The Sun.
London, England, 1834-01-13 00:00:00

TURKEY,

CONSTANTINOPLE, DEC. 10.—The arrival of the Meteor
steamer in Vourla Bay with despatches for the British
Admiral and Minister at Constantinople, has renewed much
of the apprehension that was felt as to the relations between
the Porte and Great Britain. These despatches are said to
be very pacific, but the preparations for war on the part
of the Porte, under the otdcrs of Russia continue, as if
war were certain. On our part dime is also a great
display. We have now at Vourla Bay the St. Vincent,
of 120 guns ; the Britannia, 120 ; the Caledonia, 120 ;
the Malabar, 74 ; the Alfred, 50 ; and the Champion,
30. The Talavera and another 74 are expected. It is
understood, also, that several smaller ships are on their
way hither. The French ships at Smyrna are the Ville
de Marseilles, 76 guns ; Duquesne, 78 ; Superbe, 74 ;
Ephigenie, 60 ; and Galatea, 50. Several others are
said to be fitting out, and the whole are to be placed under
the command of Admiral liugon, who has had hitherto
the good sense to conform himself to the views of our
more experienced Adtniral. The best understanding
prevails between both squadrons.
Of the Turkish fleet only one has been really disarmed,
and she was notoriously unfit for service. The other ves-
sels could be equipped and sent to sea in a few days in
case of necessity. There are now in the arsenal (exclusive
of hulks and small craft) four three-deckers, six seventy-
fours, 11 frigates, and 13 corvettes, nearly all with their
full complement of men on board. In addition to these,
a superb frigate to mount 74 42-pounders is on the stocks,
nearly completed. Her length is 222 feet on the main
deck, 53 feet beam, and she is building by an American

upon a most beautiful model. As soon as she is launched
the keel of a three-decker is immediately to be laid down
on the same slip. The Turks have in all 12 arsenals, at
each of which one or more large ships are at this moment
in progress, so that she will not want for vessels if they
can only he turned to good purpose. Tahir Pacha, the
Cipudan Pacha, has lately introduced a new system into
his department. He has greatly advanced the pay of all
the men emp!oyed in the arsenal, and has prohibit,-d
thieving, which he punishes so severely that many, encou •
raged by long habit to purloin at all risks, have expired
under the hastinado. He condemns the criminals to so
many blows that long ere they are completed, the soles of
their feet become a mere jelly, and the stripes being felt
there no longer are transferred to the abdomen ! Tahir
Pacha, who is by no means rich, is devoted to the
Russians.

The Capitan Pach a on the I4•h inst. started in a

steamer for the Dardanelles to look over the fortresses,
which are all being mounted with new guns. Nearly a
thousand of the old guns are being brought gradually to
the capital, where, being all of brass, they are melted
down, and thus furnish materials for the new pieces.
The American frigate United States sailed from here
on the 23d Novembsr, for Smyrna and Mahon. Previous
to her departure, Commodore Patterson, accompanied by
his Flag-Captain and the American Charge d'Affaires,
were admitted to an interview with the Sultan, on which
occasion his Highness was very gracious, but neither
party had anything particular to say.
A very extraordinary sensation has been produced lately

here, by a report, which we are inclined to consider as
official, that a petition signed by almost every man of any
consequence in Albania has been forwarded by them to the
asking for a cons-itution. In this memorial,
after stating at length the endless vexations under which
their country has groaned while under the admini-
stration of the Pachas and Governors appointed by the
Porte, they express their determination no longer to
submit to so unparalleled a system of tyranny. To
that effect an assoliation, consisting of the representatives
from the different towns and principal villages throughout
the country, had been convoked, and the resolution had
been unanimously adopted by its members to submit the
following demands to the Sultan's consideration :-1.
That henceforth the administration of the country shall
be confided solely to the bands of those individuals whom
the association shall elect. 2. That the landed property
of which Ali Pacha possessed himself by fraud or vio-
lence, and which ever since his downfall has remained in
the power of Government, shall be restored to the legi-

;imaie proprietors of their heirs. 3. That the Sultan's

troops shall withdraw from their territory ; and the de-
pence of the passes and fortresses be intrusted to native
soldiers. Provided these conditions are granted to them,
they express their readiness to pay to their legitimate So-
vereign, the Sultan, the annual tribute he shall deem ex-
pedient to impose upon them. In case, however, bad
counsellors should persuade him to shut his ears to their
entreatie., they will resist force by force, and not put down
their arms until in full possession of these their natural
and legitimate rights.
Several reforms are talked of here, and the Sultan is
said to be desirous of placing his Government on such a
footing as to offer a guarantee for indivislual enterprises.
Were it possible to do this under the influence of Great
Britain, Turkey might become a formidable barrier to
Russia. Turkey would then furnish for exportation an
abundance of her rich products ; commerce would flourish
and extend; the population would increase, and we should
finally see raised up the true harrier which ought to he
opposed to Russian encroachment. With 20 years of
peace, under a good Administration, she would become
one of the richest countries in the world. See what even
now she produces under all the disadvantages which press
so heavily upon her : silk, opium, wool, cotton, goat's-
wool, fruits, valonia, madder root, boxwood, olive oil, soap,
copper, iron, galls, hides, skins of all kinds, and an infinity
of other valuable commodities. In fact, the soil is so fer-
tile, and is situated in such a favourable latitude, that with
very little labour almost any thing and every thing may be
produced. The greatest possible injury that could be
done to Russia would be by letting agriculture flourish in
Turkey. The Black Sea might then as well be blotted
out of the map, or at least the Russian part of it, for
Turkey could supply all the Mediterranean with grain and
all other articles now furnished almost exclusively by
Southern Russia. To show what Turkish land is, it
need only be mentioned that Mr. Simmons, an English
gentleman, bas for two or three years been amusing himself
in cultivating a small farm. He has introduced the im-
plements and mode of proceeding of his own country,
and although his land is almost the poorest to be met with
about Constantinople, his success has been most wonder-
ful. The harvest lie has reaped completely astonished the
Turks, and the Sultan himself was delighted to see a speci-.
men of the seeming fertility of which his coon ry is
capable. If there was safety for persons and pro.
petty, Mr. Simmons might perhaps seek a better soil
at some little distance from the capital, and the tide
of emigration would soon after set this way, there
being here every natural inducement to settlers, in-
cluding one of the best climates in the world.
Turkey is still fertile of resources. Amongst her other
natural riches, she possesses abundance of the precious
meals still concealed in the bowels of the earth, and
which, by proper mant“ement, would soon be brought to
light. About eight years ago a gold mine was disco-
vered within 150 miles from Constantinople. On the
fact being reported to Government, a ni tbaihir was sent
to collect specimens of the ore, and bring them to the
capital. The inhabitants foresseiog, that were the mine
worked, they would be compelled to labour for little or no
pay, they clubbed together and gained over the inabashir
by a present of 50,000 piastres. The ore he took to
Constantinople was, consequently, largely mixed with
other mineral matter, and this mixture not being found
sufficiently productive, the mine was not worked. N.Av
had the Government given competent wages, an abundant
harvest of gold might, in all probability, have been col-
lected. There are coal mines, too, within a vet), short
distance from Constantinople, and yet the fuel required
for the Turkish steamers is brought from England ! In
the hands of an enlightened Government what a country
Turkey would become.

IRELAND.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE TIMES.

DUBLIN, JAN. 10.—The Croon Solicitor's letter to
Barrett, the editor of the Pilot, offering, on the part of
the Crown, to forego his right to call him up for judg-
ment, if Mr. O'Connell would make an explicit acknow-
ledgment, under his band, that he was the author of the
libel, and sanctioned its publication, appears to have con-
founded the Agitator and his newspapers. They have
been to this hour ashamed to print it, although it was
delivered to Barrett a week ago, and appeared in the
London Globe of Monday. _

Meanwhile, but after several day's delay, the Liberator,
too cowardly to accede to the fair terms proposed by the
Crown, but ashamed, nevertheless, to let his minion be
incarcerated for his sedition, without some semblance of
an attempt to save him, makes him answer the Crown
Solicitor by saying, " that Mr. O'Connell will admit
authorship, and abide his trial, on the Crcwn under-
taking that he will have the benefit of an impartial
jury, composed entirely of Protestants, unconnected
with party, or of Protestants and Catholics iodised.
minately."
I need not remark how impwlent is this attempt at de-
lusion, or how arrogant an assumption of superiority to
the ordinary course of the law it conveys.
The admission of the authorship would be the merest
. .

illusion ; for every one knows th-at it is not criminal to
write a libel in private, although it is to publish it, or
cause it to be published.
An assumption of the right to require that a jury should
be specially packed for his trial comes with an admirable
grace of consistency from a man who has been so violent
an advocate as O'Connell for the new jury system, which
has just come into operation, and the fairness of whose
provisions he would have had, in his own case, one of the
earliest opportunities of proving.
I am glad to be able to send you the answer which
was immediately returned to Bwrett's letter :

" Kildare-street, Jan. 9, 1833.
" Sir,—l yesterday received your undated letter, and, with-
out dwelling on the obvious insufficiency of the admission
thereby offered, or upon the unfounded insinuation thereby
conveyed, I have to inform you that the Attorney-General will
notmake any undertaking to Mr. O'Connell, nor consent, in
the case of that gentleman, to any proceedings varying from the
legal course of administering justice in all other cases.
" And I have further to apprise you, that my notice of the
Bth inst. will be moved on Saturday next.
" I remain, Sir, your obedient humble servant,
" WILLIAM KEMMIS, Crown Solicitor.
To Richard Barrett, Esq., Proprietor of the
Pilot newspaper."

Colonel Taylor, our resident at Bagdad, has
bcen fined by the local authorities about 4001. sterling, in
consequence of one of his servants having beaten a Mus,ul
man who was bathing in the river opposite the Colonel's
window. The servant was sent to drive the fellow away.
and a scuffle ensued, in which the servant came off
second beat. A popular tumult was got up, and the Colonel
was obliged to blockade himself in his house until it sub•
sided. He has appealed to Constantinople to have the fine
remitted.

LONDON,
MONDAY EVENING, JANUARY 13, 1831.

The Paris Papers of Saturday arrived this
morning. They do not contain much news of
importance. The qualification given by the
Duke DE BROGLIE in the Chamber of Depu-
ties on Wednesday, to his adoption of the sen-
timents of M. BIGNON o❑ the preceding day,
is attributed by the moderate papers to official
caution, and it is asserted that he is as opposed
to Russian policy as the most violent Member of
the French Opposition. This may be true, but
if M. DE BROGLIE committed an indiscretion

in giving way to die indignation of an honour-
able mind against Russia on the occasion of M.
BIGNON'S speech, how much greater was his
indiscretion, when on the following day he
&dared that there was nothing in the treaty
between Russia and the Porte to excite un-
easiness, or warrant intervention ? And on
what is this declaration founded ? On the
fact that by the letter of the treaty Russia
does not receive any exclusive privilege.
Russia, argues M. de BROGLIE, has not
stipulated for the possession of the Darda-
nelles, to the exclusion of other Powers. But
has there been no arrangement between the
SULTAN and the EMPEROR, by which the
Dardanelles may be closed to other Powers at
the dictation of Russia ? And although Russia
may not, for the present, demand the exclusive
possession of the Dardanelles, has she not now
such an influence over the Porte, that at any
hour she may demand, and must receive, not
only the possession of the Dardanelles, but also
every other facility which Turkey can afford,
either for the injury of British and French com-
merce in the Mediterranean, or, as regards Great
Britain, the destruction of our interests in India,
M. de BROGLIE is not affected by the latter
consideration ; but is he blind to the fact, that
the increased influence, indeed frontier control,
of Russia over Turkey, must affect the commercial
interests of France, and materially strengthen the
alliance of despots who are aiming at the sub-
version of her political greatness ? It is not
because Russia has, by the words of any treaty,
acquired exclusive privileges in Turkey, that
intervention on the part of Great Britain and
France is become necessary ; but because
Russia has virtually acquired entire possession
of Turkey, and will, therefore, if allowed to
retain such possession, become more formidable
as the enemy of France and Great Britain. The
whole question lies in a nut-shell. Is it com-
patible with British and French interests
to allow the Emperor of RUSSIA to retain
the influence which he now possesses in

Turkey ? If it is, Lord PALMERSTON and M.
DE BROGLIE may safely allow the special
pleading of the EMPEROR about the wording
of the late treaty with Turkey.
The address of the Chamber of Deputies was
carried on Friday, by a large majority. This
result was expected, as there was nothing in the
address to call for opposition from the moderate

party.
The Paris Papers contain a letter from Bay-
onne, stating that a sanguinary conflict had taken
place between the Queen's troops and the Carl-
ists, but neither the time nor place is stated.

The accounts from Spain continue to be of
a mixed character, but they confirm all our pre-
vious impressions as to the probable result of the
conflict between the Government and the Car-
lists. We said from the first that the QUEEN
had no party of her own, and that the
generals who have supported her against
the Carlists did so chiefly with a view of
preparing the way for a constitutional system.
The Paris correspondent of the itioriszng
Herald lately announced, on authority which
he considered satisfactory, that the mili-
tary chiefs of Catalonia had sent a for-
mal remonstrance to the Queen against the
present system of government, and recom-
mending the establishment of a constitution.
The Messager des Chambres confirms this
statement by the publication of a letter from

General Vico, now resident in Paris, but who
was Governor of Corunna, under the Cortes.
The following is a copy of his letter
" Having communicated to one of my friends a letter I
received from Barcelona relative to the events which Intel,"
took place in that city, I authorized him to give you the
extract which appeared in your number of yesterday.
" Some speculators have questioned the contents and
the very existence of that letter. Being the person to
whom it was directed, I consider it my duty, Sir, to assure
you, that the extract you have published is, to all intents
and purposes, a faithful copy of the original, which I en-
close you, and that it was written by a person deserving
full credit. You will find in it, among other news which
bears you (Alt in your statement, the following paragraph
"' The General in Chief (Llander) at the meeting of the
civil and military chiefs, held at his head-quarters, inquired of
the Auditor of War, M. Gibert, who was present on the oc.
casion, would it be expedient to publish and circulate the
exposé forwarded to the Queen by the Chief of Battalion Sauz,
in order that the inhabitants of Catalonia might be prepared
for the events likely to ensue ? The Auditor of War was of
opinion, that it was more expedient to await the answer of the
Queen. (Signed) " General MENDEZ DE VIGO.'
"To the Editor of the Msssager des Chambres."
To this the Herald adds that
" General Llander, the Captain_General of the province
of Catalonia, had repeatedly written to the Queen Regent,
praying her Majesty to throw herself upon those who
could alone support her—the Constitutionalists. He un-
dertook to answer to her Majesty, at the same time, for
the entire physical force of his seven provinces, and in
which he had already organised 40 battalions of National
Guards (or Frasellicos, as they are termed). He called
upon—that is, he entreated—her Majesty, in direct terms,
to dismiss M. Zea from office, and to give to the country
certain other pledges of her intentions to assure to the
nation, in the name of her daughter, a real Constitutional
Government. The General spoke at the same time une.
quivocally of the danger to which a refusal might expose
the interests of the Quern her daughter.
n
"To this advice and demand, and indeed hypothetical
com-
pletelymenac at t
replied,e,thehpQmu:erneyßoefgtehnetforeigMinisters at her Court
that ' she was
and of M. Zea.' ST added that General Llander was
at liberty to act in the circumstances as his honour and
patriotism should dictate.'"

Such is the statetaent of our contemporary,
and it is highly important. Should Catalonia
declare for a Constitution, the QUEEN will be
forced to yield, and in yielding alone will she
find safety. As to the Carlists, they will have
little chance of success, provided the Consti-
tutional chiefs agree as to the extent and
character of the system of Government proper
for Spain under existing circumstances. Years
indeed might elapse ere the country should
become tranquil, for so long as the Des-
pots of fn
aoirtlidlceoprCrouorptnuttiginoateli; totfihl
ekayveeewptiillilleg
dmuoepasnodsi:scboby hi-
rudtiinf
Great Britain and France protect the just and
reasonable system of Government which the
enlightened Constitutionalists of those countries'
are desirous of establishing, Russia, Austria,
and Prussia, must in time give way to the
spirit of the age, and seriously think of setting
their own house in order."

A private letter from Paris states that the
Captain-General of the province of Catalonia
(LLANDER), and the authorities, had spe-
cifically required the establishment of a re-
presentative Government—liberty of the Press
—the suppression of the convents and of
the monastic orders. Between the 6th and
9th instant the reply of the QUEEN was ex-
pected, before which the parties to the repre-
sentation would take no more decided step,
but it added that their resolution was irrevo.
cable—liberty or death.

The operation of the Corn Laws, which pre-
vailed previous to the year 1815, is thus stated
by the Agricultural Committee of 1821:—" The -
necessary consequence of the trade in corn having

been virtually open with the continent, and the
importation allowed at prices merely nominal .
during the period of forty years, has been, that
the general price of the shipping ports on the
continent has not, upon an average, been mate-
rially lower than the price in England, except
to the amount of the charges to be incurred in 4
bringing the foreign corn to the markets of this
country." The Committee on the Corn Laws,

in 1814, remarked, " that the price of wheat at
the shipping ports in the Baltic is entirely re•

gulated by the demand in the other countries
in Europe." But this is so only when that
demand is, as it was then, allowed to operate
there. The difference between the operation

of the Corn Laws which prevailed for forty

ears previous to 1815, and those which have

prevailed since, is, that under the former our

meat demand, which raises the price of corn,
was not prevented from operating at all times

abroad, as it did at home; but, under the latter,

t is prevented, and allowed to operate only by

fits and starts. The natural state of things pre-
served by the Corn Laws previous to 1815,
always afforded a sure protection to the home
grower. The unnatural state of things created
by the subsequent laws, has deprived him of
all protection, and these laws have transferred

;he benefits of the increasing demand of our
increasing population for corn from the homc

grower to the dealer in corn. When our great
demand was allowed to operate freely abroad,
the dealer could not purchase foreign corn 4
cheaper than he could purchase British corn ;
and, moreover, lie purchased foreign corn, sub-'
ject to the hazard that before it could be brought
to the British market the price there might fall, 1
and lie might be a loser by his purchase. But
since 1815, under the laws of 1815 and 1822,
which fixed high importation prices, our demand
had no operation abroad until the price reached
the importable price, and in the absence of our
demand, prices fell at the shipping ports of the
Continent to a very low rate. Then the dealer
bought there, and stored the corn lie so bought
in warehouses at home, to be used for the pur- 1
poses of foreign trade until the price at home
reached the importable price, which sooner or.
later he knew it must do because we always had
some deficiency which behoved to be supplied.
So, under the law of 1828, when as at present
the duty amounted to a prohibition, through the
absence of our great demand at the shipping,;.,
ports, the dealer was enabled to purchase cheap,
and to store, as before, to be used for the pur-:i
poses of foreign trade until the duty should fall, I
and enable him to enter for home consumptio►t
at a time when he could gain most upon the j
price and save most upon the duty. The first. 1
effect of the restraining laws, which have pre-
vailed
since 1815, thus has been to deprive
the home grower of tl►e foreign market,
il a►►d it is a remarkable fact, appearing from the
imports and exports of corn, that the exports of

British corn amounted to one-sixth and rather
more of the corn imported from foreign parts
and from Ireland, from the year 1772 to the
year 1815. The export was comparatively
small, but it kept the home growth sound, for
no branch of home industry can be in a whole-
some state, where, by operation of law, its pro-
duce cannot be exported. This is peculiarly so
in the case of corn, for if Great Britain and Ire-
land can grow enough, or nearly enough, to
maintain the population in middling seasons,
they must grow a great deal too much in abun-
dant years. But the effect of the restraining laws
Since 1815 has not only been to deprive the
home grower of the foreign market, but it has
further been to promote the importation of foreign
corn. A high price in Great Britain, which al-
ways exists, from the increasing demand of an in-
creasing population for food, if suffered to operate
abroad as it does at home, would always insure
a preference to the home grower in the home
Market, but being prevented so to operate, the
higher the price is, it enables the more distant
foreign grower to come into competition with
the nearer foreign grower, and all to come into
competition with the British grower in the
home market, whereby his growth is progressively
diminished, while theirs is progressively increased•
This consequence does not rest upon inference.
We have evidence of the fact. In the year 1823,
when the plentiful harvest of 1820 and 1822
brought down the price of corn to a natural
price, the number of places abroad from whence
we imported corn was only nine ! whereas in the
year 1830, the number of places abroad from
f'wheor nce we imported corn was twenty-four!!
the evidence of which two facts we refer to
Parliamentary
Paper, 1832, No. 408, and
1833, No, 89. Mr. JACOB and Mr.
HODGSON, who
were examined before the
Agricultural Committee of last Session, state
that the British farmers cannot afford to store,
and that the dealers now speculate only in
foreign grain, which is another necessary con,e-
quence of the present laws, and thus, after a plen-
tiful season like the last, the British' farmer is
obliged to bring his grain to market at a low
price, and to lower the price by the very quan.
tity he brings; when, after the quantity which
British farmers have to bring to market has been
exhausted, the price rises, and the increased price
goes into the pockets of the dealers in foreign
grain, and not into those of the British grower.
It thus appears how the present Corn Law
injures the British farmer ; and in a former
number we showed how its consequences are
now about to reach with terrible effect the
British landowner.

We have received a letter from Paris, in which
it is stated that there is a deficiency of seventy_
five millions of francs in the French budget. The
same letter informs us that Ministers are not
at all satisfied with the address of the Chamber
of Deputies. It was generally believed that M.
rOUPIN would again be asked by the KING to
accept a seat in the Ministry.

The German papers last received confirm the
preceding accounts as to the determination of
the German rulers to destroy the little liberty of
the press which still exists in Germany. The
mode of doing this is to be settled at the ap-
proaching Congress.

We direct the attention of our readers to an
article of old date, but of much interest, from the
frontiers of Prussia. ''hey will see from it that
an attempt is making to detach France from her
alliance with us, by promising her the advantages
which the absolutists imagine would result from
an adoption of a, general exclusion of British
manufactures from the Continent. The idea is
absurd, but it exposes the views of the Allied
Sovereigns. France knows • her interest too
wellato make common cause with despots against
.the only country that has at once the power and
•
the desire to assist her.

The LORD CHANCELLOR received a mes-
sage, at about eleven o'clock, this morning, in
Court, from Earl GREY, requesting his Lord-
ship's attendance at a Cabinet Council to be
held to-day.

'e have given elsewhere an account of a
meeting at Bath to promote the formation of a
railroad between Bristol and Bath, Reading
and London. To the inhabitants of Bath and
the landowners of the vicinity, this undertaking
must be of vast importance, for it may be ex-
pected very shortly to double the value of their
property. We see it is estimated that the time
occupied in the journey to lUth will, on the
completion of the railroad, be four hours and
a half, instead of upwards of twelve hours. The
vast public benefit to be derived from such
works it is impossible to exaggerate, and it is
their general undertaking at
t assurance that thethe
,
s•
that affords us our rot, present moment
gent time is favourable for a great change in the poor
laws, and that the people will
till information has been Spread upon
the subject
g ,
without attemptin by force to break down the
barrier which the corn laws have
raise
'
them and plenty. Profitable einplo d between
whll yrnent west ill
an
immediately be found for thousands
impetus will be given to the industry of hundreds
of thousands. • We have hopes, too, that When
it is seen by the landowners in the neighbour-
hood of great towns that rents do not fall by
the facilities of bringing food to those towns
being increased, even the Squires of Bucking.
hamshire will begin to perceive that their pros-
petit), depends upon that of their customers,
,hat their land may be valuable for other purposes,
iesides that of raising wheat, and that there is no
tecessary connection between monopoly and
vealth.

In connection with this subject, we may refer
0 a meeting which took place on Friday, at
Nindsor, for the purpose of supporting the
.ailwaY proposed to be formed between London
nd that town. There seems to be a contest
)repariug between the London and Bristol, and
he London and Windsor Companies. The
orrnerdesire to go direct from IVlillbank through
leading to Bath. It being considered certain

that Parliament will not allow two parallel or
crossing lines of railroad to the west, the
Windsor Company want the Bristol people
to come through Windsor, before going to
Reading. At present the London and Bristol
Company appear to have the advantage, for we
see it was announced at the Bath meeting, that
8,000 of the 10,000 shares were subscribed for,
and an additional 700 were taken at the close
of the meeting. The sinews of war appear to
be not quite so abundant with the rival Com-
pany. On the relative merits of the two plans
we do not presume to pronounce any opinion,
but whichever is adopted, the advantage to the
public cannot but be great.

SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE-(THIS DAY.)