The Sun.
London, England, 1851-09-13 00:00:00

S,,,EmBE
I

13,

I ims long been degraded to the purposes of a debtors'
i )riPon ; but it has been thought that, should her
jesty return from Balmoral viii Carlisle, she might
)e induced to make a short stay at Lancaster, and that
tne of the assize courts in the castle might be used
es :n reception room nir the occasion. Whether her
Majesty will be tempted to enter the keep and mount
the fine old tower which commands such a magnifi-
cz int view of Morecornbe-bay and the mountainous
re sages of Cumberland and Westmoreland, is another
q' testion ; but its fine position and the historical
ts isociations connected with the building—which have
a ttracted other monarchs in past times—may probably
r Lot be thrown away, should the weather be fine and
t lane permit. A committee of magistrates has been
up pointed to consider the matter and take the neces-
S ary steps for ascertaining her Msjesty's pleasure on
t bese points.

PIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.
FRom THE 310F.XING PAPERS GP Tills DAY.
TIMES —The little town of Apt, in the depart-
lent of Vaucluse, has recently been the scene of a
;series of those miraculous manifestations with which
;the Roman Catholic Church front time to time regales
the spirits of her disciples and keeps alive their faith
in the invisible world by turning upside down the
:laws which have been established for the government
.of this. Lord Shrewsbury and a large number of
pious pilgrims from our Universities have immor-
talised the trances of the Estatica and the pangs of
:the Addolorate. What wonder that such notoriety
should stir up other candidates for fame, and that
:fresh members of the more devout sex should conti-
:nually he found ready to perform and to attest things
,equally surprising and edifying ? The latest exhibi-
tion in this peculiar sty le of private theatricals is Rose
'Tamisier, a young woman of good character and
mystical appearance, residing at the town of Apt,
in the vicinity of the scenes consecrated to the me-
:monv of all time by the loves of Petrach and Laura.
:It would he endless to enumerate her performances.
She mended the Cure's clothes with miraculous but-
tons ; she desired her guardian angel to wake him in
the morning by knocking thrice on his table ; she
:honoured his church by exhibiting in it the pheno-
:menon of a bleeding picture, and by these means
;gained so complete an ascendancy over his mind that
he called one witness an atheist for doubting her su-
pernatural powers, and turned his vicaire adrift for
;similar incredulity. Rose knelt without touclting
the ground, asserted that she was surrounded by ce-
lestial light, received the consecrated wafer miracu-
ilously, and foresaw the bleedings of the picture—
ieothing being required for the performance of these
I atter feats but the possession of the key of the church
;and free ingress alone and with her pious companions.
:In short, poor Rose did everything which should have
i'nsured her, according to all precedent, the utmost
:veneration in this life, and canonization as a matter of
(course. But how capricious is the lot of saints
'Whether it was that she had fixed upon a wrong
I ocality for the exercise of her power in the only de-
partment in France whose Council-General has adopted
n decidedly republican revolution, and should have
chosen the city of buttons and halfpence rather than
I he land of Petrarch and Laura for the exhibition of
I ier function, certain it is that, though backed by the
Cure and not unpatronised by other reverend gentle-
men, the public of Vaucluso refused faith to her
miracles, and actually presumed to call her an
impostor. Why those who profess belief in
millions of miracles far worse attested and much easier
of explanation than the efforts of poor Rose Tamisier
should all of a sudden be seized with a spirit of incre-
dulity, we cannot say, but certain it is that the only
reward which she has reaped for her well-meant con-
tributions to the Romish hagiography has been a public
accusation before the tribunals of the country. Cer-
tainly there were circumstances which seemed to throw
a shade of doubt over the veracity of the votaress, and
it was asserted that she had miraculously caused a
person to write whose proficiency in that useful art
was proved to have been the result of a very common-
place and methodical course of instruction ; she was
also permitted to fall into a trap laid for her by the
Rev. M. Chavard, who somewhat irreverently, as it
appears to us, invented a vision about a hand and a
cup, and a voice and a mitre, which he declared that
he had seen, and which Rose, probably moved
by a spirit of honourable emulation, declared she
had also seen at the same time. But what of that ?
Surely a disposition to dabble in pious frauds is no
disqualification for sanctity. If it be, we tremble for
the integrity of the Calendar. However this may be,
the case was brought before the correctional police,
who after three days' hearing decided that they had
no jurisdiction in the matter, and so relieved them-
selves from the necessity of deciding at all. The
decision of the tribunal was that the 262 d article of
the Penal Code did not apply to the case. The article
is as follows :—" Every :person who shall have, by
words or gestures, outraged the objects of a worship
in the places destined or serving actually for its exer-
cise, or the ministers of this worship in their func-
tions, shall be punished by a fine from 16 to 500
franc!, and an imprisonment of from 15 days to two
months." The tribunal seem to have been of opinion
that the withdrawal of the consecrated wafer from the
tabernacle, or the preparatioraof an apparatus to make
a picture bleed, were not outrages upon these objects.
A singular decision, and one which would seem to
imply that so long as the end was the advancement of
religion, the means, although they might take the
form of theft in the one case, and of perforation of the
surface of a picture in the other, could not be of the
nature of an outrage. It is melancholy to reflect that
the spirit of infidelity which Dr. Newman designates
as peculiar to Protestantism should have made such
progress in Roman Catholic countries that persons
should actually be threatened with fine and imprison-
ment for doing that which, according to him, is the
most easy, the most natural, and most probable thing
in the world—merely working a few miracles. Had
the archbishop who disbelieved and the curate who
was turned out of his office rather than sanction the
belief of Rose Tamisierts miracles only had the ad-
vantage of hearing this last unfolder of the develop-
ment of the Church, they would have learnt to blush
for the incredulous spirit which had led them to call
her supernatural powers in question. It is no exag-
geration of Dr. Newman's doctrine to assert that a
miracle is nothing strange or uncommon, and that
whenever one is related to us the burden of proof is
thrown on the man who denies it rather than on him
who asserts it. This child-like disposition ought to be
cultivated at all events, and it would be far better to
swallow oceans of falsehood than lose one particle of
truth. In fact, what do a few miracles more or
less matter when they are, according to the most pro-
found theologian of the day, the everyday practice of
the Church; so that the violation of the laws of na-
ture may also be said to have become in his creed a
law of nature itself? Nay, so trite, so common, and
so vulgar are the supernatural gifts of the Roman
Catholic Church become in this matter-of-fact age
that the machinery of co-operation which covers our
land with railways and our sea with steamers, and
affords a mighty agency by which national improve-
ments are effected, has been applied to the purpose of
purchasing those unseen ministerial services whereby
the Church of Rome professes to deliver the soul of
the believer from its durance in the purifying flames
of purgatory. Of all the applications of the joint-
stock principle which this age and country have wit-
nessed, there is none probably so remarkable as the
All Souls Purgatorian at the mission of St. Ann,
Spicer-street, Spitalfields, London, the leading feature
of which is the payment of 2d. per week, and the
consideration a certain exemption, in return for this
very moderate sacrifice in this life, from the flames of
purgatory. Whether this society is conducted on the
plan of mutual assurance, so that those payments
which are in excess are carried to the credit of those
which are in deficit, or whether a separate account
is kept between the keepers of purgatory and each
contributor, we do not know—nor are we apprised of
the manner in which the funds of the society are to
be expended, whether according to the old and ortho-
dox precedent of St. Peter's in building the Roman
Catholic church which we are promised for the orna-
ment of our metropolis, in assisting the Roman
Catholic college in Ireland, or in restoring some de-
gree of substance to the dilapidated Papal exchequer.
It may deserve the consideration of Dr. Newman
and other advocates of development, whether the joint-
stock principle which is thus applied to the purchase
of indulgences might not answer equally well for
supplying new miracles as fast as required. We
can imagine no vocation in which combination and
co-operation would be more necessary than in the
working of modern miracles, and we only feel an
apprehension that, considering on the one hand the
limited supply of the article produced, and on the
other hand the boundless demand of minds ready to
swallow the portents of the whole Oriental mythology
at a single gulp, even this method of production may
not be fond sufficiently prolific to readjust the balance
and gratify, those who deem nothing believed while
aught remains incredible.
ADVERTISER.--The tide of emigration from
Ireland continues to roll on with undiminished force.
If, indeed, there be any difference in the momentum
with which it proceeds, it is in addition to it, not di-
minution from it. It had hitherto been hoped, that
in the event of the present harvest realizing the ex-
pectations which had for some time past been enter-
tained of the abundance of its yield, the spirit of
emigration would receive a check, and that, with
better prospects at home, the Irish peasantry would
not seek a settlement in a foreign lend. The event
has not accorded with these anticipations. The har-
vest has been all that could he desired. The yield is
ample, and the quality good—much better than has
been known for many years. For at least one twelve-
month to come there will be an abundance,
might say a superabundance, of food • we
in the sister
country. Prices will, as a natural consequence,
be unprecedentedly cheap. Work": moyeover, is also
abundant. Formerly, the amount ot employment
bore a melancholy disproportion to the number of la-
bourers. 'She state of utters is now reversed. There

is a deficiency in the amount of available labour.
There never was in Ireland such a demand for labour
as there is at present ; and there is, too, every pro-
spect of the demand conticuing. The famine and
emigration have thinned the popuiation to so great an
extent, and the process of agricultural improvement is
going on at so rapid a rate, that all in the sister coun-
try who are able and willing to work can confi-
dently rely on ample employment and fair remunera-
tion for their labour for many years to come ; and
vet the passion for emigration is as vigorous as ever.
The mania has not in the slightest degree abated ;
nor is there any prospect that it will abate for
some time to come ; for if it be so strong at this
season of the year—a season in which emigration has
hitherto been comparatively unknown—what may
not the extent of the emigration be expected to be.
come, on the advent of spring—the season of the
year to which emigration has heretofore been all but
confined ? At first, and fur some time, the z scent
:led still continued emigration was regarded in the
light of a great benefit to Ireland. The population
of the sister country was deemed too dense. It was
thought that if a million er so of the inhabitants
should quit Ireland for distant shores, the result
would be decidedly beneficial to those who remained
behind.
Now, however, that so large a number have
ina somelrea foreign already efottheir
lnativeime land in quest of a new home
and that
beings, still moving tonoardsot theher tide of
lands, seems Only
to acquire additional force with each succeeding day,
the expectation of good has been turned into the ap-
prehension of great and manifold evils, from the extent
to which emigration has been end is going on. Some
districts of the country are absolutely thinned of their
population. Particular places look comparative
deserts, so far as regards the appearance of
human beings. Those that remain, naturally enough
ask, where all this is to end ? And as they cannot
answer the question, they no lees naturally become
alarmed. There; cannot be a doubt that the extraor-
dinary rate at which emigration is now going on,
without a moment's interruption, in Ireland, is tem-
porarily a great evil. It creates much social disorder
in the districts in which the emigration spirit most
extensively prevails. Trade is diminished, confidence
is destroyed, and a species of despair takes possession
of the public mind. But though emigration be thus
a present evil, it will prove a great ultimate good.
The mania for quitting the sister island cannot always
last. It must come to an end; and when it does, a
healthy reaction will inevitably follow. England and
Scotland have population enough and to spare. By
and by, when Ireland has got rid of all who mean to
leave her shores, there will be an extensive immi-
gration of English and Scotch ; and this is precisely
what Ireland wants. A copious infusion of Saxon
blood is just the agency to which, more thon to any
other, we look for the moral and social regeneration
of the sister country. There is no reason whatever
why the west and south of Ireland should not,
before long, be crowded with English and Scotch
settlers. Why should not the Saxons take possession of
the territories which the Celts have thought proper to
desert? The foolish cry which the latter, under the in-
spiration of the demagogues Rho are now spending
their days in Australian exile, used to get up was—
" Ireland for the Irish." This cry must never again
be heard. The Irish have forsaken, and are forsaking,
their country. And since, therefore, Ireland cannot
he theirs, seeing they have located themselves in
America or Australia, they surely cannot carry their
anti-Saxon prejudices so far as to object to the
English and Scotch settling in a country from which
they have fled, without the slightest intention of ever
again returning to it. It would be carrying Irish
feeling to an extent for which no one is prepared,
were the Celtic settlers on the other aide of the
Atlantic, or at the antipodes, to prefer seeing their
native land converted into a comparative desert, rather
than that it should be taken possession of by the En-
glish and Scotch, end cultivated by Saxon enter-
prise. Were from 150,000 to 200,000 of the
more energetic of our English and Scotch popu-
lation to plant themselves in the west and south
of the sister country, they would, in a few
years, Effect a change both in the physical and
social condition of Ireland which would appear in-
credible to the Irish themselves. In six or seven
years we should see the counties of Connaught and
Cork presenting an apearance which would justify the
conviction, that in ten or twelve years more we should
ace in them the peace and prosperity which prevail in
the north. It is the liberal infusion of the Saxon
blood into Ulster, under the inspiration of Protestant
principles, that hath made that province what it is,
and the same persons, the same spirit, and the same
Protestant principles would do the same for any other
part of Ireland, however hopeless its condition, under
the combined influence of the Celtic character and the
Popish faith, may at present appear. We fed a
thorough conviction that the regeneration of Ireland
is only to be achieved in this way ; and however much
present inconvenience, and even suffering, may he
caused to those who remain, from the extensive scale
on which the work of emigration is now going la,
we regard this emigration as the precursor and pledge
of unspeakable ultimate good.

APOTHECABIRS' HALL.—The following are the
names cf the gentlemen who passed their examination in the
science and practice of medicine, and received certificates to
practise, on Thursday, Sept. 11, 13,51: —Thomas Wynne
IVilliams, Denbigh; Henry Lowndes, Liverpool; William
Notly, Manchester; George Earle, Beverley; Henry Folk-tad,
Old Brompton.

FIRE Pr FXT DOOR TO ASTLEY'S AMPITBEATRB.—
A fire, that might have been attended with very fearful con-
sequences, broke out in the premises belonging to Messrs.
Miller and Field, booksellers and stationers, Westminster.
road, next door to Astley's Theatre. The fire happened
during the performance of the first piece on Thursday night.
but owing to the judicious arrangements of the police on duty
in the street, the accident was kept perfectly quiet in the
theatre, although the fire was rushing out of one of Messrs.
Miller and Field's windows. Had the alarm reached the
audience in the theatre, it is impossible to conceive what
might have been the result.. The engines of the West of
England and Brigade quickly attended, and the flames were
extinguished before much damage was done.
THINGS WHICH MR. HOBBS IS AT PERFECT LIBERTY
TO PICK.—To pick all the undeserving lords and ladies out
of the pension list. To pick the Locke on the Irish Under-
standing, if it has not been too much hampered by the keys
of St. Peter. To pick the padlocks that fetter political pri-
soners to felons and criminals at Naples. To pick as many
of the wards in Chancery as are likely to fall into the hands.
of priests. To pick a quarrel with Lord John Russell,
something is not done by Government to check the sedition.
of the Cullum and Cahilis. To ;pick the Irish thorn out of
the British lion's foot. And lastly—to jump from painful
subjects to comic—to pick:all over the world a better periodi-
' cal, if he can, than Punch.
TIM MECHANICS' INSTlTUTE.—Yesterday Mr. L.
Wheeler gave the second of two lectures at the London Me-
chanics' Institute, Southampton-buildings, on " The History,
Principles, and Construction of the Conway and Britannia
Tubular Iron Bridges." After a brief allusion to his re-
marks of last week, in which he had explained the prin-
ciples of construction as applied in the case of the Conway
Bridge, and as generally ai.plicable to others, he entered
into a description of the Britannia Bridge, with illustrations
of the mode in which the tubes were raised, and of the uti-
lity of the hydraulic presses employed on the occasion. Ha
nextconsidered the question whether such bridges were sate,
showing to the satisfaction of his audience that they were
so, and then concluded, amid much applause, with an asser-
tion that, with the happy combination of profound science,
practical ability, and unbounded capital, which England
above all countries enjoyed, there remained scarcely any en-
gineering difficulty, not an impossibility, which she could not
remove.

CRICKET.—A match was played on the Lord Nel-
son ground, Old Kent-road, on Thursday, between the Blom-
field (Paddington), and the St. George's (Surrey) clubs,
which terminated in favour of the Blomrield Club by 104
runs. Score—Blomfield Club, 72 and 147 ; St. George's
Club, 71 and 44.
STEAM-BOAT ItACING.—A, BLOW UP.—On Thurs-
day afternoon last, between three and four o'clock, two
steam tugs, the Ranger and the Conquest, went out of the
Tyne to run a race from Shields bar to the buoy at Sander-
land-pier. They had got placed, when a fearful discharge
of steam, and a great noise from the Ranger, indicated that
something was wrong. The other boats ran to her assis-
tance, and found that the pressure that had been put on had
occasioned one of the tubes of the boiler to give way. One
of the crew who had got scalded jumped overboard, and was
with some difficulty rescued. He was nearly drowned. The
other men escaped comparatively unhurt. The boat was
towed into the Tyne again.
THE ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY AND THE
Manor or EXETEIt. We understand that the Bishop of
Exeter has, within the last few days, unceremoniously, and
under circumstances which some would consider to savour of
insult, refused to license a young clergyman of evangelical
principles to a curacy in his diocese, though the applicant's
testimonials were countersigned by the Archbishop ut. Can..
terbury. Well done, Harry of Exeter ! At any rate it is
impossible to help admiring the boldness of Dr. Phill
potts.
—Advertiser. _ _

THE SUPPOSED MURDER NEAR. MORPETII.--This
singular affair has now been brought fully to light. Mr.
Milburn, sen., anxious to know something respecting hiss on,
gave Mr. Drummond, the superintendent of police at Bed-
lington, instructions to proceed in search of him. Mr.
Drummond at once proceeded to Liverpool, arrived there on
Sunday night last, and had not been long in that town before
he fell in with Heslop, the person suspected of
assisting Mil-
burn in his flight. On being questioned, Heslop denied all
knowledge of the matter, but on a search being made for
Milburn, he was found in a public-heuse near the docks,
reading the instructions for proceeding
to Australia with the
ship named the Eagle, which will sail about the 18th inst.
Milburn told Drummond that Heslop and he had been con-
triving this for a considerable time before,
and that
was to go to Newcastle to get a horse and gig, and meet
o himsl d
vide
at or near the place of the "murder," which be did, provided
ofr
with clothes. They then drove to Newcastle
Ifeo)
bridge they
Hepscott and Stannington, and at Stanningt r,l ,
h ne° nail pr0r....e.,
threw away a bottle containing blood which the place where
but had forgotten in their hurry, to spill upon
night in New-
his hat, &c., were found. They
castle, and next morning Milburn
train, where he took a boat to II h "efitehaven, and thence to
spent the
Carlisle by the first
Liverpool by rail.
The notes of the
?) and for circulating a number of
Bank, . which stopped
ished in this payment several
On
which some parties
have not,
it aPlati.h% notes for 101 at the
years aWiTeeallillf:orudvicted aaal dl
epxui
lusted.
city and the district, are one „t.
Friday last a a P
Primrose, having no suspi-
Augustine's, and asked
tit:fortunately 111,rs.
rave hint a good 57. note
shop of Mrs. !nlynnlrose, baker, in S
for change. , ~,,„ %,
old and silver.
She has no recollection
was pre-
ands In :- luele.s, g
1. v another notefor 51.
cion that the no,.e
and dye Po
ands
On Batur, .1.,
man who is described as stout,
of his Pesame shop by a
It was refused, but
seated at theand rather low in stature. _
fall chested, „___ed t 9 yowi Away,-.-Nortvich Xercury.
the Ow Yr 11""

MAZZINI ON OUR RELIGIOUS
QUAR REL S.
The following essay, prefixed by Mazzini to a re-
publication of some of his political writings, is im-
portant at the present day, as speaking the opinions
and showing the tendencies of a large number of
Italians at the present time :
When young Italy raised her banner, now nearly
twenty years ago, two elements predominated in
Italy : superstition and materialism. Superstition
was the habit of a part of the population, to which all
light, all education was forbidden, which was led
astray by a traditional religious sentiment conceived
in the narrowest spirit, and which, deprived of every
motive of action, of all consciousness of the true life
of citizens, clung with a kind of despair to a heaven
little understood. Materialism was the natural reac-
tion of those who had been able to emancipate them-
selves from the abject spectacle which religion
offered, from the brutal yoke that it was wished to
impose upon their intelligence. It was said to them,
Believe all that we affirm :" they replied by deny-
ing all. Luther compared the human mind to a
drunken peasant upon horseback, leaning over
on one side, and who falls on the other,
when you seek to set him upright. Many
peoples have passed through a similar expe-
rience. Young Italy rejected at once and equally
materialism and superstition. It declared that in
order to acquire strength necessary to become a
nation, Italy must emancipate herself at the same
time from the old Catholic belief, and from the ma-
terialism of the eighteenth century. The first gave a
pretended divine sanction to immobility ; the second
dried up the sources of faith, and must necessarily
end in destroying the idea of duty, and in leaving
nothing for the object of human worship but right
and enjoyment. We wished to march with the
world, as is the will of God, the life eternal. We
did trot wish to combat in order to conquer the satis-
faction of certain appetites, panem et circenses, but
for something more elevated--the dignity, the sacred
liberty of the human soul, its development in love,
a mission upon earth for our own and fur our
brethren's good.
It is not for me to give here an exposition of the
complete doctrines of young Italy ; but I hold it im-
potant to prove, that our language to-day is the same
as at of twenty years ago. We have never deviated
from it. Now as tnen, my predominating idea, and the
vital thought of all our labours, is this : a fatal separa-
tion has been established between religious and
political belief, between heaven and earth ; this is
why we wander groping from one crisis to another,
from conuvlsive movement to convulsive movement ;
without succeeding, without finding peace. It is
necessary to re-unite earth to heaven, politics to
the eternal principles which should direct them ;
nothing great or durable can be done without that.
God, Religion ; the People, Liberty in Love : these two
words, which es individuals we inscribed on our ban-
ner in 1831, and which afterwards—significant phee
not:ileums—became the formula of all the decrees of
Venice and of Rome, sum up all for which we have
combatted, all for which we will combat under vic-
tory. The people of Italy instinctively compre-
hended this idea. Young Italy became rapidly
powerful. A gradual transformation was effected in
a portion of its enlightened youth ; which became, I
will not say the most devoted, but the most constant
in devotion, to their country. Two or three years of
struagle and suffering suffice to exhaust the strength
when the inspiring sentiment is only one of reaction,
of indignation against oppression : n whole life is not
too much for a realisation of a thought which seeks
to reunite earth to heaven.
Tee party which in Italy has assumed the title of
moderate came across our path. Imbued with a
badly-disguised materialism, springing up in the shadow
of courts which have no other faith than that of power
at any price, this party has no belief, it has only
opinions. Adopting and abandoning them with the
same ease, it accommodates itself to everything in
turns ; princes, republics, concessions, popular in-
surrections, truth, and falsehood. It creates nothing ;
it eannot create anything; it seeks strength, mate-
rial strength, and worships it wherever it may be
found, and whatever name it may bear. It has
called itself opportuniste. At the present time it
is warring against the priests in Piedmont, for
the service of royalty ; it would do the same
thing to ,morrow against princes, in the name of
the Pope, should the Pope reeommeece a career of
concessions. In reality, the " moderates" believe
neither in princes nor in the Pope, nor in the people;
they believe in their own coterie, in their small con-
ceptions, in their personal influence. They have neither
a grand idea nor a great sentiment. They consequently
follow, Akio net initiate. When Charles Albert, whom
they despised, manifested a weak ambition, which ap-
peared to them capeble of serving their designs, they
proclaimed him the first man of Italy. When Pius IX.,
in whom as Pope they doniet believe, appeared under a
semblance of liberalism, they wrote volumes to prove
that Papacy was to regenerate the whole world. And
now, even since the affairs of Rome, they do not dream
of saying to the Pope—You are a falsehood—
descend : they venture only to combat his temporal
authority; but prostrate themselves at the same tune,
hypocritically, before the spiritual authority of the
father of believers. What can Italy or the world
hope the from such men or from such a policy ?
This policy has come to us from Machiavelli.
Bit. with Machiavelli it was not theory, but history.
He lived io a period of ruin and dissolution ; liberty
had perished everwhere ; the last spark was being
extingujohed in Florence; the Pope and the
Emperor having at last coalesced, after their struggle
of ages, had vowed to spread darkness over all
Italy. Corruption had descended from courts of
the middle ranks of society. Cramped by the iron
hand of the foreigner, the national genius was gra-
dually disappearing, and the efforts of the giant
Michael Angelo and his great contemporaries ap-
peared only likely to result in immobilising it in stone
or on the qpnvas, by raising to it a magnificent
monument,Trhich might serve it for a tomb. Military
valour no longer served as a buckler to a free state ; it
extObitedAteself in the chiefs of bands, without country,
widaout faith, who sold their talents and their soldiers to
the highest bidder. Poor Machiavelli, after having en-
deavoured to struggle, after having in his own person
protested in prison, and under torture, seated himself in
sorrow upon this great ruin, and described after
the manner of an epitaph the causes which had occa-
sioned it. He used the scalpel of the anatomist upon
the corpse, and made of his books a long report of his
work of dissection. And now, these men would in-
scribe the device of death upon the cradle of a new
life. After more than three centuries of that latent
renovating transformation, which men call death or
sleep, Italy is breaking the stone of her tomb, stir-
ring in all her Limbs, making of her winding-
sheet a banner of insurrection ; and instead of
bending the knee before a nation's awakening,
instead of crying to it in enthusiasm, in the
nanra of God and the people, " strengthen thyself
for a supreme effort, and arise," they come coldly and
-pedantically to read it a chapter of Machiavelli. Oh !
that it had at least been that one in which he says to
his diSuntry, "Thou wilt never again have life, except
1r unity; and thou wilt never have unity, except by
abolishing the Papacy." But they dare not. They
woad steal, unperceived, some fragments of liberty,
without teaching to the people the knowledge of them
or the right to them; they wage a petty war, which
will have a speedy end, against the priests, without
daring to go to the source of the corruption of the
priests ; without daring to say aloud—Liberty is the
right aril the duty of the human soul ; he who pre-
tends to enslave the conscience must desire to en-
chain the body. Strange, that this is the party which
II England, in this ancient land of liberty and of
good sudase, finds favour ; whilst the popular party—the
logical party—the openly and honestly emancipatory
party, is coldly reeeived. A few vain good wishes,
and a number of injurious suspicions, behold all the
part that England has as yet borne in a question
which is pregnant with the liberty of the world—the
Italian question. The cause, I say it here frankly,
and at once—is, that the religious sentiment is ex-
piring in England, and that, whilst the form re-
mains
intact, the foundation is being undermined and
corrupted. The unity of the religious principle of
the Reformation has disappeared. The divorce of
which I spoke above, between earth and heaven,
has been accomplished in England as elsewhere ; and
it is because this separation has taken place, that Ca-
tholicism gains ground upon Protestantism.
Let me explain my thought.
A mighty question is now being agitated in Europe
between two prindiples which have divided the world
since its filiation; and these two principles are liberty
and authority, The human mind desires to progress
according to its own light, not by favour of concession,
but by virtue of the law of its own life. Authority
says to it : Rest where thou art ; I alone strike the
hour of the march ; when I am silent everything should
rest ; for all progress which is accomplished with-
oat me and beyond me is impious. The human
mind interrogates itself: it feels its own right
and power ; it find that the germ of progress
is in itself, that strength and right come to it
from God, and not from an intermediate power coming
between ifseif and God, as if charged to lead it.
Hence springs revolt and resistance, and hence the
anomalous situation of Europe. The conscience of
the human race is struggling with tradition, which
doges to enchain it; the future and the past dispute
far the collective life of humanity, and for that of the
individual. Every man who in these struggles, ever
stifled yet ever re-appearing, in this series of manifes-
tations and violent repressions which have constituted
European history ;or two-thirds of a century,
gees only the action of some turbulent factions,
or the result of some accidental or material
causes, as a deficit, a famine, a secret conspi-
racy or cabinet intrigue, understands nothing of the
facts of history, nothing of the laws of which, by
those facts, history becomes the expression. And he

THE SUN,

who in the great questions of the suffrage, of prole-
tarian emancipation, and of nationality, sees nothing
but the subjects of political discussion, having no
connexion with the religious idea, with the providen-
tial development of humanity, understands neither
man nor God, and degrades to the proportions of a
pigmy intelligence, a battle of giants, of which the
stake is a step in advance in the universal education
of mankind, or a step backward towards the world
which we had believed to have ended with the middle
ages.
Between the great armies which sustain the com-
bat, marauders, free corps, have undoubtedly intro-
duced themselves and falsified its character ; between
the two doctrines represented in the two camps, a
multitude of exaggerations, of dangerous utopias, of
false and immoral philosophies, have come to throw
trouble and alarm in men's minds.

It matters little. The real question remains as I
have stated it. All these irregular Cossack-like
movements, will disappear, as the sharp- shooters of
an army when the hour arrives for the masses to be-
gin to move. It matters little also for what I now
desire to say, whether the result of the struggle ought
to be, as some imagine, the absolute abolition of the
principle of authority and the pure and simple en-
thronement of liberty ; or whether, as I believe, the
future holds in reserve a great collective religious
manifestation, in which the two terms, authority and
liberty, tradition and individual conscience, will both
be recognised as essential elements to the normal de-
velopment of life, and harmonising togethet in one
whole, will be at once the safeguard of belief and
progress. What is certain is that transformation im-
plies death, and that the new authority can never be
founded until after the complete overthrow of that
which now exists.
The destruction of authority such as it now exists ;
the proclamation of human liberty, whether as a means
or as the end—this is the problem which Europe has
now to solve. Right or wrong, the human mind be-
lieves that it sees a glimpse of new destinies, and a
new heaven; and in order to prepare itself to realise
them, it claims its independence, it desires to inter-
rogate humanity upon what it believes, upon what it
expects, and hopes ; it desires to pass under revision
the laws of life, and of its being ; old authority would
forbid the attempt.
The question is a vital one ; and one would have
thought it impossible that there should exist a single
people, or a single man, who did not feel the neces-
sity oideciding between the two camps, and of giving
to one or other his name and his active adhesion.
And nevertheless it is not so. The solidarity of all in
support of the principle in which they belies e is only
understood on one side. And this side, with shame
be it said, is that of old authority.
All the powers whose rallying cry is authority, are
allied for the defensive and for the offensive; they
fulfil amongst each other the duties of fraternity ;
when one is attacked the others fly to its aid ; in time
of peace an universal propaganda rallies the means of
all. They have a plan, a combined action, and a
visible symbol, the Pope. They do not believe in
him ; but they feel the want of a common standard,
and they support him. Schismatics, orthodox be-
lievers, materialists, all those who deny the liberty of
the human conscience and its manifestation by acts,
join hands around his throne.
It is not thus with the powers, with the nations
whose rallying cry is Liberty. They may have bro-
thers in their ideal sphere; they have none upon the
field of reality. Each sustains, defends what he has
been able to conquer of liberty for himself; no one
exerts himself for the triumph of the principle else-
where. The life of God is only sacred to them so far
as it is diffused in their own sphere; beyond their own
frontiers it becomes indifferent to them; they abandon
it to chance, they deliver it over to the enemy. No pro-
tection is afforded to the peoples which are tortured and
destroyed, no hindrance is offered to the hostile forces
which stifle life in its cradle, or prevent the truth
from manifesting itself. To the cry of Authority
everywhere and for all, they oppose that of : Liberty
for those who possess it. To the insolent audacious
intervention exercised by the other camp, they reply :
Neutrality, non-intervention, not for all—for they do
nothing to prevent the intervention of others—but
for themselves. Austria and France intervene in
Italy; Prussia in the states of Germany, Russia in
Hungary. England, the United States, Switzerland,
cross their arms, and silently aid the triumph, which
they believe to be iniquitous, of old authority over
liberty. Like Pilate, they wash their hands of the
blood of the just—they would reply to God with the
answer of Cain—Am I then my brother's keeper ?
A people, the Italian people, rises up. It goes
straight to the heart of the question, to the palladium
of the enemy's camp. It proposes to cut the knot, to
emancipate the world, to end the struggle for all by
a single blow. Authority has its seat, its source, its
radiating centre at Rome. Authority pretends that
it lives in the love of all, that it is sanctified by uni-
versal consent, that a factious minority is all that
opposes it. Italy proves indisputably the reverse.
It unites, it interrogates publicly, peacefully, the
wishes of men iu the very place where authority h
always reigned without apposition, where it has been
able to seduce, mislead, and corrupt at its pleasure.
An unanimous voice replies : the authority which go-
verns us is a falsehood ; it is not worthy to guide us :
the Pope is no longer our head; we appeal to God,
to liberty, and to our conscience. The royalty of the
Pope--all that could be abolished by decree—is abe-
lished. The Pope flees.
A banner bearing these principle-involving and
eternal words, " God and the people," floats above
the Vatican. Not a man raises his hand to protest
in favour of the Pope; not a man bends the knee
before the bulls of excommunication hurled from
Gaeta. And to this demonstration, for the benefit of
the world's cause, on the part of a people which has
always served this cause, how has Protestantism
replied ? How has England replied ? What has been
done to save this people, when, in defiance of all
right, and without the smallest provocation, four Go-
vernments leagued together to crush it, and sent their
armies to tear down by brute force the sacred banner
of liberty of conscience ?
There exists great agitation at the present moment
in Protestant England on account of the attempted
encroachments of Catholicism. Think you that these
attempts would have taken place if the people's banner
were still floating at Rome? Think you that the Pope
would have sent his Catholic hierarchy from Gaeta ?
Papacy excluded from Rome, is, it is well known,
Papacy excluded from Italy. Papacy excluded from
Italy, is Papacy excluded from Europe. Place the
Pope at Lyons or Seville—he will no longer be Pope ;
he will only be a dethroned king.

Protestantism has not understood this. There is
so little remaining of the deep conviction, so little
of the enthusiasm which produced the Reformation,
that before the great question in dispute at Rome,
it assumed a sceptical position; it contented itself
by asking whether such or such a man govern-
ing in that city belonged to one political school
or another—whether he was a partisan of a system of
terror or of justice; it entered into a polemic with
respect to individuals. The work, the providential
work, which was being accomplished there by instru-
ments destined, whatever might be their character, to
disappear the day after, completely escaped its notice.
And when Austrians, Neapolitans, and Frenchmen
marched against Rome, it could not summon up suffi-
cient energy to say—Stop; a question of religious
faith is there at issue, and we will not allow it to be
decided by brute force. And yet we gave it sufficient
time to pronounce this prohibition.
Protestantism has thus given to the world, I re-
peat it, a striking demonstration of want of power,
of decay. It will expiate it bitterly, if it does not
repair the mistake it has committed.
Faith begets faith. You cannot expect that men
should believe in yours, when they see that it does
not furnish you with the consciousness of a right, or
the feeling of a duty to fulfil. You have looked on
with indifference whilst the liberty of the human
soul was being crushed beyond your gates; you will
be thought little worthy of defending it within.
Faith is also wanting to the Pope; but he has
something which replaces it in the eyes of the world;
he has the audacity, the obstinacy, and the unscru-
pulous logic of his false principle. He attacks; you
fortify yourselves for defence : he advances ever, with
the continuous motion of the serpent; you move by
fits and starts, under the impulse of fear : he says,
Servitude for all; you say, Liberty for us alone. You
will not have it ; or rather, you already have it not.
You are slaves by all the slavery of your brethren.
Hence it is that your contracted inspiration no longer
fecundates the souls of men. There is no religion
without faith in the solidarity of the human race.
I have here said what is to me the touch-stone of
every faith. When any one says to me, " Behold a
good man," I ask, " How many souls has he saved ?"
When any one says to me, " Behold a religious
people," I inquire what it has done and suffered to
bring humanity to its belief.
It is to man, and not to a certain number of men,
that God has given life, the sun, the fruits of the
earth, his law, and the capacity of comprehending
and of obeying it. It was for all men that Jesus
died upon the cross. And you who honour the
name of God, and murmur unceasingly the name of
Christ, what have you given, what do you give for
all men ? For whom do you die, for whom do you
dare martyrdom ? By what do you render testi-
mony to the unity of the human race, of which you
are only a member ? What work of education do
you accomplish upon earth ? You found establish-
ments for the sale of bibles, you smuggle the divine
word across forbidden frontiers; but know you not
that the foundation, the commencement of all educa-
tion, is liberty ? Have you so completely lost the
spirit, are you so blind to all but the dead letter of
the law, as not to know that it is to man that God
allotted the gift of understanding and of interpreting
his will, and that the slave is not a man, but the
form, the material part of man alone ? *
I have read the writings of the men who protest
against the encroachments of Catholic ROM j I bare

LONDON,

hearkened to the speeches uttered by them in their
meetings. I have not met with a single expression
of sympathy for the Rome of the people and for li-
berty, not a single prayer for the emancipation of Italy
from the chains which forbid her all movement, all
spiritual education. We have nothing to do,
they say, with political questions. Is it, then, by
leaving man in the hands of his oppressors that you
would elevate and emancipate his soul ? Is it by
leaving erect the idol of blind force, in the service of
imposture, that you think to raise in the human soul
an altar to the God of a free conscience ? Moses
broke the idols to pieces; he knew well that whilst
the idols existed there would ever be idolators.

Every so-called religious agitation against Papacy
will be vain which does not take in hand the Italian
political question. While the Pope possesses Italy,
he will have a footing in every part of Europe. It
is the Italian nation alone that can annihilate Papacy.
Would you introduce the light and air of heaven
within our prison ? Help us to break open its gates,
to throw down its walls ; and the air and the light of
God will pour in to invigorate and enlighten us.
Help us to reconquer liberty of speech: you will find
that our first word will be liberty of conscience. Pe-
tition your Government, not to arrest the progress of
Catholicism amongst yourselves—how can it attempt
to do so—but remembering for once at least that Eng-
land also has rights and duties in Europe, to put a
stop to the prolonged scandal of a foreign occupation
of Rome ; and be sure that twenty-four hours after
our deliverance, the Pope shall flee towards Gaeta and
soon much farther than Gaeta.

All agitation which does not make this its object
w.
be in vain; not only because Italy bound, gagged,
with the sword of the oppressor at her throat, cannot
make any response or derive any advantage from the
fraction of truth which may be therein contained,
before she has broken the sword ; but also because it
is immoral ; because it fails to recognise the unity of
man ; because it betrays the sacred duty of rendering
assistance to every victim of assasination ; and because
it is in reality, I believe, a secret compromise be-
tween lukewarm religious belief and political preju-
dices which it is feared to alarm.

We have sometimes been asked, if when once
emancipated, we should proclaim ourselves Protest-
ants. It is not for individuals to reply. The coun-
try, free to interrogate itself, will follow the inspira-
tions that God will send it. Religion is not a matter
of contract ; and those who address such a question
to us, can have but little faith in that which they
believe to be the truth. For myself, I would not
bargain even for the liberty of my country, by pro-
faning my soul with falsehood. But this, with my
hand upon my heart, I can answer to them.
Catholicism is dead. Religion is eternal. It will
be the soul—the thought of the new world. Every
man bears an altar in his own breast, upon which,
whenever he invokes it in purity, enthusiasm, and
love, the truth of God descends. Conscience is sa-
cred—it is free. But truth is one, and faith may anti-
cipate the time when, from the free conscience of en-
lightened men, beneath the breath of God, shall be
given forth a religious harmony, more mighty, more
potent in love and life, than any to which humanity
has yet lent ear.
But in order that the death of Catholicism may be
revealed to men, the air must circulate freely, and
reach, in order to destroy, the corpse which stands as
yet ereot. In order that-man may invoke with purity,
enthusiasm, and love, the truth of God, he must be
emancipated from a state which teaches him immo-
rality, egotism, hatred, and mistrust. And in order
that truth may triumph over error, it must be free to
proclaim itself in the full light of day. This consum-
mation we can offer in exchange for the support which
we demand. JOSEPH MAZZINI.
December, 1850.