The Sun.
London, England, 1847-04-02 00:00:00

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.

Last week the model of antTengine was deposited by
the inventor, Mr. Gustafsson, in the great hall of this
establishment. It appears more particularly adapted for
marine service, as will be seen by the following descrip-
tion. The piston, which is formed like a wheel for the
purpose of rendering it of light construction, has a
hollow cast-iron globe fitted to the end of the piston-rod
and secured to it by a Vug, in the centre of the piston
is a hermespherical socket, into which the globe is fitted
and secured by means of a cap ; the arms have
strengthening flanges on their under sides, and to the
outer ring at the extremity of the ring is bolted the top
and bottom covers, which for lightness may be made of
wrought iron. To render the piston steam-tight two
metallic rings are placed in the annular chamber between
the covers, which are held in their places by means of
vertical and horizontal springs, but not necessarily steam_
tight, as that will be effected by admitting steam into
this annular chamber of the piston by means of a double-
acting valve, by which a more uniform pressure on the
packing. rings is obtained than could possibly be effected
by springs alone. The cylinder-cover, which is made
spherical, and furnished with segmental pieces
to complete the arc of a circle. To keep the
radius slides constantly in contact with
surface, the - hallow space their bearing
should be communication
with the eendelitalriwitich is et .led by fixing a ‘suisli-
tube in any ooriveniesm piaci. In non-oondensing en-
gines, this space should be in communication with the
atmosphere. It will be seen that as the piston ascends
and descends, the piston rod will be enabled, by the
lateral motion of the radius slides, to vibrate, and
thereby act directly on the crank. In consequence of the
angular position of the piston rod, the wear of the
cylinder would be greater on one aide than the other,
but this may be avoided by giving to the latter an in-
clined position. It will be perceived that this peculiarity
of the piston is of great advantage, especially for hori-
zontal engines, as the weight of the piston would be
supported by the pressure, and consequently prevent an
unequalising wear of the cylinder and piston, which, in
common horizontal engines, cannot be avoided, hence the
vibrating piston rod is particularly adapted for the screw
propeller and locomotive engines.

:eatis7
more, making
HOSPITAL.—The ha :I:ennui::: return of
it
thybeen
suLt
teortndbdaeoyn: e
eireHos-
pitalrn
The number of out-patients
enadtodew
theTniluEmbLer°ol4fD°pNatients admierwtetaceesdi:i a
in the whole
~mw, ahe n3i
cdiltaii
notrecom-
mendation duringot
rif
et
al :gioti:r
governor,
:oairs'
2,714. The number of other in-patients admitted dur-
ingduring the same period was 16,743, making a grand
the year was 1,378.
total of 20,835. The Bishop of oxford has consented to
preach the annual sermon on behalf of the charity, on
the 22d instant, in the chapel of the institution.
DREADFUL COLLIERY ACCIDENT, SEVEN LIVES
Lom—Yesterday (Wednesday) m
inquest was held at
Church Gresley, Derbyshire, on the bodies of a number of
men who were killed in a colliery the day
previously. It
appeared that on Tuesday, the 3011, ult., about half-past
five o'clock in the morning, fourteen colliers, men and boys,
got into the cage at the Church Pit, church Gresley, to be
let down to their usual employment. Laniel Batch, the en-
gine-man, let them down, but when he had descended
about forty yards, he heard one of the wieels cracks, and im-
mediately stopped the engine. He ran to the pit mouth, and
found the drum running fast, the spur wteel having broken,
and fallen under the drum. The cage vas precipitated to
the bottom of the pit, which is 270 t,
.: ads deep ; the rope
broke off the drum, and went down the shaft, although
longer than the depth of the pit. It was htvreen nine and
ten o'clock before a rope could be attache to the pumping
engine, and another cage let down, when
he bodies of the
dead and dying were drawn up. The jury after a #: ,
paideni..
investigation, returned a verdict to the eta—. That the
I deceased met their deaths by the accidental breaking of the
spur wheel,''

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS.

(March 16.—Sir John Rennie, President, in the chair.)
The paper read was by Mr. Joshua Richardson, M.
Inst. C.E., F.G.S., &c., " On the Ventilation of Mines."
After stating the necessity for establishing a more
complete system of ventilation as a measure of
common humanity, and the advantageous results in
a commercial view which would arise from enabling
the miners to develop their physical force with
more benefit to themselves, and allow them to
do a greater amount of task work for the same sum,
the paper proceeded to describe the system of ventila-
tion at present pursued in Newcastle and its vicinity, as
being that of the district where the greatest attention
had, from necessity, been paid to the subject, which is
one of undoubted difficulty. It is, at the same time,
one of almost national importance ; for, as a mercan-
tile nation much of our greatness depends upon our manu-
factures, and unless the fuel for producing power is
obtained at a reasonable price, the results of
all our attention and skill will not enable us to com-
pete with foreign labour. Without good ventilation our
mines cannot be worked; or, at least, must be so imper-
fectly conducted as to render fuel scarce and expensive.
Much attention has been paid by very able men to this
subject ; and still the necessity becomes more apparent
for some great alterations, to avoid the gradual but
,ertain waste of human strength, from long sojourn in
mephitic air, or the frightful loss of life from the
explosions of the gases exuding from the coal in the
progress of getting.
The nature of these gases, which are the carburetted
hydrogen, the olephiant, the sulphuretted hydrogen,
and the carbonic acid gas, were severally treated of.
The three first are known as fire-damp, being explosive
when mixed with certain proportions of common air;
the latter is known as choke damp, or after-damp; it is
produced in large quantities by explosions, and com-
pletes the fatal work left undone by the explosive
gases. It also exists in old workings and ill-ventilated
mines.

These gases require a large supply of pure air to dilate
and render them innocuous, and a still larger quantity is
necessary to support the respiration of the number of
men and animals employed in a mine. The entrance,
therefore, of the fresh air and the exit of the foul
air should be free and capacious. This is gene-
rally effected by having two pits, one termed
the " downcast" and the other the " upcast" shaft,
sunk to the coal bed; down the former of these
the fresh air sinks, and after travelling along through
the various galleries, as it is guided by doors and other
means in various directions, it returns to the bottom
ofthe latter (the up-cast) shaft, where a furnace is
established, in which it is miffed and rendered so
much lighter that it readily ascends the up-cast shaft,
thus causing throughout the mine a current of air,
which, when all succeeds according to the design of the
mining engineer, affords ample ventilation in all parts.
Sometimes, however, an unusual escape of deleteri-
ous gas takes place, by the carelessness of the boys
having charge of the traps and partition doors in the air
ways. Some of them are left open, or improperly kept
shut, and the current of air is diverted or stopped ; or
one of the workmen, from heedlessness or cupidity in de-
siring to have more light for his work, opens the safety
lamp, the inflammable gas is ignited, and an explosion
ensues. From one or more of these causes arose all the
accidents that have occurred, and it appears that hitherto
no precautions measures have sufficed to prevent their
occurrence.

The paper dwelt at some length on the present
methods of ventilation, and the objections to them,
illustrating the positions by quotations from the best
authorities on the subject, all of which went to shoo
that, in spite of all the care and attention that had been
given to the question, all the skill of the engineers, and
the introduction of the safety lamp, in 1816, the loss of
life had been greater since that period than it was
in a corresponding period previous to its intro-
duction. This must not be charged entirely to the
lamp, for although it may have rendered men bolder,
and induced them to trust too much to the lamp, in ven-
turing into those parts of the mines which formerly
would have been abandoned, still it must be borne in
mind that, as the coal was got at greater depths and dis-
tances from the shafts, the ventilation became more
difficult, and, from the greater number of persons em-
ployed in one mine, if an accident did occur, the loss of
life was greater in proportion.
The merits of the safety lamps produced almost simul-
taneously by Sir 11. Davy, Mr. G. Stephenson, and Dr.
Reid Clanny, were canvassed, and the greater amount
of merit, as well as the credit of the first production
of it, appeared from evidence to be due to Mr.
Stephenson. The author then entered into calcu-
lations, showing that the dimensions of the " up-cast"
shaft should in all cases be increased in pro-
portion to the augmented volume of the air, from the
expansion at the higher temperature at which it leaves
the mine, after traversing all the passages; and if this
were attended to, not only would the general ventilation
be better, but in the event of an accident occurring, by
an explosion, or the derangement of some of the air-
passages from falls of the roof, &c., an extra power
could be applied, which would at any rate prevent
a portion of the frightful loss of human life which
now occurs. It was evident from the whole statement
that although in certain cases of fiery mines some im-
provements might be be advantageously introduced, yet
that in the majority of the good mines the present
method sufficed to maintain them in a healthy and safe
state; and that in almost all cases it was the culpable
neglect of, and not the want of means of prevention, that
caused the destruction of health, life, and property in the
mining operations of the kingdom.
This opinion appeared to be participated in by all the
speakers in the very interesting discussion which ensued,
and in which the interference of Government by legis-
lative enactments, with respect to methods of ventilation,
was severely deprecated.
It had become fashionable now, whenever a diffi •
culty occurred, to recommend "legislative enactment"
as an universal panacea ; as if a Committee of the
House, or a body of commissioners, none of whom
probably possessed any practical knowledge of the
subject, could at once WI by incpiration upon the
methods of prevention or cure which had so long eluded
the careful investigation of scientific and practical
men, whose time, talents, and fortunes had been all
devoted to the subject from that great incentive to ex-
ertion, " self-interest." When the example of foreign
countries was quoted, it should be at the same time
shown in how backward a state they were in en-
gineering, in mining, in commerce, and, in fact,
in everything with which the Government in-
terfered, as compared to the high state of per-
fection arrived at in this country. What was their po-
sition with respect to common roads, canals, railways,
the extent of their mines, and the general amount of
manufactures, as compared to those of England ? And
yet they had the " advantages" of the " wisdom" and
the " fostering protection of Government," whilst in
England there was nothing (fortunately) but competi-
tion to urge manufacturers and miners to bring their
produceto market of the best quality and at the cheapest
Possible rate. In short, it was shown that, to do any
good, Government must leave the matter alone.
The discussion upon this subject was to be renewed at
the next meeting of Tuesday, March 30, when a paper
will be read " On the Defects in the Principles of Con-
struction of Fire proof Buildings," by Mr. W. Fairbairn,
M. Inst. C.E.

The Conde de biontemolin, attended by the Marquis
de Villa Franca and suite, honoured the meeting with
his presence, and appeared to evince great interest in
the proceedings, as well as in the arguments of the
various speakers.

A great number of Spaniards are resident in
Algeria, and it appears that some of them carry to that
colony the political passions which distract their own
unhappy country. On the 7th December last, a Spaniard
named Fernandez, a drummer in the militia at Oran, fell
in, after a day's hard drinking, with a fellow-country-
man named Olivarao, and offered to treat him. " I will
drink with you," said Olivares, " but you must first tell
me your political opinions !" Fernandez, it. appeared,
was not of the same way of thinking as Oltvaras, for
they engaged in a violent quarrel. After a time, how-
ever, their dispute ended, and they cemented their truce
by drinking together a great many glasses of brandy.
The liquor eventually re-excited their political enthu-
siasm, and they again began to quarrel most violently.
At length Fernandez became so exasperated that -be
drew a knife from his pocket, and exclaiming—
"lt is with this that I fight 1" attempted to rush
upon Oliva:4s. He was withheld by his com-
panions. and shortly after both disputants quitted
the public-house in which they had spent the even-
ing with their respective friends. After walking some
little distance, Fernandez left his companions for a short
time, and on rejoining them, exclaimed—"lt is finished!"
They understood perfectly well that those words meant
that a crime had been committed; and so it turned out,
for a person passing at the amine time found the unfortu-
nate Olivaras lying on the ground weltering in his blood,
and a few minutes after he died. It was proved that he
had been stabbed from behind by Fernandez. This man
was accordingly brought to trial before the Tribunal of
Oran, which convicted him of having inflicted wounds
which had caused death, without, however, intending to
commit murder, and he was consequently condemned to
twenty years' imprisonment, with hard labour. An
appeal was made to the Cour Royale of Algiers by the
Procureur du Roi against this sentence, and the Court
declared Fernandez guilty of murder, and condemned
him to imprisonment and hard labour for life. In the
course of the proceedings it was proved that he had
quitted Spain to avoid prosecution for the murder of a
young officer, and that he had been condemned to death
for not appearing to take his trial.

We learn that Mr. Mc Lean, farmer, St. Martins,
by way of experiment, when lifting his potatoes last
autumn, left about an acrd in the ground, taking up
every alternate drill and ploughing the soil over those
left, so as to secure them from frost. On lifting these up
lately, the result has been that instead of 6 bolls, he only
got half a boll.

- SUICIDE AT THE ETON POLICE STATION.—A man
named Hawkins, who had been committed by the Eton
bench of magistrates upon a charge of having purloined
from his master (Mr. Warner, of Ivey) a quantity of
oats, wine, and other articles, was discovered, upon
Perkins, the Superintendent of Police, going into his cell
on Wednesday morning, hanging to the iron bars over
the door by means of his garters, quite dead. Upon
being cut down medical aid was immediately called
but all attempts to restore animation were fruitles3, it
being the opinion of Mr. Hammond, surgeon, of Eton,
that he must have been dead for upwards of an hour.
AN IRISH PAUPER.—An Irishman, who had been
begging piteously, was taken up before the Warrington
magistrates the other day, and on searching him nothing
was found but a large ball of soap. He prayed that they
would not take that from him, as " he liked tai be clean,
though he was poor." The earnestness of his entreaty
led the gentlemen to cut the piece of soap in two, and
inside was found in gold, 161.

IRISH POOR-LAW.

The following protests have been entered against the
vote of Friday last in the House of Lords :

Dissentient,
1. Because, when it is proposed to legislate in oppo-
sition to the principles which, during the last half cen-
tury, have been uniformly admitted by all writers of
eminence, as well as by all Parliamentary authorities,
the refusal of inquiry implies a most culpable rashness.
2. Because the proposed measure is confessedly one of
vast importance to the permanent welfare and safety of a
large portion of the empire. It is a measure which even
its advocates admit to be a great and hazardous experi-
ment, and which is regarded by many as involving
nothing less than a general confiscation ; and the adoption
of such a measure appears to us to call for the most ac-
curate previous examination of all such reports and pub
lie documents as may throw light on the subject, in order
that the Legislature may stand clear of the charge of a
reckless and wanton disregard of the rights and happi-
ness of our fellow-subjects.
3. Because we feel convinced that the proposed inquiry
would have elicited easily, in a short time and conclu-
sively, solutions to the following three most important
questions—solutions which ought to be brought fully be-
fore the minds of those who shall have to decide finally
on the proposed alteration of the Irish poor-law:-1.
Whether it be, or be not, physically impossible (even
with the best dispositions in all the parties concerned)
that it can at all affect the proposed relief. 2. Whether
the attempt will, or will not, have the effect of ruining
both the owners and occupiers of land, and putting an
entire stop to cultivation; and, 3. Whether it will not,
by demoralizing the mass of the people, and perma-
nently destroying the habits of industry and self-de-
pendence, increase to a frightful extent the amount of
pauperism and crime in Ireland, and ultimately exhaust
the resources and endanger the safety of the United
Kingdom.

4. Because, when it is proposed, on a sudden, tem-
porary, unusual, and alarming emergency, to introduce
not a merely temporary but a permanent legislative
measure, and that, too, a, measure which it will bo pecu-
liarly difficult and dangerous to repeal hereafter, it
behoves the Legislature to examine with a doubly scru-
pulous and anxious care the grounds on which such a
measure is recommended, and the consequences to which
it may lead, lest Parliament should incur merited repro-
bation as having augmented by such procedure the cala-
mity which it is sought to remedy, and perpetuated and
rendered incurable evils which would otherwise have
only been temporary.
(Signed) R. DUBLIN. RADNOR.
MONTEAGLE. MOUNTCASIIEL.

1. D.enuso the danger of permanent legislation under
the pressure of a temperary emergency can only be
averted or diminished by the most careful reference to
past events, and that for such purpose a review of the
evidence taken and the recommendations given under
circumstances admitting the exercise of a calm, deli-
berate, and impartial judgment, become of the highest
importance in guiding the deliberations of the Legis-
lature.

2. Because the dangers of permanent legislation in a
case like the present, when a great portion of the British
empire is reduced to a state of unexampled destitution,
are strikingly exemplified by the measures so unfortu-
nately passed by Parliament, under circumstances
strictly analogous, in 1795 and 1800, measures which
produced calamities difficult to remove, and from the
consequences of which England is still suffering.
3. Because an examination of the history of the past
becomes the more necessary, when the Legislature
is called on to abandon and overrule-1. The opinion
of the Parliamentary Committee which, in 1804, re-
solved " that the adoption of a general system of
relief for the poor of Ireland would be highly in-
jurious to that country, and would not produce any
real and permanent advantage even to the poorer
classes, who must be the subjects of such support." 2.
The opinion of a subsequent Committee, which reported
in 1819 " that the establishment of a system of poor-
law would produce in a country like Ireland incalculable
evils to every class of the community." 3. The opinion
of the Committee of 1823, which stated that " any
system of relief, however benevolently intended, leading
the peasantry to depend upon the interposition of others
rather than upon their own labour, could not but repress
all those exertions of industry which are essentially
necessary to the improvement of the condition of the
labouring classes." 4. The experience of English poor-
law administration, as exemplified in the reports of
the House of Commons Committee of 1817, and of
the Commission of Inquiry of 1833, and which. led to
the amendment of the poor-law of England in 1834.
5. The deliberate judgment of a royal commission
appointed specially to consider the condition of
the Irish poor, and which reported in 1836
that if any "considerable portion of the rental
of a country were to be devoted to the support of
unproductive labourers, commerce must decay, and the
demand for agricultural produce and other commodities
must contract, the number of persons out of employ-
ment and in need of support must increase, and general
ruin be the result." 6. The recommendations of Mr.
Nicholls, on which the King's Government of 1838 intro-.
duced and Parliament passed the Irish Poor-law Act, in
which recommendations it was expressly stated, " that
no relief should be given except in the workhouse, and
that this limitation should be specified in the Act,' in
order to protect the central authority from the pressure
which is not unlikely to occur on this point." 7. The
express declaration of the Ministers respousible for the
framing and introductien of the Irish poor-law, and
which announced " that the administration of out-door
relief would lead to a most pernicious system, mixing
up mendicancy and charity with labour ; a syqtm of
persons partly obtaining support by labour and partly
from the public purse, and which would not only Pro-
duce in Ireland the evils which had existed in
England, but evils very much greater, till nut-door
zelief came to absorb a much greater portion of the
produce of the land." 8. The evidence of Mr. Cornwall
Lewis, Mr. Twiselton, Mr. Gulson, and Mr. Clements,
all of whom had recent practical experience in the ad-
ministration of the poor-law in Ireland, agreeing in a
Fonviction of the danger and ruin which must attend the
introduction of out-door relief in that country ; a judg-
ment adopted by the Select Committee of the Lords in
the last session, which expressed " a decided opinion
that the introduction of any system of out-door relief
would be dangerous to the general interests of the com-
munity, and more particularly to the interests of the
very class for whose well-being this relief was intended."
4. Because we consider it the more rash and unwise
to set aside and overrule this unbroken series of Parlia-
mentary judgments without the most careful and delibe-
rate inquiry, as no attempt has been made in debate to
impugn or to deny their three, or to meet them by con-
flicting authority or evidence, and that by the rejection
of the motion for a Committee an inference is justly
raised that no such evidence can be produced, or is pro-
ducible.

(Signed) MONTEAGLE.
ItADNOR.

HEARTLESS LANDLORDS.

The Rev. A. King, an excellent clergyman of the
Independent persuasion, of Cork, writes to the Southern
Reporter, as follows :

" The town and the surrounding country for many
miles, are possessed by twenty six proprietors, whose re-
spective yearly incomes vary from one hundred pounds,
or less, to several thousands. They had all been re-
spectfully informed of the miserable condition of the
people, and solicited to give relief. Seventeen of the
number had not the politeness to answer the letters of
the committee ; four had written to say th-y ..*
uuta the remfunlng five had given a miser-
able fraction of what they ought to have contributed.
My first donation from a small portion of a small relief
fund, received from English strangers, exceeded the
aggregate contributions of six-and-twenty landed pro-
prietors, on whose properties human beings were perish-
ing from famine, filth, and disease, amidst circum-
stances of wretchedness appalling to humanity, and dis-
graceful to civilised men
_ _

" I believe it my sacred duty to gibbet this atrocity
in the press, and to call on benevolent persons to loathe
it as a monster crime. Twenty-one owners of property,
en which scores, nay hundreds, of their fellow-crea-
tures are dying of hunger, give nothing to save their
lives ! Are they not virtually guilty of wholesale mur-
der ? I ask not what human law may decide upon
their acts, but in the name of Christianity. I arraign
them as guilty of treason against the rights of humanity
and the laws of God 1"

BURGBEAD RIOTERS.—On Tuesday last, James
Falconer, shoemaker, and Angus Davidson, cooper,
Burghead ; Daniel Sutherland, jun., John Young, and
John Main, fishermen. Ilopeman, were placed at the bar
of the High Court of Justiciary, Edinburgh, charged
with the crime of mobbing and rioting, and of assault,
in so far as on the 26th of January last they formed part
. a _ .y
of a mob which assembled, and i 1 .1 preventing or
obstructing the shipment of meal belonging to John Al-
lan, corn merchant, Elgin, and John Innes, corn agent,
Burghead, on board of the James and Jessie, and Ceres,
and with conducting themselves in a riotous and out-
rageous manner, and with wickedly and feloniously
attacking and assaulting Mr. Patrick Cameron, sheriff-
substitute of Elginshire • Mr. Alexander Brown,
procurator-fiscal ; Mr. William Hay, superintendent of
police ; and Mr. John Allan : secondly, with having,
after te meal was shipped, carried it away from the
vessels on the 27th January; and with having assaulted
C. Innes, the sheriff of the county, and the civil force
which had been raised for the purpose of assisting in
preserving the public peace ; and also with hayinghde7r•
forced the authorities, and rescued a prisoner t
custody, and with having severely injured.a stehiveleiraaal
at
them, and compelled them to take shelterket
Burghead, the
ctihael
ao windowswitlia tot
af
cwk
ilafigcht
hvieeer;brrricageabyi,an,i,aissiliilceisi
tilhur
the authorities, after leaving the inn, proceeded to
Elgin. James Falconer pleaded guilty to the first charge
as libelled, and the other panels to both charges as
libelled. The public prosecutor passed from the second
charge against Falconer. Evideace as to character was
then led on the part of the panels ; and certificates were
read by the prisoners counsel from the Free Church
clergymen and elders of the church of Burghead, and
also from other parties. The Court was then addressed
on behalf of the panels by Messrs. Tennent and Fraser;
after which their lordships retired for consultation for a
short time, and on their return into court the Lord Jus•
tice Clerk sentenced Falconer to eighteen months' im-
prisonment, and Davidson, Sutherland, Young, and
Main, each to seven years' transportation. Considerabhe
surprise was manifested in the court at the severity of
the sentence.—Aberdeen Herald.
ADMISSION or THE PUBLIC TO TILE ZOOLOGICAL
GARDENS, REGENT'S PARlL—Yesterday the Zoological
Society resolved to admit the public to their wardens in
the Regent's park on each Monday and Tuesday
throughout the year, and on every day, except Saturday
in Easter and Whitsun weeks, without the usual order
of- admisiion from II follow of the society.

RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE.
ROUEN AND HARVE.

The Municipal Council of the town of Rouen is at
drawn daggers with the Rouen and Havre Railway
Company. They accuse the company of desiring to
monopolise the carriage of goods to the detriment of
the Seine navigation, because in their tariff they charge
07 centimes only per ton and kilometre for the carriage
of coffees, molasses, wines, and brandy, which are the
ordinary conveyances of the Seine navigation ; this price
being the same which is charged for the carriage of coal,
pavement stones, manure, &c. ; whilst they charge 20
centimes per ton and kilometre for wool, flax, and cotton
stuff, which are not usually conveyed by the Seilie,
though all those items are comprised in the same class.
The Municipal Council of Rouen, after a long discus-
sion have taken a resolution—That a committee com-
posed of the mayor (M. Barbet) and four councillors will
forthwith repair to Paris, and visit the Ministers of
Public Works, of Finance, and of the Interior, in order
to require energetically, I. That the reduction of the
tariffs of the Paris and Rouen and Rouen and Havre
Railways should be indistinctively applied to all the
articles of the same class ; 2. That the St. Sever station
should be exclusively designed for the passengers be- •
tween Paris and Rouen ; 3. That the deputies of Rouen
be required to attend the commissioners at the different
Ministers.

CHEAP TRAVELLING.—Yesterday the Eastern Coun-
ties Railway started a fourth-class train of open car-
riages, for the purpose of conveying passengers to the
different stations along the line, at the cheap rate of one
halfpenny per mile.
BRIGHTON AND SOUTH COAST, HAVANT BRAMII.—
The praise of the railway from Chichester to Havant is
universal and unqualified. Nearly three hundred per-
sons took tickets at the Havant station on the day of its
opening, and nearly one hundred at Emsworth, but those
at the former place comprised many from Portsmouth.
The establishment at Havant consists of a clerk, a station
master, and two porters; and that at Emsworth of a
clerk and porters only. Mr. Filchew, who has been
some time in the company's service, is clerk at Haven*
and Mr. Frederick Bluett, formerly of the markes, and
who has been in training at Chichester, fills that office at
Emsworth. It seems to have been expected that the
third. class fare from Havant to Emsworth would have
been less than 6d., and the other fares between those
places proportionally low, though a complaint of 6d: as
the minimum (except in the Parliamentary carriages
which are 2d. only), may not appear to savour
of any remarkable liberality, especially when it is con-
sidered that the train may be often stopped for a single
passenger, it may be doubtful :whether the revenue and
profits of the company, as well as the general satisfac-
tion, would not be increased by the reduction.—,Sussex
Express.
TUNNEL UNDER LEwES.—The railway tunnel under
the town was finished on Wednesday last. Mr. W. Vcr-
rall was to have inserted the last brick; but in his ab-
sence Mr. G. Norman officiated, and the men were after-
wards regaled with strong ale. Mr. Wythes, the con-
tractor, gave a dinner in honour of fhe occasion at the
Lamb Inn, to the whole of the men employed in the
tunnel.—. Brighton Guardian.

IMPROVEMENT in the POPULAR DR. LANDERER, OF ATHENS, ON
REPRESENTATION. THE PREPARATION OF OTTO OF ROSES.
The first public meeting of a society, entitled the (From the Pharmaceutical Times.)
•"` National Alliance for Promoting the real Representa- The rose-trees in the neighbourhood of Mecca, and
rtion of the People in Parliament," was held on Wed- near the sea of Galilee, are of greater value than the
Asesday evening at the London Tavern; William Howitt, olive and lemon-trees in Italy and Greece. A rose
florins (from 41. to SL),
Esq., in the chair. The attendance was very large, and shrub costs from fity to sixty and
who
the platform was crowded with several well known ad- is given as a dowry to the daughters of Armenians,
locates of universal suffrage. are chiefly occupied with their growth and cultivation.
The CHAIRMAN naid that, proud as he was to be Rose-trees, which attain a height of eight or ten feet,
-called upon to preside over the meeting, yet he must are cultivated with special care, the gardens being regu-
request their indulgence, as he had not, from pressure gularly freed every month from all weeds, and frequently
of other engagements, been able to devote his time to manured and irrigated. Heavy rains during the winter
the subject—an agitation for which they had commenced indicate a plentiful harvest of roses. It is considered
that evening, and which he had little doubt they would as of great service in aecelerating the time of blooming
-prosecute successfully. He was surprised that an if ashes and camels' dung are spread on the rose shrubs.
association like the present had not been established The small rose gardens are divided into quadrangular
before. However they had increased in wealth, they had partitions, and so well hedged round with cactus
not increased in their political power or position. On plants, and other prickly shrubs, that it is impossible for
the contrary, they had been retrograding, and that had animals to get through them. Great attention is paid to
taken place of late years, when they should have been these hedges, which attain a height of from twelve to
progressing. The change had taken place since the fourteen feet; at the same time they do not cause much
Revolution of 1688. They had since that period expense. In the larger rose gardens there is situated in
sieglected their constitutional rights, and had allowed their centre a small tower or observatory, so arranged
the aristocracy to usurp some of their most valuable that the garden and neighbouring plantations may be
-privileges. It was by that most culpable neglect that all watched therefrom. During the time of blooming well
the wars in which they had been engaged had been armed watchmen are placed in these towers to prevent
permitted, and it was those wars which had imposed on pilfering the roses, which would otherwise frequently
the country those debts which every man felt, at his occur. As soon as the roses begin to.bloom, and some
trade, or by his fireside at home. The whole export time before the rose dealers pass through the count in
country,
duties of the country amounted to 50,000,0001., and the order to purchase the roses before they are re-
annual taxes amounted to much more; the balance be- moved from the shrubs, these transactions are
tween which fell upon the working man. The conse- generally arranged in the bazaars by the me-
sequence was, that their profits were ground down to diation of Jews, who act as brokers. At the time
the greatest minimum. For such abuses they required of blooming, children and women repair to the
reform. This reform should be most comprehensive. gardens before sunrise, with bags and baskets, in order
They wanted reform in the House of Parliament, for to gather the roses, and to carry them to places where
what went by the name of Parliamentary reform re- they are either preserved for exportation, or where they
minded him of what Lord Denman had said of another are distilled. If the roses are intended to be kept fresh
question—" That it was a mockery, a delusion, and a for any length of time, they are most carefully freed
snare." Of about 30,000,000 in this country, only from the calyx and green leaves, and then placed in
600,000 had a voice in the representation of Members of large clay vessels and covered with salt. If they are
Parliament. They wanted to extend the suffrage.— intended, as is commonly done, for preparing the otto of
(Hear, hear, and cheers.) Every man in the country, roses, they are carried to the distill. ries, where
however poor, had a clear and indefeasible right to have frequently from three to six stills are kept, the appa-
a vote for a political representative. They also wanted ratus for cooling the distilled liquor being very ' -reform in all the offices of Government; they wanted inerverfect. The ceaned roses are put into the still,
reform in the Excise offices and in the Customs; they and water poured over them, together with a consi-
wanted reform in their criminal code as well as their derable quantity of salt. After having been left for
civil code; they wanted reform in the law of primp- two or three days to macerate, the operation of dia-
geniture and in the law of entail; they wanted further tilling is commenced, and continued until the distilled
reform in the direction of free trade, for what they had liquor begins to assume a yellow colour. The rose-
already obtained was insufficient to carry out the prin- water is taken away from time to time, and decanted
ciple of free trade, or to enable them to compete with for cooling into clay vessels placed in water. To these
other countries. The way in which they were to effect different portions different names are given, and they
this, was by operating beneficially upon the system of differ exceedingly in value ; for instance, a bottle con-
Parliamentary representation. If they could have taining about twelve quarts of the liquor obtained at the
achieved that before, they would have prevented several beginning of distillation, sells for 150 to 200 piastres
other evils that had afflicted the people in this and the (1/. us. ed. to 21. is. sd.), while a similar quantity ob-
sister country ; but he believed that the time was tained toward, the end, may be purchased in tho baLadrs
now come when they could effect all they wished in of Alexandria, Cairo, Constantinople, and Smyrna, for
this way. 20 piastres (4s. 2d.)
The SECRETARY here stated that he had received The rose-water obtained at the commencement
letters of apology from Dr. Bowring, Messrs. Sharman of the process is used for preparing the oil
Crawford, Miles, W. J. Cox, T. Bankes, and Thomas of roses, which is separated therefrom as follows
Sturg,e, who were prevented by illness, or some other Large porous clay vessels are filled with this water, and
cause, from attending, but all expressing sympathy in tied over with linen; after which they are placed in
the objects of the meeting. The last named gentleman trenches dug in the earth, where they are left from six
inclosed a cheque for 201. to ten days, according as the nights are more or less
Mr. G. CLARKE proposed the following resolution : cool. They are covered over with straw moistened with
" That the safety of a nation depends on the virtue and water, in order, by its evaporation, to keep them as cool
wisdom of its people, and upon a free Government, as possible. The water then becomes gradually covered
honestly and economically administered by representa- with an oily film, which condenses to a crystalline mass.
tive institutions. Tnat the House of Commons is not a This is taken off with a skimmer, and the water repeatedly
fair representation of the people of Great Britain, be- undergoes the same cooling process, until no further
cause not above one in six of the adult male population traces of oil appear. After being thus deprived of all
can vote in the election of its Members ; and because the the oil therein contained, the water is then brought to
small and declining boroughs, whose elections are made market for sale, or employed in preparing an inferior
at the dictation of aristocratic patrons, are put upon a sort of otto, which is afterwards exported to Europe as
level, in point of influence and political power, with the fine Turkey Otto. This kind of Otto is met with in
large and wealthy cities, boroughs, and counties. That the bazaars of Constantino le Smyrna, &c., and is ob-
the industrious classes are excluded from the right to tained by strongly agitating the
rose-water, which is
elect Members, and are deprived of the privilege to sit still very fragrant, with an oil received Prom Africa,
in Parliament by absurd property qualifications. That distilled from the wood of some odoriferous tree. After
since the passing of the Reform Bill, the vexatious ope- the oil has separated, it is again agitated with another
ration of the tax paying clauses has debarred many thou- portion of rose-water, lest it should net have assumed
sands of men from the exercise of their undoubted the proper odour of roses, and is then left to stand, or
rights ; and the refusal of the Whig Government to re- is buried in the ground,
until
it has perfectly separated
peal those clauses, is evidence of strong hostility to the therefrom.
principles of popular progress. That the increasing, in-
telligence of the people is an additional reason why their
claim to the possession of their political rights should be
at once admitted. That the disorganised state of poli-
tical parties, and the reasons above specified, lead this
meeting to resolve that the present is a favourable time
for creating a national movement in favour of the full
enfranchisement of all classes of the people."
Dr. EPPS seconded the resolution, which was carried
unanimously.
Mr. H. VINCENT proposed the next resolution, which
was to the effect that the meeting cordially approved of
the formation of the national alliance for promoting the
real representation of the people in Parliament, because
it sought to extend the suiYrage to every man of full age
and sane mind, to protect his vote by ballot, to provide
equal electoral districts, to abolish property qualification
for Members, to remunerate Members fur services per-
formed, and to procure annual elections. That the alli-
ance pledged itself to adopt no other than peaceful and
legal modes to rouse the people, and to urge their claims
upon the Legislature. This speaker recommended that
a sum of 1,0001 should be appealed for to the country for
the committee of the association, and denounced the
Whig Government in very strong terms.
Mr. Botelteass second, d the resolution, which was car-
ried unanimously amid considerable applause.
Mr. C. GILPIN moved the next resolution, to the effect
that the success of the association depended upon the
zeal, prudence, and exertions of its supporters, and
their continuous subscriptions.
Mr. T. COOPER, who was received with great enthu-
siasm, seconded the resolution, which was carried unani-
mously.

Thinks were then voted to, and acknowledged by, the
Chairman.

The meeting then separated.

POOR RELIEF (IRELAND) BILL.
The following letter has been addressed to the editor
of the Times :
" Sir,—The Irish landlords are playing a bold game.
Finding the enactment of some poor-law inevitable, they
are endeavouring, and with too much success hitherto,
to introduce provisions which shall wholly defeat its ob-
ject, and make it, as nearly as possible, a dead letter.
" Not content with having obtained a complete con-
trol over the administration of relief, by actually trebling
the former proportion of the ex-officio to the elected
guardians, they proceeded, on Monday night, to attempt
to insert in the Bill two other clauses from the same
manufactory.
" One of these they persuaded the Minister to adept ;
the other they very nearly carried against him, the ma-
jority in support of the Government being only three!
" The first of these landlord-framed clauses declares
that no relief shall, under any circumstances, however
pressing, be afforded to any person who holds more than
a quarter of an acre of land. More than this—if the
guardians are not thoroughly satisfied that an applicant
for relief who once held land has bond fide and com-
pletely parted with all his interest in it, they are pro-
hibited from relieving him.
"It is obvious how ready an excuse this will afford
for the denial of all relief to a large class of poor, whom
the landlords themselves are driving into destitution.
The immediate effect et the clause, which is to come
into operation in November next, will be to deprive of
their holdings and cast loose upon the wide and hard-
dealing world every one of the 300,000 or 400,000 small
farmers who are now receiving relief from the public
works. Under penalty of certain starvation, they will
be required to renounce all interest in their holdings—
even in the cabin they themselves built—the land they
themselves reclaimed!
•• - thellee-
forward ? Will the landlords who thus propose to use
the poor-law as an instrument for clearing their estates
find employment tor them as day labourers ? Oh, no I
They have no idea of doing so. Their intention and
expectation are, that these 300,000 or 400,000 evicted
cottier tenants will join the stream of emigration east-
wards—that is, into Britain—will find their way across
the channel with their wives and families, adding some
2,000,000 of destitute paupers to our struggling home
population !
" This, in fact, cannot but be the result of the denial,
in November next, of all relief to those who may hold an
acre of land. They will not try the workhouse of Ire-
land until they have tried every town and parish in Bri-
tain first.
" The other clause, which was so nearly carried on
Monday against the Government by Lord George Ben-
tinck—headieg a whip of both sections of the Opposi-
tion, united for the time on the common ground of
landlord privileges—was salt more characteristic of its
authors.
" It modestly proposed to enact nothing less than this
—that the entire burden of the poor rate, which, by the
existing law, is now divided between, the landlord and
the ooccupier, should for the future be borne by the lat-
ter alone. They, a party of landlord legislators, enact-
ing a law which imposes a tax of unknown amount, but
which they, at
.least, profess to believe will be of over-
whelming magnitude,—they have the face to propose,
and divide the Trees. sgeieet thr Government in favour
or, a clause to shift their own lawful share of this tax
upon the shoulders of their already over-taxed and racks
rented tenants.
" And these are the farmers' friends truly! These
are the gentlemen who have ever on their lips the de-
claration that the interests of the landlord and the tenant
are identical!
.‘ Fortunately, the clause was lost for the time. But
it will, no doubt, be again
proposed, and not improbably
with success, in the Ps'
eer
44 Then will come the time for t
whether the Irish landlords are to ber-
v 0. the question
trying
to shirk
por—for
all responsibily fur the support of the'l
trying this question, not in either House of:th
but. in the great inquest of the nation—on th:rliataot'
of a general election ! Then will the t b"--ng%
tenantry of Ir
land have in their own hands the decision of this q e-
tion, so vital to them I Then will the constituenefens"ot
England and of Scotland be called on to determine wi-
ther the owners of the broad and fertile surface of Ire-
estimate a rental of 17,000,000/. at the leasf,
enti on the-
estimate of their own champion, Lord Geoe
—are to escape from all contribution towards the relief
of the poor upon their own estates ; or to pass such a
poor law only as shall give them the power of clearing
those estates of a (supposed) redundant population, and
driving their wretched and starving millions over the
channel, to be fed from our poor-rates by bread taken
out of the mouths of our own struggling and indus-
trious people. It is, I suspect, on that field, that the
battle with the Irish landlords is yet to be fought !
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
" J USTU S."

The Right ion. Edward Stratt and Mrs. Strutt
(OW/a yesterdayfor their residence, megaton, near
derby.

EMIGRATION:
A memorial of considerable length, embodying a plan
for emigration from Ireland, was presented on Wednes-
day to the Right Honourable Lord John Russell. The
memorial was accompanied by the following letter:—
" 14, Park-street, Grosvenor-square, Lonion,
March 31, 1847.
"My Lord,—We have the honour to present to your
Lordship the enclosed memorial, with the list of names
which we have been authorised to append to it.
" The main proposition which it embodies, and to
which those who have signed it consider themselves
pledged, are-Ist. The necessity of systematic coloniza-
tion, on a very large scale, from Ireland to Canada, and
of the assistance of the State to promote it. 2d. The
necessity of making religious provision for the emi-
grants. 3d. The advantage of eniisting private enter-
prise, in the form of agency, to carry out the plan;
and-4th. A willingness to accept an income and
property-tax, for the purpose of defraying the cost of
the emigration.
"We hope to procure numerous adhesions to the
principle of the memorial, which we will do ourselves
the honour of transmitting to your Lordship after the
Easter holidays, but we have thought it more respectful
to your Lordship to send it to you at once, without
waiting for its circulation in Ireland.
" We have the honour to be, my Lord, your Lord-
ship's very obedient servants,
W. 11. GREGORY, M.P.
" M. J. O'CONNELL, M.P.
" J. It. GODLEY.
" The Right Hon. Lord John Russell."
Names authorised to be attached to the accompanying
memorial:—
The Archbishop of Dublin
The Marquis of Ormonde
The Marquis of Ely
The Earl of Devon
The Earl of Desart
Lord Farnham
Lord Jocelyn
Sir A. J. Foster, Bart.
Colonel Wyndham, M.P.
Evelyn J. Shirley, Esq., M.P.
Lieut.-Colonel Taylor, M.P.

Alex. M'Carthy, Esq., M.P
Sir Chas. Coote, Bart., M.P.
R. 11. Osborne, Esq., M.P.
Hon. James Maxwell, M.P.
Major Layard, M.P.
J. 11. Hamilton, Esq., M.P.
Hon. S. Spring Rice, M.P.
M. J. O'Connell, Esq., M.P.
Wm. IL Gregory, Esq., M.P.
John Robert Godley, Esq.

--ARA AVIS.—DEATH OF A REAL JIM CROW.—
There has resided in a house in Eyemouth for the last
three years, a very singular crow, or common rook,
which might truly be called the mocking-bird of the
poultry-yard, for so exact was he in his imitation of the
cries of the various domestic birds with which he asso-
ciated, that no one could distinguish them from the ori-
ginals. Many a visitor at his owner's house was startled
and amazed at hearing proceed from below his chair the
quack, quack, quack of the duck—cackle, cackle of the
hen—the calling together of the chickens—the cooing of
the pigeon—and the caw, caw of the crow—when all the
time nothing could be seen except the latter-named
gentleman in black, sitting with great composure, and
evidently much satisfied with his own extraordinary
vocal powers. But alas ! poor fellow, his last act of
mimicry cost him his life. While imitating the crowing
of a cock, a large game bird of that species, either
taking it for a challenge or an insult, or perhaps both,
flew upon him, and, strange to tell, tore out his tongue,
the offending member of the rook. We need not tell
how much his death has been lamented by those who
knew him and admired his wonderful powers.—Berwick
Advertiser.

MATO ASSIZES.—IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL CASE.
—ln the case of the brig Glasg w, plundered off th ,
coast of Erris of 1,000/. worth of Hour, in which the pro-
__,____i ..Er ~i..... t........,,-..
preeters sought ..- ,- -,-
a ottneuitv arose under the words of the statute, as to
whether the vessel was in distress at the time of the
outrage, the captain having declined to swear that
she was in danger, and the Act of Parliament only
applied to vessels in distress. Mr. Fitzgibbon, Q.C„
for the owners, applied to Baron Lefroy to respite the
presentment for the opinion of the Judges in Dublin.
Mr. Armstrong, Q.C., for the cesspayers, assented to
this course; but it having in the progress of the trial of
the plunderers of the vessel appeared that she was not
in distress, Baron Lefroy told the grand jury not to
pass the presentment. The vessel was insured, and the
underwriters will be losers to the to extent of 1,0001. by
this decision.—Dublin Evening Post.
MELANCHOLY CASE.—.:I young Woman, named
Elizabeth Isherwood, aged only seventeen, who had
lived for the last seven montil.s in the employment of
Miss Langsford, milliner any; dressmaker, Exeter, was
missed from her home about, 11 o'clock on Tuesday morn-
ing week, and at one was d‘itscovered quite dead in the deep
part of the river Exe, just above the Weir Head. She had
been seen by a tailor named Anning to walk in that direc-
tion on the path by t'..15 river side, some time previously;
and she was discJve'..ed by a lady, who happened
to be passing tl:Lat way with hQr child, and who gave
the alarm. Tlae body being taken out, it was found
that life was gone beyond the hope of recovery. At
the inques% ' which was held on Wednesday evening,
before .r, Warren, Esq., the city coroner. Miss Langs.
ford :dated that she knew of no connexion the de-
ceased could have formed, nor of any circumstance
taiat could lead to the apprehension of her having
destroyed herself.
_She had no acquaintances in Exeter
des a respectabletime..
etarnily, whom the witness named.
had been perfectlyhcohrrnedctb
During the
ienenheirncohnedrunca't ;palnoydm,,esnhte,
wasshe
inde®d an elegant girl, who was fit for any SOCi y :
almost an acquisition to the establish nt " T.' ' 'C'''
dts was
the first time she had ever left the n'honuse -
without the
knowledge of her employer ; and her a'
,sence for some
hours in the day had e3cited the al of Miss Langs-
ford, who was not until six o'clao.ckm
f apprised of her
death. The i
.., 'arY returned a verdict o found drowned.—
West Briton -
THE 4.1 ILEGED MURDER IN ST. LURE'S.--011
Tuesdr •
3,, ' .5 an inquest was held by adjournment, before
Fr' Baker, at the Cumberland Head, City-road, St.
-eke, on the body of a female named Elizabeth Richard-
s'', ageri 28 years who was found in a cesspool in Bird-
yard, Whiteer -•' .
oss•street on Friday last. There were
considerable
discovered, airks of violence on the body when it was
fcul play hadrk bete circumstances led to a belief that
merly cohabited wnitthisaed towards the deceased, who for-
it was stated, she had mexan named Emery, from whcm,
constable named Brannon,p:trieneed much ill-usage. A
discovered the man Emery, state
discovered to the jury that he had
in SL Martin's, Westminster. ie inmate of the workhouse
since the 4th instant, and had never hadef been there ever
any purpose whatever. The jury thentethe 11011,0 for
onsulted for a
short time, and returned an,
open verdict
of " Fuu_ad
dead.
The Belgian Chamber of Deputies, at its sittin on
Saturday, adopted, by a majority of 59 to 20, theglaw
proposed by the Government for punishing libels by the
press upon the King or any of the members of the Royal
uctily ,

PRACTICAL OBSERVATIONS ON
THE PREPARATION AND ECONOMY OF
INDIAN CORN, OR HOMMONY AS FOOD.
(From the Cork Examiner.)
Having made a series of trials in cJoking and using
this food, I think the result may be useful to the public.
Finding that a young man, a labourer, and his wife,
who lived on my ground, consumed 21b. of Indian meal,
hastily cooked (which cost 4d.) at a meal, I had one
pint of the whole corn (weighing 11b.) steeped in cold
water for 12 hours, until it was quite soft (but not water
soaked), it swelled to nearly four pints—this was given
them, and they were unable to use it all fur breakfast.
The account appears thus :-
41b. Indian meal for two meals per day, at 24d.—Od.
21b. of Indian corn (two pints) ... at 2d. —4d.

' sd.
daily, or 2s. 11d. per week—deduct 7d. for additional
fuel, leaves 2s. 4d. savin', per week..
Wishing to try the effect of additional steeping ; for a
man in my employment who has a family of seven, and
could not provide sufficient food at present prices, as they
required ilbs. of Indian meal at breakfast and the same
at clutter, or 141bs. per day which now cost 2.5. 6d., I
steeped six pints of the whole corn for 24 hours, it weigh-
ed 61bs., and cost one shilling ; after boiling for 5i hours
in 24 pints of water, it swelled to 24 pints, and weighed
181bs. of which the family could the but 16 pints in the
day at two meals. The account appears thus :-
141bs. of Indian meal, ... ... ... ... 2s. Grl.
41bs. or pints of undressed corn, ... ... Os. Bd.

]s. 10d.
Deduct allowance for additionel fuel .., 4d.

per day, or lOs. 6d. weekly saving.

Is. 6d.

ON PREPARING INDIAN MEAL.
A source of much loss to the poor arises from their
hasty and wasteful mode of boiling Indian meal, under
the erroneous idea that by using it hard it proves more
sustaining. The contrary is the fact ; to convince the
labourer and his wife of the advantage of proper cook-
ing, I had one pound of meal steeped for twenty-four
hours in cold water, then boiled in five pints of water
for 1:1,- hours: when cold and stiffit was turned like jelly out
of the bow!, and weighed seven pounds, and proved
sufficient for them at a meal, instead of their usual allow-
ance of 21bs. From the difficulty the poor encounter in
purchasing small quantities of the whole corn, it would
be a kindness for employers to buy a few sacks of it and
supply their out-door servants; also, where fuel is scarce, to
all the waste heat, after dinner is dressed, of their
kitchen ranges or fires, to be employed in boiling a ves-
sel or two of the corn, it is attended with but little ad-
ditional expense, and it is a considerable help to the poor
people who pay the first cost of the corn with gratitude.
JOIIN ABEL.
lii,crricw, Limerick, 3d mo. 3, 1547.