The Sun.
London, England, 1841-07-19 00:00:00

UVENING SUN.

--.,-,
ENGLAND AND AMERICA.--
(From the 'New York Review.)
Under the great and increasing superabiindance of
American bread stuffsl England has but two choices,,,
and America, at present, waits her choice—either to
take our grain, upon a fixed and moderate duty, a prin..
ciple already admitted. in her temporary act of 1825,
which is the only condition on which a permanent
national trade can exist, and thus retain, with con-
stant enlargement, the' United States- as a market for
her manufactures ; or; persisting in her Corn-laws as
they now stand, to close her accounts as rapidly as
may be with her beSt customer, and to see in her
-henceforward a rival manufacturer, bah at home and.
abroad. The alternative is a simple, clear, and neces-
sary one. Cheapness of bread is a bounty, alike upon
foreign trade and upon home manufactures, and which
shall predominate depends upon the course adopted
abroad in relation to us. • Our wheat will not, however,,
be long upon our hands, before it begins to sprout up
in the form of cloth, hardware, china, and all other
shapes of :comfort and luxury, for which, abroad, if,
foreign markets admitted it, it would be the payment.
As .the trade now stands with England, it is indeed
one of utter dependence. England is willing to 'sell to
us, but unwilling to buy from us. America is willing,
now, at least, both to buy and sell. The only possible
form of trade, in the meantime, between such parties ex-
changing unequally, must,be one of large and increasing
credits, such as ours has long been with England, and
such as it must be again, if trade is ever widely re-
established under the existing state of things. But
of such enlarged restoration there is much room for
doubt. There is distrust and disinclination on both
sides. England now reasons, as she has lately acted,
most unwisely, with regard to the present crisis, of
which she herself was the moving cause. Even, there-
fore, should England now be willing to re-establish
things as they were, it is still a question whether' her
ruined debtor can so easily forget and forgive ; or
rather, whether the American trader and agriculturist
will not prefer to seek ' tjieir market where they are not
exposed to such ruinous caprice ; and that is in the do-
mestic exchanges of their own country. It is idle to
suppose such feelings not to exist in the United States,
and that. very widely too ; and if so, then as likely to
display themselves, if matters continue as they are, cer-
tainly in the determination of much individual capital
and enterprise, and it .may be in some decided form of
national policy, a new- tariff, perhaps, or prohibitory
duties tending to hasten the change, by making profit-
able all such conversion of national industry. TlrSuch
coming change over our:country is even now " casting
its shadows before," no observant American can doubt.
For ourselves, we hail tit not with pleasure ; for, such
isolation between countries once named " mother and
daughter," accords neither with our feelings nor our
judgment. But still we witness it without surprise, as:
being the natural, we might almost say the necessary re-
sult of the recent financial course pursued by England,
and of her present determination to hold on to the Ex-
elusion of American corn. Such policy, while at the
same time she withholds her long-accustomed American,
credits, not only awakens such inclination, ' but at the
same time renders, in our judgment, some countetw
e, ailinir
policy almost inevitable.
Again, therefore, we repeat, England has the alterna-
tive before her—American custom with Amexican corn ;
or, America a rival instead of a customer ; a rival, too,
not only in supplying her own home constunption, but as
meeting the English manufacturer in every port, antici-
pating him in every foreign demand, and in spite of infe-
riority of capital, contriving to undersell him in every.'
market, and in every form of manufacture, through sm perior industry, enterprise, economy of labour, and, to
crown all, cheapness in bread. What would be the even-
tual result of such competition in foreign markets, En-
gland may even now judge, for she knows well that,
wherever the American capital and skill have already
taken firm hold of any rahnufacture, whether fostered in
it by our own laws, or fbstered to it by those of England,
the American manufacturer has driven, or is driving, his
English rival out every open foreign market ; and we
doubt not, in many articles, at this present moment
could successfully drive him rom his own. In the coarser
cottons, for instance, and ;some of the hardware, Ame-
rica is now able to undersell the manufacturers of Alan-
chester and Birmingham at, "their own doors; and can put
up, as she is putting up, machinery in their mills, and
locomotives on 01. railways. cheaper, 'and not only
cheaper, but better, than the hest English establishments
can now afford to do the same work, and that under all
the disadvantages of freight. If such, then, be the re-
sult of incidental competition between the two manu-
facturers, what will it be when awakened by na-
tional jealousy, sharpened by all the zeal of individual
rivalry; and aided by the acknowledged superiority of
American mechanical talent ? The result will be little
less, we think, in a few years after their establishment,
than a complete transfer of its present manufacturing
monopoly from England to America, and with it not a
small but a large share of that very surplus capital we
now husband so carefully. What political change must
accompany or follow such financial revolution in Eng-
land, no Englishman can contemplate, we think, without
dread ; and no philanthropist or Christian without sor-
row. For England to wane from her long acknowledged
supremacy will be trial enough for a proud people ; for her
to fall into anarchy would be, even to the mind of an Ameri-
can, like striking the sun from the moral firmanzent. Let
her, then, we say, be wise in time ; let her, by freedom
of exchange, prolong her date of present empire, mid by
colonizing the West, identify herself with coming great-
, ness, by her surplus capital and labour, expended ou.
soils far more fertile than her own LA 1-s. :.-----
• .;: • _ ^-^-'•-.a ......un in .n ; let her science gum&
—let her arts adorn—let her religion bless the rising
wilderness ; and then, whatever be the date assigned to
the fortunes of Old England, the continent of the new
world will-preserve her name—her lineage--her fame—
her language and her faith, and be to the coining gene-
rations of men what her ancestral land has.alreacly bees'
to her—A Mother of many Nations.

A BOY SAVED FROM UNJUST
PUNISHMENT.
At the adjourned sessions of the Central Criminal
Court, held in September, 1840, a lad named William
Butler, who was apprenticed to a watch-escape-movement-
maker, was tried upon four indictments, charging him
with having uttered forged checks itr sums of money,
and convicted upon two of the charges, and sentenced by-
Baron Gurney to fifteen years' transportation. Daniel
Forrester, the city officer, upon hearing of the convictions
and reading the particulars of the trial, believed it to be-
very probable—eoupring all the circumstances with the
operations of a gang of forgers who have been verractive
about town—that the lad was the innocent victim of the
fellows who had already obtained a great deal of money
by employing unthinking boys to go on errands to
brewers and distillers, for cash for checks, enclosed in
notes purporting to be from customers. The officer im-
mediately communicated his suspicions to Sir Chapm'm
Marshall, who was at the time Lord Mayor, and who,
knowing the sagacity and excellent feeling of For-
rester, rejoiced in the hope of witnessing the success
of an inquiry of such description, and desired him
to proceed according to his own judgment in the
business. Forrester ascertained that several boys
of
.good character had been engaged in similar
matters in different parts of the metropolis, and that the
letters used upon all the occasions into which he in red
had been detected, and most of them written in a similar
way. He had reason, as he proceeded in the investiga-
tion, to believe that Butler had not conveyed a letter
except in the one instance (to the house of Messrs. Han-
bury and Co., the brewers), upon which occasion he was
detained, and that the witnesses in the. other cases were
mistaken as to the boy's identity ; and confirmation of
that belief poured in with increased strength upon the,
statements of the master and others who knew the poor
fellow's general conduct and habits, and swore Without
hesitation to the fact that it was impossible for him to
have been the bearer of any other than the one communi-
cation alluded to. Forrester having prepared his docu-
mentary matter, and having received all the necessary'
assistance from the City authorities,
Baron Gurney on the subject, and was referreictlbe
the Learned Judge to Lord Normanbr, to
whoniCunt. master
delay,. he sent in memorials frog. the father and
of
of the - condemned stating: the particuslaursbse the
wrote a letter
byto
subsequently
information which had Len
ireeeyvge•dfor further in-
to the trial and conviction,
• which naffes ship, bound for Hobart Ten,ar,s.
The memorial
~vestigation. By this time tlfitendlaa
destitu-
tion he had beer, sentenced for 1,5 ,:returned on the 11 th
was attended to, and an aus•Uth-eer wyraa:nsinot-on board the Lady
December last,
i In June, after same
be sent to the a.
-eneral Fteenidin more% powerfully to show
abroy had been ordered to,
young Butler,g the father sent in, by
the innocence
of
another memorial to the Secretary of
Forrester's advice,
further communications
h the son might be handed over to his
State, praying that finish
his apprenticeship; and. on tho
ttiionngstha.ttent
master in order to
memorialist, stating that her Majesty was
letter to his
ed to grant to W. Butler a free pardein.
6th of the present month Lord .Normanby transmitted a
graciously plea
the Mansion-house for the purpose of retttrning thanks
In the course of Saturday the father and son appeared
Chapman Marshall and the other City Authorities
for the great services which had been rendered by the vi...
inquiry into the circumstances.
Mr. HonLER stated that he should to Sir ca.
convey
Marshall the thanks of the father and son,- and men-
tioned to them, at the same time, that lie knew the Al-
dermanto
Sir
would desire di; m to be informed that they oweil.
everything that had turned out prosperously for them-in
the case to the benevolent and able exertions of Daniel
Forrester. They both seemed overpowered with gratitude.

EMIGRATION OF WOREMEN,—A meeting of
the rate-payers took place in this township on Friday
se'nuight, to consider the proposal of a working roan
belonging to that township, who had been chargeable
thereto, and was again about to come on for permanent re-
lief, in consequeneo of the scarcity of work. He offered to
emigrate to New South Wales in one of the emigration.
vessels Qbartered by Government for the passage of agri-
cultural labourers. The rate-payers agreed to advance
the sum of 14/. to fit him and his family out, and to pay
the deposit requirod by the regulations of the Coloniza-
tion Commixsioners. For that small amount, which
would have supported that poor man and his family
the workhouse about 20 weeks, he, his wife, and three-
children, will be removed to England to a noble climate
and fertile soil, where he will be enabled lo earn from
0/. to 31. a week. A great number ef labourers from
Staveley and the neighbourhood hare adopted the same
course, part of which will have sailed ere this, and others
will follow en the second of next month from Liverpool.
--Kendal Mercury.
MR. BOLLING'S SPINNERS.—The operative
cotton-spinners of Bolton hare a addressed a very afT.
ing appeal " To the friends of humanity and justice " on
behalf of fifteen of their fellow workmen who ha- re be_
erdeiningPit°oYratheelf!:' M
come the victims,OlTory tyranny and oppression They
onseiesensrsets—
htaovi
lei
nl7/-1
for ddiasreihnagrgtoedvforotemact
at the late election. We trust th
spouded to.—Manchater Guardia:.
e **P&L will be re-

clate