The Sun.
London, England, 1841-11-29 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 29 1841.

LONDON:
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 29, 1841.

Amongst the advocates of emigration there is
some little disingenuousness, with a great deal of
cant. They argue the question as if it were one
of emigration, or no emigration, while the real
question is, whether the Government shall
interfere to promote emigration at this time,
as a means of removing or lessening the na-
tional distress. 'We object, on principle, to
the Government interfering at all with the
subject at any time, because Government is
constituted to protect the people in the free
use of their capital and industry, not to di-
rect or influence them in employing either. We
object particularly to the Government inter-
fering- to promote emigration at this time as a
means of relieving distress, because that falsely
implies that the distress is caused by a surplus
population, and would be lessened by removing
a portion of the people. There is no ground
whatever for such an opinion, and those who en-
tertain it have never duly studied the question of
population.
The presumed surplus of population is in rela-
tion to capital and the means of employment.
But capital is abundant, and those who awn it
ask the Legislature to allow them to give em-
ployment to the people at home, and the Legis-
lature refuses. A great prejudice apparently
exists on the subject, derived from old times, when
few other arts than agriculture were known as
a means of employment and of obtaining food. It
is still supposed that, for people to be employed
and fed, a great quantity of land is necessary,
and as that cannot be obtained here, the people
must be sent to other lands in order to live. After
it has been demonstrated over and over again,
scores of times since ADAM SMITH wrote, that la-
bour is the single source of wealth ; that
the land naturally produces only rank grass,
brambles, and trees, which must be removed
before labour can be profitably employed on it,
the patrons of emigration still insist that land is
the
great necessity; that man is a superfluity
where land is not abundant; that labour is not
the sole source of wealth; and that our indus-
trious, skilful, and intelligent people, cannot b- ()
tain abundance of food, because we have not
abundance of land.
with some of the best-know
here a great Such an opi-
nion
ph n
facts of history,
nion is at variance
and the most
mornena of the present day in our country
Venice, Genoa,e-
and Holland, are all ex..
having
amples of great nations grown up
to almost imperial dominion with very ci rerun.
scribed territories. They, particularly Holland,
gathered bread from the salt wave. But if mere
land gave wealth, t New Holland,
whywas no
wh'y was not the immense continent of America,
peopled with numerous and wealthy nations in-
stead of a few wandering savages? To make
those lands productive of subsistence required the
industry, arts, and skill of Europe ; and those
arts, skill, arid industry, are capable as England
herself proves, of gaining and creating subsis-
tence for those who exercise them.

Mr. MALTHUS, in speaking of the checks to
population in England, observes, that it had
doubled itself in about 83.1 years prior to the be-
ginning of this century, and he adds that this
appears a fair rate of increase in an old peopled
country; but he goes on to express his astonish-
ment that in the first ten years of this century
the people in this old country had increased at a
much more rapid rate. Such an observation did
not open his eyes, blinded by a theory; nor has
it or a thousand kindred phenomena opened the
the eyes of his followers to the very important I
fact that the subsistence of man depends far less
on the extent of soil that he can command. than
on his skill, industry, and ingenuity, and he and
they are all smitten to the heart with despair for
the fortunes of mankind, and of England in par-
ticular, because the soil immediately at com-
mand is not immeasurable, like the heavens.
They take up the landlords' prejudice, that the
soil is all in all ; and, instead of demanding free-
dom for industry, freedom for enterprize and
skill, they are Willing to waft away our skilful
men--who form, how ever, only parts of our great

system of division of labour, and are put out of
joint if they are removed—to the other side of
the globe because there land is abundant.
What is the lesson England herself teaches?
Since the beginning of this century, though the ex-
tent of surface has not been increased, the popula-
tion has very nearly doubled. Means have been
found to feed in England alone very nearly
15,000,000 persons whereas, in 1801, only
8,330,000 were fed. What has fed these
people ? The soil ? No. Their own skill and
industry. The cultivators of the soil have
not increased during the last ten years to the
same degree as the, inhabitants of Monmouth-
shire, Durham, Staffordshire, Lancashire, &c.,
the great seat of mines and coals, and the
sites of our cotton and woollen• manufactures.
The great majority of the additional 7,000,000
people are mechanics and artizans, who have
fed themselves and fed others by their own
industry. They have received nothing from
the soil, or from those who cultivate it,
without giving for it a large equivalent. By
improvements in art and skill, by a better appli-
cation of industry, by superior knowledge, this
vast increase of our people has been fed, and
while the boundaries of our island have not been
enlarged, seven millions of souls have within the
present century been added to our population.
Is the reader aware that the addition almost
equals the whole increase of the population from
the very beginning of history—during at least
:20 centuries, to the close of the last century ?

From these facts we assert that a great ex-
tent of soil is of much less consequence than free-
dom of industry, in order to supply the people
with food, and that the surplus of population
complained of does not exist in relation to capi-
tal, or in relation to the surface of the country,
but in relation to those restrictions which igno-
rant and selfish legislators have laid on in-
dustry and enterprize. Those who would les-
sen the surplus by removing the people, instead
of removing the restrictions, apply a wrong cure.
The disease is entirely different from the one
they suppose, and their bold empiricism would
only aggravate the symptoms.
One of those bold empirics admitted on Satur-
day that the removal of the people by emigra-
tion would speedily have the effect of adding to
the number of those who remain. How are
these additional persons to be employed and fed ?
It is well known that the principal increase of
the popu' latipn has been in the manufacturing
towns and districts. It is equally well known
that the increase of the people in the strictly
agricultural counties has been very little, and
perhaps not more than equal to the increase of
their town population. Agricultural improve-
ments, unlike invention of machinery, dimin-
ish the quantity of employment; and it is there-
fore doubtful whether the actual tillers of the
soil, the number of farm-labourers, has increased
at all. Those who would promote emigration,
before the landlords' monopoly is extinguished,
would give, as they say, a stimulus to popula-
tion, which population cannot be absorbed in
agriculture. At the same time the landlords
declare, by their Corn-law, that the town popu-
tion shall not increase any more. Indeed, it
may be doubted whether it has increased much
since 1837, and whether almost all the increase
which the Census shows did not take place be-
fore that year. There will be no means,
therefore, of employing and feeding the increas-
ing population which sending away some of the
population is to cause. To call on the Govern-
ment to promote emigration, instead of demand-
ing the repeal of the Corn-law, is to forget all prin-
ciples in the pain of a temporary annoyance, and
from a momentary hope of relief. It would be act-
ing like the savage whose unreflecting conduct we
condemn, who sells in the morning the hammock
he no longer needs for the moment, and at night
would sell himself to get it back. The great
cause of distress and discontent is the terrible in-
road still made by legislation on freedom of trade,
after it has been beaten from most of its encroach-
ments on freedom of conscience and personal
liberty ; and he who now asks for emigration
instead of freedom barters the birth-right of the
human species for the privilege of being trans-
ported.

At former periods of distress the Government
was wont to come to the relief of the people by
loans—by advances ofExchequer Bills—by open-
ing, if it could, new channels of trade—and by in-
creasing the employment and resources of the
people. That system was knocked on the head
by the Earl of LIVERPOOL in 1826, and since
then, only two years before the present Corn-
law was passed, the Government has continually
declared itself impotent to relieve any great
calamity which may fall on trade. The doctrine
it has professed is, that trade must help itself,
that it will find its own level, and that the Legis-
lature, which we know can do so much to ruin,
can do nothing to retrieve it.
Sir ROBERT PEEL seems fully impressed with
this doctrine, and resolves to adhere to this
practice. Three months has he been in office ;
the manufacturing part of the community is
plunged in deep distress ; and not one thought
has he breathed, not one step has he taken, to
amend its condition. By what do we know of
his existence as Prime Minister? He has issued
a commission to inquire into collecting the
revenue, with a view, it is said, to farm it out to
the Bank of England. He has issued commis-
sions to inquire into Chancery practices, and into
the means of improving the Fine Arts. We ri-
diculed the idea of relieving the public distress
by constructing public buildings when it was put
forth by the Quarterly Review, but the Prime
Minister goes even further than Mr. CROK ER,
and seems to suppose that our social evils can be
allayed by a few fresco paintings.
It is said his greatest, his most important,
proceeding, is the large promotion he has made
of officers in the Army and Navy. Supposing
that promotion to be due to the two services,
and on that we give no opinion, it indicates
a much more acute sensibility to the claims of
the military than to the wants of the people.
The spirit of an old soldier, rather than the care
of a manufacturer's son, and the wisdom of a
commercial Minister ()fa manufacturing people, is
visible in the proceeding. The Government feels
the necessity of being in favour with the military,
since it is resolved not to redress the wrongs of
the people. They are obviously the persons
whom it must lead by their opinions, whomever
else it may mean to coerce. We are afraid,
therefore, however acceptable this promotion
may be to the individuals benefited, and to the
admirers of our gallant Army and Navy, that in
the manufacturing districts it will be thought to
add insult to injury, mockery to oppression, and
increase those feuds and that strife amongst the
different classes which a wise Minister would I
make it his chief business to heal.
A

_ case was tried in the Court of Exchequer on
Saturday which shows the use of Juries, and the
tyranny which some Judges would exercise, un-
less restrained by the practical knowledge and
common-sense of the persons selected to decide
on cases in which the lower classes are interested.
A servant girl brought an action against her mas-
ter for arresting and imprisoning her for a night
on a paltry charge of stealing an old box. The
case was heard before a police magistrate, who
immediately dismissed the charge. Lord AniN.
GER, who tried the cause, summed up strongly
in favour of the master, telling the Jury that it
was clearly a case of felony; but the Jury were
clearly of opinion that there was no felony at all ;
that it was the result of a paltry quarrel between
a master and a servant; that the plaintiff had
been ino4t unjustly imprisoned, and in order
to testify their reprobation of the conduct of the
defendant and the Judge, returned a verdict
for the plaintiff, with 201. damages. Upon this
Lord ABINGER said, "Gentlemen, this is your
verdict, not mine." What right has a Judge to
make such a remark ? Who ever heard of a
Judge returning a verdict, and for what purpose
could the observation have been made ? Pos-
sibly the solicitor of the defendant may profit by
it, and put the plaintiff to the expense of a new
trial. Aged Judges are generally bad enough,

but an old man, who happens to be a new Judge
and a political renegade, is beyond endurance.

The news brought by the Levant mail from
the Turkish capital is highly important, and de-
mands the utmost degree of vigilance on the
part of the British Government. It is clear
that King OTHO, secretly instigated by France
and by the agents of Russia, has manifested
such a determination to seize Thessaly that the
Porte has considered it necessary to order a large
military force to the frontier, and to direct a fleet
of five sail of the line to pass the Straits of the
Dardanelles. Diplomatic notes have been ad-
dressed by the Divan to the Great Powers, co:n-
plaining of the bad faith of the Greek Go-
vernment, and representing the necessity the
Porte is.under of declaring war against Greece,
unless she adopt a more honest policy.
Lord ABERDEEN has admitted the justice
of thescomplaint of the Turkish Cabinet, which
may perhaps have the effect of checking the
warlike impetuosity of that reigning parody
upon royalty, King OTHO. The objects of
France in stirring up a quarrel between Greece
and Turkey are, firstly, to destroy British in-
fluence at Constantinople; and, secondly,
to find some pretext for adding Tunis to her
conquests on the coast of Africa. We repeat,
then, that the utmost vigilance of our Govern-
ment will be required to prevent a war most
disastrous to the inhabitants of Turkey and
Greece.

The Paris Journals devote their leading
columns to comments upon the trial of M.
LEDRU RoLLIN, the Deputy, for a libel upon
the Government, an interesting report of which
will be found in another part of The Sun. The
libel was contained in a speech made at a meeting
of his constituents. The Jury acquitted him of
the delivery of the speech, but found him
guilty of authorising its publication, for which
Very questionable offence the Court sentenced
him to three months' imprisonment and a fine of
3,000 francs. (1201.), and the publisher of the
speech to two months' imprisonment and a fine
of 2,000 francs (80/.) The Liberal press is indig-
nant with the Government for proscuting a De-
puty for faithfully discharging his duty towards
his constituents.

Yesterday, Messrs. Guizot, Duchatel, and Martin du
Nord, remained in conference at the Tuileries in the
King's cabinet from twelve to two o'clock. At two
o'clock M. Mole succeeded the two Ministers. At three
o'clock the conference was not over.

Yesterday was the thirty-second anniversary of the
marriage of King Louis Philippe at Palermo, to Queen
Amelia.

Workmen began yesterday to get ready the jail of the
Luxemburg, where Quenisset and the other prisoners are
to'be confined.

A journal says, that a great number of workmen in
metal have left their work, and that the police yesterday
arrested several who excited their comrades to join in a
combination.

Messrs. Arne, Gase, and Roaldes, left Toulon on the
21st for Pau, where they are to appear before the Cor-
rectional Tribunal. They were accompanied by their
counsel, M. Joly, Member of the Chamber of Deputies.
It is affirmed that the • Prefect of the Loiret gave a
grand dinner on Sunday last to O'Donnell and the other
Christian Generals who are now at Orleans.—[Will the
Government dismiss this meddling sympathiser ?—ED.
Sun.] _ _

The Diario de Roma of the 16th of NoVember an-
nounces the arrival of Prince Ypsilanti and his family
at Rome:— Constitutionnel.

A letter from Toulon of the 20th November says :
" We have now to antiounee that there is no intention
whatever of diminishing the effective force of our army
in Africa. The troops that are going to return to
France will be fully replaced by others, for orders have
just been received at Toulon to make every necessary
preparation for the conveyance of about 20,000 men,
before the month of March."
We mention after the Gazette des Tribitnaux the
seizure of two small cannon, said to have been discovered
on Monday last, on the landing of the goods from the
Industriel steamer. It seems that this discovery was
made as far back as the lath of this month, and that
there was nothing mysterious in the matter, the cannon
being directed to one of our great manufacturers, whom
nobody certainly will take for the head of an emeute.
However, the inspector thought it his duty to have them
deposited in his warehouse. He made a report to the
Prefect of Police, and on Monday the cannon were
taken to the Prefecture by order of M. Delessert, who
will probably have them delivered to their owner. This
plain statement will put an end to all the conjectures
formed on the first discovery of these harmless arms.—
Commerce.

The trial of M. Delaroche, the responsible editor of
the National, on a charge of having, on the 18th of Sep-
tember last, inserted an article tending to excite hatred
and contempt of the Government, took place yesterday
before the Court of Assize. The Procureur-General, M.
Hebert, addressed the Court at some length, and read
the incriminated article, observing, that to call the Go-
vernment a faction, and say it was placed between shame
and anarchy, and was only a body in a state of dissolu-
tion and ought to be rejected with contempt, as the No-
tional had done, was an attack calculated to bring it into
discredit, and an aggression not less dangerous than
armed violence. M. Jules Fevre, the counsel for the

National, denied that his client had offended against the

law, and disclaimed in his name all participatiim in the
doctrines which had excited the late emeutes. He in-
formed the Jury that if the National were on this occa-
sion to be condemned it would be liable, having already
been once condemned, to be suspended by a decree of
the Court. The Procureur-General having made a sign
in the negative, M. Favre thanked him in the name of
the press, and his own dignity for declining to avail him-
self of such a power, which M. Favre said was contrary
to the spirit of the age. He then complained that the
National had been taken by surprise, and was unprepared
for its defence ; but he was here called to order by the
President, who said the fact was not true. 'The Procu-
reur-General having replied, the Jury retired, anti, after
a deliberation of twenty minutes, returned with a ver-
dict of acquittal.
The Tribunal de Premiere Instance was again en-
gaged yesterday with the affair of the property of the
late Baroness de Feucheres. Mr. James Dawes,' and
Miss Mary Ann Dawes, brother and sister of the Ba-
roness, have commenced a suit against the Baron de
Feucheres, to annul the grant of the sum of 214,000 f.,
secured to the Baron after the death of the Baroness, in
case he should survive her, by their marriage contract,
which grant the Baron assigned to the Hospices of Paris
and Nismes, and the sufferers from the inundations in
the Garde and Ardeche, of which departments he had
the military command. The demand of nullity is founded
on the ingratitude of the Baron, in haring procured the
judgment of divorce from bed and board in 1824. Before
pleading to the declaration, the Baron moved that Mr.
and Miss Dawes, being foreigners, should lodge a suffi-
cient sum as caution money, to answer any costs they
might be adjudged to pay on failure of their suit. The
Court granted the Baron's motion, and ordered Mr. and
Miss Dawes to make a deposit of 10,000 f.

Upon an application from M. Hebert, the Procureur-
General, the Tribunal of Commerce at Versailles has
issued a rule of Court, declaring that in future every
person who becomes a bankrupt shall be committed pro-
visionally to the town prison. This severe measure has
been induced by the alarming increase in the number of
failures, which for many years did not exceed three or
four per annum, but which within the present year has
amounted to fifty. This new rule has been already acted
upon in one instance.
The grand concert given by the Duke and Duchess of
Orleans yesterday evening was very brilliant. The King
and Queen dined with their Royal Highnesses, and en-
tered the saloons with them. Selections from operas of
Gluck, Lully, and Rameau were performed, and the cho-
ruses were selected from the singers of the French and
Italian operas. Among the numerous and distinguished
guests, French and Foreign, were Queen Christina, his
Excellency the British Ambassador and Lady Cowley,
the Neapolitan Ambassador and his Lady, the Papal In-
ternuncio„' Marshal: Soult, and!the Duchess de Dalmatie,
the Ministers, Marshals Molitor and Sebastiani, Count
and Countess Montalivet, Duke and Duchess Decazes,
Count and Countess Toreno, Duke and Duchess de Massa,
Marquis and Marquise de Gabriac, and Count and
Countess Darriule. It was the anniversary 'of the mar-
riage 'of the King and Queen, which was solemnised at
Palermo thirty-two years ago, and was chosen by the
Prince and Princess for their first grand entertainment
of the season.

Marshal Soult, yesterday, visited the baking-establish-
ment for the army, on the Quai de Billy, which lie in-
spected in all its details. 40,000 rations of bread are
there made every day, and the magazines contain three
months' provisions for a force of 40,000 men. A mill
worked by steam-power is constantly at work, which is
capableye a ro. f ruordu i
ngc i ng O,
his
l 4
visit,ooo
metrical
Marshal
Soult
or
ordered
sfleov u
r
pere
ral important ameliorations to be made in the establish-
ment.
The Bordeaux papers state that the crowd at the en-
trance of the Theatre des Varietes in that city was so
dense, a few nights since, when the Grace de Dieu was
to be performed, that a young man was suffocated in the
throng.
There was so heavy a fall of snow, a few days ago, at
Belfort, that the Municipality was compelled to invite
the inhabitants to co-operate in placing it in heaps in the
streets, in order that it might be carted away.
A letter from Troyes, of the 22d inst., states that a
man named Pottejoie was to have been executed there
that day, and an immense crowd had assembled to wit-
ness the execution, but, it being discovered that the
guillotine was out of order, this melancholy ceremony
was postponed, and the crowd, after waiting several hours
dispersed, says the letter, uttering expressions of dis-
content.
BOURSE—PARIS, THURSDAY, NOY. 25.
t irst Highest Lowest Last
Price Price. Prict Price.
trench 5 per Cents lld 30 116 40 ... 116 30 116 311
Lattitte,Bant. Lonof. SLarei 10511
I per Cents lO-) ... 1, 2 102 ••• "2
Kelglan
Np5Al
site:rvvD:ces
te..e,
80
3 per Cents
Spanish
Loan 2 " 81 10 ... 81 10 81 10 ... 81 10
Bank of France
Belgian 5 per Cents
05;
50631,1
90;2:0,
>4,
506341710.202:51450
710uI. Shares °4l
(9:::78):15:44; 11:1%3°1 1015 i 10134
Portuguese 3 per Cents.
27 "7• 2614 26%
Neapolitan .....
Rowan, ex. ..... ie2l4 102 1002
RAILWAY SHARE'S.2dO 20 202 50
R. 320 •
318 75 .. 318 75
Rouen ..»w.».».».«.»»»»» 450 45" 50 •:450 452 50
Orleans ..
Strasburg toßale„shares red 23 230

r4ryyt• J

THEATRICAL.

The Duke of Rutland, Sir Robert and, Lady Peel,
Prince Nicholas Esterhazy, Countess of Jersey, and the
Ladit s VillierF;occupied the Queen Dowager's box, on
Friday night, at Covent-garden Theatre,
_ _

COURT--FASHIONABLE.
The Duke and Duchess of Beaufort have been enter-
taining a select circle at Badminton, Gloucestershire.
The Marquis of Downshire has returned to Hills-
borough Castle, from Dublin.
The Earl of Surrey arrived in Hyde Park-place on
Thursday last, from Arundel Castle.
The Lord Chancellor, Lady Lyndhurst, and Miss
Copley, left town on Saturday, on a visit for a few days.
We understand that the marriage of Prince Nicholas
Esterhazy to Lady Sarah Villiers is fixed for the 10th of
December.

The whole of the interior of Strathfieldsaye is about
to be re-furnished in a splendid style, in consequence of
an expectation of a visit from her Majesty and Prince
Albert early in the ensuing year.
Viscount Templetown has left Berkeley-square, on a
visit to his estates in Ireland.

At a meeting held at Birmingham on Friday, addresses
to the Queen, Prince Albert, and the Duchess of Kent,
on the birth of the Prince of Wales, were carried by
acclamation.