The Sun.
London, England, 1851-09-12 00:00:00

T, 1851.

LNGE.-CA:EIS DAY.)
••
Leghorn •• •• •• ••
kienee .••• ............ 25 42%
Allan ..............
Venice.... .... • • •...
gaples • • .... •• 40%
Palermo, peroz ........
51eisina • • •• • • •• •• • • ••
Lisbon.... .......... 53%
-Joao .• •• •• •• 53%:
itio Janeiro •• ••
guencs Ayres ...... ••
York, 60 dayesight
..........

431CE8 OP BULLION, PEE OIL
eureign Gold in bars.. XS 17 9
I,,rtt,:gal Gold Coin •• 0 0
-loanlgh Doubloons .. 0 0 0
New Dollars •..... 0 4 11
tiiiv,r. IT. bars .• •• •• •• 0 5 0%

MARKET 11S TELLIGEN CE.
(From the London New Price Current, Sept. 12.)
SUGAN.—Today only limned transactions cccurred
in thy: West India Sufiar market ; the purchases were
confined to 490, making for the wfek 1,490 hlids, &c.
Prices close generally the same as on Friday last fur
• bright yellow, but oth, r sorts have declined 6d per cwt.
REFINED.—To-day only limited purchases were made
in }Wined goods by home dealers, ulthough low to fine
grocery lumps were dull at 44a to 48s per owl, Crushed
wet wilts hide atV nti. n for shipping, and at former
rates there are free sellers.
,MAURITIUS.—This afternoon there was a reluctance
to operate in Mauritius Sugar; of 10,000 bgs at public
sale not above oe.e-half found buyers at rather lower
rates. good mid to good yellow went at 35s ti 375, low
to mid 32s 6d to 34s 63, gocd and fine brown 30s to
324, low to mid 27s 6d to 29 6d, and refining quail ies
31; to 364 per cwt.
EAST INDIA. —This afternoon Bengal Sugar was dealt
in with caution, and of 2,000 bags at public sale a parr
only sold at a reduction of 6d per cwt. Beneres fine
waite went at 41s to 425, mid to good 38a to 40a 61, low
87s to a7s 6d, mid to good like Mauritius 34a to 375, low
aas ad to 33s 6d, ord and fair soft yellow 30a to 325. Of
:„%faiiros 143 bags went at 36s to 36s 6d for mid grainy
rather cheaper.
FOREIGN.—To-day the private operations in Foreign
Sugar were upon a small scale, still duty paid parcels or
Fixating Cargoes were not offered at lower rates. None
ss as offered at public auction.
MOLASSES.—There is no further reduction to notice
in prices of West India, still transactions are again
trifliug; Antigua at 14a to 15s, and other sorts 126 to
134 61 Bengal arid Mauritius are in scanty supply, and
held for lls to 120; few inquiries, however, have pre-
vailed. Porto Rico and Cuba are dull of sale at 13s
to 13s 6d. Prices for Molasses are not expected to be
lower. Jamaica Honey is wanted, but supply is scanty,
and the value from 36s to 60s for low to fine.
Cocoa.—lmportersof West India are firmer, and again
retrained from off.ieng any at auction this week
i ; pre-
vious rates are however supported, and best red s more
in demand, whilst other sorts remain dull of sale, The
value of good to flue red Trinidad is 451 to 525, low and
mid 41s to 445, grey from 37s to 40s, and
Grenada 35a to 40s per cwt. In Foreign transactions
aro small, still holders are not disposed to press sales;
and obtain for Bahia and Para 26s to 275; Guayaquil
30s to 31s. At auction 101 bags of the better sold at
23s 6d to 27s 6d for damaged, whilst 60 bags St. Do-
mingo were taken in at 25s for ord sound.
COFFEE.—This afternoon Mocha Coffee met with a
good demand, and realised full terms. At public sale
254- hAft-bales were sold at Ils to 72s 6d for mid clean
garbled, and a few lots ord 65s 6d to 66s 6d. For all
sorts of Coffee there is, however, a dull market. At
auct.on 931 bags Native Ceylon were taken in at 40s for
sound. Of Plantation Ceylon 142 casks and 200 bags
were only in part sold at easier rates; good to fine went
at 56s to 60s, mid and good mid 51s to 555, other sorts
43s to 595, pea berry 56s to 595. 01 Jamaica 118 bags
sold at easier rates; good to fine ord 40s to 43s 6d, and
triage 36F.
TEA.—Prices have undergone no further depression
for Congu, still there is a reluctance on the part of home
dealers to operate; export orders are trifling, and there
is yet a plentiful supply. The terms acceded to for low
and ord are Bid to 9/-d; good common 9i to 9id;
blackish leaf 10d to 110, strong ditto is to is lid;
ani Pekoe flavor at is 2d, to is 7d, the latter being
1(:) 'long
,11. at in request. Few transactions have taken place in
and several parcels are on offer, the value is from
lld to is 7d. Souchong can be obtained at a further
decline; still dealers have evinced little desire to ope-
rate, a:7d there is a plentiful supply. Prices for ord
to go:AY ord rule at 9d to llid, good to fine is to is 6d,
ntid superior is 7d to 2s. Previous terms are required
for go 'id and fine green, although there is no increase
in op,rattorks, or falling off in supply. For inferior and
mediuria the market is in a dull state; large parcels have
b on bra aught forward, and easier terms are acceded to.
Scentsd and Pekoe sorts are still purchased with reluct-
stick,' and prices continue to decline.
Rie sa--To-day
the demand for East India further in-
erease[l, and the chief part of 7,720 bags at auction found
ba ,lets at fu.3.1 ;
Iseag,,l, fine white los to 103 63 low
tititnag, 43 to 9,; Madras,
az.d to nod 83 to 93 6d,
pinkey .7s to Is 6d, good to fine white-Bengal grain
9a. 6s I, dam aged 5s 63 to 9s. Of 540 ch ts Sago a small
pll solo! at s6d to 18s for ord and mid small pearl.
Srinfrs.-1, coward Island Rum is offered upon rather
lower te;:nts yet operations have been small at is 5d to
Is 5d par galloa
proof. East India is dull of sale and
rather chi caper, Is 3d to is 4d having been accepted
preof. For De/twit:lra there is a quiet market, and larger
parcels are on offer; sellers are disposed to accept is 10d to
2,3 d fur 18 to 40 :per cent over proof. The better
qasaities of Jamaica are yet in good demand for home
coosumptio a said shipping, and no advance has been es-
tablished, Iwh ereas inferior met with a dull sale,
and easier fl states are acceded to, supply being

THE SU

plentiful. Prices for 28 to 33 per cent over proof
plain and mid quality rule at 2s 3d to 2s Bd, good mid to
good 32 to 36 over 2s 9d to 3s 2d, fine and choice marks
33 to 38 over 3s 3d to 4s 4d. Fur Havannah not more
than is 2d can be obtained proof, and there are few
buyers. Stock of Rum is 1,800 puns, &o. less than
last season. In Brandy a good deal has been, and at
firm rates. Sales of Cognac best brands of vintage of 1850
have been made at 4s 4d to 4s 6d, 1849 ditto 4s 7d to 4s
9d, 1848 ditto 5s to 5s 2d, older sorts 5s 4d to 63 4d, low
to mid 2s 8d t 8 3s Bd, and Bordeaux 2s 2d to 2s 4d.
British made Spirit is good demand at 9s 5d to 9s 6d
nett cash, and Gin at 7s 10d for 22 per cent under proof.
Geneva met with little attention, and there are sellers of
ord at is 7d to is Bd, and fine is 9d to 2s.
SPICES.—To-day a public sale of 50 bags Pimento
went at 5d to sed for good quality ; 40 barrels Jamaica
Ginger 44s to 68s for low to good mid, and 200 bags
African were taken in at 25s per cwt. Of Nutmegs 9
packages went at 2s 2d to 2s 7d for low to mid brown,
and 6 casks Mace Is 9d to 2s Id.

SALTPETRE .—To-day few purchases were made pri-
vately in Rough Saltpetre, and at auction 472 bags
Dombay sold at 25s for fair quality 12i to 11i per cent.
refraction, not refracted 235; these are easier rates.
COCHINEAL.—This afternoon Cochineal again met
with little notice, and of 50 bgs at auction a part only
sold; Honduras, Silvers at 2s lld to as 2d for low to
good; mid to fine black 3s 6d to 4s ld ; whilst Mexican
was taken in at 3s 3d to 3s 4d for black.
FRUlT.—There has been a very limited demand for
currants this week, but prices may be considered steady.
At public sale yesterday 46 butts 77 crtls and 49 brls
Patras offered and bought in at 40s to 425, also 88 butts
13 crtls 62 brls Zante, and 7 butts 14 crtls 14 brls Ce-
phalonia, damaged, part of which sold at 36s to 1375.
New Valencias have arrived via Southampton and Li-
verpool, which are selling at 403. Currants, 425. Also
New Turkey Figs and Sultanas at 703.
Irimao.—Operations in East India have been upon a
small scale for all purposes this week, yet holders are
not disposed to accept rates under the last quarterly
sales, although the increased quantity ot 19,857 chts is
declared for the 7th next month. Of Manikin& 76 chts
at auction sold at is id to 4s. Spanish has been
operated in with reluctance, and former rates are not
to be obtained.
OlLS.—This afternoon at public sale 100 casks of Palm
Oil taken in at 275, 100 pkgs Coeott Nut sold, Sydney 30s
3d to 31s 6d; 60 tuns Seal, pale 301 10s, brown, yellow,
and straw 331 to 331; 20 tuns Sperm 821 10s to 861 15s.
TALLOW.—This afternoon the public sales of Tallow
went at improved pri 'es; 60 aka Australian selling at
37s to 39s for Mutton; Beef at 36s to 37s 6d; 500 pkgs
South American at 35s to 38s 3d; 29 ditto North at
38s; and 30 cks Italian at 37s 6d to 38s.

MAZZINI ON OUR RELIGIOUS
QUARRELS.
The following essay, prefixed by Mazzini to a re-
publication of some of his political writings, is im-
portant at the present day, as speaking the opinions
and showing the tendencies of a large number of
Italians at the present time :
When young Italy raised her banner, now nearly
twenty years ago, two elements predominated in
Italy : superstition and materialism. Superstition
was the habit of a part of the population, to which all
light, all education was forbidden, which was led
astray by a traditional religious sentiment conceived
in the narrowest spirit, and which, deprived of every
motive of action, of all consciousness of the true life
of citizens, clung with a kind of despair to a heaven
little understood. Materialism was the natural reac-
tion of those who had been able to emancipate them-
selves from the abject spectacle which religion
offered, from the brutal yoke that it was wished to
impose upon their intelligence. It was said to them,
!‘ Believe all that we affirm :" they replied by deny-
ing all. Luther compared the human mind to a
drunken peasant upon horseback, leaning over
on one side, and who falls on the other,
when you seek to set him upright. Many
peoples have passed through a similar expe-
rience. Young Italy rejected at once and equally
materialism and superstition. It declared that in
order to acquire strength necessary to become a
nation, Italy must emancipate herself at the same
time from the old Catholic belief, and from the ma-
terialism of the eighteenth century. The first gave a
pretended divine sanction to immobility; the second
dried up the sources of faith, and must necessarily
end in destroying the idea of duty, and in leaving
nothing for the object, of human worship but right
and enjoyment. We wished to march with the
world, as is the will of God, the life eternal. We
did not wish to combat in order to conquer the satis-
faction of certain appetites, panem et circenses, but
for something more elevated—the dignity, the sacred
liberty of the human soul, its development in love,
a mission upon earth for our own and for our
brethren's good.
It is not for me to give here an exposition of the
complete doctrines of young Italy ; but I hold it im-
portant to prove, that our language to-day is the same
as that of twenty years ago. We have never deviated
from it. Now as then, my predominating idea, and the
vital thought of all our labours, is this : a fatal separa-
tion has been established between religious and
political belief, between heaven and earth ; this is
why we wander groping from one crisis to another,
from conuvlsive movement to convulsive movement ;
without succeeding, without finding peace. It is
necessary to re-unite earth to heaven, politics to
the eternal principles which should direct them ;
nothing great or durable can be done without that.
God, Religion ; the People, Liberty in Love : these two
words, which as individuals we inscribed on our ban-
ner in 1831, and which afterwards—significant phe•
nomenon—became the formula of all the decrees of
Venice end of Rome, sum up all for which we have
combatted, all for which we will combat under vic-
tory. The people of Italy instinctively compre-
hended this idea. Young Italy became rapidly
powerful. A gradual transformation was effected in
a portion of its enlightened youth ; which became, I
will not say the most devoted, but the most constant
in devotion, to their country. Two or three years of
struggle and suffering suffice to exhaust the strength
weer) the inspiring sentiment is only one of reaction,
of indignation against oppression : a whole life is not
too much for a realisation of a thought which seeks
to reunite earth to heaven.
The party which in Italy has assumed the title of
moderate came across our path. Imbued with a
badly-di,guieed materialism, springing up in the shadow
of courts which have no other faith than that of power
at any price, this party has no belief, it has only
opinions. Adopting and abandoning them with the
same ease, it accommodates itself to everything in
turns ; princes, republics, concessions, popular in-
surrections, truth, and falsehood. It creates nothing ;
it cannot create anything; it seeks strength, mate-
rial strength, and worships it wherever it may be
found, and whatever name it may bear. It has
called itself opportuniste. At the present time it
is warring against the priests in Piedmont, for
the service of royalty ; it would do the same
thing to-morrow against princes, in the name of
the Pope, should the Pope recommence a career of
concessions. In reality, the " moderates" believe
neither in princes nor in the Pope, nor in the people;
they believe in their own coterie, in their small con-
ceptions, in their personal influence. They have neither
a grand idea nor a great sentiment. They consequently
follow, and do nat initiate. When Charles Albert, whom
they despied, manifested a weak ambition, which ap-
peared to them capable of serving their designs, they
proclaimed him the first man of Italy. When Pius IX.,
in whom as Pope-they do not believe, appeared under a
semblance of liberalism, they wrote volumes to prove
that Papacy was to regenerate the whole world. And
now, even since the affairs of Rome, they do not dream
of saying to the Pope—You are a falsehood—
descend : they venture only to combat his temporal
authority ; but prostrate themselves at the same time,
hypocritically, before the spiritual authority of the
father of believers. What can Italy or the world
hope for from such men or from such a policy ?
T
policy has come to us from Machiavelli.
But This
sith Machiavelli it was not theory, but history.
He lived in a period of ruin and dissolution ; liberty
had perished e
i verwhere ; the last spark was being
extinguished n Florence ; the Pope and the
Emperor having at last coalesced, after their struggle
of ages, bad vowed to spread darkness over all
Italy. Corruption had descended from courts of
the middle ranks of society. Cramped by the iron
hand of the foreigner, the national genius was gra-
dually disappearing, and the efforts of the giant
Michael Angelo and his great contemporaries ap-
peared only likely to result
in immobilising it in stone
or on the canvas, by raising .to it a magnificent
monument, which might serve it for a tomb. Military
valour no longer served as a buckler toa free state ; it
exhibited itself in the chiefs of bands, without country,
without faith,who sold their talents and their soldiers to
the highest bidder. Poor Machiavelli, after having en-
deavoured to struggle, after having in his own person
protested in prison,
and under torture, seated himself in
sorrow upon this great ruin, and described after
the manner of an epitaph the causes which bad occa-
sioned it. He used the scalpel of the anatomist upon
the corpse, and made of his books a long report of his
work of dissection. And now, these men would in-
scribe the device of death upon the cradle of a new
life. After more than three centuries of that latent
renovating transformation, which men call death or
sleep, Italy is breaking the stone of her tomb, stir-
ring in all her limbs, making of her winding-
sheet a banner of insurrection ;
dinstead of
bending the knee before a nation's awakening,
instead of crying to it in enthusiasm, in the
name of God and the people, " strengthen thyself
for a supreme effort, and arise," they come coldly and
pedantically to read it a chapter of Machiavelli. Oh
that it had at least been that one in which he says to
his country, "Thou wilt never again have life, except
by unity; and thou wilt never have unity, except by
abolishing the Papacy." But they dare not. They
would steal, unperceived, some fragments of liberty,
without teaching to the people the knowledge of them
or the right to them ; they wage a petty war, which
will have a speedy end, against the priests, without
daring to go to the source of the corruption of the

LONDON,

priests ; without daring to say aloud—Liberty is the
right and the duty of the human soul ; he who pre-
tends to enslave the conscience must desire to en-
chain the body. Strange, that this is the party which
in England, in this ancient land of liberty and of
good sense, finds favour - whilst the popular party—the
logical party—the openly and honestly emancipatory
party, is coldly received. A few vain good wishes,
and a number of injurious suspicions, behold all the
part that England has as yet borne in a question
which is pregnant with the liberty of the world—the
Italian question. The cause, I say it here frankly,
and at once—is, that the religious sentiment is ex-
piring in England, and that, whilst the form re-
mains intact, the foundation is being undermined and
corrupted. The unity of the religious principle of
the Reformation has disappeared. The divorce of
which I spoke above, between earth and heaven,
has been accomplished in England as elsewhere ; and
it is because this separation has taken place, that Ca-
tholicism gains ground upon Protestantism.
Let me explain my thought.
A mighty question is now being agitated in Europe
between two principles which have divided the world
since its creation ; and these two principles are liberty
and authority, The human mind desires to progress
according to its own light, not by favour of concession,
but by virtue of the law of its own life. Authority
says to it : Rest where thou art; I alone strike the
hour of the march ; when I am silent everything should
rest ; for all progress which is accomplished with-
out me and beyond me is impious. The human
mind interrogates itself: it feels its own right
and power ; it find that the germ of progress
is in itself, that strength and right come to it
from God, and not from an intermediate power coming
between itseif and God, as if charged to lead it.
Hence springs revolt and resistance, and hence the
anomalous situation of Europe. The conscience of
the human race is struggling with tradition, which
desires to enchain it ; the future and the past dispute
for the collective life of humanity, and for that of the
individual. Every man who in these struggles, ever
stifled yet ever re-appearing, in this series of manifes-
tations and violent repressions which have constituted
European history for two-thirds of a century,
sees only the action of some turbulent factions,
or the result of some accidental or material
causes, as a deficit, a famine, a secret conspi-
racy or cabinet intrigue, understands nothing of the
facts of history, nothing of the laws of which, by
those facts, history becomes the expression. And he
who in the great questions of the suffrage, of prole-
tarian emancipation, and of nationality, sees nothing
but the subjects of political discussion, having no
connexion with the religious idea, with the providen-
tial development of humanity, understands neither
man nor God, and degrades to the proportions of a
pigmy intelligence, a battle of giants, of which the
stake is a step in advance in the universal education
of mankind, or a step backward towards the world
which we had believed to have ended with the middle
ages.
Between the great armies which sustain the com-
bat, marauders, free corps, have undoubtedly intro-
duced themselves and falsified its character ; between
the two doctrines represented in the two camps, a
multitude of exaggerations, of dangerous utopias, of
false and immoral philosophies, have come to throw
trouble and alarm in men's minds.
It matters little. The real question remains as I
have stated it. All these irregular Cossack-like
movements, will disappear, as the sharp- shooters of
an army when the hour arrives for the masses to be-
gin to move. It matters little also for what I now
desire to say, whether the result of the struggle ought
to be, as some imagine, the absolute abolition of the
principle of authority and the pure and simple en-
thronement of liberty ; or whether, as I believe, the
future holds in reserve a great collective religious
manifestation, in which the two terms, authority and
liberty, tradition and individual conscience, will both
be recognised as essential elements to the normal de.
velopment of life, and harmonising together in one
whole, will be at once the safeguard of belief and
progress. What is certain is that transformation im-
plies death, and that the new authority can never be
founded until after the complete overthrow of that
which now exists.

The destruction of authority such as it now exists ;
the proclamation of human liberty, whether as a means
or as the end—this is the problem which Europe has
now to solve. Right or wrong, the human mind be-
lieves that it sees a glimpse of new destinies, and a
new heaven ; and in order to prepare itself to realise
them, it claims its independence, it desires to inter-
rogate humanity upon what it believes, upon what it
expects, and hopes ; it desires to pass under revision
the laws of life, and of its being ; old authority would
forbid the attempt.
The question is a vital one ; and one would have
thought it impossible that there should exist a single
people, or a single man, who did not feel the neces-
sity of deciding between the two camps, and of giving
to one or other his name and his active adhesion.
And nevertheless it is not so. The solidarity of all in
support of the principle in which they belies e is only
understood on one side. And this side, with shame
be it said, is that of old authority.
All the powers whose rallying cry is authority, are
allied for the defensive and for the offensive; they
fulfil amongst each other the duties of fraternity ;
when one is attacked the others fly to its aid ; in time
of peace an universal propaganda rallies the means of
all. They have a plan, a combined action, and a
visible symbol, the Pope. They do not believe in
him ; but they feel the want of a common standard,
and they support him. Schismatics, orthodox be-
lievers, materialists, all those who deny the liberty of
the human conscience and its manifestation by acts,
join hands arounii his throne.
It is not thus with the powers, with the nations
whose rallying cry is Liberty. They may have bro-
thers in their ideal sphere; they have none upon the
field of reality. Each sustains, defends what he has
been able to conquer of liberty for himself; no one
exerts himself for the triumph of the principle else-
where. The life of God is only sacred to them so far
as it is diffused in their own sphere; beyond their own
frontiers it becomes indifferent to them; they abandon
it to chance, they deliver it over to the enemy. No pro-
tection is afforded to the peoples which are tortured and
destroyed, no hindrance is offered to the hostile forces
which stifle life in its cradle, or prevent the truth
from manifesting itself. To the cry of Authority
everywhere and for all, they oppose that of : Liberty
for those who possess it. To the insolent audacious
intervention exercised by the other camp, they reply
Neutrality, non-intervention, not for all—for they do
nothing to prevent the intervention of others—but
for themselves. Austria and France intervene in

Italy; Prussia in the states of Germany, Russia in
Hungary. England, the United States, Switzerland,
cross their arms, and silently aid the triumph, which
, they believe to be iniquitous, of old authority over
liberty. Like Pilate, they wash their hands of the
blood of the just—they would reply to God with the
answer of Cain—Am I then my brother's keeper ?
A people, the Italian people, rises up. It goes
straight to the heart of' the question, to the palladium
of the enemy's camp. It proposes to cut the knot, to
emancipate the world, to end the struggle for all by
a single blow. Authority has its seat, its source, its
radiating centre at Rome. Authority pretends that
it lives in the love of all, that it is sanctified by uni-
versal consent, that a factious minority is all that
opposes it. Italy proves indisputably the reverse.
It unites, it interrogates publicly, peacefully, the
wishes of men iu the very place where authority has
always reigned without opposition, where it has been
able to seduce, mislead, and corrupt at its pleasure.
An unanimous voice replies : the authority which go-
verns us is a falsehood ; it is not worthy to guide us :
the Pope is no longer our bead ; we appeal to God,
to liberty, and to our conscience. The royalty of the
Pope--all that could be abolished by decree—is abo-
lished. The Pope flees.
A banner bearing these principle-involving and
eternal words, " God and the people," floats above
the Vatican. Not a man raises his hand to protest
in favour of the Pope; not a man bends the knee
before the bulls of excommunication hurled from
Gaeta. And to this demonstration, for the benefit of
the world's cause, on the part of a people which has
always served this cause, how has Protestantism
replied ? How has England replied ? What has been
done to save this people, when, in defiance of all
right, and without the smallest provocation, four Go-
vernments leagued together to crush it, and sent their
armies to tear down by brute force the sacred banner
of liberty of conscience ?
There exists great agitation at the present moment
in Protestant England on account of the attempted
encroachments of Catholicism. Think you that these
attempts would have taken place if the people's banner
were still floating at Rome? Think you that the Pope
would have sent his Catholic hierarchy from Gaeta ?
Papacy excluded from Rome, is, it is well known,
Papacy excluded from Italy. Papacy excluded from
Italy, is Papacy excluded from Europe. Place the
Pope at Lyons or Seville—he will no longer be Pope;
he will only be a dethroned king.
Protestantism has not understood this. There is
so little remaining of the deep conviction, so little
of the enthusiasm which produced the Reformation,
that before the great question in dispute at Rome,
it assumed a sceptical position ; it contented itself
by asking whether such or such a man govern-
ing in that city belonged to one political school
or another—whether he was a partisan of a system of
terror or of justice; it entered into a polemic with
respect to individuals. The work, the providential
work, which was being accomplished there by instru-
ments destined, whatever might be their character, to
disappear the day after, completely escaped its notice.
And when Austrians, Neapolitans, and Frenchmen
marched against Rome, it could not summon up suffi-
cient energy to say—Stop; a question of religious
faith is there at issue, and we will not allow It to be '
decided by brute force. And yet we gave it sufficient '
time to pronounce this prohibition.
protestotisin has thus given to the world, I re-