The Sun.
London, England, 1847-01-25 00:00:00

S N JANUARY 25, 1847.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.

FROM THE MORNING PAPERS OF THIS DAY.
TIMES.—The proposition which Lord J. Russell is to
submit to the consideration of Parliament this evening has
an inherent importance, to which even the magnitude of the
present crisis can add nothing. The introduction of a mea-
sure of relief for the poor of Ireland concerns not only present
interests and temporary exigencies, but the necessities of the
whole empire for all time to come. The condition of Ireland
is, directly, the condition of the British empire. No legis-
ative union can tighten—no Utopian separation could dis-
solve—that intimate and close connexion between the two
islands which has been formed by the hand of nature, and
consolidated by the operations of time. Where position and
circumstance have done so much, it were vain for the wishes
and theories of men to struggle against their results. It
were as easy to change the geographical longitude of Dublin,
as to untie that social union which exists and will exist be-
tween Ireland and England, independently of the wishes of
the people, or the resolutions of the Legislature. Each year
cements by closer fusion the twain branches of the Saxon
and the Celtic stocks. Those giant ministers of civilization,
steam and iron, deride with Promethean sneer the puny
malice of faction and the antipathies of fear. Whilst our
passions are the most excited, and our jealousy the most
vigilant, terror and passion are found equally unavailing to
keep those apart whom a higher Power than man's has
joined by the contiguity of position and the bond of mutual
dependence. It does, therefore, become to every thinking
Englishman a question of paramount importance how that
natural unity which already exists shall be best confirmed
by legislative enactments, and that intercourse which can
never be checked shall be carried on to the greatest advan-
tage of both countries. Hitherto the union has been local
and geographical, but not substantial. Ireland and England
have resembled nothing else so much as the dead and the
living bound together by the fetters of a cruel caprice. The
dead body has been convulsed with painful imitation of its
breathing neighbour ; the living has drunk in inevitable cor-
ruption from the contagious mortality of its companion. But
this must now be changed. The lethargy of centuries must
be dispelled, and a vital warmth infused into the stagnant
channels of suspended life. Ireland must be one with Eng-
land in the participation of her social and material, no
less than of her political and constitutional privileges.
England must be freed from the drag-chain of Irish
improvidence and the contagion of Irish pauperism.
At present, Ireland is paying the heaviest penalty
for the past imprudence and shortsightedness of her
wealthiest and most powerful sons. But she is not paying
this by herself: England is mulcted for connivance at a
great neglect, which time has developed into a great crime.
The weakness or the indifference of man has given intensity
to the inflictions of Heaven ; and England feels the scourge
which has visited Ireland for the omission of duties which it
was once incumbent upon herself to fulfil, and it is now in-
cumbent upon both to recognise. Celtic hunger mad Celtic
fury are gnashing their teeth in alternate prayers and exe-
crations. The redundant tide of Irish misery swells with
ominous din and increasing force upon the high shore of our
cities and chief marts. Each succeeding vessel from the
famine-smitten island brings a new cargo of wretchedness,
clamarous for alms, and resolute in complaint. Bristol,
Liverpool, Stockport, are thronged with this gaunt and fear-
ful immigration. In vain are the necessities of domestic
want and the indigence of native industry pleaded against
the obstreperous demands of this intrusive destitution.
In vain is it urged that the first mortgagees of home
charity are unusually numerous; that the English arti-
zan is working half time, and the English shopkeeper
receiving half profits. Irish want and Irish per-
tinacity admit of no such reply. The dark and squalid
throng that diminished wages have thrown upon the succour
of parochial or private bounty has received a fearful augmen-
tation to its numbers in the dreary multitude whom a novel
and unheard-of enterprise has landed in our western ports.
Strange that the miseries of life should be coined into a
trade; that the blind eagerness of a starving people, and the
dismay of their richer neighbours, should be wrought out
into a gainful speculation ! But what more forcible commen-
tary could be exhibited than this upon the two antagonist
lines of policy which have been taken in two states of the
same empire—a policy which has in one given to unexpected
or unmerited poverty a perpetual lien upon consenting pro-
perty, and, in the other, has left it to the casual support of
voluntary benevolence or the dangerouse license of an exact
ing mendicity ? With such a state of things as this before
their eyes, is it wonderful that Englishmen should look with
feelings of curiosity, not wholly unmixed with jealousy, to the
Ministerial plan of poor relief for Ireland? Is it wonderful that
they should demand an equitable adjustment between property
and its obligees in every part of the empire? Is it wonderful that
they should insist on giving to the Irish the same privileges
which are enjoyed by the English peasant? That they
should expect a country which has a gross rental arising
from land to the amount of 12,000,0001. a year to burden
itself for the support of its impotent poor ;—that they should
demand of its aristocracy such a provision as shall effectually
mitigate the recurrence of a visitation like the present, and
effectually prevent the shameful degradation implied in their
wholesale appeal for alms to the charities of the more pro •
vident people? And is it strange too, that, when they cal-
culate the awful effects which a repetition of such misma-
nagement and of such consequences must infallibly produce
on a population of eight million beings, and of the baneful
influence it must have upon English prosperity and English
tranquillity—is it strange that they should watch with
jealous scrutiny the policy of the Minister and the attempts
made by the more powerful Irish interests to obstruct him in
carrying out a policy, which past history and present emer-
gency prove to be necessary for the security of England and
1 the prosperity of Ireland?
LCIIRONICLE.—One whose faithful performunce of his
own duties as an owner of land, not less than his high per-
sonal character and honourable public services, gives value
to his praise, said lately of the Irish landlords, in their
present difficulties, that " they had conducted themselves in
a manner which reflected the highest honour upon them."
These are startling words. Our respect for .ny opio;oo
ing from the Marquis of Lansdowne obliges us to con.
sider whether we, and the
..pglisix..-eal.)lle...rrootsifyi 'may.
not have done the Irish lendissialeeeesonee ,irrjuntice. The
Noble Marquis confined his remark to the " present trying
circumstances." We shall keep within the same narrow
limits. Let us try to forget, though but for a moment,
that long and shameful history of past neglect and mis-
conduct which has no apologist. What have the Irish
landlords done, under the pressure of the present calamity,
to entitle them to such eulogy fyom an English statesman ?
Let us try them fairly. An objection meets us on the
threshold—" You must not judge of them by an English
standard. They are poor and embarressed ; disabled
from acting in concert by the prevalence of absentee-
ism. They have to deal with a peasantry wretched
and helpless to a degree unknown in England ; and
there is not, as in England, a middle class to share their
efforts or their burdens. It would be most unfair to try them
whom
We will not tr
by an English standard." Be it _seor.e
is V
a class wit?: them
by an English standard. But there
they may be fairly compared. The Western Highlands of
Scotland are inhabited by a peasantry similar to
Ireland. Potato food, want of a middle class, impoverished
and absentee landlords, are facts common to the two coun-
ill the conduct of the Irish proprietors, in the pre-
senttries . V
trying
ryling
circumstances, bear comparison with that of their
Scottish brethren? In the course of last session an Act was
passed authorising loans of money to landlords for drainage.
We say nothing now of the policy of that Act. But when
the first indication of famine appeared, the Scotch landlords
proceeded to avail themselves of the means thus afforded
for 'employing the peasantry. With what result? Sir George
Grey tells us that they have hitherto got through their
difficulties with comparative success. Only two deaths have
taken place from starvation. There has been no waste, no ne-
glect of tillage, no demoralization of men working in gangs
upon the roads. Look to Ireland. An Act was passed autho-
rising each barony to employ the poor who could not find
private work, the whole of the necessary funds to be ad-
vanced in the first instance by the Treasury. Lord John
Russell declared its object to be to stimulate private employ-
ment. Precautions, which anywhere but in Ireland would
have been successful, were taken with this view. The public
wages were to be fixed at a lower rate than private wages.
Public works were not even to be set on foot where private
and profitable employment could be found for the poor. At
the same time the landlords, like those of Scotland, were
enabled by the Drainage Act to afford such employment.
How did they act? With one accord they flung aside the
Drainage Act, and put men by thousands upon the roads, to
be paid by the Treasury. It is now perfectly evident that
this reckless waste of public money was incurred in the belief
that they would never be called upon to repay it. Loans
under the Drainage Act they knew must be repaid, but with
respect to advances for public works Sir David Roach
blurted out the truth at a Limerick meeting :—" They say we
shall never be asked fur all this money we are getting." It
was a good opportunity of easing John Bull of his superfluous
cash. While this reckless system was going on, the land-
lords began to cry out more and more loudly against the un-
profitableness of what they were doing. The Government
was charged with producing all the evil, because it was said
that the landlords of a whole barony could not act together
to find profitable employment. The Government, to take
away all excuse, literally suspended the law, and enabled
the landlords of a single electoral division to act together.
But it annexed conditions which would have secured repay-
ment of the public advances. There was a momentary pause.
The clamour then broke out afresh. The new plan was de-
clared to be as bad as the old. The Government was abused,
and the money was drawn out of the Exchequer in fresh
floods to be wasted on the roads. From first to last the ten-
dency of the course taken by the landlords was to relieve them-
selves from every burden, and to cast the whole weight of
alleviating the public distress in one crushing mass upon the
shoulders of the Government. When we look to the
present frightful condition of Ireland when we see
millions of money expended in destroying the habits
of the people, in teaching them to look to Government, and
not to themselves, for support, in familiarising them with
pauperism and strengthening their tendency to combina-
tions—when we see under the form of law the dissolution of
society itself advancing with rapid strides, we are compelled
to ask the Marquis of Lansdowne with the utmost respect—
If the landlords have so acted as to reflect honour on them-
selves, whose misconduct is it that has brought about these
gigantic evils? Who are " the architects of ruin ?" We
cannet even imagine a defence of the Irish landlords as a
class which would not convict the Government of the most
unpardonable folly and incapacity. We are satisfiedhat that the
Government is open to no such imputation.
ex-
perience it had of Irish landlords, couldit not anticipate,ever
in
time of public calamity, the reckless
which they have exhibited. With English landlords or
Scotch landlords the measures which the Government
adopted would have worked as theyte we e irntenduned to work,
and even if they had defects, piva and voluntary zeal
would have made up for them. Taliseyevfearileodthisterndrenfo•ermre
turned to mischief in Ireland
simply
y
has been and will be pervertedwhoichbeis,
nine
eardre,
gdependentk
a fort
_
ever is to be done for the
its working upon a class
regeneration
t
ihoef
experimentlreland mu shtasnobteebne
done by or through the landlords.
tried too often without successtobe peorsrergeipsieaattieedn.
ent and a surer basis must be found inAthdeiptreear--
sentry themselves. Trust nothingnfeteolintlgie,
odristcirteetsioennsoef nofiena
who have never shown a comnaisoantry.
Trust everything to
common interest, with thdat pse
the adaptation of laws an
.tanm. tointai,tsitotnhs;pltshaentwr
ing and'acting which prevai ya-Ythseomf ts=
Instead of hoping to reproduce the
oruelratriuornasl
eof
o n oEnniyg• 1,
i si
Ili
defiance of all existing facts, tlienngdpenacssieitsu,taonfdthpereiruidshicpese,aswaiiirt
not endeavour to enlist thedrourder?
Why
not blend in his
on the side of industry an
mind the feelings and habltssvhilevhbieeTiuliceaantntottledresootrtooyf with
the interests and responsibilities
lization and improvement. The toil of the Irish peassaanret,besn'et
are told, is languid and fitful and his wretched wage

the natural reward of his wretched work. Yet the mine, and
the railway, and the harvest field of England show that
there are motives which can incite him to strenuous labour.
Why not try upon this singular people, whom English Go-
vernments have hitherto found so wayward, and English
employers so docile, the virtue of a system which, whatever
be its faults, has the one uniform result, wherever it has been
established, of inspiring men with a spirit of indefatigable
industry? Now that an extraordinary emergency authorizes
and necessitates a great reform, and when the existence of
extensive improvable and long-neglected wastes present the
means, why should not the occasion be taken to bring a new
influence to bear upon the diseased social system of Ireland?
There is but one obstacle in the way of so great a good. That
obstacle is—the Irish landlords.

CAMBERWELL-HOUSE LUNATIC
ASYLUM.

In consequence of the want of room and proper accommo-
dation for lunatics in the workhouses of the metropolis, and
throughout the country generally, the above establishment,
standing upon ten acres of ground, tastefully fitted up, was
licensed and opened about twelve months since, for the recep-
tion of pauper lunatics, for whom the several parishes pay so
much per week for their keep, clothing, &c. Il
e asylum is
built for 300 patients, male and female, and there are already
270 within its walls, under the care of Mr. J. H. Paul, the
resident medical superintendent, and Mr.J. F. Reece, resident
surgeon, exclusive of Dr. Dickson, the visiting physician.
The system of treatment is quite opposed to that severe
restraint to which lunatics were formerly subjected, and
which, instead of abating, aggravated, and often confirmed
permanently, the fearful malady of its sufferers. In Camber-
well-House, mildness, kind treatment, generous living, and
the abolition, as much as possible, of all personal
or bodily restraint, are the means adopted, and
most successfully, to compose and sooth its
afflicted patients, and to restore reason to its throne.
During the day the patients are allowed to roam at
pleasure, under the supervision of well-disciplined keepers,
throughout the extensive grounds, and when fatigued from
exercise, or if they wish it, they have large spacious halls,
to which they may retire and enjoy themselves as their
whims suggest. In the men's day.room there is a large
billiard-table, and in the women's room a bagatelle board,
with which they amuse themselves. Besides which there is
a library well stocked with general and popular literature,
and the several newspapers, but from the latter the slightest
allusion to suicide is cut out, lest it might suggest the idea
of self-destruction. Once a week, during the last few months,
the patients have had a dance, in which the males and fe•
males joined, one of their companions playing the violin,
which he does remarkably well. The dance is invariably
conducted in the presence of the medical officers, or of Mr.
Gibson, the steward. This amusement had such beneficial
effects upon the inmates, that the heads of the asylum re-
solved to give them a public ball and supper, which they did
on Thursday last. On that occasion the gentry of the neigh-
bourhood were invited to attend. The hall in which the ball
came off was most tastefully festooned with flags, banners,
artificial flowers, &c. At one end, and over the orchestra, was a
likeness cf her Majesty, with a tastefully decorated crown
suspended above, and encircled with a scroll inscribed with
the words, " Long may she live." The floor was hand-
somely chalked by the patients, who described upon it the
royal arms, those of the Prince of Wales surmounted by the
plume of feathers, and several other national devices.
Shortly after seven o'clock the ball-room was opened to
visitors, and at half-past seven the inmates, male and female,
headed by the medical officers, and accompanied by their
keepers, entered the room, and, having taken their seats,
the musicians commenced playing the most enlivening airs,
which afforded great delight to the patients, who evinced
their pleasure by their gestures and their beating time to the
music with their feet. The visitors and patients then par-
took of coffee together. The latter were not only ex-
ceedingly mild in their demeanour, but joined with the
greatest earnestness in the general conversation of the
evening ; and this, although there were amongst them
men and women who were the most violent when
they first entered the asylum, and some, who had
even several times attempted suicide. Coffee over,
the dance commenced, in which the medical gen-
tlemen and their ladies, and the visitors, had, as their
partners, the patients. The correctness with which the in-
mates went through the several figures, and the mazes of
the dance, was truly extraordinary. Having indulged in
the amusement to a very late hour, supper was served up
to the visitors and the patients, who, having done ample
justice to the good things provided for them, the latter re-
tired to their apartments, highly delighted with the plea-
sures in which they had participated, and with countenances
beaming with gratitude to those who so kindly afforded
them an opportunity of enjoying themselves. The visitors
were astonished at the pleasing spectacle which they had
witnessed, and expressed an ardent wish that they would
soon again enjoy a similar exhibition. Dr. Dickson and Mr.
Paul assured them that they would, as they were fully con-
vinced that nothing was so eminently calculated to restore
their afflicted patients to their senses and society, than
such indulgences and relaxations. What a contrast to the
bolts, the bars, the chains, and corporal punishment which
were formerly resorted to, for the purpose of frightening
(that must have been the object), insanity out of lunatics,
although bitter and melancholy experience proved that such
an iron-and-chain sytein had quite the opposite effect.—
_Dispatch.