The Sun.
London, England, 1847-10-09 00:00:00

No. 17,175.] LONDON, SATL,RDAY E YTh N -4: S 1-EV OCTOBER 9, 1847.

ROYAL LYCEUM THEATRE.
Under the Management of Madame Vestris.
Sole Lessee, Mr. Charles Mathews.
The Public are repectfully informed that her Majesty having been
graciously pleased to honour this Theatre with her PATRONAGE,
the SEASON will COMMENCE on MOSIDAY, OCTOBER 18.

COMPLETION OF "THE DOCTOR."

On Saturday next will be published, post Bvo., price 14s. cloth,
THE DOUTOIt, &e. Vol. VII. From the Pa.
pers of the late ROBERT SOUTIIEY. Edited by his Son-in.
Law, the Rev. J. W. WARTEII.

.4,* ' The present volume contains all that is thought advisable to
publish of the Papers and Fragments for ' The Doctor,' Itc."—
Preface.

London : Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans.

On Saturday next will be published, in One Volume, square crown
svo., with Twenty-nine Ornamental Borders, composed of Flowers
and Insects, engraved on Wood, price 205, boards, or 455. bound in
morocco, by Heyday,
THE POET'S PLEASAUNCE ; or, Garden of
all sorts of Pleasant Flowers, which our Pleasant Poets have,
in Past Time, for Pastime, planted. By EDEN WARWICK.
Loadon : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.

THOMSON'S SEASONS, BY DR. A. T. THOMSON.
On Saturday next will be published, in fcap. Bvo., price 7s. 6d. cloth,
THE SEASONS. By JAMES THOMSON.
Edited, with Notes, Philosophical, Classical, Historical, and
Biographical, by ANTHONY TODD THOMSON, M.D., P.L.S. ;
Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Lsndon ; Professor of Ma-
teria Medics and Therapeutics, and of Forensic Medicine, in Univer-
sity College, London, &c.. •
London : Longinan, Brown, Green, and Longmans.

Published This Day, in post Bvo., price 12s. cloth,
ri.HRISTIANITY ; its perfect Adaptation to the
Mental, Moral, and Spiritual Nature of Man. By ATIIANASE
COQUEItEL, one of the Pastors of the French Protestant Church of
France, and Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Translated by the
Rev. D. DAVISON, M.A. With a Preface, written expressly for the
English Edition, by the Author.

London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longman!.

NEW EDITION OF SIDNEY HALL'S COLOMBIER ATLAS,

COWa:CTED TO 1847,

On Monday, November I,willbepnblishei,lart 1., to be completed
in 14 Monthly Parts, eolombier 4t0., price 6s. each,
--

SIDNEY HALL'S GENERAL LARGE LI-
BRARY ATLAS of the WORLD; comprising 53 coloured
Maps (size 20 in. by 16 in.), and an Alphabetical Index of all the
Places contained in the Maps, with their Latitude and Longitude. An
entirely New Edition, corrected throughout from the best Authori-
ties; with all the Railways laid down, and many of the Maps re-
drawn and re-engraved.
London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longman!.

TEMPERANCE AND TEETOTALISM.
Just published, price Sixpence,
AN INQUIRY into the EFFECTS of ALCO-
1101,IC DRINKS on the HUMAN SYSTEM in HEALTH
and DISEASE.
Reprinted from No. 48 of the " British and Foreign Medical Re-
view," edited by JOHN FORBES, M.D., F.R.S., Physician to her
Majesty's Household, &c.
London : John Churchill, Princes. street, Soho.

Ready next week, the Second Edition, with considerable additions, of
DR. GULLY on the WATER CURE in
CHRONIC DISEASE.
_ _ _

London : John Churchill. hlalvern : Henry Lamb.

Second Edition, with Additions, royal Bvo., price reduced to
One Shilling,
CURRENCY RECORDS, being Extracts from
Speeches, Documents, &c., illustrating the Character and Con-
sequences of the Acts of 1819 and 1844.
" A most useful compendium."—Banker's Magazine.
" Should be in the hands of every elector."—Morning Advertiser.
" An opportune and much-needed productlon."—Morning Pout.
London : Simpkin, Marshall and Co., Stationers' Hall-court.

Just published, 2 vols., handsomely bound, Twelve Engravings, 218.,
IfIGHLAND SPORTS AND HIGHLAND
QUARTERS.
By HERBERT 13YNGI HALL, Esq.
" As a guide to shooting and fishing it is a safe one."—Bells's Life.
" The illustrations are valuable as serving the double purpose of
embellishment and picturesque explanation."—Edinburgh Advertiser.
H. Hurst. King William-street, Charing-cross.

'NDER THE ESPECIAL •-ANCTION OF THE LORDS COM-
MISSIONERS OF THE ADMIRALTY:
THE NAUTICAL GAZETTEER; or DIC-
TIONARY OF MARITIME GEOGRAPHY.
The object of this Publication is to furnish the Naval Service with
a Book of Reference, applicable to the localities of the seas, embrac-
ing general and particular accounts of the coasts of the continents
and islands of the world, with the roadsteads, harbours, navigable
rivers, shoals, bars, rocks, channels, currents, &c., together with the
towns and cities approachable by shipping ; also the latitudes, longi-
tudes, soundings, anchorages, and compass variations, with the
general sailing directions to and from the principal roads ; the whole
arranged alphabetically, in six grand divisions of the oceanic surface,
namely, the North Atlantic, the South Atlantic, the Indian Ocean,
the North Pacific, the south Pacific, and the Arctic and Antarctic
Seas.

H. Hurst, King William-street, Charing-cross. Sold also by It. B.
Bate, Poultry ; and Norle and Co., Leadenhall-street ; and all Book-
sellers in Town and Country.

Price 2s. 6d., with Coloured Plates,

IviARRIAGE and COURTSHIP, in Four
Parts, from the French. Also may be had, Hints to Young
Marrik d People, 2s. 6d., plates—Lignac's Physiology of Marriage,
10s. 6d., 17 plates—La Lantente Magique, 15 coloured French prints,
30s.—Life of Betty Ireland, 75.. coloured plates—L'Enfant du Boy-
del, 305., coloured plates—Caroline St. 'Mare on the Beauties of the
Palais Royale, 21. 25., coloured plates—Coal Hole Songster, 55., co-
loured platys—Gentleman's Love Songster, 55., coloured plates—ln-
trigues of a Footman, 305., coloured plates—Life, &c., of Madame
Vestris, 10s., coloured plates—Beauties of Venus, coloured plate*,
1 ls.—/iigger Songster, 2s. 6d., plates—Venus's Album, 55., coloured
plates. Fold by John Wilson, 25, King-street, Covent-garden. Let-
ters with remittances attended to. Catalogues gratis.

THE TEA ESTABLISHMENT,
8, LUDGATE-HILL,
SIDNEY and COMPANY, Proprietors.
The rapidly progressive increase in the consumption of Tea and
Coffee is one of the pleasing features of the age. The people abstain-
ing to a considerable extent from the indulgence of intoxicating li-
quors, more especially from ardent spirits, have become thoughtful,
the nation energetic and powerful.
The very interesting statistical accounts published by order of the
House of Commons at once show that both Tea and Coffee are com-
paratively of modern use in these kingdoms, and that only within the
last few years have they become the ordinary beverage of the people.
They are no longer received as luxuries attainable by the wealthy, but
aided by the wisdom of the Legislature in throwing open the markets
of the East, prices have been brought within the range of all classes
of the community.
The Customs' duties on Coffee were very considerably lowered in
the celebrated Tariff Bill of Sir Robert Peel in 1842 ; and it is grati-
fying to know that the revenue has been benefited by such reduction,
and the consumption, from 28 million pounds in 1842, increased to
upwards of 36 million pounds in 1846.
The duties levied upon Tea are enormous. In the past year this
article alone yielded the sum of 5,110,8971. 15s. 9d. to the revenue.
It is the prevailing opinion, that if Parliament on its assembling
should reduce the tea duties to one-half their present rate (and the
select committee appointed by the House of Commons recommend
the adoption of such a measure), the consumption would be so vastly
augmented, as to fully yield an equivalent revenue to that hitherto
derived from this source, and by thus cheapening an article so ge-
nerally esteemed, extend the comfort and social habits of the com-
munity.
The system of our business has been uniform. We have ever been
actuated by the principles of fair dealing, in meetin r the altered cir-
cumstances of the markets as they arise. This course has been ap-
preciated by a discerning public, and we gratefully acknowledge a
large share of confidence and patronage.
The present year's importation of Tea is likely to be very large ;
and this circumstance has had a marked effect upon the value of all
descriptions, which, added to the derangement of the Money Market,
has tended to depreciate prices below all former precedent.
COFFEE—The importation is an average one, the quality good,
prices low.
We invite attention to the following quotations
. _

Previously Present
sold at price,
per lb. per lb.
BLACK TEAS. s. d. s. d.
The Choicest Imperial 50uch0ng........ •• •.
The Finest Pekoe Souchong .... ••••..• • • • • • • • 5 4 5 0
The very fine Lapsang Souchong. 4 8
The Finest Congou wiry Blackish Leaf, Full Rich
Pekoe Souchong flavour.... .. • ••.. • •
The Fine Congou, Pekoe Souchong kind.. ••••.. • • • • 4 2 4 0
The Strong Congou, wiry Blackish Leaf .••.. • •
The Good Strong Congou ...... • • ........ ...... 3 6 3 4
GREEN TEAS.
The Finest Gunpowder full Powtizan flavour 7 6 7 0
The Supei fine Gunpowder, bright pearly leaf ••
The Fine Gunpowder, small close twisted leaf.... G 6 6 0
The Fine Gunpowder, rich burnt fla, our 6 0 5 6
The Good True Gunpowder .
The Superfine Imperial (very choice) ........ 5 6 5 0
The Fine Imperial delicate Hyson flavour.... .. .... 5 0 4 6
The Finest Young Hy-son, or true Ouchain •....... 6 6 6 0
The Fine Ouchain, close wiry 1eaf........ .• •• .. 6 0 5 6
The very line Young Ilyson, Cowslip flavour .. .. 5 4 5 0
The Superfine flavoured Young 11y50n.....• • • ... 5 0 4 8
The Young Ilyson 4 4 4 0
The Choice Cowslip Hyson
The Superfine Hyson ............... ....... 6 0 5 6
The very fine Hyson
The Fine Hyson, fresh and full flavoured .......... 4 8 4 6
The Geod Hyson • ..... ••.. • • ...... •• • • .... 4 4 4 0
The Fine Hyson Kind.. ••..•• .. • • .... • • .... 4 0 3 8
COFFEES.
For the very Finest Mountain Flaioured Jamaica . 2 0 1 10
For Choice Old Mocha ......
The Fine Cuba •• • •• • ... ••••• • • • •••••••••••••• .. 1 10 1 8
The Finest i.a Guayra •• .• 1 8 1 6
The Superior Costa Rica • • ...................... 1 6 1 4
The Fine Plantation 1 4 1 2
The Good Ceylon..." ..... • • ..... ..... 1 2 1 0
SIDNEY and Company. Tea Importers,
8, Ludgate-hill, London.

October 1, 1847.

Illustrated by 26 Anatomical Coloured Engravings on Steel.
ON PHYSICAL DISQUALICATIONS, GENERATIVE INCAPA-
CITY, AND I VIPEDIMENTS TO MARRIAGE.
New Edition, enlarged to 196 pages. Just published, price 2s. 6d., or
by post, direct from the Establkhment, 3s. 6d. in postage stamps,
THE SILENT FRIEND, a Medical Work on
the infirmities and decay of the generative system, from ex-
cessive indulgence, infection, and the inordinate nse of leercary,
with remarks on Marriage, and the means of obviating certain dis-
qualifications. Illustrated by 26 Coloured Engravings. By R. and
L. PERRY and CO., 19, Berners-stroet, Oxford-street, London.
Published by the Authors : sold by Strange, 21, Paternoster-row ;
liftnikaY, 63, and Sanger, 150, Oxford-street ; Starie, 23, Titehberne-
street, Haymarket ; and Gordon, 146, Leadenhall-street.
PART I. treats of the anatomy and physiology of the re-productive
organs, and is illustrated by Six Coloured Engravings.
PART 11. treats of the consequences resulting from excessive indul-
gence, and their lamentable effects on the system, producing mental
and bodily weakness, nervous excitement, and generative incapacity.
It is illustrated by Three Explanatory Engravings.
PART 111. Treats of the diseases resulting from infection, either in
the primary or secondary form, and contains explicit directions for
their treatment. The consequences of early neglect and of the abase
of mercury, are also clearly pointed let. This section is illustrated
by Seventeen Coloured Engravings.
PART IV. Treats of Perry's Preventative Lotion, by the use of
which the dangers of infection are obviated. It combines with the
virus chemically, and destroys its power on the system.
PART V. Is devoted to the consideration of marriage, and its
duties, The causes of unproductive union, are also considered, and
the whole subject critically and philosophically inquired into.
impotence,iye Essen&cce.:
anl th.
anti-syphilitic
335.
Tux Coaritar. BALM OF SYRIACUM is exclusively employed in treat-
The Concentrate
bottle. Detersive treat-
ing nervous and sexual debility,dDe
abuse of mercary, I Is. and 335. per bottle.
toms, eruptions, and the
, 3d 46 fid and I Is, per box, a
remedy, for purifying the blood in cases of infection, secondary symp.
I tstrictures, and chronic inflamma-
tionnorrheee, Z ee ,
certain remedy in go
Preventative Lotion, an application to
's FITTeII
of the bladder. Perry
Perry's Purifying Specific Pills, 2s. ~ - ~
bottle. Consultation fee, it
by letter,
U. bl. Packets with advice
ed.
i obviate the danger of infection,
,r
by which the fee, 11., is say
110111. street, from Attendance daily at 19, Ber-
33satube had at the Establishment
Eleven till Two, 04 ITI W Eight; on Eandays
from Frlortu to Quo.

COUNTY OF MIDDLESEX.
WANTED TO BORROW, on the security of the County
Rates for Middlesex, for the purposes of the Act 8 and 9 Viet., c. 126,
relating to Pauper Lunatic Asylums, the sum of TWENTY THOU-
SAND POUNDS, to be advanced on the 52d MA. The Interest will
be paid half-yearly ; and one thirtieth part of the principal will he
repaid at the end of each year, until the whole shall be discharged.
All persons desirous of lending the money are requested to send
in scaled tenders, endorsed " Tender.; tor Lending Money for the
purposes of the Additional Pauper Lunatic Asylum," addressed "To
the Chairman of the Committee of Visitors of the Additional Pauper
Lunatic Asylum," under cover to wie, at the " Sessions llouse, Cler-
kenwell-green," before WEDNESDAY, the 20th instant, stating the
lowest rate of interest at which they will advance the same.
JOAN S. AK AWE, Clerk to the Visitors.
Sessions House, Clerkenwell, Oct. 6, 1847.

GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY
TENDERS FOR LOANS.

The Directors of this Company are ready to receive TENDERS
'or LOANS on security of the Company's Debentures, in sums of
not less than 1,0001. each, at 51. per Cent. interest, payable half=
yearly, and for terms of Three. Five, or Seven years.
Applications to be made to the undersigned.
CHARLES A SAUNDERS, Secretary.
London Terminus, Paddington, August 20, 1847.

EASTERN COUNTIES RAILWAY.
NEWMARKET RACES.
Coaches from Newmarket meet the following Trains from London
on MONDAY and TUESDAY, October 11 and 12, viz.:—
Via Chesterford-7 15, 9 30, and 11 30 a.m.— 2 40, 5, and 6 P.M.
Via Cambridge-7 15 an 1 11 30 A. 31-5 and 6 P.M.
A SPECIAL TRAIN will leave London on Tuesday, at 8 A.M., re-
turning from Cambridge at 6 45, and from Chesterford at 7 25 P.M.
By order,
C. P. RONEY, Secretary.
Office, Bishopsgate Station, October 6, 1847.

ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.
A LECTURE on the PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of a JET
of ,TEAM, in reference to TENTILATION, &c., with Novel and
Interesting ExperimenA, by Dr. BACHHOFFNER, daily at Half-
past Three. LECTURES on CHARAC TER, with Musical Il-
lustrations, by Mr. J. RUSSELL, accompanied by Dr. Wallis,
on the Pianoforte, every Evening, at Eight o'clock, except
Saturday. CHEMICAL LECTURES. The ELECTRIC TELE-
GRAPHS worked. The WORKING MODELS, explained daily.
The beautiful OPTICAL EFFECTS include an entirely New Series
of DISSOLVING VIEWS. DIVING BELL and DIVER, with
HYOIX.i NEW APPARATUS .for• CONVERSING with PEASOIiS
"Cinder WATER, &e. &v.

Admission, Is.; Schools, Half-price.

THE SWINTON MURDER.

SHEFFIELD, THURSDAY.—The third adjourned in-
, quest respecting the murder of Caleb Barker, late a
warehouseman in the employ of i\lr. Samuel Barker,
of the Swinton Pottery, was held last night before
Mr. Badger, one of the coroners for Yorkshire, at the
Canal Tavern, Swinton-bridge.
The last adjournment took place in order to give
time to the coroner to apply to Sir G. Grey, Secre-
tary for the Home Department, for an order to have
Sellars, the man to whom suspicion attaches as the
person who committed the murder, brought before
the Swinton jury for examination, and also to see
whether he could be identified as the person who was
seen in the neighbourhood on the night of the 4th of
September, where the assassination was perpetrated.
Sellars was last week committed to York Castle to
take his trial on two separate charges unconnected
with the murder, but the magistrates of Sheffield, on
being applied to, refused to allow him to be brought
before the coroner and the jury. Upon the assem-
bling of the jury, some formal evidence was gone
into, but no new facts connected with the affair
transpired.

The CORONER, in addressing the jury, said—ln
pursuance of a request which the jury had made to
him at the last inquiry, he had written to the Secre-
tary of State, Sir G. Grey, giving a statement of the
whole of the details connected with the present pro-
ceedings, and enclosing copies of the depositions
which had been taken at the previous investigations,
and requesting that he (Sir G. Grey) would order
the prisoner Sellars to be brought before him. The
following was the reply which he had received.
" Whitehall, Sept. 25.
" am directed by Secretary Sir George
Grey to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the
24th instant, and its inclosure, and to inform you
that the Secretary of State has no authority to order
the person referred to in your letter to be brought
before the jury, at the inquest which you are holding
on the body of Caleb Barker.—l am, &c.
" DENIS LE MARCHANT.
" T. Badger, Esq., Coroner for Yorkshire."
He (the Coroner) very much regretted that the ma-
gistrates should have acted as they had done on the
present occasion, in not allowing the prisoner to be
brought before them, because it was a course which
he considered was calculated to impede the ends of
justice.

The jury then retired to consider their verdict, and
after about half an hour's absence the foreman handed
in the following written verdict :

" The jury find, that on the evening of the 4th of
September last, Caleb Barker was brutally beaten with
some heavy weapon, and his skull severely fractured by
some person or persons to the jurors unknown, in
consequence of which the said Caleb Barker died on
the following morning. The jury have to express their
strong conviction, that if the Sheffield magistrates
had not, as they conceive, improperly interfered and
prevented a party strongly suspected of the murder
being brought before them, they would have now been
in a position to return a different verdict. They are
of opinion that the ends of justice are defeated by col-
lisions between the Coroner and the magistrates as to
the question of jurisdiction, the county put to addi-
tional expenses, and also that inquiries of this nature
should not be conducted in the compulsory absence of
',he implicated or suspected parties.
" JOHN WOOD, Foreman.

" Swinton, Oct. 6."
The CORONER asked if the jury were unanimous,
and they replied in the affirmative.
Mr. Wood said, before the parties left the room he
was desired by the jury to make the following state-
ment, which they had intended to have appended to
their verdict :

" The jury cannot but express their surprise at
finding an impediment thrown in the way of eliciting
information respecting a crime of no less magnitude
than midnight assassination, should have come from
that quarter to which they conceive they have a right
to look for the maintenance of every facility for the
protection of both life and property."
The inquiry then terminated.

NEW SYSTEM OF PAPER CUR-
RENCY.—INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.
SlR,—The currency question is of the utmost im-
portance to cur industrial development, and our
position in advance of the nations. Britain under a
paper currency became most prosperous, capable of
financial and warlike efforts unprecedented!), great.
Scotland, also, under a one:pound paper currency, has
improved in a greater degree thah any other country,
considering her inferior natural advantages and
position, a distant provincial corner of the empire ;
and it is unquestionably to the paper currency and
banking conveniences that this improvement is owing,
combined with tha industrious and provident cha-
racter of the people..
In the present condition of the country, labouring
under stupendous,efforts in improving our communi-
cation, and at the same time opening our ports to
foreign food supply, a currency retorm, and the
adoption of a one pound paper issue in Fngland,
comes to be a most urgent necessity, and is indeed
only an affair of time. But the earlier its adoption
the less will be the:industrial difficulties, disaster, and
misery, the more rapid will be the development of
our industrial resourses, and the flow of an unebbing
tide of prosperity to an unconceived height. How
shall we liberate British industry from Peel's crushing
currency laws f is the question.
Had the arch-enemy the ordering of our monetary
legislation (our Bills of 1819, 1844, and 1845) he
could scarcely have devised a system better calculated
to repress industry- and promote misery. By the
system now in operation a periodic deceptive pro-
sperity is induced, and no sooner are we thus
fairly launched into industrial enterprise than an
export of British gold takes place. The banks,
to save th4tnselyes, contract their paper issues
and discounts. The currency being, thus doubly
curtailed (both in gold and paper), the pound
sterling becomes considerably augmented in value,
and all liabilities unjustly increased. Money panics,
bankruptcy, vast destruction of property, extended
misery, is the result—the victims consisting of the
most enterprising and industrious portion of the
community.
Free trade in money—that is, free issue and circu-
lation of promises to pay on demand, or at a certain
time, by those who can give undoubted security of
ability to pay ought surely to accompany free
trade in goods. It behoves the Legislature to attend
immediately to this, and to consider how best to re-
gulate a steady value to the pound sterling. It has
been proposed to pay in bullion, at the market price
of gold or silver at the time. This, of course, dis-
penses with the precious metals as a measure of value
to the pound sterling. Could the value of the pound
sterling be regulated and maintained more steadily
by other means or measures than it recently has been
under the gold convertible plan? This leads to the
inquiry—How was the value of the pound sterling
maintained so high even as 145., and with no very
great fluctuation in time of the war, without cash
payments ? From what cause did the paper value of
gold, per ounce, fall after the battle of Waterloo, and
come so near the original standard value ?
It seems impossible in the nature of things to re-
gulate a paper and precious metal currency to work
together aright. A gold currency, mingled as it now
is with paper currency, is a very unstable measure of
value, rising and falling not only in proportion to the
produce and demand of gold itself, but also subject to
great fluctuations at every money panic, from the
curtailment of paper issues. In the event of a one
pound paper issue in England, it is not improbable
that some other measure of value than the precious
metals will be proposed, or some complex plan of pay-
ment by a bullion standard measure, perhaps extend-
ing the payment of issues over a certain space of time,
thus to give opportunity to the issuers of paper to
collect bullion from other countries to meet any de-
mand, the demanders of bullion lodging the notes
with the issuers at interest for this limited time (say
three or six months) till the bullion is obtained. In
whatever way a one pound paper currency may be
arranged, it will have a tendency to reduce or check
the gradual rise which has taken place since the war
in the value of the precious metals and of the pound
sterling, caused by the decreased production of
the metals in America and the increased
demand to supply a metallic currency for
the vastly-increased traffic of the world, together
with the increased consumption in the arts. This
rise in the value of the pound sterling, in consequence
of the greater demand and lessened supply, has had
the worst possible effects upon the industrial pros-
perity. The actual producers work greatly with
borrowed capital, and this increasing value of the
pound sterling operates slowly but surely to bring
them under greater liabilities to money-lenders, un-
justly increasing their debts, while at the same time
the material they are working up is, from the same
cause, lessening in value in passing through their
hands, as is also their unsold manufactured stock.
For two centuries previous to the end of the last
French war, the value of the precious metals and of
money generally had been gradually decreasing,
giving a healthy tone to the industrious world, and
to which indeed much of the advancement
of modern improvement and civililisation may
be ascribed. As things are now arranged,
an opposite influence is being exerted, and the only
gainers are the money-lenders, fundholders, and all
those in receipt of a fixed income, a considerable
portion of whom are unproductive, supported by the
industry of others. Better it were that the indus-
trious producer should get into superior circumstances
by a depreciation of the measure of his debts than
that the measure of his debts should increase, though
either way is attended with injustice. In the case of
the fundholder it is aggravating to feel his
bond against the public swelling greater from
year to year from this increase of the value of the
pound sterling; more especially as the debt was con-
tracted on highly usurious terms, at a time when
usury was unlawful, much of it being contracted—
about 501. paid to receive the promise of 1001., while
at the same time this 50/. was paid in a depreciated
paper worth only 14s. cash per pound sterling, and
gold and silver (that is, the 145.) also of a less value
than now. Taking
into account the very disadvan-
tageous terms of borrowing, the depreciated currency
notes in which the money was borrowed, and the
gradual rise of the value of the precious metals since
the debt was incurred, lam warranted in affirming
that the present national debt is nearly four times
greater than the actual value lent, and that the in-
dustrious community, in this and other liabilities,
have been cheated by law of at least 1,000,000,0001.
sterling. This is not to be borne. Landholder,
farmer, manufacturer—the whole industrious com-
munity—every lover of his country—every hater of
injustice—will unite against it. Hitherto the money-
lenders have succeeded in blinding the Legislature,
and have effected their ends unchecked.

floating capital and :deficiency of currency ? The
plan I propose is from the cause of the evil to extract
a cure.

• Our remedy is right before effectual, and of
easy attainment. 'What is needed is a perfect system
of.parer-currency, an issue of a sufficiency of pro-
cruses to pay by those of undoubted capability of pay-
ing—available both for wholesale 'and retail traffic.
What I propose is a new :and wholesome system of
currency and bunking, founded upon the real pro-
perty of railways. That all railways whose stock is
not greatly under par shall receive legislative sanc-
tion to issue their promises to pay (notes of all sizes
down to as., perhaps down to the smallest coin) to
the amount, say one-third of their value of stock,'
these promises bearing a preferable claim upon the
property of the railway ; these notes to ,he all of
one particular fashion and manufacture, difficult to be
imitated, with only the particular railway and signa-
ture in writing.
All Bank issues ought to be based on real proprty,
and free from the great expense, of bullion boards.
No government or state bank security could compare
with the security afibrded by railway property. Go-
vernment or state bank issues run considerable risk
of being tampered with to serve state purposes. The
freer, indeed, that governments are kept from mone-
tary interference, or bank connexion, the better, state
banks not unfrequently being made subservient to
state swindling. Railway security would at least be
as secure as mundane things admit of being—safer
than that of any government, or private company, or
even individual landowner. A railway company,
holder of real property, is in a different position from
an individual holder of real property. A company
does not lose energy or capacity by age as an indi-
vidual does. -Nor is there any confusion or breach
by death or division amongst heirs. Times does not
wither it. This renders-it-more fitted for a currency
basis and banking than any individual proprietor of
land ; besides the pawning of shares might be made
conveniently available. There is, therefore, good and
sufficient reason why railway companies should ob-
tain legislative sanction for the issue of notes in pre-
ference to individual holders of real property. Again,
in case of revolutionary convulsion or state danger, the
property of railway companies, supported by a nu-
merous and powerful proprietary, would be compara-
tively safe, and confidence in them would be main-
tained when state confidence, and even private indi-
vidual confidence, was gone.
The railway issues would be especially beneficial at
the present crisis in correcting the absorption of float-
ing capital, or rather in converting absorbed capital
into floating capital, in relieving the money panie by
an increased currency, and in enabling the system of
railways to be more extensively completed—placing
them in a condition to serve the community at a
cheaper rate, and more effectually to bring out the
industrial capacities of the country. In Scotland
all that is necessary is an amalgamation betwixt in-
dividual railways and individual banks.
Railway companies afford a foundation for a paper
currency superior to anything which the world has
hitherto presented, and the system might be extended
over all civilised nations. This scheme of a secure
paper currency is in no way connected with the ques-
tion of the best measure of value for the pound sterling,
or of payment in bullion, whether at the market price
or at a fixed rate per ounce of gold. It only affords
a cheap and safe currency, free from the unthrift and
inconveniencies of our present system. Every one
who has had occasion to pay or receive large sums
in gold is sufficiently sensible of the inconveniency
and loss.

A paper currency in England would set loose a
large quantity of gold, which distributed over the na-

tions and assistedb Russian produce, would reduce
the value of gold generally, thus checking the advance
of the value of the pound sterling which has been
going on since the peace, and bring the value back to
nearly what it was when our debt was contracted.
The only matter for consideration by the railway
banks of issue, in case they were to pay at a fixed price
per ounce and not at the market price, would be to
see that their issues were not in excess, so as to de-
preciate paper so much as to cause a serious loss from
payment being demanded in bullion by the holders of
notes. From the number and divided state of rail-
way banks, payment in bullion at a fixed value per
ounce would be attended with serious' difficulties. A
means to keep the pound sterling at a steady value
without payment on demand in gold or silver at a
fixed price per ounce is a problem which I leave for
the assembled Parliament to solve.

I am, Sir, yours, &c.,
ALPHA.

AUSTRIAN LOTTERIES.
TO 7'HE EDITOR OF THE SUN.

Sta,—Having seen in your Saturday's paper an
announcement by the Lord Mayor of an Austrian
Estate Lottery, forwarded to him from a Mr. Smith,
of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, I beg leave to
say that, however illegal these lotteries may be in
England, they are the usual means used in the Aus-
trian dominions by the nobility to pay off their en-
cumbrances. For this purpose the permission of the
Austrian police, without whose leave nothing may be
done in Austria, is obtained; and an agreement then
entered into with some private banking-house, which
firm also advances the money for the prizes, in case
the lottery should not find sufficient ticket purchasers.
This money is, I believe, deposited in the Austrian
National Bank, either in its notes or in Austrian
funded stock. The estate holder may, of course,
take tickets in the lottery, and it sometimes happens
that he wins back his own estate.' At all events, both
he, and the bank which undertakes the speculation,
make large profits out of the public credulity, and
the Government has of course its heavy duty also.
Such lotteries are very frequent; besides which there
is the common Government fund, or so-called ,Little
Lottery, an 'office for which is kept in all towns, in
which the lower classes gamble away all their little
savings, and is one of the means used by the Austrian
Government to occupy the attention of the people,
and, besides, get rid of its bad paper money, the rem-
nants of the fictitious notes from the bankruptcy of
the last war; and hardly any person of the middle or
lower classes can be found who does not gamble in
these lotteries, to the detriment of their income and
destruction of public morality.
I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

A. B. WALKER.
30, Dartmouth-street, Westminster, Oct. 5, 1847.

AFFRAY WITH THE MILITARY.

SHEFFIELD, THURSDAY.—At the adjourned inquiry
respecting the death of Thomas Morton, the following
evidence was adduced :

Mr. H. Mellor, surgeon, said that he was called up
at two o'clock on the Sunday morning to see the de-
ceased, who had a compound fracture on the posterior
part of the skull, two fractured ribs, several contusion:
on his arms, and an incised wound on the top lip.
His right thumb was sprained. He attended him till
Friday, the 24th ult., when another surgeon having
been called in, occupied his place. The compound
fracture of the skull, witness believed, was caused by
the lock of a gun or musket.
Mr. Samuel Gregory, surgeon, said that externally
he found a wound on the head, over the back part of
the parietal bone, and various bruises on both arms.
The brain was fractured immediately below the sur-
face. The substance of the brain and its membranes
were highly infused with blood. Witness had no
hesitation in saying that the injuries deceased had re-
ceived were the cause of death. The fracture must
have been produced by some sharp instrument.
Thomaa Simmonite, of George-street, said that on
the Sunday morning in question he was returning to
his home when he met two soldiers who were singing.
John Morton said to them, " You ought not to sing
now, it is Sunday morning." The soldiers then re-
plied, that they would sing when and where they
pleased, and that they could sing as well as he could.
He went up the lane some distance and stopped about
sixty yards from the end, when he saw a couple of
foot soldiers in pepper and salt clothes and one horse
soldier in a red cloak running down the Barrack-lane.
He did not hear anything they said, but he saw a
man lying down under the gas-lamp. He heard the
witness. Mrs. Roberts, screaming " Murder," and
" Watch." One of the soldiers ran to her husband
(George Roberts), and said something to him.
Another of the soldiers said, " This is the d— b
who struck me." He did not observe whether the
guard who came down had arms or not.
The Learned Coroner having summed up, the-
jury, after consulting for nearly an hour, returned the
following verdict :—" We find that ominic Mul-
rannon, Joseph Rennyson, John Johnson, and Joseph
Greene, are Guilty of Manslaughter."
The Coroner then made out his warrant for their
committal to York.

THE CHOLERA.—We read in a letter from Warsaw,
of the 27th ult.:—" The cholera has made greater ra
va(res in Southern RUS3i£l, than has been stated. Tht
populations of whole villages have nearly been swept
away. Six physicians have left Warsaw for the scent
of the disasters to study the character of the die-
ease. The cholera has not yet reached Kieff, but it
is advancing slowly towards the north and north-west.'
It is stated in a letter from Lemberg, in Gallicia, dated
the 28th ult., and published in the Augs;nirgh Gazette
that the cholera had reached Jassy, and that a sanitary
cordon was about to be established on the Austria',
frontier.

[PI, ICE-

sp.

BANQUET TO MR. COBDEN AT
HAMBURGII. _ _

ITAMBURGII, OCT. 5.,:--The great free-trade banquet
giVen in honour of Mr. Cobden took place yesterday
evening, and it was, in all 'respects, a ,demonstration
.
of a most gratifying character. ,The buildingknown
as Krantler's. Riding-school, , the Bre hbahn, was
used upon the occasion. was tastefully decorated
with wreaths and festOoris of leases and flowers, and
vast number of flags of all nations ; Aid the saloon was
lighted up by the aid of-upwards of 2,000 tapers, placed
in candelabra of different heights and sizes, so as to pro._
duce a very- imposing, general etli:qt. The upper
portion of the building was illuminated by the aid of
chandeliers suspended from the roof, or al taehed to
the sides of, the building. At the extremity "of :the,
saloon a'sniall platform was raised as 'a tribune for
the speakers, surmounted by a drapery, likewise dm-,
"poied.of flags ; and the two galleries at the opposite
extremity were devoted, the one to the splendid band
of music engaged for 'the occasion, and the.other for
ladies, who were • admitted by ticket. This latter.
gallery was completely filled before M. Cobden's
arrival, and the arrangements included the supply of
a profusion of ices, confectionary,. and cliampagnes;
throughout the evening, in the ladies' gallery. At
half-past five o'clock precisely Mr. Cobden was'
ushered into the saloon by the chairman of the day,
M. Ruperti, president for this year, of the Chamber of
Commerce. He was met at his entry by all the
members of the committee (twenty-four in number)
and followed by the whole company, the band
striking up an appropriate air of welcome.. Tho
saloon contained twelve tables, each with covers
laid for sixty-two persons • at the head and foot of
each two members of the committee presided. A
very few minutes sufficed to enable the company
to take their seats, and as there appeared eventually

to he scarcely half-a-dozen vacant chairs,. it follow7s
,hat the total number of persons who assisted dt this
fete must have exceeded seven hundred. After

the discussion of the first course (the practice
in Germany being to speak between courses), M.
Ruperti ascended the tribune to welcome the assem-
_

bled guests, and .to say a few words upon the subject
of free-trade —of the great principle which had brought
them all together. He was succeeded by M. Ross, to
whom the honour of proposing the health of the great
guest of the evening had been assigned. During the
short speech of this gentleman, every allusion he
made to Mr. Cobden, and to the services he had ren-
lered to the great cause of free trade timaigliout the
world, was responded to by immense applause, which
was redoubled at its close, when he proposed " The
health of Richard Cobden." The band immediately
struck up a most appropriate air wit of the opera of
Richard Lozvenhertz (Richard Cce.ir de Leon),
the words being
:
"Du stolzes England freue dich,
Deing Konig, Richard, liebt dich noch, &c.
(" Thou proud England rejoice,
Thy Sovereign, Richard, still loves thee.")

The company caught up the allusion amid raptur-
ous expressions of delight, a vast number of them
singing the words as an accompaniment to the splen-
did music of the orchestral band. Mr. Cobden then
ascended the tribune amid the vociferous exclama-
tions of the assembled company, every one rising.
After making slight allusion to some of the compli-
ments introduced by M. Ross in his favour, and
disclaiming the slightest right to the distinction which
had been awarded to him of being the sole author of
the great free-trade movement in England—after
having done full justice to the share which had been
taken therein by Messrs. Villiers, Bright, Gibson,
Fox, and others—and after having passed a short but
warm panegyric upon the part taken by Sir it. Peel
at the expense of early impressions and party associa-
tions—Mr. Cobden entered into a general history
of his recent travels, and of the observations he had
made in the different countries which he had recently
visited. He drew a comparison between Leghorn
and Barcelona—between a city raised to magnificence
m an arid plain in Italy, under the fostering prin-
ciples of freedom of trade, and another city enjoying
every possible advantage naturally, but cramped in
its energies by the withering principles of protection
Ind prohibition, and thereby stayed in its progress.
Mr. Cobden said he should like to pay a visit to those
two cities with Protectionists, and let them see, in-
quire, and judge for themselves on the spot; and he
felt satisfied that the Protectionists could not escape
conviction, and would at misg.forego their errors. He
Then referred to the free-trade, principles which .had
caused llamburgh to fiourish,and under tire fostering
aid of which the citizens had been enabled to over-
come the immense calamity of 1842, and to raise up
so magnificent a city from the ashes under which it
had been then overwhelmed. He ridiculed the
efforts of Augsburg, and Munich, and Carlsruhe to
instruct Hamburgh as to the commercial prin-
ciples they ought to adopt—their desire to see
a city bearing the great fruits of free-trade
principles within her walls, and being enabled
thereby to spread her commerce through all parts of
the world, closing her ports to the flag of any par-
ticular nation. Why (said the Hon. Gentleman),
the inhabitants of Augsburg and Munich never saw
a" ship in their lives; and are they to instruct you,
whose prosperity depends upon the activity of your
ports, which flag you shall admit, and which you are
to reject ? Mr. Cobden then made some allusions to
the admirable pamphlet on the statistics of Hamburgh
(Denkschrift), recently published here under the au-
thority of the Senate, which he characterised as one
of the most remarkable and most useful publications
of the kind it had ever been his fortune to read ; and
he augured from it that it would tend more to open
the eyes of the inhabitants of the Zollverein than any-
thing else he could conceive. Mr. Cobden admitted
that the Governments generally were favourable to
the principles of free trade, and he felt assured that if
they had now a clean sheet of paper whereon to write
their respective tariffs, those tariffs would be
established upon the simplest possible principle;
that their object would be to invite cheap foreign im-
portations under moderate duties, levied for fiscal
purposes only, instead of endeavouring to compel
their fellow-countrymen to pay high duties with the
object of producing commodities at an exorbitant
price at home ; but (sail he) unfortunately Govern-
ments have not a clean sheet of paper whereon to
write their tariffs, but sheets of foolscap, crowded
with duties of so complicated a nature, that it has
become almost necessary to found a college for the
purpose of instructing the rising generation in the
mysteries of all custom-houses before they dare ven-
ture to enter upen foreign commerce at all. After
some humorous allusions to the practice of speaking
in Germany between the courses, and to his indispo-
sition to detain the assembled company any longer,
from their good cheer, Mr. Cobden concluded a speech
of about half an hour's duration, and which had been
listened to with breathless attention, and had been
throughout received with rapturous applause, by
thanking the company for the distinction shown to
him, and proposing as a toast, " Continued prosperity
to the Town and Trade of this City."
The other toasts which were then given in succes-
sion were, " Free navigation to every port of the
world ;" which, as having reference to the absurd na-
vigation laws of England, France, and other coun-
tries, was warmly welcomed. "Das Vaterland," was
then drunk, preceded by the song of " Was lit des
Deutchen Vaterland ?" which was sung by the whole
of the company present, and with a feeling of enthu-
siasm which this great Vaterliindische song never fails
to elicit in any part of Germarty. He who knows
anything about the musical talent which is more or
less possessed by every German, will not be at a loss
to guess the effect of at least 600 voices singing a
beautiful national melody, accompanied by a band of
forty musicians. This song was da• capoed by uni-
versal desire. Other toasts succeeded, and at about
ten o'clock Mr. Cobden again ascended the tribune
to repeat once more his thanks feir the cordial recep•
Lien he had met with at Hamburgh, and the meeting
broke up.
It is impossible to conceive that a demonstration of
this kind at Hamburgh, treading upon the heels of the
publication alluded to by Mr. Cobden in his speeches,
can fail to create a sensation within the boundaries
of the Zollverein. It may not have the effect of
inducing, the Governments within that radius to lower
their duties, but it will probably show them the utter
improbability that Hamburgh will ever be induced to
accede to any measures whatever which could restrict
the freedom of her commercial intercourse with the
other nations of the world, whilst the entbusissm
which the toast of "Das Vaterland" elicited, must
prove to the inhabitants of the south of Germany, that
in no part of the confederation does a more Vaterlan-
dische feeling exist than at Hamburgh. It is to be
hoped that the absurd insinuations which have re-
cently issued from the press of South Germany, viz.,
that Hamburgh's predilections are more British than
German, will have now received their practical refu-
tation.

Mr. Cobden is expected to remain here until Friday
evening next,
and then take his departure direct to
London by the Princess Royal steamer.

ENORMOUS RETURN.—There is at present to be
seen in the shop of Mr. James Clement, ironmonger,
Crieff, the produce of a single seed of oats, lately reaped.
which counts the enormous number of 2,062 grains, all
fully ripe. It may be mentioned, that from the one seed
;here are 20 full grown stalks, besides two that had not
ripened. It was grown on the estate of Colonel Grreme,
of Inchbrakie,--Perth courier,

OCT. B.—We have this day *volved,
ativiees-from PeenAmbuco to the 3d Septerni3er,
Aug. llth, and Bahia August 20th inclusive, by.lllo
Columbus, Captain Greene, which arrived in the
Mersey -this morning. She does-. not: bring any
- The following is a repo ft of the coma
intelligence received :
PERNA lin
IMPORTS.

Ale and Porter—The stock in the
large, but .the coniumption continues
is generally the case during the rainy season ; t,-C)"
late shipments still unsold are retailing at $4 to
,S 4 500 per barrel. In October onwards there wt. I
t) ,a-•beter deman I, and prices will, most probably
improve.

Beef, Jerk:. ral crrivals have taken place from
RIO Grande do Sul since our last, and there is now a
stock in the market of about 25,000 arrabas, retailing
at ‘.,5.2 400 to 800, according to quality ; consoinp-
tion has.laen.vcry large lately.
:Butter—Our market is wcll suppli(d with French,.
the :tuck of which is very large. Last sales were at
3Sors to 420 rs per lb, according to quality. 175
firkins of good Irish readily Otained 820 rs to 840 rs
per lb ; and as there is no stock of this description in
the market, next arrivals, if of•good quality, will
fetch about the same prices.

. .
'Ckee.se utch)—Lat arrivals, of good quality,
fytobett,ationt 1 doll. to 100 dolls. each. The
stock of interior quality, both in fiat and second
14inds1_is beayy.
Candies-LAinerican Fperrn are worth 700 ts per
lb.
.Compusition have been sold at 600:s. to 620 rs.

per lb.
Coals—During the last month 700 tons have be&
imparted, 460 of which on account of the steam-boat
company. Some sales have been effected at 12 dolls.
per ton.

Flour—The receipts of this article since our last
circular only amount to 2 100 barrels of American,
which have been retailed by consignees at 23 dolls.
to 26 dolls. per barrel. At the present moment
there does not exist a barrel in first hands, and the
entire stock held by bakers is.nDt estimated at above
1,200 barrels: A cargo of Trieste SSSF, and one of
Richmond, are daily expected ; they will no doubt
obtain high prices.

ines:L4e have not received any supplies of
Spanish or Aleditt-rranean. The arrivals trun► Portugal
have been regular, and our market is well stocked
with that description, retailing at 110 dolls. to 120
dolls. per pipe,- according to quality.

:IC 'ikElrs•
s very`