The Sun.
London, England, 1847-11-22 00:00:00

EVENING; NOVEMBER 22, 1841.

consideration, and to which we gladly invite the
public attention. Mr. ENDERBY has meditated long
and deeply upon the subject on which he has written.
He has been a steady and consistent cpponent of our
monetary code for more than twenty years past, and he
has repeatedly, during the last ten years, put forward
sound and clear views of the injurious operation and
mischievous tendency of our currency laws—offering
many valuable suggestions, and hazarding predictions
which have unfortunately been too fatally verified.
One of these, "The Fallacy of our Monetary System
as deduced from its author Sir It. PEEL'S definition of
a Pound," has been recently published. In that work
Mr. ENDERBY grapples with the question " what
is a pound ?" which the arch bullionist so triumph-
antly asks, and with the answer " that it is neither
more nor less than a definite quantity of gold with a
mark upon it to determine its weight and fineness,"
and demonstrates that this definition is false in theory,
and that " the class of measures founded thereon are
ruinous in practice." He maintains that the expres-
sion "pound" is merely a number—a conventional
term—an ideal unit, and consequently that " the other
class of measures," which Sir ROBERT admits to be in-
volved its the propthition, should be adopted, and the
proposes in both his recent publications, "
the abolition of the gold standard, and he
convertibility of the paper currency into gold,
At its market price; 2dly, the limitations of the
issues to one or at most three banks (that is, one
for each of the three kingdoms), and the regulation
of those issues by a fixed rate of interest, say 4 per
cent."

The admirable arguments by which Mr. EN-
DERBY enforces his views we shall hereafter
refer to. They establish the calamitous re-
sults of pursuing a system of cash payments,
which aas subjected the nation to no less than
six convilsions during the periods from 1793 to 1797,
and from 1822 to 1847, being, on the average, " one
in evely five years," while from 1797 to 1822 (during
the suspension of cash payments), a period of twenty-
fi%e years, and those the most momentous of our
times, with the transition from a war to a peace esta-
blishment, the country experienced but one panic,
the causes of which are explained.

The Suive of the 18th states that letters have been
received at Berne announcing the intention of the
authorities of Lucerne and other Sonderbund cantons
to capitulate. Great numbers of the Sonderbund
troops are derting to the Federalists. In the same
paper we find the following :
" The seat of wer is now carried into Lucerne.
.The only troops left in Friburg are the forces neces-
sary to maintain public order, and to keep down, if
necessary, tie fanatics of the landstursn. A great
part of Bureihardt's division, as well as the reserve
battalions cornmandtd by Colonel Ochsenbein, have
already taken the route for Central Switzerland,
where the Sonderbund has retired within its en-
trenchments. The Commander in-Chief has trans-
ferred his head-quarters to Arau. The divisions of
Colonels Donatz, Ziegler, and Gmur are on the iron •
tiers of Zug and Lucerne. The division of Colonel
I(illiet is in front of the Valais. The division of
Colonel Luvini is watching the canton of Uri. The
Federal army now con.i•As of 102 battalions of in-
fantry, companies of citrbiriccr,, 27 of cavalry,
companies Of artille awl *!so iii, et id am till rti ;
the whelc amounting to 9 I,otio men. A lout 40,000
are directed- Ig,.itint Still its lQur alliub. The
day of the attack is not yt-t known."
A letter from Berne of the 16th, says :
" The stiff of the division of reserve, and that of
the General-in-Chief, returned yt sterday to this
place. They were immediately followed by four re-
serve battalions, a company of Vaudese chasseurs- a-
cheral, three companies of carbineers, and two bat-
teries of artillery. All these troops left Berne this
morning, on their way to Lucerne. To-day also the
brigade Frei, of the division Buckhardt, composed of
three battalions of infantry, two companies of
carabineers, and two batteries of artillery, passed
through the town, but without stopping. They were
all well equipped, and it would have been difficult to
imagine that they had just bivouacked during four
nights in such unfavourable weather. The conduct
of the federal troops since their being called under
arms has been most exemplary for discipline
and good-will ; and the utmost cheerfulness
h6s been manifested amidst all the priva
tions which they have had to endure. I cannot
resist repeating to you some of the stories which I
have heard from the soldiers, and which will show
you to what a degree of superstition the priests who
act for the Jesuits have reduced the Friburg peasants.
On the latter were seized medals of the Virgin Mary,
which were to render them invulnerable. To each
medal the priests added, for the price of from 2 to 7
.batz (a.batz is lid. English), a bit of writing which
was to render it more efficacious still. That which I
saw contains the following words :—' 0 Mary, pray
for us, who put our trust in thee,' and then whoever
shall wear one of these miraculous medals, and shall
repeat with fervour this invocation, shall be placed
under the special protection of the Mother of God ;
it is a promise which Mary herself has given.' Such
are the means employed by the Jesuits and their
creatures to fanaticise the country people, and extort
from them their last resources. In the German dis-
trict, where these manoeuvres are put in practice, our
soldiers state that the wretchedness is extreme, and
that great indignation is felt against the plotters of
Friburg, who have abused their credulity. The
General-in-Chief, who arrived yesterday at Berne,
had a long interview with the Vice-President of the
Diet, Councillor of State Schneider, and told him that
before a week was over he hoped to behold the reduc-
tion of the whola of the Sonderbund. A brilliant
serenade was given to the General, who at six in the
morning was on his way to Aarau. M. Ochsenbein
also arrived yesterday at Berne with his division of
reserve, and he left this morning with all his troops,
proceeding towards Sumiswald, Hutwyl, and Lan-
genthal, whence he will cross the Lucerne frontier,
when the movement shall have been combined with
the divisions of Colonels Donatz (Soleure), Ziegler
(Aarau), and Gmur (Zurich). Regular communi-
cations have not yet been re-established with Friburg;
but it is known that after a popular assembly which
took place yesterday, the downfal of the superior
administration was pronounced, and that it was ro-
placed by a provisional government. Amongst
others, the following persons are named as forming.
part of it:—M. Julien Schaller, ex-inspector of
forests, son of the avoyer of that name; Colonel
%Vicky, formerly an officer in the army of the em-
pire; M. Pitet, formerly deputy of Bull; M. Cha-
tonnay, of Morat; and M. Robadey of Romont, all
decided Liberals. The greatest part of the fallen
Government have fled, and amongst the rest the too
celebrated Fournier. It is not known either where
Colonel Maillardoz, whose military reputation is now
on a level with his political one, can be found. The
premises of the Jesuits have been turned into a
barrack, and a number of soldiers are lodged in the
convents. Baron de Sydow, Minister of Prussia in
Switzerland, has transported the rest of the legation
to Neufchatel.

"EIGHT IN THE EVENING. - The brigade Bon-
temps, of the Burckhardt division, 4,000 men strong,
has just arrived. It leaves to-morrow at six, to pro-
ceed against Lucerne. Thus 10,000 men have been
detached from the army of operations of Friburg, to
reinforce the forces destined to reduce Lucerne, and
the primitive cantons."
A Berne letter of the 16th, in the Helvetic, says :
" I have just arrived at Berne, and learn that the
principal positions of Lucerne are captured. What
remains to be done is not great ; and the reduction
of Friburg will powerfully contribute to the submis-
sion of the Sonderbund. The Ziegler division has
entered the canton of Lucerne, and made 1,500 pri-
soners. The poor inhabitants of Friburg are much
to be pitied. Nearly all the houses in the environs
of the capital are empty, and the provisions are ex-
hausted. The villagers are affected to tears at seeing
our soldiera paying threefold the value of articles
which they might have taken without paying any-
thing for them. I have seen the release of the poli-
tical prisoners, the delivering up of the colours and
arms of the contingent of Friburg and of the land-
sturm. The killed and wounded of the federal army
in the battle of Saturday amounted to 41. The losses
on the part of Friburg are considerable, particularly
by the landsturm."

Accounts from Rome state that Professor I3ETT
has been reinstated as Censor of the Press.
The Roman
Council of State was to meet on
the 15th.

The PorE had appointed one of the halls of the
Vatican for the meeting of the provincial deputies
and placed ten court carriages at their disposal.

The Earl of Blir,To had an audience of the Porn
on the Bth.

Monsignor Coßnom Bussi left Turin on the 9th
Tor Modena, for the purpose of inviting the Duke to
oin the Customs Union.

A letter from Florence, of the 13th says, " Great
agitation still prevails throughout all Tuscany, owing
to the occupation of .Fivizzano. The Austrians are
approaching the Duchy of Modena. According to
the Alba, different companies of the Imperial troops
have already entered Carpi in the Moienese states,
and others have taken pot,iession of MasEa Carrara."

The following proclamation has been published by
;he Grand Duke of TUSCANY :

;. 'We Leopold 11., Archduke of Austria, Grand

Duke of Tuscany, &c. After the protest addressed
to the Government of Modena, which is referred to
in the official journal of the 9th of this month, we
cannot see without extreme regret, that efforts con-
tinue to be made to agitate the people, and to induce
them tumultuously to take arms and to make illegal
demonstrations. Jealous of the dignity of the throne
and of the national interests, and convinced that to
sustain fully our rights abroad, we must commence
by showing that we know how to make them re-
spected at home, by not permitting public tranquil-
lity to be troubled, we will and declare as follows

" 1. That if there be need to have recourse to cou-
rage and to national enthusiasm, we mean to reserve
to ourselves alone the right to make an appeal thereto
in the legal forms. 2. That in the meantime we de-
sire that our people shall have confidence in the mea-
sures which have already been taken; and, in conse-
quence, we hope that they will not allow themselves
to be seduced by counsels, generous but unreflecting,
and which, instead of being profitable to the country,
would plunge it into an abps of evil.
" Tuscans ! Calm yourselves, and await with tran-
quillity and confidence until the voice of the Prince
calls you to arms, if, unhappily, we shall be forced to
have recourse thereto. Then, and then only, those
arms will be successful. Remember that strength
only comes from union. Think on national honour;
think on Italy, whose fate, which seemed already so
secure, may be compromised by inconsiderate pro.
ceedings, as would also the negotiations already en-
tered into relative to Lunigiana, and which have
never been interrupted.
" This 10th of November, 1847.

" LEOPOLD."

Madrid papers of the 14th and 15th have arrived.
The Cortes was opened by the QUEEN in person on
the 15th. The royal speech, which is a very lengthy
document, will be found in another column. The
new Minister of Marine, BERTRAND DE Lis, has
been re-elected for Murviedro, as has FERNANDO
ALVAREZ (the Under-Secretary of the Department
of Justice), for Burgos. At a meeting of Afran-
cesado Deputies, over which MARTINEZ DE LA RosA
presided, a committee was appointed to consider the
expediency of impeaching SALAMANCA. The com-
mittee consists of Senors PIDAL, SEIJAS, Rios,
ROSAS, MORON, G. ROMERO, GONZAL ES BRAVO,
and TEJ ADA.

The following are the Moderado candidates for
officers of Congress :

For President—Senor Mow.
For Vice•Presidents—Senors Rios ROSAS, TE•
JADA, ARTETA, and G. Romswo.
For the two First Secretaries—Senors TASS ARA
and LAFUEETE ALCANTARA.

NARVAEZ has at length thrown off the mask of con-
stitutionalism, and has inaugurated the rule of force.
He has ordered the editor of the Clamor Publico to be
arrested and thrown into prison.
The QUEEN was received' by the people in silence
on her road to and return from the Cortes. Not so
CHRISTINA, who was everywhere greeted with the
most loud and bitter execrations.

The Faro has the following on the affairs of the
Union Bank :
" One of the events that most call the attention
of the public is the suspension of payments of the
Union Bank. This unfortunate event complicates
more and more the mercantile crisis of which we are
the victims.

" The incidents •recited respecting the situation
of the said bank are scandalous to such a degree
that we resist publishing them. It is a fact,
however, that M. Bagneres is under arrest in his
house, with two sentinels within sight at the
demand of Mr. Sanson. M. Bagneres, instigated
to escape, as it appears, by persons who offered
him the means of doing so, has resisted the counsel,
preferring to remain to answer for his management,
although it may result that notabilities of a certain
importance are compromised in it. The tribunals on
the one side, and the most wealthy shareholders of
the bank on the other, are occupied with this lament•
able business. Much is said of the amounts lost by
very respectable merchants of this p!ace. It is also
asserted that these merchants think of uniting their
efforts in order to save the fortunes compromised."
The Faro concludes by saying that it does not
guarantee the authenticity of these statements.
A dispatch from the political chief of Saragossa,
dated the 12th instant, states that a Carlist band of
forty-nine men, which was going towards Upper
Arragon, was surprised on the 10th, on passing the
Cinca, by a squadron of carabineers, commanded by
Captain LOPEZ Y MORA, who killed two of them and
took thirty-one prisoners, and all their arms and
ammunition. The leader of the band and the rest of
his followers escaped. _

The Madrid BOlsa was closed on the 15th.

We have received the Paris papers of Friday and
Saturday.
The Journal des Debats has the following :
" We are assured that M. Bois-le-Comte left Berne
on the evening of the 17th, and retired to Bale with
all the embassy. N. Bois-le-Comte desiring to send
one of the secretaries of the embassy to Lucerne,
demanded a sauf conduit from General Dufour. It
appears that this demand was not accorded, and that
in consequence M. Bois-le-Comte did not consider it
possible to remain any longer at Berne."
In the same journal we find a long article on Ire-
land— aproof that the French Minister is embarrassed.
This Irish trick is become too stale for repetition, the
French public see through if. "We were curious,''
says the Charivari, "to see how the Debats would
treat the capitulation of Friburg. Scarcely bad we
opened that paper when we read—' 'We have received
very melancholy details from Ireland.' " The Debats
and its masters are acting a consistent part. Foiled
in their attempts to support the murderers of the two
unfortunate Bernese who were found ripped open by
the Jesuit fanatics of the Sonderbund, they, as the
next best thing, seek an alliance with the
murderers of Major MalioN. If the Bishop
of FILIBUIIG is put hors de combat, they can
still turn for comfort to Archdeacon LAFFAN.
We, however, would strenuously advise " the Boys"
to put no trust in M. GUIZOT. He has a marvellous
knack of getting his friends into a scrape and leaving
them in it. He has done so in the case of the Son-
derbund. As the .National justly remarks :

" There is in the reflections which the Journal des
Debats have just published on the capitulation of Fri-
, burg something else besides a shameful defection.
The base language employed indicates in what man-
ner the Ministry intends to justify itself before the
Chambers. M. Guizot prepares his defence, and is
resigned beforehand to sacrifice his friends of the
League, provided the necessities of the discussion in
Parliament cause him to feel the utility of that course.
It is thus that we have seen him in the affair of Gal-
licia at first deny with impudence the massacres
consented to or ordered by the Austrian Government,
and afterwards allow the Ministerial press to blame
with a timid voice the horrors which were too long
covered with a complaisant silence. It will be the same
for Switzerland. As long as it could be hoped that the
seven cantons would resist the majority of the Diet, the
French Cabinet gave them every sort of encouragement.
We do not speak of arms being sent and articles written
in journals—that was done in the open day ; but in
the shade what were our diplomatic agents doing ?
With whom was M. Bois-le-Comte in continual in-
tercourse? Let the Swiss of all opinions be asked;
let the Deputies of the Sonderbund avow what was
said to them, and show, if they have the courage so
to do, the secret correspondence which was kept up.
Yes, we affirm it ; the policy of the Cabinet for the
last two months has been constantly directed against
the Diet; and the French Government has endea-
voured, without ceasing, in its private communications
as well as in its official acts, to persuade the minority
that it made common cause with it. A denial will
not suffice to do away with the fact which we ad-
vance ; and we defy M. Guizot to venture to show the
dispatches which he exchanged with our Ambassador;
yet at present the demi-official organ endeavours to
insinuate that the Ministry was disinterested in the
struggle. Of two things, one—either this allegation
was exact, and in that case, what was the meaning of
a score of articles of the obats which we can quote ?
or it is a means of pleading invented expressly to
conceal a check ? in either case—a falsehood."

The Marquis of CLANRICARDE, having completed
the postal arrangements with the French authorities,
left Paris on Friday for London: On and from the
lit January next the mails will be transmitted twice
a day between the two capitals.

The Marquis and Marchioness of NORMANBY left
Paris for London on Saturday. Theyare not expected to
return until the middle of December. Lord 'WILLIAM
lIERVEY acts as Chargé d'Affaires during the absence
of the Marquis.
Cabinet Councils were held on the affairs-of Swit-
z:.rland on Thursday and Friday. The KING pre-
sided at each of them. It is rumoured that the
KING urges a rapprochement towards England in the
existing state of affairs.

On Friday last the tribunal of correctional police
of Paris sentenced, by default, M. G IJDIN (late
Aide-de-Camp of King Louis PHILIPPE), for cheat-
ing at cards, to three years' imprisonment and 2,000 f.
fine.

The Toulonnais of the 16th inst. states that the

French squadron, commanded by the Prince 33E
eTOINVILLE, was still lying in the Bay of Spezzia on
the 14th. The Prince was to leave on that day for
Leghorn in the Titan steam-corvette. The lighter
Provencale sailed from Toulon on the 11th, with
provisions and various articles for the squadron.
Two Swedish officers, MM. DE WEDEL and LAGERE-
WANTZ, authorised by their Government to serve
during a certain period on board the French fleet,
took passage in the Provencale.
The Minos steamer, which is to be sent as a
present by the French Government to the Bey of
TUNIS, was being sumptuously fitted out in the
arsenal of Toulon.

It was reported on the Bourse, on Saturday, that
a collision had occurred on the Tours and Bordeaux
Railroad (at the terminus in Orleans), in which several
lives were lost.

The Three per Cents. closed on the Paris Bourse
on Saturday at 76f. 90e. ; the Five per Cents.,
1161. 20c. ; the Orleans Railroad Shares, 1,206 f. 25c. ;
Rouen, 9131. 75c. ; Havre, 505 f. ; Great Northern,
5661. 25c.; Avignon 5701.; Vierzon, 553 f. 75c.;
Bordeaux, 487 f. 50c. ; Troyes and Montereau,
2701.; Dieppe, 265 f. ; Basle, 1661. 25c.; Paris and
Strasburg, 4201. ; Tours and Nantes, 4011. 25c. ;
Paris and Lyons, 408 f. 75c.

BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE
__ LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE, NOVEMBER 20.

I3oulogne and Amiens, 15 ex int.—Namur and Liege,
s—Orleans and Bordeaux, 57/B—Paris and Rouen, 35I—
Tours and Nantes, 4—West Flanders 1%.

THE PRIVY CouNaL.—This morning the members
of the Cabinet left town by special train for Slough, en
route for Windsor, to attend a Privy Council, held this
afternoon, when the Speech to be delivered at the open-
of the session to-morrow will be arranged ; and another
special train for the conveyance of the Ministers to
Paddington has been ordered to be in readiness at the
Slough station at half-past three o'clock.