The Sun.
London, England, 1847-07-05 00:00:00

THE COMPANY,

Amongst the company expected are the following:
Trinity Lodge—The Queen, Chancellor, and suite;
Chevalier Bunsen and Lady; Belgian Ambassador
and Lady ; Marquis and Lady Northampton ; Lord
and Lady
Monteagle; Bishop of London; Prince
Waldemar of Prussia.

Trinity College—Bishops of Gloucester awl Bristol,
St. David's, Norwich, and Antigua ; Earl Nelson ;
Lord Lyttelton ; Lord Ernest Bruce; Sir Harry
Smith, Bart. ;. Sir E. F. Buxton, Bart.; Right Hon.
H. Goulburn, M.P. ; Mr. J. Shaw Lefevre ' • Prussian
Minister ; Marquis of Lansdowne; Lord William
Russell ; Lord Fielding ; Lord Spencer ; Lord For-
tescue ; Sir W. Jones ; Hon. Leigh ; Hon. Campbell ;
Sir F. Heygate ; Archdeacon Thorpe; Professor
Pryme ; Dr. Cooper; Dr. Aldis ; Dr. Shuttleworth;
M. Van de Weyer ; Mr. Ord Powlett.
St. Peter's College—Bishop of Tasmania; Earl of
Devon ; Captain and Mias Tarleton ; Mr. and Mrs.
Howarth.

Magdalene College—Bishop of Oxford ; Sir Robert
and Lady Peel.
Corpus Christi College—Viscount Palmerston.
St. John's College—Duke of Buccleuch ; The
Chancellor of England; Hon. C. E. Law, M.P.;
Right Hon. W. Yates Peel.
Christ's College—Duke of St. Alban's; Marquis
of Bute

Trinity Hall—The Attorney-General; Lord Camp.
bell.

Catherine Hall—Duke of Wellington ; Lord John
Russell.

King's College—Major General Thackeray, Lady
Elizath Fhackeray, and two daughters.
Queen's College—Lord and Lady Hardwicke, and
party ; Colonel and Mrs. Smith and family; Mr.
Fardell and family.

Pembroke College—Sir T. G. Cullum, Bart. ;
William Coxhead Marsh, Esq., High Sheriff of the
county of Essex.
Cams College Lodge—The Bishop of Durham,
and Mrs. Maltby; the Hon. and Rev. H. Pakenham,
Dean of St. Patrick's, Dublin ; Sir Edward, Lady,
and Miss Alden.on ; the -Vice-Chancellor of Oxford,
and Mrs. Symons.
Sidney Sussex College—Lord De L'lsle ; Mr.
McDonnell, and Lady Louisa Kerr; the Rev. L.
Loraine Smith, and Mrs. Loraine Smith.
Downing College—Prince Waldemar of Prussia
and suite; Prince Lowenstein; Lord Morpeth, and
the Hon. C. Howard ; Baron Parke, Lady and Miss
Parke; Sir William Worsley, Lady and Miss IV ors-
ley ; H. M. Milnes, M.P.; Mr., Mrs., and Miss
Coltman.

Clare Hall Lodge—Mr. and Mrs. Williams, and
family ; Misses Rose ; Miss Kirby ; and Mr. Horsetail.
Jesus Lodge—Marquis Camden ; the Rev. G. Mur-
ray, son of the Bishop of Rochester. Lord and Lady
Lyndhurst are prevented attending by the indisposi-
tion of his Lordship.

Emmanuel College—Sir Robert Inglis, M.P.;
Bishop of Norwich; Mr. George Bankes, M.P.
Magdalene College—Viscount Alford, and Lady
Marian Alford; Bishop of Oxford; Sir Robert and
Lady Peel; Mr. and Lady Elizabeth Lawley; Sir
Thomas Fremantle ; lion. and Rev. C. Leslie Cour-
tenav ; William Wells, Esq., and Lady Frances
Legge, are among the company expected at Magda-
lene Lodge. Lady Wenlock ; Miss Coutts ; Lord
Glenelg; the Hon. W. Leigh, and Lord Brougham,
are also invited.

Bull Hotel—Sir John Lowther, Bart.; the H;gh
Sheriff; Lord and Lady Fitzwilliam, and Family;
Mr. Augustus Fitzroy.
King's Parade—No. I.—Mr. Saunders, Revising
Barrister; No. B.—T. T. Fryer, Esq. (late Sheriff);
the Rev. Parkes, Rector of Hilgay ; No. 13
Mr. Burrows, and Mr. I ryer ; No. 21.--Dr.Locock ;
Mr. Vansittart ; Mr. and Mrs. Barrow ; (Diminock's)
W. W. Lee Warner, Esq.
St. Andrew's- street— No. 9. —Mr. Langhorn
Christie, M.A. ; No. 27.—Mr. Freere (Downing)
and Company.
St. Mary's Passage—Rev. E. Baines, and two
Ladies

Bridge-street (Dyball's)—The Hon. Lady Pell ;
Albert Pell, Esq , Mrs. Albert Pell ; Mr. and Mrs.
Turner, and Miss Turner; Miss Palmer; J. Pell,
Esq. ; Francis Pym, Esq.; T. B. Butt, Eq.; a C.
Pelt. Esq.; IL B. St. John Pell, Esq.; Rev. G. E.
Wellry ; Julius Ark wright, Esq.
Parker's-street, Parker's-piece—Lady Wale, Miss
Wale, Mr. Wale.

INSTALLATION CALENDAR.
SATURDAY, JULY 3.—Sermon at Great St Mary's,
in aid of the funds of Addenbrooke's Hospital, by the
Hon. and Rev. Grantham Yorke.
SUNDAY, JULY 4.—The Bishop of Oxford will
preach at Great St. Mary's, in the evening, in aid of the
National Society's funds. Promenade in the evening,
in the grounds of King's College and Clare Hall
Piece.

MONDAY, JULY s.—The Corporation will assem-
ble at the Town.hall at half-past ten o'clock, and go
in procession to the railway-station. Her Majesty
and his
,
half' past twelve at the station, from which place they
Royal Highness the Chancellor will arrive at
will be escorted to Trinity College by the Mayor and
Corporation. Presentation of University Address to
the Queen in
the Hall of:Trinity Collkge, at one.—
Senate-house, at 3.—Vice-Chancellor's dinner, at
half-past 6.
Concert in Senate house, at half-past
B.—Music and Promenade on Parker's Piece, in
evening...._pi,e-works on Parker's Piece, at 10.
TUESDAY, JULY 6.—Doctor's Degrees in the Law
Schools at 8. Masters' Degrees in the Arts' School
at half- past 6, A.M , Senate-
House at 10 : Installation
Ode, Prize Poems,' &c.—Grand Horticultural Fete
in Downing, commencing a I.—Grand Banquet in
at 9.—Promenade and
Music on Parker's Piece, in evening .
the Hall of Trinity College, at 6.—Reception of her
Majest at Trinity Lodge,
Installation Balloon on Parker's Piece, Ascent of the
at 6.
WEDNESDAY, juvr 7 --rhe Chancellor's Levee in
'
Trinity Hall, at 9.—Public Breakfast in the united
grounds
of Trinity and St. John s, at 12.—The
Queen and the Prince will take their departure in
the afternoon.

VATRIARCH ON THE GAMBIA.
DEATH OF AN laiall . ,
—The following very curious inte.ngence appears in th,
Captain Edward Llyod, of
Limerick Chronicle :—"
Beechmount, near Limerick, died on the 17th of
March last, having resided
.on.,,rt.th-et west of Africa
livtoh heearcse'l e b e d
having
gone to that couuntry
during the incredible
11118 k. He lived h at
•
at t e Gambia
African traveller, Mungo Par.
square,boast of
hi. th..,, wigwam formed the nucleus
since 18" h where settlement of splendid
stone
of the present beautiful .
now Inhabited
p•eri"dos,tarlongY
by a population of
and brick houses,
hospital,and '
rpaaecki os u
as
church,s e school-
house, o ol -
barracks,
and Wesleyan chapel, , r Government
3,000 souls. The town
house, which last cost mama 20,000 L He was rec-
eriarch f
venerable p . o the locality, living
house, fine streets,h
,npi,
koned the
d and dying regretted, not only by his nu-
respecte
'Wren and grand-children, colonists, native
merous chi
but b) the natives chiefs and kines, .
Gambia, far into the interior of that
banks of the
nt. His word had so much influence
extensive contine .
that it stayedmany a sanguinary war, or
among them, wifobcalen
duration. ln the Egyptian expedition, in
shortened its
1810.
he
was a captain in Abererontby's army. The Rev.
• colonial chaplain, died April last of
in an
Mr. Rankin, . .
attack of periodical illness to which he was subject,
flaying suffered much from the country fever. The
c
F 4501. a year '
chaplaincy o• . is again vacant to any church
aspirant who may feeldisposed to risk himself in that
extraordinary country It is to be regretted that church-
men, of all other professions, are found to be rather
chary of the coast, as their hopes are fed on livings at
home."
The Bishopof Sodor and Man, on Tuesday, the
29th ult., was Installed in St. Mary's Chapel, in Castle-
town, in presence of the clergy and a numerous con-
gregation. His Lordship was afterwards sworn a mem-
ber of council, and granted commissions or appointments
to the vicar-general, registrars, and surro rates. His
Lordship, the Archdeacon, the clingy, &c., dined with
his Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, at the Govern-
ment-house.
THEW. MA
FATHER —The following are the par-
tioularb relating to her Majesty's grant of 3001. a year to
the Apostle of Temperance:—" A committee has been
lately formed in London, consisting of his Grace the
Duke of Norfolk, Duke of Leinster, Earl of Arundel
and Surrey, Marquis of i S
—igo, Marquis of Lansdowne,
Earl of Stanhope, Earl of Wicklow, Earl of Fitzwilliam,
Lord J. Russell, Lord Morpeth, Lord Monteagle, Stc.,
for the purpose of creating a fund sufficient to purchase
an annuity of 8001. a year for this public benefactor, to
enable him to teatime his unceasing exertions and most
useful labours for the welfare of milli.ns. Her Most
Graei,,us Miie'rY the Queen, anxious to aid in the ac-
complishment of so desirable an object, has been pleased
to grant the sum of 3001. per annum towards this
praiseworthy object. With such as example of munifi-
cence before those who are anxious and able to promote
so Asirahle an object, we trust that the labours of the
noblemen and gentlemen who form the committee will
be speedily brought to a Close in the realisation of the
contemplated fund."—Dablin Freeman's Journal-

WANT OF SANATORY REGULA-
LArIONS IN THE CITY.

The following is the substance of observations which
were drawn up by the late Dr. Lynch, who intended
to submit them to the press in a more careful form, if,
as was his expectation, the majority of the Court of
Common Council persevered in turning a deaf ear to
to the petition of the Inquest Juries of the ward of
Farringdon Without :
The memorial has been agreed to by men of all
shades of political opinion. Every allegation has
been dispassionately examined. I have been selected
to present it, because I have been known to have
for years endeavoured to improve the locality, and
because my daily avocations have made me practi-
cally acquainted with the wants of the poor. The
memorialists discuss the propriety of an outlay of
nearly half a million of money by the Corporation in
the formation of a new street, which they believe to be
of questionable utility. They are of opinion that if
the improvements cannot be concurrent, the diminu-
tion of disease and death, the preservation of life and
health, are of primary importance.
The memorial states that the ward contains 34,000
inhabitants; that it is principally situated without the
walls of the city, and that it contains courts and alleys
of the worst description, to which the poor of the other
city parishes resort; that the houses are built back to
back, without ventilation ; that the rooms are not
more than eight feet in width, and nine feet in length,
and that they have on an average six persons in each
room ; that the privies are generally under the stair-
cases, and communicate with cesspools, the effluvium
from which is deadly poison to the element in which
the unhappy residents struggle to exist; th.it such
hovels-are unfit for human habitation, and a disgrace
to the city.; that most of them are undrained, and
that where there are sewers they are untrapped and
unflushed, and the sewers thus become themselves the
sources of disease and death from the pestiferous gases
produced by the decomposition of animal and
vegetable matter beneath; that the supply of water
is only on twice a week for two hours each time; that
the poor have no vessels in which to preserve it,
and that in the crowded and heated rooms it absorbs
the poison contained in the animal exhalations, and
becomes altogether unfit for use. This is the picture
which the memorial presents, and to the horrors of
which the Corporation of London is indifferent.
Under such circumstances as the memorial repre-
sents the most simple diseases become malignant.
Scrofula, consumption, and other tell disorders are
generated, and a great portion of the labour of the
poor is lost in weakness. How frightful is the mor-
tality in these wretched localities ! The average du-
ration of life amongst the middle classes in London
is forty-three years, that of the labouring classes is
only t,-venty-two. Amongst the former the deaths
from epidemic disease amount to no more than six,
whilst amongst the latter they amount to nineteen per
cent. From such places fever is never absent. The
number who suffer from that preventible poison is
twelve times greater than that of those who die, and

the victims are most frequently the heads of families,
as it prevails at the productive age of man (from
twenty to forty), and the offspring are consequently
made burdens on the poor rates. One-fifth of those
who receive parochial relief are the subjects of fever.
Nothing can more exclusively show the influence
which want of air and water has upon the health of
any district than the report of the Registrar-General,
from which it appears that in the ten healthy districts
in which an allowance is made of 202 square yards of
space to each individual, the mortality is 1 in 49.
In the medium districts, where 102 square yards are
allowed, it is 1 in 30; and in the unhealthy districts,
where there are only 32 square yards to each person,
the mortality is 1 in 30; the labourers in St. George's
parish die at 27, in St. Giles's at 17 years of age. In
the most unhealthy district of Liverpool, the gentle-
men die at 35 ; the poor at 15. In the last season,
the most unhealthy within the memory of man,
simple fever was the minister of death. In the quar-
ter ending March, 1847, 56,100 persons died. In
Liverpool there was an increase of 13,034 deaths
over the corresponding quarter—in London an in-
crease of 10,000. The increase in London, out of an
equal number of males residing there, was 3 deaths
for every 2 in the country. The excess in London
over healthy districts in seven years amounts to
97,000 persons—the excess of deaths of children in
London is 58 000. To prevent the possibility of
being met with the cry of exaggeration, or the
denial of those statements, I submit the statis-
tics of Farringdon Without. Of every 1,000 females,
taking the average seven years, 28 died in that ward,
whilst in Islington, of every 1,000 females only 18 ;
and in Hackney, of the same number only 16 died.
Thus twelve lives out of 1,000 are doomed to as cer-
tain destruction as if they were slaughtered in the
shambles in Smithfield. It is a most remarkable fact
that in Hackney, of the male children under five
year of age, 66 die, whilst in Farringdon West 128
die; and that of men in the intellectual prime of life,
between the ages of 45 and 55, in Hackney only 21
die, whilst in Farringdon \Vest 34 die. Of 1,000
boys under five years of age in Surrey and Sussex,
48 die annually, whilst in London the number is 93.
I adduce these details for the purpose of removing
the extraordinary ignorance which prevails amongst
those whose duty and condition make that ignorance
iniquity. No sneer or clamour can overthrow these
deplorable facts, which are written down in that
invaluable repository of useful knowledge the Re-
gistration-office, and from which it appears there is a
waste of life per annum of 22,000 lives, by contagious
diseases, out of four millions of inhabitants; and that
by a little care and attention to sanatory regulations,
there might be a saving of 50,000 souls.
I felt it to be my duty, after having read in the
public papers that most ridiculous of official false-
hoods " that the cleanliness of London could not be
surpassed," to wait upon the foremen of the inquests
of each parish, who in the discharge of their duties
are obliged personally to inspect the dwellings of the
poor. From the fbllowing presentments to the City
Aldermen this year, it will be evident that the most
charitable comment on that statement was that it was
made in ignorance and not in a wicked or wilful dis-
regard, or criminal perversion of the truth. The in-
quest of St. Sepulchre alleges that numerous courts
are in the most foul condition, that the habitations of
the poor are unfit for beasts of burden, that the houses
are dilapidated, that cesspools and open gutters are
found in every court, that the privies are common to
several houses, that in cellars 14 feet square, eight per-
sons are lodged, that these nuisances have Year
after year been presented to the Court of Alder-
men, without producing the least symptom of
correction, and that the labours of the in-
quest were useless, as their remonstrances were
unheeded. In the districts of St. Andrew's
and St. Dunstan's the same state of things exists,
and their active foreman in vain exerted all his capa-
bilities. I have visited the parish of Bishopsgate
Without, in which the chairman, who made the ex-
traordinary statement 1 have repeated, resides. In
front, on each side, and at the back of that chair-
man's house, in Dev inshire-place, in Farran's-rents,
in Half Moon-street, place, and mews, in Sherrard's-
buildings, in Thompson's -rents, abominations abound.
The evidence of Dr. Porter before the commission
exhibits the desolating effects of sanatory neglect in
that particular locality, which is one of the worst in
London. Yet the chairman declares that, with all
those nuisances under his nose, the health of London
cannot be surpasse 1. I have been for ten years
medical officer of several parishes, and of a large
workhouse, and am daily called upon to attend
diseases distinctly traceable to the want of pure air,
the best and first of God's gifts, and to the want of
water, thousands of tons of which are running
to waste under their feet. In those filthy
masses of bricks and mortar, rotten, tottering
with age, built centuries ago, reeking with plague,
vapours, and exhaling irremediable infection, as
I have wound round the wretched staircases, I have
frequently been called upon to " lay hold of the rope,"
in order to be enabled to guide my footsteps. Every
house had its victim—there you would meet the or-
phan and the widow, the recipients of the poor-rates.
According to the returns ordered under the commis-
sion, there are in this way pauperised in England
and Wales, 47,000 widows and 120,000 orphans.
The loss in money in the year's deaths, in round
numbers, from the loss of the productive powers of
labour, amounts to fifteen millions, and the loss of
the East and West London Unions is 146,0001., the
greater part of which may be saved to the country
by sanatory regulations. In these crowded hovels,
in which filth abounds, in which no order can at all
exist, where no separation can be male for sex, where
darkness, disease, and death are the inseparable com-
panions of the inhabitants, where the lowest of the
animal wants are not supplied, whore decency is
daily, hourly outraged, where the most loathsome
forms of vice are engendered, where poisonous ex- I
halations and moral miasmata fester and react upon
each other, where health and life are undermined,
where youth is corrupted and innocence is destroyed;
in those nurseries, those normal schools of crime,)a
those hotbeds of thieves and prostitutes, your
la
bourers dwell.
Lord Ashley well said, 4, While such a state of
things exists schools and chapels were useless." The
malaria from the cesspool, the privy, or the seer, is
a sedative poison, it depresses the energies ofvbody
and mind, it saps the constitution t
its
ithepoor fly to the
gin palace for a stimuliistoresieffects. ntern-
perance lends the last link to complete the circle of
their physical and moral degradation. The parish or
the workhouse, or the hospital is the alternative. We
read with horror of a certain caste of Africans, whose
sympathy for filth is so strong upon them that they
preserve the dead until the exudations gradually fill
the hut and expel the survivors. hi this city of Lon-
don, for the surpassing health and cleanliness of which
t the Chairman of the Commission vouches, there is to
be found a parallel to the enormous abomination of
the savage state of existence to which I allude. I, and
other medical men, have seen the dead kept so long
in the odious dens, that the horrors of the grave were

revealed to the living, until the maggots of putrefac-
i tion have crawled about the fire-place, and under the
table at which the relatives were taking their meals.
We read of the tyrant who in the exercise of an atro-
cious ingenuity chained the living to the dead. The
neglect cf the poor and their necessities assimilate
their condition to that of the stili• breathing corpse, for
the cesspool and its appendages are of like chemical
decomposition, and prove equally destructive in their
effects. All other classes have improved in their
social position—their comforts are consulted by every
means which science suggests. For the mass of so-
ciety—the productive classes, the bees of the hive—
nothing whatever has been done. With the increase
of the population there has been a diminution of
household accommodation, which was greater than it
is now 100 years ago. The improvements—the fine
streets in other parts of the metropolis—have aggra-
vated the evil. The philosophic exposition of Mr.
Chadwick—whose vigilant humanity is only equalled
by the power and the means with which he guides its
operations—and the admirable articles which have
from time to time appeared in the press, have fully Li,..:.-
monstrated that fact.
Some persons may be disposed to impute the pre-
sent mortality and that of last year to the scarcity
food. It is true that an inadequate supply of food
has its deleterious effects per se ; but it is still law.r.
injurious in bad districts, as, by reducing the FAIWaY a
of the system, it renders the system more susceptible
of the noxious influences which surrounded it. Ire-
land presents a melancholy instance of the fact that
famine precedes fever. Scarcity cannot be received
as the explanation of the mortality in such places as
I have described. For the records prove that the
proportion of deaths from epidemics in 1838, in the
ward of. Farringelon, was 1 in 102, whilst in Cam-
berwell it was 1 in 262, and in that year amongst
children, who, like plants, are sensitive of atmos-
pheric impurity, the deaths were as 2 to 1, anti the
excess of deaths in east and west London was above

the healthy standard 1,162. Upon the most un-
deniable statistic calculations the inhabitants lose
eight years of their natural lives. Thirty-eight
people die of ascertained and preventible maladies
every day. The city of London, without the walls, and
Whitechapel,are the two most unhealthy of the thirty-
six metropolitan districts. In Elliott's-court there
are eighteen houses, each of which has four rooms,
which contain on an average thirty people, so that in
each house there is an excess of 200 per cent. above
the proper number. Smithfield and the Old Bailey
abound with such nuisances, as well as Cow-cross,
W est-street, and Field-lane, with the adjacent slaugh-
terhouses and knackers'-yards. In Fetter-lane there
are 2,600 people in 145 houses, and in the courts of
that immediate locality there is intolerable over
crowding. In Plough-court there is an excess in
thirty houses of 400 per cent. over the healthy stand-
ard, and in Plum Tree-court, an excess of 360.
Fleet-street and Holborn, two of the finest streets,
are hemmed in by dense unventilated, unwholesome
masses of miserable habitations. The squalor of the
courts is strikingly contrasted with the splendour of
the shops. There are three times as many people in
the worst courts as there are in the better class of
lanes. It, however, invariably happens that where
sanatory precautions are most necessary they are
most deficient. Language would fail to convey' any
idea of the horrors of the black-holes in the lodging-
houses of Field-lane. Mr. Payne recently held an
inquest upon a man who was asphyxiated in a crowded
room, where there was no ingress of air, and the
jury expressed their horror of the place, in which
males and females, old and young, were promis-
cuously. lying, and where such was the want of ac-
commodation since the removal of the dens of St.
Giles's, that the indigent stragglers about town paid
twopence a night for permission to stretch, or rather
to huddle themselves on the staircases. The Corpo-
ration calls itself the guardian of the public health.
It has disclaimed Government interference, and thus
incurred a fearful responsibility, which Government
ought not, in the present condition of the city, to al-
low for a moment to exist. But as it seems they are
to remain in their boasted independence of all obliga
tion to do good or evil by the favour of their Minis-
terial representative, and as they disregard the ap-
peals of their fellow-citizens, I implore them through
the powerful medium of the press, which knows well
how to administer its bitter corrective, to devote some
portion of their enormous funds to the amelioration
of the physical and moral evils of the humble and
neglected classes to whom they owe everything them-
selves. I entreat them to insist upon a constant sup-
ply of water, to cause the sewers to be flushed, and the
foul air to be trapped and carried off by the shafts, and
to apply immediately to Parliament for the necessary
authority to make every house communicate by
drains with the sewers, and to abolish cesspools
altogether. If they expend half a million in im-
proving traffic, they can easily contrive to expend
one-fifth part of that amount in preserving the lives
and administering to the comforts of their fellow-
creatures. , Interest, duty, humanity, economy call
upon theta to promote the public health. Let them
at once avail themselves of the assistance of men of
science (for hygienie is not to be learned by inspire
tion, and men engaged in the busy pursuits of com-
merce cannot be acquainted with it), and all the
evils I have enumerated will disappear. They are
proud of their historical traditions. Let them
achieve the greater glory of raising the condition of
their fellow-creatures in the scale of moral and
physical improvement. At all events, whatever
change may come upon the Corporation as regards
the good of their fellow-citizens, it is to be hoped
that the Government will acknowledge the necessity
which the Corporation have not yet discovered, and
so far make amends for their attempt to degrade one
of the most able and honest and indefatigable public
functionaries in the kingdom, by extending the
operation of his enlightened plan to every filthy nook
and corner of the metropolis.

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS, JUNE 29.
(Sir John Rennie, President, in the chair.)
This was the last meeting of the session, and several
apparently excellent papers were obliged to be read in
abstract because there was not time for giving them in
extenso.

The first was "On the advantages and economy of
maintaining a high degree of cle ►nliness in roads and
streets; with an account of the construction and opera-
tion of the street sweeping machine," by J. Whitworth,
Assoc. Inst. C.E.

It treated of the general advantages of street clean-
liness; the comfort of the pedestrian, the avoidance of
impurity to the air from the decomposition of dirt on
the pavement less dirt and dust being carried into the
houses; a saving in the cost of maintenance of roadways;
and a diminution of the draught of carriages.
The annoyances of the common method of cleansing
were then detailed, with the importance of employing
plenty of water in the cleansing of streets, to liquify the
mud, to cause the dirt to swell and rise from between the
stones, to cool and purify the air during hot weather, and
to prevent the dust from being driven into the dwellings.
It then showed how much economy there resulted from
having force enough to cleanse the streets thoroughly
and simultaneously in wet weather, particularly b)
Whitworth's sweeping machine—which is a cart drawn
by one horse, and managed by one man. It has on one
of the wheels a toothed wheel working into a pinion,
which gives motion to a drum, over and around which
passes two endless chains, passing also around another
drum, at the lower extremity of a light frame suspended
at the tail of the machine, over an inclined plane
depending from the drum frame ; these endless chains
carry a series of broad brushes, formed of an In-
dian rush of peculiarly elastic and durable nature ; they
travel at a velocity depending upon the speed of the
horse, and, impinging upon the ground with a force
which is regulated by a coiled spiral spring, carries the
dirt up the inclined plane into the Dart, whence it is
emptied when the receptacle is full.
Great economy necessarily prevails from this method
of street-sweeping„ and the greater the degree of clean-
liness, and the more constant the attention, the greater
is the actual cost.

The impolicy as well as cruelty of employing casual
paupers as street-sweepers was fully shown and proved.
The saving of the roadway by constant sweeping and
and the dimini-hed draught of carriages upon well
cleansed roads was clearly proved.
A general summary of the advantages of the system
closed the paper, and with an appendix containing the
actual result of long employment of the machines in
some of the principal towns of England, showed that in
every point of view the system proposed was the most
economical in point of cost, and possessed collateral ad-
vantages which, in these enlightened days, could not fail
to be appreciated, both by those who only looked to their
own comforts, and by the liberal minded who interested
themselves in the improvement of the sanatory condition
of the cities and towns of England, whose proverbial
still more remarkable as compared to the
cleanliness might, by the use of these simple machines,
be rend...red
state of continental cities.
The next
paper read was " An account of the sea de-
fences of Romney Marsh, commonly known by the name
of llyinchurch Wall, and the probable origin of the
marsh itself, or the manner in which it was reclaimed
from the sea," by James Elliot, jan., the resident engi-
neer.
Romney Marsh, properly
so called, forms a triangle, the
base of which would heliile drawn from Romney to Ap-
pledore and the apex at laiytne, and comprises about 24,000
acres. It is probable that this marsh was caused in the
first instance by the formation of a natural barrier of
shingle, nearly where llyinchurch Wall now stands, by
which the sea was excluded, and that the first artificial
works were executed by the Romans, when they held
possession of the country. They consisted of the erec-
tion of cross walls running from the natural barrier (" the
Full") to the hills, at the base of which the ancient river
Limene ran; the chief of these (the Rhee Wall) ran
nearly in a straight line from Ramsay to Appledore,
and it was at that spot where probably the main work
was performed.
Upon the supply of shingle from the west being
cut off by the extraordinary accumulation at Dun-
geness t oint, the natural barrier at Dymchurch
gradually became weakened, and it was necessary to
cake some steps to prevent its total destruction. The
irst measure ad..pted was the erection of an inland wall
at some little distance at the back of the " Full," and
afterwards the construction of large stone groins on the
front, or sea-side, at right angles to the line of coast, in

:•11

'~

f order to increase the (tepoalt of shingle. aistowaver, as
the supply of shingle gradually deer. asetl account of
the constant mavernent to the essta lad, 716 fib Mat
escaped in that direct:an was perinanettl/4. The,e
means were found insuffica n a and A. skafe a a,f)f AA"
"arming" with brushwood and timber piling • • ,
This was found to answer the purpose far a cone 4 ¢s 121
period, but it also in the course of time grains
became insufficient, and it was found necessary, at
length, after numerous experiments, to adopt a stone
facing with an average slope of about 8 to 1, up to the
high-water mark, gradually increasing in steepness from
that point, and terminating with a curve of 7 feet radius.
The stones, which were laid in a bed of concrete, where
they were most affected by the waves, were of different
sizes, averaging from 18 to 6 inches in depth, the largest
of them being in the middle, where the greatest wear
and tear took place, and at which point rows of sheet
piling were also driven for additional security.
This plan was adopted by the author alts r mature de-
liberation on the reports of Mr. Rennie and Mr. Walker,
and a very careful examination of the locality. Part of
the wall has now been standing ten years, and has
required a very trifling amount of repair ; while tla, an-
nuli expense la:, beet: reduced 10,000/..t0
vvith rver7 pro:Dect of a still fiTtner redact: fu belag
effect,d, as upwards of two thirds of tha a ark is now
permanently c; mpleted.
The last paper was " On Ocean Stewri Navigation,"
by Captain Henderson, Assoc. Inst. catliag attan-
! don to the fact, that in this great tnarititna leaai..n naval
' architecture was neglected at a science, as pr
by the experimental quadraiaa and Some of the ordinary
steam vessel,: lately knit.
That neither the 1 011ie or scienoe !tad deti viol any
advantage from these costly experiment-, ovtiag to ti,e
absence of any information in a systematic Om that
correctly described the relative siza earacity, resist-
ance, power, or speed of existing steam-ship:, the pre-
sent tonnage and nominal harse power, for all purposes
of analogy, being quite fallacious.
To obviate this difficulty, the author proposed the adop•
tion of a tabular form which should exhibit at one view, the
relative dimensions of different vessels, and the ratio of
length and depth to breadth, the displata meat and weight
of the hull and the stores, snowing the actual capacity for
weight, dedu-ting the engines and fuel, giving the capa-
city for armament or cargo. An approximate estimate
of the relative resistance was shown by the area of
the midship section and other elements of resistance,
and comparing the ratio of the displacement to the
resistance.
The power of the engines and the ratio of the ton-
nage, displacement, and area of midship section to the
horse-power, together with the average speed at sea,
were given to enable a fair comparison to be made
of how far each ship approached the form of least
resistance.

The difficulty of ascertain ng these might be overcome
by the test of a dynam.imeter like that fitted to her Ma-
jesty's ship Rattler, the experiments upon whi ih gave
he resistance at 151 b. the square foot, at 6k knots, and
301bs. at 9i knots.
Some observations of the proportion of power to
tonnage, and on the relative adv‘intages of paddles and
screws for long voyages were given, showing that with
paddle-ves3els, designed for a voyage of 3,000 miles,
a proportion of three tons to one horse power had been
the average. He considered that for a distance of
4,500 miles a screw vessel, with a proportion of four
tons and a half to one horse power, would be the best
for steam communication by the Cape to Australia. He
urged the advantages of having records of what had
been done, and invited builders and engineers to place
in the archives of the Institution of Civil Engineers
the information sought for, in a tabular form, as a
means of advancing steam navigation, upon which the
welfare and prosperity of Great Britain so much de-
pended. _

Several other papers were announced, which had been
sent in at too late a period of the session to enable them
to be read.

At the monthly ballot the following candidates were
elected:...Messrs. T. Cini, J. S. Russell, F. Swanwick,
members;—W. Brown, 0. C. D. Ross, A. Williams, and
Captain D. O'Brien, associates ; and the meeting was
adjourned until the second Tuesday in January, 1848.

THE QUARTER'S REVENUE.
The accounts of the Quarter's Revenue will be
made up this evening, before which time it will
be of course impoisible to ascertain the several
items of receipts with literal exactness. We believe,
however, that even now we can congratulate our
readers on the continued buoyancy of the public re-
sources of the country. In spite of the large drain
for food, and the depressing circumstances to which
the trade and commerce of the country have been ne-
cessarily subjected--notwithstanding that we have
passed through a season of unexampled difficulty—
the establishment of sound commercial principles
have triumphed over all, and the resources of the
country continue to be unimpaired.
There will be an increase on the Revenue of the
Quarter, as compared with the corresponding Quarter
of last year. The amounts received on account of
Excise Duties, Sumps, Post-office, Taxes, and In-
come-tax exceed the amounts received from these
sources in the Quarter ending July 5, 1846. The
Customs Revenue, when made up to the sth inst.,
will probably be not much over or under the amount
received from that item in the corrwsponding quarter
of last year. In Miscellaneous Receipts there will be
a large falling off, compared w ith the July quarter of
last year, in consequence of the sums received in
1846 from China, which amounted to about half a
million in that quarter, and of which nothing has
keen received in the quarter now just ending•. This
will greatly reduce the increase in the other branches,
if it do not wholly swamp it.
It is most satisfactory, however, to find that those
sources of revenue upon which we rely for a regular
support, and which are also the best indications of the
activity of trade, and of the enjoyment of comforts
by the mass of the people, continue to be steadily and
permanently productive.-0/merrer.

THE WEATHER in the HIGHLANDS.
The sun shines out delightfully, and has done so tor
'Some days back, so that there is every rea-on to cherish
the expectation that a track of the most favourable
weather has set in. The progress which the crops have
made since last week is surprising—one can almost
suppose that he sees them growing. On Tuesday a
field of wheat at Kessock, and several others in this
neighbourhood, were in ear, and the winter wheats are
now, in almost every case, in ear. The heads are
beautiful and large. We have had sent to us, as a
specimen, from Erchless Castle, a score or so stalks of
Siberian oats, all with the ear finely developed. The
seeds were sown on the Mains of Erchless, on the
111th March last; and the whole field is now in ear. It
was this oat (weighing 46Ibs. per bushel) which gained
a prise at the agricultural seed competition at Inverness,
in 1845 6. At Kessock there is also a field of barley in
oar; and at Abertarff a field of the same kind of grain
was in ear on Thursday. Hay-cutting commenced yes-
terday, in this vicinity, on a fine field (a first-rate crop)
at Millbarn, belonging to Mr. Chisholm, whose barley
is in the shot blade. Other hay fields will be cut next
weak. The potato still continues healthy. In a garden
at Fortrose an affection, similar to that at Nairn (men-
tioned last week), has been observed in one instance.

From the Black Isle, we learn that the crops are very
beautiful. The small crofters have, in general, a fine
promise of oats ; and we understand that that grain was
sown to a greater extent than usual. On Mr. Gair's
farm (Tullich) workmen are employed trenching, drain-
ing, and reclaiming waste land. About 15 acres have
beet taken in ; and 10,000 yards of drain cut. On the
farm of Wester Suddie (Mr. Campbell's farm) thorough
draining is also going on. At Mains of Avoch (Mr.
Ross's farm) wheat was in ear on Wednesd ,y.
Our Skye correspondent writes—The weather having
proved very favourable for the last fortnight in this
quarter, the crops and the potatoes have made great
little
progress, and things now look very promising, upon the
whole, throughout the island. The oats and the grass
in particular have assumed quite another appearance, and
the comparatively few potatoes planted are as yet keep-
ing
barley he
as
lotvs% this healthy-like, and
is n
growing
doinging quite
vieorously. The.so
,4,e11,
1 this may arise either from its not being the proper kind
for the soil that has been sown, or because the
people, not having been in the habit of sowing this
seedthefpoarrsticimuleartimmeethastod t:f treating have so
it. In
rfkaeirfndfg
eroerno cfo"n
reference other matters, we are now in a kind of
transition state—the people being called upon for some
specific work, in return for the meal distributed by the
local committees of relief—and so far as I have had
an opportunity of observing, the people are very ready
and willing to do such work as is pointed out to
anwtouledmpbleo).
them, and had they constant employment,
suitable remuneration, there
among them, nor need of external aid. Itno is, how-
ever, not at all easyscarcity
to
of ps
or omv iadoey forot. t themhem g 0
iantg hsourau
teh,
and hence the necessity
in summer to obtain the means of subsistence. For such
as remain, the local committees are endeavouring to find
work suited to their sex and age—at roads and other out-
side improvements, as will benefit the community gene-
rally, for the men and lads, and stout boys; and at spin-
ning and knitting stocking, for the females—so that, be-
twee% the difE rent members of families, something like
a subsistence may be earned, when matters are farther
advanced and arvangem nts completed. In the Duirinirh
or Dunvegan local committee, Macleod of Macleod, who
presides, is most indetatigable in carrying out arrange-
ments for this purpose ; and two months ago he pro-
cured a considerable quantity of wool for the females to
spin—of which his lady takes harg
which is made into yarn. Yarnbees procured
by
thhiimong eolrse the
of a ahkavgie orf c
has:l—so a good deal of
netsby old men, who can do
description of work. What,
then, with the great number of men and even females
nothing
mein
ia:cne
who have gone south, and the employment of so many
various occupations at home, if the next harvest turn
ou
promise, matters here shall
halt.e as
tsselves considerably, although
the comparatively small quantity of potatoes planted
thenw elire a
recovered ov acpmp.d ea
tr
will be a serious drawback.—Inverness Courier.

Tu MIRPLELD MURDERS.—Various rumours have
this week been circulated respecting the nature of the
confession offered to be made by M'Cabe. It has been
supposed by some that it wont(' implicate one or more
females, while others assert that it would implicate Reid
as the man M'Cabe saw when he called at the house. Of
course no reliance can be placed upon such statements.
The pelice are still active in the prosecution of inquiries,
with a view to .trenzthen the chain of evidence at the
trial of the prisoners. Some additional evidence of
importance, it is said, has been already obtained. The
Secretary of State has offered a reward of 1001. and her
Majesty's pardon to any person, except the real asur-
deter, who will give information that will convict the
perpetrator or perpetrators of the horrid crime.

FA

- -
IRELAND.
• THE HARVEziT-1 U I'ATO CROP.
DUBLIN, JULY I.—The continued fineness of the
veather eneouratres the hope that the harvest will be
earlier t an the average time, notwithstanding the seve-
rity of the spring, and the backwardness of Niegeta•ion
until the iniddh, of May. The accounts of the grain
crops are meat cheering; and alarm has been almost en-
tirely reemved about th potato crop. In fact, all the
agricultural reports are in the highest degree satisfac-
tory, and at present there is the fairest prospect of abun-
&thee. Meantime, the prices of all kit ds f food are
declining, ant: confidence is in some degree restored
amongst all classes. We subjoin a few of the agricul-
tural reports r. cis 1 to-day.
COUNTY OF the whole circuit of the
Limerick Union the tar wers report the potato crop to be
in the most flourishing condition, and without any visibla
sign of disease.
KING'S COUNTY.—In the memory of the oldest inha-
bitants, never was there such a cheering appearance of
an abundant harvest. All the grain crops are in a very
forward state, particularly here, which will be fit for the
sickle in a short time. -file accounts of the state and
prospects of the potato crop ere still conflicting. How-
ever, in general, we have, to report that the prospect of
the crop is not discouraging.
CoUNTY OF Loanosnenev.—The potato crop—the
brevdth of which in this neighbourhood has been aster
Lined, at nearly as may be, to be a fourth of what has
been uso6.l—continuos to present a most luxurious ap-
pearance. We have had new potatoes in our market
these e;ght days past. As to the disease, we have the
testimonies of gentlemen of c!aracter and undoubted
skill vouching ies existencr ; and, on the other hand, we
have had a cloud of witnesses in all quarters declaring
that not a sytnptoai of it has been or can be detected.
CORK, JUNE 30.—A gentleman has called at our office
this day. who assures us that in the counties of Cork
and Kerry, through the greater part of which be has
travelled fur the last fortnight, the potato crop is most

luxuriant ami promising. He has eaten of as good new
potatoes in the town of Cahirciveen on the 21st of this.
month as were ow used at table at the same period of
any former year; iii iii:ates that from Killarney to Killor-
Cahireiveen, Dacryi a,ne, Ball) boy, Kenmare, and
into Cork, he never saw (though having minutely in-
spected the gardens in that line), the slightest blemish
on a single stalk of that eseul,:nt.
THE RELIEF MEASURES.

The following circular, confirmatory' of a statement
in my last letter, has been izatied by the Relief Commis-
sioners:--

"Relief Commission Office, Dublin Castle,
June 26, 1847.
" TO THE INSPECTING OFFICEII. IN EACH UNION.
" Sir,—The Relief Committee desire to state that the
powers given by the Act 10 Vict., cap. 7, to enable the
Lords Commissioners of the Treasury to make advances
for temporary relief in Ireland, cease on the 30th of
Septem her next. It is their Lordships' desire, however,
to d. continue thesz2., advances at the period preceding
that date which may appear to be most favourable, and
which they consider will be from the beginning to the
middle of Angust, when the gathering of the harvest
in full activity. After that time the support of
ditstit ate persons is intcnded to be provided for under the
:New Poor-law, 10 Vic., cap. 31. The inspecting officers
ere, therefore, dos,red to warn the several committees to
pr,pared to close their arrangements for the issue of
rations .at the termination of the expenditure of the
fends provided for the estimates ending on the 15th of
august. The advan,es for the temporary fever hospitals
must be discontinued on the 30:h of September; it will,
therefore, be necessary to make arrangements for closing
them. and the accounts connected with them, before that
period. By order of the Relief Commissioners.
‘. W. STANLEY, Secretary."
FALL IN THE PRICES OF CATTLE AND