The Sun.
London, England, 1840-04-20 00:00:00

TIME.

Take four Pumps of the Old Plan, and four Pumps of the
New Plan, with mechanical parts alike, and so adjusted that a
naan of ordinary strength may exert his full force, and raise with-
out stopping nine imperial barrels of water fire feet high, three
barrels fifteen feet, one barrel fifty feet, and nine imperial gallons
of water 200 feet MO, or over the London Monument.
The number of seconds required with one pump less than
with the other, will be its gain in time and labour.
_ _

The competitors should find the pumps and the public fly
pipes, in order to prove that engineers of the old school knew
as much about raising water as sucking monkeys.
Well, after all the stupid, lying, and even destructive oppo-
sition (Newmarket to wit), the graduated scale of the Foun-
tain Pump is practically and successfully carried nut from the
delivering of a single pint of water per stroke to the delivering
of 6,000 imperial gallons of water per minute.
And now to congratulate all nations upon the complete suc-
cess of an invention of boundless and undying utility, which
stature bars surpassing, is highly gratifying
To the World's

Obedient Servant and Instructor,
W. SHALDERS.
See Mechanics' Magazine, March 19, 1836 ; Sun Paper,
Sept. 21, 1835; and Norwich Mercusry, June 28, 1839.
Bank Place Norwich, March 26, 1840.
P.S.—No work is worse done than that of raising water.
Respecting force and resistance both town and country
Putnp-makers seem most gloriously ignorant.
I inquired of two men pumping, between London-bridge and
the Tunnel, how long it took them to fill their six-barrel water
cart, lift thirteen feet ?—Answer : About seven minutes, quick
working.
With- a No. Six New Plan they could have done the like
work in seventy seconds.

One Fountain Pump would about equal'all the three Cockney
built Friction Pumps at the Queen's Barracks, Norwich.

W. S.

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T4ETTERS FROM ITALY,
In 1839.

By FREDERICK VON RAUMER,
Author of " England in 1835 ;" " Illustrations of History,"
&c. &c.

Henry Colburn, Publisher, 13, Grew, Marlborough-street.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.

(From the Times.)
If, among the alterations which have from time to time
been made in the criminal law of this country, the offence
of a Minister's drawing his salary when no efficient duty
has been diScharged by him in return for it, had been
made punishable like its kindred offence, " the obtaining
money under false pretences," how few among the pre-
sent Ministers would escape punishment Let it be asked
whether a Ministerial Bill, the almost inevitable result of
which will be the removal from office of a large number
of persons who will by no fault of theirs have warranted
such removal, (=tides provisions for the due compensation
of such persons, the answer received from the Prime Mi-
nister, even after the Bill shall have passed through one '
House of Parliament, will be " he really cannot tell." This
was the sort of answer obtained bytheDuke of Wellington toa
question with reference to the Irish Corporations Bill of
last Session. Again, it► the case of a treaty, for the nego-
tiation of which much credit shall have been claimed for
the Ministers, if it shall eventually turn out, and indeed be
admitted, that the treaty is mainly a renewal of a previous
one, made by a former Government, with the same power,
with the addition only of provisions incapable of being car-
ried into effect, so far as any benefit to this country is con-
cerned, without the consent of a third power, which had
not even been consulted upon the subject, and the assistance
of Parliament shall be necessary to carry such provisions
into effect at all, the Premier will be unable, after twelve
months of inaction shall have passed, to state why a mea-
sure had not been submitted to Parliament for the purpise,
and will facetiously remark that the late President of the
Board of Trade is too far off for him to make tile necessary
inquiry.
(From the Morning Post.)
If Mr. O'Connell were desirous of lowering his corm;
trymen in the judgment of all men of common sense and
probity, he could hardly take a more sure method of ar-
riving at that end than by leading the public .to •believe
that such absurdities as lie utters about the repeal of the
Union are favourably received by Irishmen. The Union
with Great Britain should be dissolved, he says, because
the Irish people have to support a Church which is the
Church of the minority. Thu Irish people have not
to support the Established Church. The Establish-
ment is supported by its own property. If Mr.
O'Connell were to complain of the Union because the
Irish people had to support the Irish landlords, his position
would be just as rational as that which he ventures upon
regarding the Church. The Church owns land, and by
that it is supported. The landlords hold land, and by
that they arc supported. Where is the difference? But
the Act of Union expressly recognised the Established
Church, and guaranteed its maintenance as the National
Church. Is a deed to be made void because of a distinct
provision well understood at the time it was made? Mr.
O'Connell would break a deed because that exists which
the deed expressly provided should exist 1 How very
reasonable !

(From the Morning _Herald.)
There is a mingled fear and ferocity about O'Connell's
agitation, which makes it at once truculant and temporis-
ing—now growling like a tiger, and now yelping like a
cur beneath the impending lash. He is a terrible fellow
to face danger when it is at a distance, but he had rather
leave to others all martyrdom but that of metaphor.
In his speech the other day at the Corn-Exchange,
he solemnly announced his intention to " die a ye-
pealer," and to have the awful name engraven on
his tomb. To " die a repealer," however, means,
in his vocabulary, a very different thing from "dy-
ing for repeal." Before the end of his speech
he tells the miserable dupes of his threadbare artifices,
that the association which is to obtain " repeal " for Ire-
land, and make her " great, glorious, and free," is wanted
to " keep out the Tories." So then he very kindly tells
the people of England not to be at all alarmed at his re-
peal agitation, furious and formidable as it may appear on
the surface, for. when he shouts for the dismemberment of
the Queen's dominions, he only means to strengthen the
hands of the Queen's chaniberwornen, by assisting to keep
their favourite M,nisters in power.
(From the Morning Chronicle.)
During the whole of the last Parliamentary recess the
efforts of the Tories, through their press and their inti-
ncrant speech-makers, were directed to the patriotic task
of embroiling their country in foreign war. Day after
day, Ministers were taunted with the continuance of
peace; every topic likely to disturb it .was -eagerly caught
at and employed with the most mischievous dexterity,
while the strongest temptations were held out to fo-
reign powers. who were told that such was the defenceless
state of our shores, that we should be absolutely unable
to resist the invasion of a small armament. The object
of all this eagerness for war has been forcibly illustrated
since the opening of Parliament. War was sought not
for the purpose of redressing wrong or vindicating na-
tional honour, but as a likely means of obtaining a party
triumph in the House of Commons. See the use to
which even the probability of war has been recently con-
verted. In a case where, if war be engaged in, it will be
only as a last resource, no sooner do the 'Tories think
that the Ministers are fairly committed to it, than, forget-
ful of all their own belligerent exhortations, they seek to
visit them with a vote of Parliamentary censure.

THE HEREDITARY GRAND
DUKE OF
Russia.—The Hereditary Grand Duke of Russia arrived at
Darmstadt on the I Ali inst. He was met at Langen by the
hereditary Prince of Hesse, and the Princes entered the capi-
tal together. His Imperial Highness is lodged in the Palace.
On the same day there was a grand dinner at Court.
Syria, in which
Malta letters bring accounts from
some curious particulars are given of Sir Moses Montefiore's
proceedings during his late visit to the Holy Land. We re-
member rumours which had currency, some
years ago, of the
great Jewish capitalist's (Mr. Rothschild) design to employ his
wealth in the purchase of Jerusalem, as the seat of a kingdom,
and bring back the tribes under his own guidance and so-
vereignty. If the scheme, amid its sublimity, savoured suf-
ficiently of the romantic to make the rumour suspicious, the
positive acts of Sir Moses, at least, exhibit an anxiety to gather
together the wanderers in the neighbourhood of their ancient
home, and future hopes, that they may await events on the
ground where they can best be made available to the fulfilment
of the promise. During his pilgrimage he sought his way to
the hearts of his countrymen by giving a talaris (we believe
about fifteen piastres) to every Israelite; and having instituld
strict inquiries respecting the various biblical antiquities on his
way, and ascertained the amount of duty
which the sacred
places and villages paid to the Egyptian Government to be
about 64,000 purses (a purse being equal to fifteen talaris), he
proposed to the Viceroy of Egypt, that he (Sir Moses) should
pay this revenue out of his own pocket, as the price of that
Prince's permission to him to colonize all those places with the
Children 6f Israel. The offer has been, it is said, accepted,
subject to the condition that the colony shall be considered. na-
tional, and not under European protection.—Atheneetun.

E.—On Tuesday
DRUNKENNESS AND SUICID
afternoon an inquisition was taken .
V, on the body ofbefore Mr. Higgs, at. the
Man in th M e oon, Vine-street,
Sarah Davis, aged 43, who committed suicide by banning her-
self to the area railings of the house in which she resided. She
was addicted to drinking, and would continue so for three weeks
together. Verdict—Temporary derangement brought on by
excessive drinking.

(From the Medical Gazette of April 17.)
Although the French have served a pretty long an-
prenticeship to constitutional liberty, there is one of
advantages which they have scarcely yet learned to ap-
preciate ; we mean publicity, or the diffusion, through-
out the people, of that official information which, under
a despotism, is confined to the favoured few. Thus a
late writer in the Gazette Medicalc, after mentionieg
that General Paixhans had endeavoured, in the Clem-
ber of Deputies, to obtain official documents relating
to the health of the French troops, thinks that the te-
fusel of the Government to furnish them was quite
justifiable. Indeed, he is of opinion that such painful
facts had better be kept quiet ; " ce n'est clone pas nous
qui aurions fondles thins ks donnees de l'arithirretique
funeraire et declare aux jennes generations les chances
de destruction qui les attendent sous les dropeaux."
The commentator, (he speaks of himself as one of the
medical staff at the Val-de-Grace, and sign with the
initials M. L. Can this be Meriadee Laennee?)--the
commentator, however, thinks that, as the figures have
been openly published by the General, it is lawful to
discuss them ; and he believes that every cause which
contributes to augment the mortality of soldiers is capa-
ble of being obviated. Surely, then, General Paixhaus
deserves no blame for having " rummaged the data of
funeral arithmetic ;" and if the censure must rest some-
where, it should be on the heads of the Ministry, who,
by refusing to set forth the extent of the evil, have re-
fused the first step towards correcting it.
It appears, from this demi-official account, that the
annual mortality of the French army is 75 in 1,000, in
the colonies ; 70 in 1,000, in Africa ; 20 in 1,000 ie
France ; and 22 in 1,000 in the whole- army.
This is a greater mortality than occurs in the Eng-
lish service. Thus we find, in Mr. Marshall's excellent
work (on the Enlisting, Discharging, and Pensioning of
Soldiers, &e., second edit. p. 58), that in fourteen
foreign stations out of fifteen, the annual deaths per
thousand are less than 70. At Gibraltar, fbr instance,
they are 22.3 ; at Malta, 22.3 ; at Bermuda, 28.9 ;
at Bombay, 83.1 ; in Bengal, 41.5 ; and at Madras,
52.2. But, then, on the other hand, in the lVind-
w,:rd and Leeward Islands, they are 67.0 ; and at
Jamaica, 91.0 so, at the stations whose climate most
nearly resembles that of the French West India Colo-
nies, there is but little, if any, superiority to boast of.
But, while the annual mortality among the troops
stationed in France is 20 per thousand, the deaths
among our troops, at home, are only 15 in the same
number.—( Marshall, p. 59.)
Here the difference is clearly on our silo ; n differ-
ence which may be attributed in part, we suppose, to
British soldiers being better fed and lodged ; but in
part, also, to the more fastidious selection of men for
the army. In France, where the conscription reigns,
the question always is, whether the infirmities of a
given man are sufficiently urgent to exempt him from
service ; in England, we rather ask whether some
slight ailment, which the recruit would fain conceal,
will allow of his admission into the army. Moreover,
it has always been made out that the general mortality
in this country is less than in France ; and it is natural
that this greater tenacity of life should extend to the
soldier as well as the civilian.

The commentator in the Gazelle Illedicale, first
points out the advantages of the soldier over the ordi-
nary civilian, and wonders that the average mortality in
the army is 22 per 1,000, while in civil life it is only
from 12 to 14. There is an error here, in both his
statements. First, in comparing the military and civil
mortality, we must leave out of the question the deaths
caused by the burning sun of Martinique, Algiers, &c. ;
a deduction which will make the annual deaths 20 in-
stead of 22. Secondly (which is a more important
mistake), M. L. has understated the deaths of civilians
in France. by one-half. In a paper read • before the
Academie Royale des Sciences at Paris, by M. Moreau-
de-Jonnes, in 1833, he stated that the annual mortality
in France was lin 39. This will make 05i in 1,000,
instead of 12 or 14.; and will most materially affect
M. L's statement. But even when corrected, it is
startling enough. How is it, one might ask, that the
army in France should lose 20 in 1,000, though it con-
sists of picked men, chiefly between the ages of eighteen
and thirty, while the community loses but `253 in 1,000,
with its crowds of old men and infants, and the host of
the sickly to whom life has been but a long disease ?
To make the paradox more striking still, we may
give some advantages of the soldier over the civilian, as
enumerated by our French fellow-lahourer,,
Each soldier, he says, costs the state 500 francs (201.)
alear, being far more than falls to the lot of a great
part of the civil population. Hence the soldier is better
fed, clothed, and lodged, than half the workmen in
manufactories ;. he does not vegetate in an atmosphere
saturated with miasmata, or filled with noxious vapours
Or foreign particles ; but military duty is performed in
the open air. The uniform, too, is a moral stimulus,
giving new life to the weak and timid. Each eapthin
is the father of a
,family, and his lieutenants assist him
in watching over his children ; one looks to the sol-
dier's arms, linen, and bedding ; another to his diet, and
I the Management of the expenses relating to it. The
soldier is admitted into an infirmary on the very first
symptoms of disease ; unlike the workmen, we may add,
who too often toils on until all hope of recovery is
gone.
Haw comes it to pass, then, that with picked men
and with so many aids to life, the mortality among
soldiers should approach so nearly to the mortality of
the mass of the people ? In the first place, according
to M. L., the French army does not consist of such very
select men, although not only the gels du monde but
even the majority de nos confreres imagine that it does.
They think of a soldier as of a combination of agility
and muscular force ; while, in the military hospitals, and
in the ranks, too, you will find a multitude of young
men, thin, pale, and blanched, with a narrow chest,
and short breath ; some exhausted before their
time by laborious occupations or the irregular life of
great towns ; others surprised by the conscription be-
fore their frame was completely developed, nature
having been behind the law, and not furnishing the
quantum of military strength at the legal age.
The second reason assigned by the writer in the
Gazelle illedicale is the frequent transference of troops
from one part of France to another. The men arc
fatigued by the march ; some fall ill by the way, and
more are sent to hospital on their arrival. Moreover,
the climate varies extremely in different parts of France,
and even in the same kind of climate it is necessary to
take into account a variety of circumstances ; as, for
instance, to determine what regiment will best be able
to support a marshy encampment.
We certainly do not agree with the practitioner of
the Val-de-Grace, that the frequent change of quarters
is pernicious ; on the contrary, in spite of some of the
weaklings dropping by the way, we are sure that variety
of atmosphere and scenery is as enlivening for soldiers
as civilians. On the other hand, when a regiment
serves an unusual length of time in one place, and that
spot an unpopular one, it produces absolute despair.
The 9th Regiment served from 1719 to 1746 at Minor-
ca, and maiming became so prevalent among the troops
stationed in the island as to lead to a Parliamentary in-
vestigation (Marshall, p. 146-7). If, however, it so
constantly happens that men are unable to continue
their march, or arc entirely knocked up at the end of
it, the remedy is simple enough.
The third cause assigned is nostalgia. We doubt the
frequency of this affection, at least among British
troops, though it might sometimes be put forwards by
the soldier as the pretext to conceal the discontent which
devoured him ; and even in his own heart he might mis-
take his dissatisfaction with the barrack for a desire to
revisit his home.

Fourthly, says M. L , the diet of the French soldier is
not quite sufficient, for his pay 30 or 32 centimes (three-
pence) will not buy enough food. We should say the
English soldier's rations were very insufficient if they
were limited to the quantity which the utilitarians as-
sert. But if, as we quoted from Dr. liennen on a
former occasion the soldier has one pound of meat and
two pounds of bread a day, there is not much cause of
complaint, though a supply of vegetables would be a
desirable addition. At any rate the 48 oz. given to the
British man-at-arms, are far more than can be bought
in France for 32 centimes. In moist and marshy situ-
ations, says M. L., wine should be distributed ; it might
be distributed here, also, if our trade with France could
be put on a more sensible footing. -
The fifth reason is the badness of the barracks. In
most French towns the buildings in which the troops
lodge were not originally intended for them ; and when
churches and convents arc turned into barracks, it
cannot be expected that they should be very healthy or
commodious. As metamorphoses of this kind have
seldom taken place in England, we may hope our bar-
racks are more wholesome ; but we fear that they are
neither sufficiently spacious nor well ventilated.
The sixth cause of the excess of mortality in the
French army is the management of the hospitals.
First of all, the surgeons have the right of tr. ating a
certain number of cases in the regimental infirmaries,
instead of sending
them to the general hospital ; and
this, it seems, is disadvantageous to the patients, who in
their chambices, or roomfuls, sometimes escape notice.
In the hospitals again, as in the barracks, the beds are
crowded, and infectious diseases are placed indiscrimi-
nately among the others. Convalescent establish-
ments, too, are wanting.
• •

• Such, says our philanthropic colleague, are some or
the causes which concur to produce the mortality of the
army ; there are many others, the examination of which
would perhaps lead him to delicate questions.

Now it strikes us that the real solution of the pro-

CONVICTS.

The following letter is from a convict in New South
Wales to Mr. Baker, the „benevolent gentleman whose
exertions and services to.peisoners confined in Newgate
are, no doubt, known to most of our readers :
" New South Wales, June, 1839.
" About four years previous to this I was com-
mitted to Newgate prison to stand tile] for embezzle-
ment, and during my sojourn in the above prison, I
once remember hearing you make mention of a letter
which you had received from a prisoner residing then
in New South Wales, which gave a minute detail of
the usages received by prisoners stationed there ; and
in conformity with the schedule of that individual's
observations, I have taken the unwarrantable li-
berty of affirming the same, in order to show that
his remarks were of a true nature. I shall now
proceed to explain some of the most important of
these passages. In the first instance, any prisoner
who is sentenced to trans,portation is supposed
to receive the punishment with a view of causing
a reformation of morals ; but in lieu of this, it is
the very means of corrupting them, through the tyranni-
cal mode adopted by their masters, or rather assignees,
the true reasons of which I will evidently produce.
Memento : when an individual is sent to this colony,
and arrives on shore, he is by lot assigned to a person
possessed of property, more or less ; when arriving at
the residence of his assignee, he is directed what to do,
either by his master, mistress, or overseer, and in con-
sequence of its being as it were new to him, and as it
is in frequent cases that new faces are well approved of,
so it generally occurs in this matter, therefore the em-
ployer of length manifests the utmost desire for the good
welfare of his new servant, and, perhaps, continues so
for one or two years; but now the scene comences to
differ. Probably, the man or boy, whichever he may
be, proves a useful person to his employer ; then the
sole maxim he has to effect is, how, or in what way lie
can accomplish a method of keeping the individual in
his employ ; then the best means he has recourse to are
of the following description :—lf it should so hap-
pen that the employer will commence to upbraid
and find fault with him repeatedly, until his
spirits and feelings become aroused with oppres-
sion ; therefore the man at length is compelled
to speak in his own defence, then the moment the man
opens his mouth to defend himself, he is directly told
that he is insolent, and accordingly ordered to proceed
to the nearest police-office ; then his master, or over-
seer, follows him and gives a deposition to the effect
that the individual has offered insolence when being
spoken to by his employer ; consequently the magistrate
orders the corporal punishment of twenty-five or fifty
lashes to be inflicted upon the prisoner, and then re-
turned to his master, the master at the same time con-
gratulating himself upon the good deed he has caused
to be done, by preventing his assigned convict from ob-
taining the indulgence of a ticket of leave at the appro-
priated time, whereby the assignee appreciates the be-
nefit and value of the man's labour for an additional
time of twelve months, and in consequence of this harsh
usage, the culprit becomes careless of his morals and
life, knowing that before the additional probation has
expired there will be another scheme for the same pur-
pose as the former one ; and I could with safety venture
to assert that two-thirds of the prisoners in this colony
could certify the same.
" The following statement was disclosed to me by
a fellow-prisoner, just at the period of writing this
brief account :

" This man has been in the colony fourteen years.
and in consequence of additional punishments, has only
now made application for a ticket of leave, and in reply
to his application, he received intimation from the Go-
vernment-office to this effect, that he must serve a pro-
bation of five years more before he applies again, which
time, added to the other, will make a period of nineteen
years for the specified indulgence, in lieu of eight years.
Now I will ask of any reasonable person what mo-
tive any prisoner can feel, or what desire he can mani-
fest to reform, when he is thus harshly dealt with ? No
On the contrary, the culprit becomes still more har-
dened and wicked, for when be sees that all his efforts
to become good and honest are annihilated, he then says
to himselt, I may just as well be bad as good. The last
and sole truth of the matter is, that if it was not for the
prolongation of the servitude attached to the corporal
punishment, there would not be one-fourth part of it.
inflicted that there is at present, for it jewel' known to
every prisoner, that three out of five are punished ex•
pressly for the purpose of dispensing their services with-
out payment ; in short, this is the best and only means
that the assignees have of keeping them. I have merely
communicated these observations to you in hopes that
you will rehearse them in an intimidating manner to pri-
soners in your department, with a view of preventing
them from subjecting themselves to such tyranny in their
tour through life."

THE TORY PARSONS OF ETON

AND THE QUEEN.

(From the Sunday Times.)
In the second edition of last week, we gave, under
this head, some account of the proceedings of the Fel-
lows of Eton, with reference to the election of Mr.
Lonsdale as Provost, in the room of the late Dr. Good-
all. The truth of some portion of that statement has
since been denied by a letter which appeared in the
Times of Tuesday last, under the signature of " A
Member of the College."
We stated that, ou the preceding Tuesday, " the
Fellows, in opposition to the recommendation of the
Queen, elected, as Provost, the Rev. Mr. Lonsdale,
the Principal of King's College, London, thus setting
her Majesty at defiance."
This is not denied.
We further stated, that on Friday, the 10th instant,
"the Vice-Provost and two of the Fellows went to town
for the purpose of officially announcing to the Home
Secretary that they bad elected Mr. Lonsdale, the Con-
servative, and given the go-by to Mr. Hodgson, the Li-
beral."

This is denied ; but the Vi,te-Provost and two of the
'Fellows did go to town on the Friday, and if they had
no interview with any member of her Majesty's Go-
vernment, a communication was made, eithar by or
through them, to the Government, and they were cer-
tainly " sent home again with a flea in thcir ear," after
certain " very significant hints" had been given to them
as to their future course of proceeding.
We further stated that, on their return to Eton, on
"the same afternoon, and within an hour afterwards,
they called what is termed 'a college,' and elected the
Queen's nominee, the Rev. Mr. Hodgson (whom they
had turned their backs upon only three days before) to
the Provostship of Eton."
That any " college " was held on that day has
been denied ; but we have only to observe that if
it was not a "college" which was held, the ic
Provost and the whole of the Fellows met in conclavee-
at the hour we stated, when they resolved thxt the
Rev. Mr. Hodgson should be thenewProvost, if they
(the Fellows) could extricate themselves
difficulties which beset them, occasioned by tlfieroirmobtshtie-
nate opposition to the wishes of the Sovereign. The
" hint" the worthy trio received, when they went to
London on Friday, was to the effect, that if they re-
solved to stick so close to their statutes in one particular
(with reference to the election) they would most pro-
bably have a commission sent down to Eton for the pur-
pose of making some little inquiries into the application
of the vast funds annually divided by the Provost and
fellows, and to ascertain that all the statutes had been
strictly abided by by those who were now such sticklers
for what they term their " privileges." readers
may rest assured that the Rev. 11r. Hodgson will be
the new Provost of Eton.
But the best of the joke is, the Fellows had been
groping about completely in the dark as to the political
principles entertained hy the Queen's nominee, until
they saw the Morning Chronicle of Thursday last. They
fancied that because Mr. Hodgson happened to marry
the daughter of a •Whig (Lord Denman), that Mr.
Hodgson must be a Whig himself ! However, it has
since Curned out that at the last election for North
Derbyshire, the man whom they so unceremoniously
rejected, ." voted for an uncompromising Tory?' 'l'hey
have since been terribly chagrined at their " mistake __:J
and naturally so.

An advertiser in a western paper, who rejoices in the
various occupations of doctor, lawyer, justice 'of the
peace, and dry goods merchant, adds the following to
his list of pursuits and qualities :—" N.B. Auctioneer-
ing of the loudest kind, interwoven with ventriloquism."
—Phil. Gaz.

ANOTHER EDITOR REWARDED..—TIIC editor of the
Kent Bugle, a Maryland paper, has bad left him three
qf dollars. What a lucky fellow 1. With such
a windfall, he will never have occasion to complain of
being out of " sorts," or compelled longer to answer the
summons of the "devil" when called on for " copy."
TAKING IT EASY.—The following; quiet at:mount:a-
ment appears in an American paper :
" Shot—Richard Gousauls, a river pilot., near St.
Missoury, on the Ist inst."

One would think, from this, that shooting a man ras
one of the regular cceurrences of the day—like a drive
in Hyde-park, or a vote against conscience.

Tile following is the latest mode of describing a duel
in America:—Bloods.—Washington Moody and John
Cantley, residents of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, recently dis-
agreed, IN hich led to the death of the latter.

WAGES OF LABOUR IN NE

YORK.

We have collected, from the best authority, the fol-
lowing statistics, indicating the wages of labour and
prices of flour in this city, for the several years named :

MOBS OF LABOUR.
1830. 1E36. 1840.
Dollars per Day.
House Carpenters 1.25 a 1,50 ... 1,c2 a 2,00 ... 1,25 a 1,50
Ship Carpenters
Riggers
Wharf Labourers l,lO a ... 1,50 a ... 1,23 a
,fasoni 1,25 a 1,50.. 2,00 a 2,25 ... 1,25 a 1,50
Hod Carriers
Per Week.
Printers
Per Month.
Stone Labourers
Per Bartel.
Flour

It will be observed in this table that the rise in the
wages of labour began subsequent to the year 1830.
For many years before that period there was little or no
fluctuation in the wages of labour. This was the
natural result of a sound and an unfluctuating currency .
In 1830 the great movement began among the banks,
started first by the Manhattan and other banks of this
city, the object of which was to induce General Jack-
son, otherwise an honest man and a patriot, to begin his
experiments in the currency, under the pretence of giv-
ing the country a " better currency" than we then had.
General Jackson was seduced by the misrepresentations
of the Manhattan and other banks. This movement
led naturally to the multiplication of banks—the ex-
pansion of the paper currency—the creation of ficti-
tious values—the rise in flour, wheat, provisions—
and the consequent demand for higher wages. Things
went on from bad to worse, till General Jackson found
that the banks had deceived him. He then began the
retrograde movement, since followed out by Mr. Van•
Buren and his sub-treasury policy. This, as a matter
of cours.!, has produced the explosions and suspensions
in the bank currency, which are bringing about their
natural effects in the wages of labour and the vitae of
all products.

In the re-action from high and bloated prices to
low prices, all classes suffer alike— the capitalist
and the labourer—the merchant and the Mechanic.—
Wages and provisions do not decline on one anti the
same day. This creates great distress among la-
bourers, until the adjustment of values takes place ;
but is it to be avoided? It cannot be avoided. If
the community, under a bad Government, gets iaboxi-
cated with high prices, produced by bank inflations, it
must suffer the headache of low prices, as a drunkard
does of low spirits, till it reach the point from which
it started. This is now the condition of the worki:.g
men of New 'York. We are gradually getting right—
the headache is yet severe, but time will relieve them.
Above all things, let the working people take care to
support such a Government as will be stable and per-
manent, and not one that starts all sorts of experiments
in the currency. The country is ripe for a chance
rulers, and an adjustment of values and wages ; and
the probability is that there will be a decided change,
and a decided equalization of all prices and values in
Mend), 1841, when Harrison enters the White House
and Van Buren enters his cottage at Kinderhook.—
New York Paper.

JUSTICE IN FRANCE.- An action was tried
two days ago before the Tribunal of Commerce, in which Messrs.
Rowland and Son, of Macassar Oil celebrity, were plaintiffs,
and Messrs. Gueland, Messier, and Amerel, in Paris, were de-
fendants. Messrs. Rowland complained that the defendants
had, to order to insure a sale for a composition which they also
called Macassar Oil, imitated his bottles and labels, and thus
injured the reputation of the genuine article, and diminished its
sale. The Tribunal, deciding that foreigner's trading with
France were entitled to protection against a fraud of this de-
scription, sentenced the defendants, who sold the Macassar Oil
bearing false labels, to pay 600 f. each, and 60Gf, for every new
contravention of which they may be guilty ; and ordered other
defendants, wh:i were the manufacturers of the bottles and
printers of the labels, to deliver none of the same descripti,n
without the authority of Messrs. Rowland. The Tribunal, in
giving its judgment in this case, mentioned, among the motives
of its decision, that a foreigner, bringing into France either a
manufacture or manufactured bjects, ought to receive the same
protection as a French subject; that, in the present instance, it
was necessary to secure to the plaintiffs, not only their property,
but also their commercial name, which no one else had the
right to make use of; that goad faith and equity were of all
countries, and that the Tribunal could not suffer the public to
be deceived by speculations, which good faith and equity alike
condemned; and, in fine, that it was of importance for foreign
traders in France. to receive that protection from the French
laws which it was to be hoped French traders would, in return,
meet with in other countries.

ANECDOTE.—An old gentleman of eighty-four.
having taken to the altar a young damsel of about sixteen, the
clergyman said to him " The font is at the other end of the
church." " What do I want with the font ?" said the old
gentleman. " I beg your pardon," said the clerical wit, " I
thought you had brought this child to be christened."
ENGLISH YACHT.—A beautiful English yacht
made her appearance yesterday in our harbour. We understand
she is the property of certain English gentlemen—is last from
the Island of Cuba, bound to New York, and has been cruising,
in the West India Seas, her company being on an excursion of
pleasure. Among the marvels of the day is a cruise for recrea-
tion across the Atlantic in a pleasure boat. It is significant of
the dispositions of the travelling portion of the British public,
who, having exhausted the continent of Europe and the re-
motest cast in their explorations, cross an ocean of 3,000 miles
wide and penetrate to the prairies of the west, in teach of niers
objects of curiosity.— Charleston Patriot.
KINDNESS OF THE POOR TO THE Poon,
Whoever has studied, with a mind free from prejudice, the
manners of the working classes, cannot fail to have observed
that these classes very generally present numerous examples of
virtue. The working man is, for the most part, freehearted,
kind, and anxious to assist his; comrades, :and capable of the
' truest devotion towards his employer. In those quarters, the
population of which is chiefly engaged in the industrious arts, it
is notorious that aitizans, whose cireumstances are tolerably
easy, succour, with a ready and active charity, not only those
of their comrades who are prevented from labouring by sick-
ness, but all who occupy the same house with themselves, or
with whom they maintain habits of neighbourhood. Out of
their vages they keep back a ortion for
thew
and even perform the sick manic task, in addition purposes
tor
their
own,
own, to preserve his salary to him theduring
onthe
day of his removal his
his illness. If he is compelled to seek the hospital,
iisnovniseiytedanbi
wa
odrdelsiuotaftioecanos!
hedsid
ofe
his companions, with offers
solation. When his strength returns, they make it their
busmess
fen
steheek
fiwork
fortnight. for him, and
sh ou
ld subscribe's o.m too Lis
awna.frodrse,ee u main-
tenancea.dv
ar
on
et
eboavf emroedn
euyc,e
ad
meal,
,t o
b distress,
tia antdhethyesreels.eurcecohuirms, by
freely a a051f....
a which
Nt'haey,rtehrei iirienteo solicitudel could n
footil
onwil,thhi
immt
edfevi•sehen'olna' m'mi,rli fails constitute
follies, al
ied discharge.
se,batnddo es not abandon him in his Crimea. ,
In the former ease they.
the latter, they still
elhim back to respectabi- I
in :
litv with friendly and
visit himiapireisroelesan,ds,hc.old out to him a helping hand.--Des"
Classes pa,g
PAYING FOR NEWS.--On returning to his
family, after an absence of some weeks, Captain Johnson had
been driven from Kingstown to Dublin by a carman, who,
looking discontentedly at the fare paid him, " Shure, your
Honour will give a thrifle more than this ?" " Not a rap,"
said the Captain. " Bad luck to me but you would," persisted
Paudge, "if you knew all, then." " What do you mean?"
asked Johnson, anxiously. " Faix, dat's tellins, say way ;
and is it only for my fare I'm to tell any news ?" " Well, well,"
said the Captain, here's another shilling; now what has hap.
pened ?" " Sorra the harm at all, only I thought you'd not be-
grudge a little exrra som'at to know that I driv ye the last three
miles widout a linch-pin."—Playing About, by Benson Hilt '
Scott, the American diver, has been " astonish.
ing the natives" of Portsmouth by jumping off the mail) kli
gallant yard of a collier brig in the harbour, and by vulva feats
Of agility in the tops; whilst a brother " skip " has been
actively employed on shore divissg iato•ths peckers of mugood- i
natured townsmen.—Hampshire IneleP`maene • 1