The Sun.
London, England, 1856-05-13 00:00:00

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LONDON, TUESDAY, MAY 13, 1856.

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In addition to the Note of the IGth of April
on the general condition of Italy, presented by the
Sardinian Plenipotentiaries to the Governments of
France and England, and on which we commented
in our leading columns yesterday, there was an-
other document of great importance exclusively
relating to the Papal States, which also appeared
in The Sun. This letter was personally delivered
by Count CAvova on the 27th of March, before
the Anal signature of " The Precious Treaty." It
gives a deplorable, but, unfortunately, an " ower-
true" account of the condition of the provinces
under the nominal Government of the Holy See
for nearly seven years past. If that which has
now become the normal state of Italy, with the
single exception of Piedmont, is to be earnestly
deprecated, it is, if possible, even more objec-
tionable in the States of the Church. The Sovereign
Pontiff has been maintained on his temporal throne
solely by foreign intervention. He reigns not in
the hearts of his subjec's, but merely by the
force and terror of Austrian bayonets ; and
there is but too much reason to fear that
the occupation may be rendered permanent,
and that Rome will virtually be annexed to the
Empire of FRASOLS JOSEPH, unless some energetic
fforts be forthwith made to introduce a wiser and
v•sre equitable system.
Since 1849 the Legations have been occupied
by Austrian troops ! The state of siege, and of
martial law, have since that time, been
in vigour
without interruption. The citizens have forfeited
even the slightest appearance of liberty, for they
are bound, not by the laws of their country, but
by the reguitions of military despotism. A, Aus-
trian General exercises the functions of civil and
military governor, and his will has been substi-
tilted for that which was formerly the law of the
land. Nor is there any reasonable ground for
hoping that this untoward state of affairs wi

be brought to a speedy termination. The Cabinet
of Vienna is but too well pleased to have a large
body of troops living at free quarters, and pre-
paring the public mind for even the more tolerable
civil rule of Austria. The PONTIFF dares not pro-
test against this usurpation, inasmuch as he feels
that, if left to his own resources, he is incapable of
preserving order, and that the departure of the
invading (for practically they are "invading")
troops would be the signal for the sceptre being
wrenched from his impotent grasp. He there-
fore procrastinates—endeavours to delay the evil
hour to the last moment, and will continue to do

so until the course of events renders a persistence
in the impolitic course absolutely impossible.
The experience of byegone years, as well as
the events of the day, prove that sacerdotal domi-
nation is inconsistent with the welfare of the

people immediately concerned, or with the
peace and tranquillity of Europe. The clerical
influeuce, ahhoug,h it cannot act independently,
is sufficien• ly powerful to prevent any decided
ame.ioration. There is, therefore, but little hope
for the future—nothing to induce men to submit
to the oppression they are enduring, in the hope
of " a good time coming" for themselves, or for
their children.

It is evident that " secularisation "—the com-
plete sep;ration of the temporal authority from
the spiritual power, is the only chance for the
welfare and prosperity of the long-suffering, and
greatly oppressed people. The clerical yoke must
be got rid of—for, as truly remarked in the
Memorandum, "it is a burning torch of turbulence
and corruption, which furnishes a pretext for the
permanent occupation of the Austrians, excites
diplomatic complications, and disturbs the balance

of Europe !"
A plan has been suggested by the Plenipoten-
tiaries by which this great desideratum may be
achieved. An " administrative reform" is sug-
gested, which may have the intended effect. Six
points are laid down for the complete " seculari-
sation" of the " legations" or provinces of the
Holy See, situate between the Po, the Adriatic,
and the Appennines, but permitting their diplc,-
matic and religious relations to remain exclusively
the concern of the Court of Rome. The foreign
occupations must speedily cease, but the much-
required reforms must be coeval therewith, inas-
much as there should be no pretext afforded for
the renewal of such an untoward state of affairs.
Had it not been for these " occupations" in which
France is a particeps criminis, the necessary re-
forms would already have been introduced. But,
unfortunately, the Papal Government has been
thereby taught to pin its faith on foreigners
rather than on its own subjects, and to endeavour
to rule by fear rather than by love.

This state of affairs should at once be termi-
nated. It is to be hoped that Lours NAPOLEON
will himself perceive the inevitable necessity of
such a course. The effects of " the apple of dis-
cord" flung among the Plenipotentiaries by the
very infelicitous observations relating to the Bel-
gian Press are already too painfully perceptible.
The Cabinet of Paris would probably be but too
happy to escape from the false position in
which it has placel itself thereby. Whatever
be its views, however, England cannot change.
Its people will never concur in or sanction a
crusade against the liberty of the Press in any
country. If the Alliance is to last, there must be
a withdrawal from the position so improvidently
assumed. We are satisfied that the good feeling
of France will induce her, not only to abstain
from the movement more than hinted at, but
also co-operate in a cordial and friendly
spirit in endeavouring to abate the cry-
ing grievances, indicated in the Sardinian
Notes, in the States of Italy generally, but
in that of Rome in particular. Such a course
will indeed consolidate the union, and render the
entente cordiale indissoluble. It will promote the
welfare and prosperity of Europe, but especially
of the Mighty Nations which lend their hands to
the glorious work, the consummation whereof
will for ever redound to the glory of France and
England.

Exeter Hall has for the moment triumphed.
The bands are to play no longer in the Parks on
a Sunday afternoon to the smoke-dried, over-
worked, down-trodden, sickly population of the
metropolis. Exeter-hall determined that its Sun-
day bray should suffer from no rivalry ; and,
utterly indifferent to the wishes and necessities
of the poor, vowed that it should be so. The
Premier was besieged with Mawworms, pestered
with their remonstrances. The Premier, a bit of
an Epicurean, didn't like it. Sir BENJAMIN HALL
was sent for. The sturdy Baronet, who had
manfully withstood the assaults of the GROSVENORS
and SPOONERS, was not to be wheedled by Lord
PALMERSTON, and would not give way. This was
on Friday, and so the matter stood until the next
day. The crisis came. Oa Saturday, a copy of
the Leeds Mercury, containing a confidential let-
ter to the public against the performance of the
bands—a letter remarkable for bad logic, weak
argument, and extravagant assertion—reached
the palace at Lambeth. The Archbishop set, to
work to read it under a meek protest-=naturally
enough was much moved as he proceeded, and
having called for a pair of clean cambric handker-
chiefs, wiped away his tears, finished the perusal,
and mustered resolution to write to Lord PAL-
MERSTON on the strength of it. A letter, says
the Herald, "in the name of the whole Christian
community, expressive of a deep feeling of grief
and alarm at the desecration of the Lord's day."
Such a letter, we are assured, "is not an every-
day occurrence." It was too much for the vola-
tile Premier. He could crack his joke over the
three tailors in Tooley-street. The represen-
tative "of the whole Christian community"
frightened him. He took at once to hocus
pocus, and leapt down his own throat with
a celerity no living professor could rival.
Sir BENJAMIN HALL was straightway sacrificed ;
and the people of London were once more de-
livered over, bound hand and foot, to the most
execrable tyranny extant.
Of course the matter can't rest here. It is not
in the nature of Englishmen to endure tamely
such a monstrous violation of the rights of con•
science. Humane men, whose hearts were so
deeply moved by the spectacle in the Parks last
Sunday, cannot thus have the oup of unselfish
pleasure dashed from their lips and say and do
nothing. The victims themselves cannot be ex.;
petted to forego a boon of this sort with placidity.
Of course they will be anxious to know the reason
why. Doubtless they will experience a very
natural anxiety to know who their tyrants are.
Surely they have a right to know how they came,
first, to be unchristianised by the Archbishop of
CANTERBURar, and, second, what his reasons are
for interfering with their enjoyment ; and, having
that right, will feel disposed to exercise it. The
greater portion of them don't know what an Arch-
bishop is. His Graaf:, cannot have a better oppor-
tunity to s how them than the gathering in the
Parks next Sunday will afford him. He is bound
in manliness to give them the explanation they
Will look thr ; and no coward fear, it is to be
hoped, will deter so great and good a Christian
from •" •
nous a duty. His Master fed the
multitude that
that followed Him. We call upon the
Archbishop
to tell the people in the Parks why he
has misrepresented them, and deprived them of
their only. opportunity for fresh air and innocent
recreation. Their inquiries will not, of course,
be confin od to Dr. &TUNED. : the " evangeical "
clergy of ti re Establishment, and their church and
olaapel-goer s, and the chapel-goers of Dissent, who
have figur( in the Sabbatarian crusade against
the enjoyment of the population, will also have

,he opportunity to explain themselves. Most of

them depen 1 on the poor for support, and cannot
in common; t lecency refuse their customers a reply,

more espeeinslly those tradespeople who protest so
loudly on
b shalf of lib3ry of conscience, and try
so energetic
=ally to put down Popery. Tract dis-
tributors r aay also prepare themselves to give ex-
planationE It is to be hoped all the explanations

sought for will be satisfactory. Lord PALMERSTON
also may be looked to. The public certainly are
entitled to know how that which he described as
a tyrannical interfernce with the rights of con-
science one day should become something worthy
of approval the next. The "Minister of England"
bow his neck to a tyrannical yoke—it is hard to
conceive it ! He must be called on to disperse
all doubt about the matter.

Pending these inquiries, it may be deemed
premature in us to say—the Sabbatarian yoke is
being riveted more firmly than ever—and, unless
the population break the back of Exeter Hall, by
a grand demonstration, followed by persevering
effort, to "no Music in the Parks" will, before
long, be added, "No Railway nor Steam Excur-
sions," "No pleasure on the Sunday at all for
the sodden population 1" The old women of
Exeter Hall have so decreed it and the Ministry
is the puppet of Exeter Hall. Is it not mon-
strous that a small section of the population
should impose their yoke, in a matter of conscience
and health, on the rest ! Will the people follow
LUTHER'S advice, under such circumstances, and
sing, dance, &c., in the Parks next Sunday ?

PHOTOGRAPIIIO LIKENESSES.

BY JOHN WATKINS.

Occasionally we have found it particularly in-
teresting, when at leisure, to turn out of the dust
and glare of the streets into the shady saloon of
one of our popular photographic establishments.
We don't mean, of course—be sure of that I—by
the word " popular," those miserable little hole-
in-the corner portrait-shops, where the iroXXot are
coolly tempted in to have their heads " taken off
for a shilling ! We allude to first-class establish-
ments, where the photographic art is practised in
its nearest approach to perfection, as, let us say
for example, at Claudet's, or at Mayall's, or at
Watkins', down in the neighbourhood of the Le.
gislative Palace at Westminster. We will take
by way of illustration the last-mentioned gallery,
opened, we may observe, to public inspection every
week-day from sunrise to sundown, at 34, Par-
liament-street—it being, we believe, the very first
plass of the kind established in Londt.n by a profes-
sional photographer. Originally, and indeed until
very recently, the gallery here alluded to constituted,
so to speak, the head-quarters of Mr. Beard, the
well-known patentee—who may be described by
the way as having assumed in England a position
in relation to M. Daguerre analogous in a great
measure to that occupied nearly four centuries
ago by Master Caxton (curiously enough within
arrow shot of 34, Parliament-street, namely,
within the precincts of the Abbey Sanctuary) in
reference to that ingenious burgher of Mentz,
Herr Gottenburg l Ultimately—judging of his
ability from those examples of his skill which we
have recently had the satisfaction of examining---
a not unworthy successor of this Caxton or Wyn-
kyn de Wordo, among our English Photographers,
has appeared in the person of the present Artist-
Proprietor of what was (as we have seen) until
very lately Mr. Beard's original photographic
establishment at Westminster.
As a mere intellectual lounge, and as affording
any one the means of gratifying a very pardonable
curiosity, Mr. Watkins' Gallery in Parliament-
street will more than repay, we are satisfied, a
very careful and piecemeal examination. Apart
from the intrinsic beauty of the photographic
specimens there collected together as examples of
a very novel and wonderful art, they number
amongst them the " counterfeit presenti-
ments," the life-like portraits, the all
but breathing effigies of some of the
most interesting among our living celebrities.
This—:or ourselves, at least--constitutes the
principal charm of the collection. Celebrities
they chance to be, too, of the most diverse cha-
racter imaginable. Here, for example, is the
wise, quaint, wonderful face of Lord Brougham
—with the Scotch burr (if the pun may pass)
sticking visibly and tenaciously to every lineament.
And here, cheek-by-jowl with it, are the rather
tour-looking features of Lord Mllmesbury,
reminding us by its incongruous imperial (through
an association of ideas no less incongruous) of the
chivalrous policy in regard to France, inaugurated
(be it ever remembered to his honour) by the
noble earl, in spite of the sneers and vituperations
of those who a little while afterwards emulated
the statesman-like sagacity displayed by him
during the few months in which he, fortunately
for England, held the seals of the Foreign Depart-
ment. Yonder is the venerable but curiously
senile countenance of the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, and yonder, again, not very far from the
Protestant Primate, the portly form and
burly aspect of the modern Wolsey, Nicholas Car-
dinal Wiseman, the chief of the Roman Catholic
Church in England ! At one moment we are
face to face with Sir Samuel Peto, the enterprising
architect of more fabrics than the great fabric of
his own fortunes, but of none among them all
more remarkable in its way, or more honourable to
his extended and elevated reputation. At another
we are noting the facial curves (for angles there
are none) discernible in the contour of the manly
similitude of his Grace the Duke of Leeds. Here,
judicially wigged, as befits his honour the Recorder
of Hull, is the thoughtful and impressive likeness
of Mr. Warren, the eminent novelist, recently
elected M. P. for Midhurst—but still to us most
notable among all his clustering honours (includ-
ing those of the prodigious horsehair ringlets warn
by him in his robes as A Queen's Counsel), still to
us we say most notable as the author of the
" Diary of a Late Physician" and " Ten Thou-
sand a Year," as the creator of sweet Kate
Aubrey, of Oily Gammon the astute, and of
Tittlebat Titmouse the inimitably ridiculous.
Hero is M. W. Balfe, one of the most original and
graceful of living melodists ; and here W. H. Rus-
sell, the brilliant and masterly Times' Correspon-
dent. Yonder is the "Old Dazey" of the House
of Commons, Mr. Brotherton ; and yonder again
the Mrs. Glover, of the Princess's clever Mrs.
Winstanley. This before us is the handsome appa-
rition of the staunch, radical, reforming knight
Sir Joshua Walmsley ; and this again, with the
elf-lock drooping oddly over his forehead, the
perennial, teetotalising, caricaturist George Cruik-
shank. As for artists generally, their effigies abound
in Mr. Watkins' Gallery. There is Foley of the
" Ino and Bacchus," Sant of the " Praying
Samuel," Frith of Home-life, Ward of the Revo-
lutionary, Goodall, our younger Wilkie, and Gil-
bert, the prolific and inexhaustible, with others of
various note, including Dyce, Gibson, Knight,
Ross, and Macdowell. Have we not enumerated
the names of men-of-mark, enough both in diver-
sity and importance, to justify what has been
already said as to the interest attaching to this par-
ticular Photographic Collection down in Westmins-

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_
er ? In its way it is, in truth, a sort of Walhalla
n miniature.

COURT CIRCULAR.

OSBORNE, May 12.

Her Majesty, his Royal Highness the Prince Consort,
the Prince of Wales, Prince Alfred, the Princess Royal,
and Princess Alice attended Whippingham parish church
yesterday morning, where the service was performed by
the Rev. G. Prothero.
Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent went to
Frogrnore yesterday morning, attended by Lady Anna
Maria Dawson, Baroness do Spaeth, and Colonel
Stephens. Her Royal Highness returned to her resi-
denve, Clarence House, St. James's, in the afternoon.
Despatches from the British Minister at the Calla of
Turin were received yesterday at the Colonial Office.
Despatches from the Governor of the Cape of Good
Hope were received yesterday at the Colonial-office.

COURAGEOUS CONDUCT.-011 Saturday evening, whilst
several hundred people were waiting the arrival of the
ferry steamer at Black wall pier, a man was observed ti
fall overboard, and, being in a state of intoxication at
the time, would inevitably have lost his life, had not a
Y°ll,,g man, named M‘Donald, belonging., we believe, t
the firm of Messrs. Simpkin and Marshall, booksellers
gallantly swam to his assistance, and. after a severe
struggle, succeeded in saving him. This is the second
Person Wponald has saved in a similarly praiseworthy
manner, at the risk of losing his own life.