The Sun.
London, England, 1849-10-15 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON,

by England, without a dereliction of their high duties,
or without a depreciation of their character for
generosity ? Is it seemly, to say the very least of it,
to witness the continued reception of the Austrian
Ambassador at the Court of the Queen of ENGLAND,
knowing that he is the representative of the Woman-
Flogger, FRANCIS JOSEPH, and the agent of a
Cabinet steeped in the blood of wholesale murder and
general desolation ? Any connivance in these in-
famous proceedings on the part of our rulers would
not only redound to their discredit with posterity,
but would provoke the indignation of their contem-
poraries. We cannot, therefore, but believe that the
immense and beneficent influence of Great Britain
will be employed to allay the ferocity of Austria
in her conduct towards the heroic but unfortunate
Hungarians. Events have armed our Government
with the right to such an interposition; for
it cannot be forgotten that Austria was entirely de-
feated by Hungary, that Hungary was only overcome
in her majestic struggle on the calling in of the hordes
of Russia, and even then that the fall of the Magyars
was only effected through the instrumentality of the
most execrable treason. Such being the case Eng-
land, we maintain, is as fully empowered to demand
the diminution of the Austrian cruelties as Turkey
was authorised to reject the ultimatum of extradition.
In both instances, moreover, the plea is identical—the
sacred and persuasive plea of humanity. Nor should
the requisite remonstrance of her Britannic MAJESTY'S
Government be so long retarded that but few more
victims will remain to be shielded from execution•
For the sake, then, of humanity, for the sake of Hun-
gary, for the sake of Austria herself, for the honour
of England, we trust that the arm of the British Go-
vernment will be at once extended in protection over
the Magyars, and that its voice will be directed in
reproach to the councils of the revengeful Cabinet at
, Schoenbrunn.

The experience of the country, for a long series of
years, has proved beyond the possibility of doubt,
that national distress or prosperity chiefly depends on
the amount of the circulating medium in actual use.
If that amount be adequate to its wants and exigen-
cies, sufficient to keep the industrious classes in full
and remunerative employment, there will be found on
every side content and happiness. If, on the other
hsnd, it be unduly reduced, there will be general dis-
tress and difficulty. LoCKE, in his admirable consi-
derations on money, has distinctly pointed out the
disastrous results that must inevitably follow a serious
diminution in the amount, and a consequent increase
in the value of money. The nature and amount of
every contract entered into will be totally altered ;
debtors will have to pay far more than
was calculated on, when their liabilities were
incurred ; rents must necessarily fall—" a less
quantity of money being to be distributed amongst an
equal number of receivers." There will be universal
discontent and dissatisfaction, for " people not
perceiving the money to be gone, are apt to be jealous
one of another, and each suspecting another's in-
equality of gain, to rob him of his share. Every
one will be employing his skill and power the best he
can to retrieve it again, and to bring money into his
pocket the same as formerly. But this is but
scrambling amongst ourselves, and helps no more
against our want than the pulling of a short coverlet
will amongst children that lie together preserve them
all from cold. Some will starve unless the father of
the family provide better and enlarge the scanty
covering." The truth of this masterly view
has long been fully established. In England
it is ascertained that whenever the Bank
of England notes in the hands of the public amount to
20,000,0001. or upwards, there is almost universal
prosperity, which gradually disappears as the amount
is reduced, until, when it declines to 16,000,0001., the
former prosperity is replaced by intolerable distress.
The condition of the population is, therefore, found to
depend on an increase or decrease of 10 per cent. on
the amount of circulation, taking the average at
18,000,000/ ; or, in other words, a reduction of 20
per cent. will alter the whole state of the country,
from the greatest prosperity and happiness, to poverty,
distress, and destitution.
Long since we applied the foregoing facts to the
condition of our sister kingdom, we pointed out the fear-
ful consequences of a reduction of nearly 2,000,0001.
sterling out of a fixed issue of 6,354,4941. only, or
about 30 per cent. on the entire amount of circulation,
and we asked if England, with its complicated and
ingenious system of bills of exchange, bankers'
cheques, &c.; &c., by which the amount of money
necessary for the transaction of business is so ma-
terially economised, and also with a large amount of
gold in circulation, suffers so deeply from a reduction
of 20 per cent. in the amount of notes in circulation,
what must be the result in unhappy Ireland, in which
there are comparatively no such appliances to econo-
mise the currency, and in which there is practically
no circulation of gold ? Ihe melancholy condition
of all classes in that unhappy land—an embarrassed
and insolvent gentry, a destitute and starving
population—the vast natural resources of the
country remaining neglected and uncared for —the
fields remaining barren and unproductive, or, at least,
not more than half cultivated—the mines unwrought,
the waste lands unreclaimed—the deep sea and coast
fisheries scarcely carried on, while the bays and har-
bours teemed with fish—afford gloomy but sufficient
responses to our interrogatory. The diminution of
money indicated the state of collapse into which the
nation had fallen, but its inadequacy to theexigencies
of the country precluded the national regeneration and
rendered it impossible for the people to emerge from
their embarrassments and difficulties.

Since that period the drain has gone steadily on.
Half a million sterling has been with-
drawn from circulation, in addition to the
previous reduction ; and at this moment,
" the amount of money circulating in Ireland—un-
derstanding by money not only gold and silver coin,
but all the paper representatives that, in the ordinary
transactions of life, supply its place—is less, by one
half, than it was thirty months ago." Such is the
statement of our talented contemporary, the Dublin
University Magazine, in its opening paper for the
present month ; and we regret to say that the Irish
national periodical adduces incontrovertible proofs,
drawn from public documents, of the truth and accu-
racy of its assertion. It demands " the serious atten-
tion of every person who has an interest in Ireland's
present or future prosperity to the gloomy and most
disheartening details," and the subject is indeed of a
character that must command respect. The facts being
established, as they are beyond the possibility of doubt
or cavil, it is for the Government to say what can be
done for Ireland in the present most pressing emer-
gency ? What can we do for the regeneration of
that unhappy land, and for the preservation of that
warm-hearted and much wrcnged people ?

The returns of the several banks of issue in Ireland
on the 28th day of March, 1846, show that at that
period the total issue of notes by all the banks
amounted to 7,444,9601., and that the total specie
held at the same time was 2,568,158/. Of these
amounts the notes of the denomination of 51. and
upwards, were 3,071,5891.; those under Si., 4,373,3711.;
gold coin held, 2,426,0221.; andsilver coin, 322,1311.;
and the amount was still increasing, for on the 25th
April, 1846, the total notes issued amounted to no
less than 7,536,3231. What a lamentable con-
trast is exhibited in the returns up to
and for the Bth of September last, on
which day we find that the total issue of notes by
all the Irish banks only reached the sum of
3,811,4451.; and the gold and silver coin
at the same date held by the various establishments,
was 1,635,0171. On a closer inspection it will be
found that the notes of the denomination of 51. and
upwards, were 2,042,1201., while those under 51.,
that constitute the currency of the middle and indus-
trious
classes, and which are essential to their welfFe
and prosperity, have been reduced to 1,769,322/.
The proportion of silver in the banks has increased
enormously during the same period. It is now no
less than 640,0001., the greater portion of which has--
been abstracted from the circulation of the country,
BO that it is now a work of considerable difficulty in
many of the country towns to obtain change for _a
pound note, absolutely impossible to get silver for 101.
Our talented contemporary justly remarks that "the
diminution in the smaller amounts of the currency in-
dicates the almost inevitable decline of all those
operations by which industry is set in motion, or in
which the industrious classes receive their reward.
Can any difficulty or doubt, then, remain as to the
real causes of the depressed condition of agricaltnre-....
.of the unhappy differences between landlords and

tenants—and of the wide-spread and organized con-
spiracy among the occupiers to abstract the entire
produce of the land, and to leave nothing to satisfy
the demands of the landlord or the claims of the rate-
collector ? A portion of it is undoubtedly ascribable
to the defective state of the law of landlord and tenant,
to which we have repeatedly adverted, but a still
greater portion is attributable to the unnatural con.
traction of the circulating medium, more especially of
the smaller denominations of currency. The observa-
tions of Locxs which we have above extracted
fully explain the state of the case. " Some will
starve unless the father of the family provide better
and enlarge the scanty covering." This is, indeed,
the truth. It affords a prophetic warning of the state
and condition of Ireland at this moment. Had the
great philosopher been an eye-witness of the suffer-
ings of the people—had he traced the exciting causes
to their very source and origin, he could not have
placed them in a clearer light. The remedy, the
only remedy for the disease, is that " the scanty
covering should be speedily enlarged"—that adequate
measures should be adopted to increase the circulation
more especially of the smaller denominations of notes,
so that the dormant energies of the nation may be
excited into activity, and its natural capabilities fully
and completely developed.

THE FRENCH REPUBLIC.

We have received the Paris papers of Saturday.
The Committee of the National Assembly, to which
the consideration of the proposition for the payment
of the dowry of the Duchess of ORLEANS was
referred, has reported in favour of the payment of
the dowry.
. _ _

The trial of HUBER was brought to a conclusion on
Friday. The jury returned a verdict of " Guilty,"
and he was sentenced to transportation.
The trial of the accused of the 13th June com-
menced on Saturday morning; it was considered
probable that it might last for a month.
The Reforme publishes the following declaration
from the accused of the 13th June assembled in
London :

" The trial of the affair of the 13th June is soon
about to open at Versailles, and the public prosecutor
has sammoned us to appear before his high Court.
Not wishing to enter prematurely into a discussion
which does not belong to us alone, the following is
our reply in a few words and the summary of our
motives. We will not, we ought not, to surrender our-
selves to the trial of the 10th October.-1. Because
we cannot accept as accusers those, or the servants of
those whom we have denounced to the country as hav-
ing violated the Constitution in assassinating the Roman
Republic; those whom we have declared as fallen, and
whom we have put out of the pale of the law for a fla-
grant act of high treason.-2. Because we cannot accept
as legitimate judges magistrates of exception . and of
circumstance, invested with a sovereign judicial power in
virtue of a violated constitution, and on the appeal and
convocation of the violators themselves.-3. Because we
are deeply convinced that by placing ourselves in the
hands of our enemies we should fall into a judicial snare.
The Government, in fact, would not allow any one to
plead, and to prove that it had violated the Constitution;
it could not allow any one to prove its crime. Our
defence would not be, therefore, possible, but on the
material facts of the 13th June—facts accomplished by
us in the full measure of oar rights, in the order of
our duties, and on which we could not consent to
justify ourselves any more than to defend oureelvee...-
4. Because it appears to us contrary to the interest
of our party, which is that of Republican Europe, to
deliver up our arms, and to bury our efforts and our pro-
pagandism in the citadels of the counter-revolution, or
to render them fruitless by exiling them beyond sea, and
that when the French Republic—every people being
under the yoke—would have soon to fight its last battle
against traitors at home and the Cossacks abroad.
Would Mazzini, Bern, Kossuth, and Garibaldi be more
formidable to Austria, at the bottom of her dungeons,
than in a foreign land, where their liberty would pre-
pare them for future action? Such are the motives
which command us not to surrender ourselves; not to
offer ourselves as a trophy to our enemies. Would they
not be too happy, after having gagged us, to again scum,
as they call it, the revolution, and to enter into a con-
tract over our bodies, with old Eurape, which can only
sleep to the rattle of chains? We have been told that
our resolution ,ould be calumniated—that it would be
miscontrued. If that comes from our enemies, it con-
cerns us but little ; if from our friends, let them reflect
before they censure us. We tell them all that, if it
should ever happen to them to be thrown into exile
after performing a great duty, their liberty will not
appear to us a privilege, and we will not accuse them
of happiness.
(Signed) " LEDRU ROLLIN, ETIENNE ARAGO,
MARTIN BERNARD, LANDOLPHE,
RATTIER, CH.RIBEYROLLES.
ED. MADIER DE MONTJACT, JUN."
The SAM journal publishes a letter dated
" Canton of Vaud, Oct. 9.

" We were of a different opinion to that of our friends
in London and Paris on the question as to whether we
should be present at the trial of the 10th of October.
We thought it was important to the Republican cause
that all those who participated in the administration
should go and say before the country, on the 10th of
October, what they said on the 15th of June—that the
Government had violated the Constitution. But, as
party men, and by a spirit of discipline, we must, as a
minority, submit to the opinion of the majority; we
shall not, therefore, appear at the trial.
(Signed) "FELIX PIA; EOICHOT,
ATRIL, JANNOT,
ROLLAND, ERNEST COURDEROY."
It was rumoured in Paris that General ROSTOLAN
and M. DE COURCELLES had resigned.
Colonel LEBLANC arrived from Rome on Saturday
with dispatches for the Government.
The Patrie of Friday evening says—" Lord Non.-
MARRY and Lord Bum:mum went this morning to
the Elysee and had a conference with the PRESIDENT
of the Republic. We have reason to believe that the
Russian and Austrian question was the subject of
this conference."

On the same evening Lord BROUGHAM dined with
the Marquis of NORMANDY at the British Embassy;
all the Foreign Ministers, except those of Austria and
Sardinia, were present. An animated discussion of
the
*extradition question took place between Lord
BROUGHAM and KISSELEFI. On the latter asserting
that all the noise in England was made by the " Li-
beral press," his Lordship assured the Russian Minis-
ter that Whig and Tory, Lord ABERDEEN and Sir
ROBERT PEEL, were united as one man upon the
question, and resolved to support Turkey. This
silenced KISSELEFF, who abstained from pronouncing
another word on politics.
The following circular has been addressed by the
Prefect of Police to the different Commissaries of
Police, relative to the removal of the emblems of some
associations of workmen

" Sir,—The majority of the establishments opened by
the associations of workmen have ostensibly placed on
their signs triangular levels. This emblem, adopted by
the Socialist party, in addition to awakening sad remi-
niscences and inspiring uneasiness in the minds of the
peaceful part of the people, is not recognised by the Go-
vernment of the Republic, and consequently has a sedi-
tious character. I, therefore, request you to conform
yourself to my circular of 10th February last, and to
adopt every necessary measure to cause the proprietors
or managers of those establishments to immediately re-
move these emblems from every signboard or front of
the houses which come within your district. If your
' orders are not attended to, you will state the contraven-
tion in a proces verbal, addressed to me without delay, in
order that I may adopt the necessary means to enforce
them. You will do well in all cases to render me an
account in a general report of the result of your mission,
and of its consequences with regard to public feeling."
The Gazette de France publishes the following
letter from the Count DE CHAMBORD, addressed to the
eldest son of the Abb6 GENOUDE, the late editor of
that journal, in reply to a letter of that gentleman,
announcing the death of his father : _

" I deeply feel, Monsieur, the painful and unexpected
blow which has taken from you him whose loss you de-
plore. I have constantly done full justice to the firmness
of his character, to his talent, and to his indefatigable
zeal in the defence of those great principles ou which
the repose and happiness of our country essentially de-
pend. I have only regretted to be obliged, on several
occasions, to express my disapprobation of what in his
political course, might be—though certainly against his
will—of a dangerous tendency, and which had the effect
of weakening us by causing divisions. But Ido not the
less preserve the remembrance of his inviolable fidelity
to the sacred cause which we all serve, and which is that
of France. Heirs of his name, and of his sentiments, his
sons will continue to show themselves worthy of him,
and I shall always rely on their devotedness as I relied
on his. Be, therefore, on this mournful occasion, the
organ of my sentiments to your brothers and to all your
family, and receive the assurance of my sincere affection.
" HENRY."
The Five per Cents. were done yesterday in the Pas-
sage de l'Oplica at 82f. 35e.
BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE
LONDON STOCK-EXCHANGE, Ocr. 13.
Anglo Italian (late Italian and Austrian), 54—Boulogne
and Amiens, s%—Luxembourg, 114—Remand Havre, 934
-..Sambre and Meuse, 1 3,14
•

SPAIN.
Madrid journals of the 7th have been received.
The Gaeeta publishes the following decree convoking
the Cortes for the 30th inst.:—