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LONDON, TUESDAY, AUGUST 10, 1841.

ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITU-
TION, REGENT-STREET.
FIRST EXHIBITION of, and LECTURE ON, BAIN'S
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC PRINTING TELEGRAPH, by
means of which a Banker in London can write a Letter in the
Office of a Correspondent in Edinburgh ; the Letter, with its
answer, can be conveyed the 800 miles in a very few minutes.
SIXTY PATENTED ELECTRIC CLOCKS, by BAR-
WISE and BAIN ; MOINAU'S PATENTED CLOCKS;
CARY'S ORRERY, and the NEW DISSOLVING VIEWS,
to which a magnificent Fire Scene has been added.
PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS, nearly Twa Thou-
sand Works which display eminent art, science, and ingenuity.
The Microscope, Diver and Diving Bell, Popular Lectures,
and beautiful Experiments.
CANTON, and other bettattftI.COSMORAMIC VIEWS,
are added to. the Evening Exhibition.
Opens at Half-past Ten o'clock in the Morning, and Seven
o'clock in the Evening.
Admission, One Shilling.

capital in developing the natural tl,dvantages of their soil. •
The yesult does not depend, indeed;'-on argument, how-
ever strong, because the kingdom of Pfasiia, the head of
the Germanic Commercial League, has 'Officially inti-
mated its readiness to revise' their tariff on impotts, if we
will meet them on fair terms. The United States„and
the. Brazils have signified as much, and unless we do. so
before the approaching expiry of the subsisting comuier
cial treaties, they will be compelled in self-defence
impose heavy protective duties oft-British goods, whereby
our foreign trade would become a complete wreck.

tated to have recourse to borrowing of loans; to obtain
these loans, it became indispensable to increase, by:fic-
titious means, the circulating medium of the country ; this
was done by the Bank of England issuing its promissory
notes, which notes soon surpassed in amount the value of
the current coin of the realm ; and as ,;old and silver
could no longer be given in exchange for them, the nobs
were made legal tender, representing, in all the ordinary
'transactions of trade, the value of the coin itself. One
curious exception, however, being allowed, viz., in favour
oPihe landlords, that their rents might be demanded in
cash L. ;Depreciation of currency is synonymous with
advanceiof prices, the latter rising in value in proportion
as the otho falls. Now the agriculturists, who furnished
the food for4lie people, as well as the principal supplies
for both the army and the navy, were just the class who
were benefited in a pre-eminent degree by the deprecia-
tion of the currency, and the last who ought to complain.
Whatever the depreciation might be, it was just so much
profit to them. Suppose, in consequence of the increased
issues of paper, that the value of money fell 25 per cent.,
which is generally admitted; then the Finance Minister
must be supposed to have asked for a loan of 25 millions,
when 20 millions would otherwise have done for him ;
the extra five millions being required to pay the advanced
price of corn which the depreciation occasioned. Thus
the farther was indemnified for the increase of the debt
at the time ; the account on the score of depreciation
was settled with him to an almost fractional nicety. But
though the account was thus balanced between the landed
interest and the national debt, it was not so balanced be-
tween the farmer and the manufacturer, and the con-
sumer. At the close of the war the latter might very
justly have said to the agriculturists, " the calamities of
war, and the difficulties udder which the nation has been
labouring, have bad an incidental tendency to throw
great and most unnecessary profits, at our cost, into your
.hands, „ It-is tlw..kefwg...wily an apt of 114.44,_far
vernment to call upon you to refund some Of those profits
to the nation : remember, the Continental ports being
shut benefited your home trade in corn, but it destroyed
our foreign trade in manufactures; we think it therefore
but reasonable that a heavy tax should now be placed
upon land to restore the balance between us." This lan-
guage would hare been fully justified by the then posi-
tion of affairs, and_the imposition of such a tax perfectly
consistent. Nothing of the kind, however, was demanded,
nor is any restitution desired ; but when the benefited
party complains, the losing party may surely ask for an
investigation of the accounts between them.—F. It is
quite evident that we do not see eye to eye. The very
points which I considered our strongest ones, you regard
as our weakest. I still think that the Corn-law is not
the disadvantage to the country that many suppose ; be-
cause, allowing that it secures to the farmer better prices,
these are afterwards laid out again with the manufac-
turer—he becomes a better .customer to the latter in
proportion.
G. My dear Sir, excuse me, this is a part and parcel of the
wretched reasoning with which the Corn-law advocates
have ever attempted to bewilder the country. If I give
you a sum of 'money for your goods beyond what they
are intrinsically worth, to enable you to be a better cus-
tomer to me in return, ivhat do I get by it ? If you
merely lay out with me what I have given you in the
first instance, why might I not as well have retained the
money in my pocket .? But you do not do this. In lay-
ing the money out you expect value for it. If I give you
10s. more for a quarter of corn than it is worth or I can
elsewhere buy it for, in coming tome with the 10s. again
you require a consideration on giving it up—say for a
10s. hat, which cost me Bs.—this latter sum, therefore, I
lose by the transaction. The annual quantity of corn
required for the use of the nation, is computed at sixty
millions of quarters. Now taking the amount at only
forty millions, it must be evident that every shilling per
quarter which is added to the price by virtue of the
Corn-law, is a direct tax of two millions a year on the
nation. We have only, therefore, to ascertain what has
been the average price between the home-grown and •.
foreign corn in the English market since, the war, to
allow two millions for the advance of each shilling, and
multiply by 25 the number of years since 1815, and
we have the sum required. The average difference of
price may be fairly computed at about lOs. per quarter;
this gives 20 millions annually, or 450 millions which
the, nation has been taxed with by virtue of the Corn-law,
for the benefit of the landed interest, since the termination
of the war. A more perfidious and iniquitous system of
legislation, perhaps, never disgraced the annals of any
civilized country. Unfortunately the mischief does nut
end here—the effect of the Corn-law is to destroy ma-
nufactures and commerce, and thus to deprive the nation
of the very means by, which all taxes are paid. When
will the people be wise or their rulers be just ?
War lays a burden on the sinking. state,
And peace does nothing to relieve the weight.
Succeeding wars successive loads impose,
And sighing millions prophecy the close.

SIR J. GItAM~S
IGNORANCE.
TO SIR JAMES CritAlIA.M, BART.—LETTER I.
SlR—Your Dorchester speech, delivered on the 22d
of July, lies before ine, I sat down to its perusal without
hope, and, therefore, rose from it without disappointment,
but with a firm opinion that it does little credit either
to your head or to your heart. The clearness of the for-
mer appears to have been dimmed, while the feelings of
the latter have evidently been blunted, by the apostacy
13which ledyou to make shipwreck of the principles which,
in eArly youth and the first gawn of riper manhood, you
maintained with all the earnestness and ingenuousness of
conviction. That happy day has long since passed by.
You mixed with the temptations of the political world,
and were not proof against them. They were too strong
for your sincerity. They vanquished your integrity.
You fell before them, and bocatne what you now are.
Alas, how changed ! how degraded ! The promise of
youth and of your entrance into manhood is blighted
and blasted. The once champion of the people has be-
come the tool of their. enemies, pandering to the selfish-
ness and sordidinterests of ess aristocracy, who use and
despise him at the same time. Oh, what might not Sir
James Graham have beeitoshad he never swerved from the
principles which rul,l.esd „Isis first appearance in public
Ar&sithtsr I's' isosi'F' rover)) and- a bps
word to hurl against every renegade wlfo may cross our
path. But the theme is a mournful one. The man who
was carried into Parliament upon the shoulders of the
people, is now, by a fitting retribution, obliged to wander
to and fro through every quarter of the land before he
can find a place of rest,—a borough sufficiently under
control to be brought to bear the obloquy which the
name of such an arch-apostate casts - upon all who are
connected with it.
But now for your oration at the Dorchester dinner,
where, !by the way, I observe that you entertained, in-
stead of being entertained by the electors. Much of,
that speech was occupied by a lame and . impotent at-
tempt to defend the present Corn-laws. Here I join
issue with you at once. But be not alarmed. lam not
going to plunge into any lengthened controversy with
you on this subject. My Corn-law creed is a very short
one, and may very briefly be placed before you. If we
—I say we, because my clerical income springs either
from tithes uncommuted, or land only let from year to
year,—if we get nothing by the Corn-laws, why
should we maintain them at the expense of so much oblo-
quyand reproach ? Why not at once repeal them, if, as
the Duke of Wellington observed, they are not a protection
to screw up rents, but a protection—to protect nothing—a
kind of political prop and pillar—to support nothing—a
figure of speech which had a very telling and thrilling
effect upon the hereditary legislators of the land, al-
though it -only provoked a smile of contempt from the
profane vulgar out of doors ? Why, if according to his
Grace's notion on the subject, they are a- work of legis-
lative supererogation and a dead letter, and not a rent-
screw, as mischievous and evil-disposed people say, why.
not, I urge, -blot out the useless stain from the Statute-
book without delay, and with it the odium and hate
which it brings upon us ? But if, on the other hand,
the Corn-laws are a rent-raising protecticin to the landed
interest; if they sacrifice the happiness of the millions to
the selfishness of the few ; if they take from the com-
forts of the working classes ; if they diminish the
sources of employment ; if they bring upon them ruin,
misery and starvation—then, I ask; in this case, what
right have you or I, or any, to grow rich upon the
wretchedness of others ? Are not the people in this
burdened land sufficiently taxed for the support of the
exigencies of the State, without being called upon, in
addition, to toil away their lives that one master-class
may be pampered and fattened at the cost of all
the rest ? Have you ever thought of the matter
in this light ? Think of it now. As you are a Chris-
tian man, I call upon you to ponder over it seriously
and deeply. Oh, believe me, in the very best of days
to the working classes of - this country, the golden
threads interwoven with their web of life were " few
and far between." And, alas ! those few are now alto-
gether withdrawn from it. What a portion is now
their's, all bitterness and sadness from the cradle to the
grave. Their's are the pains of childhood without any
of its pleasures, the toils and privations of manhood
without its rewards, the weaknesses and miseries of old
age without any of its comforts and indulgences to solace
their failing strength and declining years. And why is
it so ? Why does gaunt famine move within our land ?
Why, in our manufacturing ,districts, dark and
scowling looks liaseet4ll 'all directionS, while men, des-
perate with famine, hunger-bitten, and in rags, talk
with a recklessness of the future which, could it be
heard by the high and noble ones amongst us, would
somewhat-discompose their nerves and startle them with
apprehensions about coming evils of which now, it may
be, in their hours of ease and luxury, they little dream
of, but which, nevertheless, if not checked by wise and
timely legislation, will come with all the fury of the lava
flood when the volcano bursts its bounds and vomits
forth destruction on all around it ? Why are these
things, did I ask ? Why do they exist ? Why do they
continue ? Simply to satisfy the lust of the demon, RENT,
which, like the horse leech, is never gorged, but still, after
every meal,with increasing appetite, shrieks "More, more,"
more victims upon my altars, more sacrifices to glut my
avarice and thirst for gain. Yes ! such things as I have
mentioned may now be witnessed in our manufacturing
districts, aye, and more than such things, and all spring-
ing from the self-same cause. The busy hum of occu-
i?ation has died away in our hives of industry. The
loom is silent ; the shuttle is idle in many directions •,
half-starved men, as I said before, hang scowling and
cursing the authors of their misery in the streets; while,
if you penetrate their wretched abodes, you will find
sorrow, want, sickness, and death, rioting in every ap-
paling form and shape which it is possible to conceive.
Here, perhaps, you will see some lisping. child begging
for bread, which its parents, hungry as itself, have not
to bestow upon it. There, is some exhaused babe, even
in its dying moments, in vain attempting to suck in nou-
rishment from the breasts of its weak and famished mo-
ther—and all this, be it remembered, in a Christian land
—all this the work of a par excellence Christian Legisla-
ture. And when we ask what remedy shall be de-
vised ? how long shall these things be ? .some laugh-
ing demon shouts aloud, " Yeomanry, yeomanry !
Lord Francis Egerton will raise us yeomanry. They will
silence the discontented ; they will calm the hungry !"
They will. The sword is a sharp doctor, but a sure
one. " Order reigns in Warsaw," said the French Mi-
nister, as he proclaimed the entrance of the Russians into
that devoted city. Solitudinem faciunt et pacem appel-
lant, wrote Tacitus of the Germans when they invaded
an enetny's country. This is the Tory.receipt for paci-
fying the people to the very letter. They cry out for
bread, and they arc to have yeomanry. And yet, as I,
obServed before, this is a Christian land, and Sir James
Graham, when speaking of the Corn-laWs at Dorchester,
quotes scripture in their behalf. The Corn-laws and the
Scripture ! The Corn-laws, Sir James Graham, and the
Scripture ! What a trig jnxta in uno What a medley
of opposites and contradictions !- But this. portion of
your " ponderous nothings" 1 must reserve for another
letter. I am, Sc,-

NAVIGATION of the EUPHRATES.
Intelligence has.. been...received at the India Board of
the arrival of the Hon. East India Company's armed
iron steamboats Nimrod and Nitocris at Beles on the
Euphrates.

This gratifying event took place on the 31st of May,
and thus was completed an enterprise of much danger
and difficulty, which had generally been looked upon as
impracticable, and which, in all probability, nothing but
British skill, intrepidity, and perseverance would hate
been able to accomplish.
The actual distance of the voyage up the river was
one thousand one hundred and thirty miles ; the ascent
occupied two hundred and seventy-three hours, or about
nineteen days and a half. The average rate of steaming
was three miles and seven furlongs an hour.
The Tigris and the Euphrates have now been opened
to vessels of considerable burthen, and the ascent and
descent of these noble streams may be made available
for the purposes of commerce as well as of civilization ;
for, although the success of this splendid experiment re=
fleets honour on the British name alone, the advantages
which may be derived from it will be shared with us by
many nations, and, it is to be hoped, by the inhabitants
of the once-famous regions watered by the great rivers
of Mesopotamia.
The expedition was commanded by Lieutenant Camp-
bell, assisted by Lieutenants Jones and Grounds. The
behaviour of the crews was most exemplary, and not a
single casualty occurred during the whole voyage.

ANTIQUITY OF BERMONDSEY.—The parish
of Bermondsey would form a subject of higher interest
to the historical antiquary than the majority of our su-
burban villages. It was from a very early period the
seat of a large and flourishing abbey, the history of
which, as of most of our great monasteries, remain to be
written. Its church had been just erected at the Norman
survey, and the surveyors indulge in a term of unwonted
admiration—ubi nova et pulchra mcclesia. The manor
belonged to the King, as it had to Earl Harold, but one
of its thirteen hides had been granted away since the
Conquest, and thereon the Earl of Morton, the lord of
the adjacent manor of Lambeth, had erected his man-
sion. This circumstance is mentioned in the survey of
the latter manor—" Isdem comes habet in Bermondsey de
terra regis num hidam übi sedet domus ejus." Thus the
Domesday Record unfolds the existence at Bermondsey
at that early period—at once of a fair church and an
Earl's house.—Gentleman's Magazine.
THE CONSTABLE AND THE RECRUITING
SERGEANT.—On Sunday evening, says a correspondent,
as the constable of a village, not five miles from Brain-
tree, was sauntering by the way side of his parish,
priding himself on his knowledge of law, and wondering
how so small a man could carry about in his head the
statutes at large, he fell in with a light company, and a
recruiting sergeant began to throw his military blan-
dishments around. The constable, deeply read in the
sections of the Mutiny Act, imagined that a Sunday en-
listment was null and void, and, purposing to raise a
laugh at the hero's expence, he received into his palm
the magic shilling. But, alas, like many others, he
played with the law till he cut his fingers, for on Mon-
day morning lie was to all intents and pUrposes, bound
to stand up and be shot at for the small charge of six-
pence a day; and as the smell of the gunpowder, to say
nothing of the bullets, was likely to have a disagreeable
effect upon his nerves, he was necessitated to free him-
self from the responsibility by the payment of smart
money.—Chelmsford Chronicle.
Earl Granville, the British Ambassador at
Paris, as we previously stated, was to have returned to
this country at the close of the present month, but in
consequence of debility, arising from his late illness, his
Excellency remains at his villa near Paris, and the Duke
of Devonshire, who expected to receive his Noble rela-
tive at Chiswick, has, in consequence, left town for
France.—Observer.

A CLERGYMAN of the CHURCH of ENGLAND.
Aug. 9, 1841.

TIIE CORN-LAWS AND THE
NATIONAL DEBT.

(From a Dialogue on Board the Steam-boat Orwell.)
G. I do not exactly understand who we moan. If it
means, as I suppose, the landowner and the land occu-
pier, in other words, the landlord and the tenant, then
these do not form a tenth-part of the tax-payers of the
country ; and the portion contributed by them, as I have
stated, is recovered again of the other nine-tenths by a
surcharge in the form of a Corn-law. But to compre-
hend more clearly how the balance of account stands be-
tween the landed interest and the national debt, we must
go back to the year 1793, the year in which the war
commenced ; we had then but a small amount of debt,
m being below the
and corn was exported, the price being 445. per quarter.
Now it is a rather curious historical fact, that about that •
time,home
supplyor soon
of
after,eor
rose population,toa
p a
rf fro
it, and has everov
since gone ft-head ; the laws then in operation, con-
ferring a bounty on all corn sent out of the country, be-
came obsolete, and subsequent ones have been enacted,
imposing a duty on all that comes in (agriculturists
must be privileged): this transition, in being
an exporting country to an importing one, was
greatly in favour of the land, and tended to
enhance its value, and had . the peace continued,
and - a natural order of things followed, all would
have been well ' • but instead of this we had the war, and
with it the high war prices; these prices were occasioned,
Ist, by the continental ports being shut ; 2dly, by the
foreign corn being required for the use of the foreign
armies ; and 3dly, by heavy import charges, necessary in
time of war to cover freight, insurance, and risks ;
under these and other circumstances, the cost of obtain-
ing corn amounted almost to a prohibition, and the Eng-
lish farmer entered the home market without a compe-
titor, demanded the full price which this order of things
created, and pocketed enormous and unearned profits at
the nation's expense : no wonder, then, that the value of
land increased during the war to double and treble its
former amount ; that rents rose in proportion ; and that
a jovial and luxuriant tenantry was the result.
Who rides his hunter, who his horse adorns,
Who drinks his wine, and his disbursement scorns ;
and loves to show he can,
a shrewd observer of human r turned the gentleman.
So sangso
ai
sf
sr
theeuefflyo lkai rrp' emos
farmer
t
na-
ture, and fond of sketching the prominent characters
around him. It is a great and popular delusion, and
which still hangs over the minds of many, to regard this
as a period of national prosperity ; it was one of misery
and calamity, and if proof be yet wanted, it may
be found in our 800 millions of debt ! One-fourth of
this sum, or 200 millions, passed into the pockets of
.j the agriculturists in the shape of war prices. The war
worked well for them, but it...worked agaitrtst. the country.
Their profit was the nation's loss. .to meet this order
of things, the Finance Minister of the day was necessi-

THE TWo JOHN WICKLIYFES ; REMARK-
ABLE FACT.-It is an extraordinary fact, but not the less
true, that there were living at the same period two John
Wickliffes—both born about the same tune, both edu-
cated as ecclesiastics at Oxford, and becoming there
the heads of houses, the one of Canterbury, the other
of Baliol—both Prebendaries, the one of Worcester,
the other of Chichester—and both dying within a year
of each other. This is the more remarkable, as the
name of Wickliffe is a local one, and the only locality
in England bearing the name is the village about six
miles from the town of Richmond, in Yorkshire, where
the Reformer is said to have been born in or about the
year 1804. This fact may not only clear him from se-
veral apparent inconsistencies of conduct, but from
the graver charge preferred by Anthony Wood,
Dr. Fell, Bishop of Oxford, and other writers, that
the zeal which he displayed in withstanding the
errors of Papacy, was occasioned by nothing else than
the loss of the Wardenship of Canterbury Hall, Ox-
ford, of which they say he.was first deprived by Arch-
Bishop Langliam, and finally by Pope Urban the Fifth,
and that " what he afterwards did was merely out of re-
venge, and not all of conscience, and that being a man
of good parts, he exercised them to an evil end." Light
is, however, thrown upon these matters by the dis-
covery of the fact, that the Warden of Canterbury Hall
and the Reformer were two distinct individuals, which
is clearly and satisfactorily established in an article from
which this is abridged, in the Gentleman's Magazine
for August.

VORACITY OF TUE SNAKE.--Last week, a
young man, named Scnclle, killed a snake while lying
dormant at Burlinch, near Taunton ; and, on opening it,
found a large weak' in a perfect state, which could only
have been swallowed a little time previously.—Salisbury
&rale,