The Sun.
London, England, 1851-07-05 00:00:00

THE IRISH CENSUS.

The Irish census will show a deficiency of above
2,000,000, as compared with the numbers which would
have been attained this year had there been no interrup-
tion of the ordinary rate of increase. On the last three
occasions of taking the census the numbers were—
In 1821 ... ... 6,801,827
1831 ... 7,767.401
1841 ... 8,175,124
The report about to be published will show, in 1851,
very little more than 6,500,000. The same report will
also show a remarkable decrease in the number of
" houses," as compared with the number in the preceding
census, and, of course, still greater as compared with the
number which would have appeared now had the former
rate of increase been maintained.

The anticipations which we have recently expressed
in our notice of the census of Great Britain will,
therefore, be confirmed by the facts which have
now to be officially reported. The most startling
fact of the census will be, that whereas the ordinary
law of increase, had it not been interrupted in its
operation, would have shown progress at the rate of 6
per cent., the returns now made pres'ent instead, a de-
crease of about 20 per cent., the decrease embracing
above a quarter of the population which it was antici-
pated that Ireland would possess at the present time.
That these anomalous phenomena may be properly
accounted for and correctly appreciated, there are some
considerations to be taken into the account, which it may
not be the duty of the Irish Census Department to pre-
sent for public consideration, but which it may be well
to observe in connexion with the leading facts we now
present, and which will be laid before the country in

A considerable proportion of the deficiency about to
be officially reported in the Irish population is attributa-
ble to the scarcity of food, to the sufferings of the poor
from the want of fuel and shelter during inclement
seasons, and to the scourge of the cholera,
diarrhoea, influenza, and other epidemic and en-
demic diseases, which have been carrying on their
destructive operation in that country with unusual force
during the last 10 years. While these causes will aid
the inquirer, in reterence to the d,ficient population
generally, it will be seen that some of them will apply to
particular localities in a manner highly suggestive to
those who for the last 10 years have directed their at-
tention to the way in which things have been managed
in Ireland.

The principal cause of deficiency, however, will not be
found in these evils, but in the progress of emigration,
affecting the population throughout the whole of the
term under consideration, and during the last two or
three years, as every cne knows, at a rapidly increasing
ratio.

During the last 10 years the emigration from the
United Kingdom has amounted to above 1,600,000, of
which amount, as is well known, Ireland has furnished
more than its natural proportion, sending out numbers
by whose departure the country has been in some
parts completely drained of its population. This fact
is referred to for the purpose of noticing a feature it pre-
sents, and which, if it should not at first attract attention,
ought to be considered, as it furnishes an element of im-
portance in any calculations that may be made for the
purpose of accounting for the strange aspect which the
Irish census of this year will present. It should be
then observed, that the emigrants from Ireland generally
are not the aged nor the very young, but persons whose
removal would in a few years sensibly affect the natural
increase of the population by the increase of births over
deaths. The necessary consequence has been, that ;
great numbers of those births which would have been re-1
gistered in Ireland have been registered in the United
States or the colonies, and many of them in this country.
If any attempts should be made hereafter to show how
the movement of the population from one country has
affected the numbers in another, the fact referred to will
be found of great importance, and it may be proper that it
should now be noticed,as illustrating another tact connected
with the increase of the population of England during the
last ten years. After making allowance for causes unfavour-
ably affecting the English population, it appears that the
natural increase in this country is not sufficient to ac-
count for the numbers we have reached, and that amount
would not, we apprehend, be fully accounted for by
th• numbers of immigrants from Ireland. Our num-
bers, it will be found, have been augmented by a
considerable quantity of Irish children who have had
the misfortune, or the good fortune, to be borne out of
their own country. The same element will be found to
apply very largely to the United States, and to have its
influence on the vast increase which they have received
during the last ten years.—Times.,

STEAM CARRIAGES on PUBLIC ROADS.
A very ingenious steam locomotive for the conveyance
of passenger and goods' traffic over common roads has been
lately patented by our fellow-citizens, Messrs. Clark and
Motley. The chief peculiarities of the invention will be
gleaned from the subjoined description, which has been
handed to us by the patentees. The entire machine is
intended to consist of an engine of from six to ten horse
power, to which is attached an omnibus or long-bodied
carriage, capable of accommodating forty persons and a
certain quantity of luggage. With this load the patentees
assert the capability of their invention to attain an ave-
rage speed of ten miles per hour on ordinary roads, and
the power of ascending inclines of one in six or eight.
A speed of sixteen miles an hour might be checked and
the engine brought to a stand-still in the space of sixteen
feet—an important consideration where there is any dan-
ger of a collision. The engine comprises-Ist. An appara-
tus for steering with certsintly and facility at any required
speed, on any kind of road. 2d. Suspension of the
machinery in such a manner that all jolts or concussions
arising from bad roads shall not be injuriously commu-
nicated to the machinery, so that wear and tear will be
considerably reduced. 3d. The power to be increased
or decreased according to the state of the roads, or the
resistance to be overcome. 4th. A boiler of the strong-
est mechanical form with the least possible weight of
material. Also a means of preventing priming, or the
water boiling over into the cylinders of the engine, and
likewise a means of insuring the perfect contact of the
water with the heating surfaces of the boiler under all
circumstances. It is cheap iu first cost, durable in wear
and easily repaired when out of order, and will occupy
but a small space for a given power. sth. The most
economical application of the steam power, by keeping
the cylinders hotter than the steam employed therein,
by which all condensation of the steam during its expan-
sion is prevented, and to work the steam at such a
pressure that the greatest effect may be produced by
being worked expansively. 6th. To apply the power
equally to the two driving wheels under all circumstances
of passing curves, &c. 7th. The carriage frame to be
made of sheet iron, rivetted together in such a manner,
that the water tanks, &c., may be formed of the same,
so that it will be strong and of light weight. The im-
provements in the passenger carriage or omnibus-Ist.
To be 12 inches wider than the common omnibus, that
passengers may go in or out without discommoding those
sitting down. tad. To have a door on each side that
passengers may be taken up or set down from the pave-
ment. 3rd. To have the carriage heated by the exhaust
steam in cold weather. 4th. To divide the passengers
into two or more classes. A model of the engine has
been exhibited during the week, at the offices of Messrs.
Hinton and Son, solicitors, Small-street; it met with
deserved praise and encomium for its simplicity and evi-
dent adaptation for the purposes contemplated by the
patentees.—Bristol Gazette.

SEABORNE MAILS.
(N signifies that the mails are sent fron► the General Post-Ofilee
by the night—and M by the morning—dispatch.]

When made up in I From what
PLACES. GeneralPost-otice, port die- When
London. patched. due.
America (by Brit, pkt.) N July 11 Liverpool .. July 6
America (by U.S. pkt.) N July 8 .. Liverpool July 9
America (by U.S. pkt.) M July 16 .. Southampt. Juiy 10
Africa (West coast).. N 14th of the month Plymouth July 3
Alexandria* • • ...... N 19th & 30th of mo. Dover .. July 18
Belgium .. N pally .. Dover .. Daily
Brazil .. . M 9th of the month Southampt. July 12
Buenos Ayres M 9th of the month Southampt. July 13
California( via Chagres) M 2d& 17th of month Southern pt. July 5
Cape of Good Hope N 14th of month Plymouth.. Jul 3
Constantinople* .. •. N 7th 17th 27th of mo 'Dover .. July 10
Central America .. M2d & 17th of mon. Southampt. July 5
Channel Isles • • .. N Mon., Wed., & Fri. Southampt. Tn. Th. S a
Chili 31 17th of the month Southampt. July 20
France .. 31 & N Twice daily .. .. Dover • • Twicodaily
Greece* N 7th 17th 27th of mo Dover .. July 10
Hamburgh N Tuesday & Friday London .. Tues. Sat.
Rolland .. •• M Wednes. & Satur. London .. Mos.Thcr
Honduras . N 17th of the month Southampt. July 20
Ireland .. M& N Twice daily Holyhead .. T wicedaily
India (via Southamp.) M 20th of the month,Southampt. July 43
India (via M arseilles) N 7 thit 24th efmonth Dover • . July 16
Mediterranean (via
Southampton) .. M2oth of the month Southampt. July 93
Mediterranean (via
Marseilles) .. N 7th& 24th ofmonth Dover .. July 16
Mexico .. M2d of the mouth.. Southampt. July b
Madeira • • . • .. M 9th of the month Southampt. July 12
r 7th, 17th,19th,27th
Malta* 1 Dover July 10
/ & 30th of month
Naples* Nth 15th 25th ofmo , Dover .. July 12
Papal States* Math 15th 25th elmo;Dover .. July 12
Peninsular.. •• .. 3117th 17th 27thof molSouthampt. July 6
Peru M 17th of the month Southamot. July 90
Tuscany* .. N sth 15th 25th of mo Dover • • July 12
West Indies .. 17th of the month Southampt. July 90
West Indies (except
Havanna & Nassau) M 2d of the month .. Southampt. July 5

Southiunpt. July 5
Led (*) are conveyed by

* The mails to those countries thus marl
French packet vl 4 Marseilles.
CALIFOZNIA.—MaiIs to and from Califonii.
are now despatched and due by every Ameri,

La, via the United States
lean packet.

DEATH Isom A Su STROKE.-012 Saturday last
a woman named Bucket was working in the hayfield at
Bourton, about three miles from B.inbury ; she had, in con-
sequence of the intense heat, been imprudently working
without her bonnet, and died 4uddenly from a coup de solid.
Banbury Guardian.