The Sun.
London, England, 1847-09-20 00:00:00

iNo. 17,159.] LONDON, MONDAY EVENING SUN, SEPTEMBER 20, 1847.

2 and 3 are ready. Contractors are preparing their estimates to
tender for these works, which may be let any day after the 24th of
this month.
One of these contracts gill commence near Nottingham, by a
Junction with the Lincoln line, at Colwick, and will include the
bridge over the river Trent, and extend to Contract No. 1, at Bot-
tc.sford ; aad'the other will commence at Grantham, and extend to
the junction of the Sleaford Branch, snaking a total distance from
Colwick, near Nottingham, of twenty-three miles, including the first
contract.

The whale of the lice to Roston is staked out, as well as the line
to Spalding and the Branch to Bleaford, the plane, sections, and
drawings for these different contracts will be next proceeded with.
On that portion of the line from Nottingham to Bulwell, which is
making jointly with the Midland Counties, Nottingham, and Mans-
field Railway Company, a distance of four miles, several bridges are
now building, the fencing and earthwork of the line are advancing
satisfactorily.

Aug. 11, 11347.

I am, gentlemen, yogi* obedient servant,
JOHN U. RASTRICK

STATEMENT OF ACCOUNTS, 7Tit ♦o.rwr, 1847

RECZIPTS.

From Feb. 8,
8 To Fob. 8, 1847. 1847, to Total.
Aug. 7, 1847.
£ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d.
et To First Deposit of
11. 7s. 6d. per
share upon 27,897
shares in the Not-
tingham & Bios •
ton Company... 38,358 7 6
Upon 9b 130 12 6 38,489 0 0
To First Deposit of
1/. 7s. 6d. per
• share upon 17,237
shares in the Not-
r tingham, Vale of
Belvoir, & Gran-
• tham Railway 23,700 17 6 23,700 17 6
To First Deposit of
t 11. 7s. 6d. per
• share upon 18,480
shares in the Not-
' tingharn, Ere-
washVall e y Am-
ber Gate, & Man-
chester Company 25,410 0 0 25,410 0 0
To Second Deposit
of 1/. ss. per share
upon 63,62 'shares
in the Amber
Gate, Notting-
ham & Boston, &
Eastern Junction
Company 79,526 5 0
Upon 120 150 0 0 79,676 5 0
To Twelve Shil-
lings per share
np0n25,244311 area
in Grand Union
claims for Amber
Gate shares 15,146 8 0
Upon 915 . . I 549 0 0 15,6911 8 0
....--.-.
To Second Deposit
of 11. ss. per
share upon 22,540
shares in Grand '
Union claims
for Amber Gate
shares
Upon 2,009
--•
To Interest re •
ceived
To Transfer Fees
received ..
1219,271 6 1
DISBURUMENTS.
Amount ex- Amount ex-
pended up to pended from Bth
Total.
Bth Feb. Feb. to 7th Aug.
1847. 1847.
£ s. d. £ s. d. £ a. d.
By Engineering
and Surveying,
including Parlia-
mentary 12,940 14 9 3,246 13 2 16,187 711
By Works 19,191 11 8 19,191 11 8
By Rails, Chairs,
Sleepers, &c 13,450 0 0 13,450 0 0
By Land and Com-
pensation .. 15,211 18 3 15,211 18 3
By Law Charges 9,957 4 6 11,129 18 5 21,087 211
Balance of Ses-
sion, 1846.
By Parliamentary 2,503 9 C [ 2,701 9 9 5,204 19 3
Charges .. 1846 and 1847
By Traffic Taking 1,438 5 0 1,438 b 0
By Direction and
Audit.. .. .. 500 0 0 1,050 0 0 1,550 0 0
By Office Charges
and Secretary &
Clerks' Salaries.. 4,257 15 7 926 7 10 5,184 3 5
By Advertising,
Stationery, and
Printing.. .... • • 3,549 7 6 462 IS 8 4,012 3 2
By Miscellaneous
Charges and Tra-
velling Expenses 2,339 7 3 480 10 3 2,819 17 6
By Banker's Com-
mission .. • • 516 12 2 31 8 4 547 12 6
By Interest, One
Shilling andTwo-
ponce per share,
due Bth of April,
1847, upon 83,341
shares 5,163 4 6 5,153 4 6
RyPostageStamps
on hand ...... 10 11 9
By Cash in Bank-
ers' hands...... 108,922 8 3 108,233 0 0
219,271 6 1

Audited tke 11th day of August, 1847.
FRANCIS SIMILS ALLIOTT.
CHARLES MIDDLETON.
Resolved—That the report now read be adopted.
Re.solved—That Benjamin Badger, of London, Esq.; William
Durham, of Manchester, Esq.; Herbert Ingram, of London, Esq.;
and Richard Septirnus Wilkinpon, Esq., be elected Directors, in
lieu of Sir James Duke, Knight, /41,F.; Francis Braithwaite, Esq,;
Frederick Plant, Esq. ; and Frederick Fowler Robertson, Esq., who
retire.

NATIONAL LOAN FUND LIFE
ASSURANCE SOCIETY.
26, CORNIIILL, LONDON.
Capital £500,000. Empowered by Act of Parliament.
This Institution embraces important and substantial advantages
with respect to life assurances and deferred annuities. The assured
IS, 011 all occasions, the power to borrow, without expense or for-
feiture of the policy, two-thirds of the premiums paid (see Table);
also the option of selecting benefits, and the conversion of his in-
Lrests to meet other conveniencies or necessity.
Assurances for terms of years on the lowest possible rates.
DIVISION OF PROFITS.
The increasing prosperity of the Society has enabled the Directors
at the annual meeting held on the 12th May, 1847, to declare a fifth
bonus, varying from 35 to 85 per cent. on the premiums paid oil each
policy effected on the profit scale.
EXAMPLES.

C
Perma- Sues ti
.4 .6 Annual Policy Bonus in, nont Re- Assured
.go. Pre- taken addition Bonus in duction of nay bor-
whim. eat in Assured. I Cask. Anneal row en
Premiums. Policy.
£ a. 0. £ s d. a. d. £ a. 0.
r 1837 243 9 3112 8 5 18 4 6 494 8 10
Xa. d. 1838 218 4 899 811 15 13 5 445 0 0
60 1000 74 3 4 1839 192 110 86 9 313 4 9 395 11 1
1840 143 510 66 8 4 919 1 346 2 3
1841 138 14 2 61 17 6 9 9 2 296 13 4
1842 111 6 8j 49 10 0 710 4 ,247 4 5

The Annual Report, with tables of rates, &c., may be had at the
office, or any of its branches in the country ; or, on application, will
be forwarded post free.

F. FERGUSON CAMROUX, Secretary.

ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.
LECTURES on CHARACTER, with ➢fusical Illustrations,
by Mr. J. RUSSELL, accompanied by Dr. Wallis, on the Pianoforte,
every Evening, at Eight o'clock, except Saturday. Dr. Backhoffnees
LECTURES on NATURAL PHILOSOPHY will comprise the sub •
ject of the ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS, &o. CHEMICAL LEC-
TURES. To the WORKING MODELS, explained daily, have just
been added GALLOWAY'S APPARATUS for ascending and de-
cceuding INCLINED PLANES on RAILWAYS. The beautiful
OPTICAL EFFECTS include the last DISSOLVING VIEWS.
DIVING BELL and DIVER, with EXPERIMENTS, &c.
Admission, Is. ; Schools, Half-price.

NEW EDITION OF MR. SOLLY'S WORK ON THE BRAIN.
Published This Day, in One large Volume Bvo., with numerous Wood
Engravings, 21s. cloth lettered,
THE HUMAN BRAIN : its Structure, Phy-
siology, and Diseases. With a Description of the Typical
Forms of Brain in the Animal Kingdom. By SAMUEL SOLLY,
F.R.S., Senior Assistant-Surgeon to St. Thomas's Hospital, and Lec-
turer on Clinical Surgery, &c. Second Edition, greatly enlarged.
London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.

Resolved—That air. Frannie Simea Alliott be re-elected an auditor
to the Company.

Resolved:— That.the seal of the Company be affixed to the Register
of Shareholders.

Resolved—That the thanks of this meeting be given to the
Chairman, for his, excellent, temperate, and impartial conduct in
the chair.

Yr °

CORRESPONDENTS
Ilow often on the public sheet we gaze
Oct this familiar editorial phrase.
An editor while managing a journal,
No matter whether weekly or diurnal,
Causes unnumbered letters to be written,
From various parties, in and out of Britain ;
And so do we—in a different station,
Each conveys some fresh communication,
Corroborating all that we have said,
And telling us how wide our fame Is spread.
'R'e thank our correspondents, and entreat
Leave to reply upon the public sheet.
A. B. declares, and so does D. C. S.,
That all their friends approve of MOSES' dress.
MOSES and SON, says F, and X. Y. Z.,
As tailors, must be ever at the head.
Victor writes to tell us of the fact,
That distant places learn how MOSES act ;
'That while he visited a part remote,
He read a statement from our house of note.
True Blue declares—and E, and 0. P. Q.,
That MOSES shall be ever had in view.
And A. E. T. 0. N. speaks also thus ;
And Looker-on, and Quizzy, and Amiens,
The whole of whom, whatever be their rank,
We heartily, most heartily, as tradesmen thank.
And ever shall we strive to claim dominion,
.knd keep our correspondents' good opinion.
LIST OF PRICES.
WADE TIP MEASURE.

Cashmere Codrington, from .... ••••..• • • • •• ........ £0 16 6
Taglionie, F3llk collar and cuffs .. ••••• • • • • • ••..• • • • 1 2 0
Cambridge Coat, lined throughout .... •• • • •• •• .. • • 2 5 0
Tweed Cants • ••——• • • • • •• • • **
sporting Coat ••.. • • ...... ...........• .• •• .. • 0 13 6
Dress C05t..............................1 12 0
Best quality manufactured .. ...... ................ 2 15 0
Frock Cboat • • . . . 1 15 0
Best qtsality manufactured —••••• • • • • • ............ 3 3 0
Rich ffs.ttera Vests— .... • • .... • • ................ 0 8 0
Cashice ere, or cloth.. .• .. •• • • ..... ........ 0 8 6
Tweed. Trousers
Single-milled Doeskin ditto ............... ...... 1 2 0
Best, •or Dress ditto .. • • .... • ...........•. :: . ..... 1 6 0
Boys' Musser or Tunic Suits

BEADY MADE.

Blouses from •....... .. .. - .
Cashinerette Codrington .................... • • .... 0 18 6
Cambridges, Chesterfield polkas, and all the newest
patterns .. • • .... . ..... ........................ • • 0 18 0
Tweed Coat -...... .. . ..... ................from 0 8 6
Sporting ditto .................................. 0 6 6
Extra Superfine, a superior coat .... ............... 1 15 0
Extra Supernue, is aup........ u,....
__ - .. • • • • • . u o •
Roll-Collar Vests .. •••••••.•••••••••• •• •• •• •• • • • • • • 0 2 0
Cloth, or Cashmere •••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • ...... •• .... 0 4 6
Tweed Trousers • • • .... ••• • • • ..... •••• • • •
Fancy Cashmere or Doeskin .. •• •••• • • •
Boys Tussle and Hussar suits ••••••••• • • • • • - • . .• • - 0 18 6
The attention of Ladies is especially directed to E. MOSES and
SON'S stock of Furs, which will be found on inspection to be the
largest, best assorted, and cheapest in the trade. Reserve your pur-
chases.
A new Work, entitled " FASHION'S FATOUItITE,"
Listm of Pricas, and Directions
edr
.forwarded post-free.
moneyPl returned,
Sn
for Self-Measurement, can be had on
Bare.:7citt—Anyarticle purchased, ready made, or made to raea-
Hosiers, Furriers
Approved of, will be exchanged, or if preferred, the
SON, Tailors, Woollendrapers,
a ti ntlensen
E. MOSES and
RLia,disoss,
aal
d.
_se . Boot and shoemakers, anclGenCeiraaln'Ojeurtati' tllearst,tefr:;
Aldgata',.lsl4t:sLos'ndaolind. 156,
157 Minoriea, and 51,
but
reet being obliged to guard the ptibrettarain-sf r. ores
havewitlhearned that the untradesmao-
like falsehood of being connected
baa been resorted to it many instanctlier.. or it's the same concern,
otheePhoterhine in or out of London;
d for obviens reasons.
They have no connexion with an
, shonld call at,
and those who desire genuine Andyp clot
or send to, Idinories and Aldgate, City, Londong' 8".
Notiee.—No business transacted at this establishment from sun-
set Friday, till sunset Saturday, when business is resumed till twelve
'clock-

Observe.—This Establishment will be closed to-day, and will re-
open for business to-morrow Mond ng.
Notice.—This Establishment will be closed on Saturday Evening,
September 25.

A R R I A G E.
M One half the World are desolately single, and the other
supposing them married, questionably contented. Diffidence, or a
sabnidelniilhslemaisceullfautnetle der the leap -
nd tke indissoluble, regret un-
sense
bitter theof latter. right
d e
Thetmil
solitary
tathr
ye
ofnoer eameary,
hindrances to domestic happiness
and broken health, are the groat
comprosing hurry ; but the truth lies deeper. Physical incapacity.
tlement. Honour and justice demand' tkat
and social content. The dowry should nothbeeottraionoluiydmioanurriaagleitni
seet-
in the compact ; it alone dignifies the alliance. Blighted hopes or
neglect wound more sorely than poverty or no,uisfLovrtEunßew.
ELe'aSdeliritlie
MEMOIRS "On Single and Married Life," Pub.
i 2 ELf
these surmises concern you, procure Dr. t.,
each (by post, in stamps, Is. 6d. each). Let no i
refined, or prudish feeling deter you, by their titles, nor be hindered
nmagZaliti' veilsy.
by misinterpretation, of their supposed contents, from obtaining
them. They are not intended certainly for mere idle curiosity, but
for the closet perusal of those more deeply interested, to whom
they are offered as antagonistic to the empyrical trash put forth ou
the above subjects, by unqualified authors, which alone or
together, are a disgrace to the age. Furthermore, two other
little puefizations claim your attention (same price Is. each,
by post Is. 64.) called " What to Eat, Drink, and
Avoid," and " How to be Happy." They are not merely
pamphlets, but equal in mantity ft library volume, nor are they the
riere ephemeral scribblirgs of the hour, but the study of the author's
life, who owes his present existence, health, and position to this ob-
servance of the maxim he would inculcate—to do unto others as he
would be done unto—to live after nature's laws—and to keep always
on the "sunny side A* the way." The above works may be had of
Sherwood, 23, Paternoster-row ; Carvalho, 147, Fleet .street ; Mann,
39, Cornhill; Nalem, 457, West Strand ; or direct (by post or other-
wise) from the author (who may be conferred with personally,
mornings and evenings), 10, Argyll-plaeo llogerititreet ; and all
Moksellorg.

LEA and PERRINS' WORCESTERSHIRE
SAUCE is universally allowed to be tlie most Piquant and
the Richest in Flavour of any Sauce in use, and for Fish, Gravies
for Roast Meat, Steaks, Game, &c., or a zest for Curries, Soap, Cold
Meat, it is entirely unrivalled.
The unparelleled success this Sauce having induced imitations,
purchasers are particularly requested to see that the name of LEA
and PERRINS are upon the Label sad the Metallic Capsules, as also
to read the Testimonials (which are enclosed with every bottle)
from the residence of Royalty, the principal Club Houses and Ho-
tels in London, Edinburgh, &c. &c., and from private Families in
the country.
Sold by the proprietors, Lea and Perrins, 6, Vere-street, Oxford-
street, London, and 68, Broad-street, Worcester; Messrs. Barclay
and Sons, Messrs. Crosse and Blackwell, and other Oilmen, London,
and generally by all dealers in sauces.

GOLD FLAT HORIZONTAL WATCHES,
carefully finished, with engine-turned cases, jewelled in
four holes, going barrel to continue the action of the watch
while winding, are offered, price 64 guineas. These elegant
little Watches will be found to perform very correctly, and a printed
undertaking is given, with fixed terms on which they will always
receive any attention required.
T. COX SAVORT and Co., Watchmakers, &c., 47, Cornhill
(seven doors from Gracechurch-street), London.—lT.B. Second-
hand Watches purchased la exchange.

IMPORTANT CAUTION !
ROWLAND and SON, 20, Hatton-garden,
A. London, bog to caution the Nobility and Gentry being
misled by the attempts of some shopkeepers, who, to compounds of
their own manufacture, give the titles of " Macassar Oil,"
"Kalydor," and "Odonto "—some under the implied sanction of
Royalty, and the Government departments, with similar attempts
at deception, while they copy the Bills, Labels, Advertisements,
and Testimonials—substituting fictitious Names and Addresses for
the real—of the Original Preparations, The only genuixe " Macas•
sor Oil," " Kalydor," and "Odonto," are "ROWLANDS' " and the
Wrapper of each bears the name of "ROWLANDS' " preceding that
of the article, with their signature at the foot, in red ink—thus—
_

" A. kOWLAND & SON.
ROWLAND'S MACASSOR OIL for the growth, and for preser-
ving, improving, and beautifying the human hair.
ROWLAND'S KALYDOR, for improving and beautifying the skin
and complexion.
ROWLAND'S ODONTO, or Pearl Dentifrice, for rendering the
teeth beautifully white, and strengthening the gums.
The especial patronage of her Majesty the Queen, H.R.H. Prince
Albert, the whole of the Royal Family, and of every Court in the
civilised world, and the high esteem in which these preparations are
universally held, together with numerous testimonials constantly
received of their efficacy, afford the best and surest proofs of their
merits.
Sold by the Proprietors at 20, Hatton-garden, London, and by all
ChemLsts and Perfumers.

THE FREE-TRADE CONGRESS
AT BRUSSELS.
BRUSSELS, FRIDAY, SEPT. 17.—The second of the
three sittings of the Congress of Free Trade at Brus-
sels has been concluded, and as yet but two cham-
pions have come for ward to defend protection, M.
Duchataux and AI. Rittinghausen. The former, a
man of no ordinary capacity, came as a spectator,
fully persuaded that many able defenders of protection
would be present to defend their system. This not
being the case, he could not calmly stand by and hear
the attacks of his adversaries unanswered. With
becoming modesty he ascended the tribune, and with
an elegance combined with simplicity, and the most
remarkable clearness of ideas, he endeavoured to make
good the cause of protection. The highest praise
that we can bestow upon him is—that we. deem
him worthy of a better cause. Of M. Ritting-
hausen I can but add what I stated yesterday, that
he is an inveterate enemy of everything English,
and a staunch supporter of the prohibitive system.
No Englishmen spoke to-day. A rote was come to,
as you will see in the detailed account of this day's
sitting, and, as might be expected, unanimously in
favour of the free-traders. The absence of Protec-
tionists has taken greatly away from the interest
which would otherwise have attended this congress,
which, however, loses none of its importance from
that fact. What the ultimate result will be is still a
question. The peculiar position and circumstances of
the states of the continent are so essentially different
to our own that no fair comparison can be drawn.
I left the congress yesterday just as Colonel Thomp-
son sat down. The only speaker after him was M.
Dunoyer, who spoke from his seat without ascending
the tribune. He expressed in a few words his admi-
ration for the lucid and eloquent manner in which M.
Duchataux had expressed himself; he, however, could
not agree with the reasons brought forward by that
gentleman in favour of protection.
M. de Brouckere then proposed an adjournment to
this day (Friday).
The general discussion being now terminated, the
order of the day for Friday was as follows :
To examine free-trade. 1. In its international re-
lations : It is objected that nations are tributaries of
each other as long as they consume foreign produce,
we (the free traders), on the contrary, are of the
opinion that by free trade they mutually assist each
other. 2. In its relations with industry : the pro-
tective system pretends to defend the national labour
in each country; we, on the contrary, maintain that'
free trade will increase production in all parts. 3.
Our adversaries (the Protectionists) pretend to protect
the labouring classes; we (free traders) on the con-
trary, assert that it is impossible to ameliorate the
condition of the working classes under the existing
regime, and that such an end can only be attained by
the theories of political economy being enforced.
4. As regards public impositions : the partisans of
free trade maintain that free trade can alone effect an
important reduction of the same.
At eleven o'clock the sitting was opened. The
attendance was better than yesterday. In addition
to the persons I have already mentioned, I remarked
Prince Napoleon Bonaparte (son of Jerome Bona-
parte), General Dupont, ex-Minister of war, and
nearly all the members of the Commercial Council of
Brussels, Count de Glymer, member of the Permanent
Council of Brabant, and the Marquise of Rumigny,
French ambassador to the court of Belgium. A great
many ladies were also present.
M. de Brouckere opened the sitting in a short
speech. He first announced that the Minister of the
Interior had ordered permanent cards to be distributed
to the foreigners for visiting the different monuments
and attractions of the city, and I take advantage of
the occasion to express thanks for the liberal hospi-
tality shown towards all corners by the good city of
Brussels.

gave notice of the following
from M. Bartels, member of the
thelnddaeyp,etnhdeenrtrlyesiodfetnhte four questions in the order of
propositions :—One
Communal Council of Brussels, to examine the best
e of Amsterdam,favour
o f
thet
o
means for putting in practice the doctrines of free
etrxaadmei;neanoththe frommeans of
a
las replacing,
treasury, the duties which have hitherto obstructed
the freedom of importations and exportations. The
Count Arrivabene made the following proposition : '
That the Congress, although convinced that free
trade is founded on the basis of reason and justice,
iNLKon er,
he is of the opinion that, under the existing state of
society, that liberty can only be established by de-
grees. All these were inserted in the order of the
day. The last proposition was one for a postal reform
in brought forward by M. Fortamps, mem-
berßoeflgm
the Belgian Free-trade Society.
M. de liessellie, a journalist of Verviers, attacked
the principles expressed yesterday by M. Duchataux.
He said that protection encouraged idleness. Free-
traders did not mean to deprive men of their daily
bread; but that it was but just to give the palm to
the most industrious. He compared protection to an
immense conflagration, the only difference being that
in the first case it consumed by degrees, whilst in the
latter the flames were apparent. Protection, he said,
cost France an enormous sum ; protection it was,
like the wood-worm, which by degrees eats away the
timber of the vessel of the State. The Continent had
the same economical advantage as England, and
greater ones than Switzerland. Protection encouraged
idleness, and rendered France subservient to other
nations, who, by competition, became masters of the
different branches of industry.
M. Tiralowski said that he had yesterday regretted
the absence of an adversary ; he was happy to have
found one to-day, where talent and convenance were
so happily blended, and he should endeavour to re-
fute the doctrines of the Honourable Protectionist
M. Duchataux. According to him, protection was
confined within certain limits. Now he was of the opi-
engionnalthinatteirfetshtetroe walalsnaantiyonres.al spubrostteaentcieoninteitndietdwtaoseno.f
courage the home produce of all articles of consumption;
it encouraged a disastrous competition abroad, and
compelled countries to wrap themselves up in their
own boundaries. Free trade, on the contrary, whilst
it maintained the nationality of nations, formed bonds
of fraternity between them. We were told yester-
day that there were two facteurs of industry, raw
material and labour. The distinction is not a just
one, every produce is the result of labour ; and the
assertion that the exchange of raw material against
manufactured goods is a loss to a people falls to the
ground. On the contrary, there is a gain for him
who exchanges little material for much labour, for
no man works for the mere pleasure of working. The
object of former economists in opposing exportation
was to raise their prices; and in opposing importa-
tion of foreign goods, to prevent a fall in the price of
their own wares. It is well known that a reduction
of produce was the result of the first system ; as re-
gards the second, it only deadens the faculties of ;the
people. M. Duchataux conceded to us as regards ali-
mentary substances, and he was right; the freedom of
such being in France a secular constitutional right,
prohibition dates from the restoration, it is an imita-
tion of the system established in favour of the English
aristocracy_ M. Du,
lattrAux tiuotea the cerrannle of
our neighbours ; I should be sorry to see the result
obtained at the price it cost our friends at the other
side of the channel, at the price of the poverty that
consumes them. The suppression of the custom-
houses will, it is said, lead to the most serious embar-
rassments, but the incompetent branches of industry
must vanish, and a rich compensation will be found in
the new markets thrown open to the true national
industry. If England sends us her calicoes, you may
be sure that Mulhouse and Paris will send their toiles
Wpeintes in exchange, which can nowhere be surpassed.
What was the result of the reduction of our inter-
nal duties ? It was the general welfare. The re-
duction of international duties would be attended with
the same results.—(Applause.)

on the exchange will equalise the prices. Gentlemen,
I share this opinion, but this is an acknowledgment
that we do stand in need of some protection, and be
that protection direct or indirect, it is still a protec-
tion.—(Loud applause.) Protection has been accused
of causing commercial crises. I think this a mistake ;
when all nations will produce in equal proportions,
and the more so, when stimulated by competi-
tion, do you think that it will be restricted to the
wants of consumption ? M. Duchataux then
opposed the division of international labour as laid
down by the free traders, as being likely to benefit
only a certain class. When speaking of England it has
been objected that I made no mention of poverty,
that running wound of the protective system. I did
not overlook it. Poverty is not the result of protec-
tion, but of an unequal division of riches; and the
proof is evident, for side by side by that hideous mi-
sery we behold the most colossal wealth. It is a so-
cial, and not an economical question, and in no way
affects my assertions. After a speech which was lis-
tened to with the deepest attention, M. Duchataux
concluded by saying that the present moment was not
the right one for promulgating the doctrines of free
trade.

M. Blanqui rose to reply. Gentlemen, are you
aware what protection is ? It is a tax upont abour
for the profit of capital. And who have been con-
sulted on the question for the last twenty-five years?
The capitalists, the parties most interested in its ob-
servance. And they follow the old proverb, " L'ap-
petit vient en mangeant." When the linen industry
was established in France, they demanded a protec-
tive duty of 15 to 20 per cent., and would you believe
it, that I beheld lately petitions on the table of a Mi-
nister demanding an increased duty to exclude en-
tirely, if possible, foreign threads ? As regarded Spain,
he was of the opinion that she ought to cultivate her
rich lands and flocks, instead of endeavouring to com-
pete as a manufacturing nation.
M. Dunoyer called upon Al. Duchataux to reply
to the fact of Switzerland—which produces silks and
cotton tissues without any customs duties—to state
if he was of the opinion that the manufacturers that
now maintain themselves when paying a high duty
for raw material would be ruined when they could
procure them at much lower prices ? M. Dunoyer
quoted the Zollverein as an example where a reduc-
f tion produced no perturbation.
M. Rittinghausen observed that a good deal had
been said about the Zollverein. It was not to be
overlooked that the Zollverein was a political as well
as a commercial association. In Germany we are
brethren—we are Germans all of us, we follow the
same path in our social system, we are not English
men, and we may demand protection against them,
without asking it against ourselves.
M. De Brouckere then left his seat amid loud ap-
plause, to reply to M. Rittinghausen. That Hon.
Gentleman had said, that produce consisted of two
jacteurs, the material and the labour—if he had
said termes, it would have been more intelligible.
And what is the end of free trade but the gratuitous in-
terchange of one material for another ? Labour alone
will be paid for. Labour will be simplified, and every one
will be enabled to enjoy everything at less cost. Labour
is a means, the object is enjoyment. The Honourable
President then quoted many examples to illustrate
his views on the subject ; attributed the high price of
provisions attending thereon to the prohibitive duty
on grain, which ultimately turned to the detriment
of the revenue. Gentlemen, free trade brings low
prices ; consumption will increase, and labour be in
greater demand. The labouring classes will gain
doubly; they will have more enjoyment for the same
labour, and an increase of prosperity from increased
labour.—(Loud cheers).)
M. Le Chevalier, an Artillery officer, was the next
to address the meeting, to the effect that produce was
not always paid by produce, and that the result was
often severely felt by the nation the less expert, as was
the case in France, especially in Alsace.
MM. Arrivabene and Horace Say replied respec-
tively to M. Le Chevalier.
M. Duchataux again ascended the tribune to reply
to M. Dunoyer. He denied that the example of the
Zollverein was applicable to the rest of Europe, as the
difference between the German states was not such as
to cause a perturbation. He, however, allowed that
the present protective system was far from being
perfect, and that he should advocate a reform if na-
tional labour was respected. As regarded Switzer-
land it was universally known that manual labour was
much lower there than in Alsace,

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7 on Marriage, and on these Secret Infirmities and Disorders et
Youth and Matunty, that are usually acquired at an early period of
life, which tend to destroy physical and mental energy, ardour, pas-
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9, Bodford-street, Bedford-square, London;
Matriculated Member of the University of Edinburgh, Ilostorar,
Member of the London Hospital Medical Society, Licentiate of
Apothecaries' Hall, London, &c., &c.
CONTENTS OP TUE TREATISE.
CHAPTER 1. On the Philosophy of Marriage, with its Hindrances
and Obligations, and on Infelicitous and Unproductive Unions.—
Cnalwrza 2. On the Anatomy and Fhysiology of the Generatiw
Organs, their functions, structures, and secretions, proving that great
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M. Walowski said a few words in reply, and was
succeeded in the tribune by—
Professor David, of Copenhagen---If, said that gen-
tleman, the struggle will be severe at first, we have
hands to work with as well as to put in our pockets,
and competition will render us more laborious, and
it must not be overlooked that all nations have a pre-
ference for their own produce if they can obtain it.
This closed the discussion for the day.
The President then put to the vote:-
1. Whether free trade, far from rendering nations
tributaries of each other, did not rather draw them
closer to each other.

VICTIMS OP CLEARANCE IN DUNGARYAN—ITOR.•
RID SPECTACLE.—A correspondent from Dungarvan
writes to us concerning a spectacle to be commonly wit-
nessed in the neighbourhood of that town, the existence
of which is a public reproach. It consists in the con-
gregation there of hosts of families, who have been
evicted from their small holdings in the surrounding
country, and have taken refuge in ditches and other
places in the vicinity. In such abodes, any language
would be inadequate to express the condition of those
unfortunates, who seem stupified from excessive suffer-
ing into an almost insensible state. Their mode of living
levels them almost with brutes. At one quarter, where
a bank of stones runs along a high road, they have
formed in it cells of a few feat wide. Here whole
families have been thrown promiscuously, whose condi-
tion is an offence to the feeling of the community.
Pent up in such dens, fever preys incessantly upon the
bodies of those miserable creatures. It appears that the
magistrates, conscious of the disgrace of suffering the
neighbourhood to be barbarised by such spectacles,
tried to repress them by the powers of the new vagrancy
law ; but from the numbers to be dealt with, after the
first display of legal severity, the attempt had to be
abandoned, as absurd and inhuman.—Cork Examiner.

M. Anisson Duperron- —Yesterday we were told by
Al. Duchataux, that if we were to admit foreign pro-
duce fabricated at a lower price than at home, we
should be obliged to pay in specie, and would be gra-
dually ruined. I cannot take the question in this
livht—a nation cannot be compared to a prodigal son,
who eats both rents and capital. M. Anisson Duper-
ron endeavoured to prove that produce was always
paid by produce, even when there was a difference of
prices.
M. Gamier said he should not trespass on the time
by entering into a discussion, but should read two
songs of the poet Beranger, which he thought appli-
cable to the subject under discussion. The songs
were " Le Contrebandier" and " Les Quatre Ages."
M. Prince Smith attacked the principle laid down
by M. Rittinghausen, and quoted different examples
to prove that there was no difference in political eco-
nomy between the two facteurs of industry.
M. Duchataux—My adversaries have endeavoured
to prove that free trade will not ruin the industry of
the continent ; this is in fact the key of the difficulty.
I am well aware that in the true meaning of the
i
word a nation is not ruined, t▪ has always something
left. A nation is not an indiv•
idual ; a nation consists
of many individual parts, each having their own par-
ticular interests. If we provide ourselves abroad, a
number of secondary branches of commerce will be
ruined, and this is the more certain as all these
branches are equally cultivated by all the nations of
western Europe. If we could give produce for pro-
duce, the evil would not be so great ; but we cannot,
and we must pay in money. It has been said that
money may be replaced by bills, and that the profit

2. If free trade did not shield industry from the
sudden blows inflicted upon it by the restricted sys-
tem of prohibition.
The first motion was adopted with one dissentient
voice; the second with three dissentient voices.
The meeting then broke up.
To-morrow comes the great question of the influ-
ence of free trade on the labouring classes.
BRUSSELS, SEPT. 18.—This day's sitting was con-
secrated to the all-important question of the influence
of free trade upon the working classes—a question
which M. Walowski justly remarked yesterday de-
served a sitting to itself. It is only to be regretted
that many lost sight of the question proposed, to
enter into a more general discussion of the advantages
derivable from commercial freedom. M. Duchataux,
the intelligent defender of the principles of the pro-
tective system having left Brussels, the free-traders
had the course to themselves, and at the close of the
sitting the four questions under discussion, as stated
in my letter of yesterday, were unanimously voted,
with one solitary dissentient voice, that of M. Rit-
tinghausen, who, true to prohibition to the last, held
up his hand to oppose the unanimous vote of the
Congress.

Tile sitting was a most interesting one, and I re-
gret that I cannot render that justice to the eloquent
discourses of M. Walowski and the other speakers
which they deserve. An addition to the Congress
was made to-day in the person of Mr. Wilson, M.P.,
who, being announced by the President, was loudly
cheered.

The proceedings commenced this day by the read-
ing a letter from M. Ramon de la Sagra, a coun-
cillor of state, who had left Spain for the purpose of
attending the Congress, but was prevented from doing
so by unforeseen circumstances. The letter expressed
the sympathy felt in Spain for the principle of com-
mercial freedom. A proposition from Dr. Asher, of
Berlin, was then communicated, to expose within a
given time the practical results likely to be obtained
from the present congress.
The first bironlicsr vv-ao Mr. Drvwu, who
addressed the meeting in the English language. The
honourable gentleman was not very audible.
I scarcely know how to style the next orator, M.
Bergh, from the Rhenish Provinces. He commenced
by expressing his astonishment that the working
dame:mere not represented at the Congress. France,
he said, was represented by a Peer of the realm, the
English bourgeoisie (I quote his words) by Dr.
Bowring, and the working classes had no one. Hav-
ing spent many years amongst them, he felt for them,
and edways thought of them with pleasure and
affection.—(Applause.) They are an ill-used class
of society, and in England are not even treated as
huma n beings. The English manufacturer does not
even speak of them as such, but calls them hands.
He r lever says, " I have so many men," but " I
have so many hands." They are the pariahs of our
age, and I, who have traversed the narrow and
loathsome alleys and back courts of the great ma-
nufacturing towns of England, am aware of their
misery. Ido not know whether this is to be laid at the
door of protection, but one thing I am certain of, that
protection is far too weak ever to ameliorate their
condit ion.—(Applause.) I myself am a free-trader,
and vould not give a penny for a Protectionist—
(Lauf ;titer)—but I doubt if free trade will suffice to
amelit irate the condition of the workmen. It is true
that f .'ree competition will reduce prices, that a reduc-
tion •of prices will cause greater consumption, which
in ilts turn will favour production, and employment
will lie more attainable; but free competition will
give I birth to new inventions, many hands will be
throw n out of work, and the manufacturers will re-
duce r vages to be able to stand the competition, and
the vin )rking classes will be as badly off as ever. Gen-
tlemei 1, I speak principally for the English workmen
—the; r are a neglected class, and it must not be sup-
posed that they were warm partisans of the League ;
they f jrmed a body in themselves, they closed their
ranks, and they look up to their representatives in
Parliaz nent, in the persons of Mr. Duncombe and
Feargi is O'Connor. It is a melancholy fact that at
the ve] 7 time 40,000/. were voted for the royal house-
hold eJ Tenses, only 13,000/. were granted to relieve
the fat aishing thousands in the manufacturing dis-
tricts. M. Bergh concluded by pointing out the
active part the working classes had taken in the
Freno h revolution, when, as soon as the great object
was if ttained, they were discarded. This was the

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only part of his speech were he did not meet with
applause.
Dr. Bowring—Gentlemen, I confidently assert that
the gentleman who has just sat down was never
chosen by the English working classes as their repre-
sentative. The English workmen have their repre-
sentatives in Parliament who advocate their interests,
and who enjoy their full confidence. In a few words
I shall now come to the question under discussion,
avoiding vague generalities. I shall endeavour to
prove to you that the practical effects of free trade
have ameliorated the condition of the workmen. We
seek to enable workmen to obtain high wages and low
prices, and those who have travelled with a view to
ascertain the effects of free trade are well aware, like
myself, of the remarkable contrast that exists be-
tween Tuscany and the Hanseatic towns, for instance,
where a liberal commercial policy is in force, and
the less enlightened states of the Continent. Pro-
tectionists have built their structure on a sandy
ground—we wish to erect ours upon a rock. Pro-
tection is the displacement of labour where the inte-
rests of a large majority are sacrificed to a small
minority. All amelioration is a displacement of capital.
Gentlemen, I was born in a town where the woollen
trade flourished, at Exeter, and am thoroughly ac-
quainted with all the wants and necessities of the
manufacturing classes, and studied all the relations of
this branch of commerce with foreign countries.
When steam was first introduced, Exeter not being a
coal country, that trade diminished, but the workmen
found other employment, the prosperity of Exeter in
no wise diminished, and the population of the city
has since gradually increased from 24,000 to 40,000
souls. It is the ensemble of the prosperity of a nation
which must be considered, and not particular interests.
All real national industry has nothing to fear. In
1825 the silk manufacturers demanded an increased
protective duty on silk ; we, on the contrary, de-
manded a reduction of that duty, and in 1832 we
obtained it. I was called a bad patriot—a French-
man—(Laughter and applause)—and was told that
I was bringing ruin on the country. I replied,
you sleep on the soft bed of protection; arouse
yourselves, get up and study, and put your hand
to the work; but they shook their head and
turned a deaf ear to my words. They soon, how-
ever, came to me for advice, and I told them to study;
they did so, and what was the result? At the present
day, though we import for 30,000,0001 b. of silk, we
export for 20,000,000, and this is a great result. The
displacement of capital is the representative of pro-
gress. The Hon. Gentleman quoted many other ex-
amples to illustrate the axiom. The same objections
were raised when coal was allowed to be exported ;
we were told that our soil and climate were not the
best, but that God had given us a source of wealth in
the bowels of the earth, and why should we not keep
it ? The result of the effects of free trade on this
article has again proved the fallacy of the arguments
in favour of protection. Dr. Bowring then announced
to the Congress the results of the importation into
England, in the first seven months of 1847, compared
with the first seven months of 1846, showing the im-
mense increase since the principles of free trade have
been put in practice. Amongst the many necessaries
of life quoted by Dr. Bowring, the following will
sufficiently illustrate the fact :—ln the first seven
months of 1846 the importation of sheep was 26,700 ;
in 1847 it had already risen to 51,000. Lard had
increased from 13,000 to 50,000 quintals. Butter,
from 136,000 to 176,000 quintals. The impor-
tation of coffee hail increased 2,000,000113 s
from 20,000,0001b5. •to 22,000,0001b5. Hams,
from 8,700 to 12,000. In sugar, the in-
crease is nearly one million of quintals. And what
better answer can be given to those who assert—who
dare to assert—that liberty of commerce has not suc-
ceeded ? In 1845 the fabrication of bricks was
12,000,000 ; in 1846, one milliard and seventy-three
thousand; in 1847 (always in the period of seven
months), it was one milliard one hundred and twenty-
seven thousand, and the fabrication of bricks may be
regarded as a scale whereby to judge the increase of
population, and with that increase also the increase of
prosperity. Before sitting down, concluded Dr.
Bowring, I shall add one word more. I cannot share
the ideas of those who, being aware that they are ill,
put off the application of the remedy to another day.
Our motto on the standard of the League was, "Im-
mediate and total abolition of the corn-laws." We
never swerved. We asked it—we obtained it—im-
mediate and entire; and I hope that the present Con-
gress will demand the immediate and total abolition
of the protective system, that not a vestige of it may
remain.—(Prolonged applause.)
Mr. M'Adana, of Belfast, entered upon an econo-
mic view of the linen industry of the continent, of the
high duties which we maintained upon linen and
linen yarns, and of the erect of these duties upon the
amount of employment afforded to the working classes,
as well as the loss to the community. He urged the
propriety of considering linen yarn as a raw material,
as it is in the subsequent processes that so much la-
bour is required, the spinning being so much sim-
plified by the use of machinery. These duties act on
the linen trade of a country in a twofold manner-
-Ist, they injure that branch of its manufactures which
furnishes linens for export, and thus deprives its
commerce of an article of exchange, causing at the
same time a diminution of employment to its manu-
facturing population, and a derangement of the ba-
lance of trade, to the advantage of the countries whose
productions it requires. 2d. They cause every
consumer of linen within the country to pay an extra
price, and thus reduces the consumption by rendering
it impossible for the poorer classes to obtain as large
a quantity as they would otherwise do. He con-
ceived it to be advisable for each country to inquire
into its peculiar capabilities, its economical position,
and foreign relations, and to point out reasons for its
choice between protective duties and a free trade in
yarns. He then proceeded to a review of the
condition of the linen trade in France, Belgium, and
Germany, entering into the history and statistics of
each. France had imposed duties on British
yarns in 1842 amounting, in some cases to 40 per
cent., and had by this means created a number of
flax spinning-mills to the extent of about 360,000
spindles. The employment thus created gave a
means of livelihood, directly and indirectly, to about
35,000 individuals ' • but the increase in the price of
linens had reduced the exports of France. By the
returns from the Board of Customs, it appears that
last year 38 per cent. less yarns were imported than
in the foregoing year, but 53 per cent. more linens.
Hence employment was increased to that branch of
the trade which supports the smallest number, while
the employment in those operations which support
nine -tenths—viz., the weaving and bleaching—bad
decreased. Reckoning the consumption of France as
seven yards of linen per head of the population
(Bowring), and calculating the cost as 4d. per yard
above the price it could be had for if imported free, it
appears that the French pay 98,000,000 f. per annum
extra for their linen. Taking the value of the spin-
ning machinery, building, &c., at 150 f. per spindle,
the entire sum vested in the trade in France appears
to be 54.000,0 m ne AMA _ 110 00111 a MAzoo urbs
the French nation should be taxed 98,000,000 f. per
annum to maintain a trade in which not much more
than half that amount was vested as entire capital.
He urged that such duties had caused other industries
for which France is better adapted to suffer, and
entered into details as to the wine trade, which em-
ploys 3,000,000 of the French population. He
showed the consumption of wine in France to be
25 gallons per head per annum, while in England
it was only one-fifth of a gallon, the duty being ss. 6 d.
The deputies of the south should reflect that the
maintenance, by France, of such duties on British
manufactures had led to reprisals of this nature on the
main articles of her export. With respect to Bel-
gium, he regretted the state of the linen industry and
the destitution which prevailed in consequence among
the working classes. He maintained that the duties
imposed by Belgium in 1842, on yarns, had princi-
pally caused this state of things by raising the price
of linens, and injuring the export trade. Belgium
exported in linens, in 1838,tothe valueof 33,000,000 f.;
in 1842, it had fallen to 26,000,000 f.; and in 1646,
to 20,000,000 f. This was because British linens dis-
placed them in the foreign markets, by reason of their
cheapness. He condemned the policy of the Ministry
in imposing a duty on the export of tow, and showed
that such measures were hurtful to the agricultural
community, without benefiting the trade. Hand
labour is as cheap in Belgium as in the British isles,
and if the Belgians had as cheap yarns, they could
compete with our linens. The 4,000 operatives in the
Belgian spinning factories were protected, whilst the
entire linen industry of the country, maintaining
300,000 persons, was thus caused to languish. )
then glanced at the state of affairs in Germany, -.7;here
an obstinacy in the maintenance of hand F.,*fling
had caused that country to lose the vent for 'tier linens
in North and South America, where Irisb linens had
now completely displaced them. Tkre Zellverein
spoke of increasing the duties on linen yarns
and endeavouring to establish Ea...whine
spinning.
He looked upon it that when a cowetry was naturally
adapted to this industry it would flourish without
protection. That if it did not possess these natural
advantages, no protective :duties could create them,
while their imposition did, injury alike to the consu-f
mers. the working classes. employed in that
branch of
industry„ and other kinds of production to which the
country was better ad
adapted. He instanced the case
of Ireland, where user a system of protection and

ies the linen tratlanguished, but when thesfsere
ied, it had improved rapidly, and the expo t was
70,000,000 of yards per annum. The manufac-
of cambric for sale in England was, before the
al of the duty on the import of French, one-
of the quantity of the latter sold there, while
now, that the duty no longer exists, it is sixteen times
greater than the French. When a high duty existed
on the importation of foreign flax into Ireland, the
quantity grown there was not more than 24,000 tons,
whereas after this protection was removed it increased
to 38,000 tons per annum. The machine spinning
was only introduced in Ireland in 1829, many years
after it had been in Great Britain, but it
had gone on increasing, and now numbered
312,000 spindles, and this had been in the face
of the immense capital, cheap coals, and great
experience of England. Why, he asked, had the
linen trade increased? why had the manufacture of
cambric increased? why had the growth of flax
increased ? why had machine spinning been carried
to such an extent ? Simply, because, without pro-
tection, the natural adaptation of the climate, the
soil, and the habits of the people of Ireland were so
great for this industry, that it had prospered and
would continue to prosper. He complained of the
heavy restrictions in Spain, and the evil effects of the
contrabandista in the demoralization of her popula-
lation, He glanced at the other countries of the
continent, and concluded by observing that one
hundred millions of the people of western Europe
were compelled to pay an enormous sum more for
their linens than if they were permitted to purchase
them where they could be obtained cheapest and best.
He maintained that in whatever way the system was
viewed, it would be foinA that it had been productive
of the most hurtful effects on the trade of each
country and the employment of the people.
Professor Ackersdyck, of the University of Leyden,
engaged for some time the undivided attention of the
whole assembly. After drawing a contrast
between the condition of Spain and Holland, to the
favour of the latter, he said that in Holland, as in
England there were young Englanders, there
were old Hollanders and young Hollanders,
and it was the latter, the advocates of free trade, that
he represented, and that Holland kept equal pace with
the spirit of the age. These very principles, said the
Learned Professor, were advocated by me a quarter
of a century ago to the youth of our universities, and
the pleasure I feel in looking back to those days is
doubled when I now behold realised those very ideas.
M. De Bronckere here rose and announced to the
Congress that all the members of the present Belgian
Ministry were pupils of the Learned Professor who
addressed them.—(Prolonged applause.)
Professor Ackersdyck, alluding to the speech of his
colleague, Professor David, of Copenhagen, demon-
strated the advantages that Holland and Denmark
would derive from free trade, owing to their advanta-
geous position, and the effects of the same on the
amelioration and development that would ensue, both
physically and morally, on the labouring classes. The
modest, dignified, and chosen language of the pro-
fessor made this one of the most interesting speeches
of the day.
A Professor of the University of Liege made a
short speech in favour of free trade, and was followed by
Mr. Asher, of Berlin, who regretted that there ex-
isted a feeling in Germany which, founded on false
notions, regarded all Germans who advocated free
trade as inimical to the interest of their country. He
hoped, however, that that feeling would soon give
way to a better one.
Professor Walowski, the eloquent and talented ad-
vocate of Libre Echange in France, and who has
taken the effect of free trade on the condition of the
working classes into special examination, ascended
the tribune amidst loud cheers. (I regret that time
and space will not allow me to give you a satisfac-
tory idea of his address ; to appreciate hi
to address
s flowing
s
eloquence he must be heard.) lam about
you, gentlemen, he said, on a most important sub-
ject—l might say almost the most important one—
the influence of free trade on the moral improvement
of the workmen ; for that is the great aim that we
have in view, and free trade is the only means to
attain that end. We all, gentlemen, owe a word of
thanks to the member from the Rhenish provinces,
who instituted himself the representative in this
assembly of the working population. Dr. Bowring
has shown us in numbers a return of the in-
creased importation into England, but a deduction
may be withdrawn from it which has not been men-

tioned—who participated in this increase ? Was it
the wealthy lords of England ? No ; it was the
working population.—(Applause). And what greater
proof can be given of the advantages of the system
we advocate ? Centuries, for humanity, are but as
days, and I shall quote an incident of the time of
Francis L When the Swedish ambassador waited
upon that monarch, he asked his Majesty's pardon for
having to speak to him of so vile a thing as coin.
coerce. What a difference from the present day !
What are all the great questions of the moment but
the commercial interests of the community ? In exa-
mining the influence of free trade on the labouring
population—(l reject the word " classes"—classes
have become extinct—we are all fellow-citizens)—
(Loud cheers)—the first question that presents itself
is to appreciate the true mechanism of production and
distribution of riches. Whatever be the form in
which produce arises, there is an association of labour
to obtain that result. In former ages slaves did the
work, and received their rations like the brute beasts
of the creation. Liberty then stepped forth, and the
share in the production was given to the agent in the
shape of salary. I say salary, but it is but a passing,
and not a permanent term ; the day, though perhaps
distant, will come when the labourer will obtain his
share of the produce of his labour.—(Loud
cheers.) By the perfection of labour produce is
increased, and additional prosperity is the result, and
free trade is the great agent for effecting this result.
One great error of our adversaries is that they regard
labour as a compact masse, which ought to be equally
divided between nations, not capable of extension.
They act upon a false principle from the very begin-
ning. The domain of labour, on the contrary, is illi-
mited. Like the giant in the fable, it requires double
strength when it touches the soil. Protection lulls
the population to sleep in a false security, and pre-
vents the great mainspring of the human mind from
being brought into play. The greatest market thrown
open to produce will be found in the consumption by
those who were never intended to be deprived for ever
of the benefits of the earth. Providence did not in-
tend its blessings for any privileged portion ;.all men
are called upon to share in her gratuitous gifts, and
this will be obtained by a reduction of price. The
Learned Professor then entered into a lengthened, but
highly interesting demonstration of the effect of pro-
tection on the natural instruments of labour, on capi-
tal, and on labour itself. He further stated that a
simple examination of the division of labour would
prove that the working population was (expknio
made subservient to the ears of a small mi-
nority. The Governments are not aware of the atti-
tude assumed by the working population—the effect
of low wages and dear bread might be terrible.
Human labour was not to be regarded as merchan-
dize—the value of labour should be rewarded in
measure to the intelligence displayed. In America
the price of food is low, and the salaries are high. In
Ireland, on the contrary, prices were high, and set
ries were low. High price did not procure high
wages. The mensongerie chimeric of the Protectionles
fell to the ground. By the introduction of freetra
labour would be in greater demand, the workman
would become more independent, and the
manufac-
turer would be obliged to seek the wonl.m,
an' whilst
now the the was onagea m
work for
turer. We all put our hand to ;I;:egreb et
eservitude de
the abolition of slavery, and was
not
thtould follow the
la misere also a slavery ?
dwiovuinmestmnaoxtitmh,ey"
do unto.sphoouldnot uWntoethosetch. s
regretwh at
is not present, as I should a
the Hon. Secretary for Valenchievneneseed. Da u
discussionh at ux )
lwi
tiyt h,
whichhim .
cannot
tt rbaed e,
eluded, gentlemen,and w is
_a may blessed
look fafot ar:
ward to the triumph of the justice of our cause.—
(Loud and prolonged applause.)
As four o'clock was fast aopfprdoiacsciudessigo,nand there.
were many other names on the list, M. Brouckeres
requested those gentlemen who had nothing new
resign
to bring forward
sardmiynththesawix
that after the to
brileslia
speech of of M. Walowski, he should not address the
Congress. M. Horace Say and other members did
the same.

been detained
Mr. Wilson, m.p
and was again cheesed. sl then addressed the meeting,
that thy, He regretted that be had
sittings. In a from
attending the two previous
speech of some length, which was at-
tentivelyin Engw,,, listened to (though he addressed the meeting
), the Hon. Member for Westbury proved
capita) Interests of labour were identical with those of
fic, , i , that protection might for a moment raise an arti-
-41, j.d.k price, but that the reaction that followed
. was only
'• AP, more disastrous; that by competition, on the con-
t;ary, the circumstances of the workmen were ame-
liorated, prices diminished, consumption expanded,
Harcourt
te
hwaodr working i nf
egwp
wordsopulat population.
sad. i n
1 and export increased. The cotton, iron, woollen and
I linen trades were respectively passed in review, t
illustrate the beneficial influence of free trade, and theo
d'Harcoof
increasediti.Le well-beingnu
reply to a reproach that had been made by a mem-
ber, that the working classes were not represented in
the Congress. The Hon. Gentleman had overlooked.
the object of the present meeting,
which was exclu-,
sivelyldevoted to that class of the population, who ha-d
little time to:spare to leave their work when they we're
so usefully employed.—(Loud applause.)
M. de Brouckere closed the Congress by some .re-
marks in reply to M. D uchataux's speech of yesterday
and the four articles above alluded to being unani-
mously
voted, with the solitary ' t.of M. R.
exce p ion at-
tinghausen, this Congress, which will take a memorable
place In the annals of history Ati the first step towards