The Sun.
London, England, 1840-02-28 00:00:00

.....e EVENT .TG EDITION.
- I
to get on with the works during the Summer as fast
as 1
possible.
Mr. Vowstme egreed with Mr. Heyworth that it nmuld I
be most important that Mr. Brunel should devote hie 1
whole time and attention to their undertaking, and if his I
remuneration was not enough at present, it ought to ha in-
creased. He considered their line as the very best that
was going on, but it appeared to him :hat the twelve miles
between Bath and Bristol was the most important, and 1:e
was astonished that they were not put ir, a progressive
stage of being beneficial to the Proprietors. When they
would have any dividend he did not know—for his part, Ito I
mnemmentemem,
didasno,at eTxi reect it in
.his ti.me— (Leughter)—but it weeld i '
trouhl be opened from Bath to Bristol in July, 1835 • be ei to do all in their power toe ards that good end.
after that they were told it would he opened in He was fully alive to the nee:etity of getting M- Brunelr's
Opened in the entire services, for that gentleman' had ,ore..to do than i
1839 ; again, they were told it would be
beginning of 1840; and it now tppeared that they must three men could attend to in a Peeler manner.
look to Autumn next. These were really discrepancies The CHAIRMAN—Mr. Brunel was only the consulting
in the information given to the Shareholders which they engieeer on all the other lilies, altimueh.he olid net heer
would not be justified in commending.—(Hear, hear.) that title ; he could a,sure the Proprietors that that gen-
What r. lianee could be placed on the assertions now mace, tleman gave his time eight end day to :heir tuniermkirig ;
that the line would be opened in Autumn ? True, the i:r f,et, it was his chief duty. • reesons which had been advanced for not performing the M. HARE lived iror,:i th., line hete:cen Bath and Bris-
last promises were perhaps good ones—namely, that the tol, and he could esoire the Petrimore that the works ,
,toennuarem of the rail's bit defeated the eroerets ot the eC'e exceeding heav
le y y. The le id es
tee ly had
works. But if they were told that the works would be taken muchtime. The failere o the firm one
teem-, too,
completed in 1838, surely they might have been had been the cane' of g 1 cat delete f
and the late floods had
done in 1839, or in the beginning of I e4O ; rendered a cessation of work abs;'ilutele necessan.
for delays were dangerous; and if they did not Mr. Hemmer-it—Was he to understand that Mr. Rru-
proceed with vigour during the continuance of the net was to be eoesidi red as their own engen, -cm, giving hie
fair weather, they would incur the risk of being scam exelusive attention to the work ?
disappointed. When an evil like that was perpetually The CHAIRMAN ceuld not give such a pledge on she
recurring there must be sonic cause. He could not pre. part of hi,. Brunel. lie eus the consulting eoginser on
tend to divine what that cause was, but this he knew, the other lines—that was all he could say.
that if they had the exclusive service of their engineer, Mr. IhEy we/Tit—The failure of contractors had been
they would have his presence at the works, and he would named. He trusted that the Company were not to be
be enabled to see that the contractors were judiciously hound for such failures. He trusted that security was taken. '
occupied. His ( Mr. He worth's) experience in railways The CHAIRMAN—Of course security is always teltee, but
enabled him to say that such superintendence was absolutely in such a case these is no security against delay.
necessary_( Hear, hear)—for the Greed Junction line Mr. BAILEY thought the interests of both Proprietors
Mr. Locke was the sole engineer, and his talent and time and contreetore were bound up together, arid that contras_
were solely devoted to it. On the London and Birming- tors ought to be looked upon with much lenicecy by the
ham line there was a great outcry, as to both delay and dig- Company.
appointmentin the progress of the works, and a suggestion Mr. ALaToN begged to ask how much tho Company
was made to the Directors that they should call upon owed for land and compensations ?
Mr. Stephenson to employ the whole of his time and The CHAIRMAN said the whole of the hold had been
talents in the construction of their works. He did purchased, but not all paid for ; but the Company wa3 in
so, and the result was, that the works progressed in a possession of enough paid for land to pay all that was
most surprising manner, and the period of opening the owing. About 400,0001. yet remained to be paid f.r earn-
line was anticipated, just the converse of what they were pcnsations.
new experiencing. With these views of the subject, he Mr. ALSTON—Had the Directors seen any occasion to
begged leave, and he hoped he was speaking as the organ depart from the estimates originally proposed ?
of the Proprietors, to suggest to the Directors to call The CHAIRMAN—The estimates upon that occasion had
upon the engineer to give the whole of his time and talent been most carefully made ; the station at Slough was not
to their undertaking, and not to balm his time wasted and then taken iota consideration, and with that and some
' diluted by superintending a steam-vessel communication other trifling exceptions, nothing had occurred to induce
between England and America, and attending to the Glou- the Directors to depart from the estimate.— ( Cheers.)
rester and Swindon Railway line, the Bristol and Exeter 4 Mr. Aerroe—May I beg to ask what that estimate was? " Railway, and others ; for he rather thought there were / The CHAIRMAN—The expense was estimated at about
some others with. which he was connected. Mr. 5,000,000/.
Brunel did not possess the power of übiquity any Mr. Keener. begged to move that the Report of the
more than Mr. Stephenson or Mr. Locke, and by that Directors be received and adopted.
subdivision of his time the Proprietors were losing weeks, Mr. AI.STON could not quite agree with the motion, lie-
months, and years of his time, and hundredi of thousands cause it would commit the Proprietors to every word it
of pounds in a pecuniary sense. He would rather give him contained. It ought to be taken specifically, item by item.
20,0001. a year than encounter these disadvantages, fie Mr. Bemoan' and another PRoPRIETOR took the same
hoped the Shareholders would unite with him in suggest- view of the matter.
ing that point to the Directors. He had no Objection to The CHAIRMAN said the resolution was in the usual
Mr. Brunel being elected the consulting engineer to other course ; it was the course taken at all other meetings ; of
railways, if the parties employing him appointed an exe- course the right was reserved to every Proprietor to can
euttve engineer to manage the works, merely applying to vats and decide uponall and every item and point in the
him for advice. He would throw that out as a suggestion report.
to the Directors, and not as a motion.--- Hear.) The motion WAS then carried unanimously.
The CHAIRMAN said, with respect to the delays which Mr. CAYLEY had a resolution put into his hand, and as
had taken place, there could be no doubt they were very it quite accorded with his own opinion, he would do no
great, but they were inseparable from such a great under- more than bear his testimony to the zeal and ability of the
taking as theirs was. When. Mr. Brunel made his state- Directors. He would therefore propose the re election of
ment in August last, it was impossible for him to have fore- the three Directors, and the election of Lord Barrington,
seen that we would have had such weather as we had had Peter Horrock, Esq., and John William Miles, Esq., as
since that time. He would put it to the Hon. Proprietor Directors.
whether It was possible for any one to have gone on with The mi Celt having been seconded,
embankments and other works during the last eight Mr. HHYWORTIt must protest against title or rank in life
months.—(Cries of " Hear.") With respect to the giving a title to the direction of a Railroad Company. The
suggestion of the Hon. Proprietor respecting the employ- men they wanted in the railroad direction were men who
ment of Mr. Brunel—it wes to be borne in mind that all would sympathize with the Proprietors, men of business,
the other works in which he was engaged were of the very and who would pay attention to their duties. There were
greatest consequence and importance to the Proprietors of large Proprietors in Lancashire who had been entirely
the Great Western Railway__( Hear.) He knew nothing overlooked ever since the formation of the Company ; and
so likely to benefit the Proprietors in that undertaking as they were men who had been well acquainted with the
a free steam communication between this country and formation of railways during the last year. Ho
America.—( Hear. ) It was with pain that he made any thought it was more prudent or expedient that they should
comparisons between what they had done and what had be excluded from alt share in the Direction.
been done by other Companies, but he considered himself The CHAIRMAN said that there was no one thing more
forced to do so in justice to Mr. Brunel, who had been so than another upon which the Directors had given more
attacked. The London and Birmingham Company ob- consideration than that question ; and they bad come to
tained their Act ; it got the Royal assent on the 6th of the correlusion that it was unwise to have a Director resi- 1
May, 1833; they completed the line to Boxmoor, a dig- dent at such a distance. If any Lancashire proprietor
tance of 24 miles, on the 20th July, 1837, being four were resident in London, nothiag would give them mere
years and two months. The Southampton Company's pleasure than to have him amongst thorn.
Act finally passed on the 25th September, 1134; they Mr. HRYWORTH begged to ask the Chairman what
completed their first opening to \Yoking, a distance of 23 shares Lord Barrington bad in the concern, which were
miles, on the 21st May, 1838, being three years and ten held by Mr. Horrox and Mr. Miles?
months : that Company got their Act on the 31st August, APi catetzroe—Before that question was answered, he
1835 ; they completed the line to Maicienhead, a distance begged to say that the number of shares held by an rode.
of 22 miles, on the 4th June, 1838, being a period of only vidual was no criterion of his fitness to be a Director. He
two years and nine months. The Birmingham line was begged that the question should not be answered, as be '
opened to Tring on the 16th October, 1837, 32 miles, in considered it would be very inconvenient, and he thoughtfour years and five months. The Southampton opened to the precedent was a very bad one.
\Vinchfield, 38 miles, in four years and two months ; while Mr. BOURKE would ask whether that was a question
they had opened to Tw3ford, 31 miles, in two years and which could with propriety be answered? There were
ten months.—( Applause.) So that in fact their works several reporters ir, the room from the public press, and
had gone on quicker, and were completed sooner than he did not think it advisable to have the question ars. either of the other two. The Birmingham line was opened steered. They were all aware of the qualifica-
throughout in five years and four months; but it yet re- tion mentioned in the Act of Parliament to entitle a gm-
mained to be seen how long the Great Western would tlernan to represent the interests of the Proprietors.
The ninth half-yearly meeting of the Proprietors and take ; but he fully believed that no work of such magni. Mr. Hsewoann said the question he had to put would
Directors of the Great Western Railway Company took tude had ever progressed better, considering the weather. be followed by others, and lead to practical results. It
place yesterday, at the Company's Office, Prince's- Mr. lIETWORTH was not altogether persuaded that the was of great importance to them to know whether the Di- ;
street, Bank. arguments of the Hon. Chairman were conclusive. With rectors bad large or small stakes in the concern. If they
At twelve o'clock the chair was taken by CHARLES ct to the other works upon which Mr. Brunel was were large Shareholders, and for a length of time, they
respect
d, he did riot doubt but that the would be co du- would Naturally' take a deep interest in the concern.
RUSSELL, Esq., Chairman of the Board of Directors, cer!ifeagtoethe interests of that Company, but it did not there- A PROPRIETOR said that he had lived for upwards of tee
The attendance of Proprietors was unusually large, the fore follow that Mr. Brunel was able to perform the work years in Liverpool. He did not know Mr. Heyworth per- 7
Board-room and the adjoining room being completely of two or three men. Let them look at the statements sonally, but he was aware that great interest was felt in ;
crowded. made by that gentleman. According to them they ought Liverpool about the Great Western Railway. He thought I
The CHAIRMAN, having called upon the Secretary now to have the line opened throughout—they must come it not unreasonable that some compliment should be paid c
to read the notice convening the meeting, then to one of two conclusions ; either they must doubt his to the Shareholders of that district. Mr. floywortis waa I
briefly addressed the Proprietors. He was sure they talent, or that be had not been able to proceed with the not only a largo Shareholder, but his family also; and, if
would all agree with him as to the loss which the Corn- works on account of his attention being otherwise en- he were rightly informed, they held 100,000/. worth of
pang had experienced in the death oldie late respected ga ' kluged. He, and no doubt all present, wished well to the shares in the Company.
Bristol and Exeter, and the Chelteiham and Swindon Mr. VOUSLY would remind the meeting of the immense •
Chairman, and he regretted that they had been de-
prived of his valuable services. The statement of the Railways, and would be glad to see them finished, but powers which were delegated to their Directors. It '
their great object ought to be to get their own line corn- was necessary for them to ascertain what interest
receipts and expenditure had been printed for the use
. pleted first—all their attention ought to be given to that the persons they appoint to arrange their concerns had in the
of the Proprietors, in conformity with the suggestion paramount object. undertaking. When they were about to infuse new blood
which had been made to the Directors at the last Mr. ALSTON complimented the Directors upon the and new life into the Direction, let them select men who
meeting. He would now call upon the Secretary to manner in which they had given so much information to had w thorough knowledge of business, and who were
read the Report, and which he trusted would prove the Proprietors. There was one point upon which he deeply interested in the success of the undertaking. Oa a
satisfactory. wished for some information. It appeared from the Report former occasion Mr. Heyworth and his friend had created
The SOCRETARY then read the Report, which will that a sum of 100,0001. had been expended upon the a division among the Proprietors, when he (Mr. \tousle)
Great Western Railway for engineering in opening thirty- had conscientiously opposed him ; but he should now be
be found at the end of the meeting.
Mr. Honwounit said he wished the engineering and one miles,the w lane of 112 miles of the London much while hole gratified at seeing a gentleman of Mr. Ileyworthla
surveying expenses had been included under sepould arate and Birmingham cost only 83,0001. There was here an standing and ability elected to a seat in the Direction.—...
enormous difference, which required explanation. Either (Hear, hear.) He wished that that compliment had been
heads, and he begged to ask the Chairman what w
there were some classes of expenditure charged in their paid him. He thought it would have been of essential ser_be the expenses connected with the establishing of the
vice to the good working of the undertaking.—(llear.)
accounts, which were otherwise charged in the other Corn-
Electro-Magnetic Telegraph ?
pang's accounts, or there had been an enormously excessive A PROFRIETOR begged to propose as an arneilument that
Tire CHAI RMAN—AbOIIt 3,000/. expenditure. In asking the question, he bad no other Mr. Lawrence Ileywotth be elected uric of the Directors
Mr. HEYWeani—What is the length of the tele- object in view than to improve tbe prospects of the concern. of the Company.
graph ? He agreed with Mr. Heyworth, that it would be important The CHAIRMAN said, with reference to fire question put
The CHAIRMAN—About thirteen miles. that they should secure the entire services of Mr. Brunel, to him of the number of shares held by Lord Barr ngton,
Mr. HEywonTir—What advantages do the COW- end it was, in his opiLion, most important that his entire certainly in his absence he would not he: justified in stating
attention should be given to the Bath and Bristol end.— the number of shares held. He would observe, however,
patty expect to receive from it ?
The CHAIRMAN—It has answered the purpose of (Cheers.) that when he (the Chairman) entered the Direction he held
The CHAIRMAN said it was to be borne in mind that the only ten shams ; but from the know ledge Sc hid since ac.
conveying communications with great certainty and rapi-
orks between Bath and Bristol were extremely heavy and quired of the advantages of the undertaking, he had in-
dity, but it has been suspended on account of the ex- w
rendered much more so, the
prise.
had for so long a time—they were progressing as fast as it that Lord Barrington had been induced to undertake the
Mr. HEYWORTII wished to know whether tt..e Di-
office of Director, and he would render good service to the
was advisable to get on with them. Of course it was irn-
rectors considered themselves authorised to incur an possible for them to compare their accounts with those of Company in persuading him to act from his knowledge and
expense of that kind ? the London and Birmingham, unless they knew the items habits of business, and his representing that county through
The CHAIRMAN—CIearIy. which each respectively embraced. Their salaries, he which that portion of the line ran, when at the present time
Mr. fintrwonnit teas not satisfied that they had been knew, were no larger, but the Directors would cer- the superintendence and influence of a resident Director
gainers by the experiment—they had had accidents and tainly pay the utmost attention to the suggentions of would be extremely valuable. Lord Barrington also occu.
casualties like every other line. the Hon. Proprietor. If they knew how the London pied a position in one of the principal counties through which
The CHAIRMAN said it had not vet been sufficiently and Birmingham Company kept their accounts they would the railroad passed, which rendered his iufittence of very
completed to know the full extent of its advantages.
give every information in their power. great value. With respect to the suggestion made as to the
election of some of the Northern Proprietors into the
Mr. A LSTON had asked merely for information, and he
Mr. HEYWORTH said such was his disappointment
trusted it would be laid before the Proprietors. Direction, the Directors had expressed a decided opinion
at the former experiments suggested by their engineer,,
that the residence at such a distance from the line corani-
Mr. Ilea VvortTn had called the attention of the Directors
that he could place no reliance upon the probable
toted an objection to their appointment. The office of a
last year to the same subject They had nothing to do
utility or advantage of the present tiny more than his
with the accounts of the Birmingham Company-. Let Director was by no means a sineeure ; the
obliged
sdwncorot
I former propositions. As the experiments were sus- them have a detailed account of their own expenditure, and most onerous and laborious, and they_ were_
Board, but
they
only to attend the weekly meetings of the. Board,
pended, he hoped the company would not renew them they would compare them themselves,
required a daily and hourly knowledge of the proceedings
without a clear and positive understanding of the ad- Mr. GORDON would suggest to' the worthy Proprietor, of the works before they could form a competent judssiscet
vantages to be derived from them. who wished to have the services of Mr. Brunel exeM.
The CriarnaiaN said the Directors would take no siyely confined to the (great Western, wof the questions that would be brought before them. If
step which they were not convinced was for the advan- ment of that kind had been made with that gentleman at any agree-
any Director resided in the country, the inevitable coLsc..
quence would be to entail upon the Secretary a consider..
tag.e of the Company, and which they were not prepared the commencement of the
tidertaking.—(No, no.) IL
able amount of correspondence. Now, it seemed to him
to justify..—r. Hear, hear.) believed that if the Directors were not satisfied with the almost incredible how the Secretary got through all tl
Mr. HEY WORTH thought the Company was just as attention he gave to their works ;hey had the power to work he at present had to do; but with respect to the ie
pointment of a Northern Director, residing in
competent to form an opinion on matters of that sort discharge him—their not having done so was a proof that
ti)-
as the Directors themselves. He would now corm: to they were satisfied with him. In his mind it was clear far from there being any objection to it, the London,Director
for that during the winter months they could not look
a more important point—he perceived that there was
ettletimhigreeei
abnml
tegeoeri
fentianatg otherobservationA.n
nriedi
ns p
noteu .
suppose
Hear, bear'. ) [is
would be happy to select a gentleman so circurnstearced, 1-.1
idiou at h sue n shee, %‘13.3-'n' 't
for any great extension of their works. Hei thought that
a balance in hands of 70,484/. net revenue, and he
they:,f their ast mmeotn woulde
i anylv• prosecutionb
ve
very
f their eo r works since
wheaswesruere
would request the Secretary to read the clause in the
Director,man c eanieinid eirta
wt ioans s
of I involved rut
cisnt
Act of Incorporation, stating what was to be done with
athpeprleypinpug'er
(''lle'...areelineara ) ' ?-1. ad improvidentthev gone on outlaywith ernbankiem money.
—to
the net revenue, and who had the authority to dispose would'l ave had slips, such as they had i tut on thel3.irt..n3i.neg„.
timhep
appointment
that cordiality and good feeling should
of it.
11,m line, o here the ex minse during the last half
prereetvearisl
the Bom 4 of Di.
The SECRETARY then real the clause which empow- had amounted to 45,000/. The summer was now
,arnanoclngtlitaintews-eays ear al*lilm
consideration ofo of ered the company at any half-yearly meeting, to make veining, and he trusted the Directors would consider
them.—(llear, hear.) Of course it eould nut wbe"jsgubitlle,sietdh
a dividend out of the clear profits at so much per share. that it was wise to makde hast
. theywln e
Is t.ti.,eeds tittle
bs h on cs.
that he meant to say that Mr. Heyworth would be, iitt any
Mr. HEYWORTH had a motion to niche upon that By the Repel iitaainmoena,,rl.l
wasto
ben ; i
rade upon theolrira(l)ts'i.
Point of view, an objectionable person as a Director; Lut
point, but Inc wished to proceed, in the first instance, 416,0001., and
didt they mean then to males any calls u. o
with his observations on the report. He found an item
the original Shareholders?—(No.) The accounts of it'lnC it was in the hands of the Proprietors to decide upon whom
Of 3,4411. for superintendents' and clerks' salaries, ad- Birmingham Compeny were kept in such a mani,,,„ they should confer the Appointment.
I
vertising, printing, stationary, and travelling expenses. rendered it impossible for any one to understand therm tiriel Mr. VOUSLY did: not object to the questions that had
That was nearly the same in amount as in the last half- he trusted they, with their shares and half shares, would not been asked with respect to Lord Barrington, because it
get into such a mess. They had their
isnlahOdeOrbies7sll)ll,aprpotainsi,d,,,uha.i,rco.ihcin; had drawn from their Chairman a statement of his claims
year, and he wanted to kuow would that sum continue
the same every half-year? which 90/. had been paid, and they got 4/. per cerr*: and qualifications for the office of Director. It was most
understood the accounts,
The SECRETARY said that that must depend on the they had 25!.
Addshares,
length of the line and the amount of the traffic. It theyignodt
bieLen paid, Ig LI It' t110.)0'
16r1 whether is would ever
lbencea called upon to pay up ti ore Lordm r
.A Barringtont,)s i o
N vrawsansclstoa al
l d judiciousesi
roa
uognnef. ens.—((thesis.)
forcing
eel Ina.; i r
the
eenn
w6,111i5001
should be recollected that the line had been opened
ofle tllat would
kind,str strongly liyt cautiongave g rteha t
for nine miles further, while the expenses continued no h • shares
against o
anything
not.
grsice%a.l
Northern Proprietors upon the Directors, but there were
he should have been glad to a. e seine of
elarhamdobtf.
nearly the same.
their 100/. shares, upon whiche votes ahemny
Mr. IdEnevonmll understood the v;hole of (Inc sum, diseatisfaction They had
(i3l. had been paid—Oo/ shares upon, which 30/.tnhefa,finrustr
opflaacep,artthice,ri
amounting to nearly 7,000/. a year, arose out of ex-
in that district had th .i le st
had been- decided against them in January, 1830. In the
penses of managing the traffic alone. It appeared to hml been called up, upon these 9/ 1 . Os. ought to acquaintance and knowledge of the working of railways.
next place,
given by .wt
bh :nal i
him a very large item. be paid, while a callof r 1
o . more was made upon And in the third place, they had d,fferod upon a very im.
the Shareholders
The CHAIRMAN said every attention was paid to the 100/. shares, and eo let them • 10/
that department, and greet reductions had been made. and 5/. respectively, go "o 1507, Pass" at • • ortant questi.n with the Directors, ar.d it one or two of .
hie honed the Directors won d not them were selected, there was no probability of their being
Mr. HaywoßTH hoped the expenses would not be ' hesitate to call for funtls during the whole of the time able to outer to the Directors. He beieved t tete o ere many
Northern Proprietors resident in London whose opinions
increased in a pro rota proportion to the extent of the when they could proceed with their works, flint they
line opened. would not allow Mr. Brunel to complain of the want of the were congenial to those of the Directors, and he thought
The CHAIRMAN thought there was little probability sinew's of war during ,the Summer. lie would call upon they would have very much consulted the interests of the of that. them to follow the example of the Brighton Company, who undertaking if they had appointed one or two of them to
were proceeding in a mist satisfactory manner. the Direetiou two yeare ago.—( Ilear, hear.)
Mr. finnwonnit said he felt much gratio:e. cation at
the report of the Directors, but the Proprietoitt had
T IL' he C'IPM
—AN I3y the
original Act they were em- Mr. Iletvroeme was happy to say that he could name au
been again disappointed in the hopes and prospects powered tobo'rrowin proportion after
~iihey,,, had ppariodpsdoe/..
iltist:nidru:otil.,
triel
esid(e.,,,lni resident
il.yo..ii chi on,
lie e
I.
sh Irad been,rri long
held
'Ts fOrir l,
on each share. When the 65./. was p
held out to them. At the last meeting they had been
Liverpool, and his family
mid abeut 1,000 shares in the
by the engineer that the line would be open to tors then cause IO the resolution that l'theutremaining 35/.
assured
should be borrowed, undertaking—he meant Mr. John Roskill —( Heat, hear.)
Reading about March. That might possibly be "mu_
Mr. GURDON—Are they mortgaged. A PROPRIETOR said, with respect to the statement that
plished, and it was stated that nearly simultaneously The CHAlRMAN—Certainly; and the mortgages might had been made as to the time when the London and Bir.
the line would be carried as far as Steventon. He The first option mingliam Railway line had beet: opened, he would beg to
be paid off in five, ten, or fifteen years.
feared they mtla_t look to June or July for that. As 1 wciald be within ti,uryears of the present—they could not say that it had been opened throughout ill about five yeers
regarded the Bristol end, it was really most
distressing and 'be called upon before. He could assure the Hen. Pro. : from its commenccurent. Now, it seemed probable to him,
_i
mortifying ; thu had been told ttvo rais ego that it priotor that the D:etctors would use their beat endeavum s ' that six. or seven years woul.l eiaVsu l!!o. e tho Great•
1