The Sun.
London, England, 1847-01-08 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY MORNING-, JANUARY 8, 1847

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I.
Vol. VI. of THIERS' HISTORY of the CONSULATE and
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Vol. VII. of MA.DAIIE D'ARaAT'S DIARY AND LETTERS,
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VII
MART ANNE WELLINGTON ;I.
the Soldier's Daughter, Wife,
and Widow. By the Rev, R. COBBOLD, M.A. 3 vols. with Il•
lustrations.

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THE WEATHER.—Strx OFFICE, JANUARY 7.
THERMOMETER., Lowest, 39; Highest, 44 ; Noon, 4
BAROPIETER, 30.15.—W1ND E., rain.

HIGH WATER AT LONDON-BRIDGE THIS DAY.
Morning .. b 2 minutes after 5. I Evening .. 10 minutes after 6.

conclusively decided as to the principle on which they
will base their measure, or series of measures, for her
regeneration. Respecting the details by which the
principle, they have determined on supporting, can be
best effectuated, it is most likely that they are daily
undergoing alteration, according to the varying in-
telligence which is constantly arriving from Ireland.
Whatever may be their preliminary, or corollary
measures of relief, for removing the diseased
symptoms which at present so fearfully disfigure
the social features on the other side of St.
George's Channel, there can now be but little
doubt that the main object will be to render them all
conducive to one great end, via., that the land shall
be rendered primarily and substantially liable for the
support of the population born and bred upon its
respective divisions and localities. This is the pri-
mitive principle of society in its rudest form, and
flows in direct accordance with the prescribed dictates
of nature herself. We cannot analyse the history of
any nation, civilised, semi-barbarous, or in what is
termed a strictly primeval condition, without severally
discovering in their earliestages the universal prevalence
of the principle in question.
Whenever, through the artificiality of legislation,
this sound base of all social organization has been com-
promised, or lost sight of, the infringement of the mo-
ral laws of nature has always been rendered palpable
by the disastrous consequences which have ensued. No
matter how ingenious the devices resorted to by men
who had acquired large possessions, and were am-
bitious of retaining their territorial influence, re-
gardless of the duties inseparable from their acqui-
sitions, and to the faithful discharge of which
the native peasantry possessed an inalienable
claim"" by :nature,— no matter how subtle
may have been their selfish efforts to shift
their legitimate burdens upon the shoulders
of the industrious classes, ill capable of sus-
taining
them, it only amounted to a putting off of
the evil day. Invariably has posterity been called
upon, sooner or later, to suffer for the delinquencies
of their ancestors. These historical lessons are most
fruitful in their beneficial effects. They teach men
that they are not to live for themselves alone—that
if they disregard the wants of the contemporary poor,
themselves or their descendants shall not escape with
impunity— and if the latter, then that they are only
dishonest stewards for those who must succeed to their
' possessions. In fine, man is hereby impressed with the
salutary truth, that he is a link in a :mighty chain
reaching from the confines of remotest antiquity, and
gradually extending itself into the vista of futurity—
and that his individual actions contribute to that
summation of national conduct by which, for weal or
woe, the destiny of his country will be regulated.
It is quite clear that a Bill for the reclamation of
waste lands in Ireland will be among the earliest of
those which the Government will introduce to the
Senate. It is equally clear that no necessity ought to
have existed for such a measure had the Imperial Par.
liament and Irish landlords long ago discharged their
respective and appropriate duties. However, except
as a warning for the future, jeremiads on this head
are utterly futile. In regard to the mode in which
the reclamation of the soil should be undertaken,
much of valuable light is imparted in a letter, just
printed in the form of a pamphlet, from Mr. RIGBY
Wisox to Lord JOHN RUSSELL. It contains the
substance of a series of letters which have appeared in
our columns, which renders it unnecessary for us to
dilate upon it at any length. This gentleman ably
insists upon the principle to which we have referred
in our foregoing remarks. He points out that the
primary cause of the evils which afflict Ireland is not
the failure of the potato crop, inasmuch as, if it were,
the same evils would have afflicted Scotland, where,
in parts, and very extensively, a similar visitation has
been experienced. The distress has originated in the
want of employment occasioned by the cultivated
land in Ireland being divided into such small
possessions that employers of labour are not
to be found, except with the greatest difficulty,
and then at the lowest wages. The perni-
cious consequences of this state of things is clearly
elucidated by Mr. RIGBY WASON, and the remedy
suggested is to create a class of agricul.
tural labourers, for whom there is at present
no regular demand, by rendering their situation better
than that of the occupier of the existing small posses-
sions. To this end, we have the recommendation that,
out of the land to be reclaimed, there should be con-
stituted large farms, say of 250 acres, with a few
of about one-fifth the size, the latter to act as an incen-
tive to the honest and industrious labourer to become
a farmer himself. A calculation is made that, if
3,000,000 acres of land were, when reclaimed, to be
partitioned out upon this principle, permanent em-
ployment would be given to 120,000 heads of
families, exercising a moral and social influence
in Ireland of the most regenerative cha-
racter. Considering that the expense calculated
for the accomplishment of this scheme is insignificant,
compared with the object to be obtained—that the
scheme emanates from a gentleman who has himself,
during the past ten years, succeeded in profitably re-
claiming waste land at Corwan, to six miles in extent,
we think that his suggestions are entitled to a most
favourable consideration, and that the Government
might derive much benefit from a perusal of Mr.
WASON'S remarks respecting the real origin of the
aggravated evils of Ireland—Melius est petere fortes
quam sectari rivulos.

One of the most alarming features in the present
condition of Ireland, which justifies a gloomy fore-
boding for the future, is the total and almost un-
accountable negligence evinced by the farmers
generally with respect to the cultivation of their
several holdings. There has been an almost universal
cessation of agricultural labour, the fields lie fallow,
and uncared for, there is no tillage going forward or
cannot The f a v
bo
eu
recalled,
abl e ti p absys i
;n gw
ha yt
preparation of the lands for the ensuing harvests.
flittinge isemsmomalelnhtosldthearst
look on in listless apathy, and take no steps to remedy
a state of things which, if persevered in, must pro-
long the sufferings of the people, and produce another
year of national distress and destitution, greater, if
possible, than that which unhappily prevails at pre-
sent. Last year was signalized by the almost
total destruction of that species of food on which the
great bulk of the population were supported. A loss
amounting fully to 10,000,0001. sterling has been
sustained; but that loss occasioned a greater amount
of human misery and wretchedness than one of
double the amount, if happening to any other descrip-
tion of edible. The very poorest, those who, in
ordinary seasons, would have had a bare sufficiency, a
scanty support from the produce of their potato
ground, were deprived of their all, and plunged into
the most abject poverty. The high prices obtained
and obtainable for corn of every kind, in some degree
compensated the larger farmers for the failure of the
potato;
but that which had perished was the only crop
to which the cottier could look, and when it became a
mass of putridity and rottenness, not worth the labour
that would be required to dig it out from the land,
nothing remained, he was ruined, reduced to ab-
solute and hopeless destitution. But lamentable as
was this calamity, and fearful as the suffering thereby
occasioned, there was something to fall back upon.
There was food in the country, although of a diffe-
rent and more expensive description than that usually
consumed. Although there was a necessity for a
large importation of breadstuffs, yet the expenditure
could be met; and although individuals and districts
suffered severely, and were exposed to the horrors of
famine, yet the country generally was preserved from
that fate by the gigantic and praiseworthy exertions
of the Government. An arduous and difficult task

was undoubtedly imposed on the Executive, which

was greatly increased by the manner in which every
thing was cast upon them by the landed proprietors
throughout the whole kingdom, with some few ho-
nourable exceptions. What was intended to have been
only an auxiliary to private enterprise was looked to
as the sole means of providing for the people, hence
that, which if duly and properly carried out in the
spirit in which it was conceived, would have proved
a most valuable boon, was turned into a means of in-
flicting on property heavy charges, and little benefit
was derived from the vast outlay. An important
change was authorised by the authorities, taking upon
themselves a grave and serious responsibility. There
was no longer a necessity for making the present-
ments for public works of an unproductive character.
Presentments for drainage were sanctioned, pro.
vided certain conditions were complied with by the
-parties whose lands were to be improved by the ad-
vkllce of the public money, but here again something

was wanting; all were not compelled to join in such
expenditure, the measure might have been more perfect
and in place of taking advantage of the opportunities
afforded of doing the utmost with the means within
their power, much valuable time was lost, and heavy
burdens entailed on the land, while the majority of
the proprietors stood with folded arms and uttered
loud complaints because they were required
to do anything. Again a regulation—mirabile
diclu—almost universally approved of was intro-
duced; but still, although a great benefit is
conferred on all those who are willing to avail them-
selves of its provisions, the usual and ordinary occu-
pations of the people are suspended, and no means
are taken to sow the lands or to provide for the ensu-
ing crop. Small farmers have not only ceased to
employ the quantity of labour usually occupied upon
their holdings, but they have themselves sought to
obtain daily wages on the public works, to the utter
neglect of their tenements, and in contempt of their
own bests interests. It would appear as if they
supposed that the crops were to be put into the
ground, cared for, and attended to at the national
expense, and that they were to reap the fruits they
did not toil or labour for. Such an insane course,
if persevered in, must occasion a dearth of every
description of produce, and render necessary
an expenditure perhaps greater than the State, with
all its resources, could bestow. There is yet time
if the people will be warned. The national disaster
may yet be averted if the parties will only bestir
themselves, but if the golden opportunity is lost the
result will be frightful to contemplate, and those by
whose neglect it is occasioned, will prove the first
victims.

It would be the first duty of the landlords to look
attentively to this matter in sufficient time. The
persons who are so neglecting their holdings should,
so far as the landlord was empowered to do, be com-
pelled to take active steps for the due and proper
cultivation of their farms 'while there is yet time ; if;
on being remonstrated with, they still neglect or
refuse to till the land, their reasons should be ascer-
tained if it was really owing to distress that they
bad not the means of livelihood, save from the wages
that they could obtain for their daily labour, that
they were therefore unable to occupy themselves
upon their own holdings, or to procure seed to put
into the land; loans should be granted to them by their
landlords, or from the private subscriptions of gen-
tlemen connected with the neighbourhood, and every
means taken to render them due and adequate as-
sistance, so as to enable them to meet the emergency,
and successfully to encounter these difficulties; but if,
on the other hand, they have had the power of culti-
vating the soil, and that they have been holding back
from a desire to assume an appearance of distress, not
warranted by the facts, and to obtain a portion of the
funds granted for the relief of others of a totally
different class—or to evade the first claims of their
landlords—or from any other improper motives, they
should be punished to the utmost degree—they can-
not be proper persons to remain in possession of the
lands, and should be got rid of as speedily as possible.
We trust that the Irish landed proprietors will at once
turn their most serious attention to this matter of pa-
ramount importance. They are fully warned, and if
they neglect their own interests, and that of their
country, which they are specially called on to pro-
tect, they cannot expect any sympathy for the future
sufferings they will be compelled to undergo, and
which will be entirely occasioned by their own in-
sane and criminal negligence.

The Augsburg Gazette has the following in a
letter from Rome of the 24th ult. :

" I learn from an authentic source that, by order of
the Sovereign Pontiff, the criminal tribunals are to be
separated from the police tribunals, and that the former
will be exclusively composed of juris-consults belonging
to the civil order. These judges will be appointed for
life, and will receive a salary, wishing by this means to
render them independent and inaccessible to corruption.
There will be attached to each court a functionary to
defend the interests of the State. The police courts
will henceforward have no authority but over trivial
offences."

The Voss Gazette gives the following from Bres
lau, 29th ult. :

" The ultra-Danish party has made the following pro-
positions to the King:--
"' I. To arrest the Duke d'Augustenburg.
" 6 2. To cause all the functionaries in the deputies to
take an oath to maintain the letters patent, and to dis-
miss those who refuse.

" _3. To establish M Copenhagen a central Regency
for the Duchies.'

" The Ambassadors of the two leading German powers
at Copenhagen were informed of these intentions, and
made them known to their respective Courts."

Madrid papers of the 30th ult. have been received,

Prom the Clamor Publico we extract the following
account of what it justly denominates "a scandalous
outrage," viz., the arrest, by order of the Govern-
ment, at Lozoguela, of Senor OLOZAGA :
"SCANDALOUS OUTRAGE.—We have just learnt, with
the greatest surprise and indignation, that Senor D.
Sebastiana Olozaga, in returning to this court with his
passport in due order, and the official report of his elec-
tion, in order to take his seat in the Congress, was made
prisoner yesterday by a party of civic guards in the
village of Lozoguela, 11 leagues from Madrid.
" This attack on the personal security of a citisen, of
a deputy elect, constitutes a grave responsibility on the
Ministry, if, as is supposed, the order for the arrest of
Senor Olozaga proceeds from it,"
It is said OLOZAGA. has been sent to the citadel of
Pampeluna, where he is to be detained under arrest,
and that the Spanish Consul at Bayonne, who signed
his passport, has been dismissed. It was reported
that CABRERA had appeared in Catalonia at the head
of 1,000 men.
The Gaceta contains the royal ordonnance appoint-
ing the Marquis of VILLumA President of the Senate.
Intelligence of the defeat of Bolinza had been re-
ceived at Madrid.

MADRID BOLSA, DEC' 30.--The Three per Cents.
were done at 33i fur cash; the Fire per Cents. at 20i ;
the Passives, at 6 5-16; the Coupons at 19.

We have received the Paris papers of Tuesday.
The Constitutionnel has a long article on the con-
troversy now raging between the Debats and the
Presse on the subject of the English alliance. The
Constitutio-nnel treats both these journals as organs of
the Government (although the Debats does not admit
that the Presse is a Government organ), and then,
argues that there must
ionfi°onps'inion among the members
7xnisttrasgrteiantgditffheerierncoep
of the Cabinet, and that the Government of M.
GuraoT is anything but an united Government. The
following are the opinions expressed by the Constitu.
tionnel on the subject of the alliance between France
and England :
" What is in our opinion clear from all this polemic is,
that the alliance between France and England was
essentially one of principle; a defence in common of
the liberty of weak nations, and the maintenance in
common of European independence. If the efforts of the
two nations had been turned to this side, the alliance
would have produced for both glorious and useful fruits.
But daring six years our Government, timid, retrograde,
and desirous to pass for Conservative, annoyed by every
liberal idea, by every remembrance of the revolution,
desired to base the entente cordiale on the friendship of
Sovereigns and the interests of Cabinets. We have
blamed the results of this policy. At present this alli-
ance, which was not rendered productive for liberty, has
been destroyed for a mere family interest. The alliance
of the two constitutional nations, though more apparent
than real, rendered however, the enemies of liberty in
Europe prudent and circumspect. At any moment the
alliance could resume its veritable character and strength.
But once the last bonds were severed, the alp; ()lutist
spirit knew no bounds, and Cracow received the blow."
The opinions of the Constitutionnel on this subject
are more sound than those of any of its contempo-

raries.

However much M. GUIZOT may be inclined to
admit the truth of the doctrines of free trade in the
abstract, he has not yet mustered up courage suffi-
cient to defy the protectionists, and has refused the
application of the Northern Railway Company for
permission to import foreign iron rails. On this sub-
ject the Siacle says—
" The Ministry, yielding to the powerful influence of
the iron-masters, has rejected the application made by
the Northern Railway Company. The Ministry state
that there is no necessity fur the company to apply to
foreign countries, that it is able to procure in France the
twenty to twenty-five tons of rails of which it has imme-
diate need, and that the only question is the price. This,
however, in such a case appears to us to be a question of
importance. The company would pay in England for
rails 240 f. per ton, whereas the three or tour iron-
masters in France who have joined in making a proposi-
tion to supply the rails ask 370 f. delivered at their
establishments, which is equal to 400 f. when on the
spot where they are to be laid. Now upon 25 tons of
rails this is a difference of 3,250,000 r., an exorbitant
price—an odious tribute to monopoly imposed upon the
sdareholders of the company. We have already said that
the iron-masters, overwhelmed as they are with orders,
could not supply the 25 tons of rails. In fact, the estab-
lishments which have offered to deliver them at the
price of 370 f. per ton, have not the iron on hand, and
will be compelled to purchase it in Bellum. They will
kis Maio a breach tiateMselvei .OT3 brG,VI of the iron

monopoly. But even if they do this, and the Northern
Company accept their offer, it is by no means certain
that the rails will be delivered in proper time. It is
probable, on the contrary, that they will not be delivered
at the periods stipulated for: But of what consequence
is it for the country to suffer if monopoly be protected?
To mention an instance:—The works of the railroad
from Dijon to Chalons-sur-SsOne are quite ready with
the exception of the rails. If they were on the ground
ready to be laid the road might be opened to the public
next spring. Now, of 40,000 rails which ought to have
been delivered before the Ist of the present month, only
4,000 have been delivered.' Owing to this delay, which
is imputable solely to the iron-masters, who accept more
orders than they can execute, the opening of an impor-
tant line will be deferred for an entire year, to the in-
jury of the company and of the public."
The KING and QUEEN of the BELGIANS arrived in
Paris on Monday.
The Three per Cents. closed at 80f. 15c. ; the Five per
Cents., 118 f. 50e. ; the Orleans Railroad Shares, 1,257 f. 50c. ;
Rouen, 0111. 25c. ; Havre, 680 f. ; Great Northern, 6401. ;
Avignon, 863 f. 75c. ; Yierzon, 605 f. ; Bordeaux, 561 f. 25c. ;
Troyes and Montereau, 350 f. ; Dieppe, 355 f.; Tours and
Nantes, 4851. ; Paris and. Lyons, 508 E 75e. ; Lyons and
Avignon, 485 f. ; Bordeaux and Cette, 450 f. ; Spanish
Domestic Debt, 31 ex div.

MARSEILLES, DEC. 31.—Marseilles and Avignon, 887 f.
50c. ; Northern, 6551. ; Paris and Lyons, 5101.
BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE
LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE, JANUARY 6.
Boulogne and Amiens, 153/4—Ceatral of France (Orleans
and Vierzon), 1314—Great Indian Peninsular, A—Great
Western Bengal, %—Luxembourg, ,11—Namur and Liege,
314—Northern of France, 10%—Orleans and Bordeaux, VA
—Paris and Lyons 814—Paris and Orleans, 49—Paris and
Rouen,36%—Paris and Strasburg, 414—Rouen and Havre, 27.

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