The Sun.
London, England, 1847-07-05 00:00:00

LONDON, MONDAY MORNING, JULY 5, 1847,

SUN,

no doubt this will be a most attractive fife, and we
h.?art:ly most c:mvi.cte succez to the spi-
rited society who have introduced it.
VICE -CHANCELLOR'S NOTICES.

The Vice-ChancOor has issued the following no-
tices for the guidance of the University :
" The Vice-Chancellor has the honour to announce
to the Members of the University that it is the inten-
tion of his Royal Highness Prince Albert, the Chan-
cer,r, to arrive at Trinity Ledge on Monday, July 5,
at one o cluck.At half past one o'clock his Royal Llighm-s4 will
'
op
fr o"rceAeae
tdd
reading
gr
etaehnedo'clockf Hall
s oe fnhtlii
sn'
oittyoy
Royal College
lhenrHighness
hanj
eefssostry thewill
hilel
proceed
des
of the University.
from Trinity Lodge to
"On Tuesday, July the Senate-house to confer the
Honorary Degrees.
6, the Creation of Doctors in
the several faculties will take place in the Law Schools,
at eight o'clock in the morning. ; and the Creation of
,Masters of Arts in the Arts' Schools,
at half-past six
o'clock in the m.)rning.
" His Royal Highness will proceedto the Senate-
house at ten o'clock, when the Prize Exercises will be
recited, and the Installation Ode performed.
" On the morning of Wednesday, July 7,
his Royal
Highness will hold a Levee at Trinity Lodge, at nine
o'clock, for Members of the Senate.
" Doctors of all faculties are to appear in the Senate-
house in their robes ; Bachelors of Divinity in their
cassocks ; and other Members of the University in
their proper dress of gown and bands."
" The Vice-Chancellor has the honour to announce
that it is the intention of her Majesty the Queen and
his Royal Highness Prince Albert, the Chancellor of the
University. to arrive at Trinity Lodge, on Monday, July
5, at one o'clock.
" His Royal Highness alighting from the carriage and
receiving from the Vice-Chancellor the Staves of Office,
carried by the Bedells, will lay them at her Majesty's
feet.

LODGINGS.

No fears need be entert:iined respecting lo(lging:.
Trfurm;~t on obtt:ined from
Ail Pas-
raetl a ttte
it) og!li.
s'Ati,nig
fiitnca,?:
Pas-
sage. There will be no attempt at imposition, and
charges for lodgings throughout the town are very
reasonable.

" Her Majesty has signified her pleasure to receive
the Address of the University in the Hall of Trinity
College at half-past one o'clock.
" At nine o'clock in the evening of Tueaday, July 6,
her Majesty will hold a Reception at Trinity Lodge, of
Noblemen who are members of the University. the Heads
of Colleges, the Professors, the Officers of the University
the Vice-Masters and Tutors of the several colleges, and
the ladies of their families resident in Cambridge.
Gentlemen in full dress, and ladies in full dress, but
without feathers or trains."
" The Vice-Chancellor appoints Tuesday next, July
6, for Henry Day, of Trinity Hall, to recite his
English Poem for the Chancellor's Medal ; for James
Camper Wright, of King's College, to recite his Exer-
cise for the Camden Medal ; for Brooke Foss Westcott,
of Trinity College, to recite his Greek Ode, and for
David James VatiAlian, of Trinity College, to recite his
Latin Ode and Epigrams for Sir William Browne's Me-
dals; and for George James Gill, of Emmanuel College,
to recite his Exercise for the Porson Prize."

The VICE-CHANCELLOR has given notice, That, by
permission of the Master of Trinity College, Mem-
bers of the University wishing to join in the Presen-
tation of the ADDRESS to HER MAJESTY on
Monday, July 6, will be admitted into Trinity Col-
lege at the King's Date till Half-past Twelve on that
day, on showing their Senate-House Tickets, if
required.—From Half. past Twelve to Half-past One
they will be admitted at the Hostel Gate in the same
manner. After that time no one can be admitted
without Specid Permission.
For the maintenance of ORDER at the approaching
CO \I MENCEMENT, and with the view of accom-
modating a• many persons a the SENATE-HOUSE will
cimtain, the VICE-CHANCELLOR considers it necessary
to publish the following :
The VICE• CHANCELLOR requests that the following
ORDER OF PRECEDENCY be strictly observed
by ail Members of the University who join in the
Presentation of the ADDRESS, on Monday, July 5.

The Bedells.
THE CHANCELLOR.
THE VICE-CHANCELLOR,
accompanied by the Registrary.
THE HIGH. STEWARD.
The Commissary.
Noblemen.
Privy Counsellors.
Heads of Colleges.
Members of the Caput.
Public Orator.
Proctors.
Doctors in Divinity.
Doctors in Civil Law.
Doctors in Medicine.
Assessor to the Vice-Chancellor.
Profe:sors.
Scrutators.
Taxors.
Librarian.
Bachelors of Divinity.
Masters of Arts, Non-Resents.
Masters of Arts, Regents.
Bachelors of Law.
Bachelors of Medicine.
Bachelors of Arts and Undergraduates according to
their Colleges, and according to Seniority in
each College,'in this order :
King's College.
Trinity College.
St. John's College.
St. Peter's College.
Clare Hall.
Pembroke College.
Caius College.
Trinity Hall.
Corpus Christi College.
Queen's College.
Catharine Hall.
Jesus College.
Christ's College.
Magdalene College.
Emmanuel College.
Sidney Sussex College.
Downing College.

REGULATIONS FOR THE SENATE HOUSE.
It will be convenient to reprint the following regu
lations :

1. That no person be admitted into the Senate-
House, or the Senate-House-yard on Monday, July
5, or Tuesday, July 6, without a ticket.
2. That every person, who now is a Member of
the University, shall have one Ticket (not transfer-
able) for his own admission on each or those days.
3. That every Member of the Senate shall have one
Lady's Picket and one Gentleman's Ticket—and
every Incepting M.A. one Ticket either a Lady's or
a Gentleman's—for the admission of Strangers on
each of those days.
4. That personal application for their Tickets be
made to the Registrary by all Graduates, except
Bachelors cf Arts.*
5. That the Tickets of all Bachelors of Arts end
Undergraduates be issued to them through the Tutors
of their respective Colleges.
6. That the Platform, on which the Chairs of State
will be placed for HER MAJESTY TILE QUEEN
and HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE CHAN-
CELLOR, together with the raised Seats for Ladies
on each side of the Senate-House immediately com-
municating with it, be appropriated to those Persons
who have tickets from HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS,
and to Noblemen, Doctors, and Heads of Colleges.
7. That the remaining parts of the raised Seats on
each side of the Senate-House, and the west-end of
the Gallery be appropriated to Ladies; and that on
Monday, July 5, the Orchestra also be appropriated
to Ladies.

8. That the body of the senate-House be appro-
priated to Members of the University having M.A.
Tickets, and to Gentlemen, not Members of the Uni-
versity, who have tickets of admission.
9. rhat the Gallery on the North Side of the
Senate-House be appropriated to Undergraduates.
10. That the Gallery on the South Side of the
Senate-House be open to all Graduates, and also to
Gentlemen, not Members of the University, who have
tickets of admission.

The VICE-CHANCELLOR requests that all Members
of the University will appear in their Academical
dress of GOWN and BANDS during both days.
SWAN'S CHAIRS AND TABLE.

Her Majesty's saloon at the Horticultural Fete and
Public Breakfast will be furnished with gilt chairs,
covered with rich satin damask, a centre table with
marble top, gilt mirrors, girandoles, &c., &c., by
Mr. John Swan, her Majesty's upholstfaer.

Mejesty has been pleased to express her approval tIV ANT OF SANATORY itEGULA
of ?1,1. !I:Pnr,es ~f th, Prin, vr,, !i!;‘,-.:,- thr, st:bi,2rip- LA ri °Ns IN TIIE CITY
tion list to he headed by her nan,e. 'fix inscription ' ',.tie following is the substance of observations which
is as fonows : _,4 ceLissimuat Prii.cipent Albertam were drawn up by the late Dr. Lynch, who intended
Canc,qlariun m
i on fansto felicipe en i
due inangu- to submit them to the press in amore careful form, if,
ratan/ /eeta conspicit Academia Cantabrikiensis. as was his expectation, the majority of the Court of
Ja:ii 6, 1847." Common Council persevered in turning a deaf ear to
".he ~etiti,in of the Inquest Juries of thr

to the pt.
Farringdon Without :
,netnottial
i•as oef n :agreed to by men of all
shades of pthitieal
Every alnslation has
been dispassionately examined. I have been selected
to present it, because I have been known to have
for years endeavoured to improve the locality, and
because my daily avocations have made me practi-
cally acquainted with the wants of the poor. The
memorialists discuss the propriety of an outlay of i
nearly half a million of money by the Corporation n
the formation of a new street, which they believe to be
of questionable utility. They are of opinion that if
the improvements cannot be concurrent, the diminu-
tion of disease and death, the preservation of life and
health, are of primary importance.
The memorial states that the ward contains 34,000
inhabitants; that it is princi allysituated without the
walls of the city, and that it Ph.containsh courts and alleys
of the worst description, to ic the poor of the other
city parishes resort; that thew housesthat
are built back to
back, without ventilation , the. rooms are not
more than eight feet in width, and nine feet in length,
and that they have on an average six
under
sin each.
room ; that the privies are generally the stair-
cases, and communicate with cesspools, the effluvium
from which is deadly poison to the element in which
the unhappy residents struggle to exist; that such
hovels are unfit for human habitation, and a disgrace
to the city; that most of them are undrained, ani
that where there are sewers they are untrapped and
unflushed, and the sewers thus become themselves the
sources of disease and death from the pestiferous gases
produced by the decomposition of animal and
vegetable matter beneath; that the supply of water
is only on twice a week for two hours each time; that
the poor have no vessels in which to preserve it,
and that in the crowded and heated rooms it absorbs
the poison contained in the animal exhalations, and
becomes altogether unfit for use. This is the picture
which the memorial presents, and to the horrors of
which the Corporation of London is indifferent.
Under such circumstances as the memorial repre-
sents the most simple diseases become malignant.
Scrofula, consumption, and other fell disorders are
generated, and a great portion of the labour of the
poor is lost in weaness. How frightful is the mor-
tality in these wretched localities ! The average du-
ration of life amongst the middle classes in London
is forty-three years, that of the labouring classes is
only twenty-two. Amongst the former the deaths
from epidemic disease amount to no more than six,
whilst amongst the latter they amount to nineteen per
cent. From such places fever is never absent. The
number who suffer from that preventible poison is
twelve times greater than that of those who die, and
• the victims are most frequently the heads of families,
as it prevails at the productive age of man (from
twenty to forty), and the offspring are consequently
made burdens on the poor rates. One-fifth of those
who receive parochial relief are the subjects of fever.
Nothing can more exclusively show the influence
which want of air and water has upon the health of
any district than the report of the Registrar-General,
from which it appears that in the ten healthy districts
in which an allowance is made of 202 square yards of
space to each individual, the mortality is 1 in 49.
in the medium districts, where 102 square yards are
allowed, it is 1 in 30; and in the unhealthy districts,
where there «re only 32 square yards to each person,
the mortality is 1 in 30 ; the labourers in St. George's
parish die at 27, in St. Giles's at 17 years of age. In
the most unhealthy district of Liverpool, the gentle-
men die at 35 ; the poor at 15. In the last season,
the most unhealthy within the memory of man,
simple fever was the minister of death. In the quar-
ter ending March, 1847, 56,100 persons died. In
Liverpool there was an increase of 13,034 deaths
over the corresponding quarter—in London an in-
crease of 10,000. The increase in London, out of an
equal number of males residing there, was 3 deaths
for every 2in the country. The excess in London
over healthy districts in seven years amounts to
97,000 persons—the excess of deaths of children in
London is 58.000. To prevent the possibility of
being met with the cry of exaggeration, or the
denial of those statements, I submit the statis-
tics of Farringdon Without. Of every 1,000 females,
taking the average seven years, 28 died in that ward,
whilst in Islington, of every 1,000 females only 18 ;
and in Hackney, of the same number only 16 died.
Thus twelve lives out of 1,000 are doomed to as cer-
tain destruction as if they were slaughtered in the
shambles in Smithfield. It is a most remarkable fact
that in Hackney, of the male children under five
year of age, 66 die, whilst in Farringdon West 128
die ; and that of men in the intellectual prime of life,
between the ages of 45 and 55, in Hackney only 21
die, whilst in Farringdon West 34 die. Of 1,000
boys under five years of age in Surrey and Sussex,
48 die annually, whilst in London the number is 93.
I adduce these details for the purpose of removing
the extraordinary ignorance which prevails amongst
those whose duty and condition make that ignorance
iniquity. No sneer or clamour can overthrow these
deplorable facts, which are written down in that
invaluable repository of useful knowledge the Re-
gistration-office, and from which it appears there is a
waste of life per annum of 22,000 lives, by contagious
diseases, out of four millions of inhabitants; and that
by a little care and attention to sanatory regulations,
there might be a saving of 50,000 souls.
I felt it to be my duty, after having read in the
public papers that most ridiculous of official false-
hoods " that the cleanliness of London could not be
surpassed," to wait upOn the foremen of the inquests
of each parish, who in the discharge of their duties
are obliged personally to inspect the dwellings of the
poor. From the following presentments to the City
Aldermen this year, it will be evident that the most
charitable comment on that statement was that it was
made in ignorance and not in a wicked or wilful dis-
regard, or criminal perversion of the truth. The in-
quest of St. Sepulchre alleges that numerous courts
are in the most foul condition, that the habitations of
the poor are unfit for beasts of burden, that the houses
are dilapidated, that cesspools and open gutters are
found in every court, that the privies are common to
several houses, that in cellars 14 feet square, eight per-
sons are lodged, that these nuisances have year
after year been presented to the Court of Alder-
men, without producing the least symptom of
correction, and that the labours of the in-
quest were useless, as their remonstrances were
unheeded. In the districts of St. Andrew's
and St. Dunstan's the same state of things exists,
and their active forem m in vain exerted all his capa-
bilities. I have visited the parish of Bishopsgate
Without, in which the chairman, who made the ex-
traordinary statement I have repeated, resides. In
front, on each side, and at the back of that chair-
man's house, in Devinshire-place, in Farran's-rents,
in Half Moon-street, place, and mews, in Sherrard's.
buildings, in Thurnps:on's -rents, abominations abound.
fhe evidence of Dr. Porter before the commission
exhibits the desolating effects of sanatory neglect in
that particular locality, v‘ hich is one of the worst in
London. Yet the chairman declares that, with all
those nuisances under his nose, the health of London
cannot be surpasse 1. I have been for ten years
medical officer of several parishes, and of a large
workhouse, and am daily called upon to attend
diseases distinctly traceable to the want of pure air,
the best and first of God's gifts, and to the want of
water, thousands of tons of which are running
to waste under their feet. In those filthy
masses of bricks and mortar, rotten, tottering
with age, built centuries ago, reeking with plague,
vapours, and exhaling irremediable infection, as
I have wound round the wretched staircases, I have
frequently been called upon to " lay hold of the rope,"
in order to be enabled to guide my footsteps. Every
house had its victim—there you would meet the or-
phan and the widow, the recipients of the poor-rates.
According to the returns ordered under the commis-
sion, there are in this way pauperised in England
and Wales, 47,000 widows and 120,000 orphans.
The loss in money in the year's deaths, in round
numbers, from the loss of the productive powers of
labour, amounts to fifteen millions, and the loss of
the East and West London Unions is 146,0001., the
greater part of which may be saved to the country
by sanatory regulations. In these crowded hovels,
in which filth abounds, in which no order can at all
exist, where no separation can be male for sex, where
darkness, disease, and death are the inseparable com-
panions of the inhabitants, where the lowest of the
animal wants are not supplied, where decency is
daily, hourly outraged, where the most loathsome
forms of vice are engendered, where poisonous ex-
halations and moral miasmata fester and react upon
each other, where health and life are undermined,
where youth is corrupted and innocence is destroyed;
in those nurseries, those normal schools of crime, in
those hotbeds of thieves and prostitutes, your la•
bourers dwell.
Lord Ashley well said, " While such a state of
things exists schools and chapels were useless." The
malaria from the cesspool, the privy, or the sewer, is
a sedative poison, it depresses the energies of body
and mind, it saps the constitution ; the poor fly to the
gin palace for a stimulus to resist its effects. Intem-
perance lends the last link to complete the circle of
their physical and moral degradation. The parish or
the workhouse, or the hospital is the alternative. We
read with horror of a certain caste of Africans, whose
'sympathy for filth is so strong upon them that they
preserve the dead until the exudations gradually fill
the hut and expel the survivors. In this city of Lon-
don, for the surpassing health and cleanliness of which
the Chairman of the Commission vouches, there is to
be found a parallel to the enormous abomination of
the savage state of existence to which I allude. I, and
other medical men, have seen the dead kept so long
in the odious dens, that the horrors of the grave were

le ward of

revealed to the living, until the maggotsofputrefaci
tion have cra,vl,,l !,t 11,e ""r•.-1-!as., ar. under ti
table at whie i the relanv s were taking their meals.,
We read of the tyrant who in the exercise of an atro-
i
cious ingenuity chained the living to the dead. Thek
neglect cf the poor and their necessities assimilate
their condition to that of the still- breathing corpse, for
the cesspool and its appendages are of like chemical;
de...composition, and prose cqually d--struetive in their:
:ects. All tither s hare impr,,v(d in their
on
eial psition—their condors are col.-ulted by every mnoetahnisngwwhihcahtes:eiernhce suggests. For the Ines, of so-
eletY—thelaroductive classes, the bees of the hive
of the population has
shere
ill:
nowus household o dOO
yearpstnaarlso.of e
adso nbee.e With i tht the
diminution increase
o
accommodation, which was greater than it
Ti he improvements—the fine
metropolis—have aggra-
streets in other
vated the evil. Tvhieg.pali:sophie exposition of Mr.
guides
illietds
by a the w powerk— wahnods vi
mlleanshuwunithanwithyicishohnel
y operations—and the admirable articles whic ave
press, have fully de-
from time to time appeared in the
be disposed to •
tnh
gei scarcity
lare still c
powers'ty more'°f
impute the pre-,"
mosnosmtreatpeedrtshoants fact.may
that of lastbs
eyy;eraebr
du t°
ut
sent mortality and
food. It is true that an inadequate supply of fooct
m more susceptible
injurious
itsr io
uds deleterious t ehraido us
districts, effects paesr,
system
of the noxious influences w
of the system, it renders thhei
which surrounded it. Ire.;
_
land presents a melancholy instance of the fact that;
famine precedes fever. Scarcity cannot be received;
I have described. For the records
as the explanation of the mortality in such places as
prove that they
proportion of deaths from epidemics in 1838, in the.
ward of Farringdon, was 1 in 102, whilst in Cam-
berwell it was 1 in 262, and in that year amongst
children, who, like plants, are sensitive of atmos-,
pheric impurity, the deaths were as 2 to 1, and the
excess of deaths in east and west London was above
the healthy standard 1,162. Upon the most un-
deniable statistic calculations the inhabitants lose,
eight years of their natural lives. Thirty-eight
people die of ascertained and preventible maladies
every day. The city of London, without the walls, and
Whitechapel,are the two most unhealthy of the thirty-
six metropolitan districts. In Elliott's-court there
are eighteen houses, each of which has four rooms,
which contain on an average thirty people, so that in
each house there is an excess of 200 per cent. above
the proper number. Smithfield and the Old Bailey
abound with such nuisances, as well as Cow-cross,
nest-street, and Field-lane, with the adjacent slaugh-,
terhouses and knackers'-yards. In Fetter-lane there
are 2,600 people in 145 houses, and in the courts of
that immediate locality there is intolerable over
crowding. In Plough-court there is an excess id
thirty houses of 400 per cent. over the healthy stand=
ard, and in Plum Tree-court, an excess of 360.
Fleet-street and Holborn, two of the finest streets,
are hemmed in by dense unventilated, unwholesome
masses of miserable habitations. The squalor of the
courts is strikingly contrasted with the splendour of
the shops. There are three times as many people in
the worst courts as there are in the better class of
lanes. It, however, invariably happens that where
sanatory precautions are most necessary they are
most deficient. Language would fail to convey any
idea of the horrors of the black-holes in the lodging-
houses of Field-lane. Mr. Payne recently held an
inquest upon a man who was asphyxiated in a crowded
room, where there was no ingress of air, and the
jury expressed their horror of the place, in which
males and females, old arid young, were promis-
cuously lying, and where such was the want of ac-
commodation since the removal of the dens of St.
Giles's, that the indigent stragglers about tows paid
twopence a night for permission to stretch. or rather
to huddle themselves on the staircases. The Corpo-
ration calls itself the guardian of the public health.
It has disclaimed Government interference, and thus
incurred a fearful responsibility, which Government
ought not, in the present condition of the city, to al-
low for a moment to exist. But as it seems they are
to remain in their boasted independence of all obliga
tion to do good or evil by the favour of their Minis-
terial representative, and as they disregard the ap-
peals of their fellow-citizens, I implore them through
the powerful medium of the press, which knows well
how to administer its bitter corrective, to devote some
portion of their enormous funds to the amelioration
of the physical and moral evils of the humble and
neglected classes to whom they owe everything them-
selves. I entreat them to insist upon a constant sup-
ply of water, to cause the sewers to be flushed, and the
foul air to be trapped and carried off by the shafts, and
to apply immediately to Parliament for the necessary
authority to make every house communicate by
drains with the sewers, and to abolish cesspools
altogether. If they expend half a million in im-
proving traffic, they can easily contrive to expend
one-fifth part of that amount in preserving the lives
and administering to the comforts of their fellow-
creatures. Interest, duty, humanity, economy call
upon them to promote the public health. Let them
at once avail themselves of the assistance of men of
science (for hygienie is not to be learned by inspira-
tion, and men engaged in:the busy pursuits of com-
merce cannot be acquainted with it), and all the
evils I have enumerated will disappear. They are
proud of their historical traditions. Let them
achieve the greater glory of raising the condition of
their fellow-creatures in the scale of moral and
physical improvement. At all events, whatever
change may come upon the Corporation as regards
the good of their fellow-citizens, it is to be hoped
that the Government will acknowledge the necessity
which the Corporation have not yet discovered, and
so far make amends for their attempt to degrade one
of the most able and honest and indefatigable public
functionaries in the kingdom, by extending the
operation of his enlightened plan to every filthy nook
and corner of the metropolis.

INSTITUTION OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS, JUNE 29.
(Sir John Rennie, President, in the chair.)
This was the last meeting of the session, and several
apparently excellent papers were obliged to be read in
abstract because there was not time tor giving them in
extenso.

The first was "On the advantages and economy of
maintaining a high degree of cle inliness in roar% and
streets; with an account of the construction and opera-
tion of the street sweeping machine," by J. Whitworth,
Assoc. Inst. C.E.

It treated of the general advantages of street clean-
liness; the comfort of the pedestrian, the avoidance of
impurity to the air from the decomposition of dirt on
the pavement ; less dirt and dust being carried into the
houses; a saving in the cost of maintenance of roadways;
and a diminution of the draught ot carriages.
The annoyances of the comm .n method of cleansing
were then detailed, with the imp irtance of employing
plenty of water in the cleansing of streets, to liquify the
mud, to cause the dirt to swell and ris- from between the
stones, to cool and purify the air during hot weather, and
to prevent the dust from being driven into the d
It then showed how much economy there resulted from
having force enough to cleanse toe streets thoroughly
and simultaneously in wet weather, particularly by
Whitworth's sweeping machine—which is a cart drawn
by one horse, and managed by one man. It has on one
of the wheels a toothed wheel working into a pinion,
which gives motion to a drum, over and around which
passes two endless chains, passing also around another
drum, at the lower extremity of a light frame suspended
at the tail of the machine, over an inclined plane
depending from the drum frame ; these endless chains
carry a series of broad brushes, formed of an In-
dian rush of peculiarly elastic and durable nature ; they
travel at a velocity depending upon the speed of the
horse, and, impinging upon the ground with a force
which is regulated by a coiled spiral spring, carries the
dirt up the inclined plane into the cart, whence it is
emptied when the receptacle is full.
Great economy necessarily prevails from this method
of street-sweeping, and the greater the degree of clean-
liness, and the more constant the attention, the greater
is the actual cost.

The impolicy as well as cruelty of employing casual
paupers as street-sweepers was fully shown and proved.
Tae saving of the roadway by constant sweeping and
and the diminhhed draught of carriages upon well
cleansed roads was clearly proved.
A general summary of the advantages of the system
closed the paper, and with an appendix containing the
actual result of long employment of the machines in
some of the principal towns of England, showed that in
every point of view the system proposed was the most
economical in point of cost, and possessed collateral ad-
vantagE s which, in these enlightened days, could not fail
to be appreciated, both by those who only looked to their
own comforts, and by the liberal minded who interested
themselves in the improvement of the sanatory condition
of the cities and towns of Eagland, whose proverbial
cleanliness might, by the use of these simple machines,
be rendered still more remarkable as compared to the
state of continental cities.

The next paper read ;as " An account of the sea de-
fences of Romney Marsh, commonly known by the name
of Dymcburch Wall, and the probable origin of the
marsh itself, or the manner in which it was reclaimed
from the sea," by James Elliot, jun., the resident engi-
neer.

Romney Marsh, properly so called, forms a triangle, the
base of which would be a line drawn from Romney to Ap-
pledore and the apex at Llytne, and comprises about24,ooo
acres. It is probable that this marsh was caused in the
first instance by the formation of a natural barrier of
shingle, nearly where Dy tuchurch Wall uow stands, by
which the sea was excluded, and that the first artificial
works were executed by the Romans, when they held
possession of the country. They consisted of the erec-
tion of cross walls running from the natural barrier (" the
Full") to tne hills, at the base of which the ancient river
Limene ran; the chief of these (the Rhee Wall) ran
nearly in a straight line from Ramsay to Appledore,
and it was at that spot where probably .he main work
was performed.
Upon the supply of shingle from the west being
cut cff by the extraordinary accumulation at Dun-
geness Point, the natural barrier at Dytnchurch
gradually became weakened, and it was necessary. to
take some steps to prevent its total destruction. The
irat measure adapted was the erection o an inland wall
acme little distance at the back of the "Full," and
I afterwards the construction of large stone groins on the
front, or sea-side, at right angles to the line of coast, in

1 order to increase the deposit of shingle. However, as
th^ stiorOy a. 0:Ingle gradually decr. asod, on aeconnt of
the cot.s.Lnt mow went to the eastward, and as all that
escaped in that direction was permanently lost, these
means were found insufliciFnt, and a system of
"arming" with brushwood and timber piling was adopted.
This was found to answer the purpose for a c.;asiderable
period, bat it also in the course of time gralaally
length, after numerous experiments,
irecame insufficient, and it was found neceSAary, at
to adopt it stone
gradually increasing in steepness from
'wing with an average slope of about 8 to I, up to the
gwlth a curve of 7 f, et radius.
thhiathp-ivoiantet,rainuda‘tie''rminating
Tic stones, which were laid in a bad of corcr:,!^ where
they were most affectvd by the waves,
were of different
sizes, averaging from 18 to 6 inches in depth, the largest
of them being in the middle, where the greatest wear
and tear took place, and at which point rows of sheet
piling were also driven for additional security.
This plan was adopted by the author after mature de-
liberation on the reports of Mr. Rennie and Mr. Walker
and a very careful examination of the locality. Part of
the wall has now been standing for ten years, and has
required a very trifling amount of repair ; while the an-
nual expense has been reduced from 10,0001. to 4,0001.,
with every prospect of a still further reduction being
effected, as upwards of two-thirds of the ,%urk is now
permanently completed.
The last paper was " On Ocean steam Navigation,"
by Captain Henderson, Assoc. Inst. C.E., calling atten-
tion to the fact, that in this great maritime nation naval
stearoThavtensseeiltshelartethlye built.
architecture was neglected as a science, as was proved
by the experimental squadrons, and some of the ordinary
absence of any informationthesecostly
from avanetatlgyedesc public or science had derived any
described the relative ier;paeriments, owing to the
resist-
ance, power, or ssystematic. form, that
Peed of existing steam ships, the pro-
size, caoacity,
sent tonnage and nominal h
To obviate this etifficulty,tllenau.thor morsed the. ado
g;
of analogy, being Quite faziegses puwer, fur all purposes
showing the actual capacity for
tion of a tabular form which should exh
aantdott vireawdot
of
engines
Au
fuel,
was
sapopreaitnate estimate
relative dimensions of different weasels,
Pla;vi and
rntedhseiwateeanaigpohl:t.
length and depth to breadth, the is
ae eon sf en t to the
of
ffet
city
ttghhfhoeet;hraduerel
imidaautain(m:teientnghrteetoshsir. tesotcraaenrsgc,
resistance
.
b ,ivb by the area of
athned
resistance. ratioand otherot.
th
e elements
aispi
• es and the ratio of the tou..
The power of the engines midship.
comparing
the
nage, displacement, and area of midship section to the
horse-power, together with the average speed at sea,
were given to enable a fair comparison to be made
of how far each ship approached the form of least
resistance.

The difficulty of ascertaining these might be overcome
by the test of a dynamometer like that fitted to her Ma-
jesty's ship Rattler, the experiments upon which gave
the resistance at 151 b. the square foot, at 61- knots, and
301bs. at 9i knots.
Some observations of the proportion of power to
tonnage, and on the relative advantages of paddles and
screws for long voyages were given, showing that with
paddle-vessels, designed for a voyage of 3,000 miles,
a proportion of three tons to one horse power had been
the average. He considered that for a distance of
4,500 miles a screw vessel, with a proportion of four
tons and a half to one horse power, would be the best
for steam communication by the Cape to Australia. Re
urged the advantages of having records of what had
been done, and invited builders and engineers to place
in the archives of the Institution of Civil Engineers
the information sought for, in a tabular form, as a
means of advancing steam navigation, upon which the
welfare and prosperity of Great Britain so much de-
pended.
Several other papers were announced, which had been
sent in at too late a period of the session to enable them
to be read
At the monthly ballot the following candidates were
elected • Messrs. T. Cini, J. S. Rus,ell, Swanwick,
members;—W, Brown, 0. C. D. Ross, A. Williams, and
Captain D. O'Brien, as.!.ociates ; and the meeting was
adjourned until the seci,nd Tuesday In January, 1848.

THE QUARTER'S RE VENUE.
The accounts of the Quarter's Revenue will be
made up this evening, before which time it will
be of course impossible to ascertain the several
items of receipts with literal exactness. We believe,
however, that even now we can congratulate our
readers on the continued buoyancy of the public re-
sources of the country. In spite of the large drain
for food, and the depressing circumstances to which
the trade and commerce of the country have been ne-
cessarily subjected—notwithstanding that we have
passed through a season of unexampled difficulty—
the establishment of sound commercial principles
have triumphed over all, and the resources of the
country continue to be unimpaired.
There will be an increase on the Revenue of the
Quarter, as compared with the corresponding Quarter
of last year. The amounts received on account of
Excise Duties, &el:ups, Post-office, Taxes, and In-
come-tax exceed the amounts received from these
sources in the Quarter ending July 5, 1846. The
Customs Revenue, when made up to the sth inst.,
will probably be not much over or under the amount
received from that item in the corresponding quarter
of last year. In Miscellaneous Receipts there will be
a large falling off, compared with the July quarter of
last year, in consequence of the sums received in
1846 from China, which amounted to about half a
million in that quarter, and of which nothing has
been received in the quarter now just ending. This
will greatly reduce the increase in the other branches,
if it do not wholly swamp it.
It is most satisfactory, however, to find that those
sources of revenue upon which we rely for a regular
support, and which are also the best indications of the
activity of trade, and of the enjoyment of comforts
by the mass of the people, continue to be steadily and
permanently productive.—Observer.

THE WEATHER in the HIGHLANDS.
The sun shines out delightfully, and has done so for
some days back, so that there is every reason to cherish
the expectation that a track of the most favourable
weather has set in. The progress which the crops have
made since last week is surprising—one can almost
suppose that he sees them growing. On Tuesday a
field of wheat at Kessock, and several others in this
neighbourhood, were in ear, and the winter wheats are
now, in almost every case, in ear. The heads are
beautiful and large. We have had sent to us, as a
specimen, from Erchless Castle, a score or so stalks of
Siberian oats, all with the ear finely developed. The
seeds were sown on the Mans of Erchiess, on the
19th March last; and the whole fitlf is now in ear. It
was this oat (weighing 461bs. per bu,hel) which gained
a pt; at 4 at the agricultural seed competition at Inverness,
in 1845 6. At Kessock there is also a field of barley in
oar; and at Abertarff a field of the same kind of grain
was in ear on Thursday. Hay-cutting commenced yes-
terday, in this vicinity, on a fine EL id (a first-rate crop)
at Millburn, belonging to Mr. Chisholm, whose barley
is in the shot blade. Other hay field:, will be cut next
week. The potato still contieefis tiet-ithy. In a garden
at Fortrose an alfeetiou, siini'ar to that at Nairn (mea-
tioned last week), has been o:.,served in one instance.

From the Black Isle, ae laarn that the crops are very
beautiful. The small crofters have, in general, a fine
promise of oats ; and we understand that that grain was
sown to a greater extent than usual. On Mr. Lair's
farm ('Fullich) workmen are employed trenchieg, drain-
ing, and reclaiming wale laud. About IL acres have
bees taken in ; and 10,000 yards of drain cut. On the
farm of Wester Suddie (Ur. Campbell's farm) thorough
draining is also going on. At Mains of Avoch (Mr.
moss's farm) wheat was in ear on Wednesd iy.
Our Skye correspondent writes—The weather having
proved very favourable for the last fortnight in this
quarter, the crops and the potatoes have made great
progress, and things now look very promising, upon the
whole, throughout the island. The oats and the grass
in particular have assumed quite another appearance, and
the comparatively few potatoes planted are as yet keep-
ing healthy-like, and growing vesorously. The little
barley sown this year is not doing quite so well, but
this may arise either from its not being the proper kind
for the soil that has been sown, or because the
people, not having been in the habit of sowing this
kind of seed for some time past, may hare so
far forgotten the particular method of treating it. In
reference to other matters, we are now in a kind of
transition state—the people being called upon for some
specific work, in return for the meal distributed by the
local committees of relief—and so far as I have bad
an opportunity of observing, the people are very ready
and willing to do such work as is wilted out to
them, and had they constant employment, with
suitable remuneration, there would be no scarcity
among them, nor need of external aid. It is, how-
-1 ever, not at all easy to provide for them at home,
and hence the necessity of so many of them going south
in summer to obtain the means of subsistence. For suah
as remain, the local committees are endeavouring to find
work suited to their sex and age—at roads and other out-
side improvements, as will benefit the community gene-
rally, for the men and lads, and stout boys; and at spin-
ning and knitting stocking, for the females—so that, be-
tween the different members of families, something like
a subsistence may be earned, when matters are farther
advanced and arrangements completed. In the Duirinish
or Dunvegan local committee, Macleod of Macleod, who
presides, is most indefatigable in carrying out arrange-
ments for this purpose ; and two months ago he pro-
cured a considerable quantity of wool for the females to
spin—of which his lady takes charge—a good deal of
which is made into yarn. Yarn has also been procured
by him for the making of nets by old men, who can do
nothing else of a heavier description of work. What,
then, with the great number of men and even females
who have gone south, and the employment of so many
various occupations at home, if the next harvest turn
out as welt as appearances promise, matters here shall
have then recovered thmselves considerably, although
the comparatively small quantity of potatoes planted
will be a serious drawback.—lnverness Courier.

THE MIRPIELD MURDERS.—VarioUs rumours have
this week been circulated respecting the nature of the
confession offered to be made by M.Cabe. It has been
supposed by some that it would implicate one or more
females, while others assert that it would implicate Reid
as the man M'Cabe saw when he called at the house. Of
course no reliance can be placed upon such statements.
The police are still active in the prosecution of inquiries,
with a view to >tren,then the chain of evidence at the
trial of the prisoners. Some additional evidence of
importance, it is said, has been already obtained. The
Secretary of State has offered a reward of JOU and her
Majesty's pardon to any person, except the real mur-
derer, who will give information that will convict the
perpetrator or perpetrators of the horrid crime.