The Sun.
London, England, 1851-01-08 00:00:00

HIGH WATER Al LONDON BRIDGE

Taw DAY —Morning 23 min. after 5 I Evening 41 rain. after
To-Lfossow—Morning 59 rain. after j Evening 19 tam. after 6

THE WEATHEP. OFFIC,E, JANUARY 8.
Tmr.r.moKETER, IN THE SHADE.
45—highest since noon yesterday.
33—lowest this morning and during the night.
43 this day, at noon.

BAROMETER, 2914.
Wixn S.S.W.—Morning, line sunshiny weather ;
Afternoon, cloudy.

DAILY WEATHER TABLE.

State of the Wind and Weather at each of the following
places at Nine o'clock yesterday morning.—The stations
are arranged in order of latitude.

PLYMOUTH—Wind S.E., calm—overcast.
BmcaTroN—Wind E., gentle breeze—overcast.
HASTINGS—Wind S.E., gentle breeze—partially cloudy.
SOUTHAMPTON—Wind S., gentle breeze—rain.
FOLKESTONE—Wind S.W., gentle breeze—overcast.
TUNBRIDGE—Wind S. E , gentle breeze—partially cloudy.
BASINGSTOKE —Wind E., calm—overcast.
GR E EN W IC H —Cal m—overcast.
SWINDON—Wind S.W., gentle breese—partially cloudy.
OXFORD—Wind S.E., calm—foggy.
COLCHESTER—Wind S.W., calm—overcast.
CAMBRIDGIC —Wind S., gentle breeze—cloudy.
RUGBY—Wind S., gentle breeze—foggy.
BIRMINGHAM—Wind W., gentle breeze—rain.
YARIIOuTH—Wind S.W., calm—overcast.
LYXN—Wind S.E., gentle breeze—overcast.
MANCHESTER—Wind S.E., gentle breeze— overcast.
WHITBY—Wind S., gentle breeze—foggy.
SHAY—Wind S., calm—scud, rain.
BEATTOCK—Wind S.W., calm overcast.
BERWICK—Wind \V.—gentle breeze—foggy.
EDINBURGH—Wind W., calm foggy.
The returns from the following places indicate the state of
the wind and weather on Monday morning at nine
o'clock :-
CosK—Wind S.E., strong breeze—overcast.
KINGSTOWN (Dußus)—Wind W., gentle breeze—overcast.
MULLINGAR— Wind N.E., calm—frosty.
DUNDALK—Wind S.E., gentle breeze—frosty.
POOLE—Wind E , strong breeze—partially cloudy.
LaIGHToN—Wind S.E., gentle breeze—cloudless.
PETERBOROUGH—Wind N., gentle breeze—foggy.
CREWE—Calm—hard frost.
HOLYHEAD—Wind E., gentle breeze—partially cloudy.
Livartroor--Wind N E., gentle breeze—cloudless.
LEEDS -•• Wind W.S.W., calm— foggy.
Y.eE—Wind N., calm—foggy.
DAnuNGTox—Wind W. by N., gentle breeze—frost.
WHITEHATEA —Wind N. E., gentle breeze cloudless.

At the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, the mean reading
of the barometer was above 30 inches on Sunday ;
the mean of the week was '49.751 inches. The mean
daily temperature tloctuatcid between .14Q and 52Q ; and on
each day of the week it was considerably higher than the
average of the same day in ten years, on Sunday the ex-
cess being bQ•6, on Monday 8"9, on Tuesday 11°.6, on
Wednesday 13Q-9, on Thursday 12'4, on Friday 76-1, and
on Saturday s°•l. The mean of the week was 47°-1. The
wind was generally in the south-west.

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eberaim anit
LONDON, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 1, 1851.

A fornight's interval tells very strikingly the ra-
pidity and magnitude of the preparations making for
the now fast approaching Exhibition. Within a very
few weeks more we shall see almost all the prelimi-
nary labours of the Commission completed. Already
several of these have terminated to the satisfaction of
all concerned in the undertaking. And from the
irt,iv‘ral enthusiasm evinced on all hands there can
be little doubt but that the rest of the works adven-
tured upon in connexion with the great display of the
inaustriul achievements of Christendom will redound
to the glory of its originator.
travellers from several of the principal countries
of Euxope have recently assured us that everywhere
they have heard scarcely anything spoken of but
the on-coming Exhibition. The phlegmatic Hol-
lander, the excitable Prussian, the volatile Frenchman,
tl-c enervated Spaniard, and the earnest Italian, have
alike shared in the interest with which the novel pro-
jeet of the PRINCE CONSORT of England has been
discuF sec]. Each interlocutor has echoed his prede-
cessor in predictions of its complete success The
surliest curmudgeon amongst us has refrained from
uttering his usually sinister prophecies. Eastward
and westward, northward and southward, the voice.of
encouragement has been made audible ; and nowhere
have we seen the tokens of indifference to a proceed-
ing calculated to draw forth such an universal emn-
lation.

Naticns celebrated for the most different commo-
ditits are even now transmitting to our shores speci-
mens of their ingenuity or fruitfulness ; while among
ootselves corresponding efforts are being made to yin-

dicatf, our own renown for our kill in various kinds
of handicraft, fur our enterprise in mechanical
invention, for our proficiency at once as manu-
facturers laid agriculturists. Meantime, simultaneous
eff4rts arc making in the metropolis and its vicinity
for the reception of those visitors who will indubit-
ably flock hither from the four quarters of the globe,
eager to see the aggregated results of modern civili-
sVion as they appear when gathered together in one
of its most distinguished

Aware as we must necessarily be by this time of
the vigour displayed in all these manifold prepa-
rations, we should not lose a recollection of
the fact that the foreigners about to • as-
semble in London will have a keen and scrutinizing
regard not only for the articles ranged before them in
the Crystal Palace, but likewise for the general as-
pect of things in the length and breadth of the great

metropolis. A,il our shortcomings will be before
them as nakedly as all our most successful achieve-
ments, more apparent to them in their cha-
racter as strangers than they can by any possibility
be to ourselves, for the tame reason that the
changes effected by time or disease are imperceptible
in the faces of those with whose features we are
daily more and more familiarised. Whatever is vile,
quite as much as whatever is meritorious, will be ob-
served by the intelligent classes who in a month or
so more, will have come over here either from
beyond the Channel or the Atlantic. The villanous
management of some of our urban and suburban lo•
calities, the foulness of some of our most populous
quarters, the ricketty nature of some of our many
thousand tenements, the inefficiency of our drainage
and of the general irrigation of our cities, the inde-
corum of many of our habits, the hideous appearance
presented by most of our public monuments, the in-
significance of some of our public buildings, and the
miserable imposts levied at others of a sacred cha-
racter, will glare upon the observation of the foreign
multitude attracted to this particular spot by the
great event of the Exhibition. For our credit's
sake, therefore, it would be advisable, indeed, to pre-
vent, as far as is possible, the disgraces of these vari-
ous descriptions from accumulating on our heads.
Several of the eyesores here adverted to might within
the next three months, namely, before the opening of
the Exhibition in May, be partially, if pot altogether
removed. For instance—The twopenny fee extorted
at the entrance of St. Paul's Cathedral might be abo-
lished. The Nelson Testimonial, in Trafalgar-square,
might at length be finished off hand ; or, at any rate,
the last of the four bronzes might be affixed to
the west side of the pedestal, supposing the
granite lions were not as yet placed upon
the pediments. The Sewage Commissioners
might bestir themselves a little more than they have
hitherto done in rendering the system over which
they preside more effectual in cleansing the metropolis.
The authorities at Gwydyr House might employ
somewhat more e nergetically than they have done
erstwhile the powers entrusted to them with a view
to the better carrying out of sanitary am-liorationo.
The Act for the prevention of intramural interments
might be rather more energetically enforced. The
new Palace of the Parliament might be hastened on
towards its ultimate completion. The approaches to
some of the bridges across the Thames
might be considerably improved, and some
of those bridges themselves very greatly
beautified and strengthened. The waste fields near
Battersea might be reduced to some decent shape,
and inclosed in the railings of the projected park.
The façade of Buckingham Palace might be at last
finished according to the admirable arrangement of
the architect. The Marble Arch might be rebuilt at
Cumberland-gate in a few weeks, instead of a few
months. The roads, as they recently appeared in the
vicinity of Eaton-square, and as they are even now
in some of the most fashionable localities, might be
repaired and widened. These, and a large variety of
other improvements, too numerous or too obvious to be
particularised, might be readily effected within the
space of the next quarter—during February, March,
and April ; so that the capital might present a some-
what more comely and orderly appearance than it
does at the present moment. We are not projecting
impossibilities. We are mentioning things that might
be wrought out with no little facility if the authorities
only prepared themselves to display a trifle more than
their ordinary enterprise. Other and greater advan-
tages we should still be left to sigh after-
We should still have reason to lament the
paltry aspect of the National Gallery. But
the completion of the new front of the British
Museum, we might reasonably hops to wit-
ness before the first of May and the simultaneous
commencement of the Exhibition. Such changes as
these, we trust, may yet be secured to the
inhabitants of the metropolis, so that their credit may
not in such particulars be jeopardised in the estinia-
tion of the foreigners. Trusting yet that we may
have to record the carrying out of some at least
among these proposed innovations, we may deem it
advisable at intervals to remind the public (as we
have done here this evening) of all that remains to
be accomplished, even while celebrating the motley
crowd of achievements, preparatory to the Great
Exposition of Industry.

The report, recently published, of Mr. SEYMOUR
TEEMENEEBEE, the commissioner appointed to inquire
into the condition of the mining population, throws
some interesting light on the question of strikes
between capitalists and operatives, and their mischie-
vous results on all parties concerned, directly or in-
directly. _ _ _

In the counties of Northumberland and Durham,
the principle coal-fields of the kingdom, there have
been no fewer than five great strikes among the coal-
miners there within the last twenty-four years, en-
tailing serious losses on all interested, and injuring
the trade and commerce of the whole neighbourhood.
In 1844, when one of those great strikes took place,
the whole of the miners in those two counties,
amounting to upwards of 22,000 men and boys,
ceased to work. The struggle lasted for four months,
during which the colliers suffered considerable pri-
vation, and the .coal trade was almost wholly sus.
pended ; and the result was that at the expiration of
that period the men yielded to their masters' term;.
The strike of that year is estimated to have occasioned
a loss to the collieries, in wages, of 300,0001., and to
the coal-owners in that trade of about 200,000/
A strike which occurred in 1532 is calculated to have
resulted in a loss to the men of 80,000/. And all
this was irrespective of the detriment occasioned to
the numerous body of men, not actually colliers, but
employed above ground about the pits in bringing
the coal to the surface, and on railways, in the con-
veyance of it to the place of deportation, and not in-
cluding the loss of freight and wages to all engaged
in carrying the coal to distant markets, and the injury
to all persons concerned in the manufactures, com-
merce, and general trade of the locality of the strike.
The strike of 1844 was organised and carried on
by delegates and agents of a society called the
Miners' Union, a combination, we are told, extend-
ing over all the coal -fields of the kingdom, and number-
ing at one time upwards of 60,000 men. The failure
of that strike is attributed by the miners to their
having aimed at too much at once. Their object oe
that occasion, we are told by Mr. TBEMENHEERE,
was to stop all the manufactories in the kingdom
until they could obtain from their employers the rate
of wages for working the coal which they demanded.
The whole mining population at once having volun-
tarily abandoned their employment, in a few months
they had exhausted their resources, and were com-
pelled, from sheer necessity, to consent to
the terms of the masters ; thus not only
failing in the end they sought to achieve, and subject.
ing themselves to consequent mortification, but
suffering, in the attempt, an almost incredible amount
of privation. A subsequent strike, which occurred in
these two counties in 1849.50, was carried out upon
a different principle. The colliers thrcughout the
two counties did not all cease working at once, as in
1844, but struck at certain individual collieries. By
this means the miners who continued to work in places
where there was no strike contributed to the support
of those who had struck, and so enabled them to
maintain a more successful struggle against their
employers. This course operated upon the coal-
ownerfarlol mtbethoepe
at whose pit a strike existed in insulating him
the winning of coal
rsautriroonusnedfinbgis working collieries. Though
as
exprneinnage
otno
tkheeepbutrhdeuimoifn
pits wereconc
esuspended t sohe far
w
nevertheless, obliged to incur a vest amount of daily
appre-
hensions lest his trade woteuhliidsn
rewin' oorykei ntgo odortdihleeirsr. Peariej -
ties, the colliers thought outlay, an
of ceoerc.i,nhg the coal-owner
by
ee tollanenos
teo,oini
oomeansewheeviennrot,ou
licomplian
.t.t.th,enirEmte2rz.mius:Eaßo
innfg. r morem t
informed
of the result of this manoeuvre adopfseudecdUrding %Vethe
strike of 1849 50.
By these periodical misunderstandings between
masters and men, the 10,000,0001. of capital
esti-
mated to be engaged in the coal trade of the two
countic, of Northumberland and Durham is subjected
to an enormous tax every four or five years, whilst
the 25,000 men and boys employed in the collieries
there are as often thrown out of work and subjected
to privation.
Seeing that this privation is self-imposed, we can
have but a small degree of pity for the subjects of it,

though we deeply deplore the ignorance in which
these lamentable strikes originate, and the obstinacy
ith which they are maintained. Nor is the whole
mischief resulting from them confined to the loss sus-
tained alike by masters arid men, during the con-
tinuance of the strike. Even whilst the colliers are
at peace and in full employment they, either volun-
tarily or by coercion, generally restrict themselves to
working only five days in the week, and about five
hours in the day, though their employers' interests re-
quire a much closer and more protracted application
of their labour. The object of this restriction on
the part of the men is stated to be the desirability of
always limiting the supply of coals to the market, so
as to facilitate the success of a strike whenever it may
be deemed advisable to commence one. So that, not
only in times of strike, but of order and full employ-
ment, the coal-owners are always more or less at the
mercy of their servants.

We refer to this subject not simply with a view to
recount the statistics of strikes between the colliers
and their employers in Northumberland and Durham,
but to deduce from them a salutary lesson, of which
not those of colliers alone, but employees of every
class, may avail themselves and treasure up for their
future advantage and welfare. If there is one fact
more indisputable than another, or one more con-
firmed by every-day experience, it is that no com-
bination of persons, however formidable, or in what-
ever branch of trade, can ever raise and permanently
maintain the rate of wages above the level
at which natural and inevitable circum-
stances, invariably keep them. Those cir-
cumstances are the relation which the number
of working hands in any branch of industry bears to
the existing demand for their labour. It is that re-
lationship which fixes and settles the price of labour
on all occasions and under all circumstances. It is
inexorable and immutable, and no combination on
earth can ever permanently override or divert its
operation.

It is also the unhappy prerogative of those combi-
nations to reduce the members of them all to one level,
wholly irrespective of the diversity of skill, prudence,
and capacity for application, which will al ways exist
among any considerable body of men, whilst they
exercise over their subjects acts of intolerable tyranny
in many respects.

THE FRENCH REPUBLIC.

We have received the Paris journals of yesterday.
The Ministerial crisis still continues, and it is said
that the PRESIDENT of the Republic is not at all anx-
ious to terminate it, as he hopes by delay to procure a
demonstration from the departments in his favour.
He insists, it is said, as a sine qua non for admission
into his new Cabinet, that the Ministers to be ap-
pointed shall at once countersign an order for the
dismissal of General CHANGARNIER from the com-
mand of the garrison of Paris ; and shall propose a
Bill for the renewal of the dotation to the Assembly.
A Cabinet Council was held on Monday evening,
when some of the Ministers consented, it is said, to
retain office. On this subject we find the following
in the Bulletin de Paris:— _ _

" The report is current that General Changarnier has
been dismissed. The rumour is completely false. It is
nearly certain that four only of the Ministers will retire.
namely—MM. Itaroche, Romain-Deslos,4s, Rouher, and
Bincau, who persist in resigning. It is hoped that
General Schramm will consent to retain his portfolio."
The Pouvoir has the following:—
...

"It is considered certain that five Ministers—via.,
MM. Romain-Desfuseils, De Parrieu, De Lahitte, Bineau,
and Schramm, persist in their resignation. It is con-
sidered probable that M. Fould will remain at the Fi-
nances, and that IL Baroche will quit the interior for
the department of Justice. It is quite true that M.
Carlier has expressed a wish to resign, but, up to the
present moment, the President of the Republic ha. not
consented to his retirement." _ _

The following more than hint to the Bonapartists
in the departments to be up and doing appears in the
Pabie :
The Ministerial question is still in the same posi-
tion. The President of the Republic has had several
conferences with different statesmen, but up to the pre-
sent time nothing more has taken placo than simple con-
versations. The prolongation of this crisis is without
doubt to be regretted, but it must be allowed that the Or-
leanist-Legitimatist-Socialist coalition has created great
difficulties in the formation of a new Ministry. It is be-
sides as well to allow the position to clear itself up in
order that public opinion may be better able to appre-
ciate it properly in its causes and consequences. The
President, without concealing from himself the gravity of
this state of things, may reasonably think that it is his
duty, as well as that of tho Assembly, to wait until the
departments shall have had an opportunity of making
known their views of the facts which have just taken
place."
In the meantime the Assembly is preparing for the
conflict; their tactics are already proclaimed. On the
appearance of the decree dismissing General CHAN-
GARNIER from the command of the garrison of Paris,
the Assembly, in conformity with the thirty-second
article of the Constitution, which is as follows—
" The National Assembly determines the place of its
sittings ; it fixes the importance of the military
faces established for its safety, and it disposes of
them"—will fix the amount of military force which
it considers necessary to guard itself against a
coup (fetal en the part of the PRESIDENT, and will
nominate General CHANGARNIER to the command of
that force ; and thus there will be in presence of each
other the army of the PRESIDENT, commanded by
General BARRAtUAY DIIILLIERS, and that of the
Assembly, commanded by CHANGARNIER. The
Members of the Mountain have it in their power, by
abstaining from voting, to prevent the appointment
by the Assembly of CHANGARNIER to the command
of the troops destined for its protection ; the Mountain
will, however, vote for conferring the command on
CHANGARNIER, on condition that the Assembly shall
immediately thereafter order the impeachment of the
PRESIDENT and his Ministers.

The Pafrie still maintains the authenticity of the
document which it published a 3 the peimauent in-
structions of Genero CHANGARNIER to the garrison
of Paris, and which is signed by General REIBEL.
Since its publication in etrtenso in the Patric of Sa-
turday, General CRANGARNIER has not alluded to
the subject, and the Pattie takes his silence as a con-
fession of guilt.

The National has the following on this subject :
"In the sitting of Friday last M. Changarnier
formally denied having ever given the savage and
anti-constitutional instructions attributed to him by
a journal of the Ely:. This denial procured a mag-
nificent parliamentary triumph to the military fa--
vourite of the majority. This is very well; but the
Elysian sheet does not consider itself vanquished. It
had advanced too much, and was obliged to draw
back; but after having beaten a retreat for a moment
it has assumed a position which the friends of M. Chan-
garnier will have some trouble to carry. In fact, that
journal published the day before yesterday a document
signed by M. Reibel, a general commanding one of the
brigades of cavalry of the army at Paris, a document
which we have given textually, and which exactly re-
produces the instructions which the journal of the Elye4i
affirmed had born given by General Changarnier. Forty-
eight hours have elapsed, and General 'Libel has not
breathed a word of denial or of contradiction. M. Reibel,
therefore, admits that the orders reproduced by the
Pattie, orders bearing his name, are perfectly
authentic. We, therefore, ask any man who
has the slightest knowledge of military aff.,irs,
or of the severity of the law, whether if M.
Reibel had done anything more than exactly sum
up the verbal instructions given him by General Chan-
gamier, he would not have been already, by order of
General Changarnier himself, brought before a court-
inertial on the charge of having given a false, illegal,
and unconstitutional order to his subordinates? M.
Changarnier has not done so, nor has he inflicted the
slightest disciplinary punishment on him. The fact is
therefore certain, and the inference to be drawn is, that
Changarnier admits that these verbal instructions
were faithfully reproduced in the written ones of Gene-
ral Reibel. if this be the case, and these observa-
tions prove that it cannot be otherwise, it becomes evi-
dent that M. Changarnier did not speak the truth on
Friday last. He has played on the words in order to get
out of the affair, and to give a check to the Ministry;
he did not write the instructions published by the Patrie,
but he gave them viva voce. That amounts to the same."
M. ODILON BAREST was sent for by the PnESI-
DENT on Saturday, and in answer to the request of
the latter for advice on the present situation of affairs,
M. ODILON BA:11120T said—

" I hare only to repeat what I have often said on
former occasions. In this country a President of the
Republic has more occasion for a Parliamentary Cabinet
ttlaii cvin a King, because he has not, like a Kiug, the
right to dissolve the national repreientatire Assembly."
It is said that MM. DE BttOGLIE and MOLE have
declared in favour of the prolongation of the powers
of the PRESIDENT.

Toe Pouvoir says : " A journal, in giving
an account of the promenade Lken by the PRESI-
DENT of the Republic along the Boulevards on
Sunday, affirms that he was at first saluted by
some cries of ' Vive le President!' but that he
was afterwards assailed by others ' Vive la Re-
publique !' For the interest of truth, we must
say that daring the greater part of his ride the PRE.-
iIDENT was respectfully saluted by the crowd with-
out any cry making his presence known ; but that
when he arrived at the .I.ldce de la Bastille he was
surrounded by compact groups of workmen, who
protested their devotedness both to his policy and to
support..
his person. ' Ws have been often deceived,' they
bourn. St. Antoine may said, ' but we now see things clearly, and we will
You against the R2ds and the Whites.' On
this occasion, we
p ythhemwe-orvkimelleneoxfprtehsesedlF
athue.
opinion of the country."
The Debuts says :—" Au evening newspaper pre-

tends that in the meeting of the Place des Pyramicles
General CHANGARNIER was attacked by important
personages. We are generally well-informed on what
passes in this meeting, and we can affirm that the
events of the day bad alone taken to the cercle on
Saturday evening, without convocation, a great
number of representatives who belong to it; that,
consequently, nothing was on the order of the day, or
was discussed. If in the conversation which took
place on the situation, the name of General CHAN-
GARNIER was pronounced with respect to what had
passed in the previous evening in the Assembly, the
conduct and eminent services of the General were ap-
preciated, as they deserved to be, and were not blamed
by any cne."
The speculators at the Bourse appeared to have re-
covered from the depression which prevailed, and a
considerable rise took place in the price of Public
Securiti's. The Five per Cents. opened et 94f., rose
to 94f. 90c., and closed at 94f. 80c.; the Three per
Cents. closed at 56f. 70c.; Orleans Railroad Shares,
850 f. ; Havre, 267 f. 50,!. ; Great Northern, 472 f.
50e. ; Avignon, 190 f. ; Vierzmi, 390 f. ; Basle, 136 F.
25c. ; Bordeaux, 400 f. ; Paris and Strasburg, 3531'.
75c. ; Tours and Nantes, 248 f. 75c. ; the New Loan,
94f. 85c.

BUSINFSS DONE TN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT TEIE
LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE, J. 7.

Boulogne and Amiens, B%—Namur and Liege, 8%—
Northern of France, 143/4—Orleans and Bordeaux, 37/e ex
int.—Paris and Rouen, 27—Paris and Strasibeurg, 8%8—
Rouen and Havre, 107/B—Sambre and Meuse, 3—Tours and
Nantes, 5.