The Sun.
London, England, 1847-11-08 00:00:00

rn.E SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVEN ENG, NOVEMBER 8, 1847.

discomfort. The erection of abattoirs, the enlarge-
ment of the more contracted thoroughfares, the con-
struction of proper cabinets d'aissance, the extension of
the system of drainage, the building of oval instead
of angular channels in the scheme of sewerage, the
abatement of the smoke nuisance exhaling from every
species of manufactory, the prevention of intermural
interment, and the ventilation of all kinds of habita-
tions whatsoever, would most effectually conduce to
the diminution of the mortality of the United King-
doms. It would, by a variety of such economical
arrangements, introduce robustness where there was
previously decrepitude, joy were there was dejection,
life where there was death. For it would affect the
multitude of sufferers through the most sensitive of
their bodily organs—the organ of respiration. It
would restore salubrity to the air which had been
heretofore vitiated by pestilential vapours and
pernicious particles of diseased matter. How far the
purification of that atmosphere is conducive to the
proper sustentation of health we have already re-
peatedly explained. But that the removal from it of all
foreign gases is absolutely essential for existence is
demonstrated by the physiological facts—that while
man can do without the nourishment of the stomach
for a very considerable period, he cannot preserve his
vitality for fifty seconds if deprived of the nourish-
ment of the lungs—that man, when in a healthy con-
dition, breathes, on the average, about 20 times in a
minute, or 1,200 times in an hour—that in the course
of a minute he inhales and exhales 800 cubic inches,
or three gallons of air ; in an hour 48,000
cubic inches, or 180 gallons ; in a day, 1,152,000
cubic inches, or 4,000 gallons. It is manifest, there-
fore, that purity of atmosphere is one of the principal
requisites for the maintenance of health in the animal
kingdom ; and if a locality with an atmosphere thus
fitted for consumption be not altogether armed
against the incursions of epidemics, it is obvious that
those epidemics will be less difficult to render inde-
structive with the assistance of the Pharmacopeia.
As the Registrar-General has remarked in his return
of the mortality for the September gust er—" A
salubrious city in an epidemic like a city
built of stone in a conflagration —is ex-
posed to danger and injury, but not to
the same extent as the present cities of Eu-
rope, which are left without any adequate regulations
for the health and security of their inhabitants."
And how, we may ask, is it possible that London can
be rendered comparatively salubrious while the foul
air of the city, according to the account of the same
authority, hangs like a disease-mist over the metro-
polis ?—" Lying dimly over Eltham, Dulwich, Nor-
wood, Clapham, Battersea, Hampstead, and Hackney;
growing thicker round Newington, Lambeth, Mary-
lebone, Pancras, Stepney ; dark over Westminster,
Rotherhithe, Bermondsey, Southwark ; black over
Whitechapel and the City of London without the
walls; and, over the district of St. Giles's, banging
like a dark spot in the midst of surrounding dis-
tricts ?" With this disease-mist depending over Lon-
don, what will not be the ravages of the Asiatic
Cholera when it has arrived amongst us ? And that
it is hastening towards our shores with irresistible
and indomitable swiftness is shown by an intelligent
paper transcribed in another column, from our dis-
tinguished contemporary the Lancet. Still out of
evil arises good ; and it appears to us by no means
improbable that as the Legislative acceptance of free
trade was hastened by the destruction of the potato
crop, so the adoption of a good and comprehensive
measure of sanitary improvement may be forced
upon Parliament and the Cabinet by the terrors of
the Cholera.

The meeting called by the Irish Council, to which
we alluded on Saturday, has been further adjourned
until to-morrow. There was considerable discussion
on the second day on each of the resolutions proposed
by the committee, the Young Ireland party having
attended in considerable force, and brought forward
amendments to each proposition. It has ever been
the misfortune of Ireland that when anything has
been suggested for the national amelioration, parties
have stepped forward and attempted to intro-
duce their own peculiar views, so that the general
co• operation of persons of all varieties of creeds and
of political opinions (by which alone the desired ob-
ject could be attained), has been prevented, and the
differences and dissension which it was hoped would
have been suspended for even a brief period, have
broke forth with increased virulence. Last year the
opponents of an efficient poor-law for Ireland com-
pletely neutralised the advantages that might other-
wise have been obtained from the exertions of the
Irish party, and at present the Confederates, as the
advocates of physical force delight to call themselves,
bid fair to destroy the benefits that would result
from an attentive consideration of the really valuable
and moderate suggestions of the Irish Council. We
will, however, hope that anything really useful, and
calculated to improve the condition of the Irish
people, may be acted on by the Irish Government—
no matter from what quarter it may proceed. We
are convinced that the present Ministry are actuated
by the purest and most beneficent intentions with
respect to the sister kingdom—we believe that
there is no reasonable assistance that they
would not willingly afford to her children, when
once they had set themselves zealously and ener-
getically to work on their own behalf, and they
would do so with the cordial concurrence of the
whole or at least the overwhelming majority of the
British people. But the Irish must set their own
shoulders to the wheels, and indulge in no extrava-
gant or overweening expectations. Measures which
would prove most valuable auxiliaries, if moderately
acted on in the spirit in which they were con-
ceded, would become not only inefficient but posi-
tively injurious if pressed too far, and made to
sustain the entire burden. Such was the fate of the
Labour-rate Act of last year, which was intended to
give employment to the superabundant labour in the
overpeopled districts, to be used in aid of private
enterprise, but the moment it received the legislative
sanction it became the signal for the cessation of all
private employment and for the discharge of the
labourers, who were thus driven to the public works,
and the proper cultivation of the soil was neglected.
The Ministry will have to guard against a similar
abuse of any means that may be adopted for the
relief of the destitute in the more distressed districts.
We believe that it is now generally admitted, that
in many locaiities the entire produce of the lands,
and all the resources of the proprietors are inade
quate for the support of the people. It, therefore,
becomes the imperative duty of the Government to
adopt such means as may prevent the possibility of
any of our follow-creatures perishing from want of the
common necessaries of life. This grave responsi-
bility can neither be evaded nor procrastinated.
Something, must be done with respect thereto be-
fore the Parliament shall be adjourned for the Christ-
mas recess. The property in the land itself is mani-
festly the first fund to be resorted to for that
purpose, but when that is palpably insufficient,
new resources must be opened up, and had recourse
to. The Irish Council invite the Legislature to pro-
pose a tax on Ireland, which it is suggested should be
either an income or a property-tax.

To the principle, of an income-tax we are con-
scientiously opposed. It is not just or reasonable that
the burdens which should be borne by the accumu-
lated property of a nation should be imposed on the
labours of those who are compelled to work for their
own livelihood, and who should lay by a considerable
portion of their earnings, in order to make a provi-
sion for their families. An income-tax,
.therefore,
under almost any circumstances is objectionable, at
all events it should only be resorted to as the Bernier
resort, but there can be no such reasons urged against
the imposition of a property-tax, which is at once the
most equitable, and the most easily collected of the
public revenues. Let such a property-tax then be
enacted chargeable on every description of rea-
lised property in Ireland, and from the proceeds
thereof let all the expenses of the extraordinary
measures that may be necessary to
provide
tor the Irish people be defrayed. This fund
should only be resorted to in aid of locale
taxation, and not until a heavy rate had previously
been levied on the property in the immediate dis-
trict, otherwise the inducement that should be held
out to the proprietors of the soil to afford useful

employment, and so far as possible to unpaziperise the
population on their respective estates, would be with-
drawn.
This is the most urgent of the Irish questions, and
that which must be disposed of immediately on the

meeting of Parliament. The questions of tenant
right or tenant compensation, and many others re-
lating to the
.due development of the industrial re-
sources of Ireland, although of the deepest interest
and of the most vital importance to the permanent
welfare of the Irish people and the permanent tran-
quillity of their country, may be postponed until the
ordinary period of the assembling of Parliament, but
the means of feeding the people throughout the winter
admits of no delay. In common with the monetary
laws, that have occasioned such fearful calamities in our
own country, it demands instant attention and imme-
diate legislation. The Irish themselves will participate
as fully as the British people in the benefits to be derived
from the abolition of the fatal enactments that have led
to such repeated fluctuations during the last twenty-
eight years ; they suffer, perhaps, more severely than
we do from a restricted currency, inadequate to the
exigencies and the wants of thwmpire. An enlarged
and adequate circulation willurarry prosperity even
to the most remote districts in Ireland. It will en-
able the enormous mass of labour in the country to
be put in motion and directed to useful objects. The
suggestion of the Irish Council, that the Government
should issue at least 2,000,0001. in Treasury deben-
tures
receivable in payment of taxes is a valuable
one, but there is no reason why the advantages
thereof should be restricted to Ireland, or why Eng-
land and Scotland should not share the boon. The
present fearful depression, the depreciation in the value
of every description of property, the impossibility of
procuring funds for any speculation, however promising,
is owing, as we have repeatedly pointed out—not to
any want of real capital, but to a deficiency of repre-
sentatives of that capital. When that radical defect
is remedied—and until it is so, there cast be no per-
manent or real prosperity for the nation—there will
be no want of funds for effecting internal improve-
ments. Let the Irish representatives then co-operate
with their English brethren in giving the
death-blow to the Acts of 1819 and 1844. Let
them not be satisfied with any half measures, or any
propping up of the condemned principle, but demand
a new financial code, giving free trade in gold as
well as in everything else, and they may be assured
that in so doing they will effect more for their native
land than by the triumphant success of any measure
exclusively relating to Ireland.

A letter from Ancona in the Augsburg Gazette
states, on the authority of accounts from Athens, that
the French party has lost ground considerably since
the death of M. COLETTI, and that the English Am-
bassador now exercises great influence.
The Prussian Universal Gazette of the 3d has a
long and not very mild notice of the different articles
of :the Journal des Dibats, recommending the union
of the minor states of Germany, with a view to
counterpoise the influence of the Great Powers.
The Gazette says—" To divide and corrupt, if not by
money at least by honeyed words, and to excite the
small against the large states, is the manoeuvre of the
Debats."

The inhabitants of Fivizzano positively refuse to
be transferred from Tuscany to Modena, and have
shut the gates of their city against the Modenese
troops.
Letters from Pontremoli say that the inhabitants of
that place have seized the citadel, and have armed the
city guard with the muskets found there.

It is stated in a letter from Rome that a criminal
prosecution of the Prince DE CANINO (LUCIEN Bo-
NAPARTE) is to take place, for his conduct in the
events of the 7th and Bth September.
It is said that the POPE has received a petition from
the Catholic College of the Grisons, praying him to
order the Jesuits to withdraw from Lucerne, and it
is added, that the POPE is about to assemble a con-
clave, to which he will submit a proposition for the
abolition of the society of the Jesuits.

The writer of a letter from Berne, dated Nov. 1,
in allusion to the reports which have appeared, of a
collision between the troops of the Vaud and those of
Valais at St. Maurice, says— _ _

" I have just read the last official dispatches, and
am able to tell you that up to yesterday nothing of the
kind has taken place, although the contact of the two
armies, and the extreme irritation which prevails on
both sides, may easily bring on acts of hostility much
more quickly than could be wished. To-morrow, or
the day after, at the latest, the Diet will issue the
decree for carrying its resolutions against the Sonder-
bund into execution ; and it is probable that on
Wednesday or Thursday hostilities will commence at
all points. In the meanwhile troops are continually
passing through this town. Today four batteries of
Bernese artillery, making a very fine appearance,
filled our principal street from one end to the other.
We are expecting immediately the troops of the
Vaud, who, according to the testimony of eye-wit-
nesses, cannot be equalled in zeal and enthusiasm.
The municipality of Berne, where the Conservative
elements predominate almost exclusively, and which
has never been upon a good understanding with the
Government, having pretended that it was not bound
to provide a building for the offices of the federal war
commissariat, has been compelled by military force to
appropriate a part of the Hotel d'Erlach, which was
the residence of the French Ambassadors under the
empire and the restoration."
A Lucerne journal announces that the triple
landrath of Zug has decided, by a majority of 114 to
31, to adhere faithfully to its allies of the league
against the Federal Government. As soon as this
decision was known, says another account, Schwytz
sent two companies of troops to occupy the town of
Zug. The canton of Lucrne has been placed in a
state of siege by a decree of the 30th ult.
The BEile Gazette, of the 4th, states that it has been
decided to establish two councils of war, one at Berne,
and the other at Zurich.
The Government of the Grisons, which has met
with great difficulties in assembling its contingent,
has, it is said, sent three Deputies to Lucerne and
Berne, instructed to use language of conciliation.
It appears that the Friburgers have resolved to cut
off the two magnificent suspension bridges leading to
their capital, which, it is well known, are thrown
from one mountain to another over ravines many
hundred feet deep and nearly as many wide.
It appears that the division of the Federal army
under the command of M. OCHSENBEIN, the President
of the Diet' has occupied the canton of Neufchatel
without firing a shot. This occupation has the double
object of forcing Neufchatel to fulfil its federal obli-
gations by furnishing its contingent against the can-
tons of the Sonderbund, and to intercept the commu-
nications between Friburg, Lucerne, and the exterior.
Bide-Ville is said to have decided on sending its con-
tingent to the federal army.
The Swiss Federal Gazette, of the 3d, has the fol-
lowing from Rheinach, in the canton of Argau, dated
the Sid :

" This evening five soldiers of a battalion of Land-
sturm, of Lucerne, took refuge in the territory of
Argau. They state that on the first opportunity
there will be numerous desertions from their bat-
talions."

The Federal Government of Switzerland has ad-
dressed the following proclamation to the army :
" Citizen Soldiers—The Swiss Confederation, our
common country, has called us to arms. You have
responded to the summons with a promptness worthy
of men of courage, ready to shed their blood in the
accomplishment of the most holy of duties, the safety
of the country. You are now going to march against
the separated alliance, called the Sonderbund. This
time again you will confound the calculations of those
who have done you the injustice to reckon on your defec-
tion. The enemies of the country are endeavouring
to make it believed that it is in order to destroy the
cantonal sovereignty of the states of the separate alli-
ance that you are summoned to march ; that it is to
destroy their political and religious liberty—to
subject them to the yoke of tyrannical majorities—
to overturn the federal institutions—to constitute a
unitary government on their ruins, and to sap the
bases of social order. These are dious calumnies.
You have to make the compact, which is the Federal
Constitution of Switzerland, respected—to re-estab•
lish order, tranquillity, and the security of the
country—to put down revolt—to preserve Switzer-
land from anarchy, and to bring back to obledience
to the laws and to the federal authorities populations
led away by those who turn their credulity to ac-
count. You will have to deliver Switzerland from
those evil-minded persons, who for more than half a
century have been fomenting troubles, with a view to
pute( equality l
otyf downtbhe
efaoner and
eo n
thefeadl syeirfl
shed and set down in the constitu-
tions
lying pretexts, has confederated
the principles
sdnt
concluded
eost.fh e justice,Th of
separate liberty,
a whichl
alliance,
a n our
ueo
r,
known byf
forefathers established
That party, under
object of which ism etoof the Sonderbund, the real
to keep the people in ignournadoeormine our principles,
and to bend the de-
mocracy to its yoke, in order toe: render
to odious designs. Thism
pious league is A poison

which Switzerland ought to fling away from her
bosom. Thus, in order to preserve the confederation
from such a cause of dissolution, Art. 6 of the federal
compacts declares expressly that the cantons cannot
form unions prejudicial to the confederation or to the
rights of the other Swiss states.' But the Sander-
bund is one of the unions prohibited by the compact.
A private political alliance, forming a confederation
within a confederation, is destructive of the common
alliance; it is a germ of destruction and death that
must be extirpated, concluded as it is to resist by
force of arms the decisions of the Diet, which are all
founded on the provisions of the compact ; the sepa-
rate alliance is an act of rebellion by a factious
minority against decrees passed by the competent
authority. It is in consequence of that clear and
express declaration that the Diet, on July 20, 1847,
passed a decree asserting that—' 1, The separate
alliance of the seven states of Lucerne, Uri, Schwitz,
Underwalden, Zug, Friburg, and Valais, is declared
incompatible with the provisions of the federal com-
pact, and consequently dissolved. 2, These cantons
are responsible for the observance of the present
decree, and the Diet reserves to itself the right to
adopt, if circumstances demand it, ulterior mea-
sures to cause it to be respected.' In place
of submitting to this decision, the Sonderbund
protested against it, addressed to the people incen-
diary proclamations, caused arms and ammunition to
be brought from foreign countries, erected fortifica-
tions, collected together and armed troops. However,
before having recourse to arms, the Diet attempted
all that was in its power to prevent the effusion of
blood. It addressed to the cantonal authorities and
to the people of the seven states a proclamation full
of kindness and respect for the sovereignty and rights,
the liberty and religion of these cantons. It delegated
to them federal representatives. But in vain. Except
at Zug, the federal representatives were not admitted
to speak to the Government, still less to the people.
It was forbidden to publish the proclamation of the
federal assembly ; the Lucernese Government even
went the length of menacing with imprisonment and
criminal prosecution such citisens as should distri-
bute it. Other attempts at conciliation have pro-
duced no result. The Deputies of the Sonderbund,
by making unacceptable propositions, by, above all,
demanding a general laying down of arms, have
shown clearly enough that they desired to paralyse
the execution of the law, to give themselves the
appearance of being anxious for peace, and to create
a pretext to quit the Diet, crying out injustice and
tyranny. They have, in fact, withdrawn from the fede-
ral assembly, and quitted the Vorort, on Oct. 29, after
handing in a declaration and a manifesto already
printed. Such is the manner in which the Sonder-
bund has raised the mask, and thrown down the
gauntlet to the Swiss Confederation. Soldiers, you
will know how to take it up ! In presence of that
declaration of war, and after having exhausted all
pacific means, the Diet considered it its duty, in
, virtue of articles 1,6, and Bof the Federal Compact,
to have recourse to arms to enforce obedience, to obi

tain a complete reparation, and reduce the abettors of
rebellion and disturbance to a state of impuissance to

injure Switzerland.-The Governments Of the Son-
derbund have acted contrary to their duty towards
the Swiss Confederation in breaking with it, and in
taking up arms. Thus, such citizens of the separate
alliance as shall openly declare for the Confederation,
shall enjoy full protection. Soldiers of all arms and
grades, Switzerland and the world have their eyes
fixed on you. The nation places unlimited confidence
in your courage, devotedness, and discipline. To
the fanaticism of your adversaries, you will oppose
that well-considered firmness, that calm energy, that
self- possessed valour, that serenity of enthusiasm,
which the sentiment of a good cause and the en-
lightened conscience of duty impart. You will prove
to your contemporaries and to posterity that you
have not degenerated from your valiant ancestors,
and by your conduct in battle you will add a fresh
wreath to that crown which encircles the brow of our
country ; and you will inspire foreign powers with a
salutary respect for Switzerland and her army. You
will conquer those who would resist you, arms in
hand, or who may have the boldness to attack you.
But, whilst obeying the inexorable laws of war, you
will know how to unite magnanimity to the necessi-
ties of combat ; you will never forget that your op-
ponents are for the most part misled men, confede-
rates, and brothers, whom you have to cause to return
to their duty. Your flag is that of the authority of
the confederation, of the integrity of a common coun-
try which shelters the cantons and their sovereignty,
of Swiss nationality, in a word, with liberty, order,
and security. It is to put down the standard of sepa-
ration, that you have hastened to range yourselves
under the red and white banner of Switzerland with
its federal cross—a banner which is the symbol of
faith and of bravery ; it is to extinguish the incen-
diary torches of discord and to save Switzerland from
anarchy, that you have risen en masse ; it is to insure
to twenty-two cantons a durable peace that you have
taken up arms. A grateful country will recompense
your services, and will take care of the widows,
children, and parents of such of you as shall have
shed their blood for it. May the God of armies
watch over you, fortify your hearts, enlighten your
minds, strengthen your bodies, and support you in
the fight ! May God protect Switzerland and bless
our cause r
The minor Council of Bale has receiveoperemp-
tory orders from General DUFOUR to place its con-
tingent at his disposal. Its battery of artillery is to be
immediately marched to Liestall and thence towards
Soleure. The battalion of infantry is to remain for
the present stationary in the city, but from the pre-
sent moment is to consider itself as attached to the
federal army, and wear the red and white brassards
on their arms.
The forces of the federal army, consisting of the
contingents of de cantons of Zurich, Berne, Glaris,
Soleure,
A Bale-uC,m
Schaffhausen, Saint Gall
Gions
Tessino, Vaud, and rsr a
Thurgau,ag ne,
Ge-
neva, are seven companies of sappers, twenty-four
batteries de campagne, seven batteries de position,
twenty-one companies of cavalry, twenty. eight
companies of carabineers, and fifty-eight battalions
of infantry. The forces of Bale-Ville and Neuchatel,
the neutral cantons, are two batteries de campagne,
two batteries de position, two companies of cara-
bineers, and three battalions of infantry. Those of
the Sonderbund, consisting of the contingents be-
longing to the cantons of Uri, Schwytz, Uuterwald,
Lucerne, Zug, Priburg, and Valais, are three batte-
ries de campagne, one battery de position, 2i com-
panies of cavalry, twelve companies of carabineers,
and fourteen battalions of infantry.

Madrid papers of the Ist instant have arrived.

The Clamor Public° states that there is a split be-
tween NARvAEz and CHRISTINA, and that MoN,
PIDAL, and GONZALES BRAVO are plotting the over-
throw of the Cabinet.
The Eco del Comercio announces the departure
of General CONCHA from Barcelona on an expedition
against the Carlists. The same paper contains some
exposures of abuses on the subject of the capitalisation
of the QUEEN-MOTHERs pension, and the payment
of arrears by the intendencia militar_the steamer
contract, and the accounts of the house of ARDOUIN
and Co. with the Government. With respect to the
last, it says—" Is it true that the house of ARDOUIN
and Co., whose accounts with our Government are
unliquidated, has offered the Government 600,000,000
of Spanish Five per Cents., with 15 coupons attached,
which form part of the immense security which re-
mained in their hands since the conclusion of their
agency, provided they receive four millions and odd
'eats, with the confirmation of their remaining secu-
rities? Is it true that Don CESAREO MARIA SAEZ
went to Paris with a special commission to settle this
business, and that the demands of ARDOUIN and Co.
were granted on September 27 ? Finally, is it true
that ARDOUIN and Co., instead of being creditors,
are debtors to the Spanish Government.
General CoxniN, charged with a secret mission
from the Tuileries, arrived at Madrid on the night of
the 28th ult.
It is said that various new arrangements of offices
in the palace had been effected, in consequence of
the establishment of the post of governor.
The Political Chief of the Canary Islands has or-
dered that all articles coming from the island called
Great Canary shall be subjected to a quarantine ofl
five days, in consequence of an epidemic disease
having broken out. Measures have also been taken
at Cadiz to prevent the disease from entering Spain,
and a medical commission has been sent to examine
into it. Earnest hopes are expressed that it may not
turn out to be the yellow fever.
The Bank of San Fernando has arranged with the
Minister of Finance to pay the dividend on the
Three per Cents. due on the Ist of January, 1848,
It being the Feast of All Saints, the Bourse re-
mained closed.

We have received the Paris papers of Friday and
Saturday. •
The Debals of Saturday states that there is reason
to believe that the Caisse des Depots et Consignations
has decided not to take any part in the new loan.
The National of Friday propounds the three follow-
ing objections against the proposed bidding on the
part of the Bank of Francg for the loan—first, such
bidding is illegal, inasmuch, as by the Bank charter,
the directors are forbidden to immobilise the capital

of the Bank, by locking up any portion of it in vested
securities ; second, that one of the consequences of so
locking up a large amount of their floating capital
may possibly be to render them unable to pay their
notes on demand, which they are bound to do ; and
thirdly, it will tend to raise the rate of discount.
The article concludes with the following description
of the state of the traders of the French capital :
" If we have not experienced a catrastrophe, we are
nevertheless in a state of absolute distress. The real
producers are strangled by the holders of capital.
Several manufacturers, who might under ordinary
circumstances realise profits, are obliged to sell at first
cost. There are others who maintain themselves
solely by living on their previous gains. It is only
by innumerable sacrifices that manufacturers, mer-
chants, and labourers of every degree have resisted
the crisis to the present moment. And it is in pre-
sence of such a situation—in presence of a country
supporting with such great courage the distress which
has pressed so heavily on it during a year—that the
Bank of France refuses to come to the assistance of
national interests. To do so it would be necessary
to reduce the rate of interest. The Bank directors
ought, as they can, do so; but they had rather in-
, crease their dividends.'

The suicidal policy which the French Government
is adopting in Switzerland is the subject of comment
in all the Opposition papers. The motives by which
M. GUIZOT is probably actuated are well explained in
the following extract from the Constitufionnel:—
"It is not easy to explain the conduct and lan.
guage of our Government in
.the affairs of Switzer-
land. Its principal organ again directs the most
violent invectives, the most calumnious accusations,
against the Helvetic Government, the Federal Assem-
bly, and three-fourths of the people. Never did the
enraged journals of Europe load our first revolution
with greater opprobrium ; never did the ultras of the
restoration invent more outrageous apostrophes
against our vanquished armies, qualifying their sol-
diers as brigands. The Ministerial journal, beyond
all, when the Jesuits in Switzerland are in question,
becomes—we hope it will pardon the comparison—a
second Moniteur de Gand, in the service of the
fathers of Lucerne and Friburg. We are very willing
to believe that it is not of its own accord that the
Journal des Debats gives utterance to these declama-
tions in favour of the Society of Jesus. There is
perhaps, in the tone and violence of its language, as
much of discontent with itself and those who make it
speak thus, as of ill-humour against the Helvetic
republic. But it is the organ of a peculiar passion, the
nature of which we will point out. These passions are so
vehement that they are incessantly calling its ardour
indifference, and its rage moderation. Must there
not, in fact, be in the feelings of our Ministers to-
wards Switzerland, something unusual, something
extraordinary, which makes them forget to such an
extent every consideration, every regard for the
rights of nations, every measure of good sense to-
wards an independent and neighbourly nation. This
is the first time, in truth, that we have ever seen
a Government insult another, and yet keep up
an intercourse by ambassadors : excite civil war while
talking peace ; interfere in favour of one party, and
not give his passports to the diplomatic envoy of the
other party ; send arms surreptitiously to an insur-
gent population, and yet keep up official relations
with the Government against which the insurrection
is armed. Such conduct resembles insanity. Our
Government is not only a party in France—that of
re-action—but a party in Europe—that of counter-
revolution ; and it is further a party, or let us rather
say a coterie, with regard to Switzerland. We have at
this moment a small knot of men in possession of the
direction of our affairs who are at bottom nothing more
than Genevese Conservatives. M. Guizot is as much
from Geneva as from the south of France, half gascon,
half Calvinist preacher, and a volunteer mystificator of
the serious cast. He every moment discloses in his policy
deceitful appearances and a dogmatic emphasis ; the
double origin of his ideas, the double education of
his mind. Besides, he scarcely ever speaks on his
own account ; he has always some personal govern-
ment behind him. Now, in the Swiss question, his
inspirations come from passions against which other
half-Genevese cannot defend themselves, though in
other respects very honourable men who hold em-
bassies, banking-houses, and a considerable part in
the Government. When a man's recollections and
passions are at Coppet—when he has among his
friends Conservatives whom the revolution in Swit-
zerland has dispossessed—when he has exercised, as
an influential man, as a banker, as a professor, a
certain authority in the Helvetic aristo-
cracy, it is very difficult for him not to decry
the Liberals of Switzerland, not to infuse into the
breast of one and the other, from Rome or from
London, at Paris, those feelings of indignation
which are experienced on seeing the in-
ternal agitAti.ns of that formerly Conservative
country. The policy of a petty town and of an emi-
grant is set up from a high source, and from thence
when there is power in hand it is easy to pass into
action, and thus it is that our Government has en-
gaged itself as a party in the affairs of Switzerland
—thus it is that it has descended to contraband of
war, and even gone so far as to make its journal
assume the language and attitude of one of the local
papers of the Sonderbund. Add M. de Metternich,
who must be satisfied, and you will begin to compre-
hend the incomprehensibility of the conduct of our
Cabinet."
The Constitutimme is going somewhat too far,
perhaps, in this last assertion. M. DE MI TTERNICH
will not, and cannot, be satisfied with anything that
M. GuizoT can do. How was the treason of Ghent
repaid by those in whose behalf it was committed ?
With fifteen years of persecution. The Absolutists
will use him, and when he has served their purposes
cast him aside, as they have done before. As a
proof of the spirit in which the reactionary party of
Europe are disposed to meet the advances of this
double betrayer of the cause of liberalism, we give
the following from the Union Monarchique :—" What
comedy is this ?" asks the Union, when commenting
on the impertinence of M. GuizoT in daring to
attempt to get rid of his parvenu taint, by allying
himself with the Sonderbund ; " what comedy is
this ? Without attempting to show forth any fur-
ther the contradiction of this extraordinary conduct,
we may at least be permitted to signalise it as a
striking homage to our doctrines. What a dis-
avowal of their proper policy ! what a protest
against 1830 ! what reaction against thlmselves ?
M. GuizoT, the man of physical fact, is
obliged, in order to give himself monarchical
airs in the eyes of Europe, to lay aside all his
principles and all his rules of policy. Violator of
liberty in France, he appeals to liberty in Switzer-
land. Centraliser beyond measure against the pro-
vinces, against family, against commerce, against the
Church, against all that has life, he abuses unitarism,
which does nothing else than apply his regime to the
republic. Be, then, consistent, sophists of the re-
volution I Is right various ? Is truth not one ? If
unitary tyranny is lawful at Paris, why is it not so
at Berne ? Has M. FAZY had any need to change
his theory since he aided you here to exterminate
our ancient Government ? What is he doing in
Switzerland ? He is continuing your work, and at
least he has the courage of being logical. Let us
beware of mistakes ! There are being played at Paris
certain pretences of monarchy which may deceive
some minds. But truth and sincerity will triumph
over that trick. The materialist revolution will not
change its character—oppression is its thought and
intention ; and whether it is called M. GUIZOT or
M. FAZY, it is now known to all nations. It is for
us to prevent it disguising itself under the mask of
liberty !"
M. GUIZOT will probably find that Lucerne will be
the Ghent of his old age.
The Duchess of VALENCIA, wife of General NAIL-
VAEZ, left Paris on Friday, for Madrid.
The Prince DE JOINVILLE returned to La Spezia on
the 26th ult., from Leghorn.
The reform banquets still continue. There is to
be one at Bernay next week, under the presidency of
M. DUPONT de l'Eure. Beziers too will have its
banquet; and at Amiens MM. DE LADIARTINB,
ODILON BARROT, DUVERGIRit de Hauranne, VI-
VIER, BERVILLE, QUINETTE, CHAMBOLLE, PIERRON
DELESPAUL, and LESTIBOUDOIS, together with the
four Opposition Deputies of the Somme, have pro-
mised to attend. Reform banquets are to be held at
Lille on the 7th, at Avesnes on the 9th, at Valen-
ciennes on the 11th, and at Bethune on the 14th.
The following appears in the Moniteur of Satur-

day :
" The steamer Finisterre landed a few days ago,
at Morlaix, 38 Scotch women, who are to be em-
ployed in the spinning mill of Landernau, which is
to commence operations at the close of the month.
The MorlaisTien is to convey a similar number at her
next trip. These women, who are intended to form
the nucleus of the Flax-spinning Company of Finis-
terre, will be lodged and fed together in a building
constructed for that special purpose. Most of them
are young, very neatly dressed, and all wear bonnets
after the English fashion. These women, who have
worked in factories since their infancy, obey the
voice, and even gesture, with a precision which would
do honour to the beat drilled battalion. On landing
from the steamer they drew up on the quay to await
their marching orders. Although allowed two or

three hours to walk about befcre their departure,
none of them had the curiosity to visit Morlaix, and
all took their places in the coaches which were to
carry them to Landernau with the carelessness and
silence of a machine that obeys the impulses of a
propeller. They were, nevertheless, anything but
sad, for their countenances exhibited the satisfaction
they experienced at having arrived in a country
where they were certain to find employment and
means of existence."

These women will probably earn good wages, but
hey will have to work night and day—there is no
en hours law in France.

The Three per Cents. closed on the Paris Bourse
on Saturday at 76f. 95c. ; the Five per Cents., 1161.
20c.; the Orleans Railroad Shares, 1,1861. 25c. ;
Rouen, 9101. ; Havre, 517 f. 50c.; Great Northern,
557 f. 50c.; Avignon, 5381. 75c. ; Vierzon, 546 f. 25c.;
Bordeaux, 4801. ; Troyes and Montereau, 235 f ;
Bask, 150 f. ; Paris and Strasburg, 418 f. 75c.; Tours
and Nantes, 4011.25 c.; Paris and Lyons, 408 f. 75c.;
Lyons and Avignon, 4721. 50c.
MARSEILLES, Nov. 2.-Marseilles and Avignon,
5231. 75c.; Northern, 535 f.
LYONS, Nov. 3.-Paris and Rouen, 9101.; Avig-
non and Marseilles, 5351. ; Vierzon, 541 f. 25c.;
Northern, 540 f. ; Paris and Lyons, 4001. ; Orleans,

1,177 f. 50c.
BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE
LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE, NOVEMBER 6.

Boulogne and Amiens, 14—Dutch Rhenish, VA—North-
ern of France, 111 A—Orleans and Bordeaux,43/4—Paris and
Lyons, 04—Paris and Strasbourg, 43/4—Sambre and Meuse,
VA—Tours and Nantes, 23%.

QUEEN'S BENCH.—(THIS DAY.)
(Sittings in Banco.)
NEWTON AND OTHERS V. LIDDTT.

This was an action brought by the plaintiffs, the
well known advertising agents, to recover from the
defendant, a member of the provisional committee of
the Oxford and Salisbury direct Railway, the sum of
4,2881. 6s. 4d. for advertising the project in the va-
rious newspapers whose columns at the time of the
mania teemed with advertisements, and found it ne-
cessarily repeatedly to publish supplements to con-
tain them. The case was tried at Guildhall before
Mr. Justice Erle ; and the jury, after a prolonged
investigation, found that the plaintiff was liable from
the 15th of October, 1845, and the Learned Judge,
guided by the finding in another cause, entered a
verdict for the plaintiffs for 8001. odd.
Mr. M. CHAMBERS, Q.C., with whom was Mr. D.
D. Keane, now moved for a rule nisi, to show cause
why the verdicts should not be set aside, on the
ground of misdirection, the misdirection consisting
in the Learned Judge addressing the jury thus
" Gentlemen, ;you must recollect that this took place
in 1845, when the rights and legal liabilities of pro-
visional committeemen were not clearly understood,
and therefore you must take into account the uncer-
tainty of the law at that time, and the inaccurate
ideas that provisional committeemen and others had
of the extent of their liabilities; and you must couple
that with that which was done in 1846, and that
which was done after the company kept up a hope-
less existence, and the defendant and others did not
pay their deposits." Now, he apprehended that this
came under the definition of a misdirection. The
defendant—to use a vulgar expression—could not
blow both hot and cold in the same breath; he could
not contract obligations, and deny them in the same
breath. His was an unequivocal act. What the jury
should have been told, he apprehended, was this—
that the defendant was in the same position as if he
were a partner in a firm, and had acknowledged a debt
on the part of the firm. It was true his Lordship
stated that the ordinary law of partnership would not
apply to this case, but surely it could not be said
that the defendant was not responsible morally and
in equity.
The COURT took time to consider the application.

THAMES.—(THIS DAY.)
Christat Kernard, a German portrait painter, was
charged with having stolen three pillow cases, and
articles of wearing apparel, the property of Hannah
Parker, No. 14, Grove-street, St. George's-in-the-
East.

About three weeks since the prisoner rented a
front parlour of Mrs. Parker, and made an arrange-
ment with her to board and lodge him for three weeks,
at the expiration of which time he said he would pay
her from the proceeds of a bill which he said he had
received from his father in Germany, but which was
not payable till that time. On Friday week the pri-
soner told Mrs. Parker's husband if he would ac
company him to town the next morning he should
get the money, and would then pay what he owed.
On the Saturday morning he got up much earlier
than usual and went out. Mr. Parker waited for him
some time, but as he did not come back they searched
his room, when they found he had decamped, taking
not only his own things but articles belonging to
Mrs. Parker. Yesterday evening he was seen in
Brick-lane, Whitechapel, and apprehended by police-
constable H 157.

The prisoner, who seemed much affected at his
position, and cried bitterly, acknowledged having
taken two tablecloths, but denied having abstracted
the other things. He said want had driven him to it.
His whole money was expended, and even his stock
of paints was exhausted.
Police-constable H 157, said he only apprehended
the prisoner at half-past eight o'clock last night, and
had not yet had time to trace the articles.
Mr. YARDLEY observed that it would be desirable,
if possible, for the property to be traced and iden-
tified, and he should therefore remand the prisoner
till Wednesday.
[ln the case of Charles Nicholson, charged with
forging a cheque, which appeared in The Sun of
Saturday, it was stated that the cheque had been
stolen from Mr. West. Such was not the case ; it
had been paid away by that gentleman, and it was
from Mr. Crittenden, a publican, that it was stolen.]

MONEY and COMMERCIAL NEWS
CITY, ()DARTER TO THFEE.
The Cotton Market ai; Liverpool on Saturday wag
rather firm. Sales 4,000 bales. In Railway Shares
there was not much doing, and prices had given waY

again.
The private letters received through especial channels
this morning, by the West India mail, are filled with
the most gloomy forebodings as to the future. It is
positively asserted that if large supplies of capital were
not sent from the firms here connected with many of
the plantations, that the cultivation must inevi-
tably be suspended. What will be said when it is
ascertained that a very considerabfr proportion
of the bills sent home for honour by the last two
packets have gone back under protest. A miserable
plight, indeed, the colonies are in if the representations
to Government made by the acting committee of the
West India planters and merchants, and the exceedingly
unfavourable tenour of the accounts received No
Jamaica and other of the colonies, be correct.
The report of the committee appointed to consider
the affairs of the Royal Bank at Liverpool, made at a
meeting held on Saturday last at Liverpool, was
read
with much interest by our merchants in the American
trade especially, and others also. It is considered to lis
satisfactory, and very strong hopes are entertained that
the proposal for the resuscitation of the operations of the
Bank will be carried out.
We do not hear of any failures this morning, or of ru-
mours of further disasters. Things are looking brighter'
and it will be observed below that the value of the
Public Securities has been again enhanced.
The fluctuation in Consols for Account to-day has
been from 838 to 841. It is stated that some
considerable speculative .purchases were made earl),
in the day, and thus the rise is stated tia be accounted for.
At present Consols for Account are at 83k. For Mel
Stock the value at one time was 84,i, since which a fit
to 834 has taken place. Bank Stock has gone hae'
from Ito li per cent. Exchequer-bills are decieleciti
looking up, as purchases have been just made
India
Bonds discount. The price is now called 12s. Ie
Bonds are also on the rise, having realised 25s- ef
count. India Stock is heavy at 2278. The aspect of 0
market is scarcely as good now as it was at noes. ue
Not half-a• dozen bargains have been reported in t"
Foreign Funds to-day. Mexican was at 151, the Pe:
nish a; 794, the Portuguese Four per Cents. for account
at 214, and Spanish Three per Cents. for account I
27-k t.
In the Railway Shares only one line has been marked
at a premium—the Great Western. In six lines trel;
sactions have been made at discounts. The Shtley
Market, certainly, does not participate in the bunrill
of Consols.
BRITISH FUNDS THIS DAY AT ONE O'CLOC"
(From the Official List.)
,4 185
~A 1
Bank Stock 185% .'"‘-sali
3 per Cent. Reduced Annuities B2NS/6 v
3 per Cent. Consols Anns B3,v„,:rt 847 s eta
New 314 per Cent. Anns. g33/4 8414
Long Annuities, Exp. Jan. sth, 1860... 8 7-16
India Stock 2271,E
India Bonds 1,0001 32 25dis oeg
Consols for Account 93% 841,4 °"/"
Exchequer Bills.
13 135'1'10 8 12 din
1,0001.
500/.
Small
PRICE OF FOREIGN FUNDS AT ONE O'CLOCIC
Danish Bonds 1825, 3 per Cent 794
Mexican Bonds, 1846, 5 per Cent
Ditto for the Account 15%
Portuguese Bonds, 5 per Cent
Ditto, 4 per Cents
Ditto for the Account 21%
Spanish Bonds, 3 per Cent. ..
Ditto for the Account 27%14
Dividends on the above payable in London.
Oct
:
BUSINESS DONE IN RAILWAY SHARES AT ONE (Yet.
RAILWAYS. PAID. PICS SNAILS. _
Aberdeen
...... to -;
Amber., Notting., Boston, &c. 2% 3/4 •••••• r, ....
Ayrshire and Galloway
...... ...,
Belfast and County Down .. 10 ..
Birmingham & Oxford June-. 15
.....--
Birmingham, Wol., & Dudley 10 ... . 1314 %.•• t°
Birming., Wol., & Stour Val. 8
...... to •-"
Birkenhead, Lancashire, and
Cheshire Junction.. -
...... to
....."""
Boston, Stamf., & Birming... 5
...... 55
Bristol and Exeter .
Do., Thirds
...... to •"*"
Buckinghamshire..- lO/. 4s _
Caledonian
Ditto, Half Shares
... _ to
Ditto, Clydesdale Junction 50
Chester and Holyhead... 37%
Ditto, Preference 8
Clarence. .... .... 781,4 ..... ..... to ••"
Do., Ist Class, 6 per Cent... 10
Do., 2d Class, 5 per Cent... 10
Do., Gov. Loan, 4 per Cent. 10 -
Dublin and Belfast Junction.. 20
Dundalk and Enniskillen ... 15
East Anglia, 251., L. & E.
and L. & D.
...... to --
Ditto, 18/., E. & H
.....
Ditto, 31. 10s., E. & H... 1
Eastern Counties
.„ to
Do. Perpet., 5 per ct. No. 1,6/. 13s. 4d - • ..... to ..•
Do., do N 0.2,6/. 13s. 4d.„ 1/2 dis...• ' ~....
Do., York Extension
49
..... to
....
Do., Northern & Eastern 5O
121/2...
Do., Quarters .... . - ..... .to
Do., New
Eastern Union 5O —.. to --..
Ditto, Quarter Shares ...... 121,4 - ••. ... : . two 5-
Ditto., Thirds ... 13s. 4d - •.... to
Ditto (guar. 6 per cent.) ...
East Lancashire
Ditto, New - ......
to
......
Do., New Quarters
East Lincolnshire 12% — ...... to 46
Edinburgh and Glasgow 5O ...... 47 •.. to •••••
Ditto, Half Shares
Ditto, Quarter Shares 121,4 121,e4 .. to -.-
Edinburgh and Northern ... 20
Ditto, New 2l/2 ...... -- ...... to ••".
Ditto, New port 7 ...... -- ". to ---
Ditto, ditto, New ... 11/2 ...... -- • * .to
Edinburgh and Perth -
Ditto, Extension - "-- to
Exeter, Yeovil, & Dorchester 2% - •"... to
Ditto, New •••
Glasg., Dumfries, & Carlisle-131. 6s. 8d... -- " .to ""
Glasgow, Kilmarnock, & Ayr 50 ...... -- ..... to "*"
Ditto, New - ..... to "„jh
Do. Shares (5 per ct. gua.) 12% - ' "
.. to
Great Northern 8 ...... 2 .. to •*".
Do. London & York Exten 2l/2 ...... ..... to •--,,
Gt. South. & West. (Ireland) 35 ...... 22 ..... to 211
Great North of England 100 .....•220 ..... to ---
Ditto, New 401. 5 ...... -- ...... to '''.
Ditto, New 301 ... 30 ... •• to
•••
Ditto, New 151 ll/2 ....• —.- to
Great Western
to
Ditto, Half Shares 5O •• •• --,., ". to
Ditto, Quarter Shares l5 ...... 1., ••• '".
Ditto, Fifths 2O ...... 23% ......' to .....
w
Do. New 17/
Huddersfield and Manchester 22 .. - ...... to
Ditto, Thirds
Hull and Selby
Ditto, Half Shares
Ditto, Quarter Shares ..121/2 --...... ~ -
Ipswich & Bury St. Edmunds 15 -
Do. do. and Norwich
Do., do., Extension Scrip to
(late (Camb. and Ely) 21/2 o
Lancaster and Carlisle.... ... 50 -
Do., Thirds lO - ......
Lancashire and Yorkshire to '"-
(M. and L.) B2 ...... 74 ...... to •••••
D' ' Shares - - • _ ..•
......

ppii
tt dittottoo Thirds
cx Fifths
iai Half gs li. a r e s
pDpoii tt. tt o
Lo si
vQuarterserpof 141
Rh
se
g...
).. .. 38 ...... -- •• "" to
.. , , ii.,2 .........
... - . -ji .... . ...
tt
oo
•••••• —l/ Ms. tp
0 and 8.u.ry::.....i.03444%5. ............ 6 1424
--- :". OW "......--
Do. (Rudders. and Shelf.) 33 ...... -- •.,,,
Do., Wakefield, Pontefract, to
and Goole 47% ...... --" •..... to "'..
Do., West Riding Union ...41. 25..... ---„, ...... to -
DDD oiot..t,,oPddorie.isttoo
Halfn. .
.a.n.s.di.l.aNNT•:eyF.e.((
BA ) 291514
.................
......3._.*:4
..............
tott:
........"...
Leeds and Bradford 5O ~- ••• 87 •" '‘. tO ".'
Leicester and Bedford l6s. ...... ...... to ""'
Leeds,Dewsbury,& Manches. 37th ...... --' ...... to ...._,
Do., Branch % Shares 12% ...... ---- "''... to --_,
Ditto, New Branch (blue) 2% •••••• --• ".'...., to "...„
Ditto, Extension (green) 2%...••• --• ..
-- ~,. "'.., to .
Do., New Exten. (pink) 2%••••.. • 0
Leeds and Thirsk ..—•••
Ditto, New ... ...... .. 17%. .... --
''"'.::: to
Do., do., Prefer., 6 per Cent 3%. ..... --- .O
Liverpool. Crosby, and Sout h- .... to
port.
Liverpool, Manchester, and to
Newcastle Junction 2%....•' --- ...... 0 .....
..... _
London & Blackwall...l6/. 13s. 4d••••••• ---
..... :
to to ;-
Ditto New, No. 1—
..... ..•••,‘
Ditto New, No. 2 3/. 13s. 4d...• --- ... to ,
Do. Extension
Lond., Bright., & South Coast 5015 ..
..
............... 4..2, to
--4—',
Do. Consolidated Eighths... 30 ...... -- ... .to "7.."
Do. Guaranteed 5 per Cent. 9 . ..... --- '7..... .to '—;.,
Do. Pref. Cony. 5 per Cent. 50 ...... --, .. 0
..„,
London and Greenwich l2/.155. 4d... 870 .....
Ditto Preference lBl 17s 2d... -- ".... to
....,
London, Salisbury, & Yeovil 1% ...... --- ".... to
Londonderry and Coleraine... 27% ... --. ...... to
... ... 153
Londonderry and Enniskillen 23% ...... .. to
London and North Western..loo ...... 152 • ... to
Do. Quarter .....L. and B. 17 ..... --, ,""' 0 ---
Do. do. New ................2 .. s'/2"' .. to '...
.....
Do. do. Fifths - .... .to '''
Do. Quarters ...... ... G. J 25 ...... --- •". to --;04
Do. 40/. Shares L. &M. 15 .... ...... to o'''
Do. 40/. Shares...M. and B. 40 ...... 59 • • .... .. to
Do. 10/.... M. and B. (A.) ..... ••••• to --'
Do. 10/. .. M. and B. (B.) 7%.••••.. --i, ''...., 0 -;-6.. 0
Do. 10/.... M. and B. (C.) 1 ...... 5 4 •";, tO .'
London and S. Western.... 41/ 6s 8d... 5434 ""11
.
Ditto New
eNweCwosnoiso. •••lidatedBths. 40 .... . . 8
........... •
. to lo
....244
32V• .- 2• t°
2 .... .....
Ditto New 401. . ..... .. -. 26 ...... --' to
Do. Tenths (Consolidated) 50 ...... --- ...... to ""
Do. Tenths (Consolidated) 40 ...... --- ....
Ditto, Thirds 6/. 135. 4d... --- .to
Manch, Buxton, & 'Matlock 3 ...... --- ....... to ---
Manchr, Sheffield, and Linc.loo ...... -- . to
Ditto % Shares (No. 1) ... 13 ...... -- ...... to
-- .. •to ---
Ditto, ditto (No. 2) 25 ...... -- ... to
Ditto, 1/8 Shares (No. 3) 7%......
Ditto Grimsby - ...... to "'"'
Ditto, ditto. - ' ..... to -
... -
Ditto, ditto - ... to
.... _
Ditto, Sheffield, and Line. 7 % ...... -- ' . to ""'
Manchesterand Southampton 21• A ...... --- ''' '..
-
Midland, Consol. Bristol and Se
Birmingham 6 per cent 100 ...... 117 0....