The Sun.
London, England, 1856-08-22 00:00:00

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[PRICE 4D. STAMPED 5D-

late the consequences of their own acts. No doubt the
moral perceptions were often blunted by the want of
education and by debasing associations. He next came
to the question as to whether punitive measures should
be resorted to in reformatories. He thought decidedly
not. He objected to the confusion of education and
punishment, because to the criminal himself it would
have the aspect of inflicting an education upon him as a
punishment for his crime, and to the general public it
would present the spectacle of guilt rewarded by a good
education. The boys themselves appreciated the differ.
ence between the prison to which they were sent to be
punished for their crimes and the reformatory to which
they were sent to be improved. It was of great import.
ance that this distinction should be clearly kept up if they
wisliedtoseaerrietthok for theireoco-operati benefit, on
boefntehet, boysa and whichint
hewoil
which theypra
operation would be a very great advantage. There
need not be any in-uperable difficulty in inducing a boy
to take part in his own improvement, but it was net easy .
to see bow they were to bring him to take a willing part
in his o rvn punishment. At Parkhurst, for instance,
where field labour was made compulsory as a punishment,
the boys shrank from it, and evaded it as far as po e,
whereas at Redhill, where it constituted a portion' o e
training which was to fit them for after life, they took b it
heartily and well. Everything depended upon whether
the boys looked upon themselves as scholars or as pi i.
sowers—(hear)—and whether Uwe/ regarded the teacher
as a gaoler or a friend. (Hear.) A preliminary period of
penal discipline should be resorted to, and followed by a
system of industrial and educational training ; but no
punishment whatever should take place in the reforma-
tories', because they were intended as establishments to
win boys back from a life of vagrancy, misery, and crime,
ani to give them a taste for honest industry and for the
comforts of home. No one, however, would wish to make
their position in any respect such as that it should excite
the jealous feelings of the honest poor. Punishment for
past offences should be administered before coming into
the ref Tmatory school. It should not be associa'ed with
imprisonment. He would, therefore, advise short terms of
imprisonment upon the separate system so Jong as refor-
matery schools were confined to children who had been
guilty of a breach of the law ; such children ought clearly
to undergo some sort of punishment.
A general meeting will be held this evening at the Vic-
toria rooms, when Lord Stanley will give a resuisc of the
proceedings of the sections.

ASCENT OF MOUNT ARARAT BY FIVE
ENGLISHMEN.

In this age of ripe experience, when universal
enterprise and searching investigation have brought
almost everything beneath their touch, it is some-
thing to be able to announce to the public the ac-
complishment of an undertaking which has hitherto
been deemed impossible, while by many the very
attempt would have been considered as bordering
on the impious.
To most men the name of Ararat suggests
thoughts of a solemn nature ; and among the people
who inhabit the countries round its base, its snow-
capped summit is regarded with mingled awe and
veneration, being guarded from all approach, ac-
cording to their belief hitherto, not only by physi-
cal obstructions of an insuperable nature, but also
by Divine prohibition. This belief no longer
exists, and the practicability of ascending Mount
Ararat is now an established fact.

On the 11th inst. a party, consisting of Major
Alick J. Fraser, the Rev. Walter Thursby, Mr.
James Theobold, jun., of Winchester, Mr. John
Evans, of Darley Abbey, Derbyshire, and myself,
started from Bayazid on this new expedition. We
were accompanied by two servants and a zaptieb,
or native policeman, and by the kindness of the
Kaimakan, Hadjee Mustapha Effendi, we were
consigned to the special charge of Issak Bey, a chief
of the Ararat Kurds, under whose safeguard we
had nothing to fear from the plundering habits of
his followers. At Bayazid we had provided our-
selves each with a stout pole between five and six
feet long, furnished with a spike at one end and a
hook at the other.

Crossing the plain of Ararat we commenced the
ascent through a wide ravine, enclosed between vast
ridges of volcanic rock. For three hours we wound
our way through rugged defiles, occasionally
traversing fertile plateaus, verdant with growing
crops of wheat and barley. Our sure footed
little horses, accustomed to this sort of work,
picked their way through the most break neck
places, and brought us in safety to the black
goats'-hair tents of our host, which were pitched
on some pasture lands on the southern slope of
Greater Ararat, about 8,000 feet above tho level of
the sea. Hither the Kurds resort in summer with
their flocks and herds, returning to the villages of
the plain at the approach of winter.
A portion of the chief's tents were set apart for
our use ; the floor was covered with gay-coloured
carpets, a fat sheep was killed, and everything was
supplied that Kurdish hospitality could suggest.
At 3 o'clock next morning we were on the move,
all except Mr. Thursby, who, to our regret, was
obliged by indisposition to remain in the tent.
Three hours of continued ascent on foot brought
us to the base of the cone. Here Major Fraser
bore off to the sGuih-east, and took a line of his
own, while Mr. Theobold, Mr. Evans, and I com-
menced the ascent on the southern side, keeping
to snow, which presented an unbroken surface to
the very summit. _ _

To my two friends, who are experienced Alpine
climbers, this was easy work, but it soon began to
tell unfavourably on my unaccustomed limbs. For
a time we kept pretty well together ; by degrees,
however, Mr. Theobold began to forge ahead, fol-
lowed by Mr. Evans, while I brought up the rear
as well as I could. But my strength was fast giving
way, and when about half-way up the cone I found
myself unable to proceed any further. Accord-
ingly, there being no alternative but to descend, I
sat on the snow and shot, down with the velocity,
of an arrow, undoing in a few minutes the labori-
ous toil of nearly three hours. This was a keen
disappointment, amply repaid to me, however, as
will appear by and by.
At the foot of the cone I found Issak Bey, who
with a couple of his people had come out to watc4
our progress. He looked on my failure as a mat-
ter of course, and seemed to think the others, too,
must soon give in ; but no,.up they went higher
and higher, his interest and surprise keeping pace
with their ascent.

For some hours we watched their upward course,
the sharp naked eye of the Kurd plainly discern-
ing what I was able to see only with the aid of a
telescope. At lentil, at 1.45, Mr. Theobold
crowned the summit. Great was the a3tonishment
of the Chief. " Mashallah I" he exclaimed, "God
is great !"—" What wonderful people these Eng-
lish are ; a few of them come here, and without
any difficulty walk to the top of that holy moun-
tain, a thin that never was done by man befure.
Wonderful, wonderful 11

At 2.50 Mr. Evans reached the. summit. He
and Mr. Theobold made the descent together, by
the same track that they ascended, and returned
to the tents about sunset.
We must now follow the movements of Major
Fraser, who, as already stated, took a line of his
own. Not being accustomed like the others to
snow work, he chose a ridge of stone, which led up
about twe-thirds of the ascent. Over this he made
•his way without much difficulty, and then, taking
to the snow, he patiently toiled upwards till within
a few hundred feet of the summit. Here, in at-
tempting to cross over to what appeared a more
practicable line, he slipped on some thinly-covered
ice, and, losing all control over himself, he shot
down with fearful velocity, now head, now toot
foremost, over a space of about a thousand feet.
By wonderful efforts and presence of mind he suc-
ceeded in arresting his perilous descent, and,
scrambling with difficulty to a rocky ridge that
protruded above the snow, he climbed over it with
immense labour ; and thus recovering his lost way,
he won the height about 3.30, hiving been throWn
back fully three hours by his mishap:He descended
ou the traces of Messrs. Theobold and Evans, and
regained the tents at midnight, having been about
20 hours on foot.

On the 13th, about 2 p.m., Mr. Thurstly and I
started from the touts accompanied by two Kurds,
carrying rugs, greatcoats, and a stuall supply of
provisions. We proceeded slowly and leisarely
until we reached about one-third the ascent of the
cone. There we were obliged to dismiss the Kurds,
who, from religious fear, refused either to proceed
further or to spend the night on the mountain ;
bat, to insure their return iu the morning for the
rugs, &c., we thought it expedient to detain their
arms, the dearest possession of these nomad° people.
As we had neither of us much fancy to try the
ascent by the snow, we chose a new line of our
own over a rocky surface, facing nearly due south,
which. the wind and sun had bared nearly to the
summit.
Left now to ourselves, wo selected a spot to pass
the night, piled up stones to windward as a shelter
against the cold, and, having dined heartily, we
made ourselves as comfortable as possible. We saw
the sun set in indescribable glory, throwing the
shadow of the vast mountain far away over Georgia
and Aderbijan, and even darkening the distant
haze of the Eastern horizon.
we passed the
wrapping ourselves in our rugs,

------
- :-'ll,i! i'ivk-tx. ''•':4k 1.,,. -.I
i.„.4,:.k:-.t.--,,,i.1
night as well as could. be expected, kedeii'' i'art:; ~.::,:,,
4
dawn on the 14th we resumed the asViit,l7lo444 41 .;
tainly was toilsome sad slow, but waNy..tiliv'ei4--". ' -/
a
' less, satisctory.
i
IC. ~..1. ;....-,,
From an elevation of about 14,000 feet above
the
level of the sea we saw the sun rise in unclouded
majesty, 14,1iting up simultaneously to our view vast tracts of the Russian, Persian, and Turkish
empires ; that was a glorious sight, never to ho for.
otter).
thou t 1,200 feet from the summit we came upon
an oe .k cross that
bich liaidabetthneyear i fixed t 5 ;
rock
by Pro. ressor Abich
pi .es. ervation, and the inscription, in Rus-
sianyr I
perfect
charact rt rs, was still legible.
-come everything,s were frequent, and the elimbina
This was th e most difficult part of our ascent,
the obstruction
at
times perilous ;
but caution and perseverance b
en-
abled us to overand at 9 a.m.
we had the satisfat.stion of standing on the highest
point of the mounta.'n. Here I stuck to the hilt
in the snow a kama, or short double-edged sword,
which we found at the fc ,ot of Abieh's cross. Here
also, as loyal Britons, wt I drank the health of our
beloved Queen in brandy.. Her Majesty will per-
haps deign to accept this expression of allegiance
on„considerieg that hers is probably the first name
that, has been pronounced on that solemn height
since it was quitted by dip' great patriarch of the
human race ; for no record or tradition exists of
the ascent having ever been made before, although
repeatedly tried by men of different countries, both
European and Asiatic. Professor Abich made
several attempt*, but ftiled in all, as is proved by
a. position of the cross, by the testimony of the
natives, and even by the confession of his own
countrymen.
_,;
I We aeseended'On the tracks of the others, and
got back to the tents about 4 p.m.
The wl‘e surface of Mount Ararat bears evi-
dence of havitag been subjected to violent volcanic
action, being seamed and scored with deep ravines.
The rocky ridges that protrude from the snow are
either/basalt et. tufa ; and near the summit we
found some'P's4 -3f pumis on a spot which still
emits a s.. i'mrous smell.
The summit itself is nearly level, of a triangular
shape, the base being about 200 yards in length,
the perpendicular about 300.
The highest point is at the apex of the triangle,
which points nearly duo west ; separated from it
by a hollow is another point of nearly equal altitude,
and the base of the triangle is an elevated ridge,
forming a third eminence. These three points
stand out in distinct' relief on a clear day.
The snow on the top is almost as dry as powder,
and in walking over it we did not sink more than
half-way to the knee. The impression left on the
mind is, that the summit is an extinct crater filled
with snow. We experienced no difficulty of respi-
ration, except being sooner blown by exertion than
we should have been at a lower level. The cold
was intense ; and though a perfect calm prevailed
at the time at the foot of the cone, as we after-
wards learnt, a keen wind was blowing from the
west, which raised a blinding mist of fine snow that
prevented us taking any distant views.
As may be supposed our success has created. no
small sensation throughout the country • the fame
of it preceded us wherever we went. It was an-
nounced as a sort of wonder to the caravans tra-
velling eastward ; and the Kaimakan of i3ayazid
has made it the subject of a special report to Con-
stantinople.
From the sacred character of the mountains, and
the traditions associated with it throughout the
East, identical as they are with Scriptural records,
I am inclined to think that a degree of importance
willattach to this performance, in popular estima-
tion, beyond what is due to a mere exhibition of
nerve or muscle, and this, no doubt, will tell in
favour of our national prestige.
On the 15th we ascended Lesser Ararat, but
this being an ordinary affair does not call for a de-
tailed account. I would only observe that, per-
haps, from no other spot in the world can a finer
or more extensive view be obtained. This view
we had the good fortune to enjwy to perfection,
with a cloudless sky and clear atmosphere.
I may state that the summit of Greater Ararat is
17,323 feet above sea level, and 14,309 above the
plain : from base of cone to summit may be about
6,000 feet.
Lesser Ararat is 13,093 feet above sea level.
ROBERT STUART, Major, Special Servic3,
Asia Minor.
Erzeroum, July 26.

THE FATAL BOILER EXPLOSION NEAR

BURY.

The deplorable occurrence at the bleach and dye
works of Messrs. Warburton and Holker, Hatnp-
son Mills, near Bury, briefly described by us yes-
terday, turns out, on further inquiry, to have been
attended with more lamentable results than was at -
first stated. Upwards of 20 persons have been'
scalded and injured in various ways, in addition to
the immediate loss of nine lives. The works are
situate on the right bank of the river Roach, and
consisted of two parallel lines of workshops, only a
few yards apart, and connected at one end by the
boilerhouse, with dyehouse immediately behind it.
The boilerhouse was thus seated in the midst of a
block of buildings in which nearly 200 persons
were employed, but, fortunately, owing to the
early hour at which the explosion took place, some
of the workpeople had not arrived. There were
three long tubular boilers in the boilerhouse, one
of which was new, and had not yet been put into
working order, but was to have started on Monday
next in place of the one that was burst. Thb
other two boilers were old ones, and generated
steam for three engines, of 30, 25, and 10 horses'
power respectively. The boiler that has burst was
a high pressure and not a low pressure one, as stat-
ed in our former account. It had been in work
10 or 11 years, and had been repaired and fitted
with new fireboxes. The following is a list of the
sufferers :--

Killed.-1. James Barlow, the engineer, who
was found on the fireplace, where he had probably
been feeding the fire at the moment of the explo-
sion. Ho was one of the first of the sufferers res-

cued, but he had sustained a fracture of the head,
extending from one of his temples backward, above
the ear. The head, in fact, appeared to be almost
split in two, but when first taken from the ruins
he was conscious and was able to speak. He told
Mr. Warburton that he had no idea of the, cause of
the explosion, for he had started every thing work-
ing all right, and he believed the valve.; were all
right too. He died within an hour of his extrication.
He was 50 years old, and has left a widow and three
children. 2. JohnComstive, blue dyer, aged 60, who
leaves two children. 3. Francis Chadwick, blue
dyer, acted 14. 4. John Maude, blue dyer, aged
15. 5. Thomas Knowles, fancy dyer, aged 19.
6. Daniel Worsley; foreman of the blue dyers,
aged 60, leaving a widow. 7. James Wakes, a
dryer of cloth in the stoveroom, aged 19. 8. Thos.
Entwisle, labourer, aged GO, leaving a widow and
daughter. 9. John Whittaker, aged 23, who bad
been only recently manied. Whittaker worked
at the adjoining mill of Messrs. Chambers and
Livsey, and was passing the premises of Mem?.
Warburton and Co. at the time of the explosion,
when part of the ruins fell upon bim and killed
him. nat of these unfortunate persons were
killed by the fall of the buildings, but some were
badly scalded. The last of the bodies was not got
out until past noon. _ _

Injured..—As we have already stated, more than
20 persons were injured, besates those who were
killed. Among the list are the following :—Otho
Bridge, aged 18, head cut and legs scalded ; Henry
Heywood, head cut ; Peter Appleby, badly scalded ;
Edward 'Hopkinson; hurt in the back ; William
Chadwick, leg badly cut ; Richard Naylor, severely
bruised ; Robert Whiteside, John Ashworth, Jobn
Knowles, William Bury, James Brooks, John.
Kay, David Mtyor, two daughters of Oliver
Hayes, Thomas Smothers, and John Ramsbottom,,
more or less injured. John Brooks and Edmund
Walker, seriously hurt, and doubtful of rt.
covert'. Walker was taken out of the ruins three
hours after the explosion, from under 6 feet of bricle
work and wreck that had fallen upon him, and his
life was apparently saved by two heavy east-iron
pipes falling across the place where he was at work,
over his back, so as to keep off him part of the
suporiucumbent materials.
The surviving sufferers have been attended
Mr. Bolt and Mr. Fletcher, surgeons at
Bury, and
aded by
Mr. John Lancashire, surgeon
Pilkington.
They were all doing as well as couldof
expected
considering the serious naturesome of their in-
juries, yesterday morning, and, d, so far as could be
ascertained on the spot, seriousfears were only
entertained for the lives of four out of the whole
number. Of the cause of the explosion—as it will
form very serious matter for inquiry,at the inquest
—which is to be opened this day at 10 o'clock-4
is desirable that very little should be said, lest
prejudice should be created before all the facts are
known. It may he mentioned, however, that, in
ono place the boiler was worn nearly as thin as a
sixpence, at one of the rents, while the original
thickness of the plates was rather more than the,
third of an inch. It is possible, however, that this
wearing away of the metal had escaped observation;
but this, of course, will be one of the principal
subjects for inquiry by the jury. After the explo-
sion some of the cloth in the building took fire,
and sustained a good deal of damage before the
flames could be extinguished. The total pecuniary
damage caused by the explosion and fire is esti-
mated at about 3,000!. ; and, so far as the loss
from fire is concerned, Messrs. Warburton and Co.
are covered by insurance in the West of England
Fire-office.