The Sun.
London, England, 1834-01-10 00:00:00

GERMAN PAPERS.

(BY EXPRESS.)
VIENNA, DEC. 30.—The Oriental question bad lately
assumed a direction which tended to embarrass still more
the affairs of Europe, and endanger the peace which had
been so carefully maintained. The treaty of the Porte
with Russia had already excited the apprehensions of
England, whose policy is constantly guided by its com-
mercial interests, and France, which, since the revolution
of July, has taken so much pains to recover a part at least
of the influence it formerly exercised in foreign policy, was
by this treaty (which gave to Russia alone the protection
of the Porte against domestic and foreign enemies)
deprived of that influence at Constantinople which it had
gained by the energetic conduct of Admiral Roussin.
Hence the coldness which has latterly taken place between
Russia on one side and France and England on the other.
Hence the press in Paris, and still more in London, ex-
pressed itself with bitterness against Russia in the journals
which are known to be the organs of the Ministry. Tend-
ing to the same object, armaments took place in the sea-
ports of France and England, to reinforce their fleets, as
a counterpoise to the extraordinary activity that was
observed at Odessa, Sebastopol, &e. Like an avalanche
which increases in its fall, the first armaments led to
greater ones, and when the powers fully prepared for combat
are opposed to each other, the course of negotiation becomes
more difficult. In order to avert such a conflict, which is,
indeed, remote, the Austrian Cabinet, whose powerful
voice bas been so effectually raised in the late times of agi-
tation to preserve the existing relations and general peace,
has applied to the• Russian Court, with which, since the
negotiations at Munchengraiz, it has been on terms of con•
fidential friendship, which call to mind the period of the
deliverance from the domination of Napoleon, and has
received from that Court the most satisfactory assurances
on this bead. In consequence of this discussion a treaty is
said to have been concluded between the two Courts, by
which " the two Governments have guaranteed the
continued existence of the Turkish empire, even in case of
the extinction of the reigning dynasty, and to the exclu-
sion of Mehemet Ali." We learn that Prince Metternich
two days ago announced this event to the British Ambas-
sador, Sir Frederick Lamb, who gave his cordial appro•
batiod to a negotiation which cannot fail to produce the
salutary points of peace, and by which the great Statesman
who directs the affairs of Europe with equal moderation
and dignified energy, and who in our agitated times has
preserved Europe from the equally to be deprecated mis-
fortunes of anarchy and war, has acquired fresh claims to
the gratitude of all the friends of order and peace.
VIENNA, DEC. 29.—M. Ancillon, the Prussian Mi-
nister, is expected here on the 4th of January, and Baron
Giese, the Bavarian Minister, still sooner. Prince Wrede
will, it is said, be at Vienna at the same time, and remain
during the conferences. Count Lucchesi Palli has returned
to Gratz to the Countess.

Letters from Belgrade say that Prince Milosch bas been
reinvested, by a batti scheriff of the Sultan, to the dignity
of Sovereign Prince of Servia for five years longer. Per-
fect tranquillity prevails in Servia.
Further accounts have been received from Greece, which
are very satisfactory.

On New Year's Day Prince Metternich will give a
diplomatic dinner, to which all the Foreign Ambassadors,
and all the Ministers, who have arrived for the intended
Congress, are invited. To-day, to-morrow, and the next
day the Mistress of his Majesty's Household will receive
the usual complimentary visits on the new year, in the
name of her Majesty the Empress.
An English courier bas set out for London.
VIENNA, DEC. 30 —Five per Cent. Metalliques,
94 9 16 ; Four per Cent,, 84i ; Bank Stock, 1,2241.
Allgerneine Zeilung, Jan. 4.

SIR JONAH 13ARRINGTON AND THE
UNlON.—Readers in general, we believe, are not aware
that Sir Jonah Barrington, whose very important and
elaborate " History of the Irish Union" is now at-
tracting so much attention, is also the author of three
volumes of the most lively and humorous description, en-
titled, "Personal Sketches of his Own Times," being his
individual recollections of distinguished personages, re-
markable events, and Irish high life for the last 50 years
Similar cases of literary versatility are not, however, un-
common ; as a parallel case may be mentioned, that of
Dr. Nares, whose great historical work, the Life of Lord
Burleigh stands in remarkable contrast with that light
and playful work of fiction put forth anonymously some
years ago under the quaint title of " Thinks I to myself."
ENGLISH OPERA HOUSE.—AII obstruc-
tions having been removed to the building of the New
English Opera House, it will be commenced forthwith on
the site of the former Theatre. It appears from the
model to be on an improved plan, as the company in the
lower circle of boxes particularly will be no longer incom
moded by an indiscriminate mixture with " females of a
certain class," and the other boxes will be in a great
measure relieved from the nuisance. The Theatre will be
about the size of that destroyed by fire, and will have a
handsome front in the new street which is to lead from
the Strand to Charles-street, Covent-garden, and will have
entrances besides from Exeter_street and Burleigb.street ;
and it is expected that it will be erected and finished ea►ly
in the ensuing autumn.
The Armoricain, of Brest, states that a few
days ago lightning struck the beautiful tower of the church
of St. Michael, at Quimperle, and forced out an enormous
stone, which fe:l upon the roof of an adjoining house, and
made its way through all the intermediate ceilings till it
reached the ground floor, and stopped within two feet of
a bed in which was a man, his wife, and a young child,
not one of whom was injured. In the interior of the
church the confessionals were broken to pieces, the wood-
work of the choir scattered in all directions, the paintings
injured, and all the windows broken. The lightning also
fell on the house of the Sub Prefect, but did no further
damage than breaking the windows. The church at Scaer
was so completely destroyed, that they are obliged to per-
form divine service in a private room.

LONDON,
FRIDAY EVENING, JANUARY 10, 1834.

The Paris Papers of Wednesday arrived thin
morning. They contain no news except from
Spain, which we have noticed elsewhere. It was
generally believed in Paris that there would be
no war with Russia, as Austria and Prussia are
both interested in preserving the peace of the
Continent. Under this impression the French
Funds keep up firmly, as will be perceived by
the annexed quotations:—

FRENCH FUNDS.—PARI9, JAN. 8.
Five per Cents., 105 f. 30c. 20c.
Three per Cents., 76f. 75t. 95c.
Bank Actions, 1,720 f
Rente de Naples, 91f. €oc.
Roman Five per Cents., • 92.
Rente d'Espagne, Five per Cents., 18%. •
Rente d'Espagne, Three per Cents., 403 x.
Royal Spanish Loan, 82%.
Rente Perpet. d'Espagne, Five per Cents., 65%.
Belgian Loan, 1831, Five per Cent., 97%.
Haytian Loan, 280 f.
EXCHANGE ON LONDON.
One month, paper, 25f. 31k. ; money, '2sf. 25c.
Three months, paper, 25f. 15c. ; money, 25f. 15c.
—('ours Authentique.

The accounts from Spain are rather interest-
ing. ZEA BERMUDEZ, whose influence had
begun to diminish under the control of the
Council of Regency, has contrived to render
that body friendly to him by declaring it the
highest in the realm, and bestowing upon its
members a large annual stipend. Some changes
have taken place in the inferior departments of
the Ministry. M. MARTINEZ has been re-
placed, pro tempore, at the head of the Finance
department by M. BoßGos. The Director of
the Treasury has also been changed, and a
Junta appointed to consider what means
could be resorted to for placing the Trea-
sury in an improved condition. It was
stated at Madrid that Don CARLOS was
at Lamego, in Portugal, and that Don MIGUEL
had been so irritated at the violation of the
Portuguese territory by the Spaniards as to have
threatened to enter Estremadura, the inhabitants
of which were, however, prepared to give him a
hostile reception. An officer of the Queen's
Household, and the Queen's dress maker, a '
French intrigante, named THERESA, have
been banished under the influence of M. ZEA,
for having presumed to oppose his policy.
Another proof of the influence of M. ZEA
has been furnished in the suppression of a
Madrid Paper called the Aurora, for an
attack on M. AGUADO, the contractor,
with whom M. ZEA wishes, for various
reasons, to be on friendly terms. A letter
from Bayonne states that an engagement had
taken place at Los Arcos, in Navarre, be-
tween the rebels of that province, amounting to
nearly 3,000 men, and the troops under Gen.
LORENZO, in which the rebels were completely
defeated. The Carlists are, however, stated to
have had some success in other districts, and it
was believed that Don CARLOS, sensible of the
improbability of success, without personal ex-
ertion, had at length resolved to enter Spain
at the head of the refugee Carlists who had been
organized in Portugal. He will, of course, need
all the aid that MIGUEL can afford him.

We inserted a paragraph yesterday from a
Paris paper, Le Courrier Francais, in which it
is stated that the French Government have
adopted a new system for the conveyance of
letters, by which one-fourth of the present
" enormous rate of postage" will be reduced.
Although all things are to be judged compara-
tively, we were rather surprised at the expression,
" enormous rate of postage," as applied to
France, where the present charge, even upon a
single letter, is on the average not more than
half what it is in this country, notwithstanding
our superior facilities of conveyance, whilst in
the case of enclosures the charge in France is
frequently, unless where the bulk is considerably

increased, not one-third of what it is here. A
merchant in Paris, for instance, may remit in a
letter two bills of exchange to his correspondent
in Calais, a distance of 170 English miles, at an
expense of about sevenpence, whereas, the
charge of a treble letter in this country
for the same distance would be three shillings.
This is the case as to the rates of postage for
single letters or enclosures of light weight,
the postage being charged by weight in
France, and according to the number of en-
closures in England, except when the weight
exceeds an ounce, when the French system of
charging is adopted. In this latter case, how-
ever, the rate of postage in England is at all times
three times, and in many instances twenty times
higher than in France. We have seen abox of let-
ters from Algiers, to the French Ambassador here,
charged as high as twenty-eight pounds, whereas
in France the charge would hardly have exceeded
four pounds ; and we have known the Mexican
Minister charged sixty-two pounds for a package
of letters and papers from Mexico, which in
France would not have cost him more than seven
or eight pounds. There is also in France a facility
of communication by post, as regards literature as
well as trade, which is denied in this country. A
printed book, which, if sent by post here a distance
of 100 miles, would be charged fifteen or sixteen
shillings, is conveyed the same distance in France
for three or four pence. These are facts worthy
the attention of our post office authorities ; and
we may be permitted to hope that whilst the
" monstrous rate of postage," as it is called in
France, is being reduced one-fourth, the English
Postmaster-General will inquire whether a re-
duction to a still greater extent might not be
effected here without injury to the revenue. We
also hope that the present vexatious system of
insisting upon the full rate, or nearly the full
rate, of postage on packages of newspapers and
commercial samples brought from abroad, will
not be persevered in. Four or five years ago a
much greater degree of liberality was shown at
the Post Office on this point ; and as the object
for which greater vigilance and severity have
been resorted to, viz., the increase of the Post
Office revenue, has not been effected, there can
be no reason why the present system should be
maintained.

Rent being the surplus produce which remains
after defraying the cost of production, it is
manifest that if from any cause or causes the
cost of production be increased, and if from any
other cause or causes the surplus produce be
diminished, the candle of the landlords must be
burning at both ends. This is their situation at
the present time, though they shut their eyes to
it. A few details may be useful on these points.
Before any of the gross produce can reach the
owner of the soil, a portion must be set apart for
seed and horse corn, which are the same whether

the crop be scanty or abundant ; but they are
very different in their effects according to the
amount of the produce. They may be three-
fourths of a scanty crop, while they may be

under one-third of an abundant one. 2. Another
portion of the gross produce must be set apart to
replace wages and other expenses of cultivation, of
reaping, stacking, thrashing, winnowing and carry-
ing to market. Wages have not increased since
1815, but they operate in the way of increase by
not having fallen in proportion to the rise in the
value of money. Not only so, but we know
that a few years ago agricultural labourers com-
pelled the farmers of England to pay them at
the rate of 2s. a-day, which is more than they
can afford. Farmers suffer, moreover, not only
by paying too high wages, but by getting too
little labour for the wages they pay. Here we
address ourselves to the tithe receivers as well as

to the rent receivers, who, in their capacity of
magistrates, have mainly been instrumental to
the payment of wages out of the poor rate, and
giving relief to able bodied labourers, and in the
distinction which has been created between mar-
ried and unmarried labourers. By reason of this, as
is stated by the Rev. Mr. BECHER, in his evidence
before the last Committee of the House of Lords
on the Poor Laws, the quantity of work done by a
labouring man is only one-fourth of what it
ought to be.
his own parishTohs h
fi soe
opo t
hr
wyeelsi the,
in
the instance of
county
of
Nottingham, where the poor have been reclaimed
by a system of correction introduced by him, the
result of which has been, that the work done by
a day labourer in his parish is four times the
quantity done in the parishes of that county
where the abuses of the poor law continue to
operate. The expense of reaping in England
is much increased, with great injury to the crop,
by the operation of the same abuse which con-
fines the harvest work to the inhabitants of a
parish, and much loss of time and grain is
thereby sustained ; whereas in Scotland, the
reaping is performed by strangers from the
Highlands?, who crowd the fields in reaping the
corn. Thrashing and winnowing are also greatly
increased ;n England both in expense and time,
and are, moreover, imperfectly performed by being
done by hand ; whereas, in the grain growing
counties of Scotland there is not a homestead
which has not a steam-engine for thrashing and%
winnowing, and even, in some instances, mealing
the grain. 3. Another portion of the gross
produce must be set apart to answer for
tithes and defray rates. Tithes have not come
down with the rise that has taken place, and
continues to take place, in the value of money.
Rates have increased notwithstanding the rise
in the value of money ; and here we beg leave
to refer our readers to a system of correction of
the abuses of the poor laws introduced by the
Rev. Mr. WHATELEY in the parish of Cook-
ham, in Berkshire, the money effect of which,
as stated by him before the same Lords' Com-
mittee on the Poor Laws, has been to reduce
the poor-rates, which were about 4,0001. in the
year 1812-13, to 1,1001., their amount ill
1829-30. But important as the reduction of
the rates is, as effected by him and Mr.
BECHER, we consider this as nothing com-
pared to bettering the condition and morals of
the poor, and restoring industry to a wholesome
state, which have also been effected by them.
4. Another portion of the gross produce

mint be set apart to make a return for capital
employed, commensurate with the return on
capital employed in other branches of industry.
It is only what may remain, if any shall remain,
of the gross produce, after making provision for
these things, that can accrue to the landlords.
We beg leave to refer to the evidence given
before the Agricultural Committee of last Session
for the proof that farmers have lost their capital
under the operation of the corn laws, which have
prevailed since 1815, and continue to hold their
farms only by scourging and exhausting the
land, which thus, ere long, must return upon
its owners, incapable of yielding rent if this
operation be not removed; and thus, if corn is
to continue to be raised in Great Britain, it must
be raised by the landowners themselves. Provi-
dence teaches by consequences. Infliction has
hitherto chiefly fallen upon the other classes of the
community, whose eyes have thus been opened
to the selfishness of the landowners, through
whose influence the laws of 1815, of 1822, and
of 1828 were passed, each of them surpassing
the other in the mischief they have done, but,
by a just retribution, the infliction is now about
to fall most heavily upon the authors of the mischief.
The other classes of the community, however, are
not without their share of blame, for they might
have seen, by examining the accounts of the
exports and imports of corn, given in the Ap-
pendix to the Agricultural Report of 1821,
and accounts subsequently laid before Parlia-
ment, that the home growth of corn, appearing
from the exports and imports, continued to
increase from 1772 to 1815, when the trade in
corn was free—that the import upon the ave-
rage of the five years ending in 1815 was less
than at the rate of a million of quarters per
annum—that under the first five years of the
restraining law of 1815, that is, upon the ave-
rage of the five years ending in 1820, the
annual import was increased to two and a half
millions of quarters, and upon the average of the
five years ending in 1830 it swelled to four and
a half millions of quarters. Now the increase of
the population in the fifteen years ending in
1815 appears from the Population Returns to
have been just as great as its increase in the
fifteen years ending in 1830, consequently it
follows that upon the average of the five years
ending in 1830, Great Britain had ceased to
grow at the rate, or nearly at the rate, of three
and a half millions of quarters per annum, which
she raised upon the average of the five years
ending in 1815, whence it also follows, that a
number of labourers equal to the number re-
quired to raise annually about three and a half
millions of quarters have been thrown out of
employment. The deficiency of growth appears
from the imports to have increased since 1830,
and thus the great increase of the poor-rates
since 1815 is accounted for. The amount of
the poor-rates last year is nearly 1,500,0001.
above that of 1815, but having regard to the
rise in the value of money it approaches
3,000,000/. ! The distress of the country is
thus also in a great measure accounted for, inas-
much as those engaged in agriculture, amount-
ing to one-third of the population are the main
customers of the other two-thirds employed in
manufacture, but in proportion as the agricul-
turists are distressed they are rendered unable to
purchase the products of the manufacturers.

It is quite true, as stated by a Morning Con-
temporary, that the intention of sending Mr.
STRATFORD CANNING to St. Petersburgh has
been abandoned. The circumstances connected
with this change do not say much for the energy
and decision of our Government.

A correspondent complains of the extraor-
dinary number of beggars in the neighbourhood
of the Strand, Regent-street, and other public
thoroughfares, and inquires whether it is possible
that there can be among them cases of real
want. As it is much more safe to bestow alms
upon twenty impostors than to allow one really
destitute being to die of starvation, we should
be sorry to discourage the public from bestowing
alms on the poor creatures who apply for them
in the public streets ; but we contend that in a
metropolis like London there should be no beg-
gars. It is the duty of the magistracy to remove
idle and dissolute paupers from the street, and to
make such an example of them as would prevent
the recurrence of imposture ; it is equally their
duty to see that no poor creatures be driven to
implore the charity of the casual passenger.
The poor rates are high enough in every parish
to prevent the necessity of such appeals, and the
police regulations of the metropolis against street
pauperism ought therefore to be enforced. In
doing this, however, the greatest humanity should
be observed towards the really destitute poor.

The Election for Huddersfield may be con-
sidered as decided. On Wednesday evening
the numbers were for Mr. BLACKBURNE 230;
for Mr. SADLER 124; and for Mr. WOOD
93. As the total number of electors is only
600, of whom a great number would not or
could not vote, it was impossible for Mr.
SADLER to head the poll, even though he were
to have had a majority of four to one on the
poll of yesterday. We are only surprised, after
reading the expose of Mr. FOSTER, that so
many persons should have been found to vote
for Mr. SADLER. The Tories, however, are
not particular as to their men so that their turn
be served.

The Lord Chief Justice, in the absence of
the Lord Chancellor, will receive the Judges
and King's Counsel at Lincoln's-Inn-Hall to-
morrow, being the first day of Hilary Term.
The Lord Chancellor is expected in town to-
morrow evening, and will sit in his Court on
Monday morning, at 10.
Earl Bathurst, after a long official career,
having determined on retiring from public life, is about to
part with his spacious residence in Arlington-street, over-
looking the Green Park, and the Earl of Surrey is said
to be in treaty for it, his Lordship being at present with-
out any town residence. The Duke of Buckingham is
also about to give up his establishment at Pall Mall, to
reside at Avington House.

Mr. Costello, the lithotritist, has arrived at
his residence, 38, Bruton-street, Berkeley-square, foam
Paris,

NEWGATE AND LEADENHALL MARKETS.
At per stone, by the Carcass.
s. d. to s. d.
Beet, inferior 222 4 I Mutton, inferior ....
- middling 2 4 2 6 - middling..
- prime large 3 2 3 6 - prime
- prime small 3 4 3 8 Pork, large
Veal. 3 4 4 8 -smell

2. d.tos. d.
2 6 21C
30 3 4
3 8 4 0
30 3 2
38 4 4

THE FUNDS.-(THIS DAY.)

CITY, TWEL VE O'CLOCK.

We have no foreign arrivals this morning, with the
exception of the express from Paris, which, in one point
of view, is important, respecting the affairs of the East,
and which confirms our previous information that no war
will take place on tha continent. It appears that Austria
has used great exertions to prevent a war between Eng-
land and Russia ; with that view she has proposed and
has entered into a treaty with the Court of Russia for the
preservation of the Ottoman empire. Prince Metternich,
it is added, has intimated to the British Ambassador, Sir
F. Lamb, that such a treaty has been signed.
The letters from Madrid bring accounts of a partial
change in the Ministry there. The Minister of Finance
has resigned, and Borgos had resumed the temporary
direction of the Finance Department. —The French Funds
751. 90c.

(By the French mail tbis morning.)

The Meino-rial of Bourdeaux states, by accounts from
Madrid, that it was decided upon that a Spanish army
should enter Portugal, but the troops of Morillo and
Rodil must fist be organiztd before they can proceed in.o
Portugal.