The Sun.
London, England, 1841-11-16 00:00:00

T. LAMIE MURRAY,Esi., Chairman.

Th;s day is published, price as.,
A\V OF DISTRESS, A. PRACTICAL
J TREATISE on the LAW of DISTRESS for RENT
and of THINGS DAMAGE.FEASANT ; with Forms, and
an Appendix of Statutes. •By EDWARD BULLEN; Esq.,
of the Middle Temple,• Special Pleader.
. - Loßdon Shaw and Sons, Fetter-lane. •

. . .
This day is published, price 165.,
LA' OF LANDLORD and TENANT.
A MANUAL of the LAW of LANDLORD and
TENANT. By JOHN MEE AIATIIEW, Esq., of Gray's
Inn, Barrister-at-law. •
London: Shaw and Sons, Fetter-lane.

This day is published, price One Shilling,
TWELFTH YEARLY EDITION,
ZADKI.EL'S ALMANAC (Enlarged and
Improved) and HERALD of ASTROLOGY, fer the
Dark Year 1842 ; containing Predictions of most important
Events, from the " great Conjunction " and Total Eclipse of
the Sun,. BIRTH OF A PRINCE OF WALES ! Great
Drought mid Pestilence, &c. Predictions regarding Sir Ro-
bert. Peel, Daniel O'Connell, and other leading men ; and the
Nativities of Two Queens. An Ephemeris of the Planets, &c.
and IList of Fulfilled Predictions of the Syrian and Chinese
War ; Birth of the Princess Royal, &c. &c. •
London : Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, PatertioVer-row.
THE WHOLE CHARTER FOR A HALFPENNY.
ASK FOR THE

ENGLISH CHARTIST
CIRCULAR !!
PRICE ONE HALFPENNY !
" This noble, though humble, ally in the glorious cause of
the People is, we are happy to perceive, pursuing its onward
march, and, if properly encouraged, cannot fail most efficiently
to aid in the cause of right and justice. The number before
us (25), besides other highly interesting matter, contains the
" People's Charter" entire. Thus every working-man, for the
charge of a single halfpenny, can procure for himself and family
an authentic copy of this most—this all-important document;
and we sincerely trust that the whole of the mas'es will gladly
avail themselves of the opportunity, and that all working-men
will aid in its circulation."—Northern Star.
The Work can be had in Monthly Parts, 6d. each.
•„* In the current Numbers of this Work, Memoirs of
Muir, Emmett, and Lord E. Fitzgerald will be found, with
stirring Articles on THE REPEAL OF THE UNION, &c.
London : Cleave, Shoe-lane, Fleet-street ; and all Booksel-
lers and Newsmen.

J. Elliotson, M.D., F.R.S. I John Rawson, Esq.
I
John Griffith Frith, Esq. John Riddle Stodart, Esq.
Hunter Gordon, Esq. - Clement Tabor, Esq.
George Lungley, Esc. Joseph Thompson, Esq.

AUDITORS.
Professor Wheatstone, F. R. S. Professor Graves, A.M. F.R. S.
Act 7.1 A AY-7-W. S. B. Woolhouse, Esq., F. B.A. S
PusstclAt4 —J. Elliotson, F.R. S.
SURGEON—E. S. Symes, Esq.
SOLICITORS—Messrs. Sweet, Suttee, Ewens, and Omman-

ney, 6, Basinghall-street.
•
BANKERS-51mm. Glyn, Halifax, Mills, and Co.
LIFE ASSURANCE.
ADVANTAGES.—Perfect security from a large paid-up Capi-
tal and accumulations—=Equitable Rates—Power to borrow
Two-thirds Premium paid, without expense or forfeiture-4nd
Profits, annually divided.
N.B. - Policies for Short Periods at Lower Rates than at any
other Office, with option of continuance for Life, at the usual
rates.

DEFERRED ANNUITIES.
The best and most varied provision for after life hitherto of-
fered—£2 12s. per annum (Is. per week) at 20, will at 65
give the pol.cy-holder the choice of an annuity of £47 16s. 6d.,
or £349 I Is. cash, or policy at death of £466. Similar ad-
vantages at 50, 55, and 60—Two- thiids payments lent at any
time, and Two-thirds returned in case of premature death.
The detailed Plans, and Last Annual Report to be had at
the Office, at any of its Branches, or on application will be
forwarded poit free.
F. FERGUSON CAMROUX, Secretary.
THE LONDON, EDINBURGH, AND
DUBLIN GUARANTEED MUTUAL and PRO-
PRIETARY LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY,
No. 3. CHARLOTTE-ROW, MANSION HOUSE, and 5,
GREAT MARLBOROUGH-STREET, LONDON ;
64, FLEET-STREET, DUBLIN; and
21, ST. ANDREW-STREET, EDINBURGH.
DIRECTORS. _

KENNETH KINGSFORD, Esq., Savage-gardens, Chairman
BENJAMIN !FILL, Esq., Welbeck-street, Deputy Chairman
Alexander Anderson, Esq., York-place, Portman-square
Jolla Atkins, Esq , White Hart-court, Lombard-street
James Bidden, Esq. Spread Eagle-court
Captain F. Brandreth, Scots' Fusilier Guard's
James Hartley, Esq., Mecklenburgh-square
John M‘Guffie, Esq.. Osnaburgh-street
John Maclean Lee, Esq., Seething-lane
J. Alarmaduke Rosseter, Esq., Kennington-teriace
Vice-Admiral Robert Honyman
• Alexander Robertson, Esq., Portland-terrace, Regent's-pat k,
Manager.
H. H. Cannan, Esq., Finsbury-square
AUDITORS H.
E. Alison, Esq., Corn ti 111
Mrnicat. ADVlSER—Marshall Hall, M.D:, F.R. S., L. and E.

SECRETARY—F. Edgell, Esq., Noel-street
SOLICITORS—Messrs. Palmer, France, and Palmer, Bedford.

row.
CONSTITUTION OF THE COMPANY;

This is the only Guaranteed Mutual Life Company—All other
Assurance Companies are either Mutual; in which the parties
Assured are also their own assurers, there being no Share-
holders and no original Capital—or proprietary, in which the
assured have no share in the profits,- which belong exclusively
to the Shareholders—or Mixed, in which the assured have the
eption, on payment of larger premium, of participating in a
psrtion only of the profits. By the Constitution of the Lon-
don, Edinburgh, and Dublin Company, the Mutual Class of
the assured are entitled to the Whole of the Mutual Profits; as
if they had been assured in a purely Mutual Society, and they
have also the security of the funds of the Company 'supplied by
the Shareholders, who, guarantee by the subscribed Capital, the
payment of the sums assured—the assured themselves being re-
lieved from all responsibility, and thus placed in the right of
the advantages afforded both by Mutual Societies and Proprie-
tary Companies.
Table to Assure £lOO, with profits :

Age. £. s. d. Age. £. s. d.
20
25 ... ........ ... 2 2 7 50
35
40 - 8
Those who wish to assure a specific sum without regard to
future additions, are charged according to a scale which is as
low as a due regard to the complete security of all parties will
admit of.

_....... ..._
Table of Premiuras without addition of Profits:--
Age. £. s. d. Age. X. sk. d.
20
25
35
40
PRACTICE OF. THE COMPANY.

NEW- WORK ON DEBILITY, &e.
Just published, price,4s. ; or sent by Post, free, 55.,
SELF-PRESERVATION ; ''a Popular Essay
on the Concealed Causes of those 'obscure and neglected
Disorders of the Generatiie Systein, originating in certain
solitary Fabits, youthful excesses, ror in fection, -and terminating
in Nervous Debility, Local or Constitutional Weakness. Gonorr-
hoea, Syphilis, Indigestion, Insanity, and ,Consumption. With
Practical Observations on MARRIAGE, and on the Ana-
tomy, -Physiology, and Diseases of the Reproductive Organs,
with plain directions for their perfect`Restoration.
By SAMUEL LA'NIERT. CONSULTING SURGEON,
• 21, FALKNER-STREET, MANCHESTER,
Matriculated Member of the University of ainburp,h, Hono-
rary Merribe:. of the London Hospital Medical Society, Li-
centiate of Apothecaries' Hail, London, &c. &c.
Puislished by the Author, and sold in London by S. Gilbert,
26, Paternoster row ; Courier Office; 4, St. Ann's-square, and
Lewis, Market-street, Manchester; Newton, Bookseller,
Church-street, Liverpool ; Watts, Snow-hill, Birmingham ;
Cornish, 15S, Briggate, Leeds; Fryer, New Bond-street,
Bath ; Healey, Cheltenham ; Independent Office, Cambridge;
and by all Booksellers.
The various positions of Lover, Husband. and Parent, which
the world are severally anxious to fulfil, are the inherent privi-
leges of mankind, and but for the accidents of mortality would
be awarded equally to all. To such, among others, this essay
addresses itself; and, by its perusal, many questions may be
satisfactorily adjusted, that admit of no appeal, even to the
most confidential friend. To fan the spark of hope, to dissi-
j. pate groundless alarm, to restore failing confidence, and point
to the means of securing a happy old age, is no trifling r,com-
mendation of an effort directly tending to the-social and moral
welfare of all classes of the community.
Mr. La'Mert is to be consulted daily, at his residence, and
Country Patients are requested, in their letters, to be as mi-
nute as possible in the detail of their symptoms, age, general
habits of living, and occupation in life. The communication
must be accompanied by the usual Consultation Fee of 11..
without which no notice whatever can be taken of their appli-
cation; and in all eases the most inviolable secrecy may be re-
lied on. 21, Falkner.street, Manchester.
Sold in London by Mr. S. Gilbert, '26, Paternoster-row;
sod. by all Booksellers.

...-
Important improvements have been introduced into Life As-
surance practice twy. this Company, whereby the mode of ob-
taininr, Policies is simplified, all doubts as to their validity are'
removed, and. their application is much extended.
The Policies are ii,defeasible and Indisputable, unless they
have been fraudulenth obtaine !. They at once create for the
assured an unquestionable right in reversion, easily negotiable,
and valuable as a crllateral security in pecuniary transactions.
One-ba.f .of the Premiums may remain unpaid for Seven
Years, affording a greater facility and more economical plan
for loan transact:ons and family provisions than any other which
has been suggested, allowing a Poiicy to be dropped at one-half
of the usual sacrifice, and entitling the .assured at a future pe-
riod, 'when loss of health may prevent him from obtaining a
new assurance, to continue a Policy for double the amount of
the sum for which he has paid premiums.
Credit Tab'e to Assure £lOO.
Age. X. s. d. Age. d.
15 ... Ol6l I 40
20 . ... . ... 0- 18 0 45 .. ... 1 16 6

25

30

54

.
Whole World Policies, entitling the party to go or to reside
in any part of the World, are granted on payment of a small
additional premium, according to the circumstances of the case,
but fixed and determined at the time of granting the Policy.
Provisions for Old Age may be made by the purchase of an
annuity to.commence at any defined age, or by effecting a Life
Assurance according to the following Table, whereby the sum
assured is made payable to the Assured himself on his attaining
60 years of age, and in the event of his death before that time,
it is payable to his heirs or assigns.
To Assure £lOO to the Assured Himself at 60, or to his Heirs.
Age. £. s. d. Age. £. s. d.
15
20 ... ......... ... 2' 8 7 40
25
30 3 10 0 50 ll 11 . 4
Chronic Diseases form no bitr to the granting of Policies
upon the lives of persons suffering from them ; an additional
premium being charged according to the nature of the risk.
The Agents of the Company, and the Manager in London,
will, on application, forward, free of expense, Forms of Propo-
sal and every requisite information, to parties desirous of effect-
ing Assurances. •
All Official Communications are considered as strictly con-
fidential.

Just published, the Seventh Edition. price es. ; and sent free,
on receipt of a Post-office order, for 3s. 6d.,
MANHOOD; the CAUSES of its PRE- .
L .
MATURE DECLINE, with plain Directions for last week the tacksman of a rabbit
ITS PERFECT RESTORATION; addressed to those One day -
suffering from the deste uctive effects of Excessive Indalgence, warren in the neighbourhood of Kilo inning, set a trap
Solitary Habits, or Infection ; followed by Observations on to catch a fox, which had, during the autumn, made fear-
the Treatment of Syphilis, Gonorrhcea, Gleet, &c., illus- i lid havoc among the coney brood on his grounds. Next
trated with cases, &c. By J. L. CURTIS and COMPANY, night he, accompanied with three friends, paid a visit. to
Consulting Surgeons, London. tile trap, and found Reynaril in limbo sure enough,
SEVEN i'll EDITION. caught by one of his hind legs. When the party ap-
Published by the Authors, and sold by Ralliere, Medical preached lie showed his teeth, and made such other de-
Bookseller to the Royal College of Surgeons. 219, regent-
monstrations of resietauce as effectually to frighten the
street; Strings, 21, Paternoster-row ; Pattie, 4, Bridges-
street, Strand, London ; Guest, Birmingham ; Sowler, 4, St. ni.n froin securing him further.; and, having succeeded
Ann's-square, Manchester; Philip, South Castle-street, Liver- 'in making thins retreat to a convenient distance, he
pool; Macle n and Co., ri, D'Olier.stteet• Dublin'_ Duncan, : acttully turned and bit his leg off, a little below the
114, High-street, Edinburgh ; and to be had of all Booksellers . knee joint, and in this crippled State, contrived to make
The following are a few of the numerous testimonials this his escape.--Ayr Advertiser.
popular work has received, and which the limits of an adver- , FREDERICK THE GREAT.—Atnong the many
tisement will only allow of being published :
features of unusual interest and. curiosity which are said
The rage for books in all departments ef Science, literature, '
to characterise the forthcoming historical work entitled
and the arts, was, we believe, never so prevalent as at the pre-
sent time. The unavoidable consequence of this is, that we " The Life and Times of Frederick the Great," that
which will attract particular attention will certainly be
meet a very considerable proportion of indifferent, useless, and
even bad books. With the force of this prejudice on our the original letturs (now for the first time placed before
minds, we with no little reluctance were induced to peruse I the Bute:lisle reader) of the great Frederick himself, dis- -
.
Messrs. Curtis's work, entitled "Manhood ;" nor did it re- closing his most secret thoughts, opinions, and feelings,
quire much perusal fully to satisfy us that th., book was not on the circumstances and persons surrounding him. This
one of the common stamp. The scientific views taken by the i important work will also, as we understand, include ori-
authors of the source and origin of many of the most distressing ginal personal anecdotes, and characteristic notices anti
effects of certain depraved habits, fully establish their claim to .st every distinguished estimates, of
:aim, ... . individual with
the character of experienced and judicious snreeons. To
whotn Fredurick came in contatt &um.- a career which
quote passages from the work in proof of our assertion would •
be departing from the established rules of the daily press. The may be said to bolas changed, in man; respects, the in-
result, however, of our careful perusal of the work, has been '
to impress us with a thorough confidence in the talent and i
stkhiell ocfartheetellcctual and moral aspect of continental Europe.
or
youth are
andare ton
esta t ias fl l'i t us
Ise tihnadtebttheods et
eeth,m entrustedforwfuirh. SIGHT AND HEARlNG.—Patronized by their
fishing them with a means of p
heteeirntin&sdomF ofl the most't Majesties the King and Queen of Hanover, and their Royal
Highnesses the late Princess Augusta, the Princess Sophia,
~ng and. frightful maladies to which flesh isr her Serene • Highness the Princess Esterhazy,' the Princesses
o , '
subjectisire of the
few books now coming before the public on such af whichi '
Messrs. Curtis's work, entitled' ‘ei heir.—Old
orl fordel ar
,y and Rosa, her Grace the Dowager Duchess of Bed-
can lay claim to tee character of being and their Graces the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the
the same time that it is fully intelligible to strictlya. plrowhesstroenaad,
it.at Dukes of Norfolk, Devonshire, Manchester, and Marlborough,
The moral and medical precepts given in it, renderoit invalue Marquises of HertfOrd, Londonderry, Sligo, and Thomond, Earls
of Shaftesbury, Tanketville, Harewood, Powis, Bradford, Wick-
able.—Magnet.
The perusal of Messrs. Curtis's book entitled " Manhood," . low, Verulam, Harrowby, Buckinghamshire, Meath, Somers, Ox
ford, Lisburne, and - Ferrers, Bishops of Exeter. Blandford,
has really astonished us by developing atones of maladies, the - Lincoln, Cork, Elphin, and Kildare, Lords Hill, Cowley, &c. &c.
In addition to the• above distinguished patronage to the Newly-
new.faifing *consequence of the vicious habit of which it
treats. The clear eonnexion pointed out between the assigned Invented Spectacle Lenses and Sound Ma nifiers Invisible
~,
the work.—Age. King wperative Voice Conductor, Mess's. S and B. Solomons, 39,
oCni City,
d stateu ng
utlataattit,ldieiarptp' arloubaabtlie,
approbation
inventions
o f
above have
four
°Ausemarie.stieet, Piccadilly, opposite the York Hotel, and 76,
strongly recommend cause and the effects is perceptible to *every capacity.
recommendrecommendThe multituJe of books daib: toning from the press, some, ' aisogainelladirhe'eestartmt
hundred of the principal members of the medical profession. Imme-
diately theseitNn.izlfy:citriTistiedon,SptehcatatclemiLstensaensdardeulpuliaec,esd beforewfich
nay most of them of a very questioriaele tendency, made us ex-
aexpptre,a-mr
elbefore the eyes is at once removed, every - object be.
itts
trnaely reluctant to take up another. Having, however, been
is brought to its i
induced by the character given of this work by an intelligent ,
friend, we ventured to open its pages, and now feel no hesita. ,
imperfect sight be.
o from
the
its
s,i,tte,
source of
f instructedmean yof thaon,de
teisrenlioetfthtoe
comes clear and distinct, so that the rem.ioe
youthful, natural,
ohldasstePa
cornea bright abntadte.
rani,' teidninfieind.sayTinhge
clearthat wexeposairtiisoen
diseases which proves so fatal to youth, and which are set and
erceptib:e nor
Operative Voice Conductor
uncomfortable
friLatgaibiliefie;rtshfeoyr dgeivaef
ipvfiermsoeidisia,
causes, suPh as exposure to cold, sudden vicissitudes of tempo-
down by the every-day observer as the. result of common
rature, hereditary taint, fee., is truly convincing and extre- c.:ses cf deafness, and the faintest whisper at apublic?ding extreme
assembly is
melt' satisfactory. We say " satisfactory," inasmuch as Messrs. heard with exact distinctness.-39, Albemarle-str
Curtis have shown that many diseases, such as Pulmonary
. York Hotel, and 76, King 'William-street C; eet, opposite the
, City.—No coneeesien
Consumption, Epilepsy, &c., hitherto the tipprobria of meth- with persons of the same name
cane, may, when taken in proper time, and submitted to judi- RYDE, Nov. 13.—Tlie Rev. RW S'
clous treatment, be brought to sie favourable a termination
leaving Hyde will be severely • • tbthorp's
felt—his worts f
as any other class of ffections. We do not think we go too
were Vers. extei • : •short. e. o- charity
is,ve in we ',now o
far in saying that society is deeply indebted to the authors for .
1 is beets(l. the of : f
means dolor more good no one that
producing so useful, so much wanted, so valuable, and so trot
to
t '
to the town venerally.—Rampshire Advertiser.
moral a book.—Conservative Journal.
We recommend the work entitled " Manhood,' &e., to the : THREE MEN PoIsONED.--Much excitement
careful perusal of persons of all classes. The moral as well as has prevailed at Long Sutton, on
account of
three men
physical advantages sure to result from such perusal, will be having been poisoned there on Monday last. On that
most readily recognised and felt by those who stand most in clay Ti . I !,- . „ H. .- , .
, lonia, .o. ~,, ; , al•s r
.e Burgess, and White-
need of them.—Statesman. lem, all in the service of George Clarke E -
Messrs. Curtis and Company are to be c,nsulted daily at '', sq., of Long
and res,clin-• at his farm in
Sutton, . • Sutton Mavh, after
their residence, No. 7, FrLh-street, Soho-square, London. . of their tinnier, ere seized with illness.
Country Patients are requested to be as minute as possible P"rtldn; It
`i
in the detail of their cases.—As to the duration of the cow.- Johneen died in the course of the night, but the other
plaint, the symptoms, age, general habits of living, and oceu- ' jut) aro ex pe,•ted to recover. .1:110 Coroner's inquest has
patron in life of the party ; the communication must be ac- net w vet been held,' but enough is known to •
arrant us
orapanied by the usual consultation fee of hi., without wh'eb, in saying that it will prove a most 1
me aucholy case of
no notice whatever can be taken of their application ; and in , family discord.—Stany'ord Mercury.
awes the moot invitlable seam any be relied en. .

them as such. The first instance of depreciation is as
great a blessing. as can well befal a country, the second
represents the base coin circulated by Austria in her
Italian dominions7,-Or the French assignats' founded on
biens nationaux—cniginally the flimsiest of allproperties
and which, after the assignats being issued, were're-'
confiscated over and over again, by the ephemeral go-
vernments of France. No moral confidence ever attached
to the assignats—no moral discredit ever attached for a
moment to one pound notes—nobody can deny that every
acre of England was fairly pledged to redeem them ; the
only objection was that they could not be exported.; and
people reasoning a usual that all which was acted in
.Frittice was to be done in England—because• England is not
Yranee, platisible,c.obbett, and still more p'ausible Mr.
confounded;.the:smallnotes with the assignats. By
withdrawing these in 1821; he made such an ovethrow of
trade and silver, that the -Sycee silver began from that
very moment to leak out, and'Our celestial statesmen are
still in agony to keep it at home without relieving in-
dustry by concession of any Mandarin perquisites what-
ever..

First, We have with us the fixed opinion Of her Ma-
jesty, whose character unites the intrepidity of her fa-
ther's royal line, the political prudence of King Leo-
pold, the affectionate disposition of her mother's family,
and the great qualities of the lamented Princess Char-
lotte ; and how "can it be burner that after losing in so
sudden a manner, all the illustrious "pct sons near the
throne, who held liheral opieions, the hoeei 'Which de-
volve on her Majesty as the eherithed enfant tte'irt ma-
son should be blighted by this fourth.Potignaelaittempt?
2. The history of these retean 3 has uniformly:turts'd.
on a strict defensive alliance between monarch and b -
rough towns against barons ; •with this principle the ori-
ginal Reform Bill harmonized, and princely favour
raised into legislative power, cities till then unknown to
the Constitution. The present movement is a more di-
rect manners of asserting their indefeasible claims to.
equality. •
3, \i re have universal history on our side. The mis-
.
Tortunee of krance arose from 'the corrupt monopolies
of Cothert, styled Grand, beckuse he was too grand
to listen to the luis.sez faire, passer,, -of his
merchants;
,he had his reasons-fOr'protecting each, till
his unproductive taxes
Paid by poor to rich —alms-
faking' wealth, alms-giving poecety—
withered every
-branch without exception. Maurepas, .Necker, and
Monseigneur de Calonne, finance ministers after
these evils had become wholly insupportable, gave
Way to' a general rabblementing which ended in tideous
regicide, as ship-meney and other expedients sealed the
fate of Charles I. In modern France, the restoration'de-
pended on oar paying the Louis XVIII. ^Bsna
perte landed at Cannes beciase his,civil list was notpaid,
and Villele now predicts a finatiCiaT4. July.' Fiscal errors
united the Provinces against Philip IL—the Stamp Act
united the States against Georgent. Spain, perfect speci-
men of restrictive system—pertuct spccimen of monarchy
in dissolution.. - Discovery of America suppling an ample
currency; alleviating the weight of debts and taxes, led to
the revival of Europe, and evcu the Reformation itself, such
as it was. Athens was great under Themistocles and Peri-
cles, because' the rich- paid all the taxes and the people
had all the 'power. Free trade in corn confirmed the
strength Ofl3ficenie:Tit and Rome ; ciVil wars arose from
the debts of Caesar and Antony. Oar owe cotton
trade thrivee from-having escaped protection; China is
ruined by neglect of the people, together with absurd
ideas about specie.
4. If in the opposing scale the venerable associations of
Church and King, . Bible and Crown, were to be found,
our cause would be much weaker ; the catechism of in-
fancy, the soothing aspect of a parish church, will always
be revered : but in fact, these traditions and the unsus-
pecting persons who depend on them, are all sold to one am -
bitious man, as an eleonntinvestment of his fortune. So have
I seen in a large collection of pictures, the portrait of Raf-
facile painted by himself, Whose mild complaining eyes,
looking out as it were for a congenial mind, seemed to
shrink with terror from the Peel arms, double lackered
On the frame.
On the other side we find nothing but fallacies, which
would long have disappeared- if any one vested interest,
any chartered bily, any coterie, caucus, garrison; mono-
poly, University, corporation, academy, oligarchy; or Par-
liament had been profitably concerned in demolishing them.
• Most of the corn fallacies have been ably pointed out, or
if any have not yielded.to the vast intelligence applied by
Ebernezer Elliot and his followers, it is because they
are not farmers; because English general society cares
little about fanning, because the agricultural interest
have less georgic simplicity, less,knowledge of the sub-
ject than any body of men in the world. For instance,
Lord Stanley spoke as if all tolerable ground must pro-
duce either corn or grass—this was said at a cattle-
show. Many Noblemen who attend on these occasions
(like the portly creatures they behold) show more
blood than sense, and are equally distinguished for high
breeding and low views. But did his Lordship never
lift his glass to survey one of the parish allotment fields
'in August, in the golden sunshine ? He would then
have•seen the people in their birth-right land, trudging
many miles to cultivate halfa quarter ofan acre of the worst
ground ; but he would have seen neither grass nor corn,
except here and there a single shock of wheat, and, per-
chance the wakefUllegenuity of a family exerted to scare
the birds•frons"this little hiesury. Cattle shows and phea-
sants dd not properly constitute an agricultural body.
These Sabine tillers, sue si 'bona norint, would repudiate
the petits profits they now procure; they Would be pre-
pared to show the precise manner in which exclusion
ruins them, as it does all trades protected 'from
petition, and would pay twenty millions yearly to be
rid of it, rather than receive that much to strengthen
the blood-cell-tented fabric. The great landowners
must long have seen that differ( tidal duties do not per-
. •
manently improve rents : their object in maintaining
them must be to keep their inferior acres in cultivation,
so that when Lady Bountiful extends her drives beyond
the . deer park, she may 'not be shocked with an ap-
pearance of desolation. For this'purpose, certain "doses
of capital" are necessary—these are given.. on the faith
of Parliament prices. Another security for the capitalist
is, that when a bank contraction,• or an uncontrollable
abundance, hauls down prices; .paragraphs appear; an-
nouncing that • some landlord has ,thrown back 20. per.
cent. at his last " audit.'.'_venture to remind-your
readers who way not be farmers,, that land should be
kept clean and dry, and well
,manured ;—to secure
these objects, half the soil of England_ requires •a.
great outlay in draining and trenching, the surprising
effects of which are-. every day more obvious. The
landlord having no security for his rent under Corn-laws,
cannot undertake the expense.; the tenant having no
tenure of his ground cane still less afford it, especially in
Ireland. Also, to.keep the land well manured,, a varied
succession of green crops is requisite in summer, without
which stock Cannot,. thrive in the stall : this involves the
necessity of a large rotation, with a small proportion of
white straw crops and a complete change in the whole
plan of farming, now carefully adjusted so as to rack the
ground, to take the heart out of it by repetition of ex-
hausting crops ; the produce favoured by climate and
comparatively secure from injury being discouraged, the
farm houses tumbling down, and the tenants— • •
Not knowing which, to stand or fly, • ,
With rent-rolls mounting zenith logb,
They have their choice to run away
Or laboUr for a groat a-day.
England is but one huge dilapidated farni_going out, of
lease without any prospect of renewal. If we are to re-
ject all depteidance on fereign'ers fur bread—if:we are to
despise the considerathei that commerce loyes, liberty
and peace, that mutual intelligence proniotes charitable
feelings (an argument Which 4oid. Shrewsbury at least,
ought gi`iiel.l
.le 111),Ivfoorugihtt.twhiesfiernst apostle
eict Rome,
L
o
free
and thus in a Manner fbunded the apostolic cliair)—if we
are to relinquish all this, and be again the penitus tot')
divisos orbe Britannos, then, there is nothing fur it but
trade in nut to
o i
Iv
to begin by prohibitieg the growth of corn at home
during the next five years, and so recover the heart of
the ground before we throw down the gauntlet.
The currency fallacies are chiefly verbal, and arise
from the distastefulness of. the. inquiry. Members of
Parliament refuse to study what " bores" their consti-
tuents—the press avoids it------abOve all it is Arabic to the
reporters, and now that Parliament has made itself
dictator, that the reported debates are 'our laws, and
that most of the speeches must be re-written to make
them readable, this aversion is a serious evil. Hence
arose the failure of Mr. T. Atwood, who besides had
some unexplained reasons for being obscure. The cur-
rency will never be understood, till the daily press con-
descends to popularize the discussion and put the
many-headed au fait. Why do not the learned oftener
avail themselves of this power ? Unless the editors had
a peculiar talent of justice, and great freedom from
egotism, they could not conduct their papers a month
their "-all-sidedness" does not imply both-sidedness ;
they see too much of human errors, as Walpole said
from his own experience, net to be warned and guided
by the sad spectacle.
•
The metals stationary in amount, are inapplicable
to the domestic transactiOas via reading and writing popu-
lation so rapidly augmenting,. I.)eechio or Adam Smith
kriew nothing of bank-notes'as a "universal solvent." Sup-
pose they had written before the discovery of Mexico,
their principles, so'l'es as ►nuney is concerned, would
have-been tuPersedea 'bY that event: suppose agairethet,
productiVeness of.,iiiines had no hounds, awl that; the.
metals were limited to a single nation—still, more would.,
their teaching as to these parlcular pointsinive been.
superseded. Nor is this a gratuitous unsupported theory;
our English currency from 1797 was wonderfully pros-
perous till 1819, when the Bank began to
" keep its
securities' even," at which time the direst distress com-
menced and remains to this hour. There is aUo a still
longer experience among the Jews: inventors of the bill
of exchange; they have always maintained a credit cur-
rencyonev- We believe veil
or paper in a to be on
their hearts as to certain subjects, they must surely
think a veil is on our minds as to the'uses of money; we
act as if money was an atmosphere whose composition
cannot be changed, they consider it as .a receiver, whose
contents may be modified—yet no one' pretends to say
their wealth is fictitious, or only of yesterday. The
Scoteh keep no specie, the Jews reserve 'it for dealings
with strangers.
1. Among the.verbal fallaciee. put Birth on this subject
is the word " convertibility, implying
conversion of
notes at will of the holder, the effect .of Which must be
that they will seldom be converted, but Mr. Peel com-
pelled us to convert them against our will. This was the
butt of his sharacteristic.
pleasantry, about " irredeeraS
• and again "a few more, or
able paper" - a few, one'
pound notes "—these
commensurate with trund notes being the
only. medium ie exigency oftheease.
2. In the word "depreciation there is a double am-
phibologie :in fairness the vortlshould mean-what it is
supposed to mean—the fallvalueiii of certain securities
it
or promises to pay, but is used without previous no-
tice, by some writers determined to muddle the subject
in order to conceal their own position, in the different
sense of an increased total fund of money, which of
course lowers the value of any sum in purchase, or
in other. words reises prices. • It is also used as
implying bad faith in the subscribers of the promise
to pay, or a total absurdity in the, whole affair—as in
Poyais bends. It is recorded that a certain king made
silver to be in his doniinions as stones ;we may next
imagine another king.calling stones silver, and passing

- -
3. In various " city articles" the word " accommo-
dation " is used as if all extension of currency were
owing to some Such cause ; but accommodation, consi-
dered as the transactions of two or more persons;
one of whom, A, has nothing to trade on but the promises
of B, and he nothing but the promises of A, being the
worst enemy of real banks, can be allowed only by imita-
tions of banks, and can never swell the currency except
for a moment, being the very antipodes of credit, which
keeps money in circulation, and without which business
cannot go on at all.
4. But the greatest currency-fallacy, of all rests in
the word " expansion." There may be presumption in
a mere " occasional reporter" seeking to make such a
subject as this attractive. I appeal• to those who have
taken out regular diplomas as currency doctors, whether
such an acievement is not difficult enough to task their
utmost powers. Arise ye few, who to a mercantile edu-
cation have added a long study of general yrineiples,
and a profound conviction that all legislation will prove
worse than useless, while these contemplations are
omitted ! To hear still greater contraction recommended,
to see the blame of increasing and interminable distress
laid on swollen currency, and this last ascribed to accom-
modation, is too painful. Sight so deformed what
heart of man can bear ? These gentry entirely con-
ceal the obvious distinction between expansions de-
manded by the trading public " for business and
for return," which never can be too great, which
require care to make them sufficient ; and ex-
pansions on temporary, capricious grounds. as, pur-
chase of dead weight and negroes, or mortgages, or
accommodation, the receivers of- which must either pay
the money, bury it, or lose it, and then the Directors
say, as they did in 1832, " The spirit of speculation is
abroad, and we don't think proper to encourage it."
The private banks are simply branches of the Bank of
England, and the whole machine is accurately contrived
to depress industry. Even the City, hankers principally
have to do with money-mongers; at all events, the great
banks about Temple-bar and the " West-end " have no
connexion whatever with industry. Devoted servants of
landholders and fundholders, they are steadily pursuing
a design founded in the vast enhancement of mortgages
at present, to supplant the former in pOssession of whole
counties. Identical is the policy of the Bank, which
acknowledges that mercantile paper is the very worst
security for them to hold ; waging moreover an inter-
necine war against all establishments which, like the
Scotch and French banks, exist for trade and industry.
You never see a notice that on account of distress
among manufacturers, " the governor is ready to ad-
vance money on approved bills." The querterly no-
tices merely enable the bankers to do civil things by
their customers, and support the idle market till the
dividends are paid on the overgrown trust properties. The
great plan or charter of directors is this :—they thought
the Government thought they ought to keep their securities
even,and now the Government cannot think how they came
to think any such thing; but while this notions remains, all
the securities coming in by quarterly notice, must be sub-
tracted from the issues "for business and for return." Take
the simplest case of that right sort of money—that plenty
of circulating money which constitutes plenty of profit, ex-
tending itself to every spiracle of society, and not that
redundance of buried money mis-called capital,
which indicates paucity of transactions—while wealth
accumulates and men decay. Suppose a ship in
the coasting trade, ready to weigh anchor, but re-
quiring some advances on the security of the whole
cargo. The bank, on which the country banks depend,
refuses to discount and does all in its power to destroy
the property, which*of course is worthless if not -ex-
ported, and thus ruin the shippers, whereas the number
of securities held by the bank, ought to be precisely the
number of transactions of this stamp, and the more the
better. The same case must often occur with regard to
expensive machinery standing still for want of materials.
The money discounted would be turned and repaid.o—the
advantage would transpire to the villages around, and
the blessing of him that is ready to perish WOUIII rat on
the beneficent power but the bunks prodigal to rich
men and their rich bankers, must keep its securities evert,
and has no discounts to spare for starving Walsall of
vulgar Blackburn. It is scarce possible to imagine a sum
so small that might not, if thus applied, make the dif-
ference between contentment and death. It is like the
sick man, described by a poet as perishing amidst tin.-
bounded wealth for want of eightpence :-
--Sume hoe ptisauarium orysie!—
Qaanti, in quis ?—Parve.—Quantkerge ?-octus,ibus.—Ehert !
-.And Rini wretch is found dead—at his loom.
5. We are constantly informed that such and such
-causes derange the currency, but no idea is attached to
the phrase : the only "derangement" is insufficiency,
uncertainty, and misapplication. The excuse is, that
when symptoms appear in Mark-lane or the exchatns,
general distress must be artificially produced, in order
that foreigners may be led to take our cheapened ex-
ports. Undoubtedly deficient currency keeps prices
down, and a sudden contraction of that deficient cur-
rency compels the manufacturers to sell at a " tremen-
dous sacrifice," but it is incredible that foreigners
should take goods they do not want, because they
are something cheaper—cheap enough, however, to
ruin the manufacturer—or refuse what they require
because dear enough to keep the mills going. That
plenty of money in the true sense gives an im-
pulse to trade no one denies ; this must produce
competition, and the supply must press on the limits
of foreign demand so as either to prevent prices being so
high that foreigners will not buy—or to raise them
abroad. It is not by cheating industry, but by encou-
raging it, that we shall undersell all competitors and yet
raise prices every where ; accordingly Mr. Levett, in his
petition to Congress, stated that the Americans did not
wish for cheap goods from us, bat for a cessation of ex-
clusion. In all the ludibrious panics which have oc-
curred, as soon as the Bank was frightened and became
liberal, the exchanges turned because trade revived; but
the selling-off plan always fails, and this appears to have
struck the candid side of Sir R. Peel's mind, who ob.
served that in 1838 the exports increased, but the gold
had to be sent after them to balance the trade.
6. There is another miserable fallacy about what is
called " the little shilling." The total existing gold and
silver having altered in their supply and demand, the
sovereign is now worth about 21s. If the sovereign
is kept at 205., some nameless person is to carry off
the odd shilling, or the clipping of the sovereign.
The same effect of obtaining a more level standard
or legal tender would be obtained 'by enlarging the
shilling (or silver bars) and keeping the sovereigns as
they are, it' a single reason or precedent existed
for it. When the same event occurred in'the "reign of
Elizabeth, Bacon and Coke advised that the silver money
should be kept as it was, and the gold coin either
lowered in value or raised in denomination. The Ame-
ricans did the same thing before 1834, and very wisely,
lowering the gold eagle to its silver value. But it is a
curious fact demonstrated by Mr. M. Attwood, before
the Agricultural Committee of Lords, in 1836, that the
Peel Committee potently believed gold to be the cheap-
est of the two metals, and adopted it as standard and le-
gal tender for that very reason. Yes, the real (public)
motive of the change, the star of the house of Peel, was
in deed and in truth neither more nor less than the little
shilling itself.

" Thrift, thrift, HoratiO I"

from
mhdseetlhBeocButra.
Besides this, they had a nebulous sort of inkling that all
fixed ineoMes, such as places, sinecures, rents in parti-
cular, and 'the 30,000,000 of dividends; -would rise in
value they dared not think or say how much. By acci-
dent they adopted the metal totally unfit for standard,
and, contrary to their intention, the scarcest of the two.
7. There is some ambiguity in the very term currency.
Four penny pieces would appear currency, yet they were
hoarded. The old pasteboard " exchequers' are a sort of
currency, about as inconvenient as wooden tallies. Gold is
currency, but hoarded gold is not. Stocks are not cur-
rency, but coupons of the debt paving daily interest, or
Royal bonds or debentures would be a most popular cnr-
rency, so much so that all notes of 50/. and upwards
ought to have some such form. The 1,000/. notes pass-
ine• in the neighbourhood of the bank are not currency.
AL'bank in Scotland is a sort Of clearing-house between
receivers and employers of money, and the deposits are
perhaps the more active part of the circulation. The
differences require a quantity of small notes, that best of
wil,iflarholicrankums,
all currencies, which stopped the panic of 1823, but it
in,
a would
corporationbe m ur,de
liker murderous s
ours,to l
self-elected,
etilre
iseueptpe
dl
havingof theseno dependsanettorrvieoteirisiy,
to lose—no interest in bank-stock—no assignable motive
but their own restless schemes. Is fecit cui prodtst.
We might as well centralise tea-dealing, and give the
1800 to 1808 the
management to the first score of tea-dealers one met in
tAiboarbarously
theth e
moralitystreet.
the for theß 11
ma monetaryw a p pesra tngeilidimaai
would have remained till now.
We may trace a little farther the miseries of contrac-
T
called
tsqvt iyi
official
mptom ihcsoai
aetf
remainedin vovoauaulgrruihseo:Eintst
oi,
annual
eunkiacanilolralmyi.
e,npxaellpdiscFooars.rtt:e)samd,
, rency price still more barbarously called their " real
alue,
187al namely, exports
3 i 5 ncr
millions,
on as
s. from Since 41 t
to
t
h
1819 the exports increased as from 22 to 41, almost dou-
bled- and the currency price rose from 36 millions to 45
millions. This rise in currency value, however insuffi-
cient, was owing to the country banks and small notes.
In 1819 Logic came into power; from that year to 1833
h
64, but the currency value of the mass went back to the
same sum
as
in nof 0
time the joint-stock. banks and an .increased
quantity of
a
the quantities
annual