The Sun.
London, England, 1847-06-18 00:00:00

DERBY ELECTION.

WEDNESDAY, JUNE 16.—At nine o'clock this morn-
ing the members of the Town Council took their places
around the council table of the Guildhall, and W.
Mousley, Esq., the mayor, his seat as returning officer,
'when the doors were opened, and every seat in the large
room was soon filled with voters and other inhabitants
of the town. The Hon. Mr. Goweind his friends took
their seats on the right of the mayor, and Mr. M‘Grath
and three of his friends placed themselves on the left.
The precept was then read, and also the Bribery Act,
after which the Mayor briefly stated the object of the
meeting, and hoped they would allow every party to
have an impartial hearing.
DOUGLAS Fox, Esq., then rose amidst loud cheers,
and nominated the Hon. Frederick Leveson Gower as a
fit and groper person to represent the borough of Derby
in Parliament.
Mr. MADELEY seconded the nomination.
A Chartist of the name of M‘Grath was also nomi-
nated, and received with great cheering by the crowd.
The Hon. Mr. GOWER then rose, amidst great cheer-
ing, and stated his political views on many of those
questions that had been mooted by those gentlemen who
had moved and seconded his nomination. He thanked
them that though a comparative stranger amongst them,
he had during his canvass received much kindness at
their hands, and that if elected it would be his greatest
honour and happiness to promote their welfare and that
of the community of which they formed a part.—(Cheers.)
The Honourable Gentleman stated that he detested
bigotry, whether amongst the Catholics in foreign
countries, or amongst the " No-Popery" party in
England—was opposed to church rates, and objected to
paying the priesthood of Ireland out of the public funds;
that the surplus resources of the Irish Church ought to
be appropriated to the purposes of education in that
country. Reason and experience had taught him that
free trade was beneficial to the country at large, and the
greatest guarantee of peace with other countries. He
was an advocate for shortening the duration of Parlia-
ments, and his opinions in favour of vote by ballot had
been confirmed during his canvass, where he had met
with many parties who had wishedehim success, and pro-
mised that if he were endangered by a Tory they would
come to the rescue, who othrwise were inclined, from a
fear of their superiors or employers, not to vote at all.
He should do all he could to put an end to such a spirit
of cruel intimidation. The Hon. Gentleman then went on
to deplore the extreme views of many Dissenters on the
subject of Government aid in education, and hoped they
would never allow those things to give an advantage to
their common enemy—the Tories. He (Mr. G.) repudiated
the doctrine of finality as it respected the franchise,
which he thought should be extended. Many were now
excluded by education and otherwise that ought to be
admitted to so great a privilege ; but the best friends of
this cause were those who promoted education—enlighten
the people, and then their cause is irresistible.
(Cheers.) He did not look upon the Government
scheme of education as a perfect plan. Money was
proposed to be given to aid voluntary efforts—
this was soon objected to by those who in 1839, when
such a measure was proposed, not only unopposed
it, but petitioned for it ; therefore, however greatly
he respected the body of dissenters, he deprecated the
divisions they might create on this subject.—(Cheers.)
The Hon. Gentlemen then referred to other measures
affecting the amelioration of the condition of the work-
ing classes, and the removal of taxes from articles of
necessity, to which he should give his attention, if re-
turned their Member, and hoped that if ever he voted
against their interests in this respect, it would be an
error of judgment and not of the heart.—(The Hon. Gen-
tleman sat down amidst loud applause.)
After a long speech from Mr. MbGniTti,
The Mayon called upon the electors for a show of
hands, stating that nine were eligible to do so but such
as were vottrs, and after declaring the same to be in
favour of the Hon. Mr. Gower, his Worship declared
the Hon. F. Leveson Gower duly elected, who returned
thanks in a tew words, and the return was there and
then made, the proceedings having lasted three hours.

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS.

JUNE 15.—Sir John Rennie, president, in the chair.
The viper read was, "On the law which governs the
discharge of elastic fluids under pressure, through short
tubes aed orifices." By William Fronde, M. Inst. C.E.
The subject cf the paper admitted of a much longer
communication than could be read at one meet-
ing, and the train of reasoning was such as
could scarcely be perfectly entered into on merely
hearing it read ; nor is it possible within our limits
to give a complete analysis of a paper which, for
accuracy of perception, closeness of reasoning, and terse-
ness of diction, has rarely been equalled in any scientific
society. A succinct review of it must suffice. The law
proposed was a modification of that which has been
usually assumed, viz., a simple application of that
which holds good with respect to non-elastic
fluids. This law is, generally, that the velocity
of issue is directly as the square root of the pres-
sure, and inversely as the square root of the density;
but this law neglects wholly the reaction that must
arise from the expansion necessarily taking place in
the course of issue. The nature of the action was il-
lustrated by the following example :—lf a balance be
supposed, with an equal weight in each scale, one of the
weights being a spiral spring, like that of a spring ba-
lance compressed lengthwise with its axis vertical, and
held in a state of compression by a cord. Now let
the cord be suddenly reversed so that the spring is
enabled to extend itself vertically. The scale in
which it stands will obviously be depressed, the
spring reacting on it as it expands upwards, and conti-
nuing to press till wholly relaxed ; or it the scale in
which it stands were ase .eding by a preponderance
given to the other scale, the rate of its ascent would
be in the same way retarded. The amount of the
retardation would depend on the strength and the
weight of the spring, and on the length to which it
would extend itself when released. Now in the dis•
charge of an elastic fluid, there is an action, strictly
analogous, operating continuously however instead of
per saltum, the strength and weight of the spring being
represented by the elasticity and density of the fluid, and
the length to which it would extend itself by the degree
of expansion, in the course of issue. The reduction
in quantity of discharge, due to the action, was to be
measured by the velocity imparted by expansion, to
each particle of the elastic fluid in course of issue, the
velocity of each particle after expansion would be its
velocity before expansion, multiplied into the rate of
expansion, and the primary force must be subdivided
in generating each additional unit of velocity, so that
the portion applicable to the generation of velocity be-
fore expansion would be the whole force divided by the
rate of expansion; thus the velocity before expansion
would be divided by the square root of that rate. For
instance, an elastic fluid expanding four times in course
of issue, would be discharged with only half the velocity
of a non-elastic fluid, under the same circumstances of
pressure and density. This modification was shown to
fulfil the general dynamical law " that a given force acting
for a given time will produce a given momentum, whatever
be the weight of the mass acted upon." This seemed
to be the essence of the law for non-elastic fluids ; but it
was disregarded by the unmodified application of that law
to elastic fluids, in which there would be a great accession
of velocity, of particles issuing under a given pressure,with-
out any reduction of quantity discharged in a given time;
if, however, the quantity be produced as proposed, in the
ratio of the square root in the density, and the velocity be
accelerated in the same ratio, the final momentum would
be the true equivalent of the pressure. This, in its practical
application, explained what was inexplicable by the ordi-
nary theory ; the difficulty experienced from the back
pressure of the waste steam in locomotive engines, and
a diagram was given, showing that, at sixty miles per
hour, this would be at least equivalent to 81bs. per
inch throughout the stroke, thus showing a loss of
nearly 50 H. P. As applied to the case of air
discharged into an exhausted receiver the re•
suit was highly curious. The rate of discharge
instead of increasing throughout as the degree of
I vacuum was increased, would be maximum at fifteen
inches of vacuum, although nearly uniform for many
inches above and below that point ; it would, how-
ever, progressively decrease above that point, because
the expansion would increase in a higher ratio than
the pressure, and ultimately, at the point of per-
fect vacuum, it would be at a minimum (indeed
stationary, were air perfectly elastic), because at
that point the expansion would be infinite, but the pres-
sure only finite, viz., thirty inches of mercury. Experi-
ments made, by permission of Mr. Brunel, with the
South Devon Railway atmospheric apparatus, confirmed
the theory. The line traced by an indicator apparatus
was shown to accord very closely with one traced by this
theory, whilst it was widely at variance with the result
of the ordinary theory.
After the meeting, Mr. Lambert exhibited his flexible
diaphragm water valve, which was intended to remedy
some of the defects of the plug-cock. It avoided the
leakage, and necessity of repairs. There was apparently
no friction, and it appeared very durable, and well calcu-
lated for the newly introduced system of constant
pressure.
The paper announced to be read at the next meeting,
Tuesday, June 22, was " A review of the Plans which
have been proposed for connecting the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans by a Navigable Canal." By Joseph
Wynn, M. Inst., C.E.

SINGULAR RESTORATION OF A LOST NOSE.-011
Saturday night last, a quarrel took place at the Vine
inn, Bilston, amongst a number of working men who
were drinking there, when one of the party, of the
name of Smith, succeeded in getting upon the floor
a young man named Lowe, and in the most
savage manner completely bit off his nose, the
modern Crim-Tartar immediately making his escape.
The injured party, accompanied by some friends, went
to the residence of the nearest surgeon, where the
denuded parts were dressed by his assistant, evi-
dently to the satisfaction of all parties. Lowe, how-
ever, on his returning home, began to reflect on the
unpieturesque effect which a countenance bereft of
the nasal appendage would produce, and he accordingly
determined to have it remedied by any and every
'.means possible. On a consultation with his friends,
the idea occurred to them that all would be well if they
could only restore to its original post of honour the
msnseinrg remains of what was once considered by the
owner
not stattoedbew
hao
tvheerry es
the respectablel nose,
nose
walatshohuogohkietdwoars
hatchet, or whether it beloned to the snub, the pug,
or the turned-up
to the "Accordinglyscenweifsoairesaile)::..in,g'‘' they re-
turnedsearching for nearly an hour, ol the Vine, and after
theyin at length discovered
the object of their
a o narkredcotrhneer of the
room, begrimed with dirt. Having secured
h iormp
tri
h zeey
,
party set off to a surgeon of the town,theto w
stated the case, and who very carefully united the parts
together, and in manner which completely restored te
main element of facial beauty to its former shape and
position, and a happy union of pa. for
parts having ensued, the
young
man appears little the worse his singular mis-
fortune. —l3 irmingham Journal

LAW INTELLIGENCE.
HOUSE OF LORDS, June 17.
COMMITTEE FOR PRIVILEGES.

Their Lordships sat in a Committee for Privileges
to-day.
The Peers present were, the Lord Chancellor, the
Earl of Shaftesbury, Lord Brougham, Lord Lyndhurst,
the Earl of Dartmouth, the Earl of Effingham, Earl
Bathurst, the Earl of Yarborough, and the Bishop of
St. Asaph.