, who thought the more expensive article
should not have been supplied to a person in her sphere.
On other occasions witness had attended the court, and
heard the judge use very uncourtecus language to
suitors, both plaintiffs and defendants. He had heard
him cull them " stupid fools," "moldering," and " mum-
bling fools," and ask " what were they grinning at?"
At the same period us that of the first case, to which ho
hed referred, Richard Martin was suing his employer,
who said ho had turned him away for being drunk.
Martin said he was not, and could not he drunk, having
been in the open air many hours, and having had only
one glass of bandy. The judge then took up the case,
and said to the defendant that plaintiff could not be
drunk, having only had one glass of brandy, for he (the
judge) had had three himself. [This statement Mr.
Ramshay appeared utterly to deny—conversationally,
however, as he was not being examined.] He nonsuited
the plaintiff, and gave judgment for the defendant.
Cross-examined by Mr. Sergeant Watems—Witness
said ho knew nobody present who could corroborate his
statement about the brandy.
By Mr. WHATELEY-21r. Ramshay was apparently
labouring under great irritability, whether of health or
temper he knew not. He had hoard him threaten to
commit a man if he did not give his evidence as he (the
judge) thought fit. His manner was very violent. He
sometimes sat up, and then just in the middle of a
statement would fall back, shut his eyes, and seem un-
conscious of all that was going on. Witness had seen
him get up and ask what they were talking about.
Mr. Henry Moss gave evidence to the same effect, and
said that he had been told by Mr. Ramshay that his cases
were got up in a shameful manner, and that he had sub-
sequently withdrawn everything from the court.
On cross-examination he admitted that, though since
Mr. Ramehay's illness Mr. James and Mr. Lowndes had
sat for some time, he had not gone before them with his
causes; and his explanation of this was, that it was al-
ways uncertain whether they or Mr. Ramshay would sit.
To the Learned Sergeant's next question, why, with
this uncertainty in his mind, he had not hesitated to
sign—as he had signed—the memorial, which stated that
during the sittings of those other gentlemen the busi-
ness had increased, the witness gave no answer.
Alexander M‘Cay examined by Mr. WHATELEY, said
he was a coal agent living at Paddington, Edghill, Li-
verpool. In December last he appeared for some par-
ties in some cases at the County Court—one against a
person of the name of Fairclough, for coals supplied by
Rebut and William Ford. This case had been brought
forward twice, once in June, once in December. The
first time it came before Mr. Ramshay, the carter was
called, and proved the delivery of the coal. He stated
that a man was present who called himself Mr. Fair-
clough. To that the judge said, "How do you know
that he was Mr. Fairclough?" The plaintiff was non-
suited. Before it was so, witness proposed himself to
give evidence, and stated to the judge that hs knew
Mr. Fairclough quite well. That he had received
the first order from him personally, and that Mr. Fair-
clough had come to the office with the second or third.
Then the carter proved delivery to a person calling him-
self by that name. But the judge said there was no
proof at all; the whole evidence was no evidence at
all. The witness cited another case of nonsuit
on the ground of insufficient proof of the identity of
the party to whom the goods were delivered. The carter
had previously delivered a load at the same place, so he
knew the person very well. This was after an adjourn-
ment, and the judge—who nonsuited him—appeared to
be labouring under the accumulation of bodily
disorders, having such an effect upon his mind
as to unfit him for presiding; and further to
ba confused in his own mind as to what be was about;
it appeared too as though he was acting under the
influence of wine. All these things together rendered
him absolutely unfit to deal with any matters of the
kind. When he came into court—carried by two or
three men, as he generally was when witness noticed
him—and supported by a hair cushion in front, ho sat
almost unable to speak fur some time, except in a whis-
per to Mr. Stone, who sat at his left.
Mr. Sergeant WILKINS, at this paint, rose to protest
against a continuance of this sort of evidence. My
' Learned Friends are here to convince your Lordship
that Mr. Ramshay is unfit to discharge the duties of a
judge. His present appearance hero surely sets at
nought all that has been, or can be said, of his infirmity,
and I apprehend that common humanity will make your
Lordship refuse to take these topics into your conside-
ration.t°that Mr. Ram-
shay, They are painful and useless t and, after all, if
ring under
he
the they
indisposition
o 'allow
under which he
was said to labour, was yet determined at all sacrifices
to do his duty personally, so far as in him lay. But
capable though they be of this construction, these topics
are of such a character that they ought not to be intro-
duced at all.
The Earl of CARLISLE thought here must be some
inquiry on this point, as one of the allegations involved
it; but he agreed with Mr. Sergeant Wilkins that the
witnesses should confine themselves to answering posi-
Live questions, and not volunteer statements on the
subject.
hy
ViTHATELEY—Mr. Ramshay seemed very fret-
ful and peevish, and rather violent than otherwise.
Mr. Sergeant WILKINS—I labour under this immense
disadvantage. I cannot cross-examine these witnesses,
for I have not been furnished beforehand with the
charges which, on behalf of Mr. Ramshay, I have to
meet. If we had known what they were to be we might
had opposing witnesses !present,
inquiry.
Mr. might have
have ;andpoints Of
• dy with topics
been ready
Mr. WHATELEY—The charges would have been fur-
nished if an application for them had been made.
Cross-examined—The
witness said he had not had
very many cases in the court. He had only twice been
t all• He had .had six eases non-
before Mr. Ramshay a •

that Mr. Rsmshay had said, " You agents, without any
knowledge of the law, are ten times more expensive
to suitors than solicitors would be." Their scale of
charges was, it appeared, 3s. 6d. for every case in which
they recovered, and, besides, 10 per cent. on sums under
51., 7i per cent from 51 to 101., and 5 per cent. above
101. They did not charge anything when they did not
recover.

Mr. Sergeant WILKINS No cure, no pay ?"—Ez-
aotly so.

Mr. Joh❑ Macfarlane, by Mr. WRITMORE, deposes
inter all% that the judge, in the course of examination,
had told him he was " a stupid. drunken fellow, only fit
to be a lumper about the docks."
In cross-examination by Mr. Sergeant WILEINS the
witness added nothing to the information he had given,
but explained some of his own antecedents.
William Edwards, a cart-owner, examined—Had been
reprimanded for apparent though unintentional disre-
spectful demeanour towards Mr. Rtimshay, and was
given into custody, whore he was kept from one till half-
past six o'clock, and then pardoned on en apology.
Cross-examined—The witness admitted that, after
having been told to stand up and change his deportment,
on the occasion in question (when he was giving evi-
dence), he was walking away, and saying, " I came
here to speak the truth, and if you won't hear me I
shall go away." He had kept a public-house. He had
fought when he was put out. He could not say how
often he had fought. He was getting a great age. Was
forty-seven years old. Had been married since 1829.
The Earl of CARLISLE—Have not you fought since you
were married? Witness—No, my Lord.
John Jones, clerk to Watson and Webster, Liverpool,
offered some evidence similar in character to that which
preceded it, and of which it was remarked by Sergeant
Wilkins that, if taken at all, the parties themselves
should have been called to prove it.
Messrs. Charles Aldred, Moore, and Baker, Liverpool,
reporters, were examined as to the truth and animus
of various reports by them, which appeared from time to
time in the Liverpool Mercury and Journal. These they
verified, and asserted to be free from bias.
__

At the request of Sergeant Wilkins, an adjournment
Was then granted. The Learned Sergeant not being
prepared to defend this week, and the Noble Earl having
to be out of town next, the hearing was postponed till
Tuesday, the 17th inst.

Mr. John Grocott, a solicitor
Your conduct is more
• •
fft Liverpool),
was
next examined, and said he. ha fard Mr. Ramshay
suited in all.
beir‘e, him such epithets as
like that ,of a lanatic than anything else," and in one
apply,Eo o
"Fool,"
persons,,y ou a
mightppe
case, " You appear to be a fool for the purpose of covering
your knavery. Both words were'thed.
abeinagfool,
He also recol-
lected a man of the name of Price, a collector of debts in
Liverpool, coming into court with six: or eight cases.
Price's enunciation was not very distinct, so the judge
said to him, "Don't go on mumb,lV,and jumbling there;
what are you talking about?" ` bat do you say? You
are a mumbling old fellow; what business have you here?
I suppose you are a hedge lawyer?" The colloquy pro-
ceeded thus:—" Witness—No, sir, id 'm 'm not. Judge—
Have you ever appeared here befata? Witness—Yes,
sir, for several years; I have a right ju ,
age—l shall
dispute your right; you are a greaenuisance, and it is a
practice I will put a stop to. Witaees—l look at the
statutory law, and I find it stated that the plaintiff may
appear, or some person for him. Judge—Who are you
to talk about that? You seem to ba eating your tongue.
Witness—l am too honourable to be stupid. Judge—
Walk out of court; bailiff, turn Mtn out.' Two other
cases the witness mentioned; in the first of which he
alleged that the judge, in reference to an insufficiency of
evidence, said, " I smell a rat; I don't believe the de-
fendant or her witness;" whilst ill
.the second witness
stated him to have remarked, in reference to the accent
of an Irishman who appeared, " You are an Irishman; I
don't understand Irish; I must sweir in an interpreter."
Those were all the remarkable worth he used in those in-
stances. He recollected a man, a very respectable trades-
man, and his Honour said to him, among other matters,
" You seem to have no more sense' than a child of two
years old." Witness was sorry to sa—
y that in temper
the judge had seemed " indomitable; 9apricious, and self-
willed.' Witness had never " had:sly
-4 sparring" with
him, except twice, and then it passe off with the occa-
sion. Witness considered him 41a:excellent nisi prius
lawyer, with an admirable memo!y. Ho had never
known him lose a point in summing up. He had met
every one, and sifted exceedingly complicated cases in a
most extraordinary manner. - rs
Alfred Jacob, accountant and esttlte agent, examined
by Mr. Whateley, gave evidence oPthe same character
as that which had preceded it. '9,tw,'
, . .
Cross-examined by Mr. Sergeant 'Miami' —lle Mated

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pocket glass, only the size of a walnut, to di
re
ifeeot:ltomrudee toe
ob-
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be invaluable at the Exhibition, and to Sportsmen, Gen
and Gamekeepers. To be had at 39,
Piccadilly, opposite the York-hotel. Opera and
Blesses with wonderful powers—a small object can be clearly
seen from ten to twelve miles distant. Telescopes—a new andy
most important invention in Telescopes, possessing such extra-
ordinary powers, that some, 3i inches, with an extra eye piece,
will show distinctly, Jupiter's Moons, Saturn's Ring, and the
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all sizes, for the waistcoat pocket, shooting, military, and sea
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state. The Invisible Organic Vibrator, and all kinds of acoustio
instruments for relief of extreme deafness. 39, Albemarle-
street, Vicodilly, oppo4ite the York Hotel.

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[PRICE SD.

sengers was daily increasing? Yet this was the exact
kind of folly that Cobden committed, when he promised
more trade and limited the quantity of money. Peel had
asked, " Why should not money fetch its price in the
market equally with every other commodity ?" The
answer ie, because money does not resemble any other
commodity. Legislation puts an arbitrary limit on the
amount of money ; but it does not put any limit on the
production of commodities. When bankers charge a
high rate of interest for money, the charge is nut made
for its legitimate mercantile use, but for its artificial
scarcity—a scarcity deliberately caused by an ignorant
and cruel Act of Parliament. It is not money that calls
out trade; but trade that calls out money. The writing
of letters calls out postage stamps; but the creation of
postage stamps does not cause letters to be written.
Suppose Parliament were arbitrarily to limit the number
might
b oincrease. a
form
of I
usury,
u suchryjust
a s t case,us
much people
aspl ae
grinding might
have
rate
of postage stamps; then it is clear that the transmis-
sion of letters must be limited, however much
the population might increase, or however much
the desire or necessity of writing more letters
to pay sixpence or a shilling for a single stamp. This
would
of interest; and in both cases people would have to pay,
not for the fair use, but for the legislative scarcity of the
instruments they required. Mr. Duncan then explained
the system of money that he recommended for adoption.
This we reported in the last 'limber of the Standard,
when describing the meeting of the merchants held at the
Cotton Sales-room.—(A gentleman in the audience
asked whether the Americans would take our taxation
money in payment of debts due to them?) Mr. Dun-
can answered in the negative, and showed that was ono
of the greatest advantages of his system•, for the evil
now was that foreigners took away our gold coin, which
to them was a merchantable commodity; and when
that happened, the Act of Parliament compelled the
Bank of England to contract the issue of its notes,
on which the rate of interest was raised, discounts
became almost impossible, trade was suspended, the
factories closed, and the operatives dismissed.—(Cheers.)
But if we had a paper money of national character,
having no intrinsic value as a commodity, but deriving
all its conventional value from the authority of the
Crown, such money would never be sent out of the
country, since no gain could be derived from its expor-
tation, but it would permanently remain among us, per-
forming all the legitimate functions for which it was
issued. This led to an explanation of the theory
of the foreign exchanges. It was contended by Mr.
Duncan that foreigners only dealt wish us on the prin-
ciple of barter, and that it was a matter of perfect in-
difference to them what denomination we placed on our
monetary instruments. If our paper pound would only
exchange for 2} clefts. of gold, instead of 5 dwts., its
present value, the foreigner would draw a bill on
England for two hundred of our pounds instead of a bill
for one hundred of our pounds. What the foreigner in
this e-Lso would require would be 25 ounces of gold, and
provided he got that quantity of metal be would be
satisfied. Now we coin our ounce of gold into four
pounds, so that one hundred pounds represent 25 ounces
of gold; but if wee coined an ounce of gold into eight
national pounds, then two hundred pounds would repre-
sent 25 ounces of gold. It is a matter of utter indif-
ference to the foreigner what value we put on our coins
or our paper; he demands a definite weight of gold, and
makes his calculation so as to obtain that definite weight.
He deals with us on the principle of barter values, while
we ought to deal among ourselves on the principle of
taxation values.—(Hear, hear.) Bat how will this affect
our manufacturers in their export trade? In our pro-
?osed paper money wages will rise, and therefore prices
will rise. Will not then this enhanced cost of produc-

ndelre:
gs
ionpn
a une t
anayorh
hsi:t, 0
_ai
to
tion drive our manufacturers out of the market; of the
world? By no means; for the price will be a nominal
rise expressed in taxation money, which will depreciate
exactly in the proportion that taxes are imposed. Take
a case. Our manufacturers create goods worth
30,0001. in oar paper money; but if that paper money
is
they excised
ma-
nufacturer
w,
coiaocnlro brings
rsodtuui erinhplecirhesceasocss. ime, a() tp3oTeeoodth,
000 i
sonbaoinybsie.r
et ouroorsaufede
f:
wugt
biraetuxhnl
tdea taxes,
foreigners
eohri
national
t inangl
fetch in the markets of the world 7,500 ounces of gold,
stibirouuyft;ahectanthtuliwntsmhei
he now competes, selling at the cheat► barter level. Ho
is indeed greatly benefited; for under the present sys-
tem ho must sell cheap both at home and abroad; but
under the system proposed, ho would sell cheap abroad
and dear at home. This would ensure high profits to
the employer, and high wages to the employed.--(Loud
cheers.) Mr. Duncan then explained the difference be-
tween VALUE and PRICE. Value expressed simply the
labour condensed or embodied in commodities ; price
denoted any act of government or of society which
added to the cost of production without adding to the
value of the product. Thus, if x represented value and
y:represented taxation, then x + y was the expression
of price. If x denoted four pounds and y denoted two
pounds, then six pounds was the price that the COllllllO.
dity ought to sell for i❑ our market ; for if the pro-
ducer could not raise his price to this level, he could
not recover the tax ho had advanced to the Govern-
ment, in the shape of customs and excise ; and if he is
disabled from doing so, then all taxation must rest per-
manently on the labour of the country, while the pro-
pertied classes would be exempt from all fiscal burdens.
Let us apply this principle to free imports. If the
foreigner is wholly untaxed, he can sell for simple va-
lue, that is, for four pounds; what then becomes of our
producers,, who require six pounds, since they have paid
two pounds of taxation? It they continue to compote,
they must lose two pounds on all they sell, and to per-
severe in this would make them bankrupts; but if they
ceased to compete, then they must abandon business,
and cease to give employment to our labourers. !if it
be objected that the foreigner does pay some tax to his
eot
hnwe own
na
hGovernment,commodity
will
no t w
compete
whose
answere e condensed
ni
du e
on is, if d
market,i f h e
value pays
isi n fourt
which
ho i poundsch poundsc
ase
free trade and free import becomes a nullity; but if he
pay a less tax than two pounds, then he has an ad van-
tagetag,e is our loss.—(Hear, hear.) Why does Govern-
over more heavily taxedßepctrhaoueducers, and his adv-an-
-8 fair ii rf he
trader de
earn sellw who
ewh does-
eu t meat
p ayi punishng the a
tax,
h he
smuggler?
injures
pay the tax; and Government affixes pains and penalties
to smuggling that this unjust competition may not in-
jure the honest tradesman; yet in utter violation of th•
moral principles here involved, the ports are thrown
open to the untaxed foreigner, who is actually invited,
nay encouraged, to ruin our fair traders who contri-
bute to the burdens of the State; while the British
smuggler, when detected, is severely lee_
Dished. This free-trade cheapness makes the
incomes of the idle rich go further, for as prices tall, the
purchasing power of fixed incomes rises. Thus our
present legislation appreciates wealth, and depreciates
tabour ; it augments the dividends of the fundholders,
and reduces the wages of industry.—(Cheers.) Mr.
Duncan then pointed out several of the contradic,aons
and absurdities of what is called " Free Trade." Thus,
the duty was taken off raw cotton, because it was the
raw material of manufacture, but when the refuse or
sweepings of the cotton-mills is converted into paper,
the paper is liable to a tax of ;300 per cent. Our gra-
ziers are not allowed to extract the saccharine pi, )per-
ties of barley by any malting process to enable them to
fatten their cattle, but they are compelled to compete
with the foreign grazier who may malt his barley. We
tax soap 100 per cent., and spend vast sums to promote
sanitary reform, withholding from the poor the means of
cleansing their bodies. We profess a desire to prornote
trade, and put a tax on advertisements which areto thee
best means of attracting trade. We pretend
onb
anxious for popular education, and tax the paperrss_ong
which books are printed. In a word,
lour pEtiotfheu.siiss.
and our practice are directly • oppose (
examined the
tic applause.) The lecturer
question of direct taxation, collection, we
al-
together impracticable. With the cos
property
require a revenue at 60 millions: the present
five millions;
and income-tax at three per cent. yieldsmust be raised to
therefore to raise 60 millions, the tax
professions are exempted,
3G per cont. But if trades and .
from realised pro-
perty,and the whole revenue were raised
raised to 70 per cent., which
the tax must be .
cation.—(llear, hear.) Mr.
would amount to confiscation.—(Dear,
wthneendaenugrerptroedtuheetifvuendchloalsdseers
which hiheecntoenftended wens
from the presen
colonies, our agriculture, our maritime supremacy, our
general mpeotrineceteon; idameneudricial policy. It was ruining our
Duncan thencom
fundholder, now profiting by the general distress of' in-
mte
andeora were 1
means
er
oo
employing
ha t)dino paying
nt
hct
classes
sadseibaredividends
i d esnudbss
reducedist subsistence
woulden byvbaa
vanish;
iehs
he cheap p
a n profit,d wages,t thee
be
eue
protectedas
rt in-
dustry,
expanded,
nwouldda p p
labour
whileab a
se
epunished
m)
moneya
market?
Hk eot ?
concluded
ifors
ma always
hiswr
.a s
Duncanl bimyi shortsightedtreed presumed:atni
selfish-
ness by the advent of a national bankruptcy,—(gear
m p loofy
eachm ent l toec
lecture,
working
vote
ht e h
f classes
thanks than
w as
the whole controversy hinged on the doctrine of employ-
ment, and the problem to be solved was this:—Can trade
dir,ally withdrawn, by Act of Parliament? Can free im-
ports
give
conclusionmor more
e
seat amidst the long-continued applause of the meeting.
A t
tghi
enthusiastically carried to the ' eloquent lecturer for his
able lecture; and so effectually had he anticipated all the
objections to his system, that no question was asked by
any of the several parties present who evidently did not
coincide with some of Mr. Duncan's views.

ableW 13
Standard,cloenatrenhapforroamry,thotherepLoirvteirnpgoolcolutan
(From the Morning Herald.)
principle with
Mr.. Jonathan Duncan, a gentleman of repute tor
his. labours on questions of currency, has been
columns
o f
that our
delivering lectures, which have attracted. no small
degree of attention, in exposition of his peculiar
views on the same subject, before respectable assem-
blages of the most experienced and enlightened members
of the mercantile community of that great city. When
we say his peculiar views, however,. we are underrating
the importance of the school. to which avowedly he be-
longs,;and of a class of writers and reasoners throughout
him, and who are establishing a position in public
opinion
which is daily adding to the number
the country who concur. on. the general..
of their
proselyte'
c
and the weight of their influence. The a h
Duncan informs us, is that of Mr. John Taylorfir. of this
metropolis—a name well known for his labours in the
ospeoial branch of economical science, and not less re-
spected than known even amongst those
differ with the faith b e
holds,
and the who may most
process of ratioci-

nation, as well as the logic of facts and experience, by
which he expounds and defends it. Although it
is beside our present purpose to enter for
ourselves upon a currency discussion, yet it is
'Duncan,
more than a fitting mark of respect to Mr.
'Duncan, and the shool so presided over, of which he is
no unworthy member, that we should endeavour to
make the public more extensively acquainted with the
tenets of his belief, and of the means or combinations
by which he would practically develope them. We
proceed to state, therefore, that, in the first place, he
entirely repudiates gold as a standard of value, and by
consequence silver also, equally with any other metal
or commodity. In effect he refuses to recognise the
possibility of any standard whatever.
" The popular belief was," said he, " that we had got
a standard of value, but he would undertake to prove
that this was a perfect fiction. In the first place, it
was important to separate in the mind the idea of
standard from the idea of measure, for these two terms
were constantly confounded by writers on political eco-
nomy, except by those who belonged, as he did, to Mr.
Taylor's school. He was the first writer who had accu-
rately distinguished between standard and re easure.
All standards were fixed in nature, and were et(xnal as
the God of nature; but all measures were fixed by men,
and they were so arranged as to bring the virtues of
standard most efficiently into service. For instance, the
diurnal revolution of the earth around its axis, arid its
annual revolution round the sun, were true indexes of
time; they were unerring, and astronomers had never
perceived the slightest fractional alteration. A standard
must be immutable; if it were not so it ceased to be a
standard; but he should show in a subsequent portion
of his lecture that our standard of our value of money
was a weathercock which veered round with every
wind."

We presume there can he no qaestion that, so far as
for value, there can be no real unerring standard disco-
verable by the ingenuity of man, for all values, tl let is,
commodities possessing the quality of intrinsic vab ae, are
necessarily arbitrary and fluctuating in their relations
with each other from day to day, and neither go ld nor
silver differ in this respect from any other comr nudity.
In linear measure, and measures of capacity and Weight,
we may arrive at the solution of a standard approctiable
by any one, but although in connexion with, it is deter-
minate of no fixed or especial rates of value. The b ushel
of wheat may obtain only ss. to-day, whilst to-m sorrow
it might command 10s. Mr. Duncan proposes to super-
sede a metallic standard of value purely of fictitious
pretence, since it has been found to vary from 10 to 20
per cent., by " an instrument irstriasically valuele as," by
which only "we could keep the relative value of all
other commodities in parallel." This instrument ,is, of
Course, paper money. We profess not exactly to com-
prehend what is meant by the process of keeping the " re-
lative value of all other commodities in parallel." The
paper instrument being "intrinsically valueless," is,
of course, not a commodity, strictly t 3 speak, and there-
fore " other" must be taken as a mere verbal eseal If
equal rates of price are to be understood, we have yet to
be told what are the relative values of commodities to
each other, which opens the wide field for debate ( if de-
mand and supply, production and consumption. We
infer, however, that with credit or paper money anfet-
tered by capricious standard and bank laws, Mr. D mean
would merely contend that the paper-money agent, or
intermediary for operating or measuring exeha ages,
rising with the legitimate demand, and descending• pro-
portionally when not so much called for, but alway a and
at all times easy of access, upon moderate equitable con-
ditions, to all possessed of the necessary guars .tees,
whether of securities, or the position and cho,rae ;ter of
parties, would tend to prevent the undae depres Sion of
prices, and in so far to conserve a certain degae,, of
parity of relationship between the values of all co: a, mo-
difies. That such would be the effect of a paper-n koney
system judiciously fiunded upon solid property, or upon
a national consideration equivalent, or by a combii it,tion
of both, is, we think, far from improbable. An .d this
brings us to the scheme by which Mr. Duncan prop ores
to carry out these desirable objects, based, as it will be
seen, upon conditions of undeniable safety and c cave-
nienCe

"He proposed that the money cf:the State, to na-
tional money, should be issued under -the control r and by
the advice of Parliament, and that it should be limi tted to
the annual amount of taxation; whether that tax was 40
50, or 60 millions sterling, such should be the qu an City
of national State money—based not only upon the nar-
row margin of gold that was in this country, but bl ised
upon the 6,000 millions of real property, which svat isti-
cians tell us is the aggregate wealth of this max dry.
Therefore the 60 millions of taxation would ha re no
insufficiency of security, nor could the money ev, sr de-
precate, since it was an express condition that it s hould
always be limited to the amount of tixes voted by Par-
liament; nor could it ever depreciate from any at her
circumstance, inasmuch as the Crown would be ob li ged
to take it back at the same price at which it had .been
issued.—(Hear, hear.) Then as to the money of om-
merce, he proposed the security of banks which should
be incorporated, the proprietors having given to Go rvern-
meet a tangible and convertible security in case the. hank
should fail."

The security for the issue of the commercial plipee
money would consist of the deposit of Consols, or •t► ther
State or State-secured stocks, as in the case of the -New
York banks ; against which the incorpc fated
banks should be authorized to issue for I Iree-
fourths of the value. Any proposed incree Ise of
issues subsequently to he preliminary cover( d in
the same proportion. With this sketch of Mr. Du nom's
plan or theory we conclude for the present. At asn ore
convenient season wa may be able to enter morel into
detail, and exhibit the mischievous workings of °yr p re-
sent currency laws, as ho also has forcibly descx ibed
them. In the meantime we may observe that it is a
singular anomaly in our legislation, that we hay. a, or
must have, free trade in anything but money or er a dit.
We havela fixed price—the only fixture of price exi: in `ng
—for gold, and we have also restrictive laws for pi Ip er-
money. But iniquitous laws carry the seeds of t,h eir
own contravention or cure in them. Thus, if we ca)x not
have a circulating paper-money payable on demand, be-
yond a certain fixed amount, in the shape of bank-ni )iles,
we may, and actually have, a bank-cheque circuit t ion
so payable, and that circulation is on the increase I sloth
in town and country. It amounts to many million: i al-
ready; it will reach tens of millions more; it posse is sea
all the facilities of the bank-note in passing from hand
to hand, is returned no sooner for payment to the I ►anke
upon which drawn, and, in despite of the law , 'is be-
coming the common form of remittance between I daces
hundreds of miles apart.

BOOKS, 6-c., TO CANADA AND TVE
lONIAN ISLANDS.
GENERAL POST-OFFICE, JUNE, 1851.—The Lords; of
her Majesty's Treasury having authorised by wan :lint,
the extension to Canada and the lonian Islands of the
reduced rates of postage and the regulations rec sntly
established for books transmitted by the post to the
British Colonies in the West Indies, &c., in fatal all
printed books, magazines, reviews, and pamphlets (,The.
ther British, colonial, or foreign), may be sent by post
between the United Kingdom and Canada or the I /oni an
Wands, at the following reduced rites of Tcs it-
age; viz.. —For a.. d.
limn packet not exceeding ilb. in weight (11. 6
11b. 1 o
Ditto exceeding ilb. end not exceeding
21b.
0. 0
Ditto exceeding lib. and not
exceeding
Ditto exceeding 21b. and not exceeding 1b 3 . 3: 0
And so on, increasing ls. for every additional poun. 3 or
Traction of a pound.
Provided, however, that the following condition: t bo
carefully observed :
1. Every ouch packet must he sent without a e. trot,
or in a cover open at the ends or sides.
2. It must contain a single volume only (whother
printed book, magazine, review, or pamphlet), the.
venal sheets or parts thereof, when there ore more tt an
one, being sewed or bound together.
3. It must not exceed two fe(t its length, breath];
width, or depth.
4. It must have no writing or marks upon the cover
or its contents, except the name and addrJre of
I • per-
son to whom it may be sent.
5. The postage must be prepaid in full by
outside the packet or its cover the proper number of
stamps.
If any of the above conditions be
violated the packet
must be charged as a letter,
andtreated as such to all
respects.

To prevent any obstacles to the regular transmissiono
of lettere, any officer of the Post-office may delay
transmission of any such packet for a time not exceeding
twenty-four hours from the time at which thea
would otherwise have been forwarded by him.
.ch
would
As no book may be sent by any route w
entail an expense of transit postage on the
adesiartment.
d only to
these regulations apply, in respect to
vitt books, &c., sent by the British packetsc.ontriCasca.t:B
Islands, only to
Halifax, and in respect to the lonian 1
books, &c., sent via Southampton.
The above instructions are not t
fere with the transmission of printed extend to or inter-
apve
orsteasllaonwdedprt°:epeads;
ings of Parliament, or of printed
by the post under the newspaper privilege, all of which
regulations.
will continue to be subject to theexisting

TuesdayE
E LIT
t o Itwi lalt (33r. —lt having been officially
RedlNoGaTu
GREAT ExnIBICION.
...deWtermATiEri
the elm trees in the north-westem department, which were
so sadly drooping for want of moisture, the carriages be-
neath were quickly wheeled on one side, one of shaidereg
very forcible small portable fire, &c. engines borrowed, its
reservoir stand filled by gutta percha leading pipes from the
main, and in less than adquarter of an hour every leaf, twig,
and branch, some over feet high Were thoroughly satu-
rated with several barrels of water. It was worked without
Fire • any mercy by two of the Brigade, who have shown a
great preference for these engines; another guiding its jet
pipe, at the end of a small copper riveted hose from the top
of a short step-ladder, causing much attraction te the visitors
in the surrounding galleries, and at the same time very
plainly showing there is no danger of a fire spreading to any
very alarming extent there, every part liable to such a con-
tingency being so easily accessible. In the dead of the night
a single police or fireman can seize one of these engines with
one hand, carry a bucket of water with the other, and with-
out any help get up a.stream of water 45 feet high, or to a
distance of 60 feet, with unerring sin'.
[ADVERTISEMENT.]—Holloway's Pills, an effectual
Cure for Dropsy.—Extract of a letter from Mr. W. Tomlin-
son, of Bangor, dated May 1, 1851' To Professor Rollo-
way. Sir,—For several years I was severely afflicted with
dropsy; at times my feet and legs were so much swollen that I
was quite unable to walk. I consulted many doctors, and tried
remedy after remedy with hopes of obtaining relief, but I was
disappointed in all until I tried your invaluable pills,
which I gatefully acknowledge have been the sole means of
effecting a cure of ray complaint, and I am now in the enjoy-
ment of excellent health.— Sold by all Druggists, and at Pro-
fessor Holloway's Establishment, 244, Strand, London.
TUB EXETER SYNOD.—The Bishop of Exeter has
determined that the representatives of the metropolitan and
provincial press shall not be admitted to report the pro-
ceedings of the forthcoming diocesan synod in the Cathedral
Church of 'Exeter. An application having been made to
the Right Rev. Prelate, his Lordship has returned an answar
/ to that effect.