The Sun.
London, England, 1856-05-22 00:00:00

3N ij n.6ln) = FIXEi, J.ENTA.I,' .

THE RUGELEY POISONINGS.

various intervals. As the poison passed off they be-
came less frequent. At first two or three seconds only
elapsed. These symptoms were not combated with
medical treatment. The other case was precisely siini-
lar ; one-sixth of a grain had been taken. I prescribed
one-twelfth of a grain in each case, but one-sixth
was taken. I have experimented upon upwards
of sixty animals. They were dogs, cats, rats, mice,
guinea pigs, rabbits, frogs, and toads. The general
appearance has been a great resemblance in all
the cases ; some bore a lesser dose than others. Gene-
rally speaking, about two minutes to twenty, but more
frequently five or six minutes, elapsed from the injection
of the poison to the effects becoming apparent. The
poison was in some cases given in a solution ; in other
instances in a solid state. I have placed it dry on the
hack part of the tongue. When administered in a fluid
state it has been poured down the animal's throat, and
in other cases it has been mixed with butter, suet, and
meat ; in some cases I have rolled it in a pertion of
the gut of an animal. In frogs and toads they
have been placed in a solution of the poison,
and I have also applied it direct to the spinal cord and
the brain. The first symptoms were a desire to be still,
hurried breathing, and then snapping at the mouth,
when the poison had been given at the mouth. Twitch-
ing of the ears, a trembling of the muscles, inability to
walk, and convulsions of all the muscles of the body
followed. The jaws were generally closed during the
convulsions. Convulsion was followed by a total want
of power in the muscles, which, on the least touch, were
thrown into violent spasms, with a galvanic-like
shock running through the frame. Spasms came on
if the animals were touched, or attempted to move.
Occasionally the animal is able to move, and the spasms
come on at various periods. The animal dies at different
times; about three hours and a half is the longest period
I have known to occur before death took place. In
cases where the animals live for a length of time spasms
occur at frequent intervals. In every case before death
the rigidity ceases, without a single exception. The
muscles are quite soft and flaccid, and the limbs may be
put in any position whatever. The death stiffness comes
on at various periods. There is very little difference in
the stiffness produced by strychnia, compared with other
poisons. The symptoms which I refer to occurred in the
crier I have mentioned before the convulsions came on.
I have known an interval of half-au-hour between the
paroxysms in the animal. I have found the heart in-
variably full on the right side, and very generally the
left ventricle firmly contracted, and the blood usually
dark and fluid. There is no particular appearance
attached to the spine. I have experienced largely with
poison producing sudden death on animals, and I have
written on the subject. In the case of sudden death of
an animal by poison the blood is often fluid after death,
but not generally, and it happens also in sudden
death frsim other causes. The symptoms of
Mr. Cook on Sunday night, I attribute to great
excitement, and taking the symptoms as described. on
Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday, they do not resemble
the symptoms I have seen produced by strychnine
poison. He bad more poWer or voluntary motion—
such as sitting up in bed, moving his hands about
freely, swallowing, tanking, and asking to be rubbed
and moved, and also the sudden occasion of the con-
vulsions, and the greater length of time which occurreo
from the taking the pills supposed to contain strych-
nine before the symptoms occurred, were greater
than any I have known from my experience. I have
never seen an animal vomit after taking strych: ine
nor scream voluntarily. Where there was so much
spasm there would be inability to vomit. Emetics in
such cases have been given without effect. The post
mortem examination of Cook differed materially from
those I have made of deaths resulting from strychnine—.
the heart, it was stated, was empty and uncontracted.
Lord Campbell—l understand the evidence was
"empty and contracted."

aAIL c I larln

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yesterday.

,ttstaest
this day.

TRIAL OF WILLIAM PALMER.

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CENTRAL CRINIINA.L COURT (THIS DAY).

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41

EIGHTH DAY.

Despite the state of the weather the Court this morn-
ing was quite full long before the proceedings began.
The Duke of Cambridge was present, and even outside
there was a great many persons standing about in every
available place of shelter to witness the different arrivals,
whilst the houses of public resort in the neighbourhood
of the court were full of persons most anxious to glean
tidings of how the case was going on.
The prisoner, excepting that he looked more fatigued,
maintained the same composed appearance that he has
all along exhibited. The proceedings commenced with
the examination of the witnesses for the defence.

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Previously to the first witness being caned,

Lord Campbell said—l hope that, until the conclusion
of this trial the public journals will continue to abstain
from any comments upon any points in the cass. The
propriety of such abstaining is too obvious to require
from me any remarks. His lordship also further added
—Myself, and 1 rothers upon the bench, wish it to bo
understood that our remarks apply to the insertion of
letters as well as editorial remarks.
Mr. Grove then called Dr. Thomas Nunnely, who
said—l am a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons,
and Professor of Surgery to the Leeds School of Medi-
cine, and several other learned societies. I have a large
practice, and have made both classes of tetanus my
study.

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PII.,EFERENCB SHARES.

Mr. Grove—How many cases of idiopathic tetanus
have you seen ? —I have seen four.
Mr. Grove—Did they all terminate in lock jaw ?—No,
only one out of the number, and they did not prevent
the person swallowing during the whole course of the ill-
ness. I have been present during the trial, and heard
the symptoms described, and also read the depositions.
Mr. Grove—From both of those sources what opinion
do you draw 83 to the cause of the death of Cook ?
From some convulsive disease.

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Mr. Grove—Upon what do you found that opinion ?
From the different symptoms described before the
Court, and the depositions.
Lord Campbell interposed, and said it would be better
the witness ehuuld give his opinion on the viva voce evi-
dence and the depositions separately.
After some objection to the witness giving his opinion
upon that which was not before the Court, he said, in
answer to Lord Campbcll, that his opinion was that the
death was the result of convulsive disease.
By S,,rgeant Shee—From what you have heard de-
ecribed of the symptoms of Cook's health previously
to the final attack at Rngeloy, and the fits and
paroxysms, and the particulars of the post mortem ex-
amination, what is your opinion ?
The Banc"' objected to the question being put in so
general a form.

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Witness—Fr om what I have heard I should assume
him to be a man of delicate constitution. That for a
long period he felt himself to be ailing, and for which
he had been under medical treatment. That he had
suffered from syphilis. That his lungs were diseased,
and had an old standing disease of the throat. That he
had led an irregular life, and was subject to mental ex-
citement. The examination of the body showed the
syphilitic tain t and diseased condition of the body. The
lungs were not healthy, being in a state of emphysu-
matous or distensio❑ from wind. The scars were from
syphilitic ulcers. There was a very unusual appear.
ance of the membranes and spinal marrow. The lining
of the aorta was in an unusual state.

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•••

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Sergeant Shee—You have heard the accounts given
of the attacks which he had during the night, and when
he said that he was mad for three minutes, what is the
inference you draw from those attacks and their perio-
dicity ?—That they were of a convulsive character.
Sergeant Shee—Are not convulsions very various in
degree and form ?—As various as possible.
Sergeant Shee—ls it not impossible to place some
convulsions amongst the classes described ?—lt is.
Sergeant Shee—Are there not forms of convulsions
in which patients retain their consciousness?—There are.
Sergeant Shee—Name
Sergeant Shee—ls there not also forms of epilepsy ?
—So it is stated.

••• -- ...

Baron Alderson—l have it down the heart was
empty and contracted.
Examination continued—The state of the lungs and
brain appeared to he different from not being congested.
The subsidence of the paroxysms in my experience have
been gradual. I have experimental on bodies of various
animals at various periods after death, and when decom-
position has set in, up to the 433 day, to discover strych-
nia. I have never failed to discover it where I have
known the animal has died from it. I have experimented
in 15 cases at least. If the person had died in the first
paroxysm after the administration of strychnia, and the
stomach to have been taken out the sixth day after death
and analysed, in my opinion strychnine must have been
found had the proper tests been applied. The witness
then stated the process of separating the parts by
evaporation, when strychnine would be found crys-
tallised, and in a state for applying the tests. If it
be the common commercial strychnine, such as is gener-
ally kept by surge2ns and chemists, nitric acid would
be one test. It would produce a red colour, which in
a great measure disappears on the addition of proto•
chloride of tin. If the strychnine be pure, it does not
undergo any change on the addition of sulphuric acid,
but on the addition of a mixture of bi-chromate of
potash and several others a beautiful purple colour is
produced, which changes to various shades till
it got to a dirty red colour. There are seve-
ral other tests that will produce strychnine. In
my judgment the contents of Cook's stomach was in
a favourable condition to produce strychnia by analysis,
if it had been there—it would have given a little extra
trouble, but it would not have affected the result, and the
same applied to the liver, kidneys, and spleen subse-
quently sent up for examination and analysis. In the
various experiments I have made on animals, I have
seen a corresponding amount of strychnia found in the
bodies by the analysers, and I bare seen them detect it
in the blood. I have seen it done by Mr. Herapath, of
Bristol. It is not my opinion that the analysis might be
defeated or confused by the existence in the stomach of
auy other substance that would produce the same colour
as strychnia ; the existence of salacine, for instance,
would not affect the finding of strychnia. Supposing
death to have been caused by a dose of strychnia only
sufficient to cause death, it would not be absorbed in
the system so as not to be found on a post mortem ex-
amination. That has been a great question. These
alkalies are not changed in digestion, and may be found
in the blood. No amount of putrefaction of an ordinary
time would destroy its detection, but I do not say that
it is indestruc tibia. I have found it after 42 days.

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By Lord Campbell—l have not met with a case.
Sergeant Shee—Would not the patient be liable to
irritability ?—Yes ; and in such a state of system other
than physical causes, such as moral ones, would cause
irritability, such as any excitement or depression.
The disorganised state of the bowels, and vomiting for
some days previously, would affect the; nervcus system
of a subject like the deceased more thin a healthy per-
son ; so also would the cold and wet more easily such a
person, and eith such a constitution convulsions would
be more likely to supersede. Convulsive attacks are
sometimes followed with spasms and rigidity of some
parts of the body, assuming sometimes the appearance
of tetanic affection, such as the convulsive diseases of
infancy, which are not exactly tetanus. I agree with Dr.
Copeland's work rend yesterday. Worms in children will
produce convulsions, in adults disease of the brain and
spinal cord. Hysteria, some from chleroform, and eat-
ing indigestible food, but I do not know of convulsions
from retching.
Sergeant Shee—Do you agree with Dr. Copeland as
to the convulsions sometimes ending in death ? Yes.
Sergeant Shee—What is the iintnadiate proximate
cause of death in such cases ?—Asphyxia.
Sergeant Shoe—Do you agree with Dr. Copeland as
to the recurrence of the symotoms ?

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After some objection being taken as to the witness
founding his opinion upon Dr. Copeland's work, the At-
torney-General objecting, the witness said, of his own
knowledge, he did.

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The witness, in answer to further questions, said I
have known convulsive symptoms to occur at varieue
intervals—sometimes hours, sometimes days. I have
known patients suffer in two minutes, in other cases two
hours. They were dependent upon some slight disease
of the brain or spinal cord. When death takes place
under such symptoms, in some eases no trace has been
found of disease on a post mortern examination. I have
formed no opinion en the finding of the granules;
they might produce effect on the spinal cord.
There are specimens in museums where granules
are found near the spinal cord. I have seen these
cases in St. Thomas's Hospital. In order to discover
such granules I should think it would be immediately
necessary atter death to open the body to discover them
to ascertain their effect on the spinal cord, more espe-
cially if the brain had been previously opened. Inde-
pendent of those granules it would be possible, after
some time had elapsed, to discover the condition of the
spinal cord. In order to discover the minutest structure
of the nervous system a lens would bo necessary, and
that would be required supposing an examinatioa took
place immediately after death. In the course of my ex-
perience I have had cases of traumatic tetanus, and
I agree in the opinion that it commonly commences
in the jaw. I have had four cases of idiopathic tetanus
in the course of my experience. One occurred in my
own child. Three of these cases commenced with lock
jaw. I have had experience by personal practice.
The fourth case commenced in the body ; after
swallowing easily the spasms came on. I have
made a post mortem examination of two persons who
have died through strychnine within the last two years.
I bad not seen either of the patients before death, and
it was in both cases by cheinical analysis that I ascer-
tained that death had been occasioned by strychnine.
I found the strychnine. In the first case the post
mortem examination took place 42 hours after death,
and in the other 30 hours. The body had not been
touched when the post mortem examination com-
menced. The appearances of the body after death
were—general surface not unnatural, no marks
of external violence. The eyelids were partially opened
and the expression of the face distressed. The muscles
of the body were flaccid and could easily be moved, the
feet were somewhat arched. The heart had been drained
out by the head hanging over the table. In the second
case the patient was about 20 years of ago, the muscles
were quite flaccid, and the weather was not hot, so the
appearance could not have been produced by atmosphe-
ric influence. The legs and arms were somewhat stif-
fened. The heart was perfectly flaccid, and on
the right side contained blood; there was also some
fluid on the left side. The witness, having further
described the appearances of the body, said
the notes I have just read are not the original notes I
made on the occasion of the post mortem examination.
I have also seen cases where an over-dose of strychni

By the Attorney-General—He experimented with
Morley and some few alone, and the symptoms were
generally alike. The experiments made conjointly were
with Mr. Morley, and with reference to the Leeds case,
and some with reference to this one. I cannot say who
first corresponded about this case. I submitted the one
which I have read. The dose which I have given has
generally been half a grain to two grains. In a dog or
cat half a grain will kill. Some animals are more sus-
ceptible than others. Symptoms have been delayed as
long as an hour. I have known the dose to have to be
repeated. I have known cats killed by half a grain ;
but they were young ones, not old ones. Half a
grain in a solid state would be the minimum dose.
In a solid state I have found a difference in the
attack of the spasms. In some instances animals die
with less convulsion ; and in ono or two instances there
has been death after one spasm. That has arisen when
the same dose has been given. The limbs are generally
first affected. In the case of the lady at Leeds, the feet
were not more curved than was due to the ordinary ri-
gidity of death. That was stated at the time. 'There
was a distinction between the different parts of the
body. I disagree in the opinion of Dr. Morley in what
be stated as to the rigidity after death. I believe, from
the heart being empty, coupled with the other facts, that
Cook's death was not from strychnine. The fact of
the heart being empty would depend upon the way the
post mortem examination was made. If begun at the
bead the blood being fluid would by ordinary causes re-
cede from the heart. In Cook's case the post mortem
examination the chest was opened first. I cannot account
for the emptiness of the heart. I ascribe Cook's death to
convulsions. Excitement may induce such a condition
of the brain and system that convulsions may come on at
a future period enough to cause death. He did not die of
apoplexy. I do not think that morphia caused his
death, but it might have accelerated it. Morphia would
not be a proper drug to ainainister to a person suffering
from the irritability that Cook was. From what I heard
of the attack Cook said he had in the night, I believe be
was suffering from deliriu n. Any convulsion may be
considered tetanic, if you mean by that term an out-
stretching of the limbs. When convulsions terminate
in death consciousness is absent. Ido not think, from
( the symptoms describing," Cook's death, that the
paroxysm was one of tetanus.
Dr. Jones's evidence was then road.
Witness—l do not think it was disease at all.
Attorney-General—Neither do I.
Witness—l never know a case of tetanus where
rigidity was continued after death. Tetanic paroxy-ms
are distinguishable from other convulsions at the time
of death. I know no case where in convulsions con-
scioneness was retained to the last. Convulsions from
strychnine are called tetanic, and very properly so. In
cases of strychnine the spasms are more violent than in
ordinary tetanus. I have not said, nor do I infer, that
this was in any sense a case of tetanus.
I [The witness was under examination when we went to
press.]

has been taken, but they have not terminated fatally.
The quantity taken, in one case, was I-6th of a grain.
In a very few minutes the symptoms appeared. The
Poison had been taken in a fluid state. The symptoms
were a want of power in controlling the actions of the
muscles. The patient was up walking about when first
attacked. The sy nspto ms manifested themselves by t witch •
ings, rigidity, and sudden cramp—more violent in the
legs than any other part of the body. The nature of the
twitchings and spasms were not very violent at first, hut it
was six hours before the symptoms entirely disappeared.
During thosix hours the attacks were intermittent at

THE SUN, .LONDON, THURSDA.Y. EVENING: MAY 22, 1856.