The Sun.
London, England, 1841-07-22 00:00:00

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LONDON:
THURSDAY, JULY 22, 1841.

Bread was yesterday raised in price through-
out the metropolis; and subsequent to that rise
the price of wheat rose in the Corn Market 2s•
per quarter. It is expected, therefore, with rea-
son, that next week the price of bread will rise
again,, and that ere long
,the 4lb. loaf of best
flour will be 12d. or, 13d. This is a somewhat
alarming circumstance, conjoined with the fact
that considerable distress already pervades the
manufacturing districts. Dear bread and a starving
people will be fatal auguries fbr the commence-
ment of the Tory Administration; and a short
harvest, should that be the dispensation of the
ALMIGHTY, curtailing the already deficient re-
venue, and cramping the circulation, will not
lighten the difficulties of Sir ROBERT PEEL.
The Tory Journals will probably say he can-
not answer for the seasons, and a calamity in-
flicted on the nation by means of a rainy sum-
mer, is one of those afflicting dispensations which
we cannot explain nor prevent, and it becomes
us all to bear it with patience, while each should
lend a hand to cheer and support the other.
Having so preached, following their usual cus-
tom, the Tory Journals will enjoin obedience to
the law, and confidence in the Ministers who
take office to uphold the Bread-tax as a sacred
duty and a certain remedy for every disaster and
every distress.

Their philosophy and their recommendations
will be misplaced. Both might be seasonable if
they came from disinterested parties; but they
proceed from the advocates of a law which at
the present moment levies a duty of 235. Bd. on
a quarter of wheat for the benefit of the land-
lords. If there were no such law, and no such
tax, the Tories might with propriety preach up
patience under the visitations of Providence; butie
that law and that tax relieve the justice of the
-ALMIGHTY from the imputation of visiting his
children with evil, and throw the whole blame
of it on the Legislature.,
It is true that the ALMIGHTY sends good
and
bad seasons, but the deficiency of the supply of
food, the circumstance which makes an un-
fruitful season so heavy a calamity—is caused by
the law. That has prevented us having enough
stored up to me't such a visitation as a bad har-
vest—that has kept large masses of our population
on the verge of famine, instead of allowing them
to be-feel full, and that makes every little defi-
ciency in the crops an unspeakable calamity.
We throw back the impious accusation on the
landlords,and we charge them—rescuing Divine
Providence from their calumnies—with being
the authors of a deficient supply of food.
The philosophy of the Tories might be good in

an economic sense, if they did not advocate the
Corn-law. They could then, with propriety,
tell the starving population to rely on
their own resources,—to submit patiently to
what.could not be avoided; but how can they do
so, while they maintain a law which is to bestow
wealth on themselves? As long as the Corn-law
exists, which the landlords say is to secure em-
rbyment and good wages to the people, but
which certainly interferes both with their
work and their payment, they have a
right to claim full employment and
fair *wages from the law. Shall it secure remu-
neration to the farmer, and not to the weaver?
Shall it keep up rent and not keep up profit?
Shall it augment tithes and not be required to
augment wages ? Impossible, unjust ! The Corn-
laws give.all the labourers of the empire a right
at all times to be provided by the Legislature
with plenty of employment and good wages.
The law creates the right and cannot destroy it,
except by ceasing to exist.
Our advice to the labourers, therefore, is not,
to
submit to the want of work and low wages as
a dispensation of Providence, but to assert that
they are the consequence of the law, and to de-
mand that the law shall
it
for labourers, provide work and wages
provides remuneration

for farmers, rent for landlords, and—tittieg'for
priests. As long as the law interferes with the
food of the people, it takes on itself the awful
responsibility, far greater than human power is
equal to, of providing food and employment fir
the millions, and they have a right to look to it
for comfortable subsistence.

The Monopolists say 'that the seasons are not
under their control; but they act as if they
were. If they are not, why not allow the people,
uninterfered with, to watch the changes, and
adapt their- conduct to them ? Why interfere
with what they cannot control—with what they
know little or nothing of? Why rush between
man and the manifestations of his Maker's will,
disturbing and disordering those regular se-
quences of phenomena, a knowledge of which
is necessary to guide his actions. Unless the
whole of the circumstances connected with the
supply of food, including the seasons, the indus-
try of the labourer, the skill of the fanner, and
the appetite of the consumer, were under the
control of the law-maker, it is the height of folly,
or sheer madness, to interfere with some one of
the circumstances, and so take on itself the obli-
gation of directing them all.
The rise in the price of bread, which we set
out by stating, will be a proper theme for Lord
STANLEY'S eloquence. That agitator for dear
corn and high rents, who is to be Se-
cretary for the Colonies, and one of the
leading Members of the PEEL Cabinet,
who is also hereafter to be Earl of DERBY.
with an immense revenue, extorted by taxing
the bread of the factory children and famishing
spinners of Lancashire, that Right Hon. dema-
gogue and agitator for the starvation of the toil-
ing millions, by whose labours he is enriched,
will, in consistency, ascribe this rise in the price
of bread to the exorbitant profits of the millers
and the bakers, whom he, with a meanness quite
worthy of himself, endeavoured at Lancaster to
make the scape-goats for the landlords. We
cannot assent to his doctrines. Whatever may
be the profit of the bakers and the millers, it is
the result of the competition of the market, nar_
rowed and influenced certainly by those Corn-
laws which Lord STANLEY maintains, but it is
not directly enhanced, or intended to be en-
hanced, like Lord STANLEY'S rent, by a tax on
the corn before it is made intu bread.
The vulgar cry against the bakers and the
millers, which this demagogue Lord endea-
voured to revive after it has been ex-
ploded for nearly a quarter of a century,
is perfectly unfounded, for they get nothing
more than the proper reward of their labour,
settled, as all prices ought to be settled, by what
Dr. SMITH called the higgling of the market.
The idle demagogue Lord's attempt to excite
the prejudices of the vulgar against those useful
labourers who grind corn and make bread, was
equally unjust and mean. It was a base attempt
to screen the idle bread-taxers, by insinuating
false charges against those industrious classes.
Whatever may be their gains, they are the ap-
propriate rewards for their services, freely given
by other men, and do not enhance the
price of the loaf a farthing beyond what is
necessary. We deplore as much as most people
the present unfavourable prospects, arising from
an excess of rain. We deeply regret to see, as
bankruptcy advances and employment slackens,
that bread is rising in price; but we cannot,
therefore,
_neglect to direct public indignation
against the true causes of these calamities, and
we dare not forbear from holding up to merited re-
probation the hardened men who persist, for their
own selfish purposes, in bringing calamity on the
country, meanly accusing others, to screen them.
selves, and falsely ascribing it to Divine wisdom

Since we adverted yesterday to the tendencies
of society, which the Tories are to oppose, we
have met with a pamphlet, by Dr. CHANNING,
entitled " The Present Age, &c." the object of
which is to dilate on the fact, that the present
tendency of society is " directly opposed to the
spirit of exclusiveness."
In looking at our age I am struck immediately (he
says) with one commanding characteristic, which is the
tendency in all its movements to expansion, to diffusion,
to universality. This tendency is directly opposed to
the spirit of exclusiveness, restriction, narrowness, mo-
nopoly, which has prevailed in past ages. Human ac-
tion is now freer—more unconfined. All goods, ad-
vantages, helps, are more open to all. The privileged
fettered individual is becoming less, and the human race
is becoming more. The multitude is rising from the
dust. Once we heard of a few, now of the many—once
of the prerogative of a part—now of the right of all.. We
are looking, as never before, through the disguises, en-
velopments of ranks and classes, to the common nature
which lies below them.

He goes on to say, ". that if we look at the va-
rious movements of our age, we shall see in them
the tendency to universality and diffusion ;" and
he illustrates his position by science, no longer
" locked up in a few Colleges or Royal Societies,
or inaccessible volumes "—" having its portals
guarded by a dark phraseology," but, " with fa-
miliar tone, having left her retreats, begun
the work of instructing the race." He illustrates
it also by the tendencies of literature, by the fine
arts, in which, though " the spirit of the great
artists has died, still the taste for their works is
spreading. By the improvement in engraving
and the invention of casts, the genius of
the great masters is going abroad. Their
works are no longer pent up in galleries
only open to few, but meet us in our houses,
and are the household pleasures of
The mechanical genius of the age, which some
ethereal souls are wont to mock at, is essentially
the genius of multiplication, which, far from
being confined to cotton cloth and knives, has
extended itself to the very noblest works of the
.sculptor and the painter, and has spread, or is
spreading, copies of them at a small cost through
every hamlet of every country of the civilized
globe.

Dr. CFIANNING also illustrates this tendency of
our age by the progress of religion, by the con-
duct of the Government, and by extension of
trade; on which, as very appropriate just now,
we copy the following paragrah :
Allow me to say a Word to the merchants of our
country on arother subject. The time is come when
they are particularly called to take yet more generous
views of their vocation, and to give commerce a univer-
sality as yet unknown. I refer to the j
.ter principles
ground which are gaining gund 'on the subject offree trade,
and to the growing disPoSitiOn o f nations to promote it.
Free trade -A
—this is the plain duty and plain in-
terest or the human race. To level all barriers to
product tf4
free exchange,
4to cut no the of t • t.
roou and branch .- system restriction,—
rout ric ion,—
. 3 to open every port on earth to every
Freedom of
To this the office of enlightened humanity.
the nation slOuld especially pledge itself.
N
Zee as the
of harbours—an inter-
course ofnations
the winds--this is not the dream
of philanthropists. v
us hasten it.
Under a wise and more Christian civiliza-
tion, we shall look are tending towards it, and let
back
do on the swaddling bands
nour present restrictions as we
by which, in darker times,
the human body was compressed.ig The growing freedom
of trade is another andillustration of the ten-
dency of our age to univeisalit7's'
It is Dr. CHANNING'S 0 ' •
punon, then, that the
present tendency of society is to diffuse equally
amongst all classes and conditions of men, all
the advantages, whether of science, art, know-
were
ledge, political power, or wealth, which
heretofore monopolized by a few; not degrading
the highest down to the level of the lowest,te verybut
lifting the lowest up to the level of the
highest; not the most wealthy, but the most in-
structed, the wisest, and the most civilised.
This tendency of the age might be illustrated
by those mechanical advantages of travelling,
which, in this country, and wherever rail-
roads and steam-beats are introduced, place
the very best and swiftest method of
conveyance at the command of almost the
meanest man of the empire, andi make it im-
possible for the richest noble to be better con-
veyed than he, for he shares with the noble the
steamboat, and is whirled along on the
railroad with the same velocity. It might be
also illustrated by our present mode of
manufacturing all kinds of commodities, which
must bo done on a grand scale, and, conse-
quently, they must be made for the multitude.
A nobleman can have no finer cloth to his
back than the great bulk of the mi dle classes.

THE el%

lirairgMlantial-We-are'very generally cllitiffd-r

alike.

The general tendency of society, illustratyd,.i
by so ninny facts, and traced in countries so fari
apart, may surely- be called, if any body of
general facts may, a law of nature. • But this laW
of nature Sir R. PEEL and Lord STANLEY, by the
help of a few parsons and landlords, are to set
aside. They have a majority of the house of
Commons pledged to that undertaking. They
take office on the principle of preventing the
equal .diffusion of wealth, science, and art.
They take office to maintain existing mono-
polies, and, maintaining them, they must
restore monopolies which have ceased to
be, They take office to war not only against ho-
nesty and justice—not only against industry,
for the sake of idleness, but to war against the pro-
gress of the human race and the equal diffusion of
the blessings of civilization. They take office,
moreover, to war against the course of nature, and
the ordinances of GOD. If they could be suc-
cessful, which happily they cannot, they would
only degrade England, now the queen and
leader of nations, into the last and meanest of
the whole family of mankind.

About ten months ago we had occasion to make some
comments on a foolish resolution of the Wigtown Pres-
bytery, the object of which was to induce the Directors
of the Galloway Steam Navigation Company to prevent
a steamer that plies between Garlieston and Liverpool
from starting on a Saturday, as the vessel was occasion-
ally driven back by stress of weather, arAl thereby pro-
faned the Sabbath in Scotland. The Directors were
forced to comply with the tyrannical injunction of the
Spiritual Court, and thereby destroy the property of a
great number of respectable Shareholders, as appears
from a circular issued by the Treasurer, calling a meet-
ing at the Court House of Wigtown, on the 27th inst.,
to consider a motion for " dissolving the Company, sell-
ing the vessel, and winding up the concern." A postscript
which the Treasurer subjoins, like a lady afraid to tell
the truth in the body of her letter, explains the whole
affair. " For a considerable time past," says he, " the
Directors have discontinued advertising the vessel for
two trips in the week, as it was found impossible to sail
so often without desecrating the Sabbath. The receipts
of the vessel have in consequence fallen off considera-
bly." Well done, Sir ANDREW AGNEW ! For years
you tormented the 'House of Commons with petitions
and motions for shackling the people of England, and
when the wise electors of Galloway rejected you for
your manifold absurdities, you have avenged yourself by
stirring up a few bigoted Pharisaical Churchmen to in-
jure your native county. It is indeed melancholy to see
a religious, moral, and industrious people harassed, plun-
dered, and checked in their attempts to improve their coun-
try, by acts that would disgrace the Mormonites and Jump-
ers. To reason with such men is useless ; but sensible
people cannot fail to see that stopping the steam-boat
will not prevent what the pious Treasurer calls the dose-
cration.of the Sabbath. Sailing vessels will still carry
passengers to Liverpool, and the chances are that two of
these will be driven back fur one steamer, and that the
noise made by the sailors, the profane swearing of the
Captain, the flapping of the sails, and the rattling of the
,cordage, will desecrate the Sabbath infinitely inure than
the steady motion of the paddle-wheels, or even the
whistling sound of the steam pipe. In a great com-
mercial country like this, it is absolutely im-
possible to put a stop to business on any
day, and were such a suicidal act as that committed
by the Galloway Company to be imitated here, the rela-
tives of the parties would apply to the Loaf) CHANCEL-
LOR for a writ de lunatico inquireado, on the plea that they
were not capable. of. managing their affairs. lIE that
delighiteth in mercy rather than sacrifice, must regard
with displeasure those who deprive industrious men of
employment, and helpless children of bread, on grounds
alike rejected by Reason, Scripture, and all but universal
opinion.

The Paris Journals of Monday have reached us, with
intelligence from that city of Sunday's date ; and from
Madrid of the 13th inst., which will be found in another
part of The Sun. Galignani's Messenger of Monday con-
tains a very sensible, temperate, and cleverly written
article exposing the gross ignorance of those
French writers who have denounced the occu-
pation of Fernando Po by the English. To
the no small surprise of the French public, the Con-
stitutionnel, M. THlEns's journal, defends the con-
duct of the Government at Toulouse, while the Courrier
Francais., M. O'DILLoN BARROT'S organ, fiercely de-
nounces it. The following paragraphs include the gene-
ral news in Monday's Journals :-
- An Imperial Ukase has been issued at St. Peteriburgh,
conferring upon all persons who will go into the more distant
parts of Siberia, in search of gold mines, the privilege of
working them for their own profit during twelve yews, after
which they are to revert to the Government.
A letter from the Piraeus (Athens), of the 30th ult., re-
lates that on the preceding day the charges were dra.sn from
the guns of the. French: corvette Embuseade in that harbour,
and placed on the poop to dry. At the same time the gunner
was inspecting the mortar connected with the life-buoy, and,
by some accident, touched the :piing which lights the fuse, and
discharged it. The fire caught about SOibs. of powder, laid
out to dry near it, and a general explosion of that and the
charges took place—broke up the deck, destroyed other parts
of the ship, killed three men, and wounded twelve others. Cap-
tain Mallet, the commander, who was writing in his cabin, was
covered with fragments, but fortunately received no injury.
Yesterday morning, between seven and eight o'clock, a
violent storm of rain, attended with thunder and lightning, and
a strong wind from the S.E., burst over the capital. The
quantity W.' water which fell was enormous. Towards nine the
weather cleared a little, but rain fell heavily at intervals during
the day till three in the afternoon. Much damage has been
done to crops ; several trees have been blown down in various
quarters, and the fetes round Paris must all have been put off.
We learn that the crops have been severely damaged
round Paris by the stormy weather of yesterday, the corn
being entirely laid in several districts. Much injury has been
done to gardens, and in almost every village trees have been
blown down. The electric fluid fell in several places on the
heights of Meudon yesterday morning.
The Journal du People states that the soldier, named
_ _

Belabre, who, as our readers may remember, shot a drunken
man one night while attempting, as he thought, to scale the
railings of the Gardens of the Tuileries, and who was acquitted
on his trial upon the ground of stupidity, has since been made
a corporal ; and adds, that the same grade in a picked company
has been given to the soldier who shot one of the prisoners at
Sainte Pelagie not long since.
The inhabitants of the Rue de l'lle, at Berne, were
awakened on the night of the 10th instant, by the explosion of
a large petard or bomb in front of the residence of the Deputy
from Uri, by which upwards of thirty window-frames were
broken. The perpetrators of this outrage and the objects of it
are not known.

The editor of a new opposition journal at Amsterdam, of
which only two numbers have appeared, committed suicide
three days ago by taking► arsenic. Family quarrels are said to
have been the cause. The deceased was not 30 years of age.
The assassin of the Bishop of Ermeland, and his house-
keeper, the circumstances of which horrible murder our read-
ers will remember, %s as broken on the wheel at Frauenburg on
the ith inst. He bad been confessed, and took the sacrament
the day before his execution. On reaching the scaffold, he
took off his upper garments without being desired, knelt, raised
his hands towards heaven in prayer, and then calmly laid him-
self down to receive the strokes of the wheel. In ten minutes
all was over.

A Belgian schooner is on the point of sailing from Ant-
werp fur Alexandria, with twelve Paixhans' cannons, cast at
Liege, and 2,000 shells.
The Gazette de Lausanne mentions a horrible tragedy
which has just place at Villeneuve. An inhabitant of St.
Clerges had long sought the hand of Madlle. Champel, daughter
of one of the late governors of the Castle of Chiffon, but his
offers of marriage had been obstinately rejected by her family,
as beneath them. He was heir to an uncle. who had property,
and he wished to get from him a cession of part of in, in order
that he might have a better chance of success in his suit. On
the 6th inst. he went to his uncle's residence ' • his demand of
cession was refused, and a discussion ensued, at the end of
which he drew forth a pistol, shot his aunt, who was sitting
near his uncle, dead on the spot, and then discharged another
pistol at the latter, but the ball only grazed his forehead.
Thereupon he fled, and went to Clareus, where he breakfasted
in an hs, without any apparent signs of emotion. He then
went to Villeneuve, and 'prowled for a long time round the
house where Madlle. Champel lived. At last he met her out
of doors, and took her to the entry of a path leading through.
some gardens to the lake. Here a conversation ensued, the
nature of whieb is not known, but just as the young lady was
leaving him to enter her house, he shot her dead with a
pistol, and the next minute blew out his own brains. There
were found upon /Aro two other pistols loaded, a poniard, and
a sword-stick.
-- The Augsburgh Gazette. gives the following account of
the number of passengers
conveyed on the German railroads,
and the grosi receipts during the month of June. Vienna to
Brunn, 22,125 Passengers ; receipts fOr passengers and'goods,
71,304 florins. Munich to Augsburgh, 25,037 passengers ;
receipts 26,565 florins. Manheim to Heidelberg, '29,409 pas-
sengers. Nuremberg to Furth, 44,647 passengers; receipts
5,213 florins. Leipsic to Dresden, 50,249 passengers ; receipts
38,881 rix dollars. Dusseldorf to Elberfehl, 31,724 passen-
gers. Madgeburgh to Leipsic, 57,239 passengers. Berlin to
Potsdam, 67,299 passengers. Mentz to Frankfort, 82,326
psssengers ; receipts 43,246 florins. Cologne to Aix-la-Cha-
pelle, number of passengers and amount of receipts not known.
Berlin to Anhalt, 24,642 passengers. Vienna to Raab : this
road was opened as far as Baden in May, and on the 20th of
June to Neustadt. On the 27th June, there were 17,000 pas-
sengers conveyed, and on the 29th 20,000. Lintz to Budweis
(in the month of May) 1.603 passengers. Lintz to Gununden
( May) 11,061 passengers, and 46,434 quintals of goods. Pres-
burgh to Tyrnaur, the first of the railways in Hungary, num-
ber of passengers from the 28th September, 1840, to the 30th
April, 1841, 25,132 passengers; receipts 5,467 florins.—The
florin is Neal to two francs and a half.
From among the 7,000 ancient pieces of coin, found at
Cuerdale, in Lancashire, last year, none of which are of later
date than 910, and of which nearly 3,000 were of the Anglo-
Saxon era, a portion have been sent over to Paris by order of
her Majesty, in pursuance of the following letter addressed to
Mr. E. Hawkins, keeper of Antiquities inthe British Museum :
" Sir,-1 am directed by Lord Clarendon to inform you
that, struck with the idea that some specimens of the ancient
coins which were found last. year at Cuerdale, in Lancashire,
might be a suitable addition to the collection in the Royal
Library at Paris, his Lordship is happy at having obtained
from the Queen, to whom they belong in right, as Treasure
trove, in her quality of Duchess and Countess of Lan-
caster, permission to reserve a selection for the above-
mentioned purpose. A list of these coins, with the coins
themselves, accompanies this, and Lord Clarendon desires me.
to express to you the great satisfaction he will have in seeing
that
you accept becoming the intermediary for transmitting
these oNects to the Royal Library at Paris, —I am, trc..—
Fa: 'DAWES DA.NVERS."—In consequence of the above com-
munication 195 pieces of silver coin have been sent to Paris. •
Among them are 2of Charlemagne 1 of Louis-le-Debonnaire,
with the surname of Pius, 9 of Charles-the-Bold, struck in dif-
ferent towns, with others of Louis 11., Carloman, Eudes,
Charles-ntheio- Sima Beranger, and Lambert. Among those
o
xeng are 7 of Alfred-the-Great, 6 of Sairt Ed-
mund, and 40 various pieces without any names of kings, seve-

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