The Sun.
London, England, 1856-11-24 00:00:00

DR. SAND WIT/I, 011. KARS, IN LEEDS.

ART and NATURE at HOME and ABROAD.
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and wider and more versatile in the choice of subjects. As a whole,
Mr. Thornbury's yob mes are lively, pictorial, and ♦arious."
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SERIALS, ready on the Ist December.
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Prospectuses or show bills forwarded the on receipt of one stamp.
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Just published, New and Improved Edition, price One Shilling,
THE CURABILITY of CONSUMPTION ;
being a Series of Papers, presenting the most prominent and
important Practical Points in the Treatment of the Disease.
By FRANCIS RAMADGE,
F 611014 of the College of Physicians, late Senior Physician to the
Royal Infirmary for Diseases of the Chest, &c.
Also, by the same Author, Price 10s. 6d.,
A TRPIITISE on ASTHMA and DISEASES of the HEART.
London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmalls.

ROYLL ROOMS.. LATIRENrS CASIN(
Great Windmill-street, St. James's.—The above elegan
ooms are now open every evening tor the winter season, with
aurent's celebrated Orchestra. Principal Cornet-a-piston, M.
'oulcourt. The Proprietor begs to inform the public that th's
ashionwble place of resort ha, boen entirely redecorated during the
recess. I)oors open at hail-pact eight, commence at nine. Admit!.
ien nie Shilling.

R. KAHN'S ANATOMICAL MUSEIJM,
.fr 4, Coventry-street, Leicester-square.—Open (for Gentlemen
:dy) tram lti till 10, containing upwirds of one thousand models
ad preparations, illustrating every part of the human frame in
alth and disease, the race of men, &c. Lectures delivered at 12,
4, and half-past 7. by Dr. G. SEXTON, • and a new and
14111 y-interesting series of Lectures is now in course of delivery
Dr. KAHN, at a quarter past 8 p.m. precisely. Admission, One
Shilling.

SACRED HARMONIC SOCIETY.-EXETER
HALL—The Committee have the pleasure to announce that
having in view the most efficient commemoration of Handel in 1659
—that year being the centenary of his death—ail arrangement has
been made with the Directors of the Crystal Palace Company for a
preliminary Grand Handel Musical Festival, of three days' duration,
in the Central Transept of the Crystal Palace, in the early summer
of 1857, with a carefully selected orchestra of TWO THOUSAND
THREE HUNDRED PERFORMERS. Full particulars will be
made public in due time.
The Society's Rehearsals and Performances at Exeter Hall will not
only be carried on with the a customed regularity, but will derive
more than usual interest from the Festival arrangements.
The Committee are now prepared to furnish printed particulars to
persons desirous of proffering really efficient amateur assistance for
the Festival, either upon personal application or by letter, addressed
to the Handel Festival Commtttee, at the Office of the Sacred Har-
monic Society, No. 6, Exeter Hall.

LSACRED HARMONIC SOCIETY
.-EXETER
u A.Ll,—Conductor, Mr. CO.TA.—On FRIDAY next, Han-
ders SOLOMON. as the First Subscription Concert of tke Twenty-
fifth season. Vocalists—Madame Rudersdorff, Miss Sherrington,
Miss Dolby ; Mr. Montem Smith and Mr. Thomas ; with Orchestra
of 700 Performers. Tickets, 35., 55., and los. Gd., are now ready.
Subscriptions, One, Two, or Three Guineas each, entitling to per-
sonal admission to the Rehearsals held in the Large Hall, and trans-
ferable Admissions to Concerts, which will probably take place on
Fridays, 2,th Nov., 12th of Dec., 9th and 'tad, of Jan., 13th and 27th
of Feb., 13th and 27th of March, Wednesday, the Bth of April, an d
Friday, the 17th of April, including Performances of Four or Five of
HANDEL'A ORATORIO, ELIJAH, CR I..ATION, ELI, LORGE-
STABAT
SANG, MMATER.OZART'S R. QOM' and an adaptation of
ROSSINI'S
Early application for Tickets for the corning interes'ing season
should be made at the Society's Office, No. G, ix Exeter Hall.

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" To those who wish to invest capital in British Mines, this work
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" This work enables the capitalist to invest on sound principles; it
is, in truth, an excellent guide "—Plymouth Journal.
Copies of the above publications can be obtained at Mr. Mut, hison's
offices, 117, Itishopsgate-street Within, London ; and reliable infor-
mation and advice will be given at any time to those who may re-
quire it.

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SIR E. B. LYTTON AND THE LORD RFCTORSHIP
OF GLASGOW UNIVERSITY.

GLA S GOW, NOT. 21.
Mr. Macnaughton, the secretary of the Conservative
Club, has this forenoon received the following letter and
enclosure from Sir E. BulwEr Lytton, relative to the
late election of Lord Rector of the University. There
:s reason to believe that Sir Edward will visit Glasgow
for the purpose of being installed at an early date, at all
events before the meeting of Parliament :
"Sir— " Ventnor, Isle of Wight, Nov. 18.
Allow me to return you my best thanks for
being the first to communicate tome, through telegraph,
the gratifying news of the high distinction so unexpect-
edly conferred upon me by the students of your illus-
trious university. And if I did not acknowledge your
considerate courtesy, it was simply because I deemed it
a necessary point of etiquette to wait for the more for-
mal communication of the Principal, and address to
him, as the representative of the university, the first ex-
pression of my gratitude for an honour which no one
can appreciate more highly than I do.
" I now owe my especial thanks to those friends
whose esteem and zeal have secured my election. Allow
me to convey those thanks personally to yourself, and,
through you, to all who have aided to bestow on me so
prized, though unmerited an honour.
Only a day before I received your despatch Lord
Stanley addressed to me a letter, which does him so
much credit--for that modesty which so often accom-
panies signal merit—that it seems due to his lordship
and frienos to enclose it to you. It will serve to console
these who were his warmest partisans for the preference
which I owe to yourself and my other friends ,and may
perhaps allay every disturbing element f itation
which a contested election sometimes rousoes,irr even in
minds the most philosophically composed.
" Believe me, yours truly and gratefully,
"E. BULWIIIt LYTTON."
—____....
The following is the letter referred to by Sir E. B.
Lytton :

"Dear Sir Edward,--I hear, nnnewspaperN authority
only, but with some certainty, that it has been proposed
to put me forward as a candidate for the Lord Rector-
ship of the University of Glasgow, you being also in the
field.
" If I had any means of communication with the
gentlemen who aro thus using my name, I should, with
all courtesy and gratitude to them, protest against the
implied rivalry.
" Such honours are the fit rewards of intellectual pre-
eminence, and ought to be bestowed on no other
pro le. More than this—they should be reserved for
those who have achieved distinction, not conferred by
way of encourag
I wish you ement on thme who are only seeking it.
, therefore, clearly to understand that I
posal of iny name as a candidate. Nothing,
neither have encouraged, nor shall encourage, the pro-
authorised channel of communication, prevents me from
Believe i
making known this opii.ion to my too partial friends, be
except the
they few or many, in GiaB,.
iie, very truly yours,
" Sir E. B. Lytton, M.p,,
" STANLEY.
•••-_l__-....___...,"------______----77—,...,
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(From the Leeds Mercury.)
STORY OF THE SIEGE.
On Thursday evening last, Dr. H. Sandwith C. 8.,
D.C.L., ono of the heroes of Kars, read a paper at the
Leeds Music-hall, on "The Siege of Kars, and the Cam-
paign in Asia Minor," before the members of the Leads
Philosophical and Literary Society, and the Leeds Li-
brary.
The Music-hall was crowded by one of the most nume-
rous and influential assemblages we have seen on such an
occasion for a long period. The council of each society and
their families occupied the orchestra, and the body of the
Hall and gallery were filled by the members and friends of
both institutions. Nearly half of the audience consisted
of ladies.
Dr. SANDWITH (who on entering the ball was greeted
with loud and repeated plaudits) commenced his paper by
saying that the campaigns of Asia Minor, although at one
time but little heard of when the faint reports of their die.
taut artillery were drowned in the deeper and nearer con-
flicts on the Danube, bad nevertheless al ways claimed from
the far-seeing mind of the statesman and diplomatist an
interest second only to the mightier struggle of the Crimea.
In England the popular mind was interested (and justly so)
in the gallant feat of arms at Kalafat and the memorable
defenceof Silistria ; but while Omer Pacha was holding in
check the whole force of European Russia on the Danube,
and Butler and Nasmyth at Sili stria were earning for them-
selvesthewarm applause of a grateful country, other events
paseing in Asia of which the English public were but
i informed, and cared not to inquire ; and yet that struggle
on the steppes of Armenia and in the passes of Lazistan,
between the Transcaucasian army of Russia on the one side
and the Anatolian army of Turkey on the other, was of no
small importance to the cause of the Allies. But most of
all did it concern England, who, though not at this epoch
(ore she and France had drawn the sword) fully engaged in
the strife, was yet morally understood to be so by all the
Oriental nations. Each blew struck at Turkey was aimed
at our Oriental prestige—each shock felt by that Mussul-
man power (the cause of which England was known to have
esponeed) vibrated to the foundations of our Indian empire.
Nor could Englishmen cease to regret that a war which
ended gloriously in the west, should have left Russia tri-
umphant in the east, and so have encouraged that
formed power, Persia, as to have bequeathed to us, if not
a new and inglorious war, at least millions of expenditure
in warlike preparations. Dr. Sandwith rapidly sketched
the occurrences in Asia Minor, prior to tbo arrival there of
General Williams. The first collision between the Turks
and Russians was at Byandir, where a small body of
Russians was surprised and routed by the Turks, under
Abdi Pacha, whose second in command, Ahmed Pacha,
subsequently marched against a Russian force at Akiska,
and was not only routed but afterwards thoroughly cut up
by the Russians, whom he allowed to surprise him. Ahmed
Pacha, by the most disgraceful means, procured the chief
command, in Jan., 1854. The winter of that year saw the
ruin of the fine army assembled before Kars to protect Asia
Minor; and that ruin was achieved, not by a Russian, but
by a Turkish general. The men were plundered of their
rations and clothing, mulcted of their pay, and crowded
into unwholesome hovels, until 20,0, 0 died of typhus and
scurvy. (Sensation.) Such an immense loss, although it
eariched the general who pocketed the pay and rations of
the dead men, at last roused the authorities of Constanti-
nople. He was recalled, and Zarif Pacha, a man of infamous
antecedents, was despatched to take command of the army.
Zarif Pacha initiated his advent by advancing upon the
Russians posted at Kuredire in comparatively small force ;
but he met with so terrible a defeat that his army retreated,
a mere rabble, into Kars, on the 7th of August. Coming
to the events of which ho had himself been an eye-witness,
Dr. Sandwith proceeded to defend the military tactics of
General Williams, and maintained that to have abandoned
Kars and defended the Soghanli passes, and afterwards, if
necessa.ry, fallen back upon Erzeroum, would have insured
the success of the Russian army under the circumstances,
and given Russia the possession of a vast country instead
of an outlying frontier town. (Hear, hear.) He first joined
General Williams at Erzeroum in the autumn of 1854, who
at that time had begun his work as Commissioner of the
Anatolian army by carefully inspecting the hospitals, bar-
racks, and appointments of the troops stationed there, with
the view of preparing the city for an eventuality. The
mixed character of the population of Erzeroum, and the
known disloyalty of the Mussulman population, presented
many difficulties, but these were more or less overcome.
A fter a short stay at Erzeroum they proceeded forward to
Kars, and were struck with the desolate appearance of the
intervening country. The distance between the two towns
was about 525 miles, and the roads, or tracks rather, were
only practicable for the purposes of an army in summer
time, whilst at a distance of 20 miles from Kars was the
important pass of Soghanli Dagh, a range of rugged hills,
which were easily defended by an army in possession.
They entered Kars about the 24th September, 1851, and
General Williams commenced his work in good earnest.
The army, consisting of 15,000 or 17,000 men, was at that
time encamped on the plain to the south of the city, under
the command of Zarif Mustafa Pasha, who was busy mak-
ing his fortune by false muster rolls, and the consequence
was, that the men, though stout, hardy peasants, were in
anything but the state they ought to have been with an
active and intelligent enemy within 30 miles of them.
General Williams, on his arrival, waited on the com-
mander-in-chief, iarif Mustafa Pasha, who expressed self delighted tosee the British Commissioner. The Mushirhim
's
military career was not very distinguished, and his cha-
racter was disgraced by dishonesty. A short time before,
his army had been defeated on three successive occasions,
the last time being about a month before their arrival,
when 20,000 Turks had been beaten by 10,000 Russians at
Kurekdere, and returned to Kars a mere rabble. Besides
these defeats, the men had gone through great suffering,
and were greatly reduced by mortality. The infantry
were, however, of good material, and the artillery de-
cidedly good, but the cavalry was so bad as to be of no
UB9. The horses were ill fed and starved by exposure to
the cold, and the accoutrements of the troopers were
altogether unsuited to active service. After the depar-
ture of Zarif Pacha, Gen. Williams succeeded in placing
the soldiers in good winter quarters, and then returned to
Erzeroum, leaving his young aide-de-camp, Lieut. Tees-
dale, to work out his reforms during the winter. How that
officer performed his arduous task was recorded in the blue
books, but not a tithe of the difficulties he had to encoun-
ter, ogenera f tho energy
was y, discretion, and courage he displayed,
lly known. He was, in truth, a worthy lieute-
nant of a woz thy chief. In the spring the staff was increased
by the arrival of Col. Lake, Capt. Thompson, and Major
Alpherts, of whom the two former remained until the end
of the siege. Capt. Thompson, though suffering from a
wound received in the Burmese war, had his heart in his
profession, and longed for new fields of action ; whilst Cul.
Lake might well be termed the Todleben of Kars. (Hear.)
It would be impossible for him to lead them step by step
throughthe history of Gen. Williams's labours in Erze-
roum. The winter was spent in fighting with pashas and
peculators, which wore almost convertible terms, and in the
spring in exciting the population to work at the' fortifica-
tions. He was also busily engaged collecting supplies to
meet the exigencies of the coming campaign. After encoun-
tering many difficulties, and when Gen. Williams was be-
ginning to see some results in the steps he had taken, a
courier arrived from Kars, with despatches from Colonel
Lake, announcing that the Russian army, to the number of
30,000 or 40,000, with an immense transport service, was
assembled at Gumri, and that the Mushir wished to aban-
don liars, and fall back upon Erzeroum. Geu. Williams
wrote to remonstrate against this step, and on the follow-
is-
Thom -
s-
tance from the city by Colonel Lake and Captaint Thomp-
son, rinivgeind oonrnitnhgeth7tehy loefft
JEurnzee.rouTmhefyorweKrearms,
ewthaetraeotmheeyda.x
actives (sn , w haoe r av
ipepee. a r
eh iwg halsy
mucheht elated
change which the camp of Kars now presented. ,The whole
sattr
utchke
wn
ietahr pt rhoes peenc ti or
northe
erteicn toef,
it,
wasunclosed comprising
th tocothhescotuinth, anbat-
teries, which were placed on each commanding point. The
whole aspect of the camp was changed, and
nclosee and
d cityh yata mile
breastworks, connecting
redoubts were observed at every corner. The
men
wore a more material air and appeared cheerful and full of
too,
for
formidable
courage ; but in spite of all this they had great cause
troops of all arms, and of these the cavalry were utterly
doubt
,and misgiving, for they had only 15,000 regularl
worthless. True, their artillery was excellent, but
soon learned, as a great secret, that they could only fight
their big guns for three days, as after that their ammuni-
tion would be expended. Had that secret found its way
to the Russian camp, no doubt Mouravieff would have
commenced a siege by app caches, instead of a block-
ade, and in three days they would have been at his
mercy. The amount of their provisions, too, was not
generally known, General Williams, however, began
with the utmost forethought to prepare either for a
siege, a blockade, or an assault. The fortifications were
pushed forward by Colonel Lake, and means were
taken to secure what provisions were avails ble, the
cattle in the city being counted, and watched to pre-
vent their removal. The general made a strong but
unfortunately vain attempt to get rid of the women and
children, but the population were opposed to his plans, and
he only partially succeeded. The town was apportioned
into districts, and returns made of the poor, and the amount
of food in the possession of the comparatively rich, the sur-
plus being given to the poor ; the vegetable gardens were
token possession of for the use of the soldiers who had been
suffering from scurvy ; and health officers were appointed.
Capt. Thompson was permanently quartered on the Kara-
dagh, and Major Teesdale, as the chief of the staff of Gen.
Kurety, was posted on the Tahmaf hill. On the 9th June
their scouts brought intelligence that the Russian army was
in full march towards Kars. This was what was expected,
and made no alterations in their plans. The townspeople
began to show the warlike spirit which they inherited from
their ancestors, and which was in some measure created by
athrrei,paols,itoilaouf
AKgeha, reaas afinbo oldord ma
border town.o Shortly after their
Williams, and offered the services of
Karslis, which were accepted most readily, though they
himwaaeiltfeadnduspcoonaG rmeend .
had been refused by the 'Turkish Governor, Ismail Pacha.
The old man fought like a lion when the day of battle came,
and fell, shot in the leg, but eventually recovered. Two
days afterwards he again called upon Gen. Williams, and
informed him that Ismail Perla was, in an underhand
way, creating a dislike to the English commander, upon
which a council of war was held, and Gen.
Williams de-
nounced Ishmail Pacha as an intriguer and mischievous
ally of the enemy. Whilst Gen. Williams was speaking
the Governor suddenly disappeared, and was never after-
wards heard of in Kars. At this time, and while doing
his best for the safety of the garrison, Gen. informs wrote
to Constantinople to urge on a despatch of re 'Wincements.
Ho also wrote to the Pacha of Erzeroum for more levies
of irregular cavalry, and to Mustafa Pacha. of Batoum for
troops. No reinforcements, however, came from either
quarter. On 16th June they learnt from their videttes
that the Russian army was in full march towards their po-
sition. It was the day of the Mussulman feast of Balmer),
and whilst the troops were at their posts the citizens were
dressed in their gayest apparel. The town presented a
most picturesque and exciting scene. The citizens in their
bright Asiatic garments, with their silver mounted wea-
pons, sallied out of their houses, horse and foot, young men
and old, while the women stood on the houso tops, shout.
ing words of encouragement to their natural defenders.
Many a fond mother, with trembling hands and tearful
eyes, buckled a dead father's sword on her young stripling
while she bade him go and do battle for his home and
kindred. Crowds of armed inea claued the reeky heights