The Sun.
London, England, 1841-11-19 00:00:00

interest of the labourers, while the landlords as-
sert that their sole object is to increase the sum
of employment and benefit the working classes.
Without saying, at present, whether the master
manufacturers or the landlords are most justly
accused of grinding down the labourers--though
we may remark, that the landlords are guaran-
teed in possession of the soil to protect the com-
munity, while on the manufacturers no exclu-
sive privileges are conferred, but they are left to
struggle like all other men for what they can
get,—without pretending to decide between the
accusations of these rivals in gathering wealth,
the fact unhappily, most unhappily, is, that the
wages of the labouring classes are in many cases
reduced to the very lowest pittance which can
support existence, and their food is of the most
common and scanty description. Thousands of
the people are living on 2d. a day each, and if
we could penetrate into the cabins of Ireland,
we should probably there find that many thou-
sands have not so much. Day after day do we
read accounts of mothers studying how they
shall lay out a penny to most advantage for a
family, for a single penny is all that they have
to buy a meal with.

commerce. Their numbers aretot estimated like those
of the other classes; by hundreds, by thousands, or even
by hundreds of thousands, but by millions ! It is by
their labour that our machinery is constructed and kept
in motion ; and it is by their industry and ingenuity
that we are enabled easily to support burdens that could
hardly be supported by any other people. Everything,
then, that may have the slightest tendency to depress
their condition, or to sink them in the scale of society,
ought to be most particularly guarded against. Those
who feed and clothe all the rest, ought themselves to ba
well fed and well clothed. They am the foundation of
the social pyramid; and so long as the standard of natu-
ral or necessary wages continue high, this foundation
will be solid and secure ; for, so long will the labourers
be industrious and orderly.. Bata this_standard be per-
manently reduced, if the labourers be once brought to
place their principal dependence on the cheapest food,
and to rest satisfied with mere necessaries, the want of
sufficient motives to exertion will infallibly render them
idle and dissipated. The spirit of industry, by which
they ara now so eminently distinguished, will evaporate;
and with it the morals, prosperity, and tranquillity of
Britain !"

We are reminded by a Correspondent, whose

significant signature ‘‘ No Jobber," suggests a
host of unpleasant suspicions as to the motives
of those who are so eager to get our population
transported to the colonies at the public ex-
pense, of the great sums of money which Colonel
GAWLER and other Governors of South Australia
have expended in that colony. Its fictitious
prosperity has been supported by drafts on the
Exchequer. The other model colony, on the
WAKEFIELD principle, which a Company

Whose especial fault is it that the population
of this great country, abounding in all the ele-
ments of prosperity and we.dth, are in this con-
dition, we do -not now say. We content our-
selves with reminding our readers that the le•
gislative power has, for a long period, been al-
most wholly in the hands of the landlords and
the clergy, and that they arc chiefly responsible
lb,: this sorry condition of the labouring classes.
Ir they allege, retreating behind a false theory,
that they cannot help extreme poverty, that it
is the consequence of a too rapid increase in po-
pulation, and a too slow increase of subsistence,
and that things have been so ordained by Divine
Providence, the retort is, that, by undertaking
to rule and govern society, interfering with
every part of it, particularly with its subsist-
ence, they virtually undertake to shield the
people from poverty and misery; and must, there-
fore, be either most contemptible charlatans or
most guilty law-makers, whenever poverty and
misery exist, It is their duty, in order to pro-
vide for the security of property and the safety
of individuals, to take care that the bulk of the
people be well and sufficiently fed.
When men are exposed to severe hunger, as
happens in cases of shipwreck, they are known
to turn cannibals,—the stronger kill the weaker,
or they cast lots who shall die, and they drink
their comrades' blood, and feed on their quiver-
ing limbs. An approximation to that most hor-
rible and appalling condition is brought about in
every society by deficiency of food. Against ex-
treme poverty and hunger, neither life nor pro
perty can be safe, and the surest way to render
both insecure, and make a people retrograde
from civilisation into barbarism, is to approxi-
mate them to the condition of mariners forced
by hunger to become cannibals.
Without insisting on this extreme case, which
the wisdom of those who devised humane poor-
laws endeavoured to make impossible, thougl,
now, we are afraid, very flr from being so, let
place before our readers some of the disadvan-
tages to the whole community of that low rate
of wages which at present prevails in many em-
ployments, and which the landlords and the
mill-owners accuse each other of causing, and of

has begun in New Zealand, has ;been
too short a time established to enable us to form
an opinion of its results. To the New Zealand
Company, indeed, which a few days ago declared
a dividend of ten per cent., it seems eminently
profitable ; and when. such large. interest can be
!nade on capital invested in London, by selling
land in the Southern Ocean, we cannot be sur-
prised that there should be a great multitude of
persons ready to recommend emigration. It is
certainly suspicious, however, that few or none
of the advocates of emigration try it themselves;
:hey prefer reaping tln harvest at home to break-

lug up- the ground at the antipodes. Our Cor-
:espondent; who writes from the City, and who
knows, we presume, something of the jobbers in
That quarter, has made us look on the emigration.
;cherne in a worse light than before.
We should like its advocates to inform us
what classes are to be transported. The present
system is intended to give a stimulus to agricul-
ture at home, the Legislature must expect it

probably to want all the hands now engaged in
it, and few of the agricultural population can be
spared. The population which must be sent
Abroad to relieve distress are the manufacturing
trtisans, whom the landlords will not allow to
,lave work and food at home. What spinners
and hand-loom weavers can do in agricultural
colonies we are not aware ; and we should con-
; der it the height of cruelty to send such men
to grub for a living to the untenanted wilderness.
Let its also observe that the condition of Ca-
aada may serve to typify the condition of most
)f the colonies which may now be formed by
iligland. There the dissensions between dif-
i'erent parties are notorious ; the quarrel between
the aristocracy and democracy led to a
:ebellion in. Upper Canada, and now con-
tinually threatens its peace. So, or worse,
ill it be with every colony now esta-
blished by England. It will carry with it the
seeds of a contest, which, sooner or later, will
involve it in confusion. Those who, however, go
.o the United States, become absorbed in its po-
pulation ; they must conform to democratic
asages : and dissensions would be avo:ded, while
the public funds would be spared, by giving us
:me trade, and allowing the stream of emigration
to set in strongly, if the people were that way
inclined, to the United States. Instead of ex-
tending enmities and multiplying points of col-
lision, as would be the case with emigration to
Canada, emigration to the United States would
tend our friendships, and multiply the bonds of
_unity and peace.

desiring to cause.
" If the condition of the labourer," says Mr.
M'CuLLocu, in his "Essay on the Circumbtance.,
which Determine the Rate of Wages,*" be de-
pressed— •

" The prosperity of the other classes can rest on no solid
or secure foundation. The labourers always form the great
bulk of the society ; and wherever their wages are re-
duced to the lowest limits, they must, of necessity, livt
on the coarsest and scantiest fare. Men placed uncle'
such circumstances are without any sufficient motive to
be industrious, and, instead of activity and enterprise,
we have sloth, barbarism, and ignorance. The example
of such individuals, or bodies of individuals, as submit
quietly to have their wages reduced, and who are content
if they get only the mere necessaries of life, ought never
to be held up for public imitation. On the contrary.
every thing should be done to make such apathy be es-
teemed disgraceful. The essential interests of society
require that the rate of wages should be elevated as high
as possible—that a taste for the comforts, luxuries, and
enjoyments of human life, should be widely diffused, and,
if possible, interwoven with the national habits and pre-
judices. A low rate of wages, by rendering it impossible
for increased exertions to obtain any considerable increase
of comforts and enjoyments, effectually hinders any such
exertions from ever being made, and is, of all others, the
most powerful cause of that idleness and apathy that
contents itself with what can barely continue animal

The Morning Post seems fairly to have lost its I
wits since it became aMinisterial J ournal,and gives
itself as many pert, ridiculous airs as a flaunting
lady's-maid would be apt to do, who should sud-
denly find herself raised above her natural level.
We can imagine how such an unduly elevated
baggage would act. She would turn up her
dose at all whom she absurdly imagined were
ler inferiors in station; talk of her gentility; and
anise the rabble in language borrowed—and
vulgarised in the borrowing—from the fashion-
able Exclusives of the West-end. Just so
is the.. Post now acting. It is a lady's-maid
fancying, herself turned into a fine lady, and
called up from the butler's pantry into the draw-
ing-room. To drop metaphor, our shallow-pated
Contemporary cannot get over the fact that it
is thought worthy to be considered a Govern-
ment organ. It no longer knows itself; is ut-
terly oblivious of the past; and imagines that its
political existence is now first begun. It dates
from the day when the Tories, like the Goths
and Vandals of old, made a successful irruption
into the rich and sunny Italian clime of the Trea-
sury Bench. We hear no more talk of sympathy
with the people,who were declared to be oppressed,
rampled on, and deluded by the triumphant
Whigs; all this is clean washed away from the Post's
recollection ; and it now sees no party worth
an instant's thought, but that which acknow-
ledges Sir ROBERT PEEL as its head, and is
graciously vouchsafed to consider our Contem-
`porary as an inferior organ. The " shocking
vulgarity," " the Satanic ingenuity," the " dia-
bolical spirit" of that "crew of miscreants," the
Opposition Press, who are doing all they can to
disembarrass the country of the heavy load of
Toryism under which it is labouring, like the
Titan of old beneath Mount 2Etna s—these are
the themes which our fair Contemporary has now
most at heart, and which she discusses with a
flippancy that betrays the Parvenue in every sen-
tence. And wherefore all this vixen spite?
Simply and solely because the Liberal Journals,
The Sun among the number, are daily blurting
out more strong, bold, home truths than suit the
delicate sensibilities of Toryism ! They are

existence.
" The state of the peasantry of Ireland furnishes a
striking example of the disastrous effects resulting from
the depressed condition of the labouring classes. Thi
natural or necessary rate of wages is there determined
by the lowest possible standard. Having no taste for
conveniences or luxuries, the labourers of Ireland are
satisfied if they obtain a sufficient supply of potatoes.
But ' as the potato is raised at less expense than any
other species of food hitherto cultivated is Europe, and
as the wages of labour must, in a country where it forms
nearly the sole subsistence cf the labourers, be chiefly
determined_by the cost of its production, it is easy to see
that they must be reduced to a state of extreme, and
almost irremediable distress, whenever-the root happens
to be deficient. When the standard of natural or neces-
sary- wages is high—when wheat and beef, for example.
form the principal part of the food of the labourer, and
porter and beer the principal part of his drink—he can
bear to retrench in a period of scarcity. Such a man
has room to fall ; he can resort to a cheaper species of
food—to barley, oats, rice, and potatoes. But he who is
habitually and fed on the very cheapest spe-
cies of food, has plainly nothing to resort to when de-
prived of it. Labourers placid in this situation are ab-
solutely cut off from every resource. You may take from
an Englishman, but you cannot take from an Irishman.
The latter is already so low, he can fall no lower : lit
is placed on the very verge of existence : His wages,
being regulated by the price of potatoes, will not buy
him wheat, or barley-, or oats ; whenever, therefore, the
.supply of potatoes fails, it is next to impossible he can
escape falling a sacrifice to famine !"
To the condition when nothing can be taken
from an Englishman who lives on 2d: a day, our
people are rapidly sinking. Whatever may be
the cause, it is the duty of the Legislature to
remove it, lest the peace of society and the se-
curity of property be seriously compromised.
To show to what extent other classes are in-
terested in the well-being of labourers, now re-
duced to live on the scantiest portion of the worst
fare, we will quote two other passages from the
same Essay, and leave them to make their own
impression on the reader :
" It is of equal importance to the peace and good order
of society, as to the comfort and happiness of indviduals,
that the standard of natural wages should be maintained
at as high an elevation as possible. The higher the
notions the labouring classes entertain of what is neces-
sary for their comfortable subsistence, and the greater
the number of their artificial wants, the more secure is
their coation. =-"When a revulsion takes place in any of
the great departments of industry, or when the crops fail,
the labourer who has been in the enjoyment of a con-
siderable amount of luxuries, can, by parting with them,
still obtain a sufficient supply of necessaries. Bat he
who is divested of all artificial wants, who is never seen
in an alehouse nor a tobacconist's, who cares neither fcr
comfortable clothes nor comfortable lodging, and who is
satisfied if he has as many potatoes as will enable him
to subsist and continue his race, can make no retrench-
ment. Such a man cannot part with what is convenient
to obtain what is necessary. His subsistence having
been reduced to a minimum, famine must unavoidably fol-
low any reduction of its quantity. But if such must be
the fate of those who are placed so very near the verge
of existence, what must be the fate of the richer class of
citizens, if there be any such amongst them, when the
crop happens to be deficient ? It is a just obseryation of
Lord Bacon that ' Of all rebellions those of •the b611.:i are
de worst.' is it possible for human beings, placed under
such dreadful circumstances, to be quiet, orderly, and
peaceable, and to respect the rights of others ? Is it to
be supposed, that those who have no property will sub-
mit to be starved, Nvithout previously attempting to seize
on that of others ? . . . It is idle to euppo3e that the right
of property should ever be respected by those who are
themselves utterly, destitute of all property, and whore
wages are totally incompetent to afford them the means cf
acquiring it. Such persons will be rather disposed to
regard it as a bulwark, thrown up to secure the interests
Of a few favourites of fortune, than as contributing essen-
tially to the public welfare. It is in those countries only
where labour is well rewarded, and where the mass of
the people are placed in a situation to accumulatewealth,
that they acquire a stake in the hedge, and are, in con-
sequence, made to feel a direct personal interest in the
Support of all those great fundamental principles essen-
tid to the existence of society, which they otherwise
regard either with indifference or aversion, and which
the slightest provocation is sufficient to induce them to
attack."'
`,` Nothing, therefore, we repeat it again, can be so sig-
nally disadvantageous, so overwhelmingly. disastrous to
any pecipte, • as a perinenent depression in the rate of
oe!'h
lire e Pei da
agriculture,eaa thatgt
wages, or • a decline in the opinions of the labouring
d
class, respecting what is necessary for their comfortable
lwolllgeredetphie.esrsaetei
aed d, cent subsistence. No country can be flourishing
are the sinews ofPrEasdteinsboisfulorhwigh;
.andThneonleabcoatnircb,res
rugha,nulsfa2c6t.ures, and of

making too deep an impression on the popular
mind; they are stripping the mask off cant and
hypocrisy;• they are teaching the people to dis-
criminate between the true and the false in

legislation; and are consequently making
Ministers so exceedingly uneasy in their
seats, that our Contemporary deems it her
bounden duty to come to the rescue
of these unhappy men..
" A Marmion to the
rescue, Ho!" Alas, our Contemporary is no Mar-
uuon, but rather a Mrs. Partington, who, full

of a fine sympathy for her genteel neighbours,
once rushed out of doors with a mop-stick in her
hand, to stave off the encroachments of that
vulgar Radical, the Atlantic ! lire should strongly
advise the Post to stick to its old line of duty,
and cultivate a gentle, decorous demea-
nour, as becomes a prim lady's-maid.
ft was always great in fashionable tittle-tattle ;
always so laudably pains-taking
in its announce-
ments, of aristocratic" Arrivals and Departures,'?
that he must have been a shrewd Lord who
could have moved a yard from his door without
our Contemporary gaining cognizance of his
:,!:)vements; and we can bear testimony to its
elope-
:.lent was on the tapir. Let it return then to
early intelligence whenever a West-end elope-
Ihese amusing chroniclings, and cease to
embark on a crusade against the Opposition
Press. The sword is not for the hands of a fine
I"dY'E-maid. The needle, the thimble, and the
t7iread, are her fittest implements of power.
Should our fair Contemporary, however, despise
our friendly warning,
and persevere in her pre-
sent ridiculous hallucination, we shall certainly
Feel it no more than our duty to advise the issu-
ing of a
Commission de Lunatico Inquireudo
against her.
_

We have little roolli for comment on the meet_
ing held at Plymouth on Wednesday, to vote
an address of congratulation to Lord JOHN
RUSSELL, on his arrival in that gurter. ' We can-
not, however, omit to notice the impartial
Lnd judicious conduct of the Chairman, Mr
SOLTAN, the Mayer of the Borough, during
the occasional interruptions caused by the

THE SUN, LONDON. FRiDAY, NOVEMBER 19. 1841.

Chartists. He gave a fair hearing to all parties, I
allowed the Whigs to praise Lord J. RUSSELL,
and the Chartists to abuse him and his party, and
thereby secured that respect and authority which
are invariably the reward of even-handed jus-
tice. Mr. SMITH told some truths which Lord
JOHN and the old Whig party would do well
to• remember. They had in 1833 the most
glorious opportunity that ever fell to the
- lot of any Government, of rooting up
the seeds of Toryism, and improving and
rendering popular the institutions of the
country ; but they became .affaid of the people
who carried them into power, they truckled
.
to their political enemies, and are now
reaping their reward. Let us hope, how-
ever, that they will be benefited by adversity,
and see that, without the lower classes, their prin-
ciples of government can never prevail against
the grasping power and selfish interests of the
Church and the aristocracy.

By the Quadruple Treaty of 1834, France
recognised the , abolition of the Salic law in.
Spain. While Duke 'of ORLEANS, King Louis
PHILIPPE signed a protest against the aboli-
tion of that law, as a junior Member
of the Bourbon family, in conjunction
with the then reigning Sovereigns of
France and Naples; but when revo-
lution placed him upon the Throne of
France, he united with England in acknow-
ledging the validity of an act by which the
Crown of Spain was made to descend upon
the head of an infant female to the
prejudice of the claims of the brother of
the late Sovereian. Upon this inconsistent
conduct the Times of this morning has a
clever article, which we notice for the purpose of
correcting a very serious error into which the
writer appears to us to have fallen. The Times

says :--
The only solution. which we can suggest to the inex
plicable and inconsistent course which has been pursues
by the Cabinet of the Tuileries on Spanish affairs for the
last ten years, is that the interest or policy of the family
has invariably been thwarting the policy and in-
frirvring the good faith of the nation. As long
as e'Don Carlos held the mountains of Bissay,
the Quadruple Treaty was a dead letter, and Queen
Christina's Ambassador, the Duke of Frias, was
told in the most positive manner that the assist-
ance she had a right to claim would not be given, either
then or ever. But when Don Carlos is safely lodged in
the custody of the French police, and Queen Christina
duly under the personal influence of her Royal uncle, his
zeal in her behalf knows no bounds, and he is willing to
lend to the unavowed intrigues and paltry plots of a fugi-
tive that encouragement which was utterly denied to the
open necessities and official demands of the Queen-Re-
gent. In other words, the Trench Government will do
for a Princess of the House of Bourbon against Spail,
what it would not do for Spain against a Prince of the
House of Bourbon—nay, more ; for it appears as much
disposed to lend succour to Christina against the exist-
ing Spanish Government without either pretext or
warrant of treaty, as it was to withhold all succour from
her against Don Carlos in spite of an acknowledged
right and an existing treaty.
The mistake here is palpable. The King of
the FRENCH was not less favourable- to Queen
CHRISTINA in 1835, and the three following
years„ than lie is now; but his MAJESTY was then
in no condition to stir, as he was endeavouring to
form an alliance with the Great Northern
Powers. His hopes of a marriage between
one of his sons ar d the young Queen of SPAIN
dated from his aceeptance of the Quadruple
Treaty. Had family ties such an intluefice
over LOUIS PHILIPPE, he would not have
figured in the Grenoble conspiracy, and
the Revolution which drove CHARLES X.
from Trance to die a neglected exile in Austria.
Besides, does not the writer in the Times see
that, in assisting CHRISTINA against CARLOS in
1835, the King of the FRENCH would be exalt-
ing one branch of the Bourbon family in the
person of the EX-REGENT and her daughters?
The simple facts of the case are these:—Louis
PHILIPPE protested, as Duke of ORLEANS,
against the abolition of the Salic law in Spain,
because it was then a matter of no con-
sequence to him, and was agreeable to the
Roy al branches of his family. When KING
he consented to the abolition of the law
because it was agreeable to England and Spain,
and paved the way for the accession of one of
his sons as KING-CONSORT in Spain. He first
withheld support from CHRISTINA, because he was
afraid of offending the Great Northerm Powers
with whom he was negotiating alliances, and he
afterwards lent underhand support to Don
CARLOS, because the Spanish Liberals
were carrying out their principles to
au extent which threatened the exist-
ence of Monarchy in France. He now
espouses the cause of the ex-REGENT for the
same reason, and because unless she be re-in-
stated at the head of the Government of
Spain his dreams of an alliance between his
son and the young QUEEN must end in
smoke. Throughout this affair, the guiding star of
LOUIS PHILIPPE'S policy has been his ovininterest
and that of his"children. For the BOURBONS, male
or female, apart - from his
.own aggrandisement,
and that of his sons and daughters,
,he cares not
a rush; to place his son upon the Throne of Spain,
there is not a BOURBON breathing, himself and
his children excepted, whom he would not see
buried till the day of judgment at the bottom of
the Red Sea.

The Paris Journals of Wednesday are filledwith
the conclusion of the Report of the Committee
of the Court of Peers, in..the case of QuErusszT
and his co-conspirators. They are, altogether, a
set of as miserable devils as ever gave em-
ployment to a public executioner ; and an
enemy of the French Government might sup-
pose that it was With a view to bring the Peers
of France into public 'contempt, that they
were summoned to sit in judgment upon such
a gang of revolutionary scare-crows. To pub-
lish any more of the Report would be to
fill our columns with trash, which no
Englishman would haVe the patience to
read. But for the September laws against
the press, and the laws. against public meet-
ings, such conspirators as QUENISSET and his ac•
cornplices would have no existence. in France.
The forcibly and openly-expressed opinions
of the industrious classes at public meetings
would boon convince such incendiaries that they
had no sympathy to expect from the bulk of the
community, and thus they would be checked
at the very outset in their wild career of revolu-
tionary anarchy. Where the open expression of
all opinion is proscribed; the wickedest men attri-
bute to the gagged multitude the sentiments of
evil entertained by - themselves ; and it is
only the -failure of •their marl attempts
at revolution which convinces them of
their error. Had virtue no voice, vice
would soon act under the impression that all
men were ready to walk •in her footsteps. In
proportion, therefore, as public opinion is si-
lenced, is an encouragement held out to that
treason which aims at the subversion of religion
and Government. •

The Journal Lt France has the following article :
" The Journal la Picsse, publishing the letter of Lord
Aberdeen, triumphantly announces that the English
troops are going to quit Syria. Our London corre-
spondent informed us in his last letter that Sir Stratford
Canning, the new English Ambassador at Constanti-
nople, received, before he set out for his post, secret
instructions from Lord Aberdeen.

"The profits which the English merchants have ob-
tained by the occupation of Syria are considerable.
English policy everywhere seeks commercial advantages,
and ererywhere, too, for these eleven years, France pays
the cost."

We can assure the Presse that on the Ist of November
no order had been received to evacuate St. Jean d'Acre,
and that in spite of the promises of evacuation of which
the English Cabinet is so laviSh, the fortress of St.
Jean d'Acre will not be evacuated.either in November or
in December or in January. We have these details from
a source so worthy of credit, that we do not fear posi-
tively to affirm their correctness. Events will not refute
us, The Prase -is therefore-.mistaken, and deceives
itself in prematurely announcing the- readiness of the
English to evacuate Syria.
The Sentinelle des Pyrenees says, "It is reported that
Lieut.-General Harrispe, Commander of the Corps of
Observation in the Western Pyrenees, is going to be re-
called, and will be succeeded by General Schramm. This
news needs confirmation."—Commerce.
The Spanish Government, as has been stated, has en-
tered into a treaty .for paying, through- its legation in
Pails, the arrears due to the French Auxiliary 'Legion,
by instalments, the last of which is to be remitted by the
month of July, HO. The fist remittance of 150,000 f.
having, arrived, notice is given that it will be distributed
in the following maiinet, On the 20th inst., there will