The Sun.
London, England, 1851-05-03 00:00:00

_
LONDON, SATURDAY E E
N° . 18)287.] MAY 3, 1851.
N
„ 7

ENCYCLOPEDIA 3IETROPOLITANA.
New anti enlarged Edition, crown Bvo., Volume XIII., price 12s. 6d.

cloth,
BOTANY: being an Introduction to the Study
of the Structure, Physiology, and Classification of Plants.
BY JOHN HUTTON BALFOUR, M.D., F.L.S., F.11.5.E., Professor
of Medicine and Botany in the University of Edinburgh.
Second Edition, 670 pages, with 833 Wood Engravings.
Critical Opinions of the First Edition.
" The most masterly digest of the science which has yet appeared."
—Witness.
" Beyond all comparison the best introduction to the most delight.
ful of all sciences."—North British Mail.
" Remarkable for comprehensiveness and cheapness."—Scottish
Guardian.
Very complete."—Atlas.
" A mass of valuable and interesting information."—Weekly News.
"Admirably arranged."—Bent!ey's Magaz ne,
" The model manual of botany."—Tait's Magazine.

Griffin and Co., London and Glasgow.

GRIFFIN'S REVISED EDITION of the
EICCYCLOP..•EDIA METROI'OLITANA

In crown 8vo.; every volume contains a complete Treatise.
1. S. T. Coleridge, on Methol, 23.-2. Sir J StoMart's Universal
Grammar, ss. —3. Archbishop Whately's Logic, 35.-4. Whately's
Rhetoric, 3s. 6d.-5. Bishop Hind's History of Early Christianity,
65.-6 Senior's Political Economy, 45.-7. Archdeacon Hale's His-
tory of the Jews, 25. 6c1.-8. Rev. Dr. Cox's Sacred History and Bio-
graphy, s.-9. History of Greek Literature, by Mr. Justice Tal-
fourd, Bishop Blomfield, and others, 7s. 6d.-10. Professor Maurice's
Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy, 55.-11. Sir J. Stoddart's In-
troduction to Universal History, 5..-12. Professor Ramsay's Roman
Antiquities, Bs. 6d.-13. Professor Balfour's Botany, 12s. 6d.-14.
Early History of Greece, by Mr. Justice Talfourd, Mr. Pococke, and
others, with 140 Engravings.-15. Napier's Electro Metallurgy.-If,.
Hunt's Photography.-17. Early History of Rome, by Dr. Arnold
and others, Illustrated.
Griffin and Co., London and Glasgow.

Just published, price 125., or 10s. without "the Medicine."
LECTURES on HORSES ; their Form and
Action, illustrated by Eight outline Engravings on Steel, of
Horses—Standing and Going ; to which are appended some Experi-
mental Inquiries into the Effects of Medicine on Horses.
By W. PERCIVALL, M.R.C.S. and V.S., First Life Guards.
By the same Author,
1. LAMENESS in HORSES. With Coloured Plates.
2. The ANATOMY of the HORSE.
Longman and Co.. London.

IFO 0 R C L OTHS
Best Quality Warranted - - 2s. 6d. per square yard.
Persian and Turkey pattern - 2s. 9d. do. do.
Common Floor Cloth - - - 2s. Od. do. do.
Japanned Folding-screens from 30s.
Cocoa-fibre Mats and Matting.—lndia Matting, Plain and Figured.
JOWETT, Manufacturer, 532, New Oxford-street.

THE MECH I A N DRESSING-CASE,
the most portable ever invented, being only the size of
a pocket-book, containing one pair of Mechi's ivory-handled
peculiar steel razors, his magic strop, comb, and badger hair
shaving-brush, and nail and tooth-brushes, price only 255. ;
the same with hair-brush and soap-dish, 355. To military men, and
as a steam-boat or travelling companion, this invention is ;an invalu-
able acquisition. An immense variety of ether dressing-cases,
for ladies and gentlemen, either in fancy woods or leather, at all
prices, to suit either the economical or luxurious. An extensive
stock of writing-desks, writing•cases, work boxes, and bagatelle-
tables, razor-strops, table cutlery, superb papier mane articles, &c.
Manufactory, 4, Leadenhall-street, Four Doors from Cornhill.

LAURENT'S GRAND CASINO,
Licensed by Act of Parliament.
ARGYLL ROOMS, GREAT WINDMILL-
STREET, ST. JAMES'S.
(Sole Lessee, Charles
EN Emile Laurent
EVENING,S7 Brompton-square.)
OP EVERY
With LAURENT'S UNRIVALLED BAND.
Principal Cornet-a-Pistons, M. Boulcourt.
Doors open at Half-past Eight o'clock—Dancing to commence at
Nine and terminate at Half-past Eleven o'clock precisely.
. _

Admission, One Shilling.

FIFTY THOUSAND CURES bare been
effected without Medicine, Inconvenience, or Expense, by DU
BARRY'S Delicious REVALENTA ARABICATOOD, whick save
fifty times its cost in other remedies. A few out of 50,000 testi-
monials :
" Twenty-five years' nervousness, constipation, indigestion, and
debility, frim which I had suffered great misery, and which no me-
dicine could remove or relieve, have been effectually cured by Du
Barry's health-restoring Food in very short time.
" NV. R. REEVES, Pool Anthony, Tiverton."

" Eight years' dyspepsia, nervousness, debility,' with cramps,
spasms, and nausea, for which my servant had consulted the advice
of many, have bee• effectually removed by Du Barry's delicious
health-restoring food in a very short time. I shall be happy to
answer any inquiries.
" Rev. JOAN W. FLAVELL, Ridlington Rectory, Norfolk."
" Three years' excessive nervousness, with pains in my neck and
left arm, and general debility, which rendered my life very miser-
able, has been radically removed by Du Barry's health restoring
food.

" ALEX. STUART, Archdeacon of Ross, Skihbereen."
Similar testimonials from Lord Stuart de Decies ; Mr. Samuel
flßaatruloiewn,,,Darlington, a
bailicttyire;am twenty euanrts,'
King's College, Cambridge, who, after suffering :' sixty years from
partial paralysis, has regained the use of his limbs in a very short
time '
upon this excellent food ; the R Kerr, Rev. Charles of Winslow,
Bucks, a cure of functional disorders • Mr. Thomas Woodhouse,
Bromley, recording the cure of a lady from constipation and sick-
ness during pregnancy ; Mrs. Maria Jolly Wortham' n* of Lin near
Disc, Nortolk, a cure of fifty years' indescribalYe agony from, dys-
pepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, flatulency, spasms, nausea, and
vomitings , Miss Elizabeth Jacobs, of Nazing Vicarage, Waltham-
cross, Fled.% a cure of extreme nervousness, indigestion, and ga-
therings ; Miss Elizabeth Yeoman, Gateacre, near Liverpool, a cure
of ten years' dyspepsia and nervous irritability ; Mr. W. Grantham,
a cure of gout ; Mr. Joseph Walters, Broadwell Colliery, Oldbury,
near Birmingham, a cure of angina pectoris; Mr. Hugh Evoy,
Fethard, cured when given up as too far gone ; Doctors Ure and
Harvey ; James Shoreland, Esq., No. 3, Sydney-terrace, Reading,
Berks, late surgeon in the 96th Regiment, a cure or dropsy; James
Porter, Esq., Athol-street, Perth, a cure of thirteen years' cough,
with general debility. A copious extract of 50,000 cures sent gratis
by Du Barry and Co.
Sold in canisters, with full instructions, weighing lib., 2s. 9d. ;
21b., 4s, 6d. ; 51b., 1 Is. ; 121 b., 225.; super-refined quality, 101 b., 335. ;
51b. ,225. Da Barry and Co., 127, New Bond-street, London ; and
through all Grocers, Chemists, and Booksellers.
CAUTION.—The health of many p rsons having been seriously
injured by " Arabian Revalenta," " Ervalenta," " Lentil Powder,"
" Patent Flour of Lentils," " Arabica Food," and other spurious com-
pounds under imitation of name, or called similar by their unscrupu-
lous compounders, it will be necessary to note Messrs. Du Barry and
Co.'s name on each canister, in order to avoid being imposed upon by
heartless knavery.
DU BARRY'S PULMONIC BON-BONS,
a nice, safe, and effec-
tual remedy for coughs, colds, asthma, and all affections of the lungs,
throat, and voice, are of unrivalled excellence. In boxes, Is. l% d.,
2s. 9d., 4s. 6d.; or, post free, Is. 4d., 3s. 3d., ss. 2d.
DU BARRY and CO., 127, New Bond-street, London ; Fortnum,
Mason, and Co.; Hedges and Butler ; Abbiss, 60, Gracechurch-street ;
Skelton, 49, Bishopsgate-street Within ; also at 4, Cheapside ; 451
and 109, Strand ; and through all respectable Chemists, Grocers, and
Booksellers.

THE STATE OF TRADE.
Every ens in trade must come down with his profits. The
landholder finds he must lower his rents, and he naturally curtails
his expenditure, he will go where he can buy cheapest. In the
end, perhaps, he finds he can save in his expenditure a good deal, if
not all, that he has been curtailed in his income; and this saving
principle will descend through all classes, even to the labourer..
How necessary then must it be to prepare for the fall by timely sa-
vings; by carefully laying out money where it will go the furthest
and pro nice most ? It is not intended hero to argue, whether in a
country like this, low or high prices are the best for the nation;
some politicians say, that where a large portion of our expenses may
he put under the item of taxes which are demanded in full, low
prices and small profits will not answer, but this depends on cir-
cumstances ; an experiment tried on a very extensive
scale has proved, that small profits and low prices command
a large amount of trade. Messrs. E. MOSES and SON have for
years made it their system of business. They have found that a
shilling profit on an article pays much better than a ten shilling profit,
because, here they could have sold only one, they sell 20 or 30 ;
and after having for many years conducted their gigantic establish-
ment upon the small profit system, they have proved its efficacy
most completely. But it is not only the small profit which lower
the prices of their articles, it is in the purchase of material in great
quantities, with an unlimited command of capital, at the periods
most favourable for price, that they save all the profits of factors,
dealers, and middle men, so that the very coat which would cost
some tradesmen 50s. would cost them only 305., and the tradesman
who pays most for it wants the most profit ; so that the customer
who bturs of one must perhaps pay 31. 10s., and can be served by E.
MOSES and SON for 325. Of course, this can only be warranted
by a very extensive trade, far more extensive than ordinary people
imagine. By the same kind of reasoning it may be concluded that,
where one man sells a coat for 31. 10s- and gets a pound by it,
Messrs. E. MOSES and SON will sell fifty, and get 51. by them.
Let any lady or gentleman walk over their establishment, and see
garments by thousands, and they will cease to wonder how Messrs.
E. MOSES and SON can supply the very best of everything at the
very low figure, which they have long adopted as their undeviating
charge for everything they make. 'their stock of summer articles
has never been equalled in quality, variety, and elegance
A handsome Almanac, for the year 1551, can be had gratis, on
application.
The new edition of " Everybody's Book, containing a full report
of the late important trial, may be had gratis, on application, or by
letter, post free.
E. MOSES and SON have no connexion with any other house in
or out of London, except the following :
London
85,donCity Establishment, 154, 155, 156, and 157, MinorieStin , 83,
84,
and 86, Aldgate, opposite the Church, all communicag.
London West-end Branch, 506, 507, 508, New Oxford-street, 1,2,
and 3, Hart-street, all communicating.
Bradford " Yorkshire" Branch, 19, Bridge-street.
Sheffield Branch, 36, Fargate.
Tailors, Clothiers, Hatters, Hosiers, Furriers, Boot and Shoe-
makers, and General Outfitters for Ladies and Gentlemen.
The EstablishMents are closed
ufrlolmTwseulnvseetwckl'orcidkay to sunset Sa-
turday, when business is manned
Ici l'on parle Francalse. Qui al parts Italiano.
Tiler spricht man Deutsch. Aqui se habla Espanol.

DR. CCrISERWELL'S NEW WORKS.
To be had of Sherwood, 23, Paternoster-rew ; Carvalho;
147, Fleet-street; Mann, 39, Cornhill ; or direct (rein the author ,
price One Shilling each ; by post, Is. 6d.
ENJOYMENT OF LIFE.
"Health, Recreation, and rational Use of Time."
Colmwrs:—Early Rising—SpriEs and Summer Mornings-7x-
anrsions about the Environs of London—The Parks, Lanes, Hills
Irests, Fields, High-roads, and other pleasant places—Country
is and Rambles—The Sea—London at Night—Evening. at Home
„,'9lBlo—The Drama—On Eating, Drinking, Sleeping,Bathing, Air,
"`"", Ease, Occupation, &c.,
ritAci---
ANTS FROM THE MOUNTAINS. TWO Veil.

VolL
a VISIT TO THE LAWIr.S; SKETCH OF ZDINBURGH,

iTol. LI.
TIM LAKES OF KILLARNEY:
REMINIf3CF.ITCES OF

DUBLIN, Lira.
WHAT TO EAT, DRINK, AND AVOID.
"That three score years and ten our course may ran."
A popular review of almost every form (cause and cure) of net,
foamy-debilitated health and enfeebled constitution, that harasses
the yonug, besets the man of pleasure, business, er study, and em.
bitters old age, with tables and rules ibr thu diet and physical Toga
atlou of every-day llfe„

Iv.
THE PASSIONS.
,4 What passions hurt the body—what improva.
Truths as relined as Athenwever heard."
APSTECT : -Life's pilgrimage, from infancy to old age. The advent
of the passions• Chastity and its infringements. The casualties o.
ticentionsness and dissipation, with illustrations, graphic, narrative,
and reiaiediative. Advocacy of cavrly marriages..

THE MARRIAGE STATE.
" To be or not to be, that is the question."
Pitooparssez:—Laws and obligations of nature, society, and re-
dewn regarding marriage, to to observed by either sex. Time and
choice, on both sides, as to age, temperament, complexion, and
ftgure, to secure healthy offspring, with the art of rearing them.
Physical defectiveness and its removal. Sterility and its conversion.
Oast 6, Ise. (1827), L.S.A.
By B. 3. CIILVERWELL, 11. D. (1941), M.R.C.S.
ISS4). Twenty-five ytars Medical and 'forensic Referee in these
=Atom Bsesptioa baure
daily till
Eve.
Eventrrx, seven till ntas.
10 ArgyUrpliosi Regent-Wed,

Miles
NAME OF RAILWAY. Receipts.
opened,
1851. 1850. 1851.
BRITISH. -- --
72 Aberdeen ....•...... •••.. • • • • £1,028 £1,314
37% Belfast and Ballymena •• •• • • ........ 599 721
17 Belfast and County D0wn............- 297
33 Birkenhead, Lancashire, and Cheshire 1,023 1,530
27 Bolton, Blackburn, and West York •• • • 418 693
85% Bristol and Exeter • • .... • • ..• •• •• . • 3,852 4,661
160 Ca1ed0nian............. • . . 6,169 6,456
94% Chester and Holyhead. ••.. • • ........ 2,334 2,705
32 Dublin and Belfast Junction
53 Dublin and Drogheda ..... ••••• • • • • • 904 1,088
6 Dublin and Kingstown .... ••• • •• • • 1,234 954
16% Dundee and Arbroath •• • • ••• • -- 417
31 Dundee, Perth, and Aberdeen Junction 593 642
19 Dundalk and Ennlskillen.• .. •••• • • • • 127 177
67% East Anglian.... • • •............. • 724 588
79 East Lancashire •• • • ................ 2,970 3.932
322 Eastern Counties and Norfolk.. • • .... 14,856 14,001
95 Eastern Union •••••• • • • • .• .......... 2,001 1,982
116% Edinburgh and Glasgow .•• ••• • • .. 3,865 3,793
71 Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee • 2,465 2,240
18 Furness Railway •• • ••.. • • ........ ' 395 332
171% Glasgow, and South-Western • 3,180 3,714
22% Glasgow, Paisley, and Greeneck •• •• 966 1,002
236 Great Northern and E. L . 2,869 8,90 k
188 Great Southern and Western (Ireland) 4,524 5,299
262% Great Western • • ..... .......... 16,575 16,647
90 Lancaster and Carlisle.. •• • •
260 Lancashire and Yorkshire..• 12,331 16,222
39 Leeds and Thirsk ..........
12% Liverpool, Crosby, and Southport •• 139 583
518% London and North Western ..... 42,884 43,964
5% London and Blackwall.... .. •••• • • • • 829 1,021
1734 London, Brighton, and South Coast.. 8,312 10,972
239 London and South Western. •• • • •... 9,386 11,128
15 Londonderry and Enniskillen • • •• • • 163 211
ll % Manchester, Buxton, and Matlock, &c. 116 143
167% Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire 5,303 7,112
9% Manchester and South Junction ••• • • • 394 548
28 Maryport and Carlisle • • ...... ••• • • • 596 600
49614 Midland ••• • • •• • •
50 Midland Great Western (Irish) • • 1,232 2,010
60 Newcastle and Carlisle.. 2,040 2,304
146 North British •••.••• • • • • • • •
222 North Statiordshira 4,227 4,990
47 North-Western ••..••••• • • • • , • • • 584
45 Scottish Central • • • •• •
32 Scottish Midland • •• • • ••••• • • • ~ • • 444 521
47 Shrewsbury and Chester
30 Shropshire Union .. ••••••..• • .• • • • • 475 601
58 South Devon ••• • • ... .•• .• .• 1,825 2,237
261 Soutl Eastern •••• • • • •
75 South Wales .. ••..••••••• • • • • • • • .• - 918
69 South York., Doncaster, and Goole .. 1,021 1,185
40 Tad Vale ••••.••••••• • • • • . • • . •• 2,472 2,324
................................1,002
25 Waterford and Limerick • • ...... • - 366
13 West Cornwall ••• • • • ••••••• • • • • •• 204 321
12 Whitehaven Junction . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 173 200
293 York and Newcastle, and Berwick .• • 13,235 12,161
256 York and North Midland . •• .• .. 6,962 6,758
FOREIGN.
76% Amiens and ..............1,295 •• 1,295 1,580
498
63 Moutereau and Troyes •• 960 969
336 Northern of France •• • • .
143 Orleans to Bourges (Cent.) 2,919 3,653
72 Orleans to Bordeaux .... ••.. • •
82 Paris and Orleans .• .. • • 7,816 8,132
85 Paris and Rouen .•• • •
59% Rouen and Havre •• .• •• •• •• •• .. 2,462 2,622

The Weekly Dispatch, of Sunday next, May 4,
will contain ample particulars relating to the Opening of the
Great Exhibition in llyde Park, together with an interesting
original notice (which will be continued) of every object in
the building worthy of being described. The Dispatch is
not only the largest journal in Europe, but (we may add
for the information of advertisers) it enjoys a more exten-
sive circulation than any other newspaper. The proceedings
in both Houses of the Legislature are always copiously re-
ported when the debates possess exclusive public interest.
The notices of law and police reports are ably condensed,
and the original articles, written by the editor, " Publicola,"
" Caustic," " Censorius," and other contributors, have a
world-wide reputation for talent, skill, and tact. The Dis-
patch is printed and published every Saturday morning at
4 o'clock, in time for the early railway trains; and another
edition is printed at noon on the same day; and a third edi-
tion on Sunday morning at five o'clock. Orders received by
all newsvendors in town and country .and by Mr. R. J. Wood
139, Fleet-street.

[ADVERTISEMENT.]—A rgratuitous stamped] 20-
column supplement will be published with the Observer of
Sunday next, May 4, and Monday, May 5. Price of the
Observer and Supplement (together 60 columns) Sixpence.
The extensive publication of the Observer commences by
Mr. Clement, junior, at bo. 170, Strand, at five o'clock on
Sunday mornings, in time to be forwarded by all the Sun•
day morning railways and steamers.
[ADVERTISEMENT.]—" BELL'S LIFE! IN LONDON,"
MAY 4.—Chester Meeting, Incidents and Influences, the
Cricket Season, Meeting at Lord's, and matches fixed.
Hunting, Coursing, Aquatics, Salmon Fishing, and all
sporting varieties. Average sale of Bell's Life 30,000,
Price of Bell's Life, Sixpence. Bell's Life is published at
five o'clock on Saturday morning in time for all the morn-
ing mails and early railways.
[AvvEaTisEmbrirr.]—Offices of Bell's Life in
London, No. 170, Strand, April s.—ln the past sixty weeks
Bell's Life has used over 1,800,000 stamps, being an average
sale of more than 0 for each publication. The country
publication of Bell's Lye commences at four o'clock on Sa-
turday mornings, in time for all the Saturday morning mails
and early railways. Price of Bell's Life, 6d.
The foundation-stone of a new Corn Exchange was
laid in Liverpool on Thursday. The building will have
a front of 40 yards' length, and it will extend 50 yards in
depth.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.
FROM THE MORNING PAPERS OF TIM DAY.
TIMES.—We have to congratulate that important section
of the public, whose incomes are regarded as the basis of
modern financial operations, on a change in the tenure of
their principal burden. The House of Commons last night
resolved, by a division of 244 against 230, to substitute an
annual for a triennial income-tax. This point was not gained
without a stout resistance from the Treasury and its confede-
rate powers; a three yeats' lease of the income-tax being in
those quarters almost equivalent to a three years lease of
poser. The people at large, who have so often been told
that Parliaments ought to be annual, and that Governments
ought to be amenable to legislative control .as often and as
readily as possible, will acknowledge the justice of bringing
this tax under discussion year by year. The real question
last right lay not so muth between an annual and a trien-
nial tax, as between a temporary and a permanent tax.
Everybody knows that each fresh lease of three years
added to the length of the prescription, and made it
more and more ridiculous to think of getting rid of the
tax altogether or modifying its inequalities. At the end of
three years there could be no doubt that the national fi-
nances will be very much in their present state—namely, a
surplus with the income-tax, but a large deficiency without
it. In that case, the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the
day would only have to enumerate all the occasions on
which is had been necessary to re-impose the tax, includ-
ing in the list the precedent of 1851, and without more ado
he would drive another nail into the tax. Thus, the dis-
cussion of 1854 would only be a revival of that in :851,
with the chances still more in favour of the Minister. This
we have frequently maintained to be au improper and hardly
a constitutional footing for any large tax to stand upon.
Let it be either a temporary tax, or a permanent tax ; but
let there be no disguise—let it not be a permanent tax tri-
ennially foisted on the nation as a merely temporary visita-
tion. The House of COMMODS would seem at last to have
given due weight to these obvious considerations, and it
has now demanded that de tax shall have the benefit
of an annual scrutiny. We are not disposed to canvass the
variety of considerations, oreven the apparent discrepancy of
argument, on which 244 Memberawtfhheld the tax for three
years, and granted it enly for one. So desultory is the elo-
quence of some speakers, and so apt are the thoughts of the
heart/a-overflow he season aind oat of season, that jangnage
is often every uncertain index of the really actuating motives.
. We have no doubt that in some points all the Members of the
majority last night were thoroughly agreed. They felt the
absurdity, not to say the immorality, of the Chancellor of
the Exchequer coming before the nation every three years,
and asking his income-tax for another three years, with the
solemn asseveration that he meant it only for that period.
A tax which thus carries about it the constant con-
fession of unfairness, and which can only be kept
up by a succession of manosuvres, cannot be a very
unexceptionable one. As, too, we have previously
observed, it is impossible to say how we, how
the country may stand in April, 1854, and we know not
into what hands we are helping to transmit this formidable
and elastic instrument of finance. Notwithstanding, then,
that Mr. Hume and Mr. Alderman Thompson, Mr. Roebuck
and Mr. Disraeli, were found voting on one side, but enforc-
ing that vote by arguments more characteristic than uniform,
we see in their agreement little else than a proof how widely
the tax is disagreeable, and how many objections there are
to its present footing and form. As this very important
change in the tenure of the tax is made with a view to in-
quiry, we presume that a Committee will be appointed forth-
with. Undoubtedly the subject of taxation requires all the
light that can be thrown into it, for there is none upon which
so wide a variety of opinion prevails. As Mr. Hume very
truly observed, there are the greatest misconceptions and mis-
calculations as to the relative bearing of our taxation upon
different classes. The only inquiry we have had of late
years on this interesting subject was that of the Select Com-
mittee in the Lords upon the burdens on land, in which, it is
well known, two different reports were drawn up, one of
which was adopted by the Committee by a bare majority.
By all means let us know who pay the taxes, even if it turn
out that the payers of direct taxes are not the most heavily
taxed portion of the community. The subject is just now of
critical importance. Taxation and representation are always
associated, and if one is to be revised the other should also.
If we are about to tax one part of the community, and give
the Parliamentary representation to the other part, we might
just as well assemble a hundred thousand men in the pre-
cincts of the Bank of England, and give them the key to its
vaults. Let us ask a few questions before we resign our
strong boxes wholly to the mercy of the multitudinous and
needy. Inquiry is all that is asked for, and it is reasonable
surely that it should be cordially granted.
HERALD.—At an early hour this morning the House
of Commons divided on the motion of Mr. Hume, that the
income-tax should be continued for 'one year instead of
three; and in a full house Ministers were defeated by a
majority of 14. Our first duty is to congratulate the
country upon this—that, as a permanent instrument of re-
venue, the odious and inquisitorial income-tax is smashed.
Reluctantly conceding it to the necessities induced by the
bungling of Sir Charles Wood, for this year, the House
has distincsly proclaimed that; in their opinion, no matter
who are the Ministers who will have the preparation of
the next year's financial arrangements, they cannot cal-
culate ou this source of revenue as an element in
their Budget. After this signal defeat, is it possible for the
Ministry to retain the offices which they have long held
without power, and can now only retain with disgrace?
Lord John Russell's postponement of the Ecclesiastical
Titles Bill would seem to imply that be does not intend to
meet the House of Commons again as a Minister. With
what feeling of honour—with what advantage to the public
service can the Ministers now hold the seals of their offices,
except until their successors are appointed? On Monday
evening, no doubt, Lord John Russell will state to the House
the course which he intends to:pursue. If he has the spirit
of a man it is impossible for him to make any other an-
nouncement than that which the country will receive with
exultation—the announcement -that he and his colleagues
have placed their resignation id' the hands of the Sovereign,
whom they can no longer serve without betraying the con-
stitutional principles that guide the Ministerial arrangements
of this country.
CHRONICLE. —A majority of 14 against Ministers, in a
full House, on such a question as the income-tax, is a start-
ling occurrence. In the anticipation of such a possibility we
have made all minor considerations subordinate to the great
object of securing the maintenance of a grand principle in
duminptherwfehreienhcewhilalsodeettfeaaintelyd
nooutr,
ppoultipcoys.e, Annlrd.
hHousmseeo'
finance, which was itself the guarantee for a true commercial
au
41(11•
timed
nit
rei
in the first instance, accrue to the cause which he desires to
support. With only one year's tenure of the income-tax,
we doubt, with Mr. Sidney Herbert, whether the Govern-
ment will venture to proceed with the reductions already an-
nounced in the Budget. If the Ministers retain their places,
they will have a difficulty in devising stay financial measures
to meet the emergency. Yet their retirement fro n office
would risk the dangerous experiment of a Stanley Govern-
ment, with a general election immediately resulting, and with
consequences beyond, which we should be unwilling to fore-
bode; while, were they to retain their post, the great battle
of free trade might possibly be fought with greater
advantage in another year. Unfortunately the debate
was unsatisfactory, from the indefinite nature of
the issue to be decided, and from the strong admixture
of cross purposes in the conflict. Its the early part of the
evening individual Members indulged in the most uncon-
nected monologues, each on the partiaular grievance which
excited his own individual dissatisfaction. Mr. Freshfield
argued at some length in favour of a partial relief to an-
nuitants; and Mr. Williams declaimed, with more reason
than opportuneness, against the exemption of Ireland from
the burden. When at last the straggling Committee found
a definite object to pursue, Mr. Hume, unfortunately, as-
sumed the direction of its course with, most infelicitous inge-
nuity. In proposing the limitation of the new income-tax
to a single year, he explained, with unmistakeable sincerity
his own object in desiring to renew the discussion twelve
months hence. He declared hinsself, a friend to direct taxa-
tion, and he had even the courage to avow the honest doc-
trine that smaller properties have no stronger claims to ex-
emption than those which produce an income of more than
150/. a year. His wish was to give the House an opportu-
nity
of revising the various inequalities of the tax. We
can at present see no facility which
should enable
Parliament to assess the tax more justly in 1852
than in 1851. No inquiries are necessary
a istics are
y no t s• • I
wanted. The question is one of absttact political economy,
and it has long been eluded by politicians. The views which
Mr. Hume supports at present will meet with the same ad-
herence and the same resistance hereafter. However this
may be, the Member for Montrose has been in the House
long enough to know that divisions by no means imply the
agreement of the supporters of a motion with, the reasons
urged by the proposer. It was sufficiently evident that the
Protectionists would welcome an amendment which no way
pledged them to take the opportunity hereafter of assisting
Mr. Hume in the re-adjustment of the tax. It is difficult to
say who may be in, power a year hence, or what may then
be the easiest means of getting a majority. But it is quite
certain that the loss of the income-tax would leave a deficit
in the Exchequer, and we have often been warned that a re-
newed Fluty on corn will be proposed as the remedy for the
financial difficulty. If any doubt could have existed as to
the tendency of Mr. Humes motion, it must have been re-
moved by the rapid succession of Protectionist speakers who
rose to welcome their new and unwilling ally. AldermanThomp.
son, Mr. Buck, and LordGranby vied with each other in their
expressions of animosity against the income-tax, although the
amendment was intended to make it permanent by afford-
ing an opportunity of rendering it more equitable. Mr.
Mowatt and Mr. Macgregor were not deterred by the sus-
picious • adherence of their opponents from joining Mr. Hume
in his single-minded crusade against the questionable sche-
dules. Mr. Cobden, with greater sagacity, refused to enter
the patent trap, and rebuked the veteran leader of the
economists with sufficient severity for the strategical blunder
which he had committed. It was impossible, as he truly said,
to vote upon the question which Mr. Hume really intended
• If he had embodied his objections to the
to raise. pre-
senta definite
income-tax in ,proposition, they would
have
been defeated by a majority which would
included all the most
certainly have eager Pro-
tectionist supporters of the actual amendment. The effect
of the success of Mr. Humes motion will be, as Mr. Cob-1
den observed, to put a stop to the remission of imposts
on consumption snitch which are itch more unjust than the
income-tax.
The present Budget, as Mr. Sidney llerbert
'
remarked, has almost entirely failed in carrying out the
policy which renders the income-tax expedient; but, as he
at the same time suggested, the refusal of the tax will
make the further attempt to deal with elastic duties
altogether impossible. Even the " sitting Member" for the
borough of•
St. Albans understood the interests of the Go-
vernment sufficiently well to express his intention of voting
against Mr. Hume, with whose amendment it appeared
that he, in every respect, cordially agreed. It is remarkable
that none of the economists who professed to be scandalized
at the injustice of the actual tax referred to the broad
distinction between a perpetual impost and one levied for a
limited period. The appeal on behalf of annuitants
was answered by the just objection that life es-
tates in land would be equally entitled to any benefit
conferred on the owners of limited interests. It did not ap-
pear to occur to either party that both classes of income
must be rated at their full amount to -a permanent property-
tax, unless the most gratuitous injustice is to be deliberately
perpetrated. In such a case a deduction on account of in-
surance would be neither more nor less than just an allow-
ance in consideration of the expense of keeping a carriage.
The speakers on the other side of the House might be ex-
cused if they were more openly regardless of the principles of
financial justice. The Marquis of Granby boldly took the bull
by the horns in his adoption of the dogma that the worst
tax on consumption is better than the best of income-taxes.
Having become reconciled to such a proposition, no poll-

titian need trouble himself to avoid any injustice or ano-
maly. There can be no doubt that a duty on corn is a
tax on consumption, and therefore, on this theory,
preferable to a tax upon incomes. Mr. Herbert's anec-
dote showed happily how little the farmer would be
likely to benefit .by a five shilling duty - but on
Lord Granby's principle there can be no reason whatever for
limiting the duty to five shillings or to ten. It may be con-
ceded, we hope, to Free-traders that their financial proposals
at least tend to their professed purpose of providing a re-
venue. On the other side, another and a stronger motion
was scarcely concealed throughout the discussion. Mr. Buck
forgot the income-tax altogether while he complained of
the losses sustained by the farmer from the withdrawal of
Protection. If a corn duty failed to replace the income-tax,
it would not be less effectual in restoring the rental. Another
opportunity may occur for noticing the speeches of the Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer, of Mr. Disraeli, and of Lord John
Russell. The debate naturally cleared itself as it proceeded,
and left the positions of different parties in the House more
plainly defined. The consequences of the division are, how-
ever, at present, a more serious subject of consideration than
any discussion in or out of Parliament.

FROM THE MORNING PAPERS OF. FRIDAY.
ADVERTISER.—The great event to which, for some time
past, all Europe has been looking forward with an intensity
of interest which has never been surpassed, has at last come
off. The Exhibition has been formally opened. Her Ma-
jesty yesterday inaugurated the World's Fair. The Crystal
Palace is now accessible, not only to her Majesty's subjects,
but to the nations of the earth. The Exhibition contem-
plates the well-being of the brotherhood of man, and all are
now welcome to enter the portals which conduct to its
amazing assemblage of marvels. Yesterday must have been
regarded by her Majesty as the proudest day of her reign.
She mast have felt gratified on such an occasion, had the
idea originated with any one of her subjects. It was a noble
notion. It was one of the most magnificent conceptions
which ever entered the human mind; and therefore our
gracious Sovereign would have felt no small satisfaction,
had it been developed by any of her people. But when
it is remembered, that the project originated with him who
sustains to her the closest of earthly relations—he who is
the possessor of her heart's affections, if not the sharer
of her throne,—it may easily be imagined that she regards
the World's Exhibition with an interest which cannot be de-
scribed. And when to-ttre conception of the idea, there is
added the way in which it has been carried out—the brilliant
success which has attended the project, it would, indeed, be
passing strange if the bosom of her Majesty had not yester-
day throbbed with emotions of joy, as she presided at the
inauguration of the most illustrious occurrence which has
taken place in that portion of her reign which has already
passed. Nor could the reception which the Queen met with
yesterday, wherever she directed her steps, have failed to in-
crease the gratification which, under any circumstances, she
must have felt at the inauguration of the Universal Bazaar.
Her reception was more than cordial; it was enthusiastic.
She could not have wished a warmer greeting from her sub-
jects. It would hardly, indeed, have been possible for them,
without exceeding the bounds of decorum, to have manifested
a more ardent loyalty for their Sovereign, than that to which
they yesterday gave utterance. Those who had the good for-
tune to be within the walls, if walls they may be called, of the
palace of glass, will not soon, if ever, forget what they saw
and heard, on the entrance of the Queen, and afterwards, as
she walked, with all the gracefulness of her sex, and the
dignity becoming her position as the most exalted personage
in,:the land, along the leading passages in the area of the
building. The scene was one which cannot be described. It
was one which the most imaginative mind could not have
previously conceived. The dazzling and delightful aspect of
the place not only realising, but far exceeding the most fas-
cinating descriptions with which the " Arabian Nights' En-
tertainments " abound— the enormous concourse of persona
stretching out, farther than the eye could conveniently
reach, in long lines, both in the area and in either gal-
lery - all the aristocracy, attired in their courtly dresses, and
the entire assemblage arrayed in their holiday apparel, while
every countenance was radiant with delight at the scene,
and beamed with a joyous loyalty to the Sovereign, who
graced the inauguration of the great occasion with her pre-
sence—the waving of thousands of handkerchiefs—the deaf-
ening plaudits which resounded through the vast place—the
performance of the National Anthem by one of the largest
and most effective orchestras ever known on an occa-
sion of state the flourishing of trumpets, mingled
with the slow and solemn tones of the organ
all these concurred to make the occasion incomparably the
greatest and most imposing which the world ever witnessed,
and which, we feel it is not too much to say, will never be
witnessed again by any of those who took part in it. But
if, turning from the mere pageantry of the thing, we contem-
plate the occurrence of yesterday in its moral and social
bearings, we shall, as a people, still find greater cause to re-
joice in the scenes and circumstances which we witnessed.
There were present the representatives of all nations. The
Sovereign did not. like the Emperors and heroes of ancient
Rome, enter the Crystal Palace to celebrate some great vic-
tory, accompanied with the effusion of oceans of human blood,
over some other monarch with whom she was at war. The
rejoicings; of yesterday were not like those in the time of the
French war, got up to celebrate the achievements of a victory
over the power with whom we were engaged in hostilities.
Yesterday's scenes were purely peaceful. The triumph which
we celebrated was a bloodless triumph. The grand occasion was
the fruit of the prevalence of peace among the nations of Eu-
rope. It was the result of those feelings of goodwill
and amity, among the nations, which now happily prevail
so largely, and which are destined, ere long, to acquire an
universal ascendancy. The events of yesterday were the
effects of the progress of the cause of universal brotherhood
—a cause which is still advancing with a rapidity which it is
as amazing as it is delightful to contemplate, and which,
from all human appearances, is destined to progress at a still
greater pace, until the whole family of man are united toge-
ther in the bonds of a holy and happy brotherhood. The
events of yesterday will very materially help to accelerate
the advent of this moral and social millennium. The inter-
course which will take place during the next few months,
among people of all countries and climes, will soften down
national animos.ties, remove national prejudices, and create
an international friendship, from which the happiest results
to humanity will be sure to follow. The inauguration of the
World's Exhibition, therefore, was an event on the occur-
rence of which the universal family of man may indulge
in mutual congratulations. It was a scene in the con-
templation of which, not only all the truly good on
earth will rejoice, but one on which we may well
suppose, without indulging in any great stretch of the ima-
gination, the inhabitants of a brighter and better w.lrld
above, looked down with emotions of inexpressible delight.
And that the Illustrious Personage Wider whose auspices the
inauguration of this great gathering of the nations yesterday,
took place, may live to witness those happy results from it
to which we have adverted, must be the earnest wish of every
person within her Majesty's dominions. Myriads, in the
presence of their Sovereign, yesterday secretly breathed a
fervent aspiration that she may enjoy a long and prosperous
reign. And millions on millions of her subjects, in all parts
of the empire, will cordially respond to the wish. Never
did Monarch occupy a better place in the affections of a peo-
ple than does the Sovereign who sways the sceptre in these
realms in the hearts of her subjects. The demonstrations of
loyalty, so decided, so unmistakeable, so universal, which
were yesterday made, not only in the Crystal Palace, but as
her Majesty went to and returned from the building, must
have made an impression on the minds of foreigners which
no lapse of time will be able to obliterate.
DAILY NEWS. - The first of May, 1851, was as genial
and bright as if there bad been no holiday to be spoiled by
its being otherwise. Accordingly, all London was astir be-
times. From Charing-cross to Kensington, and from Hol-
born to Whitehall, every thoroughfare was by ten o'clock
thronged with undulating currents of gay passengers; the
other parts of the metropolis presented, to those whom acci-
dent compelled to visit them, much the same aspect as they
do on some fine summer Sunday, when all the churchgoers
are in church, and all the rest ( with the exception of a few
domestics engaged in cooking the dinners of zealous pro-
moters of Bills for shutting up Sunday cook-shops) out of
town. It is no exaggeration to say that the spectacle
within the Crystal Palace far exceeded, in impressive beauty,
what the most sanguine could have anticipated. To the
surprise of those who had seen the interior of the build-
ing only a few days before, the arrangement of the costly
and valuable articles exhibited was complete; a minute
inspection might have shown defects, but the gene-
ral effect was perfect and satisfactory. The beholder
felt himself in a lightsome, airy, spacious world, under an in-
visible cover, protecting him from all inclement airs. The
brilliant and contrasting colours of the holiday dresses of the
thronging visitants—the silvery living play of the fountain
in the sun—the gorgeous magnificence of the gay eastern
wares and arms —the breathing poetry of the statuary—the
fresh rustling of the leaves of the trees—all were sources of
intensely pleasurable feelings in themselves, and attuned the
mind to the impressions it was subsequently to receive. This
state of preparation was carried to a higher pitch by the
music. The " God save the Queen" accorded with the sen-
timents of the auditors, and the grand chorus of the " Halle-
lujah" swelled out in harmony like the noise of many waters
beard in some apocalyptic vision, II ak in g the hearts of the
hearers vibrate like the glass of the edifice that in-
closed them. Anything trivial, common-place, or un-
sympathising, in the human performers, who were to
breathe a living soul into this aggregate of ele-
mentary charms, would have spoiled all. But the task
had devolved upon performers worthy of the occasion.
The reverend grace of the Archbishop of Canterbury im-
parted a charm to the brief and unostentatious act of devo-
tion which hallowed the whole. Her Majesty entered into
her part with a heartiness and vivacity that carried the wil-
ling sympathies of all around her. Every one of her attend-
ants caught the genial contagion, and in not the least degree
the veteran hero of Assaye, the Peninsula and Waterloo, the
statesman who gave us Catholic Emancipation, and whose
resolute zeal brought the House of Lords to their senses
when they let fall the corn-law from their reluctant grasp.
The Duke of Wellington contemplated the scene with as
much of pleased vivacious interest as if it had been his
twentieth instead of his eighty-second birthday. Viewing
the spectacle as no more than a gay and glittering ovation of
industrial triumph, it was a scene such as earth has never
before witnessed. There never was before an industrial expo-
sition to which so many remote and varied lands and com-
bwya stbone i nmwehniscehThere never before
munities had sent their contributions.
and industry to which it bore testimony, was accumulated.
aze of the spectators
There never was one spread out to the g
vmeenrtei
ve,pmateriale
rs evsevrei
na wealth, hi
n,
telfi enhancedgence
in a structure every way so worthy of it. It was worthy of
our Queen, and without even the suspicion of flattery, we
may add, our Queen was worthy of it. Our retrospect would
s amounto much
of oi
nf
leave more than half the tale untold, did it leave unnoticed
the motley groups who crowded the park while this imposing
ceremonial was being performed within the Crystal Palace.
Homely many of them might be, but all seemed happy.
Doubtless there is a great accumulation of foreigners
in London just now, but they were lost in the ocean
of London population, swelled as it is by the influx
of provincial visitors disgorged during the last few
days from all the railways. The aspect of the crowd was
entirely, exclusively English. And a more good-natured
populace than that of England, and of London in particular,
does not exist. If any of these " raw-head and bloody-bone"
emeutiers who have been haunting the waking and sleeping
dreams raeereai
kemss s
wereo
Tf Tory
eopyr
ryemsaeunnsdtt
yesterdayhaProtectionistefel t
tihn a old
y t
they
ewe .
y opmwa
reekthey wen for the
among
m lastua str
a haveufel
twi
crushedt
e
felttuidt
hino tu instinctively
crowdr
sa voattghlevarhtyi tha
nwnadost nlov
hon
eo placehw had
dr
were
the
et
strong
remotest
ataenns
ddt
sympathy
yhmei
pr
numerousavtha y
w-
simple pressure, had
finger in the way of
doing mischief. The Prince of Prussia, who was a guest
at this feast, may take home with him a lesson from the
mute of yesterday, as well as Any Rod Republican or piNia"
enough
they a attempted mhpatveed
o
by