The Sun.
London, England, 1841-07-27 00:00:00

LONDON:
TUESDAY, JULY 27, 1841.

Tt is too soon yet to say anything of the gene-
ral results.of the Census, but we cannot forbear
directing attention to one or two returns, which
confirm the statements we have repeatedly made,
that our population are' gradually, but most
painfully, starved down to the leVel of our own
supply. In 'fact, the 'independence of the na-
tion, whiellils
,the pride and boast of the Duke
of WELLINGTON, and the aim of the Tories,
means literally nothing more than, that our
people sinill.be*-Contiimally starved down to! Mei
quantity of food produced in tiiglatitt T Snell
the amiable intent and aim ofstateSnien;t4hom
the people pay large sums to protect thew, and
whom they highly honour. Now to our pesofs.
We yesterday quoted from a ,Mai gliester
paper a 'statement that the population of the
township: increased at the rate of 31 per cent.
in the decennial period ending, 1831, while in the
decennial period ending- 1841 it has increased
little more thanlls per cent. On a former occa-
sion we • quoted a number of returns from the
static neighbourhood illustrating the same fact.
We find, in the Paisley and Glasgow journals,
some returns from Paisley which teach the same-
lesson.. In tinit flourishing town the increase'
is only 2,203 persons on 46,199, or less than 5 per
cent., during the. last ten yearS. The three burgh
parishes, we' aye, told, possessed a population by
the Government census, in 1801, of 17,026; in
1811, 19,0t17: ; i.n 1821, 20,428 ; in 1831, 31,460;
and in-184432,220,, exhibiting in the first period
an increase in war time 'of 16 per cent. ;• in the'
second,, also partly war, of upwards of 30 per
cent.; and in the third period, wholly peace, an
irferease of upWdrds of 20 per cent. ; while in
the hist Period, also a 'season of peace, the in-
crease, been little more, in the burgh
TariSlits;r!than-2; per cent.
71)7'6 it'Omiicit'''Q,Vficiently acquainted with the
ire, wgi, „HLti"l-' • linll,4V.l,,POne,;ourc,.-11 parishes to say that the
!grddriai.cheek does not arise from the ground
withi iktif&ii being already closely occupied; but
qUdthriip-iLas an illustration of the general
:concl.449istAe.town,* including the suburbs, in
..the Nvholp silr,which‘ the increase within the last
ten yearsiuts been only 2,203.
~,,At :,i,s;FalrCar:from the population -of the burgh
parikta ibut :the check to the population has
arPOilAigheeome poWerful during the last ten,
:P44.sifgp.;",sk,;freieshire Reformer states that
"theltrosperittyfoat 3he.,tOwiireeeived a, check in.
'18e... It 'adds that the small increase of pO,pialai:
tion is crowded into less house-room .than 4ais'
ocoupied:by t.lic more litnited population of

a 0

1831. Then the uninhabited houses amounted to
257, now it iS 071. " The document," says that
journal, "presents indisputAlo evidegee that the
:resources and condition of the people in this
"'great manufacturing district are on the decline."
Thus the landowners' and the 'priests, who envy
and hate the tow'ii population, who have
made and supported laws to keep it down or
extinguish it, are unfortunately likely to obtain
their object. Our manufacturing towns, when
once the population has, come to a still stand,
will soon thereafter go to decay.
But if (says the Edinburgh Review, in the article onthe
Budget) the produc:s of a rival once meet us in any
third market upon an equality, it is a proof that all
theSe difficulties have been surmounted. If they shall
once have obtained a superiority, that market, so far at
least as respects the commodity in which we find our-
selves undersold, is gone for ever. "We find by expe-
rience,"-said Mr. Gardner, (a very intelligent manu,itc-
timer, examined by the Committee of the House of Com-
mons on Hand-Loom Weavers in 18:35), " that if we
lose a market one year, we lose it altogether. It is not
well to trifle with trade : by trying experiments for
only one year, we might shut ourselves out. Once in
possession of the market, they would keep it." The
explanation is to be found in the well-known law of
manufacturing industry, that, emteris paribus, with every
increase of the quantity produced the relative cost of
produCtion is diminished ; and, what is the same in
different words, that with every diminution of the quan-
tity produced the relative cost of production is increased.
The larger the production the greater is the division of
labour, and consequently the skill of the workman, the
smaller the expense of superintendence, the more exten
sive the use of machinery ; in short, every element of
production become relatively more efficient, and every
Source of expense is relatively diminished.
In our estimation, this passage, combined with
the facts we have adverted to,—that our manu-
facturing population is not increasing nearly so
fast as it was, brings before us an alarming tact.
It is plain that, as we lose markets, and other
,nations gain them, their power to produce
cheaply is enhanced in proportion as ours is
diminished, and they must of necessity go on
supplanting us more and more in all branches
of industry, and hasten our decay. Let that be
fairly set on foot, surrounded, as we are, with en-
vious competitors, and our declension will be more
rapid than was our rise. Even those who are
now born,. if our present suicidal policy be per-
severed in, may live to 'see the day when stran-
gers from the United States shall wander
amidst the deserted workshopS of Birmingham,
and the ruined factories of INlanchester, as we
wander amidst the ruins of Greece and Rome,
and mourn over the , departed greatness of the
native land of their ancestors, • and the birth-
place of their own freedoni.
It may well beeome a question with the peo-
ple, now that -the' population returns are esta-
blishing the fact, whether they will consent to be
starved out of existence to prove • a political
theory. For our parts, we confess that we think
their patience under the harrow of Tory legisla-
tion and Tory coercion has already been carried
a great deal too far. The Government, using
that word in the large ,sense of the Constitution,
exists fur their preservation and protection, and
when it robs and starves them, it no more de-
serves respect and obedience than a nest of
pirates. .

We can, however, see a glimpse of hope for
them. Sir R. PEEL, we remember, said in one of
his speeches, that whenever any evidence was
brought that our manufactures were going to
decay, he would be graciously pleased to take the
subject into his consideration! Be thankful, there-
fore, starving mechanics; be thankful hungry wo7
men and children; this great Tory statesman will
now, by his own acknowledgment, begin to think
you are deserving of his attention. When he is
safely installed in office, he may permit at least
au investigation into your sufferings, when that
shall be moved for by Mr. VILLIERS. Be thank-
ful, suffering, starving people ! Your distress is
now so great that it affects the public Trea-
sury, and through his wants as Minister
you will compel Sir ROBERT PEEL, from
self-interest, as a farmer is compelled when
he finds his cattle dying out, to provide yOu
more abundant and wholesome food.

By the financial tables, it appears that the reve-
nue for the financial year, 1841, was actually less by
364,8301. than the revenue of the preceding
year, notwithstanding an increase of taxation,
calculated to produce upwards of 2,000,000/. Be
thankful, lierefore, suffering, starving, outraged
people ! The Premier that is to be, who has been
made wealthy by your excessive toils, and whose
wealth makes his partizans boast that he is
above the necessity of stooping to consult
those who have your confidence—the neces-
sities of the State, and the decay of
trade, though the whole crew of Tories
care not a rush if you all perish, will compel him
to save you. If he and they could multiply ma-
chinery to produce wealth and pay the taxes
without you, their whole career of insult and in-
jury demonstrates that these so-called servants
of the people would rather hasten you out of ex-
istence than endeavour to preserve you in life
and happiness ! The lower classes who starve
are known to the Tories as the swinish multitude,
as the canaille, as food for powder, as hones to
whet sabres on ; and only, like beasts of burden,
to be cherished and protected, so far as they arc
required to produce the fortunes of the rich, and
the revenue of the Slate. At present, as the
State begins to feel or fear decay, the working
classes may now, if they are true to themselves,
receive some consideration.

It seems right again to remind the fruit-
growers, who have sent men to Parliament to
support Sir ROBERT PEEL, that had the plan
proposed by the Ministers for reducing the
duties on sugar been carried into effect, they
would have been able to buy sugar 2d. per
lb. cheaper at least than at present. Here is a
statement on the subject, which we borrow from
a provincial paper
:
I enclose you a sample of Brazil sugar, which the
Tories have refused, by their late vote in Parliament, to
admit into this country, at a protective duty to the West
India planters of 50 per cent. ! Our house has bought
a quantity of it just now for exportation, and it costs only
225. per cwt., with 2i- discount, or about 2:}d. per lb.,
and the duty proposed to be charged on it was 365. per
cwt., which would make the price, including duty under
per lb., more than 2d. per lb., lower than West In-
,sugar can be got for, which difference the planters
f 4
ii6cli'et -at the expense of the British public, besides 12s.
or cwt. of duty lost to the nation at, large. East and
WeAt` AUgar being admitted- for consumption into
Virs 6ountry, taxed at 245. per cwt., while the proposed
duty on Brazil sugar is 365. por cwt.
The fruit-growers must be well aware that a rise
of2d. per lb. i n the price of sugar` makes a great dif-
ference in the quantity of fruit,which is preServed,
While it narrows the market for their produce
and loWers its price. At the same time, it will.
enhance to them the.price of their own preserves,
and of all home-made wines.

From the nature of our climate, in which the
finest fruits, common to the Continent, situated
in the same latitude as Britain—including grapes,
which are brought to perfection in countries
somewhat to the north of our southern shores—
sometimes fail to ripen, there is perhaps no coun-
try where sugar is so 'much needed, and where its
consumption, could it be cheaply obtained, would
be so great as, here. Cheap sugar would be a great
benefit to all the poorer classes. There is no
country to which so great an injury is done by
laying restrictions on the impOrtation of sugar as
in England. There is no class of people, moreover;
who suffer so much from the restrictions
on importation, as the farmers and agricultural
labourers. Were sugar cheap, many bushels of
fruit that now ripen and rot in orchards and in
hedge rows, •might be converted into palatable
and wholesome nourishment.
rrom sugar being excluded or rendered exces-
sively dear by taxation, to fatten lazy negroe3,
or enable lazier planters to roll in their easy
chariots along the, smooth roads of England, or
fill their purses to bribe the immaculate electors
of Cambridge and other places, the peasantry
and farmers 'of England are prevented from
having those preserved fruits which constitute
much of the food . of the peasantry in some
parts of the Continent, and in all parts the luxu-
ries of the•rich. Our agriculturists are grievously
iDjured taxation on sugar, yet under the
influi.woe of t;e parSOus, , and by the direction of
they have voted for men who go
to Parliament to maintain tliv-present. exorbitant

duties„ which, the 11 inisters proposed to reduce.
A family of:five the Middle rankH
will. Use at the very hiast O:Je I:thud:ed.-weight of
sugar per year, v% hieli at only 2d. per lb., to say
nothing Of the. iintricuse benefits which all classes
derive from an extension of foreign trade, is
I. Is. Bd. per annum; Wlslicti 'the farmers have by
their votes levied on themselves. We presume
they will repent before'long of their folly, which
is like that of men cutting off their noses to be
revenged of their faceS.

An appeal has been made to the electors on
the subject of free trade, and the electors have
returned an unfitvourable answer. They will not
have it. They will have impeded and restricted
trade. What lesson should we learn from this?
Why, that the electors must he better instructed.
There can be no hope that good laws will be.
paSsed,and when passed no reason to rely on
their being retained, unless the electors be first
convinced of their utility. The process of con-
verting and enlightening them may be slow, and
far less flattering than the hope of converting the
proximate Premier, or the leading statesman in
opposition, but it is the only sure and safe way
to•accomplish permanent improvements.
The political doctrines which once become the
heartfelt creed of a people, may guide their con-
duct to the end of time ; but embraced only by
statesmen, they may guide the national councils
no longer than during one AdMinistration. We
reflect with some surprise and some grief, that
the great doctrines of free trade, which Dr.
SMITH expounded, were cordially embraced by.
Lord GRENVILLE, and assented to by. Lord
LIVERPOOL, and the statesmen of the past gene-.
ration. Mr. PITT, too, was a free trader. The
successors of those statesmen, however, have
not inherited their wisdom ; what they
taught and practised seems to haVe been
lost; and as the community has gone 'for-
Ward in knowledge, the Tories, with the qua-
lity of mules, have gone backwards. The
knowledge which is confined to statesmen is
evanescent; that which is spread through the
people endures for ever. Hence we should like
to sec the Press rely more on the people than on
Parliament, as the moving power of reform, and
Only demand those measures which the people
are willing to support.
Parliament is useful now chiefly as a vehicle
for discussing proposed measures, and so making
their bearings known to the public. The disso-
lution of the last Parliament, on account of the
Budget, and the assembling of another, will ne-
cessarily make free-trade the topic of discussion ;
and without further anticipating to whatit will
lead, we may safely say that no event within our
recollection has done so much to make the doc-
trines of free-trade familiar to the nation as the
defeat of the Whigs and the success of the Tories.

Of all the outrageous proceedings of the Police and
the Police Magistrates (and they arc of every day occur-
rence) the case of Mr. WILLIAMS is the most atrocious.
To state the circumstances will be sufficient to rouse
the indignation of every Englishman, and this we shall
do with an impartiality .which neither Mr. JEREMY nor
his policemen (if they speak the truth) can deny. On
the night of the 13th instant Mr. WILLIAMS accompanied
a respectable lady from the City to her mother's house
at GreenWich, and while waiting some . minutes at
the door for admittance, Lovell, a policeman, came
up, and threw his light in Mr. WILLIAMS' face,
upon which the lady, who was perfectly well-known to
the policeman, said, How dare you, fellow, insult this
gentleman." This was the sum and substance of the of-
fence, and for this the policeman, who insinuated that
they were thieves, seized Mr. WILLIAMS by the collar,
dragged him to the station-house like a thief, ordered him
to deliver up everything in his pockets or he would searzh
his person, and finally had him lodged in one of the
cells, in the company of a foreigner charged with
felony, where he sat or lay on bare boards till
five in the morning. That day he was brought before
Mr. JEREMY, who, on the ,plea that Mr. WILLIAMS had
said the policeman gave evidence which was not true,
fined him 55., not fur, that but .for "being drunk," one
of the charges entered. Had Mr. WILLIAMS no reason.
to doubt the veracity of these men ? Blr. JEREMY on
Saturday convicted them of falsehood, and they con-
firmed the conviction by their.
,own evidenCe. " There
was not tile least slur to be cast on Mr. WlLLuots'.
character," said the Magistrate. " I never considered •
he was drunk." This was made still more strong by
the evidence of an. impartial spectator, unknown
to Mr WILLIAMS. Had not, therefore, Mr. WILLIAMS
good reason for asserting that the policeman' swore to a
falsehood ? And as to the evidence on Saturday, it was
a disgrace even to a Police Court. The Inspector HAR-
VEY swore that Mr. WILLIAMS gave his name as " Air.
C. MARSHALL," and on being pressed on the point, he
recollected hiniselic said he knew the name was Mr. C.
WILLIAms, and he could not think how the name of
MARSHALL came into his head. He swore also
that Mr. WILLIAMS threw down a fetter addressed
" Mr. C. MARSHALL," while Mr. 'WILLIAMS declared
he never had such a letter in his pocket.
Well might the Magistrate exclaim, " It is most extra-
ordinary that he should be inventing a name." But that
is nothing to what follows. This veracious inspector
swore that a watch was taken from Mr. 'WILLIAMS,
'though he carried no watch, .and on being pressed on
thiS point, all ha could say was, " I thought there was
do not recollect." Yet on the evidence of such men,
and simply because a lady calls a rude policeman a
" fellow" is a respectable gentleman, a worthy member of
the corporation of London, treated as the lowest miscreant.
Notwithstanding this irrefragable evidence in favour of
Mr. WILLIAMS, and of the brutal, unwarrantable treat-
ment to which he had been subjected, Mr. JEREMY dis-
missed the case, and screened the policeman. He could
not well do otherwise. The case should have been in-
vestigated by others. He was implicated with the police:
he fined Mr: WILLIAMS unjustly, and had not the man-
liness to admit his error. We will make no further com-
ment than this—no man's life or character is safe with
such a system of police, and if Mr. WILLIAMS do not
carry the case to another tribunal, we consider the cor-
poration of London bound to take some steps to avenge
the insult on their body, and bring to punishment men
who might have ruined in character and fortune a gen-
tleman less known for his integrity and property.

The French Journals of Friday and Saturday have all
reached us. They contain very little news of importance
except that there is .every appearance of order being re-
stored at Toulouse. The Moniteur publishes the following
official list of the New Greek Ministry, differing in no
respect from the one which, appeared last week in The
Sun. We repeat it here for the information of our City
readers :
. .

- _
MAVROCORD-A.TO, President of the Council, and Mi-
nister of the Interior.

CHRISTIDES, Minister of Foreign. Affairs.
METAXA, Minister of War.
VALETAS, of Public jnstrnetion and Religious Affairs.
MELAs, of Justice.

KRIESIS, of Marine.
The direction of the Finances was to be intrusted ad
interim to M. TISAMENOS,

The Semaphore of Marseilles has a letter from Leghorn,
which announces that the house of Berehietai and 'I addee
became bankrupt on the 11th, for about 400,000 francs. The
Cologne Gazette speaks of a more considerable lailure, which
it says has caused great confusion at Nuremberg. It is said to
be for no less a snot then two millions and a half of florins
(250,000/. sterling).
We learn by La Fine, which has arrived at Brest, that
Mr. Montagnies has taken possession of the Government of
Senegal. All the depredations on French vessels committed
by the nations on the western coast of -Africa are now punished.
The indemnities demanded and received have tilledthe maga-
zine of Goree with ivory, ebony, wax, sandalwood, a part
of which has been brought ,to France by La Fine.
The Dian) de Roma of the 13th. has the following intelli-
gence.:—" In the secret Consistory held yesterday, his Huh-
ue,.s nominated several Bishops, among them are the follow-
ing—M. Itrossais, St. Mare, vicar-general of Rennes, to the
bishopric of Rennes ; M. de .Vesins, vicar- generalof Bordeaux,
'to the bishopric of Agen ; M. Le Mi c, vicar-general and supe-
rior of Ile seminary of the diocese to the bishopric of Saint
Briene ; M. Olivier), cure of St. Roch, at Paris, to the bishop-
ric, of Evreux ; ill. Benhomme, vicar-general to the Bishoe of
Puy, is nominated to the bishopric of Viviers. —Le Con-
stitutional.
Baron James de Rothschild arrived at Augsburgh, on the
12th instant, and went on next day by railroad to Munich.
A Company has just been formed for making a railroad
from Orleans to Nantes.
The Moniteur Parisien contradicts the statement that
Major-General Rambaud has been removed from his post at
Toulouse.
M. Plougoulm has arrived in Paris.

Havre will be rendered a scene of great gaiety on
Thursday next, the 29th instant, by the annual Regatta, at
which there will be one prize for a sailing match, and three
for rowing matches, one by whale boats, one by ships' boats,
and the third by wherries or other fancy boats. There will
also be a priv.tte match by gentlemen rowers. The prizes
fur the sailing match, and for each of the three rowing
matches, are I,ooofr. for the first boat, 300 fr. for the second,
and 100:r. for the third. The prize for the amatenrrowers
is a silver cup. The prizes will be delivered by the Mayor
upon the report of a committee of the Regatta Society, pre-
sided by M. Dennis, commissary gewral of the Marine. boats
of all nations are to be admitted to contend for the prizes.
The whole. is under the especial patronage of the Prince de
Joinville notwithstanding the absence of his Royal Highness.
The Correo Nacional of Madrid relates that, on the
17th April last, there died at the Havannah a negro woman,
of the Mandingo race, named Ma is Dolores Vilanueva, hav-
ing attained the age of 125 years. She was the slave of Don
Francisco Fernandez de Villanueva, a priest. She had had
six sons born in wedlock, one only of whom, now no more
than f:,9 years of age, and whom she must, consequently, have
brought into the world when she herself was sixty-six, survives
her. She served as foster-mother to fourteen ct ildren of Don
Manuel Fecundo de Aguerre, who redeemed her in conse-
quence from slavery. She bad preserved all her faculties, rode
greet distance* on-horseback; and was ahle.to walk on foot at
all hGurs. This • ivonderful ; bang-presented, the add: tional phe-
nomenon of preserving., milk in her ..breast until a year before
her death. , • • •" • • .•
According to the Barcelona journals" of the 16th inst.,

ptt, • -4••'
,441 v
• "4. *7
, • •

Ebie :3)4c11.,