The Sun.
London, England, 1841-01-22 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY, JANUARY 22. 1811.

rages be worked to suit the purposes of the capi-
talist ; and the average of twenty years from 1828,

could the law be continued so long, would dwindle
into almost nothing, and prove that it gave the
agriculturist no protection whatever.
When the price is 605., the law means to give
the agriculturist a protection of 265. The actual
protection afforded him during eleven years has
been ss. sd. per quarter. Now, what has been
the average price during that time ? Not 70s. nor
60s. ; but 565. hi. We repeat that the average
price of wheat since 1828 has been 565. Id., and
the average duty levied on 9,297,493 quarters
has been only ss. 5d., while the law has professed
to impose a duty of 265., when the price is at 60s.

The law, then, is a lie and a cheat, and the land-
lords who have made it have most grievously gulled
and deluded the working agriculturists.
The law says that when the price of wheat is
605., foreign wheat imported shall pay a duty of
265.8 d., and, believing that, the farmers have agreed
to pay rents in proportion. We appeal to practical
farmers. Did any man in the kingdom, during the
last eleven years, hire a farm and agree to pay
rent, on the supposition that the price of wheat
would be 565. ld., and the duty on foreign wheat
ss. sd. ? We arc certain he will answer that he
hired his land on the supposition that wheat was
to be kept by the law at a price above 605., and to
insure that a duty was to be levied of 265. Bd.
when wheat was at that price, increasing as
the price of wheat fell. But the price and the
duty have actually been the sums we have stated,
and to the extent, above that price and that amount
of duty, which the farmers have calculated on, they
have been cheated by the law. The hatred it has
provoked against them has been as twenty-six—the
benefit it has conferred on them has been less
than fire.

This view of the actual operation of the law
through long periods demonstrates the perfect im-
potency of the Legislature to attain its own ends.
It has gone a long way to ruin our manufactures,

and it has starved to death many thousand people,
but its gigantic wickedness has nevertheless not
kept up the price of wheat to the height it designed,
nor has it been enabled to levy the duty it ordained
in proportion to the price. It has decreed that
30s. Bd. shall be levied when wheat is 565. ld. per
quarter ; the actual sum levied at that price was
ss. sd. It has been baffled therefore. It has earned
for itself an immense deal of odium, and has been
unable to produce the effect it desired, though that
is one of arithmetic. It has endangered the peace
of the country and the stability of our institutions,
while it has not kept up the price of corn ror been
able to give the farmer the protection it has pro-
mised. In short, while it has starved the people it
has cheated the farmer.
A lesson, as it seems to us, of more importance
even than the instruction of the farmers, is taught
by these facts. Though meddling quacks go on
year after year enacting or demanding laws, as if
the power of the Legislature was superior to nature,
and could over-rule time and space, it turns out,
when we come to examine effects, that its power is
much less than these persons suppose. It cannot
control nature. It can only do good by studying
her ways ; and when it departs from justice, it is
sure, in the end, to be defeated and disgraced. If
its power be limited,—if it be, in fact, impotent to
attain much that it commands,—those who are now
so very eager to set it in motion, and multiply laws,
will probably relax their zeal, and the community
may be spared some of the disturbance caused by
the perpetual interference of the most contemptible
and hateful charlatans.

We have received the Paris Journals of Wed-
nesday, together with Tuesday's Papers, which,
had the weather been favourable, would have reached
us yesterday. M. HUM ANN'S project of law on
the Budget, which was presented to the Chamber
of Deputies-on Monday, and which will be found
in our report of the proceedings of the Chamber of
Deputies in another part of The Sun, has opened
the eyes of several of the Deputies to the real mis-
chief of the war policy, and to the immense lora
which France must sustain by persisting in main-
taining what she calls an armed peace. The amount
of credits required by the Finance Minister is five
hundred and thirty-four millions of francs, being
eighty-four millions more than the proposed loan;
but so enormous will be the expense of fortifying
Paris, and so great the outlay required by the war
policy, that the Government will be compelled to
withdraw one-half from the amount annually ex-
pended on roads and bridges, and for a period of
eight years to come no new public work whatever
can be undertaken. More money will be uselessly
sunk in the morasses round Paris, to restore to us a
worthless relic of the feudal ages, than would suffice
under proper management to cover France with
railroads, and give such other aids to commercial
and agricultural industry as would in seven years
increase her prosperity more than the whole period
since the restoration of the Bourbons. Now the
Government which assumes the right of doing every
thing in France, declares that before the expiration
of the year 1848 it can do nothing to improve the
state of internal communication. 'Why in less than
eight years the progress of steam shall have revo-
lutionized Europe, and France with her fortified
capital, after the example of a frontier town in the
thirteenth century, may as well go back to the
social habits of that period as to dream of remain-
ing so long stationary. Such, however, is the
glorious prospect which her armed peace policy
holds out to her.
The Treaty concluded between France and the
Argentine Republic, first denounced by M.
THIERS' organs, is seized by the Ministerial to
cover with obloquy the THIERS Administration,
from whom Admiral MACK AU had his instructions.
Upon this question the Opposition Press evince a
singular absence of both tact and memory. Their
blows have recoiled upon themselves. In endeavouring
to get out of this scrape, the Constitutionnel of
Tuesday has the following defence of the late Go-
vernment

" The insttuctions given to Admiral Mackau signified
that he was to demand two things—indemnity for the
French who had been injured, and the same treatment for
French subjects as that which was shown towards the most
favoured nations. As to the Allies of the French, Admiral
Mackau had orders to inform them he was negotiating
with Roses, and to include them in the Treaty if they
consented to his doing so. The instructions laid down
only these three bases, and the Chamber approved of
them. We have now to look at the Treaty concluded
by Admiral Mackau. The fundamental conditions dic-
tated to him by the Minister are contained in it; but
the drawing up of the Treaty is his own, and the spirit
of the instructions is in fact compromised by the form.
This is our opinion, and it is also that of the Conservative
journals, which make of this Treaty a ground of accusation
against the Cabinet of the Ist of March ; but if they find
that the Treaty does not sufficiently enter into the spirit of
the instructions which M. Thiers had given in conformity
with his engagements to the Chambers, let those journals
employ their influence with the present Ministry to induce
it to refuse its ratification. As to the Cabinet of the Ist
of March, it will be easy for it to prove that the instructions
which it gave were neither more nor less than what it had
said in the Chamber, and which there met with approba-
tion."

The Ministry, it appears from the Courrier
Francais, will ratify the Treaty, leaving whatever
credit may result from it to their predecessors.
This journal insists, that by ratifying the Treaty,
GUIZOT assumes the odium of it, and that
11. TRIERS is to be held immaculate. The same
journal bears the following direct testimony to our
repeated observations on the bad state of things
necessarily engendered by the French system of
colonization in Africa :

" Marshal Vallee is to leave Algiers on his return to
France this day. Notwithstanding the flattering assur-
ances of pacification which have been given through certain

interested publications, it appears that our affairs in
Africa are more embroiled than ever. Abd-el-Kader, I
who has been supposed to be completely subdued, has or-
dered a levy of one man out of every two men of all the
tribes under his domination, and he intends to open a new
campaign in the spring with 10,000 cavalry, as regular as
his cavalry can be, and 5,000 disciplined infantry.
The Government is further said to have received an appli-
cation for an immediate reinforcement of 12,000 men-
-4,000 of whom are for the province of Oran, which
will, it is believed, be the first object of the enemy's at
tack. It is reported that the departure of General Bu-
geaud is fixed for the 28th instant."

Here, after ten years' fighting—ten years of con-

tinual victories on the part of France, if we may
credit the telegraphic despatches, we find the
French provinces as exposed to invasion as they were
the first day of their occupation. This is the fault
of the Government which allows nothing to be ac-
complished by associations of private individuals.
It must have a finger in every man's pie. If the
Government of France leave a man a spoon, it in-
sists on prescribing the way in which he is to carry
it to his mouth.

The following extracts frotn the Journals of i
Tuesday and Wednesday contain all the news they
bring of any interest
NAVAL PREPARATIONS.—In compliance with an order
of the Minister of Marine, a board of superior officers bad
been appointed to visit the gun-boats Cyclope, Vulcain,
and Volcan, which, after the campaign of Mexico had been
disarmed, and decided which of those vessels shall be im-
mediately put in readiness for sea service. The second
division of the squadron, under the command of Rear-Ad-
miral Casy, was about to sail from Toulon for the purpose
of exercising the crews. That division is to consist of the
Souverain, three-decker, and the Marengo, Alger, and
Suffren. The first and third divisions, under Vice-Admi-
ral Hugon and Rear-Admiral Renault de la Susse, were
taking in provisions, and would shortly follow the second
division. They were composed of fourteen sail of the line,
of which two are three-deckers.
SWITZERLAND.—There appears still to exist in Svvit-
serland much agitation. The march of the Government
was, however, firm and decided. The suppression of the
convents in the canton of Argau had been adopted in the
Grand Council by a majority of 115 against 15. One of
the chiefs of the insurrection, Dr Bayer, physician to the
convent of Muri, had sought refuge in Lucerne. All the
German cantons had placed their contingents of troops
under arms in the course of 48 hours. The Grand Coun-
cil of Berne agreed, on the 14th, to a partial rcvisbn of
the Constitution by a majority of 55 against 26, unless
that the people demand a more sweeping or total reform.
The Legislative Council of Neufchatel decided, on the
11th, that the authorities should be called the next day to
an account for having surrendered Borcl at the request of
the French Government.
THE FORTIFICATIONS OF PARIS•—It was reported in Paris
that the Ministry was in an unsatisfactory state ; that Mar-
shal Soult and MM. Humann and Teste ware opposed to
the proposed fortifications (although the Marshal would
willingly accept one portion of the plan—theforts detaches)
—and that the other members of the Cabinet warmly sup-
ported the measure. The approaching discussion in the
' Deputies continued, therefore, to be looked to with much
interest.

PORTUGUESE SLAVE-TRADE.--ThC 200 slaves and young
Arabs found on board the ship taken by the Prcvoyante,
and carried into the island of Bourbon, were in a perfect
state of nakedness and starvation, so that the magistrates
of the island were forced to clothe as well as feed them.
The Arabs were free men, whom the Portuguese pirates
had carried off by force, and reduced to slavery.
A letter from Bayonne of the 16th instant :mentions the
arrival in that town of M. Ramirez Arrcllano, the Pope's
Nuncio lately expelled from Madrid.
The Regency has granted a delay of 30 days to the
Bilboa merchants, to introduce into the kingdom the g00...1s
and merchandise existing in the entrepol, and which
were imported in Spanish vessels, on payment of the re-
duced duties formerly levied on those articles. This delay
once expired, they are to be subjected to the duties they
woald be liable to pay if imported in foreign vessels.

The following late intelligence from the Turkish
capital, and which has also the merit of being more
favourable than the previous accounts, is from the
Austrian Observer of the 13th inst. It is ex-
tracted from a letter from Constantinople, dated the
30th of December—being two days later than the
advices received direct from the same quarter :

The Sultan has accepted the submission of Meheme
Ali, tendered by him in a despatch forwarded to the
Gaud Vizier, through the medium of Captain Fan.
shawe, and which fact Resehid Pacha, Minister for Fo-
reign Affairs, has notified to the representatives of the
Four Allied Powers, in a note addressed to them on the
27th of December, adding that " his Highness now only
awaits on the part of the Pacba of Egypt the fulfilment
of the conditions imposed upon him by the London
Convention, dated November 14, before which his
submission could not be considered as complete. The
Sultan reinstates him as Pacha of Egypt, and adop•s the
other measures relative to his I.c-investiture ;" that, " con-
sequently, the Porte bad resolved on sending Vice-Admi-
ral Walker, who bas been raised to the rank of Pacha
under the name of IYaver Is ha and Mazhuni Bey,
a member of the Imperial Council, in the capeeity of
Commissioners, to Alexandria to receive the Ottoman
fleet, and insure the performance of the promise made by
Mehemet Ali to evacuate all the points occupied by his
troops out of Egypt."
"In the meantime, the internuncio of his Majesty the
Emperor of Austria, and the Ambassador of her Britannic
Majesty, were requested to send, on their side, Commis-
sioners to be present at the restoration of the Ottoman
fleet, agreeably to the fourth paragraph of the Separate
Act of the 15th of July."
BO UR SE.•—••PARIS, WEDNESDAY, JAN. 20.

r int Highest I.owcst Last
Price Price. Prics.. Price
French 5 per Cents ll2 25 ... 112 40 ... 112 10 ... 112 50
4% per Cents .....
4 per Cents 99 ... 99 ... 99 .. 99
3 per Cents 77 25 . 77 30 ... 77 15 ... 77 33
Bank of trance
gelgian Bank
S per Cents 28% ... 08% ... ptim ... lA%
3 rcr Cents 69 ... 69 ... 69 ... 69
Spanish Active 25% ... 25% ... 25% ... 25%
Passive 6IA ... 6% ... ti! ... 0%
New Deferred
Portuguese 3 per Cents 20% ... 20% ... ip% ... 20%
Neapolitan
Roaian lOO ... 100 ... 100 ... 100

The Madrid papers received are of the 12th
instant. The Regency received an extraordinary
express from Lisbon on that day, with despatches
from the Spanish Charge d'Affaires, to the effect
that the Portuguese Cabinet would support the
question of the navigation of the Douro before the
Cortes, and if they failed to carry it that they
would retire from office. There was some talk .of
Spain putting two or three ships of the line and
five or six frigates into commission to oppose the
Portuguese navy. The first question we would ask,
is, where are the ships to come fr9m ?

Private letters from the Spanish capital speak
confidently of the maintenance of peace between
Portugal and Spain.
General Cu AcoNA, the War Minister, was se-
riously indisposed on the 12th. The duties of his
office were performed, ad interim, by the Minister
of Marine.

A good deal of business was done on the
Bourse on the 12th. The Fives were at 28i for
cash, and 201 at 60 days.

GERMANY.

BERLIN, JAN. 15.—The Stale Gazette says " anc.4.l
accounts from Frauenburg announce that Rudolph Kuh.
napfel arrested on suspicion of being the murderer of the
Bishop of Ermcland, has confessed his crime."
His Imperial Highness the Archduke Frederick will re-
turn to Vienna, from the expedition to Syria, about the
15th of this month. The young Prince will return with
the Englieh Order of the Bath, which is hardly ever con-
ferred on any foreigner, and with that of St. Andrew of
Russia, which includes in it all the Orders of the empire.
Of the two Roman Catholic Archbishoprics and six
Bishoprics in the kingdom of Prussia the half are now de-
prived of their chief pastors. These arc the Archbishopric
of Cologne and the Bishoprics of Troves, Brelau, and
Ermeland.
POLISH FRONTIERS, JAN 3 . —The Senate of Cracow, on
the di'-solution of the Commission of Inquiry, has ad-
dressed a request to the respective Courts to under.ake the
regular trial and sentence of their subjects confined in the
prisons of Cracow for high treason or disturbing the public
tranquillity, and then to withdraw the Austritin garrison,
as there is no reason to apprehend that the tranquillity of
the republic will be interrupted. I hear that tho Aus rian
Government has at once declared its readiness to accede t
their request, and that negotiations with Russia ;nd
Prussia have been ope:ned, which it is to be hoped will
soon have favourable result.
VIENNA, JAN. 11.—General Buren von Hesse having ac-
complidied his mission to the South German Courts, has
returned to Vienna, and has already had the honour to
make a verbal report of the success of it to his Highness
Prince Metternich.
BRUSSELS, JAN. 20.—The average price of wheat last
week was 19f. 4c., and th':t. of Rye I If. SI c. per hectolitre.

- -, -
iIELGI AN I UNDS—BRUSbEI.d, JAN. %,',".
Actual De,t,254 per Cent.
Itothscliild'. Lean, 5 per C.nt l/7
Loan of Thirty Millions, 1 per ('ent.
(1 4' ,) !t'eX
--------- 3 per Cent. -
-----Thirty.geven--- ---- .. -9
Loan of City, 18:1•2, 4 per Cent !I
11'..1
Society of COrIIIII,ICC, -i!, per Cent
Bank of Belgium, 5 per Cent.... ..........
Nationa I S9ciety . ............
Exchange on Lontlow (ilmit) .................. 11 V 5
--Brussels Payers, Jan. 20.
AUSTRIAN FUNDS.—ViuNNA, JAN.II
Five per Coats. Mctalliqucs
:8
Folgr per Cents.
'Three r: r Cents.
.•...., .... ••
Hank :Shams l7oo
.4"gemeine Zrio,-i..f. Jan. 10 _

Mr. J. Shaw Lefevre and Mr. George Lewis bail an
interview yesterday with the M,rqui,4 a Normanby at
the Home-office. Sir C. F. Williams, Mr. 'Murchison,
Mr. Lech, and Mr. Bailey, had also interviews with,
the Noble Netrqui3 Ntorday.

THE MARKETS.-(THIS DAY).
CORN EXCHANGE.
This week's reported hrrivais of all Grain has been
small. The Wheat and Barley trade have continued dull
since Monday, but lower prices have not been taken.
Beans and Peas unvaried. Oats decreasing in quantity
for sale, and 6d. per quarter advance has been obtained on
Monday's prices. The Flour trade dull.
SMITHFIELD MARKET.
The supply of cattle was short, and the trade brisk ; few
good Down sheep at market, and those sold quickly
the supply of catv,s was moderate, and the trade: dull.
No alterAtion in the price of pork. Beasts, 479 Sheep,
2,320; Pigs, 430; Calves, 129; Beef, 3,4 8d to ss;
Hutton; 3s 8d to ss; Veal, 4s to 53 10d; Pork, 3s 6d
to ss.