The Sun.
London, England, 1840-09-09 00:00:00

THEATRE ROYAL, COVENT GARDEN.
UNDER the MANAGEMENT of MADAME VESTP.IS.
THIS EVENING, SEPT. 9,
,Vhen will be presented Shakspere's t omedy ( with Music) of
THE MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR.
Sir John Falstaff, Mr. Bartley; Master Slender, Mr. C. Ma-
thews ; Ford, Mr. Cooper ; h enton, Mr. W. Harrison; Mrs.
Ford, Mrs. Nisbett ; Mrs. Page; Madame Vestris; Ann Page.
Miss Rainforth, Mrs. Quickly, Mrs. C. Jones.
To conclude with an Original Comic, Romantic, Operatic,
Melodramatic, Fairy Extravaganza, in Three Parts, entitled
tnd founded on that popular Nursery Tale,
THE SLEEPING BEAUTY IN THE WOOD.
The Principal Characters by Mr. Harley, Mr. J. Vining,
Mr. J. Bland, Madame Vestris, Miss Rainforth, Mrs. C.
!ones, &c. &e.
On Thursday, Twelfth Night, with the Sleeping Beauty.
On Friday, the Merry Wives of Windsor, with the Sleep-
ing Beauty.
On Suturday, The School for Scandal, with the Sleeping
Beauty.
Dress Boxes, 7s. ; Second Price, 3s. 6d.; First and Second
Circles, ss. ; Second Price, 2s. 6d. ; Pit, 3s. ; Second Price,
; Gallery, ls.
Doors tube opened at half-past Six—the performances to
commence at Seven o'Clock.
Tickets and plac ss for the Boxes to be taken of Mr. Grogan,
at the Box-office, from Ten till Four, where Season Tickets
may be had upon application.
Private Boxes to be had solely of Mr. Andrews, bookseller,
167, New Bond-street.

ROYAL SURREY THEATRE.
Overpowering Novelty. '.nother New Domesic Drama, and
Eighth Week of Ha►oes' " Jane of the Hatchet." Upwards
of 90,000 persons have already witnessed the grand Tableaux
d'action and military evolutions of the hundred Female War-
riors.

THIS EVENING, SEPT. 9.
Will be acted an entirely New Drama, entitled
THE PEASANT JUDGE.
Principal Characters by Messrs. Saville, Hughes, Neville,
and Heslop, Mr.. Vining, Mrs. Daly, Miss Grant, &c.
After which the Grand Historical Spectacle, of unequalled
splendour, entitled
JANE OF THE HATCHET.
Supported by the entire strength of the Company,
and One Hundred Female Warriors.
To conclude with (first time these four years) the Nautical
Drama of
THE RED ROVER.

ROYAL SURREY ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS.
EVERY MONDAY, TUESDAY, and THURSDAY.
GRAND PROMENADES MUSICALES ET
CHAMPETRES,
By Godfrey's unrivalled Band.
Programme of the Concert for Sept. 7,8, and 10.
Overtures—Zampa, Grand Overtm e and Marche Triomphale
composed for the Musical Festival at Cologne, in 18.32, by
Ferdinand Ries. Quadrilles—Les Chaperon Blanca (first time).
Le Neva. New Grand March, Ehrenbreitsteiner. Waltzes—
Heck (composed expressly), and Feenwelt. Pot Pourri of
popular Ro.vian Airs (first performance in this country).
Duetto—Dove val. Melange des Danses from "Le Corsaire."
Grand Finale to Fidelio. And
BEETHOVEN'S GRAND BATTLE SINFONIA,
By the augmented Band, with instruments of novel construc-
tion, and 340 rounds of artillery and musketry, giving the
most vivid realization of the events of the Battle of Vittoria.
The vast Panorama al Fresco of Iceland and its Volcanoes, by
Danson—Breaking up of the Ice—Melting of the Snows—
Release and Departure of the Discovery Ship.
Carter's astonishing " Koniaphostic," or " Lime Light.
Eruption of Mount Ilecla, with increased magnificence.
ADMISSION ONE SHILLING.
Feeding Hour of the Carnivora, Five o'clock•
Concert at Half-past Five. Eruption at Half-past Eight.
The Last and most splendid Flower Show of the Season !
The Grand Autumnal Fete des Fleurs, and Dahlia Show of
the Royal South London Floricultural Society, will be held on
Tuesday, September 15. Particulars of the various attrac-
tions will be shortly announced.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.
The Letter of " Aqpiro" was received, but we could not
at the time use it. It is left for him in the office.

RROW

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LONDON:
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 1840.

We shall continue our notice of Mr. WAKE-
FIELD'S system of colonization by now stating
some facts concerning the colony of South Austra-
lia, which was established on that system.
" The Fourth annual Report of the Colonization
Commissioners for South Australia to her Majesty's
principal Secretary of State for the Colonies," was
ordered by the House of Commons t© be printed
on 29th July, 1840, and from that we make our ex-
tracts. " On the Bth of August, 1839, 7,412 settlers
had arrived in the colony, from the United Kingdom
alone, 255,320 acres of public land had been sold
for the sum of 229,7561., and the customs and
license duties were yielding a revenue at the rate of
20,0001. per annum." At the same time, it appears,
that the number of emigrants from the United
Kingdom in 1836-7-8 and 9, was not less than
11,689, so that the Commissioners estimate the
number of inhabitants, at present, at between
12,000 and 13,000 souls. But to attain these re-
sults the sum of 229,7561., the price paid for land,
has been advanced, together with a further sum
borrowed upon the revenue:, of the colony, of
123,396/., making a total of 353,152/. This is
independent of all the private expenses of the in-
dividuals of which no account can be obtained.
Now, without being able to specify the time
when colonization first began in New Zealand, on
what the Wakefieldians call the land-sharking
principle, that is taking in little, while the Wake-
fieldians take en gros, we learn from the evidence
of Mr. BUSBY, before Lord ELIOT'S renowned
Committee, that the number of European settlers
there is now between 2,000 and 3,000, and they
seem to have fixed themselves there without ex-
pending a sixpence. At least, man for man, they
would not expend more than the private expense of
the individuals going to South Australia. Land-
sharkers carry on a considerable trade with England,
and send hither a great quantity of oil. According
to Mr. ENDERBY, one half of the oil brought from
the Pacific now comes from New Zealand ; the
fishing being ctrfied on there. Some of our pa-
triots, however, object to the oil being brought into
England, though it be the produce of Englishmen's
labour, who have not forfeited their allegiance nor
ceased to be amenable to the laws, because the Crown
did not establish the colony. Their opposition is a
proof of the importance of the settlement at New
Zealand, and, contrasting that with the settlement
at Adelaide, the former costing the country nothing,
the latter being a source of heavy expense, we are
induced to suppose that the "land-sharking" princi-
ple, which the Committee and the witnesses deride,is
a better system of colonization than the WAKE-
FIELD system by which it is to be superseded.
In 1839 the Australian Commissioners ex-
pended no less than 78,971/. on emigration, for
which they conveyed to the colony 2,600 adults,
belonging to the class of labourers, of which
1,317 were females. That is, to provide for a
labourer in South Australia it costs 30/. 75., while
it costs next to nothing to go to the United States,
and a labourer may be located in Canada for less
than half the sum. We are not to jump at once
to the conclusion that a scheme has been success-
ful because a colony may have been established,
but we must compare it with the means employed,
and the success of other colonies. On these data
we say that South Australia, whether we compare
it with New Zealand, colonized on the land-shark-
ing principle, or with Canada, or with the United
States, offers nothing whatever to boast of.
It is true that Mr. WAKEFIELD has realised
his wish of transporting an old society into the
wilderness, of which the proofs are rather amusing.
The Commissioners, for example, carefully enume-
rate no less than thirty-six items of Government
convenience or utility—not one of which, we will
answer for it, the land-sharks of New Zealand have
to pay for—which are already constructed in
Australia. They include police barracks, and sta-
bles for police horses, depots of arms, and a bonded
store, preparatory to the levying of taxes, which
the land-sharks of New Zealand will be spared for
many years. Nor is the society destitute of more
decided marks of an old community. Thirty per-
sons were tried at the Supreme Court at the No-
vember Sessions, and there persons were executed,
the deaths at the gallows being equal to those in
the county of Middlesex, amongst one hundred

times as many people. The number of officials in
the colony, from " his Excellency" the Governor to
the lowest member of the preventive police, is
considerable ; while at home Commissioners, emi-
gration agents, and secretaries are as numerous as
the employes of the Prussian or French Govern-
ments. The colony, moreover, possesses that
never-failing mark of an old and civilized society, a
large colonial or national debt, which, in relation
to the number of colonists and the rate of interest
paid on it, amounts to half the proportional inte•
rest of the national debt. Here 24,000,000 per-
sons have to pay 28,000,0001. per year interest ;
there 12,000 have to pay, without including the
loans from the Emigration Fund, 6,608/..-a
-year, and
the Commissioners are in the market to procure
another loan. South Australia must be an excel-
lent colony for money-jobbers and place-seekers ;
for hard-working men we prefer New Zealand, be-
yond the boundary of the Company.
The course which the Commissioners take to
pay off these debts, as well as the WAKEFIELD
principle of colonization, are thus described by the
Commissioners :

To exact a price for the wild lands of a new country,
for the purpose of applying the amount of the price
towards defraying the expenses of the civil government,
is in effect to impose a tax upon the introduction of ca-
pital ; but, on the other hand, to impose a price upon
wild land, for the purpose of employing the whole of the
price in importing labour, is in effect to give a bounty
upon the introduction of capital ; because, when a suffi-
cient price is paid for waste land, and when the whole
of that price is employed in importing labour, the capi-
talist obtains a more ample and constant supply of that
indispensable instrument of production, than that which
it would be possible, under any other arrangement, to
obtain at so cheap a rate. It is labour that gives value
to land. The most fertile land, without labour to cul-
tivate it, is of no value; while land, combined wills la-
bour, acquires a greater value than the cost by which the
labour is supplied. Hence, when the whole of the pro-
ceeds obtained by the sale of waste land is employed,
without deduction, as an Emigration Fund, the payment
of a price sufficient to maintain a due proportion be-
tween the supply of labour and the extent of appropri-
ated land, acts as a bounty upon the introduction of ca-
pital by giving to the land a greater value than the price.
This exposes, in so many plain terms, that the
purpose and extent of the WAKEFIELD scheme is,
by exporting labourers to Australia, or any other
colony, to give a bounty on the introduction of capi-
tal, or to reward the capitalist, by giving to him, as
the buyer of the land, all the value which it ac-
quires by the exertions of the labourer. With all
deference to those who project it, we can only de-
scribe it as a continuation of a plunder scheme
which exists at home. Not from the valueless land,
buOrom the labour of those who choose to brave the
hardships of a new colony, is this bounty to be
given to the capitalist, and the debt to be paid
which the Commissioners hate contracted to supply
him with labourers, and make the land valuable.
And what is the capital on which a bounty is to
be given ? In what does it consist ? In the ships
which carry out the labourers, in the provisions
they consume on their passage, and in the tools they
use when they have arrived out in the colony. On
these a bounty is to be given, by taxing the labour
of those who go thither, while the starving labourer
is on principle denied any help to remove himself
from a country where old established monopolies
and starvation-laws render it impossible for him to
procure the means of subsistence.
The WAKEFIELD scheme of colonization, there-
fore, is founded on giving a bounty to the capi-
talist, and on perpetuating in the colonies the very
system which the labourer goes abroad to escape
from. That system was sanctioned by the Legis-
lature when it established the colony of South
Australia, and by the Government, when, at the
urgent solicitation of some Liberal Members, it
adopted Mr. WAKEFIELD'S scheme in New Hol-
land. The Legislature has shown itself in this, as
on other points, regardless of the rights of labour ;
and it can excite no surprise, with many instances
of such conduct continually forced on public at-
tention, that the bulk of the labourers will not look
to any other remedy for their distress than a com-
plete change in the constitution and character of
the Legislature.

After two days' delay beyond the expected time
caused by the steamer putting into Toulon in a
heavy north-west gale of wind, the over-land mail
from India reached London yesterday, and, with
the express from Paris, brought very important in-
telligence. The bulk of the English squadron left
Singapore on the 30th of May and on the 2d of
June ; and en the 10th of June, the last accounts
we have of it, Admiral ELLIOT was in the Angeer
Channel, on the way to Macao, where he would
probably arrive by or before the 20th of June. The
next arrival, therefore, must bring intelligence of
the hostile operations. It argues well for the re-
sult, that the Court of Pekin has already begun
to feel aiarmed, and to show its displeasure with
Commissioner LIN. It has found out that he
has deceived it, and he has been degraded three
degrees in rank. All our fleet appears to have
proceeded in the best order, and with the utmost ex-
pedition, so that we may anticipate the most favour-
able results. It is even said that at Macao, a belief
was entertained that the Celestial Government,
being anxious for the duties on tea, would be
so ready to accommodate the difference, that
no opportunity would be afforded our gallant sailors
and soldiers to convince the barbarians with high-
sounding titles that they cannot insult Great Bri-
tain with impunity. She knows how to cultivate
peaceable and commercial relations, but she also
knows equally well how to punish insults and exact
a reparation of injuries.
The latest accounts from Macao were of May
12th, when the English merchants remained there
unmolested, but were looking anxiously for the

squadron.
From khiva, through Delhi, we have only now
received the intelligence of the retrograde move-
ment of the Russians, which was known
here, through St. Petersburgh, nearly six
months ago. It will be recollected that the in-
telligence received from Khiva, through Delhi, of
the approach of the Russians, about three months
ago, caused some alarm, from the supposition that
there was a second and successful expedition. All
doubts are now at an end. The Russians have

returned.
The intelligence brought from Paris by the same
express is, perhaps, more important and interesting
than that from India, if not so assuring. The
Paris papers, which found Lord PALMER.
STON'S pacific note perfectly satisfactory on Sun-
day, altered their tone on Monday, influenced, ap-
parently, by the news from the East, and found it
more intended to colour over the proceedings of
England than to satisfy France. Private letters from
Paris state that the apprehension of war in the
best informed quarters had increased, and orders,
it was said, had been sent to Admiral HUGON,
from which, and from the proceedings of
Captain NAPIER, a hostile collision was dreaded.
If orders have been sent to the Fr9nch Admiral iti
a moment of haste or irritation, to repel by force
our attempts to coerce MEHEMET ALI into sub-
mission to the rescilut;on of the Four Powers,
on the head of the intemperate Minister who has
sent them be the guilt of kindling a war
in Europe. Paris: was in an alarming state,
owing to the continued strike of the workmen.
On Sunday the entire garrison was under arms, all
the posts of the Na tional Guard were reinforced,
and everything held in readiness to repel an ex-
pected insurrection. The night passed over, how-
ever, without disturbat ice. On Monday alarm was
again excited. Great c rowds assembled in the Rue