The Sun.
London, England, 1851-04-08 00:00:00

EVENING, APfIIL 8, 1851.

vernmeni to repeal the duties on corn, sugar, and timber.
The Hen. Member was dissatisfied with the Chancellor
of the Exchequer ar.signing as a reason for not rodecing
the euty on tea that it was not 3 protective duty; but to
his (Mr. Wilson's) mind that was a good objection. The
whole of a duty which was not protective went into the
Exchequer, whereas of a duty which was protective only
a portion reschei the public Treasury, the rest going
into the pockets of persons who ought not to have it. It
appeared to him that the Hoe. Member for Leominster
was justified in assuming that the object of amend-
ment was the reversal of the policy which the House and
the Government had pursued fir the last ten years. The
House was called upon to deciie whether the tax on pro•
party and income should be continued, or whether, in
case of need, the system of import duties should be re-
verted to. It was said the other night that the credit of
the country would be jeopardized by relying too much on
direct taxation. It should, however, be borne in mind that
in this country the direct taxation formed only 20 percent.
of the gross taxation, while in France it was 35 per
cent, in Belgium 37 per cent., in Holland 35 per cent.,
and in Prussia 37 per cent. Between 1823, when Mr.
Huskisson began to reduce taxes upon raw materials
with the view of increasing the moans of employment to
the industrial classes, t 0,1839, upwards of 11,000,0001. of
taxes were repealed, and yet at the latter period the
revenue was nearly equal to what it was at the former.
He would next refer to the period between 1830 and
1841. In that period the total amount of taxes reduced
was 8,437,7931. The result was that at the end of that
period there was a deficiency of revenue to the extent
of 2,008,0001., notwithstanding the imposition of 5 per
cent. on Customs' duties in 1840 ; and, although this
still showed an apparent gain to the country of
6,437,000/., yet ho believed it would be found that the
advantage was more epperent than real. He believed
it would be found that the system pursued from 1830
to 1841 did not prove at all beneficial to the trade and
finances of the country, that during that period our ex•
ports remained almost stationery, or little more than

the 732tural increase of the population. In 1830. the

official value of our imports was 46,200,0001., while in
1842 it was 64,300,000/., showing an increase of
13,100,000/.; being at the rate of 39 per cent. on the 12
years, or 3i per cent. par annum, or double the increase
of population. In 1830 the real value of our exports
was 38,250,0001.; in 1842 it was 47,000,0001.—increase
8,750,000/.; being at the rate of 23 per cent, on the 12
years, or 2 per cent. per annum, cr little more than the
natural increase of the population. This result was by
no means gratifying or satisfactory. But if the com-
mercial result of the policy which we pursued from 1830
to 1842 was net satisfactory the financial result was still
less so, for he found that during that period not only had
the public debt increased to the extent of 7,778,0001.,

, .
and the halaaces in the Exchequer been reduced from
5,993,0001., in 1830 to 3,653,0001. in 1841, being a de-
crease of 2,340,0001., but he found that from 1837 to

1842 there was an annual deficiency of revenue amount-
ing in the whole period to no less than 8,709.1211., the
deficiency in the year 1842.43 alone being estimated at
2,500,0031 He hogged the attention of the House to the
fact, that of the 8,437,7931. of taxes remitted from 1830
to 1341 only 750,673/. were reductions of customs'
duties, He would next call the attention of the House
to the remarkable contrast which the policy pursued
from 1842 to 1850 presented to that which was pursued
in the period to which he had just referred. From 1842
to 1850 an entirely new system prevailed, the object of
which was to relieve trade from impediments, to repeal
entirely the duties upon raw materials, to remove duties
which were merely protective, and to reduce the duties
which were found to be excessive upon articles of genersl
consumption. The reduction of taxation effected in that
period amounted to 10,251,194/.—consistine of Customs,
8,218,9581.; Excise, 1,434,2801.; stamps' . 598,0561. In
1841—and he took that year instead of 1812, because
the latter was a year of depression—in 1841 the Cus-
toms' receipts were 21,898,000/. ; in 1850 they were
20,442,000/., showing a loss of 1,456,000ir; while the re-
ductions of Customs' duties effected in that period
amounted to 8,218,958/. The Excise receipts, in 1841,
amounted to 13,678,0001; in 1850 they amounted to
14,316,000/, showing a gain of 633,000/, notwithstand-
ing the reduction of Excise duties amounted to 1,434,2801.
—(Hear. hear.) In 1841 the whole revenue amounted
to 48,084,000/ , and in 1850 to 52,810,0001.• showing a
gain of 4,726,000/. during nine years. It' from this in-
crease he deducted the income-tax receipts—amounting
to 5,500,0001.—a net loss would he exhibited of only
774,0001., while the reduction of taxes amounted, as
ho had shown, to 10,251,294/—(llear, hear.) The
financial results of the policy were not less striking.
Not only had the national debt been reduced in
_

that period to the extent of 4,221,0001., but the balances
in the Exchequer had increased no less than 7,855,000/,
and whereas in 1842 there were deficiency bills duo to
the Bank to tho extent of 6,606,0004, in 1850 there was
a surplus in the Bank, after payment of all claims,
amounting to 1,012,0001. If this was not a satisfactory
result he could not say what was.—(Hear, hear.) But,
if the financial results were satisfactory, he thought the
House would admit that the commercial results were
equally striking. In 1342 the official value of our im-
ports was 64,300,0001.; its 1849 it was 105,800,0001.,
being an increase of 41,500,0001.; in other words, of 64
per cent. in the whole seven years, or 9 per cent. per an-
num, or at six times the rate of the population.--(Hear,
hear.) In 1842 the real value of our exports amounted
to 47,000,0001.; in 1850 it amounted to 70,000,0004,
beieg an increase of 23,000,0004; that was to say, of 50
per cent. in the whole eight years, or 6,1 per cent. per
annum, or at four times the rate of the population.—
(Hear, hear.) Again, in 1842 the shipping cleared
inwards and outwards amounted to 7,347,000 tons,
and in 1350 to 12,020,000 tons, being an increase
of 4,673,000 tons, or 63 per cent.—(Hear, hear.) He
would next present to the House the general contrast
between the two periods to which he had just re-
ferred—viz., from 1830 to 1842, and from 1842 to 1850.
In the first period the taxes surrendered amounted to
8,437,0001.; in the second period to 10,251,0001.; in the
first period the revenue recovered 6,437,000/.; in the
second period 9,477,0001. In tho first period the na-
tional debt increased 7,778,0001.; in the second it de-
creased 4,221,000/., notwithstanding the 10,000,0004
added in consequence of the Irish famine. At the close
of the first period the balances in the Exchequer bad
decreased 2,340.000/4 at the close of the second they
had increased 7,855,000/. At the close of the first
period the deficiency bills amounted to 6,606,000/4 at
the close of the second the surplus in the Bank amounted
to 1,012,0001. At the close of the first period the defi-
ciency of income over expenditure was 2,500,0001.; at
the close of the second there was a surplus to the same
extent. During the first period the imports increased
18,100,0001. ; during the second they increased
41,500,000/4 being at tho rate of 39 per cent. during
the first period, and 64 per cent. during the second; or
3i per cent. during the first period, and 9 per cent.
during the second; or double the rate of population in
the first period, and six times in the second. During
the first period the exports increased 8,750,0004, during
the second 23,000,000/ ; the increase in the first period
being 23 per cent., and in the second 50 per cent., or
at the rate of 2 per cent. on the first period, and 64 per
cent. on the second, or little more than the population
rate in the first period, and four times in the second.—

(Hear, hear.) In the first period the shipping cleared
inwards and outwards amounvd to 7,347,000 tons, in the
second to 12,020,000 tons, being an increase of 63 per
cent. One of the great means relied on by the light
Hon. Gentleman who had introduced the present motion
was the repeal of the duties on raw materials. Well, by
reference to papers before the House it would be found
that the whole amount of cotton imported in 1842 was
4,200,000 cwt.; in 1850, 5,934,000; woo!, in 1842,
45,000,000 cwt.; in 1850, 74,000,000 cwt.; raw silk in

842, 3,365,000 lb.; in 1850, 4,942,000 lb.; hemp, in
842, 585,000 cwt.; in 1850, 1,048,000 cwt.; flax, in

1842, 1,130,000 cwt.; in 1850, 1,821,000 cwt. The cotton
had increased 41 per cent., and the population 12 per
cent.; the wool 64 per cent.; silk, 46 per cent; hemp, 80
per cent.; flax, 61 per cent. The amount of duties re-
duced on raw material was 2,500,0001.—(f1ear, hear.)
In the same period the consumption of tobacco had
increased 25 per cent. ; wine, 38 per cent. ; tea,
38 per cent. ; spirits, 53 per cent.; and sugar, 60
per cent. He also begged the attention of the House
to the tranquil state of the country within the last
few years, compared with the outbreaks whicluoccarred
at Monmouth, Sheffield, and other places just prior '
to 1842. It could not be said that there had been pecu-
liar causes connected with the political and social con-
dition of the country during the last ten years to account
for the success of the free-trade policy to which ho had
referred, for during that period we had had a conerner•
cial panic such as had never been known, perhaps, in
this country; we had had a famine in Ireland unparal-
leled in the present century—we had had revolutions all
over Europe—all of which causes had interfered mate-
rially with the progress of the commerce and trade of
the country.—(Hear, hear.) The Hon. Member for
Bucks had taunted the Chancellor of the Exchequer with
the frequent allusions he was in the habit of making to
the improved condition of the people. lie (Mr. Wilson)
begged to say that if the Hon. Gentleman the Member
for Bucks should ever, after having occupied the Minis-
terial benches for five years, be enabled to refer in the
same way to the result of the policy in which he had been
engaged—if he could refer to the improved condition of
the people, to the diminution of pauperism, to the de-
crease of poor-rates, and, above all, to the diminution of
the number of ablebodied poor, he would have just cause
to refer with satisfaction to the policy in which he
had embarked.—(clear, bear.) With regard to the
it
income-tax, he (Mr. Wilson) could not look upon as a
tax which was peculiar to a time of war. lie thought
it was the duty of the House to consider what tax would
best answer the purposes they required; and he was sure
the people woall suffer the temporary. inconvenience,
even of an income-tax, to secure theud
destructive triumphs of
war.peace
rather than to support a wasteful a_
sMemmerthio rt
hßi
nukcktihnagt,,
ta.
aany I
s—h
eaanr h hisear f)r i e rnrdhe I
never se o
reduction of taxation was of consequence to the
agricultural interest unless it was made exclusively
for the benefit of that interest. Now he (Mr, Wilson)
believed that, taken as a body, no portion of the com-
munity had benefited mote by the reductions of the last
ten years than the agricultural community.—(Cries of
Oh!" from the Opposition benches.) Ile maintained
that the agricultural community hal benefited as much
as any other class by the removal of the duties on sugar,
tobacco, and other articles, and that they would receive
as much benefit as any other class by the substitution
of a house-tax fir a window-tax. It ought also to bit
that every recurring census showed
agriculturists were becoming a smaller and
proportion of the population. In 1811 the
bornesthm aatl
lte
hri
(1:
agricultural population was 34 per cent. of the whole;
in 1821 it was 27 per cent.; in 1831, it was 24 per
cent.; and in 1841, it was so far from increas-
ing. that it was 35,000 less than there had
been employed in agriculture in 1831.—(Cries of " Oh!
oh!") Hon. Gentlemen might say " Oh!" hut;he spoke
from the public returns which they would find in the
library.—(Laughter.) If Hon. Gentlemen were pre-
pared to discredit the returns of the census—(Hear,
hear)—then he did not know where they could get a test

by which they might argue the question. He was quite
sure there was one Honourable Gentleman opposite, who,
icons his own experience of the agricultural districts of
the west of England could testily that the number of
those employed in agriculture hed not increasA with
the natural increase of the population. When they found
that the population, instead of tilling the soil, were
obliged to descend into the bowels of the earth as miners,
and when they depended upon the I Ken and upon com-
merce for employment, then, he said, it was their duty
to place no impediment on the natural extension and pro-
gress of their manufacturing industry. If they were now
to place an import duty upon articles of coniumption—
if they repealed the income-tax and relied upon import
duties—if they were prepared to place a ss. duty on
wheat, then he asked them to consider on what an unsa-
tisfactory basis they would place their financial system.
Let them consider what it would cost the country. To
gain a revenue of 2,500,0001. they would place a cost
upon the consumers which would amount to 10.000,0001.
a year; and then he asked. them what they would do for
a revenue in case of a faunae, and when they would be
compelled to repeal the whole of their import duties?
Ho could hardly believe that Honourable Gentlemen
were really sincere in their intended reversal of a policy
which had had so beneficial an effect upon the working-
elaSOnS, which had enured to them constant employment,
and had supplied theta with cheap food and good wages.
—(Hear, and cheers.)
Mr. BOOKER said that, representing as he did a deeply
suffering agricultural population, hl made no apology for
intruding himself upon the debate— (llear)—but in doing so
lie would endeavour to bring back the debate to its legiti-
mate object.—(Hear.) He would not attempt to follow the
Hon. Gentleman who had just sat down through the long
labyrinth of statistics with which he had sought to mystify
the House, but he should, on the contrary, endeavour to con-
fine himself to that subject which was strictly before theta
—the Right Hon. Gentleman's amendment.—(Hear.) In
doing so he would endeavour to treat the question
strictly- as a domestic question, and to omit all reference to
its bearings upon their foreign policy. He hoped he might
impress the House with the deep responsibility it would
incur if it enabled the Government to pursue a policy which
was wholly suicidal—which was rife with difficulty and
danger now, and which, if persisted in, must end in the
utter ruin of every interest in the state. (Cheers.) Re-
presenting as he did au agricultural community, he pro-
tested against the imposition of a tax which' was per-
fectly iniquitous—(Cheers)—and which pressed with in-
equality upon interests that were struggling and suffering.
(Cheers.) _Were they, he asked, to tell a suffering com-
munity that there was justice —that there was policy in
compelling them to pay a tax upon losses, instead of
upon profits?—(Cheers.) And then, when they threw
down the gauntlet to them—when they endeavoured to
array class against class—when they sought to excite into
hostility against each other city against village, and county
against town, he asked them, why did they not look to their
own returns? Why did they conceal the truth—he did not
say intentionally—or why did they throw dust in the eye.,
he did n t say of Members, but of those who sent them there
—of their constituents—of those by whom this question
would finally be decided ? (llear, near.) N.)w, he must
tell the inhabitants of large towns that they bad as much
cause to complain of the inequality et' this impost as the
agriculturists.—(Hear, hear.) The only return they had
on this subject was one sought for by Mr. Mulliegs. It
showed most extraordinary results; and lie believed—at
least as far as he had heard of the debate—that it had not
been referred to by any Honourable Gentleman. It ap-
peared by this return that in Schedule D, which related
to trades and professions, there was given an enumeration
of classes, and the incomes in each, the duty charged upon
the number of persons in each class, and the amount re-
ceived from each class. This would show what was the
benefit intended for the country by the Chancellor of the
Exchequer, and it would prove that the burden of the in-
come-tax bore with peculiar severity upon the middle
classes in cities. The number of persons in Schedule o was
144,626; of these the number of persons having incomes
under 5001. was 124,733, and upon these 124,010 persons was
placed the great pressure of the tax, having only 20,000
who had incomes over 5004, and showing that their total
contribution was 57,000/., whilst there was contributed by
those under SCO/. no less a sum than 661,000/. Ile hoped
the constituents in the large towns—he hoped the inhabit-
ants of private streets would understand this—he hoped the
country would understand it.—(Cheers.) He hoped the peo-
ple would not be deluded by clap-traps as to the distress of
the country being occasioned by high rents, when it was
notorious that rents had fallen from 20 to 25 per cent.—
( Hear, hear.) Did they wish those rents to fall lower? Was
that their philosophy ? If it was he would tell them
there was a great philosopher once who thought otherwise.
The great John Locke, in writing upon the subjects, declared
that an infallible sign of national decay was the fall of rents,
and that the raising of them was worth a nations care, as in
that, and not on the falling of interest, lies the advantage of
the public.—(Hear.) By him the fall of rent was attributed
to two causes—an exhaustion of the productive power of the
soil, and then to the measure of its produce. Here, then,
was a measure of its produce by setting it in unjust compe-
tition with foreign produce; and whilst this was going on
labourers were leaving their shores, and the productive power
of machinery was increased in a tenfold degree.—(Hear.)
He implored of the Noble Lord, who he did believe lied the
interest and the welfare of the country at heart, to look to
these great facts—that whilst this emigration was going on
year after year, an emigration, not of the idle or the disso-
lute, but of those who might be called the back-bone of
England—whilst they were carried away from their native
land, and whilst production was increasing— still there was
not a productive increase of human labour, but there was an
enormous increase of mechanical power —of thst power
which neither eats, nor drinks, nor wears.—(Hear, hear.)
They (the agriculturists) were taunted with being monopo-
lists, and this was said to them by those whose sole object
was monopoly, the monopoly of trade and commerce—whose
idol was cheapness, and whose aim and object was to put
down their manufacturing rivals in every part of the world.
The Hon. Gentleman concluded amid loud cheers by quoting
an extract from a speech delivered by Sir Robert Peel in
1842.

Mr. SLANEY rose amid loud cries of " Divide," which
were very frequently repeated during the delivery of his ad-
dress. He sail that he had derived, both by birth and
habit, all he possessed from agriculture, and that he would
hesitate before he adopted any line of conduct which, in his
opinion, would have the effect of injuring that great interest.
Me admitted that the change recently made in our commer-
cial policy had been effected too hastily, and that the agricul-
tural interest ought to have been afforded more time to con-
form to it; but the question now was, whether they would
reverie a policy which he firmly believed had upon the whole
worked beneficially for the great masses of the people within
this realm? Allusion had been made in the course of the
debate to the necessity of having security for the payment of
the national revenue ; but he thought that inereasen security
for that was afforded by the diminished weight of taxation
now borne by the people. Since the peace there had been a
diminution of 42,000,000/. in the taxation of the country;
and this amount had not been taken off the shoulders of the
opulent, the noble and the rich. Almost every tax taken off had
been removed either from the manufacture of raw materials or
from those articles which entered largely into to the consump-
tion of the masses—such, for instance, as salt, wine, tobacco,
rum, coffee, hemp, candles, fruit, and spirits. And what had
been the consequence of these reductions ? Why, that from
1815 down to the present time—a period of 35 years—the
property of the middle classes had increased from 53,000,0001.
to 91,000,000/. a year. The population had increased during
the same period 50 per cent. ; the increase of it in the rural
districts had been 32, and in the great towns 96 per cent.
During the same period the legacy duties had increased from
24,000,0001. to 45,000,000/ • insurances had increased from
385,000,000/. to 722,000,000 i. ; and it was the calculation of
an eminent authority, Mr. Porter, that real and personal
property had increased in those same 35 years from
1,200,000,000/. to 2,400,000,000/. The taxes, therefor,-,
were now apportioned and extended over an increased
amount of property.—( Hear, hear.) He contended that the
best way to relieve the land of England, which he admitted
was at present in a depressed condition, was to benefit those
large classes of the community who were the chief consumer:
of its produce. This was a far better way to raise landed
property than to attempt to do so by the reimposition of re-
strictive duties.—(Hear, hear.)

Mr. SPOONER:rose fjr the purpose of bringing back the
House to the point from which they had wandered. The
Right lion, the Chancellor of the Exchequer proposed one
way cf disposing of the surplus, and the Right Hon. Mem-
ber for Stamford suggested another. The question then
was, which the House would prefer. The Right Hon. the
Chancellor of the Exchequer proposed a tax which he him-
self, when out of office, had denounced as full of injustice,
inequality, and fraud. It was full of injustice and fraud
when opposed by the Noble Lord who then sat on that (the
Opposition) side of the House. Why was it less so now?
Because the Noble Lord had changed sides.—(Hear, and
laughter.) The Right Honourable Gentleman said
he had not opposed the tax on those grounds
but on merely fiscal grounds; and he added that he
proposed the contindance now, Because the plan he sub-
ma .ted was •one that would benefit the masses. Brit the
Hu
ipoal si
House would see how far that was correct by ttl
sage which he would read from a speech by the
Rig
Gentleman in 1845, who said, when answering the argument
which bad gone before, " To the general argument against
the income-tax for inequality, injustice, and vexation, no
answer whatever has been, given."—(Hear, hear.) The
Right Hon. Gentleman then adopted the words of the Noble
Lord, and called upon the House for an answer. Ile (Mr.
Spooner) would follow the example, and now call upon the
Right Hon. Gentleman to give the answer which he had
challenged in 1845. The Right Hon. Gentleman also, in
that year, said, in answer to the allegation, that it was a tax
pressing exclusively upon the rich, that it pressed upon the
poor because it diminished the means of giving employment.
He was anxious to hear a full answer from the Right Hon.
Gentleman; and he had endeavoured to bring back the
House to the real point before them, in the hope that the
Noble Lord at the head of the Government would tell them
why a tax which, in 1845, he had stigmatized as vexatious,
was the tax which his Government now proposed to inflict
upon the country.
Mr. J. REYNOLDS said that, having voted for the con-
tinuance of the income-tax in 1848, and intending now to
vote for the amendment of Mr. Berries—(Oh, and Hear)—
he was anxious to explain the reason why he had come to
the latter determination. The financial propositions made
by the Chancellor of the Exchequer were numerous and
important; but :after listening to Hon. Members on each
side of the House, it appeared that the item to which most
importance was attached, was the proposal to renew the
income-tag for three years. The Right Hon. Gentleman
stated that it was not his intention to extend that tam to
Ireland at present—
The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER—Not at all.

Mr. J. REYNOLDS—To say that he did not intend to
do so at present meant only that at some future period the
Right Hon. Gentleman, or some one upon whom his mantle
might fall, would /eel it to be his duty to extend the tax to
Ireland ; and taking that view of the question, it occurred
to him that it was the duty of the Irish representatives to
oppose its renewal now. When Sir R. Peel proposed the
income-tax in 1842, he placed the non-extensiou of it to Ire-
land upon the ground that she was certainly unable to bear
the pressure, and that there was no machinery existing
there to enable him to apply it; but he wound up hY. saying
that, as an equivalent for the non-extension of t
duties he inofcomehe
-
tax to Ireland, he should assimilate the stamp t
two countries, and he afterwards did so. He (Mr. Reynolds)
held in his hand an extract from official documents under
the head of " Stamps and Taxes," and from it the House
would observe that by this assimilation Ireland had been
forced to pay a certain annual sum as an equivalent for the
income-tax. In 1841, the year before this law was passed
the amount produced by the stamp duties in Ireland was,
463,0001., and that was about the average of the seven pre-
ceding years. But. after the "assimilation " the sums raised
were as follows :

" -1842
1843 ............... .................... 587,000
...... 583,003
1844 .................. ......
184 i
1846 ............... . ..... ..... ...... 613,000
1847
1848
For 1849 and 185 u tbere were no returns; but he tock it
that the amounts would be about equal to those of the two

preceding years; and if he were right in that caleulation
Ireland would, in nine years, have contributed to the revenue,
increased stamp duties, to the extent of 1.000,0001. sterling.
That increase in stamp duties had fallen alm 'st entirely o t
the poor of Ireland. He might be tofu that Scotaand
had been similarly treated, but a reference to figures
would prove the reverse. He might be told that it was
not income-tax, but he maintained it was incomeetax.
Ireland in four years, in consequence of the destruc-
tion of her crops, had lost 100,000,000/ sterling, and
this, too, in a country put under the high pressure of
poor rates—a country from which 2,000,000/ a-year for
the last two years had been drawn by the aid of poor-
rates. And this, too, with those human slaughter-
houses, the Kilrusli anAnnistymon Unions, where seventy
died weekly, and 1 I ed. was the average charge per head
for the support of the, poor, and 21d. a week for clothing.
They in this country would not attempt to feed,, or
rather starve poor men in England for 1114 d. per week,
nor would they for 2%d. per week attempt to clothe a dog
—(Loud laughter) -- that is, if dogs were clothed in Eng-
land. lie was told this tax concerned the poore-he
seould be glad to know how the poor were to be benefited by
the removal or the continuance of the tax. He objected
to the tax, on account of its inequality. The Honour-
able Member then quoted two passages from a former
speech of Lord John Russell one condemnatory of
the inequality of the tax, acd another advocating a
tax on the succession to real property. He was for the
latter proposition. He was for saddling real property as
heavily as personal property was now taxed. He had prin-
cipally risen to remind the Right Hon. Gentleman the Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer of his sins of omission. He referred
to the paper duty. He did not object to the repeal of the
window-tax ; but if the tax were repealed, would it set even
one Englishman or one Irishman to work ? But take off the
tax on paper, and you would set at work double the number
of persons now employed. He also wi:hed to see the soap
duty repealed. But he could find that nothing was done
by the Budget to set. the people to work. As an Irish Mem-
ber, he complained that the Budget did nothing for his
country—lreland. _ (Oh.) lie complained that the dety on
articles of necessity was not reduced; such, for instance, as
the duty on tea.—(hear, hear.) He might be asked what
did Hon. Members on the opposite side of the House propose?
He was not aware of any proposition that was to be made by
that party. They objected to the income-tax—he did not.—
(Laughter.) He was favourable to the continuation of the
income-tax on principle—(Loud laughter)—but he was op-
pose 1 to its inequality and its unjust operation on the pro-
fessional man and trader. Having satisfactorily given his
reasons for voting for the amendment of the Right Hon.
Member for Stamford—(Laughter)—he was addressing
Irish Members, and he would ask them if there was anything
in the Budget that ought to engage their support? He
could find nothing of the sort, and therefore he Was justified
in voting with the Right Hon. Gentleman the Member for
Stamford.
Lord C. HAMILTON thought the House had been very
much engaged in matters extraneous to the real question.—
( Hear, bear.) The subject had nothing to do, as was pre-
tended, with the retrograde movement of free trade. He
wished to asked the well-drilled benches opposite whether
they meant by their vote to-night to sanction the perma-
nence of the tax, and whether they did not believe that if
they voted it to-night the Chancellor of the Exchequer
would three years hence call upon them to vote it agailel—
(Hear, hear.) That was the real question they had to de-
termine in considering whether they would re-hripese a tax
which had been more eloquently denounced by those who
now proposed it than by any other people in the House.—
(Hear.) If they were going to do a thing at all, let them do
it openly, fairly, and professedly, but don't let the Govern-
ment impose, under the guise of a temporary tax, what they
in their hearts felt must be permanent. He rejoiced that the
window-tax was condemned. If the majority should deter-
mine the division in favour of the Government, then let the
Government come forward and say that what was to be per-
manent should be equitable.—(Hear, hear.) The injustice
of the tax miyl be passed over when it was levied for a
temporary eme?tency, but now, when the House were asked
to vote it for the fourth time, it was a mockery and a trifling
with the country to go on holding out the pretext that the
tax was a temporary one. - (Hear.) He called upon Hon.
Gentlemen opposite not to allow the income-tax to be riveted
upon the country unless they were prepared to make it just
to all classes.—(Cheers. )
Mr. ee. CRAWFORD (who rose amid a loud cry of " Oh!
oh !") said the real question he had to consider was ei hether
he should vote ler the re-imposition ot this tax for three years
with all its objections. Now, he did not feel himself justi-
fied in voting for the income .tax with all its inequalities.—
(Cheers.) He was the representative of a manufacturing
constituency, who felt most grievously the burden of that
tax, and who declared that it ought not to be continued in
its present state. Ile was friendly to a tax upon real pro-
perty, but he wets not friendly to the arbitrary, oppressive,
and inquisitorial proceedings which that tax necessitate&
As a Radical and supporter of reform, he would not con-
sent to arm the Government with this tax for a period of
three years, more especially as he believed that by judicious
retrenchments it might readily be dispensed with.
Sir R. INGLIS said, the greater part of the discussion of
that evening had been upon the merits of Budgets, No. 1 and
2, and not upon the real issue as betel een the propositions
of the Chancellor of the Exchequer and the Right Hon. Gen-
tleman the Member for Stamford. He confessed that his
objections were as strong against one plan as the other,
because if it were inquisitorial, unequal, and unjust, to
levy one sum, it was equally so to levy a smaller sum.
The point, therefore, to be considered was whether the public
credit of the country did or did not require the anion* of
income-taxreproposed to be raised by the Chancellor of the
Exchequer. Those who knew him knew that he objected to
the income-tax ou account of the way in which it. pressed
upon particular interests, and they also knew how desirous
he had been that the first charge should commence at 15(1.
as a unit. He had no alternative now, however, but to take
the tax as he found it proposed by the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer, or to take the mitigated form proposed by his Right
Hon. Friend, and, believing that the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer would be enabled, if he carried his proposition, to re-
lieve an immense amount of taxation, he thought that, under
all the circumstances, it was the most preferable of the two.
He had no great difficulty in making up his mind upon this
qUestion, but he felt compelled reluctantly to give his vote to
the Right lion. the Chancellor of the Exchequer.— (Hear.)
The House divided, when there appeared—
For the original resolution ... 278
For Mr. Herries's amendment 230
Majority ... ••• -•—4 B
Mr. DISRAELI said he had given notice of an amend-
ment upon the question now before the House, and he
wished to know from the Right Hon. Gentleman opposite
whether it would not be more convenient to him to take the
debate and division on his amendment at a future stage of
the proceedings rather than at present, probably on Friday
next, assuming that the Chancellor of the Exchequer pro-
posed on that day to go into Committee on the window-tax;
he thought it might be more agreeable to the Right Hon.
Gentleman to take his (Mr. Disraeli's) amendment on that
day than go on with it now.
Lord J. RUSSELL said the course proposed would be
convenient. He understood the Hon. Gentleman to agree
that the report on the resolution then before House should
be received, provided his Right Hon. Friend assented to the
debate and division on the Hon. Gentleman's motion being
taken en Friday, which would be a convenient course.
Mr. teISRAELI said, he did this on the distinct under-
standing that the Government would bring forward their re-
solution on Friday.
The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER stated that
the course which he intended to take was this :—He should

propose that the resolution be reported now, so as to enable
him to bring in a Bill for carrying out the proposition which
the House had just affirmed. At future stages of the pro-
ceedings upon this subject there would doubtless be several
discussions, and on Friday the Hon. Member for Bucking-
hamshire would have an opportunity of submitting his
amendment to the House, as he (the Chancellor of the Ex-
chiquer) proposed that on that (lay the House should sit in
Committee on the house and window-tux. On Friday the
Hon. Gentleman would have a full and fair opportunity of
moving his amendment on the question that the Spcaker do
leave the chair, and then the Hon. Gentlemap, could, if he
hAvoilsr2da,ntr
window
-tax.
of his propositiootswnhtaesl:l:fies_rttsehtaedinposrftecathnicesee
now,to
uld
foll
in
anddwas
proceed with his amendment on_ Friday
Mr. DISRAELI repeated that he understood he
;hae
with the permission of the
g rr d acre House,
granted
terms of that proposition, which
by remission or ad-
justment" That, in any relief to be a
condition of the owners and occupiers
be paid to the distressed. „
of taxation, due regard
of land in the United Kingdom.'
Mr. GOULBURN—Did the Right Hon. Gentleman in-
tend to move his Proposition in a Committee of Ways and
Means, or did he mean to propose a Committee of the whole
House to consider a repeal of the window-`ax ?
The CHA NrELLOR of the EXCHEQUER said, that
what was called a window-tax was a house-tax levied on
inhabited houses, according to the number of windows or
lights that they contained. The resolution which he intended
to propose to the House was, that the tax, instead of being
levied according to the number of lights, should be levied ac-
cording to the annual value of the house.
Colonel SIBTHORP statei to the House that it was not
his intention to abandon his motion, of which he had given
notice, of the exemption of tenant-farmers and officers of
hhoeulll7
the army and navy from aid income-tax, but to persist in
it, alth-ough the Hon. Member for Buckinghamshire had
subsequently introduced a motion of almost similar character.
Mr. HERRIES asked whether it was the intention of the
Chancellor of the Exchequer to push forward the Bill to
continue the income and property-tax so as to have it in
Committee before Easter ? It was iii the Committee on the
Bill that his lion. and Gallant Friend would have the best
opportunity of proposing his motion.
Mr. GLADSTONE suggested to the Chancellor of the
Exchequer to put on the votes the terms of the motion
which he proposed to make on Friday respecting the win-
dow-tax.
The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER thought
that the Right Hen. Gentleman (Mr. Hurries) was right in
suggesting to the Hon. and Gallant Colonel to make
He his p
ro-
position on some stage of the Property'
afraid that the Bill for the renewal of the income-tax could
not be committed before Easter, as there were only two days
before Easter of which the Government had the command
for a purpose of this description. The house and window.
tax would be taken on Friday,and he trusted that the de-
bate would be concluded on the same day. He should be
prepared before Friday to communicate, for the convenience
of the House, the precise terms of the resolution that he
intended to move.
Mr. HUME said that the House having now resolved to
renew the income-tax for a time to be limited, he should,
in Committee on the Bill, propose that the limitation
should be for one year, with a view of having a Committee
appointed to inquire whether it was not possible to remove
some of the grounds of complaint now felt with regard
to
Aritr.
. COBDEN understood the Hon. Member for Mont-
rose was not opposed to direct taxation, but only wished the
income-tax to be so framed that it might be made a perma-
nent tax. The Hon. Member, however, must be well aware
that a large portion of the Members of that House were op.
posed to the income-tax as a tax, and they would vote with
the Hon. Member for limiting it to one year from very dif-
ferent motives from those which actuated him. Now, he
took it for granted that his Hon. Friend would like to test
the House as to the propriety of levying
the tax in a more
equitable manner, so as to give more satisfaction to the
country ; and, therefore, he (Mr. Cobden) suggested that his
Hon. Friend, before taking a vote as to the limitation of tla.
tax to one year, should give the House an opportunity of
exorcising its opinion as to the propriety of assessing the tax
in:a more equitable manner. • was
Toe report of the original res
• • ()Mien then agreed to,
•
and leave given to bring in a Bill founded thereon.
The Designs Act Extension Bill was read athird time,
clauses were added, and the Bill passed.
The Apprentices to Sea Seryice(lreland) Bill went through
Committee.
Q CHAMBER (IRELAND.)
The HouseEXC EXCHEQUER
lt
vent into Committee on the Exchequer
Chamber (Ireland), and on a resolution being handed to the
Chairman by the Attorney-General for Ireland,
Mr. KEOGH inquired what was the object of the re.
solution ?
Mr. HATCHELL replied that it was a resolution with re-
spect to the compensation to be given to certain officers of
the Exchequer Chamber in Ireland, for the abolition of their
offices under the Process and Practice (Ireland) Bill.

r: . e

7

Mr. KEOGPI eouplained that a resolution for affording
such compensation should be proposed at so late an hour,
and moved that the Chairman report progress.
Lord J. RUSSELL hoped the Committee would consi-
der the resolution, unless some reason were shown for an
-adjournment.
4 Mr. KEOGH said the only notice on the paper with refer-
enee to this subject was in these terms—" Exchequer Cham-
ber (Ireland)—Committee thereupon," and no intimation had
been given that it was intended to propose a vote of a consi-
derable sum of money by way of compensation.
Sir G. GREY said the resolution which had been proposed
was substantially identical with the second clause of the
Process and Practice (Ireland) Bill, which was in the hands
of Hon. Membera, who might, therefore, have been aware
that it was iediitacled to give compensation to certain officers;
but, according to the rules of the House, it was nece?sary to
agree to a resolution in Committee for granting such com-
pensation before the clause could be proposed in the Bill.
Mr. IERRIES thought no difficulty would have arisen if
the Attbrney-General for Ireland had, in proposing the re-
solution, explained its nature, and the grounds on which he
proposed it.
Mr. HATCHELL explained that by the Process and
Practice (Ireland) Act regulations were to be made by the
judges, and any person who might be thereby deprived of
his office, or whose office might be diminished in value, was
to be compensated. A Bill had now been brought in to re-
move a doubt whether the Act extended to the Court of Ex-
chequer Chamber, and this resolution was to found the,com-
pensation clause in that Bill.
Mr. REYNOLDS inquired how many officers there were
in the Exchequer Chamber, and what were their salaries?
Mr. HATCHELL really did not know the number of
officers.
Mr. KEOGH thought the question ought to be answered,
and would not withdraw his motion.
The Committee then divided :
For reporting progress EO
Against it ... ••• ... 85
Majority ... —35
Mr. REYNOLDS would not consent to the vote without
knowing the amount involved, and must move, that the
Chairman do now leave the chair.
Sir G. GREY believed it was impossible to state the ex-
act amount of the ti comoenaa--
• -on, because the matter was in
the discretion of the Treasury, subject to certain rules. But
he could state that there were but three officers concerned,
and the highest salary was under 5001., so that the amount
of compensation could only be a few hundred pounds.
Mr. SADLEIR was glad to find that information was at
last being furnished, though it came from the English and
not the Irish functionary.—(A laugh.) Perhaps another
division would procare the names of the officers, an account
of their duties, and a statement whether they held any other
offices in the public service. The Irish Members were be-
ginning to be of some little importance in that House—
(Hear, hear)—and by acting. in concert would be able to
check the practice of considering Irish business after mid-
night. They had at all times evinced a sincere disposition to
co-operate with the Government - (Laughther)—and he ap-
pealed to the Master of the Rolls and the Home Secretary
whether in legal matters it were not so?
The MASTER of the ROLLS acknowledged the assistance
he had received from the Irish Members in the absence of
the law officers of the Crown from that House. Whether the
officers of the Exchequer Chamber would be affected did not
appear, but if they were it was proposed to take power to
give compensation.
Mr. KEOGH concurred with the Hon. Member for Dublin
in epposia* further proceedings.
Mr. WALPOLE thought the notice on the paper not suf-
ficiently explicit, but, as no person would be pledged by es-
renting to a mere matter of form, he suggested the with-
, drawal of the motion.
.

Mr. REYNOLDS, however, persisted, and
The Committee divided, when there appeared—
For Mr. Reynolds's motion... ••• —•
Against it ... ***
Majority
••• ..• •• ••
On re-entering the gallery we found
Mr. KEOGH moving that the Chairm4l report progress,
and protesting against proceeding furthertt so late an hour.
After a few words from Sir G. GREY, the motion was
agreed to.
The Cratamax reported progress, and the House resumed.
The Sergeant-at-Arms appeared at the bar and intimated
that he had executed the Speaker's warrant in the case of
Henry Ed ards, a witness required to be in attendance before
the St. Alban's Election Committee.
On the motion of Sir G. GREY it was ordered that the
Sergeant-at-Arms should retain Henry Edwards in custody
and produce him before the Committee sitting on the St.
Alban's election whenever required.
The House adjourned at a Quarter-past One o'clock.

-4:

tIER MAJESTY'S THEATRE.
FIRST APPEARANCE of Mdlle. MONTI..

Isis respeciftilly announced that on THURSDAY, Aprll 10 (in-
eluded in the Subscription), will be produced, with the ori-
ginal ;Just., Danes, &c., Auber's celebrated Opera of

MUTA DI PORTICI,
(Masaniello).
The costumes executed by Miss Bradley and Mr. Coembes, under
the superintendence of Mine. Copere. The appointments by Mr. E.
Eradwell. The inc dental Deuces by M. Paul Taglioni. The Sce-
nery by Mr. Charles Marshall. Tha Mise en Scene under the direc-
tion of Mr. A. Harris.
Alfonso, Signor Sco'ti (his first appearance) ; Lorenzo, Signor
Mercurall (his first appearance) ; Selva, Signor Balanchl ; Masa-
niello, Signor Pardini (his first appearance), of the Italian Opera,
Berlins Pietro, M. Massol (his first appearance at her Majesty's
Theatre) ; Borella, Signor Lorenzo; Elvira, Madame Fiorentini
(her first appearance in that character) ; Fenella, Mdlle. Monti (her
first appearance in England).
In act first, a Grand Divertisement ; La Gurache et Napolitaine,
by Messrs. Kohlenberg, Soto, Anssandon. Soldansky, Allegrini, Pas-
cale!, Emma. Dantonie, and the Ladies of the Corps de Ballet ; Le
Bolero, by Madlles. Mathilde, Rosa, Julien, and Lamoreux, and M.
Ehrick. Finale Generale, in act third, La Tarantella, by Madlle.
Amelia Feraris, M. Charles, Madlles. Kohlenberg, Soto, Aussandon,
Soldansky, Pascales, Emma. Dantonie, Mathilde, Rosa,
Julien, and Lamoreux, lif M. Ehrick and Gouriet, and the Ladies and
Geathmen of tha Corps de ?tenet.
Director of the Music and Conductor, M. Balfe.
To conclude with a selection irom the admired Ballet, La Esme-
ralda. in width Madlle. Carlotta Grisi and M. Charles will appear.
Auber's successful Opera, Gustave 111., on le Bal Masque, will be
repeated forthwith.
Application for Boxes, Stalls, and Tickets, to be made at the Box-
office of the Theatre. Doors opened at Seven, the Opera to com-
mence at Half-past Seven o'clock.

lIER MAJESTY'S THEATRE.
THE FIRST AI'PEARANCE OF SIGNOR COLETTI.
DIADLLE. CAROLINE DUPItEZ AS AMINA.
/t is respectfully announced that THIS EVENING (Tuesday),
April 8, will be presented BeMid's celebrated Opera,
LA SONNAMBULA.
Amine, Hadlle. Caroline Dupree (her first appearance in that
character) ; Lisa, Feller ; Count Rodolph, Sig. Coletti ; and
Elvino, Sig. Calsolari.
After which a Dlvertissement from Esmeralda, by Madlle. Car-
lotta Grist and M. Charles.
To be followed by the last act of Verdi's celebrated Opera, I DUE
FOSCARI. The Doge, Sig. Colettl.
To conclude with a new and original Ballet, Ala Watteau, entitled

L'ILE DE; AMOURS.
Composed by M. Paul Taglioni, the Mrsis by M. Nadand, the
Pcenery by Mr. C. Marshall, in which biadlle. Amslia Ferraris will
spp ear.

Fleurette (Bergere), Mdlle. Amelia Ferraris.
Colin (son Fiance), M. Charles.
Gregoire (Pere do Cohn), M. dl Mattis.
Liaise (Amoureux de 0 leurettc), M. Ehrick.
Le Governear de l'lle des Amours, 31. Gosselln.
Mdlle. de Foßanges (Grand Dame), Mme. Petit Stephan.
Ire Chef des Amours, Mdlle. Tedeschi,
2me Chet des Amours, Mdlle. Aussandon.
Un Maitre de Ceremonies, M. Venafra.
Astrologues (Cosseiller du Gouverneur), N. Gouriet.
First Tableau, La Loi Impossible. "Les Fiances," danse pasto-
rale. "Le Jeu de la Rose," pas de deux, par Mdlle. Amelia Fer-
raris and M. Charles. Le Governeur Amonreux. Sa Deception.
Tengesuice. La Proclamation.
Second Tableau, La Paysanne ala Cour. " Jadis et AuJourd'hui,"
Lutte de la Dance Itoecocs et Moderne, scene executie par
Mdlle. Amalie Ferraris, Mme. Petit Stephan, et M. Gosselin.
Third Tableau, Les AmoursVengeurs. Dense du Chef des Amours,
Mdlle. Tedesehi. " Les Bergeres captivees par les Amows," Balla-
Dille, par Mdlle. Amalie Ferraris, Mdlle. Tedeschi, et les Dames du
Corps de Ballet. " Les Bergers Delaiases," final, par Mdlle.
Amalla Ferraris, Mdlle. Tedeschi, M. Charles, et Corps de Ballet.
Fourth Tableau, La Chasse aux Amours. " Le Pas dg Trebuchet,"
execute° par Mdlle. Tedeschi, Mdlle. Aussandon, and IL
Ebrick. La Course aux Amours. Comma on se laisse
prendre dans sea filets. La Proclamation Abolie. Le Pardon.
Divertissement. Grand Pas de Deux, 'par Mdlle. Amelia Ferraris
and 31. Charlet, ae2ompagnes ar Mdlles. Soto, Emma, Lavinia,
Soldansky, Vanhollen, et Beale. Final General et Apotheose des
Amours.
Applications for DoorsXalls, and Tict be made at the Box-
office of the Theatre. opened at Sawa, the Opera to com-
mence at Half-past Seven o'clock.

THEATRE ROYAL, DRURY-LANE.
Lessee and Manager, Mf..__J...am_ers Anderson.
TIIIS EVEN I NU,
her Majesty's Snvants
vrlll be presented by •
Katinka Nelidorf,
THE QUEEN OF SPADES. Prince of Mosk.au, Mr. W. Lacy
Barrett ,
Ivan Mr. J. Anderson ; Kopeck. Mr.
Aliss'F. Vining; pig, Mrs. W. Lacy.
After which, a now
sMr. J. Ander-
THE PRODIGAL. grand Operatic S
Reuben, Mr. Vandenhoff; .Lzael, .... ..
os, Mr.
Spectacle. entitled AZAEL,
Son ; Amenophis, Mr. W.
Rafter; Jepbtele, Ail
- S 8 F. Vining; Neite, Mrs. Walter Lacy ; Lia,
West ;
Paris), who
AI Vine. Tictorine Legrain Bucher% Mr. Cooper ; betn
(Premier Snjet du Opera de
has been expressly engaged ior the occasion, and will make her
appearance every evening.
To conclude with RAISING THE WIND.
Mr. JAMES ANDERSON has the honour to announce to his
Friends and the Patrons of the Drama generally, that his BENEFIT
is fixed for SATURDAY, April 12, being the Last Night of perform-
ing before Easter, on which occasion will be presented
A petite Comedy, entitled A MORNING CALL, in which Mr. J.
Anderson and Mrs. Nisbett will appear.
After which U.NE SOIREE CARNIVAL.
To be followed.by AZAEL.
Ind other Entertainments.

THEATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKE
Mr. B. Webster, able Leases and Manager, Old Brampton.
THIS EVENING,
will be performed a new and original Comedy, called PRE-
BEN TED AT COURT. Charles the Second, Mr. Stuart ; Captain
xontagce, Mr Howe ; Rochester, Mr. Davenport ; Marquis de Fla-
mer, mr. seiby ; Geoffrey, Mr. Buckstone ; Anne Franklyn, Miss
-eLnolds , Miss Middleton. Miss A. Pining.
ter which, SPRING AND AUTUMN.
To conclude with the Nautical Drama of BLACK-EYED STJSk.N.
mr. Davenport. ; Admiral, lir. Rogers; Cartain Crosstree,
par M
; Gnatbrsun, Mr. Bnckstone ; Jacob Twig, Mr. H. Bed-
ford' ; Susan, MISS A. Vining.

stOYAL,
'Under the direction of Madame Celeste.
THIS EVENING,
Will be performed THE WILLOW COPSE
EN,
ll° reaowett by JACK IN THE GREEN

ItOYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE, OXFORD-STREET. 1
tinder the management 01 Mr. C. Sean and Mr. Keeley.
71" last 5 ululits of Pauline, _ previous to the forthcoming Easter
Noyelties.
Will be performed a TIIIS EVE-NING•
A MAZE• Characters by mp.are C. Sean, Seeley, Wigan, Earley,
new and original Lontedy entitled LOVE rx
Addisoa, Meadows ; Sirs, ----- Nvlnstardey, and Mrs. C.
Kean. Keeley, Mrs.
To sonclude with a
new Melodrama, entitled PAULINE, in
Which Mr. and Mrs. Chant. Kean will apps ar_____------•

ROYAL OLYMPIC THEA
Lessee and Manager, Mr. W.
THIS EVENING,
Will beTerformed THE FARMER'S STORY.
After which CHARLES KING.
To son-elude with THE BOTTLE IMP.

AMP lIIT LIB ATRE.
AsTLErs ROYAL
• Inger An Patronage of her Maiesty and his Royal High/Add
Prince Albert.
proprietor and Manager, Mr. W. Batty.
The pablie are respectfully informed that tber
nntil Laster Monday next, April 21. The Theatre Theatre is closed
Will be entirely
ic,ubil made to sustain
ciaeestirmation
newly decorated and re-embellisbed, and every
in
te which this establishment holds in
atic
entertain-
scenic the
the high repu
th vast improvements of additional height, inpopordderramto
scenic effects, as essentially necessary to the hi
nlnt
inents, have been particularly attended to, and every departerttn-
actively employed for the production of a splendid historic. spectacle,
grom the pen of G. H. Itodwell, Esq. New scenery, machinery
decorations, and magnificent costumes. The circle will prove doubly
attractive, Mr. Batty being on the Continent making arrangement,
with artistes of the first talent and celebrity of their professions.
Particulars will be given in future announcements.

SUDDEN MUTH AT PLYMOUTH VICTUALLING
YARD.—Mr. Smithers Aldess, Inspector of Police at the
Royal William Victualling Yard, accompanied by his daugh-
ter, Mrs. Mills, who is the wife of Mr. Mills, one of the en.
gineers of the Rhadamanthus, left their residence in the
S $ yard, and proceeded to the water's edge to observe the
per- steamer going out of Hamosze. When on the Clarence
J_ „ wharf they waved their hands to the r friend on board, and
, • ' media! ely afterwards Mr. Aldess fell in a fit of apoplexy,
r nght on probably by the excitement, and being conveyed
• home, expired within half an hour. lieczased was 63 years
ge, and was formerly sergeant-major of the Woolwich di-
/- ion of Royal Marines,

a s