The Sun.
London, England, 1851-08-26 00:00:00

EP
7 314

N°.18,385.] LONDON, TUESDAY
N G
r sin't
7 AUG UST 262

BRITANNIA LIFE ASSURANCE
COMPANY.
1, Princes-street, Bank, London.
Empowered by special Act of Parliament, 4th Viet., cap. 9.
DIRECTORS.
CILIIRM C alonel ROBERT AL EX:OMER, Blackheath Park,
Kent.
William Bardgett, Esq., 119, Fenchurch-street.
Georgi, Bev'ngton, Esq., Neckinger Mills, Bermondsey.
F. P. Cockerill, Esq., Shadwell, and Twickenhana.
George Cwen, Esq., Shacklewell-lane.
Miles Coventry Esq., White Hart-court, Lombard-street.
Jahn Drewett, Esq., 4, Princes-street, Bank.
Erasmus Robert Foster, Esq., Cold Harbour-lane, Camberwell.
T. S. Girdier, Esq., 7, Tokeithouse-yard
H. L. Smale, Esq., Doctors'-commons.
BANKERS.
Messrs. Drewett, Fowler, and Fowler, 4, Princer• street, Bank.
SOLICITORS.
Messrs. M`Leod and Stenning, London-street, Fenchurch-street.
ADVANTAGES OF THIS INSTITUTION.
Half Credit Rates of Premium.
Persons assured according, to these rates are allowed credit (with-
out security) for half the amount of the first seven annual premiums,
paying interest thereon at the rate oC five per cent. per annum, with
the option of paying otr the arrears of premiums, at any time, or
hiving the amount deducted from the sum assured should the policy
become a claim.

For Securing Loans and Debts.
A Table adapted especially for the securing of Loans and Debts, by
which the fullest security is obtained on very low but gradually in-
creasing premiums.
Policies rev ved, without the exaction of a fine, at any time within
twelve months, if health remain unimpaired.
A Beard of Directors in attendance daily at Two o'clock.
Age ol the Assured in eve'y case admitted in the Policy.
Medical atten tants remunerated in all cases for their reports.
Extract from the Half Credit Rates of Premium.
Annual Premium required for as Assurance of 1001. for the whole

Term of Life.

age.

Half Premium for Whole Premium after
Seven Years. Seven Tears.

£ s. d.
1 1 9
1 9 2
9 2 6
8 6 8

£ s. d.
2 3 6

2 18 4
if 5 0
G 13 4

E. R. FOSTER, Resident Director.
ANDREW FRANCIS, Secretary.
Detailed prospectuses, and every requisite information as to tho
mode of effecting assurances, may he obtained upon application at
the office, 1, Princes-street, Bank, London; or of the several agents
throughout the country.

IRGUS LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY.
39, THROG3fORTON-STREET, BANK;
And 14, PALL-MALL.
Chairman—THONLAS FAR \TOMB, Esq„ Alderman.
Deputy-Chairman—WlLLlAM LEAF, Esq.
Richard E. Arden, Esq. I Lupert Inglelsy, Esq.
Edward Bates, Esq. Thomas Kelly, Esq., Alderman.
Thomas Camplin, Esq. Jeremiah filcher, Esq.
lames Clift, Esq. Lewis Pocock, Esq.
J. Humphery, Esq., Ald., M.P.
AUDlTORS—Professor Hall, M.A.; J. B. Shuttleworth, Esq.
PHYSICIAN—Dr. Jeaffreson, 2 Finsbury-square.
SURGEON—W. Coulson, Esq., 2, Frederick's-Place, Old Jewry.
CONSULTING ACTUARY—Professor Hall, M.A., of King's College.
SOLICITOR—WiIIiam Fisher, Esq., 19, Doughty-street.
ADVANTAGES OF ASSURING WITH THIS COMPANY.
In addition to a large subscribed capital, Policy holders have the
'ecurity of an Assurance Fund of Three Hundred and Twenty
Thousand Pounds, and an Income of 74,0001. a year, arising from
the issue of upwards of 7,000 Policies.
BONUS, OR PROFIT BRANCH.
Persons Assuring on the Bonus system will be annually entitled
to 80 per cent. of the profits en this branch (after payment of five
yearly Premiums) ; and the profit assigned to each Policy may
be either added to the sum assured, or applied in reduction of the
Annual premium
NON-BONUS, OR LOW PREMIUM BRANCH.
The Tables on the non-participating principle afford peculiar ad-
vantages to the assured, not offered by any other Office—for where
the object is the least possible outlay, the payment of a certain sum
is secured to the Policy-holder, on the death of the Assured, at a re-
duced rate of Premium.

PREMTUM TO ASSURE £101)

WHOLE TERM.

Age. One Year. heven years.

With Profits.

Without Profits,

£0 17 8 iZO 19 1
118 1 2 7
1 6 0 1 6 9
1 14 1 1 19 10
3 2 4 3 17 0

£1 15 10
2 5 5
3 0 7
4 6 8
6 12 9

£1 11 10
2 0 7
2 14 10
4 0 11
6 0 10

One-half of the " Whole Term" Premium may remain on credit
for seven years, or one-third of the Premium may remain for life as a
lebt upon the policy at 5 per cent., or may be paid off' at any time
without notice.
Claims paid in one month after proofs have been approved.
Loans upon approved security.
The medical officers attend every day at Throgmorton-street at a
quarter before two o'clock.

E. BATES, Resident Director.

PUBLICATIONS.

Now ready, at all the Libraries, in 1 vol.,
AL• E It anthorf3he 1: EL D.
By "
MARGARET M A ITLAND," " MERRL IND," Scc.
" This beautiful production is every way worthy of its author's re-
putatiol in the very first rank of contemporary writers."—Standard.
" A deeply--interesting narrative—chronicled with all the fidelity
of a Defoe." Britannia.
Colburn and Co., Publishers, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

NEW WORK BY ALBERT SMITH AND JOHN LEECH.
THE, THIRD NUMBER OF
rirll E' ' "M 0 N T H.
A View of Passing qubjects and Manners, Home and Foreign,
Social, and General. ,By AL BERT SMITH. Illustrated by John
Leech, will'be published on the 30th instant, price One Shilling.
Office, No. 3, Whitefriars-street.

Just ready, In post Bvo., price 9s. cloth,
OLDEN DREAMS AND WAKING
1.31, REALITIES; being the Adventures of a Gold-Seeker in
California and the Pacific Islands.
By WILLIAM SHAW.
London : Smith, Elder, and Co., 65,

PARLOUR LIBRARY.-New Edition.
Vols. IV. and V., price 2e. in boards, containing
ON S tJEL O. By GEORGE SAND.
Also, just published, by the same author, price is. in boards,
or is. GI cloth,
The COUNTESS of RUDOLSTADT ; being a continuation of
" Consuelo;" and forming Vol. LXIV. of the " Parlour Library."
Shims and,Al'lntyre, 13, Paternoster-row, London; and Belfast.
Sold at all the Railway Stations.

MR. YE !MAL ON THE SPINE AND PARALYSIS.
Cloth, price Six Shillints.
TIHE SPINE, its CURVATURES, and other
DISEASES, their Symptoms, Treatment, and Cure. To which
are added, Remarks upon PARALYSIS, with numerous cases in il-
lustratiou. By 'HARLES VERRAL, M.R.C.S., Surgeon to the
Abspitarfor the Cure of Distortions, Portland-road, London, and the
Sea Bathing Infirmary at East Bourne.
Shortly will appear, by the same author, Practical Observations on
DISTORTIONS of the CHEST and LIMBS, illustrated by a Series
of Cases

THE GREAT EXHIBITION.
The number of visitors yesterday was 49,021. The
receipts, incluclinv 3/. by the sale of season tickets,
amounted to 2,4391. 14s. The mean temperature
during the day, as shown by Mr. Bennett's thermo-
meter, was 66 2.

piston, and therefore its motion must be computed by
a small fraction of the tenth pirt cf a second ; and
this must be done with the utmost punctuality and
regularity, otherwise the action of the piston could
not be continued. The cylinder discharges its con-
tents through the escape valve every time the piston
changes its direction; and consequently this discharge
must take place, under the circumstances here sup-
posed, ten times per second.
But there are two cylinders, and the mechanism is
so regulated
.that the discharge from the one is in-
termediate between two successive discharges of the
other.

There are, therefore, '2O discharges of steam per
second at equal intervals, and thus these 20 puffs
divide a second into 20 equal parts, each puff having

;he twentieth of a second-betwaeen it and that which

precedes or follows it. The steam which thus puffs
from the cylinder is conveyed by a pipe to the chim-
ney, where it escapes upwards in a succession of

blasts, by which the draught through the fire-place
is maintained. It is these blasts of steam in the

chimney which produce the coughing noise heard
when a locomotive engine is moving slowly. As the

rapidity augments these coughs become more rapid,
ani when the engine attains the speed which we have
supposed above there will be twenty coughs per
second. The ear, like the eye, is limited in the ra-
pidity of the sensations of which it is susceptible, and
sensitive as that organ is, it is not capable of distin-

guishing sounds which succeed each other at inter-
vals of the twentieth part of a second; therefore, when
the engine moves at such a rate, the pufang in the
chimney ceases to be appreciated by the ear, although,
as a mechanical effect, it continues to be produced as
accurately and regularly as when the engine is mov-
ing slowly.
According to the experiments of Dr. Hutton, it ap-
peared that the time of flight of a cannon ball having
a range of 6,700 feet, is one quarter of a minute. The
velocity is therefore 26,800 feet per minute, which is
equal to five miles per minute, or 300 miles per hour.
It follows, therefore, that a railway train moving at
75 miles an hour (not an uncommon speed for express
trains to attain) would have a velocity only four times
less than a cannon ball. The momentum of such a

mass moving at such a speed is difficult to conceive.
It would amount to a force equivalent to the aggre-
gate momentum of a number of cannon balls equal
to one-fourth of its own weight. The consideration
of the great damage done to the railway, as well as to
the rolling stock, by these extreme speeds, is a serious
drawback to the gratification which such wondrous
performances naturally excite. The fracture and
wear of rails is augmented in a very high
ratio with the speed. So, likewise, is the wear
of all parts of the vehicles most affected, such
as wheels, axles, &c. We have shown that, at
the speed we have here considered, a driving wheel
seven feet in diameter revolves five times per

second ; but the bearing wheels of carriages, waggons,
and vans are in general only three feet in diameter,
and sometimes even less. ow, if a wheel of seven

feet in diameter revolve five times per second, a wheel
three feet in diameter proceeding at the same speed
must revolve very nearly twelve times per second.
This, therefore, is the action which must take place
upon all the wheels of the vehicles composing each
express train.
It will be asked by what means so enormous a rate
of evaporation is produced and maintained as would
be necessary to impart such a motion to the piston as
is necessary to give the engine such a speed as is here
mentioned? Since each piston must move once back-
wards and forwards in the cylinder for each revolu-
tion of the driving wheels, it is clear that in the case
above described four cylinders-ful of steam would he
consumed for each revolution of the driving wheels,
and since these wheels revolve five times per second
20 cylinders•ful of steam must be supplied by the
boiler to the engine per second, or 1,200 cylinders-
ful per minute. Now, if we suppose the volume
of the cylinder to measure three cubic feet, it
follows that the boiler must produce per minute,
exclusive of waste, 3,600 cubic feet of steam,