The Sun.
London, England, 1840-03-06 00:00:00

PUBLICATION S.

STADE DUTIES CONSIDERED
By WILLIAIVII HU rr, Esq ,
London : Ridgway, Piccadilly.

NEW ROMANCE, BY THE AUTHOR OF " THE

PILOT,"
In 3 Vols. post Bvo.
MR. COOPER'S " PATH FINDER,
IS NOW READY AT ALL THE LIBRARIES.
Richard Bentley, .New Burlington Street.

Just published, price 15s.
THE TRIAL of JOHN FROST for HIGH
TREASON under a. Special Commission at Monmouth.
Taken in Short-hand by JOSEPH and THOS. GURNEY.
Saunders and Benning (Successors to Joseph Butterworth
and Son), 43, Fleet-street.

This day is published, price 65.,
THE DUBLIN REVIEW, No. XV.
CONTENTS.
1. Arbitrary Power—Popery—Protestantism.
2. Prejudices of our Popular Literature.
3. The Arabian Nights' Entertainments.
4. Head's Life of Margaret Beaufort, Mother of Henry the
eventh.
5. German Translation of the Pickwick Papers.
6. Gibbon ; or, the Infidel Historian and his Protestant Editors.
7. Lamartine's Poetry.
8. State and Progress of Catholicity in England.
9. Rise and Fall of Chartism.
London : C. Dolman, 61, New Bond•street ; J. Cumming,
Dublin; W. Tait, Edinburgh.

ON BEES—THEIR MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMY.
Just published, foolscap Bvo., with Thirty Coloured Plates,
and Portrait and Memoir of Huber. Price 6s.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BEES.
Being the New Volume of the NATURALIST LI-
BRARY,
Conducted by Sir W. JARDINE, Bart., F.R.S.E., &c.
It contains besides an ample account of British and Foreign
Honey Bees, their management and economy, a full history of
the Humble Bee and its varieties, described by the Rev. James
Duncan, and illustrated with drawings, made expressly for this
volume, by J. 0. Westwood, Esq., Secretary to the Entomolo-
gical Society of London, whose pencil, unrivalled in this depart-
ment, is now, for the first time devoted to this work.
Any of the preceding volumes may be had separately, price
6s. each.
S. Highley, 32, Fleet-street, London; W. H. Lizars, Edin-
burgh ; \V. Curry and Co., Dublin ; and all Booksellers.

Just published, price 35.,
A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE
TREATMENT and CURE of STRICTURES •f
the URETHRA ; wherein is recommended an improved Mode
of Treatment, the result of many years' extensive and success-
ful practice.
By C. B. COURTENAY, M.D., 42, Great Marlborough-
street.
Sold by P. Hill, Medical Bookseller, Great Windmill-
street, Haymarket; Onwhyn, Catherine-street, Strand; Tem-
pleman, 248, Regent-street ; and all Booksellers in Town or
Country.

PACI F I C STEAM NAVIGATION
COMPANY.
Capital 250,0001., in 5,000 Shares of 501. each.
GEORGE BROWN, Esq., Chairman.
ALEXANDER GRANT, Esq., Deputy Chairman.
DIRECTORS.
Capt. Horatio T. Austin, R.N. Charles Rugge Price, Esq.
Capt. Henry A. Drummond Hon. Peter C. Scarlet
James Nugent Daniell, Esq. Joseph R. Templeman, Esq.
The Directors have the satisfaction to state that a Royal
Charter of Incorporation has now passed the Great Seal, in
virtue of which the liability of the Shareholders is limited to
the amount of their respective shares.
They also beg to acquaint the Shareholders that two vessels,
now building by Messrs. Curling and Young, will leave this
country for the Pacific in the month of May next.
Notice is hereby given, that the second instalment of 51. per
share must be paid at the Bankers of the Company, Sir Charles
Price and Co., on or before the 18th da3 of March inst.
WILLIAM R. C. KENDALL, Secretary.
5, Barge-yard, Bucklersbury, March 5, 1840.

In examining the nature of the trace Bolton has car-
ried on with the agriculturists, I find we are, year after
year, giving them a larger amount of manufactured ar-
ticles for the same quantity of agricultural produce.
Fifty years ago we could have procured as much food
for one fustian jacket, as we can now for eight ! ! In
some of the finer branches, into which a greater amount
of labour enters as a part of their cost, on comparing
the prices of food and manufactured articles at the two
periods, it appears we are actually giving them t went!).
four times the quantity of the latter goods we did fifty
years ago! ! During the intervening period, in conse-
quence of the skill and ingenuity of our artisans, and the
rapid progress of mechanical discovery, spurred on by
taxation and dear food to almost superhuman exertion,
at least to an amount of physical toil which is perfectly
disgraceful to any civilised country, the productive
power of a pair of hands has in some cases been in-
creased 12 to 1,400 fold, and this without furnishing the
labourer with any increased command of the comforts
of life. On the contrary, he is in a worse condition
than at the former period—less able to support his fa-
mily—totally shut out by long hours of labour from do-
mestic enjoyment and social intercourse : and as to
educating his children, and forming their youthful
habits, it is quite out of the question ; for no
sooner are they able to earn a few pence in the
factory than his necessities compel him to re-
move them from under the shelter of the
maternal wing, and consign them to the ten-
der mercies of the taskmaster and the overseer.
Married women are, in hundreds of instances, compelled
by their necessities to leave their offspring to the care
of strangers, in order to earn a scanty pittance at the
factory. The consequences of such a state of things
arc most lamentable. It appears to me that the land-
owners are really the parties who overwork the factory
children ; but it is disgraceful to the master cotton-
spinners that they have so long quietly submitted to be
the instruments of aristocratic oppression.
I will here observe that less than one-fourth of the
cottons manufactured here remain in the counts.) for
home consumption ; the remaining three-fourths being
exported. Thus, we are actually exchanging one-fourth
of our productions directly for food, with our neighbour-
ing agriculturists, giving them from 8 to 24 times as
many fustian jackets, calico shirts, and muslin dresses,
as we did fifty years ago for the same quantity of their
produce ; and the remaining three-fourths are exported
by our merchants to the remotest corners of the globe,
furnishing in return, besides the raw materials of ma-
nufactures, all the various and costly luxuries which our
labour and ingenuity thus place on the tables of our re-
pacious and thankless landowners, and with which the
produce of ther own lands could neither directly nor in-
directly supply them, for agricultural produce being
constantly higher here than elsewhere, it evidently could
not be exported without loss. Mr. Paulton, our talented
townsman, has well expressed our position, when speak-
ing of the landowner, he says—" He not only forces
the manufacturer to take his half-measure of Corn, and
pay a double price for it, but he knows that at the same
time that the manufacturer can import nothing but
luxuries, which the rich alone want, and these luxuries
alien imported the manufacturer is obliged to sell
again for half their value to the landowner. Was
there ever such a refined system of systematic injus-
tice ? But, gentlemen, this injustice is not so much
against the capitalist—he is simply the negotiator be-
tween the industrious classes and the landowner. The
furthen falls on the labour, the producing industry of
the country. Double work and ball wages is the direct
result of the Corn-laws ; and neither master nor man
—neither a Ten hours Bill nor an Eight hours Bill
—can effect any improvement in the condition of
the working classes, until this infanzous, unjust,
and tyrannical measure be torn to tatters by the
common sense of the people." The effect of the long-
continued operation cf such a system of partial legisla-
tion might easily be predicted. I propose to add the
testimony of facts and experience to the deductions of
reason and common sense. Providence sometimes
neutralizes the legislation of our landowners, by a suc-
cession of abundant harvests, as in the three years
ending 1836. The land smiles with plenty, and an im-
mense amount of comfort is diffused amongst the labour.
ing classes. In a climate like ours, with our modes of
agriculture, and our tenure of land, it would be folly to
expect that our landowners could, or would, per-
manently, and constantly, furnish an abundant supply
of cheap food to the teeming population of this coun-
try. It does, however, sometimes occur ; and, at the
period in question, Bolton largely shared its advan-
tages. At that time the working population were all
employed, without exception, at higher wages than at
present ; there was less necessity for every member of
each family to earn something, than at present. A large
amount of infant labour was withdrawn from the labour
market ; they were sent to school, or kept at home to
assist the mother in nursing the younger branches.
Mothers of families were more rarely found in mills.
The consequence was, that in several large establish-
ments machinery was actually standing for want Qt. han
cls
to work it. In one instance alone 15,000 mule spindles,
requiring upwards of 100 hands, were at one time, in
1536, stopped from the above cause.
Let your readers contrast this state of
things w.th lie
condition of Bolton at present. The people of Eon.-
land are paying about fifty millions a year more for food
than they did in 1835. How does this affect Bolton ?
The population of our union, a district comprising a
surface of 45,695 acres, of which Bolton is the centre,
contained, according to the census of 1831, 83,369 in-
habitants. It must now be more than 90,000. Sup-
pose them to pay only tenpence per bead per week more
for food than in 1835, and this a very moderate calculation,
this makes for the last twelve months a sum of one hundred
and ninety-five thousand pounds. But according to the
theory of the agriculturist, wages should have risen with
the price (.ffood. Have they done so ? On the con-
trary, the rate of wages, in every instance, is lower,
without exception. In the cotton mills alone, about
ninety-five thousand pounds less have been paid during
the last twelve months. Many of the mills have been
entirely stopped for all or part of the time ; and with
only two exceptions all have worked short time for a
considerable portion of the past year. Including the
engineers, machine-makers, colliers, c (Before Lord ABINGER
HOME CIRCUIT, GJIELMSFORD,
. MARL-if 4.
millwrights and
hand-loom wearers, joiners, bed-quilt and counter- !lAE
indicted 1,1.0 Ar ahsoN.— May, aged 33, labourer,
pane weavers, and all the other trades required by asetfa tfibroeftoOaantoboeart-Isatsatc,ki
theth
nwaarsi Rayleigh, tt vuinngia,wornuitihye
population of 90,000. I have made a very careful cal- -
of Messrs.
culation from extensive personal inquiry, and assert propertyßrown and Rivers, extensive farmels
most confidently, that altogether there must have been in that parish.
at DOWLING conducted the prosecution, Mr. RYLAND
at least 130,000/. less paid in wages in tho Bolton defended the prisoner.
Union. Now, add the 130,000/, less in wages to the James Brown, the younger, deposed that he had the
195,0001. more jar Jood, and there is a total loss to care of a farm for his father,f Essex.
esexof theo On the
at
Bolton of 8-'5,000/. !! What are the consequences ? Rayleigh, in the cottomt)
eight
rinclight in
bed between e.
There are now in Bolton 1,126 houses untenanted,
wenthe family, having prev'igousl a rice
which about 50 are shops, some of them in the prin-of question be
o'clock, wiiteh t
properly secured. The oa);_sslacecis,' ,illi
visible from the house. Thcin an;
cipal streets. Here is a loss to the owners of 10,000/. the
tilosnremw-ass
to 12,000 a a year. The shopkeepers are almost ruined aquefiscrae dog tied up in the farm-yard, and about
by
,diminished returns and bad debts. There were, a eleven o'clock he heard this dog bark violently, and he
short dole ago, farce sales of the ,:ffe;ts of shopkeepe-rs got up and looked out of the a indow, and
in one day. Distraint, for cottage rents occur daily. int seeing anything he went to bed again. In abaut ten
The arrears of cottage rents, and the debts to shop- minutes afterwards he observed a great hii;ze in 'he

I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
THOMAS THOMASSON,
Cotton-spinner, Bolton-le-Moors,

CHURCH OF SCOTLAND.

Ist, That we deprecate the determined resistance to the
law of the land, exhibited in the conduct of certain of the
clergy, as injurious to the MSC of religion, subversive of
all social order, and unbecoming their character as mini-
sters of peace.

2d, That we cordially approve of the quiet demeanour
of those of the clergy who have contented themselves with
expressing their sentiments in Church Courts and other-
wise, without acting offensively to those differing in opinion
from them, or exciting their congregations on the subject.
3d, That we are anxious for the speedy settlement of
these unseemly differences, and will heartily join in re-
commending the adoption of any Parliamentary enactment,
which will prevent the intrusion of unfit presentees into pa-
rishes, by strengthening the hands of Presbyteries in judg_
ing of their qualifications, and the reasons of objection
which may be lodged against them by the people, but on
no account assigning the right of judging altogether into
the hands of an irresponsible power.

COUNTY OF ITADDINOTON.
An important meeting of the nobility, gentry, clergy,
landed proprietors, tenantry, and others of the county of
East Lothian, was held at Haddington on Friday, for the
purpose of declaring their attachment to the Church of
Scotland as by law established, and their disapproval of the
conduct of those who have resisted the law as decided by
the supreme courts of the kingdom. The meeting, which
took place in the Assembly Room, was very numerously
attended. Among the company present we observed the
following noblemen and gentlemen :—The Most Noble
the Marquis of Tweeddale, the Earl of Lauderdale,
the Right Honourable Lord Elcho, the Right Honourable
Sir George Warrender, Bart., Sir George Grant Sta-
tic, Bart., Sir David Wedderburn, Bart., Sir Robert
Houston, of Clerkington, Captain the Honourable Wil-
liam Keith, of Monkrig, Lieutenant-General the lion.
Patrick Stuart of Eaglescairnie, Capt. the Hon. Sir An-
thony Maitland, the Hon. C. F. Stuart. The Marquis of
Tweeddale was called to the chair. Resolutions con-
demning the conduct of a large portion of the Established
Clergy for disobeying the law, were unanimously agreed
to by the meeting.

ABERDEEN.
The moderate Clergy of the Aberdeen district held a
meeting. on Wednesday last, at which a firm but tempe.
rate declaration was discussed and adopted. When we
mention that the first signature is that of the Rev. Dr.
Mearns, we give sufficient guarantee for the soundness or
ability of the document. It has already received the sig-
natures of upwards of sixty of the Clergymen of the three
sister counties—Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine. When
the signatures of other Clergyman friendly to its views are
obtained, it is, we understand, to be laid before the public.
The calm and constitutional conduct of the moderates in
this dispute forms a striking contrast to the mad and rebel-
lious proceedings of the self-styled Evangelists.

COUNTY OF BANFF.
A numerous and respectable meeting of the landholders,
Commissioners of Supply, and Justices of the Peace for
the county of Banff, was held on the 20th of February, for
the purpose of entering into resolutions expressive of
regret at the recent proceedings of the General Assembly
of the Church of Scotland, and their determination to sup-
port the laws of the realm. The resolutions condemning
the conduct cf the non-intrusionists, in their illegal pro
ceelings, were unanimously agreed to. Amongst the
resolutions was one expressing unmingled satisfaction at
the recent proceedings of the Court of Session.
At Aboyne, and other places in the north, similar resc-
lotions have been agreed to.

MOVEMENT OF THE MODERATE PARTY.
(From the Glasgow Saturday Post.)
The overbearing attitude assumed by the Church
Vetoists, in attempting to overturn the laws of the cow,
try by force for their own priestly aggrandisement, is now,
we are happy to observe, alarming the more moderate
members of the Establishment of every shade of politics.
To counteract the domination of the clergy, the following
declaration by the moderate Churchmen of this city is at
present in course of signature; and singular as it may ap-
pear, the sheets lying in the Royal Exchange and Tontine
' Coffee-rooms, are not only numerously signed, but signed
by Churchmen of every political class—Tories, Whigs.
and Radicals, who on this question seem as one, resolved
to resist the attempt now in progress for arming the
Courts of the Church of Scotland, with the powers of
the patron and the powers of the people at the same time
—powers which we have no doubt they would soon exer-
cise with a despotic sway, that was never surpassed by
the Roman Catholic hierarchy. The following is a cope
of the declaration referred t0:_....
We, whose names are hereunto subscribed, being lay-
men in connection with the Church of Scotland- esta-
blished by law, deeply deploring the position into which
she has unfortunately been brought, through what we con-
ceive to be the mistaken notions of a section of her clergy,
think it incumbent on us to express our sentiments on the
occasion as follows :