The Sun.
London, England, 1847-03-29 00:00:00

RAILWAY RETURNS.

RAILWAY TILIFTIC.—The following are the Total Receipts of RA;'
ways for the past week—that is to say, up to the date to which the
respective returns are made, together with the receipts of the same
Week in the previous year:

4
Week Last RI
ending NAME r:' F RAILWAY. week. F:,',4 Z
O'
..!1.0.
c..)
..—.
-
.i A
liar. 20 Arbroath and Forfar •••••• • • • • • .... '257 195
19 c, jester and Birkenhead .••• • • • • •• • • 521 507
18 Dublin and Drogheda ...... ••••• • • • • 692 653
23 Dublin and Kingstown • ..... •••• • • • • 590 5- 6
21 Dundee and Arbroath .••••••• • • • • • • • 312 263
Durham and Sunderland ....• •• • .
20 Edinburgh and Glasgow .• • • •••• •• • • 3,243 2,67.3
21 Eastern Counties and North Eastern.. 8,892 6,980
20 East Lancaslhre ............ •••• • • • • 845
14 Eastern Union
20 Glasgow, Kilmarnock, and Ayr ..
20 Glasgow and Greenock.. .. •.• • • •• • • 950 732
Gravesend and Rochester— • • • • ....
20 Great Southern and Western • • ...... 1,210 .-
21 Great Western, &c .• ... ........• 16,254 15,848
14 Ipswich and Bury •• • • ••• • . 422
20 London and North Western, &c
~1 London and Black wall •• •
'l3 London and Brighton ......... ..
London and Croydon .••••••• • • ' • ' • • --
21
London
and South W tern
Manahester, B es
20 mancheste; Bolton, and Bury
23 Manchester
: Leeds, and Hull Assocrsoc • • 7,713 6,930
14 Maryport and ffield'
and Lincolnshire 1,947 1,635
Carlisleitrist.i.a . ....... . • • • • •
20 Midland,sBl 413
20 Newcastle and c arifisiß.lrnlindham 17.414 15,449
Newcastle and North .7Shields "
1.666
20 Newcastle and Berwick .
723 316
20 North British .... ..... ....111 "" • • 1,552 1,124
22 Paris and Rouen ............I• •• •• 1,344
20 Preston and Wyre•• •• • ... ... ... III': M. 0,7 6,572
19 Shrewsbury and Chester ...... 1 °°o 515
20 South Eastern and Branches •••• .... ,r 44.
19 South Devon •••••••.• • • • • • • • • .... , 7,: 5,134
20 Taff Yale •• ••••••••••••" " '• •• •• '• 1,474
762 176103
20 York and Newcastle .•• • • • 25
• •
20 York and North Midland .•••• •• •,• •• 5,790 5,217
----- •
BELFAST, MARCH 25.—A wreck, supposed to be of an
rnglis 1 barque was passed on the 11th inst., in lat. 52 N.,

BELFAST, MAnen 25.—A wreck, supposed to IA
Tnglis i barque was passed on the 11th inst., in lat.
lon. l 5 W., by the Alga, Turner, arrived here.
TEIGNMOUTH, MARCH 24. —Arrd. Teign, Charleston.
WHITEHAVEN, MARCH 24.—Sld. Thomas, Baltimore.
CORK, 111 A RCII 24.—Arrd. Spencer, Stanton, Manilla ;
Maria Soaves, King, Jamaica; Napoleon, Collar, Honduras;
Montpelier, Stoelqell, Philadelphia; Flora Jane, Whitworth,
New York; Sun, ditto; St. Lawrence, ditto.
STRANGFORD, MARCH 24. —Ski. James Hunt,
ABERDEEN, MARCH 23.---Wind S.E.—S.d. John Hector,
Henry, Chesapeake Bay.

SMITHFIELD MARKET.
(From the Times.)
With an earnest desire to discover whether any reason
could be given for the continuance of the Smithfield
nuisance, we have read with the most careful attention
some observations which have been sent to us on the
subject of the proposed removal of the great cattle
market from its present locality. • We must confess that
had we wavered in the opinions we have already ex-
pressed, we should have been decided by the document
now before, es, for the arguments we have heard on one
side are strengthened by the lamentable failure of.the
attempt that has been made to answer them. We will
take the observations in favour of Smithfield-market
paragraph by paragraph, from the first to the last; for
an appeal has been made to our justice, and the appel-
lants must not complain if, after a due consideration of
all they have to `allege, our judgment is still against
them. The observations set out with falsely and
foolishly accusing the public of sanctioning " the specu-
lations of a private company." We are not aware of
any private company being in existence -which has suc-
ceeded in subjugating general opinion to its interests,
and causing en unfounded prejudice against Smithfield-
market. It is obvious that the outcry now raised against
this abominable nuisance is founded on long experience
of its danger and inconvenience. Few people care what
company, or whether any company at all, may he
benefited by a change ; but there is an almost unani-
mous feeling that the unwht become and perilous practice
of collecting cattle together in the very heart of the City
is one which we ought no longer to tolerate. Oar
attention is next called to an alleged prejudice against
the butchers, and an attempt is made to show us that the
public gord aed that of the butchers are identified.
This effort to throw a sort of pathetic interest over the
butchers, and induce the public to fraternize with that
useful class, is simply ridiculous. Nobody wishes to
hurt the butchers, but we cannot consent to run the risk
of our lives, to say noshing of cur being continually
disgusted, for their especial aid gratuitous convenience.
We do not see the force of the reasoning that "any
peculiar privilege or immunity" conferred upon the
butchers " must surely be for the interest" of the public.
We cannot regard the butchers as channels through
which any boon whatever is certain to diffuse itself over
the whole community. It is all very well to talk about
"giving the butcher the free and unrestricted use" of a
certain market, but surely the public may be supposed
to have an equal claim at least to " the free and un •
restricted use" of the streets of the metropolis.
After making the most he can of the case for the
butchers, the writer of the observations in favour of
Smithfield proceeds to ask " what will be the feeling of
the graziers" in the event of the removal of the market?
We would not wilfully hurt the feelings of any class,
but the sentimentality of the graziers must not stand in
the way of a great public boon, more especially when
their sensitiveness is found to be of the most maudlin
and unreasonable character. It is hinted that they will
he deeply effected by a falling off in the number of
buyers in the event of the cattle being taken to any other
market than Smithfield, or, at least, th ,t it will not be
purchased alive in such large quantities if public abat-
toirs, which are suggested in connexion with the aboli.
tion of Smithfield, should be resolved upon. It is
gratifying to us to be enabled to relieve the apprehen-
sions of the graziers en this account, and we hope to
spare those feelings for which, in the observations before
us, so much tenderness i 3 exhibited. We think we need
not enter into very elaborate calculations to Trove that
whether the cattle is driven to one place or another, and
wheels. r they are slaughtered on the butcher's pre:rd.-lee
or at a general establishment, and whether it is purchased
by them dead or alive, -it must be much the same to the
graziers, so that the consumption of meat is the same
by the public in general. Unless, therefore, the public
should be afflicted by a loss of appetite for meat after
the removal of Smithfield market, the demand is not
Pr, ly to diminish, anti the graziers and breeders will have
to furnish the same supply that they do at present. If
the rh ad stock were obtained from a source quite diffe-
rent to that from which the live stock is derived, the
cattle venders might fear that if the butchers bought the
meat when slaughtered, the cattle would never be sold;
.but the objection taken at present, is as idle as if it were
said that an increased sale of a manufactured. article
=lst injure the dealeri in the raw mate' ial. In a sub-
sequent paragraph of the observations ehich are now
:he sulject of our remarks, we find it stated that " the
number of persons actually annoyed or injured by the
cattle is so cemparativelv small" as not to justify the
change that is suggested. There is tome tiason in tl.e
use of the word "actually," %i Filch is, we presume, matins
to draw the distinction between those who are merely
elermcd, or, to use a- common expjession, "more
frightened than hurt," and those who are positively
tossed or gored by street perambulating cattle. We
admit that some of the fears of passengers at meeting a
drove of oxen, one or two of whom may be eccentncally
disposed, are occasionally more imaginary than real, but
that they are often well grounded has been proved
by frequent accidents. Allowance must also be made
for the very serious influence of fear, whether well-
grounded or not, and even the consoling assurance from
h considerate drover of " Bless you, ma'am, they won't
hurt yea," would scarcely reconcile one of the least ner-
vous of the gentler sex to the ungainly gamble of an
Os; in a very crowded thafroughfare. The champion of
Sinithfisid endeavours still further to vk oaken the argu-
ment fur removal, on the -scorn of personal danger, by
-11eging that "the reports of accidents are many of them
mt re inventions," and others are " grossly' ekaggerated,
to serve the purposes of interested speculators." We
can assure the author of this remark that the day is
passed when tie inventive faculty, or even the poetical
power of exageratien, is cultivated by a contributor to
the columns of a newspaper. Space has become too
valuable to allow the admission of an infuriated ux,
"except on business," into any portion of a public
journal... No newspaper could afford them to allow the
brute to continue his gambols down half a column for
the sake of allowing scope to the inventive genius of the
reporter, who is stigmatised, we suppose, as an " inte-
rested speculator" on our own and the public credulity.
In defence of the gentlemen to whom we are indebted
for this branch of our news, we may state with confi•
dence that it is seldom we catch an imaginary mad bull
trespassing upon our columns. When our readers meet
with an infuriated brute in such a place they may be
tolerably sure that it is an animal direct from Smithfield
market. The advocate for the continuance of the mar-
ket next proceeds to argue in favour of the salubrity
of slaughterhouses, and uses the proverbial good
health of butchers, their families and servants, as a
support to his position. We suspect that eating the
meat has more to do with the alleged healthfulness
than a residence in close vicinity to a slaughterhouse.
If such places are conducive to health their erection
ought to be a part of the sanatory regulations of
every neighbourhood. It will be something 'new for the
Commissioners for the Health of Towns to hear that
slaughterhouses should be provided in abundance for
the benefit of the inhabitants. It is not denied that
abattoirs answer in Paris, but it is sagaciously discovered
by the advocates for Smithfield, that because the Par-

sians eat meat on a smaller scale than we do they require
large establishments to slaughter it. There is something
' new in the idea that a small consumption of food requires
an increased amount of convenience for its preparation.
If the Parisians, who eat less meat than we do, require
large abattoirs, we may presume it would be argued, that
if they ate still leFs, their slaughtering establishments
ought t. 5 be stiil further extend: d. Though our friend
the admirer of Smithfield is evidently i;norant of a great
deal, he has some knowledge which is quite new to us ;
fur he has told us that " the cattle, while living, transport
tly.mselves at little or no expense from the market to the
of their ultimate destination." This accommo-

dating willipgness on the 'art of the eat!io, to " trans
p ,rt themselves at little or no expense," is in the highes'

degree considerate. " But if," says our Smithfield
author, " instead of being at once driven there. they are
first to be driven to some other place for the purpose of
being slaughtered," the'expense will be enormous. We
should think so, indeed ; for we. know of no cost at
which the arrangement could be effected. To drive them
to be slaughtered first, and then drive them somewhere
else, would be a most extravagant nndertaking. This
instance will furnish a very fair criterion of the value of
the reasoning to be found in the observations against the
removal of Smithfield market. We have long been con-

vinced of the necessity for its abolition, and we need
hardly may, that what has been placed before us as an
argument in its behalf has confirmed us, if possible,
more strongly than we ever were, in the opinfon that
Smithfield cattle-market is one of the most defencelss

an I offensive nuisance to be found—not in the metropolis
alone, but in the whole of England.

INFORMATION TO PERSONS EMI-
GRATING TO AMERICA. -
(From the American Sun.)
The climate of the United States differ in many re-
spects from that of Great Britain or the continent. It
is colder in winter and warmer in summer. Owing,
however, to the immense size of the country, extending
from the Rio Grande, on the southern border of Texas,
in 26 degrees of north latitude to the British possessions
in Canada, and to the 49th degree of north latitude, and
in width from the Atlantic to the Pacific eceans, the
character of the climate is greatly diversified. It is also
much influerced by mountain elevations, as well as by
the sea air near the coasts, &c.
Every 253 feet in elevation in a given latitude is said
to be equal to a degree of diminished temperature. As
the elevation increases, however, it is thought the change
becomes less.
Notwithstanding the diversity of soil, the difference
between the degrees of heat and cold experienced in the
extreme northern and southern latitudes is not so great
as might at first be supposed.
For instance, the thermometer rises about as high at
Quebec or New York, in 41 deg. to 42 deg., as it doesin
Mobile or New Orleans, in 30 deg., but the duration of
heat is a great deal less at the former than at the latter
points. On the other hand, ice is sometimes formed,
and the ground partially frozen, at New Orleans,but the
duration of cold is brief, seldom continuing longer than
two or three days at a time; while at the north, the du-
ration of cold lasts for two or three months, closing the
rivers and canals with ice. and suspending navieatien.
The rivers of the west are eeldam obstructed with ice
below 36 or 38 degrees of north latitude.
The features of the climate against which the emi-
grant should provide, are first, its sudden changes. Thus
in Winter as well as in spring and autumn, the therm°.
nyeer will fall and rise 10, 20, 30, or 40 degrees in
24 hours.against, bs Thesei sudden changes, if practicable, should
by. adapting the clothing to the
State,
ol,ctaerenateei:eplerature When it suddenly charges to
change
is
fr,ocoodltitisipitioolgshi
toishould be put on. When the
lacwhoarngrmhicane at the eeat, tthh
er thinnclimateer
oclothing tun
easys
to n
liar to the whole seasoncouritrof tli
year mentioned, is pecu-
it no except that pottien bor-7
&ring on the Ncitie oe%, n, not yet fairly open to!Eu- •
ropean emigration.
Although the changes are sud•lin, the therm
often rising or falling more degrees in a single
eray etirtr
-
America titan it does in a whole year in Great Britain,

yet, in sections of the country free from stagnant water,
low lands, swamps, &c., the climate agrees with Euro-
pean constitutions very well, especially after they have
become accustomed to its frequent and sudden changes,
in the higher latitudes, say between 36, 41, and 42 de-
grees. In winter, the young and feeble require warm
clothing. Flannels and woollens of all kinds are found
very useful.
As most of the emigrants land in America during the
hot months of summer, it is well for them to know that
the climate is as much hotter in summer as it is colder
than that of Great Britain in winter. In the old country
(England) a man can without much inconvenience weer
the same kind of cliathing the year round. Not so in
the United States. Clothing, to be healthy and com-
fortable, must he changed with the season. Very light
cheap cotton or linen goods will be often found most
pleasant in summer, while heavy woollens are indispen-
sible in winter. It should always be borne in mind, that
feeble children and adults will be most healthy in wearing
flannel next their skins the year round. Labouring
people generally wear flannel jackets, even in summer,
as they protect them from the sudden effects of cold when
overheated.
When emigrants arrive in America in summer, much
caution is necessary, in order to preserve the health of
themselves and families. The clothing; if possible;
should be adapted to the season.
Young children, about the period of teething, are
liable to be attacked with the diarrhoea (looseness of the
bowels), called in New York " the summer complaint,"
and which, if not guarded against, or attended to in time,
becomes dangerous.
Fruit of all kinds, especially peaches, apples, melons,
&c., are plenty and cheap in America, and being very
palatable to emigrants after a long sea voyage, they are
very apt to indulge themselves too freely, and suffer the
consequences in an attack of dysentery, or cholera.
morbus, which, however, if prepsrly attended to in time,
is easly cured.
All emigrants intending to seek a home in the West
or valley of the Mississippi, -should supply themselves'
with a small stock of simple medicines, such as castor
oil, rhubarb, Epsom salts, calcined magnesia, boxes of
seidlitz powders, a few blue pills—and, if its employ-
ment is understood, calomel, which, properly adminis-
tered, in many cases proves a useful medicine, especially
in bilious and other fevers. To these articles, if deemed
necessary, boxes of simple salves, lint, paregoric, and
laudanum, might be added. In all cases of serious
indisposition, it will be best to call in the advice of a
physician of good standing, avoiding pretenders and
quack medicines.
The whole art of preserving health may be summed
up in a few words:-
Ist. Strict habits of temperance in everything, but
especially in eating and drinking. As spirituous liquors
are very cheap in America, many emigrants are tempted
to drink to excess. The practice, if it should become
habitual, never fails of undermining the constitution,
and ending in the ruin of the person addicted to it.,
Over-eating fruit or other articles very often engenders
disease.
2d. Undue exposure to night air in• a new country
should, if convenient, be avoided, and proper attention
paid to clothing.
The diseases to which emigrants may be exposed in
the valley of the upper Mississippi are few, and simple
in their character anti treatment. Further south they
are more serious—biilious remittent fevers occasionally
prevailing during the sickly months.
Early in summer s'ight cases of dysentery and bilious
diseases sometimes occur, while in autumn, attacks of the
ague, or " chills and fevers," especially in low places or
near swamp marshes, are occasionally experienced.
Fur the former, a dose or two of blue pills, or
calomel, worked off with oil or salts, may be taken, fol.
lowed with d'oses of quinine between the intermissions.
In cases of dysentery, blue pills, followed by infusion
of rhubarb aed calcined magnesia may be taken, which,
with strict attention to diet—which should consist of rice
soup, Indian meal gruel, or thin port idge, barley or oat
meal porridge, &c. Till the disease gives way, all ani-
mal fond, fruit, &c., should be avoided. The diarrhoea
of young children, often induced or aggravated by the
use of unripe fruit, requires early and particular atten-
tion. The flannels of young children, on arriving in
America, sheuld net be changed. They should be
guarded in their diet. Green fruit of all kinds should
on no account be allowed them. Should the disease ap-
pear serious, their food should consist of arrow-root, soft
boiled rice, or rice wa:er, with boiled milk, &c. Their
drink should be plain water, with gut-arabic dissolved
in it, or flax-seed tea, cold—or, of what is still better,
cold water, in which "Bane Leaves" (a plant cultivated
in America) have been steeped. The best purgative, or
alterative medicine, is an infusion of rhubarb, a tea-
spoonful of which may be given mixed with a small
quantity (say half a tea-spoonful) of calcined magnesia
(Henry's if convenient) to a child from eighteen months
to two years old. Where the cane becomes exhausting,
tedious, or severe, it will be best to call in a physician of
experience. In some instances, small doses of calomel
(say two or three grains to a child from eighteen months
to three years old) may be given on a little dry sugar,
followed by a few mouthfulls of water, which, if neces-
sary, may be carried off by small doses of the rhubarb
mixture or infusion.
The winter complaints are pretty much the same as
those which occur in the old country, and re quire about
the same treatment. Children after they pass the period
of teething are generally healthy under proper care,
and are little liable .to disease, ii we except attacks of
hopping cough or measles. They sometitnes, as in the
old country, experience attacks of scarlet fever. Occa
sional ablutions with clean water, with general attention
to cleanliness, will be found useful as a means of pre-
serving health. Buildings, however ruddy constructed,
should be so arranged as to be dry and airy in summer,
and warm in winter, and at a distance from all (Alec
tiuns of stagnant water. In settling a new place good
pure thinking water should be obtained, if practicable,
for family use.
To understand the nature of the climate at the west,
in the upper valley of the Migiissippi, we shall give ex-
tracts from tables of the weather kept at d.fferent places
in that part of the country. As a set-off to the sudden
changes of temperature, it may be remarked that the
number of clear, bright, and unclouded days greatly
exceed those of Great Britain, in a given year, which
often imparts buoyancy and cheerfulness to the feelings.
Clear and pleasant weather also renders out-doorlabour
more agreeable.
Dr. Drake, of Cincinnati, celebrated for his accurate
tables respecting the weather, noted duwn 4,263 obser-
vations, from which it appears, that of 365 days in the
year, about 176 were fair, 105 cloudy, and 84 variable.
Dr. Beck made similar observations respecting the
weather at St. Louis, and found that a single year gave
him 245 clear days and cloudy, including 110 variable
days. In a period of six years the moan number of
clear days per annum was 172 83, cloudy ditto 164.33,
variable ditto 82.1 G. The greatest number of clear days
occurred in May, June, July, August, and September,
and of cloudy days during the winter and other months.
of the year.
The prevailing winds in the valley of the Mississippi,
especially in the summer, are from the south-west or
west, and the climate is said to be somewhat milder
than on the same parellels of latitude in the Atlantic
States.
In the country at the West, say in Michigan, NV is-
consin, upper part of lowa, &c., or that section of the
country ling north of 41 deg. N. latitude, the thermo-
meter often falls in winter below z7re. Notwithstanding
the intensity of the cold, owing to the steady clear
bracing weather with which it is accompanied, persons
do not feel the effects of it more sensibly than they do
that of weather much less cold in England.
By meteorological observations made in Bloomington,
on the Alierssippi, in lowa, for 1839. it seems the mean
tenperaitze was 54 deg. ; the maximum, 95 deg.;
minimum, 5 deg.; clear days, i II; cloudy, 77; variable,
80; rainy, 79; snowy, 18. Warmest day, July 24th
84.74. Coldest, 29th of December, 4.40. Warmest in
winter, January 10th, 56. Coldest in summer, August
30th, 50.
By meteorological tables kept at Marietta, Ohio, on
the Ohio River, it seems the mean temperature was
about 53.54 ; the maximum 92 deg., and minimum 3
deg. The quantity of rain for the year 1839 was 33
inches. The range of barometer was from 28.80 to 30
inches.

In various parts of the west, the clear clays in the
year amount to from 170 to 210. As we proceed south,
the mean temperature increase 9, the range.often reach-
ing, at Natoli( z, in Mississippi, 80 to 89 deg. The clear
days bear about the same proportion.
The temperature peculiar to certain latitudes in the
United States bear about the same comparison with
latitudes 10 or 12 degrees further north. Thus New
York, which is in latitude 40 deg. 42 min. 2 sec., is
as cold in winter as the climate of London, in 51 deg.

EXTENSIVE FIRE AT MESSRS. SAMUDA'S MANU-
FACTORY, BLACKWALL—About a quarter before six o'clock
this morning (Saturday) a fire was discovered upon the ex-
tensive property of Messrs. Samnda, Brothers, the eminent
engineers of Blackwell. A person passing to an adjacent
foundry first observed bodies of smoke issuingfrom the body of
-the building used as a store-room and pattern-shop, a distinct
building, ranging in extent about 70 feet by 25. The brigade
engines and firemen were very speedily upon the spot, and a
considerable numberof strangers were ready to lend a helping
hand in extinguishing the fire very soon after the outbreak.
.Notwithstanding this, however, the building was burned
down, and its valuable contents destroyed, and a considerable
quantity of the adjoining private property materially injured.
The firm, it is stated, are insured in the Phoenix and Imperial
offices. How the fire originated is not known.
DEATH OF THE HON. SIR EDWARD VAVASOUR,
BAB.T.—We have to record the sudden death, near Dijon, in
Burgundy, of the above Hon. Baronet, who was at the time
on his way to Rome. The melancholy event took place on
the 15th inst. The deceased baronet was second son of
Charles, 16th Lord Stourton, and uncle of the present peer.
He was born May 6, 1786, and married August 5, 1813,
Marcia Bridget, only daughter of Mr. James Lane Fox, and
by her ladyship, who died in 1826, he had a family of five
sons and three daughters. In 1826 he inherited the ancient
family estate of his kinsman.. Sir Thomas Vavasour,-Bart., of
Ilaslewood, Yorkshire, and thereupon took by sign manual
the name of Vavasour, in lieu of his patronymic. In 1828
he was created a baronet. He was a knight of the - order of
St. John of Jerusalem, and a deputy-lieutenant of Yorkshire.
The deceased baronet is succeeded by his eldest son Edward,
born Jan. 17, 181:3.-
FROM THE GALLICIAN FRONTIERS, MARCH M—
lle latest accounts from Vienna state,-in regard to the future
destiny of Uracow, that the important resolution has been
taken to divide Gallicia into two distinct governments, viz.,
that of East and West Gallicia, by which Cracow will be
made the capital of the latter. The famine in the western
circles of Gallicia, according to report, which we trust is
exaggerated, has reached to such a fearful extent, that in
some cases the starving people have seized upon the bodies
of the dead and devoured them, in order to escape from the
agonising death of perishing from liunger2r cs
Mr. Cayley, M.P., is suffering under a sivNi at-
-tack of influenza and fever, which disables him at present
from attending to his parliamentary duties.
WASTE 05' SILVER.—TO put the silver edging -to
mtAin, which is always torn off and thrown away before
converging the material to use, costs the country 20,0001. a I
year.—Tire Builder.

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