The Sun.
London, England, 1847-01-27 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVEN ING, JANUARY 27, 1847.

BAIL COURT.-(THIS DAY.)

BANKES V. NEWTOZ.,
Mr. Justice, Erie proceeded to give judgment i❑ this case
this morning.
The facts of the case were, that Mr. Newton, a barrister,
had bec-..me indebted to Mr. Banke3 in the sum of 41. for
groceries, and in consequence of, the non-payment of the
money Mr. Baukes sued Mr. Newton in the Sheriffs' Court,
and obtained a verdict in his favour. Mr. Newton after-
wards applied for a rule nisi for a new trial, on the ground
that the clerk of the plaintiff's attorney had, during the
absence of Mr. Nem, ton, represented the cause as undefended,
and consequently the cause was taken, and a verdict obtained.
He also applied on the ground that there was a competent
court to dispose of debts under M. in the district in which
he (Mr. Newton) resided, at Wandsworth. On these grounds
the rule was granted.
Mr. Hog-gins yesterday showed cause against the rule. He
urged, that when the debt was contracted the defendant's
offices were in Manchester-buildings, while his house was at
Wandsworth. Neither had he objected when the writ was
served,
Mr. Justice EBLE, in giving judgment, remarked, that after
what had been shown on the other side, it appeared to
him that the two grounds on which the rule had been ob-
tained did not materially bear upon the case, and, therefore,
under all the circumstances, the Court thought it better to
discharge the rule.

EXCHEQUER.-(THIS DAY.)
The Court was occupied during the whole of the day with
the special paper; none of the cases, however, presented the
slightest feature of pubic interest.

COMMON PLEAS.-(THIS DAY.)
THE EAST INDIA STEAM-SHIP COMPANY.-SCOTT AND

ANOTHER V. nERKELEY.
Mr. GREENWOOD appeared in this case, which was part
heart, in support of the plaintiff's right to recover the sum
of 21,600/. from the Hon. Craven Berkeley, M.l'., as a direc-
tor of the East India Steam-ship Company, now defunct.
The action was brought by Messrs. Scott, Sinclair and Co..
the extensive ship-builders of Greenock, to recover
the sum named as the balance of an account
due for building a steamer for the said company.
The proceedings which were taken resulted in jadgment being
signed against the defendant. Before execution was issued
objection was taken as to the liability of the defendant, and
after some discussion it was mutually agreed to turn the
matter into a special case for the opinion of the Court, as to
whether, in September, 1843, when judgment was signed, the
defendant was a member or director of the company.
All the arguments adduced, which were entirely of a tech •
nical and legal character, were directed to this matter.
The COURT decided the point in favour of the defendant.
The other cases argued were demurrers of no interest ex-
cept to the parties concerned.

A vote of thanks to the chairman was then put and carried,
and the meetinz broke up.

SO
./zIEE‘ ‘'E RRl4i
Ep: SS
NASDIRO
(FROM A CORRESPONDENT, )
DISTILLERIES.
SSTOIFLOL81711:1G1 EAISI INTO T PRO-
POSEDOT HE 11
We take for granted that the Chancellor of the Exchequer
has arranged his accounts in such a manner that he can
afford to sacrifice two-thirds of the revenue he at present
derives from the tax en malt, before he consented to
the measure he has expounded for the admission
of sugar into the breweries, if he has not so
made up his mind, we are free to tell him that
will be the effect of his plan : thus, barley when malted
yields a given quantity of saccharine matter, equal, perhaps,
to about seven pounds of sugar. The process is carried on for
this object, and for rendering the grains of cern friable. Now,
these advantages a brewer can derive from a bushel of
malt can be obtained by adding seven pounds of sugar to a
bushel of kiln-dried barley. The revenue, consequently, will
lose the difference of money betwixt the duty on a bushel of
malt, 2s. 81d., and the duty on seven pounds of sugar, 101 d.,
occasioning a loss to the Crown on the small quantity
here taken of one shilling and tenpence ; for this sacrifice
we suppose the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who has
the national income to manage, is prepared. The
admission of sugar into the breweries, however, dwindles
into insignificance, when compared with the evils likely to
arise from the other part of his plan, namely, the terms of
the admission of sugar into the distilleries. Here we have a
system of boulity originated, and ingeniously mixed up with
it—a scheme, against which even the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer himself, ought to be the first to hold up his hands.
No one can foretel the extent of mischief to which this
measure may lead. The plan proposes that the distiller
shall clear his sugar from the bonded warehouses, and pay
duty on it at the same rate as other folk, and when he is
called upon to pay the spirit duty he is to be allowed at the
rate of 12s. 10d.—in fact, keeping up the expensive
machinery, now in existence to collect fourteen shillings, to
collect fourteen pence! and this extravagant scheme is based
upon the supposition that all descriptions of sugar
will yield the like quantity of spirits—namely, eleven
gallons and a half. Now, it is thoroughly known that few
articles vary so much in their yield as sugar; some sugar
not giving more than five gallons of spirits, while others
will yield twenty ; and yet, according to the scheme in-
tended to become a permanent. law, before us, the distiller
is to receive 12s. 6d., for each quantity of eleven and a half
gallons of spirits, a fixed amount of drawback npou an
uncommonly fluctuating extract. The Chancellor of
the Exchequer may fancy he is perfectly safe, looking
to the results of the experiments laid before him, but
we will tell him if he is safe to-day, he may not be so to-
morrow. Is he or any one else prepared to say that the art
of distillation has reached perfection? Is he or any one else
prepared to say that the distiller will not and cannot dis-
cover some new mode of carrying on his process, or some
new implements by which he will be enabled to obtain more
than eleven gallons and a half from each cwt. of sugar?
The Right Honourable Gentleman seems to have pinned his
faith on what has been told him by. the West Indians.
A little reflection will tell him, that, if the average quality
of sugar will yield eleven gallons and a half, the superior
qualities will yield much more; the superior qualities of
sugar are precisely the sort the distiller will select for his
operations.
tieHniaedte twhies
ehmeeealsduhreavbeeetnheubgrohutgliitt
efonrwinagrednibey thueeener
novel
mode, on thir part, of fleecing the community for the advan-
tage and profit of the colonists.

R pOLof the C I SIMomP In mßissOioVner ofIEWNoodTs Sand
theMET 23d report
Forests yesterday printed, the following statement appears
on the metropolitan improvements :—" In our last report
we stated that we had purchased, or agreed for the purchase'
of the whole of the ground and buildings required for the
completion of the several lines of improvement, authorised
by the Acts 3 and 4 Victoria, chap. 87, and 4 Victoria, chap.
12 ; and that we had let en building leases all the ground in
the line from Coventry-street to Long-acre, and hoped in the
course of the ensuing year to let the building ground in the
other lines. We accordingly took measures for that pur-
pose during the last year, by offering the ground to public
competition by tender, and agreed to let on building leases
nearly the whole of the ground in the line from Oxford-
street to Holborn, at rents somewhat exceeding the estimates
made thereof by our architects. The buildings on that
ground (the plans and elevations of which were previously
approved of by us) are rapidly proceeding, and are of a
description suitable to the situation. In the line from Bow-
street to Charlotte. street, Bloomsbury, called Endell-
street,' the street has been formed and the vaults turned;
but no portion of the ground vested in this hoard has yet
been let. The portion of this street originally vested in the
Mercers' Company, and still retained by them, is also unlet.
We attribute this in some degree to the circumstances of the
building ground in the Oxford-street line having been in the
market about the same time. The line from the London
Docks to Spital Church, (including the line from East
Smithfield to Rosemary •lane.) forms a portion only of a
more extended line originally intended between Whitechapel
and Shoreditch, and to the non-completion of which commu-
nication we attribute the still unfinished state of this im-
provement. The thoroughfare from the London Docks to
Spitalfields' Church is open to the public, and an immediate
continuation of the line, as referred to above, is in contem-
plation. The whale of the buildings in Coveatry-street line
are now completed, and the new street has for some time
past been open, and affords great accommodatioa to the
public. It not being considered advisable to proceed at pre-
sent in the sale of the ground rents, payable for the property
as required by the Acts, for the formation of these new lines
of street towards the repayment of the expense incurred
thereby, we have found it necessary to procure further loans
to the amount of 55,0001., upon the security of certain por-
tions of the land revenues of the Crown within the county of
Middlesex, under the powers of the Act 7 Victoria, chap. 1,
at a fluctuating rate of interest reguiated by the price of
Consols, being, when Consuls are above 90, as at present,
3/. 10s. per cent. per annum. These loans, with the sums
borrowed from the Equitable Assurance Company and the
Bank of England (which in oar last report we stated to
amount to 750,000/0, and also a soul of 40,000/., which has
been temporarily advanced during the last year out of other
funds under our charge and for the repayment of which it
will be necessary to effect a further loan, make the total
amount borrowed by us in respect to the improvements in
question, 845,000/. The total amount paid for purchases to
the sth of January, 184, was 717,604/. 55., leaving purchases
to 10,813/. 155., agreed for to be made.

DEATH OF MR. CLOWES.—We regret to state that
Mr. Clowes, sen., the eminent printer of Duke-street, Stam-
ford-street, died yesterday evening, after a short but severe
illness.

PRESENT STATE OF OPORTO. The Admiralty
have ordered Vice-Admiral Sir William Parker, Bart.,
G.C.8., the Commander-in-Chief, to detach another ship
from his squadron in Lisbon to Oporto, to assist the Gladi
ator, steam-frigate, and the Nautilus, 10, Lieutenant-Com-
mander Rivers, in protecting British interests during the
present crisis.
PROVISIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES.—The
Rappahannock, Cornelia, and Empire, from New York ;
Anglo-Saxon from Boston ; Rockingham and Republic
from Philadelphia; John Ravenel from Baltimore; Charles
Ilumberston, Lochinvar, and Nonantum from Charleston ;
Albania and Isabella Stuart from New Orleans; and Ash-
land from Savannah, which were reported at Liverpool on
the 25th instant, bring 42,047 barrels of flour, 22,342
bushels and 888 sacks wheat, 14,700 bushels and 12,172
sack of Indian corn, 8,206 barrels of Indian corn meal, 569
packages of biscuit, 1,065 packages of rice, and 2,189 pack-
ages of cheese.
The British residents at Frankfort have collected
the sum of 551. for the relief of their distressed countrymen
in Ireland and Scotland.
ROYAL ARTILLERY.—WOOLWICH, JAN. 26.
Major 11. W. Askwith's company of Royal Artillery (3d
company, sth battallion), leaves Woolwich this morning in
one of the Waterman's steamers for Portsmouth, rid Nine
Elms, to relieve Captain Wilford's company (3d company,
3d battalion), stationed at that town. A detachment will also
leave for Devonport. A batch of 100 recruits have been sent
from Lisburn, Ireland, by Lieutenant Clarke, the recruiting
officer at that station, and are expected to join at Woolwich
in a few days. Lieutenant-Colonel Dowse will leave Wool-
wich on the Ist of February, to assume the command of the
Royal Artillery at Ballincolig, Ireland. The present forage
stores of the Royal Artillery are to be converted into barrack
rooms for the accommodation of the troops. and new forage
stores are to be erected outside the barracks on a piece of
ground belonging to the Board of Ordnance, in Artillery
place, opposite the North Arch.
FALL OF THE MONSTER CHIMNEY AT WIGAN,

On Thursday afternoon last, shortly after four o'clock, this
very imposing fabric fell to the ground with a loud crash.
The ehimney, which has been completed for only a few
months, was commenced by Mr. Dobb nearly four years
ago, close to the lands of the Leeds and Liverpool
Canal, at the termination of his extensive chemical
works. Its progress since that time bas been gradual,
during the summer months, but has necessarily
been stayed for several months of each winter,
when its part completion gave indications of its future
greatness. Its completion was effected a few months ago,
when it bad reached the great height of upwards of
400 feet or about 134 yards, and the event was duly cele-
brated. Shortly, however, after this was done an indentation
of one side near the top was observed, and which was
watched daily, when, after a further lapse of time, a very
apparent deviation from the perpendicular had taken place,
and the base slightly parted from one side of the excava-
tioa. A further inclination being observed, the advice of
Mr. Fairbairn, civil engineer, of Manchester, was obtained,
and we believe he recommended a portion of the top being
taken down, and the work was consequently commenced,
and continued until the day of its fall, when we believe a
person was up the building; at this time about 28 yards had
been taken off. For some time past a further sinking of the
base, has been observed, and greater fears were entertained
for its safety, and a series of stays were being constructed to
place round it. But all the measures were without avail.
It fell on Thursday afternoon across the canal, and extends
for the length of a field beyond it. The passage of boats on i
the canal is stopped until it can be cleared, and active mea-
sures are now being carried on for the purpose. We believe
. this the third chimney which has fallen en Mr. Dobbs'
premises.-21Ianchester Cuurier.

STOPPAGE OF THE PEERS ON THEIR PASSAGE TO
THE HousE OF LORDS.—Yesterday notices, 'si
ehnlot'usweesreofpPsatrell at the Horse Guards,
Pfulturlltiahme signed by Mr.
Birch, clerk
mcleirrakltiyn,
consequence of several of the Lords complaining stating that, in
and obstructions in the streets leading tp aining of stoppages
Par-
liament, caused by hackney carriages,
co the Houses of
by which they have been delayed taking their
drays, and
the Commissioners of Police are enjoinedg seats therein,
obstructions in future. to remove all such
THE LATE FIRE AT MESSRS. A INGill'S FOUNDRY.
—INQUEST ON ONE OF TliE SUFFERERS.—Last evecniingDlSßlT.
Mr.
William Payne, held an inquest at Guy's Hospital, on the
body of George Riches, aged 33, who was fatally injured
at the late deplorable occurrence at Messrs. Ainger's iron-
foundry, Upper Ground •street, Blackfriars. Thomas Haigh,
of 1, Anne-street, Waterloo-road, said that the deceased was
a fireman's-assistant, and on Friday week, about ten o'clock at
night, was engaged with witness and several other parties
in the foundry. A ladle which had just been filled with
seven hundred weight of hot liquid iron was being lifted
by a purchase crane, when it turned over and the metal
flowing out, a quantity splashed up, and coming in contact
with the dome of the furnace, it rebounded, and fell over
the deceased like a shower, setting his clothes on fire. At
that time the deceased was about twelve feet from the
pit. As soon as possible be was got out, and conveyed t
the hospital. By the Coroner-7h° ladle was suspended on
two pivots, or axles, and in order to steady the whole two
• handles were placed on the opposite sides,which were held
by as many men. One of the parties had not properly se-
cured his handle, and was in the act of adjusting it when the
accident occurred. Four men were injured, two of whom
still rem • ain in St. Thomas's Hospital. Thceased died on
Tuesday morning from the effeets of the injuries received.—
' n Yerdict—Accidental Death.

LITERATURE.
THE WESTMINSTER AND FOREIGN
QUARTERLY RE VIE TV. IVo. XCI.
Already in another portion of The' Sun we have
shown the fallacy of the political article in this Review
relating to the Spanish marriages. We have shown
that the writer has based his reasoning upon a misinter-
pretation or rather upon a misconception of the course
pursued by the English Government in reference to the
nefarious proceedings of the French cabinet in the
Peninsula. Any further refutation of the arguments
contained in that contribution would consequently be
superfluous. It were, moreover, unnecessary to insist
upon facts which are now notorious, namely, the devious
and ungenerous policy of King Louis Philippe in award-
ing husbands to Queen Isabella and her sister the In-
fanta Louisa, the discourteous juggling practised at the
interview in the Chateau d'Eu, the bold and admirable
conduct of Mr. Bulwer the British Minister at Madrid,
the decisive remonstrances given to M. Guizot by the
Marquis of Nurmanby, the British Minister at Paris,
and the shuffling explanation tendered in documents by
the former to the Chamber of Deputies. As a key to
the distinct and candid behaviour of England in this
transaction, it must never be forgotten that the policy
of Lord Palmerston has therein been identical with the
policy of his predecesscr the Earl of Aberdeen. In a
clever and sagacious article styled " Revelations
of the Telescope," the recent discoveries in
astronomy and especially the discover ice eff2cted through
the colos:ial telescope of Lord Rosse are admirably com-
memorated. And the excel': nce of this very beautiful
paper is not merely restricted to an enumeration of the
achievements of modern astronomers—it takes a com
prehensive and succinct view of the origin, progress,
and development of that most sublime science. The
writer glances back even as rem tely as the Chaldeans,
the Egyptians, the Chinese,
and the Indians. He re
lutes the establishment of the philosophical doctrines of
Aristotle, to the effect that the heavens were an incor-
ruptible concave. He records the appearance of the
great theory of Pythagoras, that the earth was a vagrant
orb revolving round the sun, and the appearance of
Ptolemy, whereby the mind of man retrograded to the
old blundering notion that the earth was motionless.
The resuscitation of the Pythagorean scheme of the
celestial world by Copernicus, in the sixth century, is
then mentioned, and also the opposition given to the
Copernican hypothesis by Tycho Brahe. We are glad
to observe the enthusiasm with which the illustrious
philosopher Kepler is afterwards named, but we are
amazed to see the revival of the foolish fable of the
persecutions of the Inquisition when alluding to the
advent and deeds of Geld* o. Does the reviewer, while
speaking of " the ignorant bigotry" of those times, forget
that the great work Of Copernicus De Revolutionibus
was published under the patronage of Pope Paul 111.,
and that the expenses of its publication were liquidated
by the Bishop of Eremeland P In commemorating the
intellectual victories obtained by our glorious country-
man, Sir Isaac Newton, the writer evinces his capability
of appreciating the benefits conferred upon mankind by
that extraordinary man, and the vast additions which

his one mind made to the accumulating treasures of
human knowledge. Since the remarkable career of
Herschell, no such startling step has been taken for the
fathoming of the infinite depths of creation as the con-
struction of the great telescope in Ireland, under the
direction of Lord ltosse—a nobleman whom the reviewer
elegantly styles an emulator of Tycho Brahe. From the
astonishing circumstances connected with the discovery
of the new planet by M. Le Perrier —" not the result
of chance or of a fortunate supposition, or of the in-
creased power of our telescopes, but of the unaided
power of profound thought, and of abstract mathema-
tical reasoning"—we transcribe the following brief but
sufficient memorial from the pages of the Westminster
Review :

" The irregularities of the orbit of Uranus having
Le beetfor
ahelofnegunpde,ritehdaat deiffficthuletywrthoealestraonnloemunet of re, induced
Ver-
rier to a more close examination of that planet's motions,
irregularityand
he in' its
path, or of its perturbations, only a comparatively small part
could be accounted for by the attraction of any known forces.
Upon examining, too, tables which had been constructed of
the orbit of Uranus, he found that they in no way agreed
with the latest observations. These discrepancies he con-
ceived might be either due to want of precision in theory, or
want of exactness in observations; or Uranus might be sub-
ject to other attractions than those of the sun, Jupiter, and
Saturn ; and he resolved to endeavour to determine the
cause of these perturbations. Finding so much inaccuracy
in the data and calculations on which the previous tables of
the planet's orbit were founded, he set himself to the laborious
task of investigating and calculating everything afresh, with
the utmost rigour, and, after much perseverance, he deter-
mined with great nicety the amount of perturbation in the
orbit of Uranus due to the attraction of Jupiter and Saturn.
With these corrected data before him, he proceeded to com-
pare the calculated path of the planet with its actually ob-
served positions • and he came to the conclusion, not merely
that there was difficulty and discrepancy in the comparison,
but that, on grounds of the strictest geometrical reasoning,
none of those known forces were adequate to produce the
observed irregularities of the planet's bourse. Several ways
had been already suggested of getting rid of the difficulty—
the resistance of the ether—a vast satellite of Uranus—some
variation in the law of gravity at that enormous distance
from the sun—the shock of a comet, or lastly, an unknown
planet. But M. Le Verrier showed that all these suppositions,
except the last, were inadmissible, and that, if the disturbing
force proceeded from an unknown planet, the stranger must
be, not within the orbit of Uranus, because, if a large body,
it would disturb Saturn's orbit ; if a small one, it would not
be adequate to produce the actual amount of disturbance in
that of Uranus : nor, for the same reasons, near on the out-
side of the orbit of Uranus; but far enough without the
obit of Uranus to act upon it, without acting upon that of
Saturn, and large enough to act upon Uranus for long and
continuous periods of time. According to Bode's law of
planetary distances which we have already enunciated,
namely, that the planets double on one another in their dis-
tances from the sun as they are more remote in the system,
this new planet ought to be twice as far from the sun ai
Uranus. And this probability became almost a certainty ;
for, as its distance cannot be much less, so it cannot be greater,
e: g., treble the distance of Uranus; because, as in that case
it must be of enormous mass, it must act upon Saturn as well
as Uranus, and its great distance from both planets would
make its influence on each comparable; whereas, there is no
trace of any such influence on the orbit of Saturn. Further,
such a body, acting on the orbit of Uranus, must lie, with-
out doubt, in much the same plane as that planet; i. c., must
be looked for nearly in the ecliptic.
" The paper, of wine
• h we have made this abstract, was
he Ist of June in
read before the Academy of Sciences on
4tcore tes Rendus,'
the present year; and in a second paper (
stillP ex-
August 31, 1846), Le Verrier proceeded to
et
more
hunseen planet.
actly the place, size, and distance of the y
be
(To this paper we must refer the reader whom ay
n by Ledesirous Ver-
of acquainting himself with the elements gi
!.
lvfor was
article
rier. They are too abstruse and too technica t
l .
t a body
general in its nature.) His idea was,
thauch less than
many times the size of the earth, and not m
1 e about the
Saturn, taking more than two centuries to revov
Within
sun, at a distance 33 times greater than the Earth._,..x be-
one month after M. Le Verrier had thus mianteiY
sti
duallya
forehand, the place of this mysterious body, !I
it
wile observe -
seen. On the 23d of September, Dr. Galle, of t
him
tory at Berlin, received a letter from Le Verrier, urging
'
to look out sharply for the new star, which
possibly might
be recognised by its disc. That very evening, Galle, on com-
paring Bremiker's excellent map with the beavte
marked
terved, near the place fixed by Le Verrier, a star no.
lit with
by Bremiker. It was compared three times that night
potion
a known fixed star, and a planetary motion
its
the following night it was again observed, and ,
erer's an-
was confirmed, and agreed perfectly with its discoverer
Galle
nouncernent ; and, on the third night, September -
lace of the
observed it five times, and Locke ten, and theb
served ' the
planet had again changed, and, as Encke o
' 'This slight
place of the planet agrees within one degree.
sition of the
difference between the calculation as tothe P.
the actual ob-
new planet by the theory of Le Verrier, andtbe
most striking
servation by Galle and Lricke, is perhaps
by M. Le Ver-
fact connected with the discovery. In a_ notes
b rves:--
rier to the Academy, on this point,
heobserves
exceedingly small,
" ' My error in calculation will be found. •
upon which I
when the slight nature of the perturbatio ..
n's taken into con-
determined the position of the new planet,h le, that after 30 or
sideration. This success must inspire a
ePastronomers may
40 years' observations of the new planet,.n
the next that
use it in its turn as a means of discovering
sgun.
They will,
follows in the order of distance from the
isibl on account of
unfortunately, soon arrive at stars My
whose orbits may
their immense distance from the sun, but
be correctly ascertained by theory.' frequentl ob-
" Since this discovery, the planet has been
of
a many parts the
served, both in our own country and
i ed in common mea-
sontinent. Its present distance, expre.
Iles from the sun, and
sure, is about 3,200,000,000 English Its
I distance from Ura-
about 3,100,000,000 from the earth.
t 140,000,000 of miles.
m nos, whose motions it disturbs, is alcio% iles,
that of Uranus
Its diameter is estimated at
50'
of Saturn 79,000, of the
being 35,000, of Jupiter 86,0000,
f the other planets are less
earth 8,000, while the diameters
ith the exception of Jupiter
than that of the earth. Thus, w
's the largest in our system. Its
and Saturn, the new planet i
h 250 to 1. Considering that
cubic is to that of the sart
as
each attended by a train of
Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus
extremely probable that the new planet
satellites, it appears exccompaniment. Indeed, a subsequent
will have a
similar Cassell, of Liverpool, has stated hie belief that
observer, lir. Lags
d enot only one accompanying satellite, but
he has ellscovere
ring round the planet. ' With respect
also the existence ofe
the ring,' observes Mr. Cassell 'I , am
to the existence of
o declare it, but I received so many im-
not able absolutely t .
the same form and direct'
always in . . ions, and
press.ons o
~
es magnifying powers, that I feel a very
with all the differe
that
nothing but a finer state of atmo-
sphere
strong impression
to enable me to verify the discovery.
is necessary to
t the star, having every aspect of a sa-
tellite, the existence o
shadow of a doubt.' These
tellite,
. there is not the
until
be determined the observations
ese matters,
of the
however, cannot.d fora longer •
continue period."
planet have been
The claims of
Dir. Adams to a share in the credit of
the discovery are traced with much candour and im-
partiality.
But withoutdetracting in any
Bu
gentleman, it cannot manner from
the credit of that be denied that
eg Verrier
the name of M. 1
mightydeserves to be associated
pre-eminently with the
will orb which his genius has
divulged, and which h h perpetuate that name to the
•t. wit t e shames of Gab,
remotest posteri j leo, of Kepler,
f H hll
d 0 ersc e . IsT
—0 mor
of Newton, an of the human e marvellous
evidence of? the power
afforded b intellect has ever
been given than thatby the mathematical indi-
cation of an astronomical
phenomenon by this illustrious
Frenchman. The reviewer next asks the question whe-
ther the planets are inhabited, and conceives the proba
bility of their being so from a variety of facts provingtheir analagous condition to this earth, among others from
the periodical accumulations of ice at the poles of Mars.
He then comments upon the extraordinary cavities and
fissures in the moon, one cavern being sixty
miles in
diameter, and one crackextending 150 miles in length,
l
as straight as a railway From the discoveries effected
by Lord Rosso's telescope, and
proclaimed
by Dr.
Nichol, it would seem that the renowned tl
Laplace as to the birth of the Eolieory of
ar system, and the
nebular hypothesis of Herschell are •
virtually exploded.
The article altogether is of remarkable
interest. A
strange review of " Grote's Historyof G
recce " follow
in which the arguments of Bulwer and others' s'
individuality of Homer are feebly attempted as to the
dis-
proved. Besides these there are to be
pa
of -'British Ferns," (illustrated with
hers upon the history
the " Camp and Barrack Room," ~
Bankruptcy
engravings,)
In-
solvency," and " Travels in Lyeia. ' ankruptey and
collec-
tion of the letters and speeches ()f OliverOUpon the
Thomas Carlyle, there is an excellent critical contribu-
tion. With a large quantity of
notices of foreign literature the minor criticisms and
Westminster and Foreign

Quarterly Review is completed for the January quarter. I
The combination of these two eminent publications pro-
mises to (fleet a brilliant innovation upon the ordinary
st)le of periodicals.

WIT AND HUMOUR. By Leigh Hunt.
After the fashion of the ancient trilogies, a very beau-
tiful notion of a literary character has been recently
conceived by Leigh Hunt. As our comparison will
imply, this notion, branches off in three directions.
Imagination and Fancy, the first ; Wit and Humour, the
second ; Action and Passion, the third. As every mind
that feeds upon the fruits of modern literature is already
aware, the first portion of this exquisite series has been
some time published. The second portion is now await-
ing the scrutiny of the critic, and the exploration of the
reader. The third portion is as yet prospective ; may
be it is now developing itself under the industrious pen
of its originator. It must be acknowledged by every
one who has examined the two volumes lately written
by the Poet of Rimini, that the plan upon which they
have been penned is as admirable as their influence is
calculated to be beneficial, and as their manner of com-
position is fascinating. While each acts as a cicerone to
the curiosities and riches stored up in different depart-
ments of English poetry, each acts likewise as an
incitement to the intellect of its reader. As thus :
While the glories of the imaginations and fancies of our
bards are divulged to us, our own imaginations
fancies are simultaneously ripened and enarged by the
very contemplation. And, again :—ln analysing to us
the characteristic wit and humour of our vat ions poets,
the writer has thereby endeavoured to enhance our
capacities of appreciation in regard to wit and humour
generally, and has done good service, moreover, for the
eradication of that passion for spurious wit and
burlesque humour, which, in latter years, has so sadly
deteriorated the pleasantness of society and the advan
Cages of the drama. No one was more peculiarly suited
for the carrying out of this excellent scheme than Leigh
Hunt. He has enough poetry in his own nature, to love
the charms of his predecessors in the divine art. He
has enough drollery to detect the veriest scintillation of
wit, and the merest glimpse of humour, in his prede-
cessors. He has enough aptitude for criticism, to pass
sentence upon his brethren of the lyre. He has enough
knowledge of the foibles and failings of this generation,
to disco% er where they exist and whence they arise ;
and above all, he has enough acumen to discern the
eating those failings. In proof of this, witness his
properest means of correcting those foibles, and eradi-
most charming " Story of Rimini," his shorter poems,
his critical papers in the Examiner and elsewhere, his
picturesque romance, Sir Ralph Esher, his Indicator,
and his Miscellaneous Essays. Talk, as many do,
about Hunt regarding Nature through the atmosphere of
London, it is undeniable that his compositions
are flawed with Cockneyisms, just as Keats's
Endymion was injured by its jejune imagi-
narks, and as the majority of Wordsworth's
verses are tarnished with puerilities. Blackwood, to a
certain extent, judged rightly of Hunt, the Quarterly of
Keats, and Byron of Wordsworth. But that "certain
extent" only embraces the naked fact of Cockneyism in
the one, Jejuneness in the other, and puerility
in the last. With all his conventional marks as a
dweller in Cockaigne, how beautiful is the poetry
cf Leigh Hunt even in certain passages
of the despised " Feast," and especially in his apostro-
phies to the months and seasons ! With all his imma-
turity, how exquisite are the works of Keats, how fanciful
his " Lamia," how touching the " Pot of Basil," how
impassioned his " Ode to the Nightingale," how sublime
his fragment of " Hyperion !" With all his indisputable
puerilities, how truly and majestically is the poet of nature
visible in the productions of William Wordsworth !
Throughout the whole of the writings of Leigh Hunt there
have been some such comparativeblemishes, though always
accompanied by excellencies which had immeasurably
the preponderance. It is, therefore, to our thinking,
the most striking characteristic of the present serial
that it affords no similar opportunities for the
cavilling of the stupidest curmudgeon of a hyper-
critic. The nature of the work, indeed, renders failure
with such a man as Mr. Hunt little short of an impos-
sibility. To employ a trite but expressive metaphor,
each book is a string of literary pearls : the pearls
he has selected frem the most eminent of the
bards of England, the string alone is his own. In
the previous volume we had the choicest jewels of imagi-
nation and fancy threaded together. In the present we
have those of wit and humour. In the one which is to
come, we aro o have those of action and passion.
Leigh Hunt, as might be expected, has prefaced the
volume under notice with an illustrative essay on
wit and humour, in which he has, like Cowley, and
Locke, and Addison, and Barrow, and Hazlitt, and
Campbell, and Beattie, and a thousand others, endea-
voured to define the line of demarcation between those
two subtle and most assimilative phenomena of the
human mind. Mr. Hunt differs in a measure from
all his predecessors, and he condenses his theory
into a single sentence :—" Wit is the arbi•
trary juxtaposition of dissimilar ideas, for some
lively purpose of assimilation or contrast, generally of
both." So far the definition is good, but it is merely a
repetition of one very recently advanced elsewhere, to
the effect that " Wit is the lustre resultir.g from the
quick elucidation of one subject by a just
and unexpected arrangement of it with another
subject." We give the preference to the latter defini-
tion, as being, at one and the same time, more con-
densed and comprehensive. Leigh Hunt very happily
terms humour " a tendency of the mind to run
in particular directions of thought or feeling, more
amusing than accountable." Of itself, however,
this felicitous explanation of the meaning of
humour is insufficient. The definition might
apply to eccentric insolence, enthusiasm, eloquence, or
in fact, to anything almost as well as to humour. He
subsequently gives us a catalogue of what he calls the
"princpal forms of wit :-Ist, the direct simile ; 2d, the
metaphor ; 3d, the poetical process, the leap to a con-
clusion, the omission of intermediate particulars
in order to bring the two ends of a thought
or circumstance together • 4th, Irony, or saying one
thing and meaning another ; sth, Burlesque or pure
mockery ; 6th, Exaggeration, Ultra Continuity, and
Extravagance in general ; 7th, Any kind of
juxtaposition of ideas, having a pleasant effect,
down to those depending on sound ; Bth, Cross pur-
poses, or contradictory intentions mistaken by their
Entertainers for Identical Ones ; 9th, Unconscious ab-
surdity in a man's character apart from mere circum-
stances ; 10th, Conscious humours indulged ; 11th,
Humours of Nations and Classes ; 12th, Humours of
mere temperament ; 13th, Moral and Intellectual incon-
gruities; 14th, Genial Contradictions of the Conventional
In drawing out this vocabulary of " forms," Ise con-
ceive that Mr. Hunt has straggled very widely from his
original definitions of wit, and has sped across
the barrier which should have divided it from
humour. In this catalogue wit and humour merge
into each other, and become almost inextricably
blended together. We cannot regard that as a
just and accurate lists of the " forms "of the former,
which embraces burlesque, nonsense verses, and every
weold s thes ayssexton,,
madame Mautalini
description of pun. We can perceive wit, for example,
in that verse by Tom Hood, descriptive of the death
and funeral of a sailor :
" His death which happened in his berth,
At forty odd &fel,
They
And the sexton tolled the bell."
We can see wit, moreover, in that remark in "Nicholas
Nickleby," where
wrung her hands with grief, and rung the bell for her hus-
band, andfill into a chair and a fainting fit simultaneously."
Neither of these speciMens of wit have been • inserted by
Mr. Hunt in his volume, but we can see positivewit in
them, whereas it would take a million
years of the most
unheard of logic to convince us that
Rorum, scorum,
Sunt divorum,
Harm scarum dive ;
Tag-rag, merry-derry, perriwig and hatb d• an ,
Hic hoc horum, genitivo,
is wit. Humourous nonsense it may he, and is in short,
but wit it certainly is not. Yet it is actually quoted as
such by Leigh Hunt in page 51. It is amusing, more-
over, to hear him propounding as a doctrine in
literature,
.that Lawrence Sterne is the
greatest wit
that ever lived I With Shakspere, Cervantes, Moliere,
Swift, Addison, and glorious old abelais in his recol-
lection ; he says that Lawrence Sterne was the greatest
wit ! A first-rate wit Sterne was, without question—
" Tristram Shandy" is a grand proof of that—but cer-
tainly he was not the 'first. We are amazed to hear
so discriminating a critic as Mr. Hunt speak thus
emphatically about Lawrence Sterne, and yet make no
mention whatever of a much greater wit—Charles
Dickens. Notwithstanding these inconsistencies, how-
ever, the volume is right excellent; it is a delightful
culling of witty and humourous passages from Chaucer,
Shakspere, Ben Jonson, Beaumont and Fletcher, Ran-
dolph, SuclJing, Brome, Marvel, Butler, Dryden,
Philips, Pope, Swift, Green, Goldsmith, and Wolcot;
accompanied with brief but felicitous commentaries by
Leigh Hunt himself.

REPRESENTATION OF SALIS-
BURY.
SALISBURY, JAN. 25.—The election of a Member for this
city, in the room of Mr. Ambrose Hussey, took place this
day, Mr. W. J. Chaplin, the chairman of the South-Western
Railway Company, having been returned without opposition.
An active canvass had during the last six months been car-
ried on by Mr. Martin, of Kingston House, near Dorchester,
who stood on the Protectionist interest, but from the 18th
inst., the day on which it was first 'announced that Mr.
Chaplin had consented to be put in nomination, it became
evident that the all but unanimous sense of the constituency
was in his favour; his having the power to confer essential
benefits upon the city proving to be a more weighty conside-
ration than the mere triumph of any particular political
party. There were, therefore, to be seen among Mr. Chap-
lin's friends a ,very large number of the leaders or active
supporters of the various political parties in the city, and
the effect of this union was, that Mr. Martin abandoned all
idea of continuing his canvass, and publicly announced his
retirement. The nomination was fixed for twelve o'clock,
and about that hour a numerous procession reached the hus-
tings, which were erected in the Corn Market. The usual
preliminaries having been gone through, the mayor, Mr.
George Telford, called upon the electors to proceed to the
election.

Mr. RICHARD HETLEY then came forward, and said—l
very much regret the cause which has compelled us to as-
semble here-this day. The ill-health of our late Member,
Mr. Ambrose Hussey, has for some time since prevented him
from attending to his Parliamentary duties, and he has been
unwillingly compelled to return into your hands the trust
which you reposed in him. I have much pleasure in intro-
clueing to your notice Mr. Chaplin, the chairman of • the
South-Western nilway Company, a man whose well-known
practical experience, constant habits of business, and
energy of wind, particularly qualify him to represent you in
Parliament.—(Cheers.) He has not before appeared in
public as a political character, and he will, therefore, go un-
biassed and perfectly independent, and, I am well satisfied,
will exercise a sound judgmeht and discretion upon all mat-
ters which shall. be brought before him. He has always
evinced a great talent, and has filled not only a high situa-
tion in the new era of the railway world, but has also been
the sheriff of London. In the_former pozition he will be

enabled to benefit this city, and it is on that account that I
have cordially co-operated in bringing him before you as a
candidate for your suffrages.—(Cheers.) Whilst he held the
honourable office of sheriff of London he paid great atten-

_ .
tion to, and spent much of his time in, the consideration of
measures for educating and improving the social condition of
the people. He will do so now, and I believe him to be
both able and willing materially to improve the interests of
your town. I therefore, with the greatest pleasure, beg to
propose him as a representative for this city in the Com-
mons' House of Parliament.

-- -
Mr. W. nwerrr appeared to second the nomination, and
said—l have the greatest pleasure in seconding the nomina-
tion of Mr. Chaplin, and in doing so I beg to congratulate
the city on the happy union of parties for the public good.
The subject of free trade, which on former occasions caused a
division amongst us, is now finally settled. The battle-field
on which wo fought is now swept from under us, and I hope
that all parties will unite in future to promote the best in-
terests of our city.—(Loud cheers.) Mr. Chaplin is a man
of great commercial enterprise, and from his position, and
his connexion with those great public works completed and
in progress, possesses the means, and, from the reception he
has met with, he has the inclination also, to benefit this city
and its locality to a greater extent than any other man we
could have fixed upon. He can extensively employ the
poor, and will at all times be ready to assist us in promoting
the general good. With such assistance I think I can see in
the future (to use a railway phrase) a " long train" of pros-
perity approaching our ancient city. In the hope that these
anticipations may be fully realised, I have the greatest pos-
sible pleasure in seconding the nomination of Mr. Chaplin, as
a gentleman in every way qualified to represent this
city and our interests in the House of Commons.—(Cheers.)
Mr. CHAPLIN, on coming forward, was greeted with the
most enthusiastic cheers, and it was some time before the
plaudits had subsided sufficiently for him to address the
meeting. He said—Before I proceed to make the few re-
marks which it will be my duty to address to you, I must
return my sincere thanks to my excellent and worthy
frientla for the manner in which they have introduced my
name to your notice.—(Hear, bear.) lam deeply sensible
how much I owe to their kindness, and am quite conscious,
I assure you, of the responsibility which I incur in offering
myself as your representative. Ido not appear here as the
nominee of ally political party.—(Cheers.) My present posi-
tion is not of my own seeking, nor should I have attempted
to place myself before you had I not received the most
unequivocal assurance that most parties would unite to
secure my election; in fact, that the watchword of party
had been lost in the determination to make common cause

for the city of Salisbury; and that so far from creating
angry feelings and hostilities, I should be looked upon in
the enviable light of a peacemaker.—(Cheers.) And now,
my friends, having said thus much by way of introduction,
you will naturally expect from me on this occasion
some more explicit expression of my sentiments than
could be embraced within the limits of my address.
Gentlemen, my first principles are to fear God and honour
my Sovereign, and believe me I shall ever be found a firm
advocate for upholding our civil and religious institutions,
and that I value most highly the liberty and privileges of
the people.—(Cheers.) The subject of free trade was fully
discussed last session, and since issuing my address the last
fragment of protection duty on corn has been abandoned.—
( Loud cheers.) It is my earnest desire to see the principles
of free trade fully and fairly tested, believing, as I do, that
if successful, they will lead to an extension of our intercourse
with all nations of the earth, and thus will be the greatest se-
curity for the continuance of peace.—(Cheers.) With re-
ference to religious subjects, my address will have shown you
my attachment to the Established Church. I consider itnot
only supported by Scripture but strengthened by time, and it
is moreover the church of the majority of the people. It may,
very probably, be felt that there are particular points upon
which, from the hitherto active nature of my pursuits, I may
not be considered the most fitting person to comment ; but it
has been a source of delight to me to find, in the course of
my canvass, many intelligent and excellent ministers of
various denominations. I, therefore, propose upon any im-
portant measure, affecting the Established Church, to seek
counsel from its clergy among my constituents; and where
the interests of those not conforming to the Established
Church are likely to be affs!cted, I shall feel equal pleasure
iu consulting the ministers and leaders of those bodies ; so
that while I respect your independence by reserving my
independent vote, I hope so to mature my judgment by
reflection, as to approximate to the truth, and to record my
vote to your satisfaction.—(Cheers.) Much may be said on
the important subject of the poor laws. The old system was
undoubtedly bad, and the new one may not be perfect.—
(Loud cheers.) I do not, however, desire to dwell on their
details, for I fancy I have a plan, simple yet ',tactical, which
is likely, I think, so far as this neighbourhood is concerned,
to prove effectual.—(Cheers.) Gentlemen, looking to the
question of agriculture in its relation to the prosperity of
this city, I feel strongly that their interests are mutual, and
I therefore regard with much pleasure the progressive de-
velopment of the railway a) stem as a means of benefiting
both.— (Cheers. ) I clearly see a participation in the advan-
tage of the import and export at the coast; I see the im-
portance of direct communication with the country, the cities
and seaports in the west, and of a closer connexion with the
manufacturing districts in the north. I ithow the comfort,
the convenience, and the economy of rapid and uninterrupted
communication with every part of the kingdom, and I feel
sensible, I assure you, of the blessings attendant more espe-
cially to the poor upon being plentifully supplied with cheap
fuel. Enjoying all these, Salisbury cannot fail to advance
in the general march of improvement.—(Loud cheers.) But
to refer especially -to Salisbury itself, although my ac-
quaintance with the city may be slight, let me assure you
many ways occur to me in which I may be useful, and, if
elected, would ask you at; all times freely to suggest to me
such matters as may appear to you, my friends, either in-
dividually or collectively likely to be beneficial.—(Cheers.)
Already it has been spggested to me that a pitched market
would be desirable, and, doubtless, many other means of im-
provement will occur to you; if so, I need hardly say how
happy I shall at all times feel to co-operate with you in
carrying them .out.—(Loud cheers.) And now, electors of
Salisbury, it is for you to do your duty, but this I must say,
that neither man, woman, or child has asked of me either
fee, favour, or pledge.—(Cheers.) If you send me to Parlia-
ment, I go there as a perfectiy independent man, a fact as
honourable to you as it is flattering and honourable.; o me.—
(Cheers.) But believe me that the manner in which I have
been introduced amongst you, and the hearty goodwill: I
have experienced at your hands, cannot fail to command my
'gratitude, and will ever leave a lasting impression on my
mind.—(Long-contiuued cheering.)
No other candidate having been proposed, the MAYOR, de-
clared W. J. Chaplin, Esq., to be duly elected.
Mr. CHAPLIN then proposed, and Mr. HETLEv seconded
a vote of thanks to the Mayor, after which Mr. Chaplin,
attended by a band, gaily decorated banners, and a nu-
merous party of electors and friends, perambulated the city.
Not the slightest disturbance arose to mar the general har-
mony of the proceedings. A public dinner took place in the
evening at the Council Chamber, of which nearly 200 gen-
emen partook.

MONOPOLY.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.
SlR,—The readers of your valuable journal of Monday last
read with great delight a paragraph congratulating the
public on the fall of the price of bread in almost all the metro-
politan districts.
But, Sir, I am not at a loss to know what conclusion your
intelligent readers will arrive at when I inform you the
daring, unjust, and monopolizing bakers of Pimlico and Chel•
sea, instead of following the laudable example bf honest
bakers of other metropolitan districts, of reducing the price of
bread to a fair remunerating profit, actually combined and
advanced the price of bread one halfpenny the 41b. loaf.
You, Sir, cannot but think this advance in the price of
bread in this district a gross act of cruelty and injustice, and
altogether uncalled for, more particularly as the day has ar-
rived that triumph and justice are treading upon the neck of
the most unjust and fallen corn-laws.
It is reported that a meeting will shortly be convened by
the mechanics and others of this district to adopt measures
with a determination to deal only with those bakers who sell
bleed at a fair remunerating price.
I remain, Sir, &c.,
Pimlico, January 27. GULIELMUS.
[The sooner the people meet the better. Promptitude is
half the battle.—ED. Sun.]

PRICE OF GOLD.—The premium on gold at Paris is
10 per mille, which, at the English Mint price Of 31. 17s.
10%d. per ounce for standard gold, gives an exchange of
25.40; and the exchange at Paris on London at short being
25.271, it follows that gold is 0.49 per cent. dearer in Paris
than in London. By advices from Hamburgh the price of gold
is 432% per mark,which, at the English Mint priceof N. 17e.
10%d. per ounce for standard gold, gives an exchange of
13.83/4 ; and the exchange at Hamburgh on London at short
being 13.5, it follows that gold is 1.76 per cent dearer in
Hamburgh than in London.
TIDE PRICE OF CORN.---In the eastern counties,
as elsewhere, the proposal of the Ministerial measures has
had the effect of reducing the high price of corn in the va-
rious markets. Barley has been the most seriously affected.
In Chelmsford market the fall in this article was at least ss.
per quarter on the prices obtained the previous week, and
even at the decline but few sales could be effected. The
nominal fall in wheat was 25., but the quantity brought to
market, and the little business done, gave indications of a
much heavier depreciation. At Colchester the effect was
similar, and also at Stowmarket, Stortford, and other mar-
kets in Suffolk and Herts, held since thelneasures were fully
explained in Parliament. It is a little singular, that in
nearly all these markets there was a rise of 3s. or 4s. per
quarter in oats.
A deputation from the parish of Hackney, consisting of
the following gentlemen :—John Simpson, Charles Bradshaw
Stutfield, and J. It. D. Tvssen, e
E
scirs"
panied by Sir William Clay,
the Tower Hamlets, had an interview
peth, on Monday, at the office Whitehall-place, on the subject
The Journal du H
that have been flipped Mr. Homer, and Mr.
Charles Horton Pulley, the vestry
13clerk of Hackney, accom-
art., one of the members of
with Viscount Mor-
of the Woods and Forests, in
of a new approach from the
parish of Hackney into the
Victoria Park
avre announces the arrival in
that port 'of 35,000 barrels of flour by eight vessels from the
United States. This, it says, forms part of 100,000 barrels
ill the United States fer this country.