The Sun.
London, England, 1851-10-31 00:00:00

RO7 OCTOBER 31, 1851.
4,4 9

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.
HERALD.—Without entering in this place into
the policy and conduct of the Hungarian insurrec-
tion, or the merits or demerits of Louis Kossuth as
Governor of that kingdom, we are bound to admit
that since he has landed on our shores the noble Hun-
garian has given proof not merely of tact, discretion,
and good taste, but of eloquence and of power of
reasoning of a high order. There is evidently in hiin
stuff and material enough to live down any amount of
daily or hebdomadal thunder which the morning
organ of the Austrian Government can bring to bear
against him, and seeing this, we should not be at all
surprised if that organ were to change its note within
the next week. Let this, however, be as it may, we
seize the earliest opportunity of acknowledging the
favourable impression made on our own minds, so far
as talent and tone are concerned, by the speeches of a
man so overpraised by his friends and so vilipended
by his venal detractors. Considering the magnilo-
quent and Asiatic style in which Hungarians are apt
to speak; and the turgid and thrasonical manner in
which they too often clothe the commonest thoughts,
it is wonderful how little of bombast has been
exhibited by the ex- Governor of Hungary. His
speaking, indeed, has uniformly been equally modest
and manly, with a tone of sadness and melancholy
not unsuited to the man, the circumstances, or to the
occasion. Thc3re have been, indeed, occasional out-
bursts of energy and indignation, showing the nerve
and feeling of the orator, and now and again extrava-
gances of expressidn ; but these veins have been few
and far between. They are but the opals of the east,
but the mental minerals of a!lt'is7areletsing nu Turkey
and Asia. As a svhole, however, we repeat, the tone
of Kossuth is thoughtful, moderate, and subdued, and
it is because it is so the words are likely to produce
a deep impression. M. Kossuth has spoken consider-
ably of Russia—largely of the Czar, his government
and his system—and it is to this portion of his re-
marks that we would to-day address attention. Con-
sidering that in its extremest need Austria was sue-
coured by the Czar, and that the Magyars were crushed
and trodden down by Muscovite armies, it is not won-
derful that Al. Kossuth should entertain an exaggerated
opinion of the power of Russia. We are always prone
to magnify the strength and power of those who have
triumphed over us, even at the expense of truth.
There is something consolatory to the pride of the
vanquished in thinking that he has been overthrown
in contending with the mightiest amongst the sons of
men ; and we are willing to allow this salve to the
wounded vanity of the Magyar in speaking as an
orator or a poet at an afrer-dinner meeting. But in
speaking as a statesman to Europe, or in pronouncing
a manifesto, Kossuth will, we have no doubt, see oc-
casion to change this language, for it is erroneous and
founded in misconception. The success of the Rus-
sian arms over the Hungsrians is no proof whatever
of the power—still less of the omnipotence—of the
Russian Government or state system. It was not till
the Hungarians had struggled for months and
months against, not merely the military and financial
power, but against the treason and treachery of the
Austrian Government, that Russia, which had been
long making her preparations, appeared on the scene,
and then, against_ the union of Austria and Russia,
Georgy ceased to combat. How, then, can it be deduced
from these facts that Russia is all-powerful, or that
her power threatens to overshadow and crush Europe ?
We freely admit that, owing to en unfortunate com-
bination of circumstances, and to the total want of
able men in the Cabinets of Germany, more especially
in the Cabinets of Vienna and Berlin, Russian influ-
ence is unduly preponderant in courts, but this
influence is far more detested than dreaded by the
people of Germany, and on the very first opportunity
for the expression of national or general opinion, this
German loathing of Russian interference and domi-
nation will be fully seen. It is not, be it observed,
a loathing of to-day or yesterday—of 1848, 1849, or
1850, but a loathing dating from the congresses of
Troppau and of Layback, of Aix-la-Chapelle and of
Verona, and which has been growing in intensity
and vigour ever since. It is a disrelish entertained
alike by all classes and conditions of the men of
Allemania—by eich and by poor—by Conservatives
and by Destructives—by men of order and by men
of revolution. It is a feeling growing out of and
sprouting from the noblest of motives—the love of
country and the love of national independence.
Chacun chez soi is the motto of the Teutonic race.
If the German has no desire to go to Paris or to
Brussels in hostile array, why, in Heaven's name,
should the Russian seek to come to Vienna or to
Berlin ? It is not, however, by telling the Russian
that he is all powerful or omnipotent, as Kossuth
maintained at Southampton, and yesterday at Guild-
hall, that you will induce him to stay at home.
Far from it; and in holding the language he has
held we conceive Kossuth has committed a capital
error and a grievous political mistake. We do
not mean to deny that Russia is not, as
she ought to be, both by material power and by
climate, very strong as A defensive power within her
own frontier. She is, indeed, happily so, as was
proved in 1811 and 1812, when she was iniquitously
invaded; but as an aggressive or a conquering power
we hold Russia, notwithstanding her immense re-
sources on paper, to be most feeble and vulnerable,
and unable to stand a week out of her own territory
against more civilised and more powerful states. The
power of Russia was sorely tasked by a handful of
brave Poles in 1830 and 1831, within the bounds and
limits of her own empire ; and has been often found
at fault since then in combatting Tartars and Circas-
sians on her frontier borders. There is no use or
object in making a raw-head-and-bloody-bones of
Russia to frighten foreign nations. The people of
England and America know too well the weakness
and vulnerability of Russia for any such attempt to
succeed among the Anglo-Saxon races of London and
New York. And though Governments in France have,
since the events of 1812 and 1814, been far too prone to
magnify the military power and means of Russia, yet
the people of France have taken a more accurate
gutapahsneurtnl
egeedrews
i. 3
touf ean state infinitely more formidable on paper
than in reality. If the speech of Al. Kossuth be
obnoxious to censure on this single ground, it is
worthy of all praise for having elicited noble and
generous declarations on the part of Mr. Walker, the
American statesman and Secretary of the Treasury,
a gentleman destined soon, we believe, to be the Pre-
sident of the Union. When' Mr. Walker declared
that the men of the new country on the other side of
the Atlantic would rush to the rescue of the institu-
tqiuoanrsteoa
irfrn, et
he
itieehs old
aware
uttered and parent state if assailed from any
a truth which will have a preg•
nant meaning both at St. Petersburgh and Moscow.
England and America, from the position, their civi-
lisation, their wealth, their commerce, their liberty,
their religion, and their spirit of orderly liberty, are
as much interested in checking anarchy as in restrain-
ing despotism. They as little like a Red or Socialist
Republic as an irresponsible autocracy.
TlMES.i—isncAmong
eotahtereasstatisetical phenomena of
unusual interest occurring just now is the striking
extent to which the population of England is repair-
ing the gap caused by recent losses and still continued
drains. The cholera and an increasing emigration
appear, in the long run, to have no effect in retarding
ttie rate
Whatever of
beouthreinccraesaesew,
ithbultrelraantdhter
wthheereconnatrtaurryal.
always aggravated by the untowardness of
ll: eaaxvteensetb
rapidity of depopulation,
htitohhreteha:sintotnruouskaelsd eixso..f
untry we
lneedt.be under little fear' of
Al students of his-
aendonel
.a almost
that the ravages o, lestplence and war,
calamitytort' desolation,
man,
ypobpeuglaintiotno
of t
oath and strenntohbweocfwtihte.
the '
have often
dthe euyhbtae
on
enn carriedtrepairedhe
narratives
to
wt hioet
stagger at last w
country was almost disapp
not read it in Gibbon
of France
heinnl iyt.
rt li ea
dciaeorcfik: eig.
vdeus
,nbedyne
conscription.dmoarkable, if only
lfullyaused
while it is on a very
a What
we
are.
impartial
exactly recorded. We h
unpoetic and • '
Gfeeinieerwaile.g On this undeniable
wit-
an nre s incessantsinin gT ibsiesrtiBl,
t but
morei great
rreet a t
scale,
facts, which
of those who usually mayk'
that is the quarter enins 1p
The number
pagesaclaim r oti
authority
thewinterest
i ns Registrar-n
year 1842, was 30,048. g
June 30, in the melancholy ears after it had risen t
In the same quarter two y
regis-
teredfigures. i I the }'i first
ianszt
quarter,o
interval of two years it wase
34,268. After another
1847, the spring after the
37,111. The next
declinedyitear' to 35,197. In the
it was 39,018. This year
year.
agpsreiantg Irishqu aquarter
ei of el,as t
marriages.
still 8,4.50 more,. than in the
This is a feet that speaks
spring quarter of 18 .
is most direct, natural, and
as he gets into oo
it is a little less, 38,498,42
As a general rule,
for itself.oofumArlaaonrr'inagteirne weah
as
soon
applies to all classes.
work ; and much the
same
ethe inhabitants of a popu-
lous With very few exceptions
aun:,uerskpiiceigoums
ainndmexarorfiepsrospeereitey.
several years for the opportunity_ marriage.
Abun-
dance of food, of enterprise, and employment, has an
and highly civilized counryeafre obliged to wait
immediate effect on those who are only waiting.
increase This, doubtless,
during
the i is thelas truelast
iii
eaecycoeua
years..
o, fTthheefaimmense
s
the eye in various ways. Wherever s manufactory or
a station is built, or any other focus of industry is
fixed, forthwith rows of cottages branch out in all
, directions,
and a crowd of youthful, active, and apps-

rently well-to-do men seem to start up, as it were,
out of the earth. Within the last nine years suburbs
and little towns, containing several thousand inhabi-
tants, have sprung into existence, on spots where, on
the Ordnance map itself, there is nothing but blank
space. For every house that is built, for every new
situation in life, for every new place as porter or
breaksman or new platelayer, offered by a railroad, a
new marriage is likely to follow before long. In ma-
nufacturing towns and other seats of employment it
is well known that the conclusion of a strike, the
arrival of a large order, and even a change of fashion,
will send half-a-dozen couples to church. Prospe-
rity, however, is not the only cause of the very great
increase since 1847, especially in the year 1850. The
cholera made many a place empty at the hearth, the
workshop, the counter, and the desk. Those places
have been since filled by the accession, in most
cases, of younger and healthier persons. Young
widows may remain long desolate, but young
widowers are neither so constant nor so much at the
mercy of fcrtune. After a battle there are many pro-
motions, and an epidemic is nothing more than a
battle with an impalpable, but not less murderous foe.
The effect of pestilence as well as of war in multiply-
ing marriages, and bringing them on at an earlier
age, is observed by our oldest chroniclers. It need,
than, excite no surprise, that the spring quarter of
1850, coming soon after the cholera, should produce
even a greater return of marriages than the same
quarter this year. The decline has been 520—nothing
compared with the increase of the last nine years. By
far the most remarkable feature. however, in this re-
turn, is that which is thus simply stated :—" 150,584
births have been registered in the quarter ending
September 30, 1851. This is the greatest number of
births ever registered in the same season of the year,
and exceeds by 23,411, 15,361, and 3,614 the births
in the, September quarters of 1847, 1849, and 1850.
The births of 467,096 children have already been
registered, and it is probhble that in the year
the number will not fail short of 600,000."
In the opinion of all mankind, and particularly of the
sacred writers, the natural increase and multiplication
of a people is the most direct result, and the most
undeniable sign, of prosperity. In the present instance
the extraordinary increase of births has come very
opportunely at a time when the depopulation of the
empire is already looming, as a terrible possibility,
in the distant horizon. So far as England alone is
concerned, it will evidently be some years before the
old bugbear of a surplus population has lost its ter-
rors. " While 150,584 children were born and re-
gistered in the summer quarter," says the return
before us, " 91,600 persons died ; leaving an excess
of 58,984 in the population. The excess of births
over deaths in the first nine months of the present
year has been 170,411, which is probably more than
equivalent to the actual increase of the population."
In the absence of an annual census that actual in-
crease can only be conjectured. There are returns of
the emigrants from the several ports of the United
Kingdom, but there are no returns of the passengers
by the numerous steamers passing to and f'ro between
England and Ireland, as well as other countries. We
only know that by far the :greater part of the emi-
grants from Liverpool, Glasgow, and Greenock are
Irish; that many emigrants from London aro Ger-
mans and other foreigners ; and that vast numbers of
Irish are still pouring into all our populous towns in
quest of employment or relief. It is probable, there-
fore, that the immigration from Ireland more than
makes up for English emigration, and that the actual
increase in our population is at least as much as is
indicated by the extraordinary excess of births over
deaths. The Registrar. General very naturally calls
attention to a conjuncture of circumstances without
parallel in the history of the world. "The present
movement of the population is, in many respects, re-
markable. The free admission of grain, fruit, and
meat since the scarcity is equivalent to an addition to
the country of a vast tract of fertile soil, which calls
for cultivators, and, as the land is abroad, for agricul-
tural emigrants, who prefer the cheap, though distant
lands of America to the high-rented farms of Ireland,
no longer possessing a monopoly for its produce in the
English market, the fact deserves attention, that
while the United Kingdom has been importing food
in unprecedented quantities, it has been sending out
swarms of emigrants from the population, of which
the marriages and births promise to keep up a perpe-
tual and increasing supply." It is impossible to con-
template vast movements of any kind without a feeling
akin to terror. The launch of a ship, the fall of a vast
body of water, an army on the march or a multitude
on the move, the downfall of a tree, are all spectacles
that suggest even more than one see=, and seem to
recal the operation of a preternatural power. They
who have witnessed the convulsions of an earth-
quake tell us that no words can convey the
awfulness of their impressions when they first saw all
nature surging around them. A like awe might well
be inspired by the events we now witness around us,
such are their strangeness and magnitude, but for the
evident signs of an overruling and beneficent Provi-
dence. Within a few years, or rather within a few
months, we have witnessed the food of a nation perish-
ing in the ground, that same nation fed by supplies
drawn from the very ends of the earth, an annual im-
portation of food sufficient for several millions, a ter-
rible epidemic striking down many thousands in the
midst of us notwithstanding all the resources of
wealth and art, a constant emigration sufficient each
year to people a whole State, and yet, in the midst of
these disasters and losses, England prosperous,
wealthy, tranquil, and fast employed, and repairing
all its losses of every kind—the drain on its wealth
and its numbers, by extraordinary production suoh as
is nowhere seen but in England, and which none but
Heaven could bestow. And after all these losses, and
in the midst of these great efforts, we see it summon-
ing all the earth to a great feast of arts, of peace, and
goodwill in the British metropolis. We see that
great design crowned with a splendour and success
even beyond the anticipation of the authors, and con-
cluded without even a passing shadow of the dangers
with which such designs have heretofore been too
often attended.

HERALD.—What the lawyers call the long va-
cation is now completely over—and every steam-boat
and every railway train is bringing back to town
some considerable portion of the 3,300 barristers—of
the 90 Queen's counsel—and of the 3,000 metropo-
litan attorneys, who form what is called the profession
in London. Some of these gentlemen have been
shooting partridges and pheasants—others of them
have been climbing the mountains of Switzerland and
Savoy—others have been crossing the Atlantic and
visiting the back woods of Canada and America,
while others again more sensual and stay-at-home
have been indulging their appetites at the Café de
Paris, the Maison Dortlie, the Trois Freres Proven-
caux, or indulging their eyes and ears at the Opera
National, the Italiens, or the Theatre Montansier.
Nor is it only the legal world that is wending its
way homewards—Members of both Houses—whether
Tory, Whig, or Radical—whether landlords, tenant-
farmers, merchants, bankers, manufacturers, or
traders, feel that summer and autumn have
passed—that winter is fast approaching, and
that in such season it is well, whatever aspect the
Continent may wear, to be ensconced in the old
manor-house, or the snug and secure town mansion,
before the stormy troubles of 1852 may have burst
upon the continent of of Europe. Nor are our do-
mestic concerns without influence on all classes.
Landholders and proprietors of the soil must be pain-
fully aware of the number of farms that are thrown
on their hands. Merchants must be fully cognisant
of the stagnation of all commerce; and even Man-
chester manufacturers, if they would but confess the
truth, must fain acknowledge that the trade which
they falsely call free has not brought them unmixed
prosperity. While prices of produce and of manu-
factured goods have been diminishing in a fearful
ratio, rates and taxes have been increasing in town
and country, and every man connected with the soil
knows that whether as respects farms or house pro-
perty, prospects were never bleaker or drearier than
at present. In such a time, then, it behoves every
one having an interest in the country to bend his
steps homeward, and to apply himself each in his
sphere to the advantage of the common weal. In this
seagirt isle and abroad there is, Heaven knows,
enough to engage all our attention and anxiety.
In the West India colonies there is dis-
content and dissatisfaction at the Cape,
at Ceylon, and in the lonian Islands matters are in
a still worse position—in Canada there is the remem-
brance of wrongs past and present ; and all these and
manifold other grievances are hoped to be remedied,
not by a change of principles and systems—but by a
change of secondary and subordinate personnges—in
a word, by the substitution of young Mr. Peel for
middle-aged Mr. Hawes. A stranger might conceive
from this, that, instead of being a mere Ministerial,
subordinate officer, the Member for Kinsale was a
guiding and governing spirit who had a policy and
a
will of his own. But to the stranger who would
thus
misjudge, it may be answered, the sub must be sacri-
ficed that the principal shall go scot free—Mr. haves
must be expelled that one of the snug family party
—the " Lord of Misrule" Grey hall continue
in the berth provided for him -b.—is the compact
clique of small Whiglings to which he belongs.
Meanwhile the lieges in and out of Parliament
are to be turned off the colonial scent by the pro-
duction of a new Reform Bill, by which the misdeeds
and malfeasances of the (reys, the Torringtons, and

the Protectionist and Conservative-
their forces and waste their energies the Wards shall be covered over, and it is hoped obli-
terated from the public mind. It is calculated that
ei ;"
interest
e ererspte ni dn parties
this new Reform Bill, instead of applyingthemselves-
for the Conservatives by the artful leader to the maladministration of our cUI ' the
of Commons ; but it may be well supposed
miserable condition of the agricultural
ringeniousf h trap laid
n wcolmbatting
o t
that house
England and Ireland. This is the
landed interest of Great Britain are not suchthe
down-
right.dolts as to walk into the Russell snare. Toplan intended to enfranchise property, intelligence, no
and capacity can any Conservative offer the least o
position; nor are Conservatives less forwardP.
than
Whigs or Whig-Radicals to diminish any vexa-
tious restrictions that hamper or oppress the real
bold; fide voter. If, therefore, the Russells and the
Greys hope to dissolve with a popular cry of this
kind against their opponents, or hope to drown the
diapason of discontent raised against their Colonial
Minister, they will find themselves wofully mistaken.
Such a discreditable Parliamentary dodge will sig-
nally, and as it might, ignominiously fail. Next to
the great question of colonial mismanagement, com-
prising as it does the Cape, Ceylon, the lonian
Islands, the West Indies, and Australia, comes the
question of law reform, end on this subject honest
man of all parties are prepared to do battle against
the Lord Chancellor, whose proceedings must be ,
narrowly watched, as his promotions must be scanned,
and canvassed. Against the promotion of Lord
and Sir J. L. Knight Bruce (not with-
standing the futile attempt mode to depreciatt him) 4
no valid argaiment can .be urged, nor do Wrill..nrito
allege that the appointments of Sir Richard handers- ,
ley and Sir J. Parker are not very fitting and com-
mendable nominations. But there are loud suspicions
of an intention to job away a vacant Mastership in
Chancery, and this must be prevented by the press 4
or the Parliament, or by both. More important
things than a Mastership may soon lie in the gift of ,
Lord Truro. Within three months of the present
time it is certain that the place of one of her Ma-
jesty's judges will be vacant by the regretted retire-
ment of one of the honestest, ablest, most learned,
and most virtuous judges that ever sate on the bench,
Mr. Justice Patteson. Care must be taken that the
vacancy thus created shall be filled by the ablest
lawyer, and not by this or that favourite, who may
have been the devil or the drudge, or the favourite
companion and friend, of my Lord Truro. Another
important legal birth is vacant, for which Ministers,
conjointly with their Chancellor, will have a greedy
scramble. This is the appointment of legal adviser to
the Governor General and Council of India—to which
so eminent a writer as Mr. Macaulay was jobbed by the
Whigs—and to which Mr. Cameron, an able Whig,
but an unfit candidate, was also jobbed—by the same
party. Not content with these feats, the same im-
maculate gentlemen jobbed thirdly into this fat place
of 10,0001. a-year Mr. Drinkwater Bethune, one of
the eternal tribe of Minto.Elliots, who has just died,
after three or four years' enjoyment of office. In-
stead of selecting the fittest and ablest man for this
office, it is said Ministers are divided between the
rival claims of two Whig-Radical and one purely
Radical M.P.s, not one of whom should be chosen for '
the office. The two Whig-Radicals, indeed, are con-
spicuously unfitted, and though the pure Radical pos-
sesses qualifications not presented by his competitors,
yet he is far from being an eligible person, either in
reference to acquirements, to temper, or to experience '
of business. On questions such as these it will well
become Mr. Walpole to take Ministers to task. In
reference to the general question of law reform, we
have no fears that they will be taken to task and cri-
ticised by the country at large, which is indignant
with a Chancellor who delays and denies reform of
law and equity.