The Sun.
London, England, 1847-04-19 00:00:00

11 N 9 APRIL 19, 1847.

PRICE SD.

STATE OF TRADE.

FOREIGN WOOL, LEEDS, APRIL 16.—We have no
last.
VS-
riation to report in the foreign wool trade from our
The accounts from Austria and Prussia continue to to-
vise of large contracts being made for English and con-
tinental houses, at an advance of 2(1. to 3d. per lb. on last
tair's prices. The Netherland manufacturers, and French
:thd Saxon col-Ethers have almost entirely cleared the
German markets of useful wools.
ENGLISH WOOL, LEEDS, APRIL 16.—The demand fot
:combing and clothing wool this week has not varied; it
continues languid, and prices without any material al-
teration. Down combing wools are not plentiful, and
go off more freely than the deeper grown kinds.
WAKEFIELD WOOL MARKET, APRIL 15.—We are still
without alteration in our trade; no doubt the late strin-
gent measures of the Bank of England have caused us
to have less doing than otherwise we might have had.
iNethcrs are flat, and the stocks of them at market be-
ing large, prices are barely maintained. In hogs, though
we have not a large demand, it is quite equal to the
supply, and storks are decreasing. so that it our supply
does not increase, which is not likely before clip, tne
price of them must improve a little, or the consumption
be driven on wethers; the latter is more likely, as we
believe the spinners are carrying on an unremunerative
business.

LEEDS.—We have had very quiet markets at the
Cloth Halls on Saturday and Tuesday. There was
rather more done in fine goods, but in low qualities there
was considerably less sold than for some weeks past.
The advance of the rate of discount by the Bank of Eng
land has the effect of stopping speculation, and induces
great caution on the part of the merchants. The cold
ness of the season causes the spring trade to be dull, and
few buyers having made their appearance in the town,
the business in the warehouses has been less than an
average as compared with the sales of the last few weeks.
BRADFORD, APRIL 15.—The demand for wool is slug-
gish. The spinners buy with great caution and for pre-
sent use, as they expect that, when the now clip comes
into the market, the article will be at an easier price.
There is a steady improvement in the yarn market, so
far as demand is concerned, but prices are still on an un-
profitable scale. The Russian houses are busy, and are
exporting large quantities of yarns In the piece market
there was an average business done in dress goods.
Moreens and other heavy goods are dull of sale.
MANCEESTER, THURSDAY.—We have had as gloomy
a week in our cloth and yarn markets as can well be
conceived. In the face of a continued advance on the
staple, no higher rates are submitted to. The impossi-
bility- of discounting India bills added greatly to the dull
ness, otherwise a large business would be done to the
East. The orders from America are considerable.

IMPROVEMENT in LOCOMOTION.
An invention has just been projected by Mr. E. Gallo-
way, which promises to supply a most serious deside-
ratum in the present construction of locomotive engines,
and to exercise a very important influence on the pro.
gress of locomotion generally. It has long been ac-
knowledged that one of the greatest difficulties with
which the railway steam-engine had to contend was that
of acquiring a bite upon the rails superior to that
supplied by gravitation. The amount of nipping or
biting power derived from that principle by the vertical
driving-wheel now in use has been found quite insuffi-
cient in foggy weather, when the rails are in a greasy
state from the moisture upon them, and upon inclines
with severe. gradients. Under such circumstances the
driving-wheel slips and the engine makes little or no
progress. Mr. Galloway's invention is principally in-
tended to overcome this difficulty in working the present
I. comotivo engine, and from the experiments made the
other day, first with a working model at the western
gallery of Ilungerford.market, and afterwards on the
Great Western Railway, at Maidenhead, there appears
to be very little doubt as to its complete success. The
invention consists in adding two driving-wheels, hori-
zontal or inclined, to the present locomotive; these
wheels acting on each side of a middle rail laid between
the ordinary rails, and being pleased simultaneously
against the opposite sides of the rail by means of ad-
justing screws acting upon springs with any required
degree of force. By such an arrangement it is maniti:st
(bat a bite or adhesion may be obtained far beyond
what is due to the weight of the engine, and that
thereby the difficulties may be obviated which at pre-
sent arise from greasy rails and heavy gradients. Mr.
Galloway contemplates the application of his invention
to engines as at present constructed with vertical
driving-wheels, and expresses his conviction that such a
combination will not be found inconsistent with high
velocity. In the meantime, however, he has, we think,
prudently confined himself to demonstrating the effi-
ciency of the horizontal driving-wheels, unaided by
vertical driving-wheels, in overcoming steep inclines.
At Hungerford-market, the working model with hori-
zontal driving-wheels went with great ease up an in-
cline of 1 in 6, and the following statement, drawn up
by Mr. Gooch, locomotive superintendent of the Great
Vestern Railway, with reference to experiments made

"The following is the result of the experiment I made
wish Mr. Galloway's locomotive engine, in which the
driving-wheels are placed horizontally, and act against
the sides of a centre rail:—

Weight of enginss
Ditto of lo.td

" This weight was taken at a slow speed up an in-
cline of 1 in 19, with a pressure on the boiler of 601 b
on the inch, and calculating the power of the engine
and actual duty performed, we have as follows : With
steam at 601 b. in the boiler, the average eth,ctive pres-
sure in the pistons, after deducting back pressure, will
he about 501 b. on the inch, then the area of the two
cylinders 308 k< 50--=15,4001b3., and double stroke of
piston equal 32 inches, and circumference of driving-
wheel 116 inches. Therefore, as 116 inches : 15,400: :
32 : 4,248 tractive,power on,the rim of the wheel. And
gravity per ton 1 in 19=1181b. Friction ditto 71b.
125 b;,433.5 tons----4,1871b. Resistance overcome.
" Therefore, 4,248-4,187=611b., the total loss from
the friction of the working parts of the engine, which I
think is as small a loss as can be hoped for in any class
of engines. And from the facility of apply ing screws
to increase the weight on the driving-wheels to any re-
quired amount, there is no difficulty from slipping.
" DANIEL GOOCH.

"In explanation of the preceding, it is necessary to state
that the former diameter of the driving-wheels of the
experimental engine was eight feet, and the horizontal
ones are three feet. The tractive power of the engine
before alteration was about 1,6001 b. The increase of
tractive force, therefore, is as 4,1871 b. : 1,6001 b."

It is also only fair to explain that the experiment was
made with " Bacchus," the oldest engine in the com-
pany's possession, and long ago worn out and disused.
The leadidg advantages claimed by Mr. Galloway for
his invention are, that the adhesive power being inde-
pendent of gravity can be adjusted according to the gra-
dient or load, while the train is in motion ; tnat by ap-
plying a brake at once to the middle rail, the train in
descending any gradient may be retarded independently
of the wheels, and also the risk of c,dlisions be avoided ;
that sharp curves may be traversed almost as easily and
quite as safely as straight lines ; that punctuality on
railways will thereby be better secured, and the neces-
sity for tunnelling, heavy cuttings, and embankments to
a great degree obviated.
Whether all or any of these advantages will be se-
cured by Mr. Galloway's inventi.m, it must remain for
a course of detailed practical experiments to decide;
but in the meantime the credit of a very ingenious, a
very simple, and, to all appearances, a very practicable
contrivance, cannot be denied to him. The difficulties
which he claims to have overcome have for many years
occupied the attention and eluded the ingenuity of en-
gineers. Some time ago the notion of a centre rail and
a horizontal driving-wheel was projected by Mr. Vig-
nolles and Mr. Errixon, but as they only proposed ap-
plying it on the one side of the rail, they were unsuc-
cessful. Mechanical contrivances of a similar character
have since been attempted both in this country and
abroad, but they have always turned out to be failures,
and if Mr. Galloway's invention can bo combined with
the present construction of the locomotive, so as to fulfil
his expectations in regard to it, the only wonder will be
hew for upwards of 16 years so really simple an expe-
dient for obviating admitted difficulties could have es-
caped undiscovered. Mr. Galloway states, that he can
secure on the narrow gauge, horizontal or inclined,
driving wheels of six feet diameter, and on the broad
gauge eight feet, so as to act in conjunction with the ver-
tielo driving-wheels. lie states, too, that this is practi-
cable at a very moderate expense.

ARRIVAL OF MADLLE. JESINV LlND.—This cele-
brated songstress arrived in London on Saturday afternoon,
accompanied by Mr. Lumley. She came by the General
Steam Navigation Company's steam-ship Sir Edward Banks,
that left Ostend in the morning. In the evening she was
present at the performance of the opera at her Majesty's
Theatre, and occupied a box on the first tier. The Swedish
nightingale is a lady of kindly countenance, fair hair, and
fresh complexion; her eves are soft and mild, and the ex-
pression of her face is intelligent and ingenuous. The Italians
have a phrase, 'oho sciolio, to indicate the combination of in-
tellect and truthfulness which is manifested in her fitatures;
and the Germans generally term it freinullich. Neither
words have a literal meaning in English, as applied toliuman
expression ; but ability and candour are their synonyms in
our tongue. Jenny Lind is of themeridadspleeethiesi height, s welliT g; ,
formed, and of some seven or eight and twenty years of age—
ll
as far as appearances can be credited. il
her most prominent character seems to be modeity. In her
deportment she has the air and bearing of a perfect lady ;
excellent if- ptohsisneg s ein
d
that is to say, she is calm, quiet, and perfectly*
se
in manner and address, with that
"most
woman"—a voice soft, low, and sweet
she will make her debilt in about a fortnight.
SUDDEN It
is believed that
SUDDEN DEATH OF MAJOR A. Nl'
Saturday afternoon informationwas i ArtTutm.---Ori
4fli c e of the sudden decease of
iladras establishment of the East
which took place on Friday •
Nlbany, Piccadilly. The deceased,n night,
.ppeared in his usual health, but n
M received at the Coroner's
ajor A. M'Arthur, on the
h India Company's service,
t, atn his residence in
.the
oto c theom.
coming down
eartenhianlf...
iast eleven on Saturday, his housekeeper' Ngvent to call him.
nd found him
lying on the floor of his bed-chamber lifeles
Or. Pettigrew, of Saville-row, was sent for, and on hi,
arrival he found that the deceased bad evidently been un
11 essing when he expired ; the bed had not been slept of,
tUd it wa his opinion that life had been extinct many .4.40.