The Sun.
London, England, 1840-09-07 00:00:00

TO THE EDITOt OF THE LEEDS TIMES.

SlR,—Perceiving that public attention in your vici-
nity is attracted to the proceedings at Rochdale on the
subject of Church-rates, I take the opportunity of
..ad-
dressing myself to that question. ~

~Y^ x 4 „~

And here we may start with laying it down as a prin-
ciple, that no man in this world must expect to have too
absolute or abstract justice. As the proverb avers that
each of us in his time must eat a peek of dust, so we
cannot be rigorously nice about the purity of everything
presented to our swallow ; all we can stand upon is, that
certain limits shall not he passed, as for instance, that we
shall not be invited to eat dirt because it is dirt, or have
the disagreeableness of swallowing increased by having
our attention drawn to the fact that it is dirty, and that
we are to be made to swallow it by force.
Now there was manifestly a great deal of uncleanly-
injustice about the advancement of the principle, that
after an overbearing and ill-conducted religious domina-
tion (for such there is no doubt the power of the
Church of Rome in England had merged into) had
been upset by a combination of circumstances mainly
based after all upon popular disapproval, the rich in-
vestments of that Church should have been seized upon
and appropriated in perpetuity to one sect or segment
only, among the many that did or ever might exist.

It was a hard thing, for instance, that the tithes and
Church lands, or such 'of them as did not find their
way into the hands of the lay innovators of the time,
should have been seized at one gulp, for a single sect
or segment of religious belief, to the exclusion of all
others for all time. It might be a great oversight in
the captors, that they did not in some way attach the
enjoyment of the prize, to something like a fair division
among the different creeds which were or were to be ;
and that instead of this they should have proclaimed,
that the portion of the public property set apart for the
maintenance of professed religious teachers, was to
belong to the proprietors or their representatives so long
only as they should continue firmly to believe in certain
dozens of articles which certain scores of individuals
should agree then and there to indite. All this may
have been profoundly foolish and unreasonable, when

examined through the glasses of modern judgment
and improved experience. But still there was excuse.

Men were bolting in a hurry out of one religious tyranny,
and it was not so wonderful they should bolt into an-
other. The thing too is gone by, and to a great extent
buried in the shadows of antiquity. To demand to cast

back, and secure a fair share •f the tithes and of cathedral

lands, to all present and future Muggletonians, Jumpers,
and Seceders of whatever hues or dimensions,—though

abstractedly nothing but just and what honest men
would be as anxious to grant as to demand, and what per-
haps at no very remote period will actually take place
through the agency of the irritation constantly main-
tained upon the sore,—does yet possess a portion of
the difficulty which might attach to righting all the
wrong that was done at the Norman conquest. And for
that very reason there is a disposition in the public to
evade, postpone, and deny themselves the enjoyment of
that great act of national equity, at all events till rage
for justice shall be roused by some huge mismanagement
of the possessors of the spoil.
And accordant with this, are the phenomena we see,
or rather we do not. The clergy in England are no where
found depriving themselves of the pacific recreations of
their order, and calling out growling grenadiers and
crusty corporals in defence of their right to lands and
rents, or even of their less popular claims to tithe. This
never was enough to make a raw. The clergy must
therefore ingeniously establish one by other means.
And the recipe the heads and leaders hit upon, was
this ; for really the inferior clergy do not seem to be
the men to blame. They said, let us first take all we
can for ourselves, and because the inferior clergy then
cansparenothing,letuslke. T
lay a tax for
sheep of co
for ehurcheuarspe enses
on the sheep and goats alißill
not complain ; and for the goats, what are we shep-
herds for if we have no dogs. And thus they contrived
to establish a source of grievance, where every man
might draw his irritation fresh and fierce ; a store where
all tempers and appetites might suit themselves with a
wrong to fit. The man who soared to theology, might
mingle doubts about the sacramental forms, with his
vulgar regrets at being made to pay for wine he did
not mean to taste ; while the man of more lath-and-
plaster habits, might scowl over the sums taken from
him to keep out rain with which he was in no danger of
being wet, and calculate the diminution that must in
consequence he made in the comforts of his own hete-
rodox snuggery. If ever there was an invention for
establishing a stout resistance at a cheap rate, it was
this.

The principal arguments advanced for this impolitic
imposition, arc three. That it is law ; that the com-
plainants got their property subject to the rate ; and
that it is a privilege of the true Church. Of which in
order.

And first that it is law ; the more's the pity. So
was the s4aie-tracle law ; so was the burning of here-
tics law ; in fact the law as it is, is only ca•.iterizing the
heretic .to a somewhat smaller extent. And this leads
to the secret, that tha only way in .this_country.to.sct_
any limit to the' injustice of laws, is to suffer against
them, to raise popular sympathy agairist them, and to
assail them on every point where the most damage can
he done them at the least comparative loss. In a coun-
try where the law is avowedly not a compact between

,he different members of the community. for mutual

good, but a compact among certain classes for obtaining
the greatest practicable good for themselves through '
the evil of the others, backed by all kinds of institutions
and created interests for giving efficiency and certainty
to the wrong,—in such a state of things, for a man to
speak of supporting the law because it is the law, is
like a negro's professing to support the whip because it
is the whip. Make the sources of law-making honest
and pure, and then there may be some claim for for-
bearance towards the defects of the law. But while

the sources are avowedly dishonest and impure, and all
manner of pains are seen taken to preserve them so,
submitting in silence to injustice because it is
the law, is a mere question of prudence in the
sufferer. If he thinks he can do more good by
braving the law, than will be balanced by the evil to
himself; and feels disposed to make himself a sacrifice
for the community, he is in the right to do it, and claim
a martyr's honours whether on the great scale or on the
small. It is the approved recipe, whether as applied by
the martyrs under the bloody Queen, by Hampden
against ship-money, or John Thorogood against Church-
rates. To resist an unjust law, at some expense of
personal safety or comfort, is the true way to collect
forces for its removal ; and he who proffers himself to
bell the cat, is everywhere and always will be, the hero
of popular admiration and support.
And next, that the complainants got their property
subject to the rate ; which is the crack argument a
party leader in the House of Commons shall utter, and

then turn round to his little boys behind, and bid them
cheer as if he had spoken oracles. Suppose, then, a
certain per centage, it matters not whether fifty, five,
or one per cent., were taken from the properties of the
landed aristocracy, for some purpose extremely hostile
to their wishes and interests, or at all events to keep
up some establishment of which they would have no en-
joyment. and by which would be entailed on them the
necessity of expending the same money over again for an
establishment of their own. Of what use would it be to
ask at some future time, whether the purchasers of land
had nat bought cheaper iu consequence ? It might be true
of the purchasers ; but where there was a first purchaser,
was there not a seller ? Put it to any man, put it to Sir
Robert Peel himself, whether if there was injustice to
begin with in taking tins per centage front the property
of the landowners and their representatives, it would be
anything but babyism or intended fraud that should ar-
gue that the evil was null and void because there was
a race of after purchasers who had not suffered. The
Dissenters were wronged by an unjust impost—one
which the sect established under the title of the Esta-
blishment would talk of resisting to the death if the
question were of levying it under the name of Peter's
pence upon themselves. The whole value of the Dis-
senters' property for ever, was diminished by the amount
of the unjust impost ; and the Dissenters are to hold
their peace forsooth, because some property has since
been bought by Dissenters at a reduced price as being
subject to the impost. By the same rule Dr. South-
wood Smith might have his skin taken off, upon the
plea, that if he ever purchased an anatomical subject
without a skin, he would pay a reduced price accord-
ingly. Pay the Doctor for his own skin ; or what he
will like still better, spare him the parting with it all.
But there is more yet. Do no Dissenters build
houses, and find the income from their brick and mortar
diminished by precisely the value of the Church•rate ?
Do none of them create establishments, manufacturing
or other, and find the Church-rate coming upon them in
consequence, the owners all the time being under a vir-
tual necessity of paying over again for the support of their
own worship. in 'proportion to their rising means and
standing in the world ? Sift and turn it with all the art
of all the little great men in the House of Commons, and
it comes to nothing but this—that you arc to reckon
all the cases where neither the Dissenter nor the
Churchman is touched by the consequences of Church-
rates at all, and you are to put out of sight all the cases
in which the Churchmau gets something he likes for his
money, and the Dissenter gets worse than nothing, to
wit the contumely of being an enforced contributor to
the expenses of a sect he does not approve, he all the
while going to the further expense of supporting one of
his own.
• And now far the last, that the Church is the true
[ . Church. Every man would be the true man on the
highway, and all the rest hie payers and subsidizers, if

society had not had the sense and power, by dint of
gyves and gallows, to establish something like a ratienal
composition upon the question. And the composition is
briefly this that the true man shall take what is Lis
own, but shall not by virtue of his truth be allowed to
take what is his neighbour's ; to which may added the
further complication by way of corollary, that a majority
of true men shall take a majority's share, but that no
possible majority, of men possessed of eve) so true truth,
shall be entitled to take the whole, or all that other
people have. And here stands the Church's quarrel.
She says, I am true and I am a majority, therefore I
will have all. And on the other side stands the com-
munity in general, waiting for a little more spread of
knowledge and a little more equalization of power, to
reduce the rampant sect to something accordant with
the common sense and practice of mankind.
But there is another point to fight. Not only has
the oppressive sect no right to rob because she is the
true ; but she is not the true. That is to say, there
are great holes in her claim to be what she declares
herself, which give large room for rallying popular
opposition to the insolence of her demands. Far be
it from any sane man, to set himself up as a judge
of what is abstractedly true. But there aro certain
limits of circumstances, within which all men of
years of discretion claim a power of pronouncing
upon truth or its contrary. And among these acci-
dents, none is more decidedly operative, than the fact
of a sect having risked the declaration that it is esta-
blished upon a certain written rule. This was in fact the
accident, which blew up the power of the Church of Rome
among our forefathers ; men from an accumulation of
causes bethought themselves of comparing with the
rule, and then up went the Church. And this ra-
tional procedure is of no limited application, and re-
quires the concession of no step previous to its time.
It may be exemplified wherever there is an acknow-
ledged written rule ; as, for instance, with the Koran.
If there were no direction there, fur instance, for ab-
staining from wine and observing certain fasts, then
the authorities who insist on those things on the ground
of their being in the written rule, would (with reserva-
tion always of the almost infinite allowance to be made
for human weakness and the power of self-deception) be
impostors and knaves. if anybody on the other side
maintains that the " true believer" 'beyond the Danube
is taught that women have no souls, and that his book
contains indecencies and immoralities, the hook beiug
there to disprove it to all who have the ability to
read—the maintainer runs the risk of being rated
as an ignorant blockhead, in exact proportion to
his opportunity of knowing better. Modern Libe-
rals, in the plenitude of their liberality and in their
orn for the pretensions of their adversaries, are not
in general aware what a dangerous step has been
made by any sect or party, when it avows a written
rule. It might be utterly in vain to try to carry any
considerable masses to question the authority of the
rule, even if you were prepared to deny it yourself. Bat
it is the easiest thing in the world to lead people to exa-
mine the accordance of a sect with its own rule, particu-
'ark- when that sect has made itself odious by insolence
in all directions.

The established sect, then, builds a right to insult
people and take their money, on the boast that it is
true ; that is to say, that its forms, its dignities, and its
constitution are. according to the written rule which is
in the hands of all of us. The struggle is, in fact, for
the divine right of bishops ; and the thesis advanced
on our side is, that the word bishop, and all thereto
pertaining, in its modern and actual construction, is
a fallacy, a fraud, or an apostle would have expressed
his meaning, if he had it, by a still less conciliatory
form of speech ;—a grand untruth, got up and
nursed by that corporate interest which never dies, and
dandled from age to age into a maturity of hobgoblin.
Bishop, as everybody may be supposed to know, is
Episcopus, Piscopus, Biscopus, Rishopus, _Bishop : and
in all the languages in the world where the thing is
known, the terms, however apparently different, may
be traced to the same source. Now episcopus, as any-
body who did not know before may know when he
is told, is Greek for overseer; if you had shut up a
Greek fisting till he had translated for you the word
overseer, he could not have done it more literally ;
it is the proposition epi " over." and the verb seopeo
" to see," or if preferred, the noun seepos " seer."
And this Greek word is of ordinary use in the New
Testamoot. The question, therefore is, whether it ever
meant any thing like a bishop, and whether it did not
mean something as opposite as well can be. If it de-
cidedly meant the first, then the plea against us is good ;
if the other, then it is an ungentlemanly falsehood, to be
resisted by any kind of martyrdom which gentlemen
may like to bare recoUrSe to.
Which of these it is, must be settled, as our ancestors
did such things, by candid examination of the facts,
founded on such book-learning as may be thereto re-
quired. And now then for my father's Concordance,
which he very likely had by his side, when he was pelted
with eggs new and old, for preaching what he thought
right in his time, even as I do in mine.
The first place where the Greek word above given
occurs, is in Acts xx. ; and there it is translated,
not bishops, but overseers. And for this good reason,
that the transistor had before his eyes, that the
persons spoken of were as like bishops, as corporals
are to field-marshals. They were the elders
(presbyter; ) of the Church of Ephesus. " And
from Miletus he sent to Ephesus, and called the elders
of the Church. Anti when they were come to him, he
said unto them, Ye know, &c. And now, behold, I
know that ye all, among whom I have gone preaching
the kingdom of God, shall see my face no more.
Wherefore I take you to record this day, that I am
pure from the blood of all. For I have not shunned
to declare unto you all the counsel of God. 'rake
heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock,
over the which the Holy Ghost bath made you over-
seers, to feed the church of God." It was plain that
the great Apostle was not playing the part of an arch-
bishop who bad asked two or three bishops to dinner,
but doing something much more like Napoleon when
he called out the non-commissioned officers of a batta-
lion, and harangued them in a few pithy words, as the
most effective means of rapidly communicating with the
rank and file. The thing was too palpable, and there-
fore we hear of no bishops there.
The next place is in the letter of the same Apostle
to the Philippians, i. 1. " Paul and Timotheus, the
servants of Jesus Christ, to all the saints in Christ
Jesus which are at Philippi,' with the bishops and
deacons." The translator might as well have said
with the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, for there were
just as many at Philippi. Indeed, it is rather hard,
that we have never heard of the divine right of alder-
men ; for it would be a very fair translation of the
word which is rendered " elders." What these bishops
at Philippi were is clear enough. They were the sonic
kind of men that came from Ephesus, the spiritual
overseers, class-leaders it may be, of something (as
Paley observes) very much like a Methodist society ;
while the diaconi, whose name is from the Greek word
for dust, were individuals who, having no gifts for
spiritual leadership, made up for it by temporal ser-
vices, such probably as holding the plate for contri-
butions of the members, and perhaps sweeping out the
meeting-house for love. At all events they were
something as different as possible, from dapper young
men with their pig-tails thrust under their neckcloths
lest they should not pass, and declaring themselves
moved by the spirit of God to take upon them the in-
come of a family living, as has been the parallel jake to
the joke of bishops.
The next place is in the first letter of the same
Apostle to Timothy, iii. 1, 2. " This is a true saying,
If a man desire the office of a bishop, he desireals a
good work." Timothy was at the head of the Church
at Ephesus, where the Apostle (i. 3.) had " besought
him to abide ;" this office, therefore, which men at
Ephesus were represented as desiring, was not headship,
but something they were more likely to get by wishing
for ; as unlike, in short, to all we understand by a
bishopric, as John Thorogood may be to my Lord of
Exeter. It was a class-leadership
that was the object
of these early Christians' ambition ; and my Lord of
Exeter would require to be purged of much unspiritual
matter before lie was fined down to the simplicity of
these old-world saints.
Read the directions that next follow, and see how
much better they apply to a non-commissioned
e sband of one
officer than to a bishop. " An overseer then (say
blagTneielensts'inth h the seurvice in which
corporal)v,,ife (tlie
remiusst be
not
ot a
re
it would not be an objection if he had two), vigi-
lant, sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality
(meaning that he would give a portion of his ration to a
comrade that had none), apt to teach ; not given to
wine, no striker, not given to filthy lucre ; but patient,
not a brawler, not covetous ;" and so on.
" Not a no-
vice (who ever made a bishop of a novice ?) ; moreover
he must have a good report of them which are without.
Likewise the deacons (who were a sort of lance corpo-
rals), grave, not double-tongued, not given to much wine
e, that
irss forgery
t rrga,,glrieyensotesr aoirreaaudvidree.)rcyt
humble
bfol
er
tefieioevkernreosst we
not greedy of filthy lucre." Does not every man see,
pickingeenl atsi,n
oidsu conscience
tsscaaitleltoi
The next is in the same Apostle's letter to Titus, his
"own son after the common faith," whom he had left in
Crete, to " set in order the things that are • wanting, and
ordain elders in every city, as I had appointed thee ; if
any be blameless, the husband of one wife (the same di-
rections for choosing non-commissioned officers), hissing
faithful children, not accused of ri • ot or unruly. her (a
Bishop, gramercy, they might as well have said a Master
of the Horse) a man who is to be an overseer of others,
(meaning manifestly the elders aforesaid) must be
blameless," &c. Now is not this foul, is not this dis-

1:011rit t it bat it jttaQt ilia Nita tit tyak#
It eotnes to be timid down mon% thronta With
Thorogood's sauce? Not' that it is to be laid to the
charge of any individual man, trim said to himself as in
Solomon's days," Let us go and be a very great rascal ;"
but it is an example of what comes by the corporate
spirit in religious matters, where each in his turn—con-
triltutas a little, to strangthen the Baal of the common
idolatry.
The last instance is in the first letter of Peter, ii.
25 ; ana presents as tine an example of the " pious
fraud," as ever seas pulled to pieces by the Refui mere
at Paul's Cross. The writer is addressing; " the stran-
gers scattered throughout Asia," in language r.•hich Lon-
ginus or Mahornmed, if they understooJ the terms,
would have recognised as appropriate and pathetic.
He says to them, " For ye were as sheep going astray ;
but are now returned unto the shepherd and guardian
of -your souls." And here some miserable creatures
thought they could hitch in a bishop. 'ntcy positively
imagined the complimentin,z of Jesus of N.•z;:reth, with
raising hint to the pencil. The Spanish regiment whit h
keeps a chair at the head of the mess-table for the
Virgin diary who is their Gdonel, is hardly a match
for it. Whether all this is blasphemy er not, those
skilled in such matters best know. But whether is
bathos or tint, is within any ordinary man's appralien-

But there is one place more (Acts xx.), where cot
the word bi•h.-,p but one of its connected terms, is
foisted in under circumstances which might have moved
a smile from the gravest of the Apostles who knew the
man. A passage in the Psalms is applied to Judas Is-
cariot, where it is said, "and his office let another take."
Now, Judas's office was to bear the bag. And this
they have mistaken for a bishopric.
Is a Church whose eiti.inns rest on such ridiculous
forgeries on the written rule it professes to depend on,
to be indulged by plain men in bullying them upon the
ground of its being the tree Church, nor more than
any other of its pretexts for injustice ? The time seems
to be favourable for setting up a new Protestantism, or
a new sect of some kind. Why will men who lire in
glass houses, insist on putting John Thorogood within
stone walls ?—Your's, very siric rely,
T. PERRONET THOMPSON.
London, 19th August, 1640.

MANCHESTER and BIRMINGHAM

RAILWAY COMPANY.

The general half-yearly meeting of this Company
took place on Friday at the York Hotel, Manchester,
and was numerously attended, about one hundred gen-
tlemen being present. Thomas Ashton, Esq., of
Hyde, the Cnairmanof the Board of Directors, presided.
After some preliminary business, T. Wheeler, Esq..
the law-clerk, read the report of the Board of Di-
rectors, from which it appears that the six miles of the
line which had been opened between Manchester and
Stockport had now been in use for thirteen weeks, and
during that period there had been conveyed upon it
175,981 passengers ; being at the rate of 18,585 per
week. The receipts have been 4,9551.; a -.sum which
has ar:son entirely from the carriage of -passengers and
small parcels, the arrangements of the Company not yet
admitting of the transmission of goods.

The general statement of accounts up to July 31,
1810, showed that the receipts amounted to 842 G 471.
14s. 1 1 d., and the expenditure to 895,9141. lls 5d.,
leaving a balance of 53,446/. 16i. .6d. due by the Com-
pany. The statement ot traffic account, from the
opening' on the 4th of June to July 31, 1840, showed
a net balaueo 012,2631. Is.

Oa tl.e tn)tioti tor the adoption of the Report being
put, several questions were asked by shareholders,
principahy in reference to the amount of arrears.

It was stated that about 50,0001., or 21. per
share, were in arreil-s, but that the Directors
had taken steps for bringing the defaulters to a
bearing, or forfeiting the shares. A question wtls put
touching the agreement with the Grand Junction Com-
pany, out the Directors declined entering into partieu-
lais, simply stating that they b, heved it would prove
much mot., advantageous than a similar agreement
win.:h the Grand Junction Company had entered into
with the Liverpool and Manchester Company. Mr. G.
R. Chappt 11, one of the Directors, read a statement,
showing that the receipts on this line per mile, durier,•-:;
the thirteen weeks it had been open, had much exceed-
ed those of imy of the great lines recently opened, duri:ig
the similar period.
The retiring Directors were re-elected. thanks were

voted to the Directors and to the Chairman, and the
meeting separated.

SHEFFIELD AND MANCHESTER

RAIL WA Y.

The half-yearly meeting of this Company was held
on Monday afternoon, at the Cutlers' Hall, and was
numerously attended.

John Parker, Esq. M.P., having been elected by the
Directors to supply the place of Lord Wharucliffe, as
chairman of the Company, took the chair.
The SECRETARY then read the Reprt. The engi-
neer's Report was read by the resident engineer.
The MASTER CUTLER then moved, that the R.Torts
be received and printed for distribution among tins
shareholders.

Mr. IRONSIDE rose to ask for an explanation of the
cause of Lord Wharnechfrs retirement, and of the law-
suits pending. He had seen a letter in the Railway
'haws, signed " A Victim," complaining strongly of the
Directors ; but, from what he heard, he supposed the
writer had taken shares with a stew to make a profit
by them, and, fitilinc., had victimized himself.
The Cuaium AN said, as he had that morning taken
his seat at the Board for the first time, he could not be
personally conversant with what had passed ; but the
other Directors might be able to give the required ex-
planation.
The Directors having consulted for a few moments,
John Sykes, Esq., said he had not the least unwilling-
ness to give a full explanation, if it were considered po-
litic, under the present circumstances to do so. But
they all knew that the lawsuits were at present pend-
ing, and that it must be very difficult to make an ex-
plaaation that might not be prejudicial. Therefore
unless the decided wish of the meeting were for a pre-
sent explanation, the Directors would rather defer it to
another opportunity. He had no doubt that, when
given, it would be found entirely satisfactory.
Mr. EDWARD SMITH thought that the Directors
had made a sound decision. To make such an expla-
nation now as should not prejudice the law proceed-
ings, and at the same time do justice to Lord \Vharn-
chile, would, no doubt, be very difficult, particularly as
he understood there was some question as to the rights
of ownership. He therefore thought the explanation
had better be waived for the present. _ _ _

After the accounts had been received, and thanks
voted to the Chairman, the meeting broke up.—Man-
chcster Guardian.

PACIFIC STEAMERS.

Extract of a letter from Captain Peacock, dated on
board the Pacific Steam Navigation Company's steam-
vessel Peru, lat. 9 15 N., lon. 25 50 W., out fourteen
days front Plymouth :—" The Peru has hitherto had a
most prosperous voyage, ans.vering in every respect my
most sanguine expectations. Oa leaving Plymouth we
experienced a head wind, with a heavy cross swell,
until the evening of the following day, when I ordered
the fires to be burnt down, blew out the boilers, and
made sail. On this first trial of sailing, although deep,
we got seven knots out of her. There was u good
deal of swell on, and the vessel occasionally rolled deep,
16)futthaeftie.urnna
el,minutelsawinn%otersitsigkato in,i n of
lowe rtinh,e mit,oeaenadble parts
in
eight
minutes from the commencement I had the gratification
to see it snug in the chock, without straining a rivet or a
rope yarn. When the wind died away we had everything
in its place again, and the fires alight in four minutes
from hauling taut the main gears. The operation eli-
cited the admiration of every one on board, and the
correct workmanship of the arrangement reflects the
highest credit on Messrs. Miller, Ravenhill, and Co.
The funnel, when down in the chock, lies within the
letel of the paddle-box boats, and at a distance would
resemble a long midship gun. It is completely out of
the way of working the square mainsail, and when down
the op el
only
antdi
oneotnh
eeonnf t
iosr
only
eyetphi
day'snr three
seait l
onirgse
.bme
fuTocriahe
esgitenartatpidlniefigewdini.ntdo NwtVilas:
''treaarddy light,cosn,
with the wind dead aft, with lower, topmast, and top-
gallant studding sails set, we went eleven knots for
four consecutive hours, and in twenty-four hours ran two
hundred and twenty-five miles. This was the greatest
run under sail. The least was 140, and this was the
fifth day of sailing, when near the edge of the variables.
We only consume half a ton of coals per hour on the
average, and find no difficulty in keeping steam, without
the additional length of funnel. The null coals are ex-
cellent ; and, in my own, as well as the chief engineer's
opinion, are superior to the Llauelly coals. The sails
all fit admirably, and the engines work extremely well.
The vacuum now exceeds 23 in both. I perceive the
great advantage of Sir Wm. Burnett's patent solution on
the studding sails and awnings ; it will increase their
value .50 per cent. 1 urn happy to inform you that my
passengers are well, very contented, happy, and eon!f ort-
able‘') day,ch is
of which there
daily
expressed. is every p
hope
r toos prospect." t.at
Rio
oil
the

.
evening, when an ad.
The perambulation of the boundaries of Lord
Carlisle's extensive manors and estates in Cumberland aid
still uncompleted. Northumberland commenced on Monday last, and was
place. Part of the barony of Gilliland and
day
were the accidents by flood of
EltstoslP:iillra a:r4otrusr:::
and
will be resumed at a future time. His Lordship's a
were joined ott each day by an immense asseniblaggents
field, on the trackless wilds and rocky cliffso
gentlemen, and manyand
over which
they had to pass. The riding commenced near Cumre
from which place the party proceeded ir.
Croglin Fell, Knarn n,
dale-commo liartl to
urn, 1 Newbiggit
andg.
ob I G.l ,
Scotscoulthard, Lnmpert Paddonburn
the river Line to Scaleby, from
thence , Bewcastle, and by
Armathwaite, extending over a
distance
hundred miles.—Carlisle Journal. of about tllO