The Sun.
London, England, 1841-07-08 00:00:00

Aent°

trust of their allies and friends. They have been
bitterly and most unmercifully assailed by a
lying Tory press, which has not been wholly
unsuccessful. So far as the town elections have
turned out unfavourably, then, we must asaribe
the result rather to the unpopularity of the Mi-
nisters than to the unpopularity of their recent
measures.

The Tories, we believe, take a similar view.
They are well aware—and every hour, as com-
mercial distress increases, strengthens their con-
viction—Ahat Sir ROBERT PEEL cannot govern
the country on the principle of maintaining all
the existing monopolies.
Yesterday the Times inserted the Earl of RAD-
NOR'S letter, to show that agriculture does not
need protection. It continues to harp on the
popularity of the proposed measures. It in a
manner admits, therefore, the necessity of them.
The Times, at least, whatever Sir R. PEEL may
propose, is evidently preparing to throw the
landlords overboard, in order to obtain for the
Tories the credit of supplying the wants of the
State, while they reduce the burdens of the
people.
'The Tories have raised a cry against the Mi-
nisters in order to turn them out, and the in-
stant they are in power they will and must adopt
measures like those they object to. They force
oil a dissolution—they disturb and convulse the
country—they avow an intention to coerce the
QUEEN in the names of Monopoly and Consgr-
vatis►n, and they are preparing, even before they
are in office, to adopt something like the Wliig
measures. They are resolved to reap the harvest
which other men have sowed, and they bring
down a large force, raised under false pretences,
to chase the honest husbandman from the field.
This proceeding, if carried out, will be a sort of
political piracy. It can only succeed in the long
run if the people be as corrupt as the Tory poli-
ticians. We give them credit for much more
honesty; and whenever the Tories begin to act
on their piratical intentions, they will chase
them from office with the ignominy they deserve.

LONDON:
THURSDAY, JULY 8, 1841.

The doctrines of free trade are making pro-
gress amongst the agriculturists. We have evi-
dence of this now lying betore us in an "Address to
the Landowners and Farmers of East Cumber-
land, by a Landowner and Farmer," published at
Carlisle, and in two speeches delivered at Rye, in
Sussex, on this day week. The address to the
landowners and farmers is an able as well as ex-
tensive production, and it goes at length into the
subjects of Corn-laws, and sugar and timber du
ties. Our readers will see much good sense in the
following passages :

It appears to me, therefore, that the whole derange-
ment or contraction of our currency, and consequent ef-
fect upon our commerce, are traceable to our Corn-laws
and other restrictions upon the absolute necessaries of
life, the depression in trade and want of employment
keeping pace with cur restricted currency. from the
causes before stated; because had a regular importation
of grain been allowed at a moderate fixed duty, markets
would have been open for our manufactures which would
have been bartered for the grain imported, instead of pay-
ing for it in gold, and the exchanges or trade would then
have been properly balanced—the restrictions in the cur-
rency avoided, and consequently the want of labour and
fearful depression in the trade and commerce of the coun-
try, which is paralysing every joint and sinew of its indus-
try. And what is likely to be the consequence of our pre-
sent unwise and partial legislation for the benefit or
supposed benefit of a portion of the community ? It is
ruin to the manufactures and commerce of this great
country, and is likely to drive our merchants and manu-
facturers with their capital to other countries, where
more profitable employment can be found : and what
then will become of our landed proprietors ? They must
sink to their former level by their own wrong-headed-
ness, because it is utterly impossible that they can con-
tinue in prosperity when the other great interest is de-
clining. If they think otherwise, they must be the most
besotted of all..men : one can hardly for a moment sup-
pose yet they must have credit for sincerity, but that
only at the expense of their judgment, and that is in
believing the landed proprietors are honestly of opinion
the prosperity of the country depends upon agriculture
alone, and that they can swim whilst the other great
interest is sinking ; such belief, however, can only arise
from ignorance of the subject which it ought to be the
endeavour of every parson to remove, and there are no
means so effectual as discussion in showing them their
true interests, and that by permitting the regular im-
portation of grain, sugar, and timber, at moderate fixed
duties, and encouraging our own manufactures by thus
obtaining markets for them, we are avoiding our own
ruin, and preventing the destruction of our country.
I won't argue the point as to the question beirr, a
landlord's or tenant's, for the latter now see, if it be a
question to either, that their interest would scarcely be
affected, and I wish the landowner was equally en-
lightened. The tenants do not despair in being able to
cope with the foreigner with the fixed' duty proposed,
and they feel also that they would be benefited in the
general welfare of the country, and that the operatives
(for they, the farmers, are the operatives on the lands)
must sink or swim together. Then, the last question is
over-production by our manufacturers, but .that is a
question of degree depending upon the markets open to
them, and certainly if they be shut out as they unques-
tionably are, by our corn, sugar, and timber duties, from
the markets of the world, then over-production is easy
and may be admitted ; but open such markets by an in-
terchange of products and it would be difficult indeed to
cause over-production by the labour of our country, for
we should have a steady and regular demand for our
goods, by which the supply would be regulated almost
to a certainty ; but, under the present system of fraudu-
lent averages and protection, there is nothing but un-
certainty to the agriculturist as well as manufacturer,
and starvation to the labouring class. Indeed a sliding
scale regulated by averages can never be free from the
frauds complained of.
Such sentiments do honour to the East Cum-
berland Landowner; they seem indigenous to the
county, for Sir JAMES GRAHAM was renowned
for the extremes to which he carried his Liberal
opinions, before he was perverted by bad com-
pany, and became a renegade from truth and
honour. Let us now turn, however, from the
north to the extreme south of England. The
Brighton Guardian, published yesterday, con-
tains the speech of the Mayor of Rye, JEREMIAH
SMITH, Esq., whom it describes as an eminent
agriculturist, from which we make the following
extract, recommending it to the perusal of the
farmers- all over the kingdom, and to the peru-
sal of landlords who suppose they can for ever
dupe the farmers:—
The Mayor observed that he felt himself repaid by
their kind approval of his conduct. Their honoured
Representative had touched upon the Corn-laws.—
(Hear.) As a farmer, he (the Mayor) would give his
opinion as being interested to a slight extent in the cultiva-
tion of land. He had well considered the subject, and was
now ready to embark his lot in the fate of the change.
(Cheers.) He was well aware that it must soon come—
(Hear, hear)—and therefore he said, now was the time
to make a good and just bargain. If they as farmers did
not meet it, the opportunity would be lost.—(Hear.) It
was asked what should• they do if they did not
grow corn ? He replied, they should grow some-
thing else. He treated it as a question of two farms.—
. In thatl"ti question
country
_'`.o,l*.) If this would not grow corn at a profit, it
easurntaugow beef and mutton. In France, meat was now
here
and while
France waswithm eatthNevaLs Legislature as
ls. caoprnouinvads.
a corn country, England was a grazing coun-
try
could grow corn, we -could find
meat, hops, and
not stand still, we other articles.— Cheers. We could
Hest show that wirtmcust go on or fall, and therefore we
He knew they could grow
nromeet all nations.—(Hear, hear.)
but then we can grow cheaper than we could
than they can, and if we
e3oruokifthings better and cheaper
we should not be sufferers. Nevrade, and get a profit,
open to us which we could supply markets would
.daily
, we restricted
others from coming here, how could they meet us in re-
turn ?—(Chers.)
At the same dinner Mr. SELMES was present,
who is one of the best known farmers of Surrey.
He some time ago contended for a wager that
he would produce a hundred head of finer cattle
of his own breeding than Earl SPENCER. The
Earl won the wager; but that Mr. SELMES could
contend with him is a proof that he is no mean
agriculturist. He is, in fact, an authority on
e,
that subject, and his words, therefore, are worthy
the attention of his brother farmers : *4
Mr. Selmes said, with respect to the Corn-laws, his
opinions were well known. When the present Corn Bill
was passed in 1828, he was one of a Committee sitting
in London to watch the progress of it ; and could
assure them that up to the night of being brought
before the House, it was a question with the
Ministry if it should be a fixed duty or a sliding scale.
The present scale was adopted, and he considered it was
was for the best, because the farmers then as a fixed
duty expected at least twenty shillings a quarter.—(llear.)
Experience had, however, convinced him that both were
wrong, the farmers in wishing for so great a protection
which could never have been maintained, and the Go-
vernment in adopting the sliding scale.—(Hear, hear.)
He was satisfied a fixed duty was the best for all parties.
In 1829 they had corn at 365. per quarter ; in 1840 they
had wheat at 78s. per quarter. In what way, he would
ask, did the present laws accomplish the end intended
by thorn of regulating the price of wheat so as to give a
steady protection to the farmer ?—(Hear, hear.) Or
did they make it beneficial to the country at large ? In a
few years no less than seven millions of gold had been sent
'La of tlie country for corn. That could not be for the
benefit Of the country.—(Hear.) He certainly.-eonsi-
dered, now that the Poor-laws were altered, Ahtfarrners
-were not entitled -to the same kind of protection- they

It seems right to reinind our readers that two
distinct questions have been put to the electors
by the late dissolution,—the first concerns the po-
pularity of the Ministers, the other their mea-
sures, or rather the principle of their measures, to
increase at once the resources of the State and the
prosperity of the people. To the second of these
questions, the almost universal answer of the in-
habitants of towns has been favourable. Neither
at Liverpool nor at London, was the battle won
under the black flag of monopoly. The Tory
candidates were in favour of free trade, but they
objected to the men by whom it was offered, and
to the time of offering it. At Leeds the return
of Mr. BECKETT was due, we believe, to his local
influence. It was the victory of a townsman over
a stranger. If the majority of the counties have
answered, or will answer the question as to the
measures unfavourably, the great majority of the
towns have answered favourably, as to the prin-
ciple of the measures proposed by the Ministers.
In fact, we have quoted from the Times, for
two successive days, unanswerable proofs of the
great popularity of the principle of the measures
in the opinion of that journal. It expected to be
overwhelmed, and its gratitude, for a victory or
two, contrary to its expectation, has been un-
bounded. These measures speak to the purses
and understandings of the people, and to govern
them, the Tories must propose measures coinci-
dent in principle with those they have now stirred
up the people to oppose.
The other question has been answered, we
regret to say, in the negative. It is neither de-
sirable nor just to conceal the fact that the popu-
larity of the Ministers has very much dimi-
nished. Something is due to their possession of
office. Government is, in its own nature, a tres-
pass on the natural rights and freedom of men,
and those who have to administer it must, of
necessity, frequently come into collision with in-
dividuals or bodies of men.

To quote one instance. The powers of the
Government were never, we believe, under
similar circumstances, more leniently exercised
than by the Whigs in the case of the Chartists.
We know, as we have frequently before stated,
that the leniency of the Government was ob-
jected to by many of its supporters. We do not
say or think that the Chartists committed any
offence ; but the law of England is a wide net
with which barristers and judges can entangle
almost every action. Neither do we say that
the Whigs were as lenient as they might have
been. We expressed a different opinion at the
time, and we maintain that opinion now.
Nevertheless we repeat, that, looking at the be-
haviour of previous :Ministers in similar circum-
stances, and looking at the behaviour of other
Govermuents, the powers of Government were
never more mercifully exercised.

But though the Government only executed
the law in no unjustifiable manner, the being
obliged to execute it brought it into odium with
a great body of the people. Other similar in-
stances might be quoted to illustrate the princi-
ple that to administer the Government neces-
sarily carries with it unpopularity; but these
will suffice to explain one cause why the Minis-
ters are not so popular in 1841 as in 1836.
Without entering into minute particulars,
it is plain, that with the clergy, the
landowners, the monopolists of all kinds, with
those they have turned out, and those they
have kept out of office, the Ministers must be
unpopular. They are also unpopular with the
Chartists and sonic • extreme Liberals. 1 hey
ha: e yielded, it is thourrlyletoo much to_ the
Toriesi andhaveexcited b7t, apparent w.cu s,
tA i es
the contempt' of theiropp.onents, and the: titisl

were entitled to some years ago.—(Applause.) He was
not a commercial man,_ but he could not understand on
what grounds a merchant could send out goods to take
corn in return with a duty of 245. against him. There
was not now a trade in corn ; but when we were
pinched for it, and must have it, we were oblige& to
send gold for it. If the duty were fixed, all persons
could trade. He firmly believed that if a duty of from
ten to eight shillings a quarter were fixed, prices would
be much steadier, and general trade more flourishing.
—(Cheers.) Seasons, they knew, must affect them to
some extent ; but so it would all other countries at
•times. He could not think the present law had done
anything to regulate their prices, and no man
could enter a farm with safety, nor could • the
tradesman make a contract without risk, on account
of the great fluctuation in corn.—(Hear, hear, and
Applause.) - He had always treated it as a dangerous
question, and that if they went wrong they could not
speedily set themselves right again ; but they had now
experience before them. He considered they had' now
a reasonable chance of fixing a duty which might be
maintained. He had for some time looked upon it that
it must come, and this was the time to make the best
bargain ; but if:the Tories obtained the Government,
circumstances would be different, and the bargain would
be a worse one for the farmers.—(Hear, hear.) Since
1829 there had been eleven millions of quarters of corn
imported at the average duty of ss. 9d., and only a year
ago the'ports were open at a shilling a quarter for two
months, and therefore he could not understand where
the danger was of inundating this country with corn ;
it was not done at a shilling a quarter, and he could not
understand how it could by possibility occur with a duty
of Bs.—(Applause.)
When we can add such practical men as Mr.
SELMES and Mr. SMITH, to EarlFiTzwiwAm and
the Earl of RADNOR, as opponents of the present
system, we think it is impossible to have higher
practical and theoretical authority connected
with the land, to prove that no injury would be
done to the farmer by the proposed Ministerial
change.
The remarks of Mr. SELMES, relative to the
Poor-laws, are particularly deserving of the atten-
tion of Sir ROBERT PEEL, and that squad of
politicians who tax the people's bread, because,
as they say, they have unjustly taxed the land-
owners' rent. As these gentlemen are very
anxious nicely to adjust, as they say, the
burdens of the different classes, and •as
they assign that as the pretext for the
Corn-laws, why should they not proportion the
bread-tax to the burdens on different land ?

The poor-tax has been diminished in England
—did they then have any thought of diminishing
the bread-tax ? No. In Ireland, however, there
was no poor-rate till very lately ; but the land-
lords of Ireland had an equal protection to the
unjustly taxed, as is said, landlords of England.
If the former received only justice then, they
ought, now that a poor-rate is levied in Ireland,
to have a higher tax laid on foreign corn, or in-
justice will now be done them.
Again, in Scotland the poor-rates are little or
nothing ; and why should Scotch grown corn be
equally protected with corn grown in Sussex ?
Of course, the same principle applies to the
different counties, and even to different pa-
rishes ; and if the burdens of taxation be
a valid reason of taxing bread, that ought
to vary with every parish, probably, but
certainly with every county, and with the
three parts of the kingdom. There is, however,
no possibility of giving protection to agriculture
in proportion to its burdens in different parts of
the kingdom, nor has the Legislature ever
dreamed of such a thing. All the arguments,
therefore, about the burdens of agriculture are
mere after-discoveries or inventions, paltry
pretexts to excuse a wrong, and gloze over an
indefensible fraud. If the people's bread be
taxed as a balance to the peculiar taxation thrown
on the land, we call on those who assign that as
a reason for the tax to adjust it according to the
different burdens laid on the land in England,
Scotland, and Ireland.

The second part of the correspondence rela
tive to the affairs of the Levant has just been
published, with a view to its being laid before
Parliament. It embraces the official corre-
spondence of the Ministers and agents of the
Great Powers on the Eastern Question from the
15th of July, 1840, when the Treaty of London
was signed, till the 2d of November, being three
days posterior to the date of the downfall of the
THIERS Cabinet. This correspondence will es-
tablish some facts very mortifying to some of our
Ministerial Contemporaries, and not a little
galling to the Tory traducers of the Govern-
ment. To begin with the Ministerialists. The
Morning Chronicle has at this moment a corre-
spondent at Constantinople -who repeatedly as-
serted that everything we stated of the enmity
borne by Lord PONSONBY to the Pasha of EGYPT
was false, and the Editor of that Journal has
more than once in a general way repeated that
assertion. We were not then at liberty to quote our
authority for the opinion we expressed, but we knew it
to be too good to allow us to pay any attention to the
contradictions of the Chronicle, though worded in such
a way as to appear to emanate from the Foreign-office.
From the correspondence before us, it appears that on
the sth of September, 1840, MEHEMET ALI, alarmed at
the success of the Allies on the coast of Syria, informed
the Consuls of the Four Powers at Alexandria, through
SAISI BEY, that "he had accepted the inheritance of
Egypt out of deference to the decisions of the Four Powers,
and to the orders of his benefactor the SULTAN ; but with
regard to Syria his non-acceptance not being 'a
refusal,
his Highness considering his numerous services to the
Ottoman Empire, is desirous of submitting a request on
this subject, as well to his lawful Sovereign as to the
Four Powers ; and he flatters himself that his Excellency
RIFAT BEY (the Turkish Envoy) as well as the Consuls
of the Four Powers, will have the goodness to communi-
cate it to their respective Courts." As the fleet was not
given up, and the surrender unconditional, the Consuls
refused to receive this communication, and only five days
later we find Lord PONSONBY writing in the following
furious strain to Lord PALMERSTON :

for all people have either sided with it, or have abandoned in
despair the active support of Mehemet Ali. But this state of
domestic affairs may be altered if the Porte exhibits signs of
fear, and this is another motive for the immediate deposition of
Mehemet AIL

The intrigues of Lord PONSONBY were so far success-
ful that the dccheance of MEHENET ALI was solemnly
pronounced by the SULTAN, and read in the Mosque of
San Sophia by the SHEIK-UL-ISLAM. His Lordship ap-
pears to have felt satisfied that he' had completely ex-
anguished the I'AcHA. But he was not suffered to re-
main long under such a delusion. On the 15th of Oc-
tober Lord PALMERSTON addressed, the follOWine de-
spatch to Lord PoNsoNnv, in which his Lordship is
quietly informed that he must set about undoing all that
he had done against the PAcirx
Her Majesty's Government having taken into consideration
the act by which the Sultan deprived Mehemet Ali of the .Pa-
chalic of Egypt ; 'the bearings of that act upon the present'
state of pending questions, and the course which it may be ex-
pedient to take thereupon, have invited the Representatives of
Austria, Prussia, and Russia, at this Court, to submit to their
respective Governments, that, undoubtedly, there is much
force in the reasons which, according .to your Excellency's
reports, induced the Sultan to take this step ; and that while,
on the one-hand, this measure in no degree prevents the Sul-
tan from reinstating Mehemet Ali, if lie should speedily make
his submission to his Sovereign; on the other hand, it may
operate as a powerful instrument of a moral coercion upon
Mehemet Ali, by making him aware, that. if the contest be-
tween him and his Sovereign should be prolonged, and if the
issue of that contest should be unfavourable to him, he might
lose all by his too obstinate resistance.
That in this view, and in order to make the recent exercise
of the sovereign authority of the Sultan useful towards effecting
an early and satisfactory settlement of pending questions, it is
the opinion of her Majesty's Government, that it would be ex-
pedient that the Representatives of the Four Powers at Con-
stantinople should be instructed to proceed to the Turkish Mi-
nister, and to state to him that their respective Governments,
in pursuance of the stipulations of the 7th Article of the Sepa-
rate Act annexed to the treaty of 15th of July, beg strongly to
recommend to the Sultan, that if Mehemet Ali should at an
early period make his submission to the Sultan, and should
agree to restore the Turkish fleet, and to withdraw his troops
from the whole of Syria, from Adana, Candia, and the Holy
Cities, the Sultan should not only reinstate Mehemet Ali as
Pacha of Egypt, but should also give him an hereditary tenure
in that Pachalic, according to the conditions specified in the
Treaty of July, but liable, of course, to forfeiture by any infrac-
tion of those conditions on the part of Mehemet Ali or his suc-
cessors.

Her Majesty's Government have reason to hope that this
suggestion will meet the concurrence of dip Governments of
Austria, Prussia, and Russia, and your Excellency will accord-
ingly take the steps pointed out in this despatch, as soon as
your colleagues shall have, received corresponding instructions.
' If the_Sultan should, as her Majesty's Government cannot
doubt, consent to act upon this advice when tendered to him
by his Four Allies, it would be expedient that he • bould take
immediate steps for making his gracious intentions, in thin re-
spect, known to Mehemet Ali; and your Excellency and Sir
Robert Stopford should afford the 'I urkish Government any
facilities which it may require for this purpose.
This,'we think, for ever settles the question as to the
personal hostility of Lord PONSONBY to the PACHA.
Henceforth the readers of the Chronicle, and of the
Globe, which repeated the statements of the Chronicle,
will know what value to set upon their semi-official con-
tradictions of the statements of better-informed journals.
The portion of this correspondence which will annoy
the Tories, relates to the contradiction which it gives
to the pompous war preparations of France, and the
inferiority of our naval strength. Early in October
Count IVALEwsKt, M. TRIERS'S friend, who had been
sent to bully the Porte, had some of his gasconading
remarks reported to Lord PALMERSTON by Lord PON-
SONBY. The answer of the noble Foreign Secretary is ,
dated the 27th of that month, and contains the• fol-
lowing passage. " I have to instruct your Excellency
to state to the Porte that the language of Count WA-
LEWSKI, reported in your note of the 7th of October,
was only meant to intimidate. France will offer no
armed support to MEHEMET ALI, because, by so doing
she would place herself in collision with the Four
Powers ; and neither her army nor her navy are- strong
enough for such a collision. By sea France inferior
to England alone ' • but much more so to England and
Russia united. By land she has not, with all her recent
armaments, more than her full peace establishment
under arms, and out of that force she is obliged to keep
60,000 melt in Algiers ; and therefore she has not; and
could not, for many months to come, have a disposable
force to undertake a war against all Germany and IZu3sio.
But the retirement of M. TmEns and hiS colleagues from
office is a pledge to Europe that France is not going to
make war in defence of MEHEMET tV,I. All these con-
siderations,: however, ought only to be additional mo-
tives with the Porte for making the best use of the time
present, and fur employing every possible effort to bring
the war in Syria to a speedy and successful termination:"
All comment upon this extract is unnecessary. ' It is,
now evident that Lord PALMERSTON early penetrated
the blustering character of M. TRIERS.

We are net in the habit of making any comment upon
speeches delivered on the hustings. We endeavour to
report them faithfully, and leave those most interested to
make their own comments. But we feel compel!ei to
notice the presumptuous assertion of the Tories at the
nomination of candidates for the county of Middlesex
yesterday, as the matter passed under our own eyes. Mr.
NEWDIGATE, in seconding the nomination of Mr. WOOD,
took occasion to tell Mr. BYNG that he was there merely
upon sufferance, that he was the tolerated 24ember for Mid-
dlesex. Mr. NEWDIGATE had the presumption further to.
warn Mr. BYNG that there was a limit to toleration, and
expressed hiS earnest hope that he woitill not again put
them in the same painful situation—by whose sufferance
or toleration Mr. BYNG still continues for the 15th time
-Member for Middlesex, we are at a loss to know. We
happen to know something of the county of Middlesex
ourselves, and it is a fact, that, up to the latest moment,
Mr. WooD and his Tory friends were trembling in their
shoes for fear of a second candidate being started in con-
junction with Mr. BYNG, and we honestly think the Li-
beral party are highly to blame for not having taken this
course. If Mr. NEWDIGATE thinks that the small portion of
Tories upon the hustings yesterday, comprise the sense
of the county of Middlesex, we tell him then he is wofully
mistaken, and it must indeed be an obtuse intellect that
could not be convinced in the stirring scene of yesterday
which candidate was the choice of the meeting. Mr.
BYNG, we •tell them, is fixed in the hearts of .the elec-
tors' of Middlesex, and he is safe in the hands of his
friends. We were delighted to see this attempted attack
repelled in a manly and spirited manner by Mr; SAMUEL
WHITBREAD.

The insurrection in Crete begins to excite so much
interest in Paris, that our Contemporaries can no
longer remain silent respecting it. Accordingly, the
Chronicle of this morning breaks silence with the fol-
lowing attack on the brave Cretans :
" We will yield to none in interest for the Greeks ; but
we cannot approve of that abetting of their discontent which
can lead merely to bloodshed, and to no other ulterior result.
The upshot of the great Greek insurrection was to secure for
the Greeks, by the intervention of European Powers, the
tranquil possession of almost all their old country. The inde-
pendence even of this portion the Greeks would not have been
able to maintain against Mussulman force, except by the sup-
port, military, naval, and diplhmatie, of the Christian Powers.
But it was- not the intention of the Christian Powers
to crush altogether the Mussulman population. And
it would now be very unfair, after the recent settle-
ment of Greece, to come forward with a new crusade against
the Turks. It would be not only unfair, but dangerous ; for
Crete, if taken from the Turks, must be under the protee-
tim of some European Power. More than one would
dispute it. And thus, from philanthropy towards Greece
might spring a sanguinary war between the Europeans.
In the settlement of Greece, Crete was not included
in that kingdom, probably because the Turks had
not been driven from it. And, perhaps, the inte-
rest towards the Greeks of the island was dimi-
nished by the known fact of their being the most audacious
and relentless pirates of the . Mediterranean. It may
be added that the experiment of a Greek island, under a
Greek Prince, with especial privileges, but under Turkish
suzerainty, did not at all succeed in the case of Samos. Per-
haps, then, the wisest efforts of the Philhellens should be di-
rected towards securing for the Greeks under Turkish sway
such rights as the edict of Gulhane promises. We have
strong hopes of the regeneration of Turkey, not by the Turks
resuming their ancient superiority as an exclusive, tyranni-
cal, andconquering.race, but from a better amalgamation of
races. But whether this takes place or not, the Greeks
have more to gain at present by peace than by war ; for every
year adds toitheir force, whilst it diminishes the number of the
Turks."

We received on the 7th the accounts of what has taken place
at Alexandria between Mehemet Ali, RiNt Bey, and the Con-
suls of the Four Powers. Your Lordship has all this matter
before you, and I have only to state that Rechid Pacha un-
derstands the reply of Mehemet Ali to be a refusal. His Ex-
cellency sent his private secretary, Nedim Effendi, to me this
morning, to make known the contents of a copy of a letter
from Mehemet Ali to the Grand Vizier, the letter itself not
having been sent from Alexandria. The contents are a mere
repetition of the old story—application for the possession of
all Syria, and boastings of services rendered to the Sublime
Porte, and the often-repeated declarations of undeviating
loyalty and devotion of Mehemet Ali to the Sultan.
Nedim talked of affairs, and told me Rechid Pacha desired
to depose Mehemet Ali. I desired him to assure Rechid Pacha
that I thought the measure not only advisable but necessary,
and that I was in correspondence with my colleagues on the
subject.
Last night I had a long conversation with the Internuncio,
and after examining the question with me, his Excellency
seemed to concur in my view of the necessity for depriving
Mehemet Ali of his post of Governor of
_Egypt ; anci.his Ex-
cellency had the goodness to undertake to communicate with
our colleagues this day, if I would write a note to his Ex-
cellency statin, my opinion, and referring to the conversa-
tion we had then been engaged in. I have done so this day.
and will report the result if I learn it in time for the estafette.

I observed to the Internuncio (and I had previously held
similar language to M. de Titow and Count Konigsmarck),
that unless Mehemet Ali be deprived of the post he holds by
the authority of the Sultan, there must be incongruity and
confusion in the state of affairs. Mehemet Ali, being the
legal Governor of Egypt, has the right to issue orders to the
Egyptians, who, on their part, have no right to examine into
the tendency of those orders, and they may be, and will be,
directed against the Sultan's authority, so that the authority
of the Sultan is to be employed against the authority of the
Sultan, and the obedience of the subject is to be called for to sup-
port disobedience to that Power which they (the subjects) are
ordered to obey.
The deposition of Mehemet An is necessary to place a block-
ade upon its proper footing. It will be something worse than
absurd for the Sultan to order a blockade of his own port, that
port being continued by the Sultan under the Government of
the man whose conduct is the reason for establishing the
blockade. And there may possibly arise cases of difficulty with
foreign nations from the strange nature and novelty of the
blockade.
The Convention provides for the present suppression by force
of the transporting by sea, troops and military stores from
Egypt into Syria, and that work has been performed. Mehe-
met Ali, in Egypt, has no longer anything to fear from the
Allies, and may rest quiet there, exempt from the pressure of a
blockade which would probably ruin him. The Sultan alone
can order a blockade, and I have shown that he cannot order
one consistently with common sense or with his own dignity,
unless he shall depose Mehemet AU.
There are other and various reasons why the deposition should
take place, and one very powerful, which is, the vast importance
attached by the Turkish station to a solemn act of the sort done
by the Sultan. 'lhis was shown the other day in the case of
the deposition of the Pachas of Syria, which was held to be
almost a decision of that question, because people are accus-
tomed to believe that such a formal exercise of the sultan's
power implies a confidence on his part in his possession of the
means as well as the right to execute the law.
The refusal of Mehemet Ali to accept the Convention is not
expres,ed in words alone. His acts have declared it, for he has
not delivered the fleet to the Sultan's envoy ; he has not given
orders to restore Syria, both having been made in the Conven-
tion nominatively conditions to be observed by Mehemet Ali
within the period of time therein specified.
The Turks will in a very few days have 10,000 regular troops
ready to be sent to reinforce the 5,600 men already gone to
Cyprus.f The bubble of Mehemet Ali's threats to march lbra •
him 's army to the gates of Constantinople has burst ; and it is
evident that Ibrahim and Solyman have enough to do to main-
tain themselves in security in Syria.
The Porte ought to take awe), the chance upon which Me-
hemet Ali relies for his escape from his present peril. The
Porte has nothing to fear, and it is not exposed any longer even
to a threat of attack ; and there is no'sort of dornestie 'danger)

• Some twenty-four years - ag© the -Chronicle-urged the
same prudential reasons, and others still stronger, against
the insurrection of the Greeks of the , Morea ; and had
the gallant HYPSILANTIS, 450T1R1, KHARALAMPI, MAX-
ROCORDATOS, NEGRIS, COLETTI, BOTZARIS, and CA-
NARIS in 1823 listened to the sage counsels of their
pseudo friends among the Liberal press in England,
there would. have been;be no Great Powers to guarantee
the freedom of their, country in 1827. ~_The chronicle
ought to blush to remind the Greeks that they owe their
independence to the interference of the Great Powers, in
the face of the well-known fact that but for the bad
faith of these Powers towards the Patriots, and the indi-
rect assistance which they lent the SULTAN, the Greeks
would have achieved their independence unaided three
years at least before they succeeded in for ever
casting from them the Ottoman yoke. If the Great
Powers delivered Greece by what the Duke of WEL-
LINGTON described as an " untoward event,' the destruc-
tion of the Turkish fleet at Navarino in: 1827, we Must
not forget that British interference saved that fleet by
protecting it in the canal of Corfu in 1823. Only a few
weeks after the inhuman massacre by, the Turks of
20,000 of the peaceable inhabitants of the;lshind of Chios;
under the protection of the ladies of the lmperial
Seraglio !
In the excess of its caution the Chronicle passes in
review the dangers that would arise from placing the in-
dependent Cretans under the protection of any of the
Great Powers. This is a difficulty surmountable at very
little risk. When the proper tims arrives, we 'shall be
quite ready to discuss it.
The Chronicle is at all times eloquent about the rightS
secured to the Christian subjects of the Porte by , the
hatti scheriff of Gulhane. Our Contemporary' ktiOWS
very little about the Turks if he supposes that the habits
engendered by centuries of domination are removable by
a paper edict bearing the signature of ABD-UL-MEDJID.
They are in Europe the same fanatical, ignorant, cruel
race that they ever were from the period when they, first
gained a footing in it. Nor could the Cretans choose a
better time for asserting, their independence than when
all Europe is a witness of the barbarity and want of good
faith of the Turks in Syria. Moreover the Cretans would
have long since proclaimed their freedom had not their
chains been riveted by the iron despotism of MEtizmET
Au. In deprivinmhe VICEROY of the. government ,of
the island the SULTAN virtually extinguished the sway
of the )loslems in Crete. To the gallant Cretans, then,
we with every success ! In Europe the Crescent must
henceforth yield to the Cross, and GOD forbid that we
should be found arrayed against the oppressed elevators
of that sacred banner in a cause so worthy of Heaven's
protection as that of liberty. The efforts which the
Cretans are making for their independence 'in the field

THE SUN, LONDO', THURSDAY, JULY 8, 1841

are thus summed up in a letter from Athens of the
15th ult. :

" The war has increased into an inveterate conflict in the
mountains of Spakia. On the 4th the Turks who had entered
on these heights were .suddenly attacked in the rear, and all
their courage was inadequate to defend them from the masses
of stones which were hurled down upon them from the sum-
mits by their.olmost invisible enemies. A detachment of 300
Arabs was, as it were, engaged /between two inaccessible
cip mountains, and forced to surren.' The insurgents estimate
their own losses upon this day.at from 300 to 400 men, but
make that of the Mussultsawg, including prisoners, amount to
between 1,000 and 1.200. On the 13th another battle was
fought with great fury. The attack was general. At one
moment the Turks gained several advantageous positions, from
which, however, they were afterwards dislodged by the intre-
pidity of their opponents, and obliged to fall back on Vassa.
The Christians have now four guns. On the 14th there were
some slight skirmishes without any consequential results. The
deserters from the garrisons of the Peloponnesus to Candia
continue to be numerous, and among them are said, to bese-
veral Germans."

Nor do the Cretans rely Wholly upon, their own re-
sources against the whole weight and fury of the Turk4ll
empire. The following correspondence, which we copy
from the columns of the Debats, manifests the extent to
which they calculate upon the sympathy of the ,Christian
States—sympathy which we trust-will not'be _withheld
from them. They must conquer or perish, as from the
Turks it would be madness for them to expect Mercy,
were all Europe to unite in guaranteeing it to. them 1-
4' TO THE MEMBERS OF THE OLD GREEK. COMMITTEE OF
FARIS, VISCOUNT DE CHATEAUI3RIAND, THE. DUKE DE
BROdLIE..THE COUNT DE ST. AULAIRE, MARSHAL-SE-
BASTIAN', M. VILLEMAINE, THE DUKE D'HARCOURT, M.
BENJAMIN DELESSERT, &C.

" GENEVA, JUNE 30.
• " Gentlemen and former Colleagues,
" It is a duty for me to inform you immediately of the letter
I have this instant received from the Cretan Commission.
Time not permitting me to write to each of you individually,
I take the liberty of addressing my letter to the Journal des
Dcbats, which will, I hope, give it insertion. _

" It appears to me impossible, gentlemen, to remain deaf
to the cries of distress of these unhappy people. If European
policy cannot, on account of its engagements with the Porte,
come to their assistance, let the feeling of humanity which
exists in the bosoms of the people replace that which their Go-
vernments cannot do. Insurrection of all kinds is to be.de-
plored ; but as that has taken place, and the vengeance of the
Turks is ready to massacre Christians who only ask for their,
liberty and independence, ought we not to assist them ?
Let us again, gentlemen, term philanthropic Committees ;
Christian Sovereigns cannot blame, and if they once allowed us
to assist the Greeks, would they now oppose our efforts to save
the Christians of the east ?

" Th,el, circumstantial details which I have received, and
which I shall hive the honour of laying before yoti, prove that
the unfortunate Cretans will he treated with the most frightful
barbatitykif !hey yield; the massacres which were perpetrated
in Crete after the Greek revolution, shows the fate reserved for
the inhabitants of that island. In concluding this letter, I
permit myself to invite all the ancient Committees of France,
Germany. and Switzerland, who are interested in the cause of
the Greeks, to again unite, in order to send assistance to the
oppressed Christians.—Accept, Gentlemen, &e.,

~ J. G. EYNARD."

" TO M. EYNARD.

"Monsieur le Chevalier,—Your name is ever connected with
the enfranchisement of Greece, and whenever the Greek peo-
ple, who are still under the Ottoman yoke, shall seek to break
it, they will throw towards you and your cellegues of the Com-
mittee of Pails their suppliant looks, certain to find noble and
generous sympathies among those who have done so much to
procure the freedom of Greece.
" You will already have heard of the holy insurrection of
the Christian inhabitants of the island of - Crete ; the cares
which we have been compelled to give to our unhappy brethren
about to suffer all the horrors of a war of extermination, or to
rise from a state of the most abject servitude, have alone pre.
vented us from making known to you immediately the resolu-
tion of the Cretans, and the events which have been the con.
sequenc-s of it.
" To spare the recital of details, which from their having
taken place have lost much of their importance, we take the
liberty of sending you annexed an account of this new insur-
►ection of the Cretans, and of the causes which have brough it
about.

We entreat you, Sir, at the same time, as well as all your
illustrious colleagues of the Committee of Paris, to take our
cause in hand, to raj-0 in our defence those powerful voices.
which brought about the general movement which electrified
Europe in our favour.
" Since the publication of the memoir which we have
smt you, blood has been spilt in several places, and
our unfortunatelcountrymen, although deprived of arms and
ammunition, have sustained with heriosm the first efforts
of our enemy, who, stimulated by an infernal policy, have
flocked in their troops, hoping to drown in the blood of the
Christians every sentiment of liberty, and, by their celerity of
action, to prevent the great powers having time to interfere.
. .

" Let the friends of humanity, let those who, like you and
your colleagues, havei acquired immortal claims to the grati-
tude of the .(reeks, counteract, by the promptitude and efficacy
of their steps, the plans which tend to the destruction of an
heroic people, so unjustly sacrified in 1830.
"We conclude, Sir, by informing your colleagues of the
Committee of Paris of our letters we conjure them to grant
us once more their powerful protection, and to raise their
voices and your own in favour of unhappy Christians, and to
accept beforehand the expression of the gratitude and respec
of your humble servants,
(Signed)

" M. APOSTOLIDES,
" V. RENIERIZ,
" EM. ANTONIADE,
" EM. MANITORNY,
" S. ANTONIADES,
"The Cretan Committee in Greece.

" P. S. In addressing to you our prayers and supplications,
in pointing out to you our feelings, we conjure you, sir, to
be also our interpreter,to the old Swiss and German Com-
mittees, and to all others who compassionate the lot of the
unfortunate Christians in the east.
" Athens, May 28 (June 9 1841)."

We have received the whole of the Paris Journals of
Tuesday. Most of their leading articles relate to the
election contests in this country ; and, truth to say, the
reports of, bribery among us have obtained for us a
hearty mud-pelting from the immaculate Liberals of the
Paris Press. But missiles from such a distance, and such
a quarter affect John Bull less than the Lilliputian
archery did the spectacle-defended eyes of the immortal
GULLIVER.

amounfof the loan, which we have seen viriotsly estimated at
fi4mi 36,900,000 to 60;000,000 florins. •
The Temps .says :—" '1 here is much talk of a failure for
3,000,000 f. by one of the first banking-houses of Paris, which
would also take away 500,000 f. from another banking-house,
which is always mixed up with these sinister financial ru-
mours. But, fortunately for this houv, the present, like all
the former reports spread to its prejudice, are unfounded, and
have not 'shaken its credit. The firm which has stopped pay-
ment is the respectable house of Pierre, •Hugues, Verninac,
and Co. - •

But although little is said upon the subject we begin
to perceive that, as brother -JONATHAN would say, mat-
ters are wearing an ugly look between France and England
in the Mediterranean. The former Power has long been
hankering after the Island of Majorca ; and for the last
three years she has been seeking, under various pre-
tences, to establish a protectorate over the Regency
of Tunis, with a view to extend her African con-
quests in that direction, As England is not yet disposed
to suffer France to convert the Mediterranean into
a French lake, her GoVernment has kept a watch-
ful eye ; upon every proceeding of France in that
quarter, and repeatedly called the attention of Spain
to the defenceless condition of the Balearic Isles. We
may presume that, as regarded the Regency of Tunis,
England was not less explicit in making the Porte ac-
quainted with her views. In the Constitutionnel of Tues-
day, we find the following letter from Tunis, dated
the 13th of June, from which it would appear that the
Porte, aware of the intrigues which the BEY is carrying
on with France, is prepared to take measures to enforce
the allegiance of his vassal. The truth or false-
hood of the report about the " fitting out of a
Turkish squadron to reduce the BEY to obedience,
rests entirely upon the correspondent of the Con-
stitutionnel. We only know for certain that France
Meditates wresting from Spain the island of Majorca, and
that she will not, succeed in doing so without perilling
the peace of Europe. As this is a British question we
can speak of it with the more confidence. Now for the
Tunis Correspondence of M. TEI.EA: organ :---
The Turkish Government is on the point-of .repeating the
attempt, which it made without succemsnn Tunis, All
the letters from Constantinople, written by Turks to theirif.Ja-
tions and friends at Tunis, agree in stating that an expedition
against the Regency has been resolved on in the Council of
Ministers.

Letters from Malta announce that several English men-of-
war were waiting for the arrival of the Turkish squadron to
join it, and to come here to favour the landing of the Sultan's

troops.
The Bey, who
,has been aware of the projects of the
Sublime Porte, is regularly informed by his agent of
the preparations which are making against him; and
without any hope of resisting by force the projects of the Sul-
tan, supported by Lord Palmerston, he is endeavouring, by an
anticipated submission by presents, and lately by compliance
with the desires of England, to resist the blow which threatens
him, or, at the least, to- act so that the conditions to
be imposed on him, shall be less severe. Accor-
dingly, he has just despatched to Constantinople a brig,
loaded with presents for the Sultan, the Minister,
and the Members of the Divan. Such is the
cause of the loss of the influence of Fiance here, and of the
change in the policy of the Bey with respect to us. However
we can affirm that the Bey is more inclined to France than
to England, and his conduct hitherto sufficiently proves this.
" if the destiny which Lord Palmerston is preparing for the Re-
gency of Tunis be realised, what will become of the debt due
to us, and above all, what will become of Algeria? We shall
have no alternative but either to evacuate or to double our force
there, in order to maintain our possessions, and to suppress
the continual-Uneasiness which the Turks and the Engl sh will
not Tail to excite." _

Since the arrival of General Bugeaud in Algeria, the mer-
chants of Turin have received large orders for oxen, and the Bey
has hastened to prohibitthe exportation. But as this general mea-
sure affected also the trade with Malta, which imports all its
oxen from this quarter, means have been found to evade the
decree in favour of the English, and recently a rich Mus-
sulman, Ben Hyet, has exported 200 oxen to Malta, under a
pretence that he was making a 'Present of them; It is Fro-
bable that. other presents of the same kind will follow the
first, in order to 'show that this prohibitory decree was only
against the French. He had also'had here within the last two
two months, a Captain of Cavalry, M. de Lacombe, on a mis-
sion to procure -horses -for the cavalry, and although there is
abundance of horses in the country, the Bev would only grant
a permission for the exportation of ten. .This fact is
the more remarkable, as on the last five occasions of
purchasing horses for the French cavalry, before the
arrival of M. de Lacombe, all the horses wanted were
puteliascti at from 250 to 350 francs each. Informed of the
refusal of the Bey, General Begeaud Wrote to himself to request
hint to give more extension to his lcscheret (permission), and
he then permitted the exportation of fifty horses ; but the Bey
totik care first to communicate the letter to the English Comitd,
and to ask his advice on the subject."
10f general news there is an absolute dearth in the
Frbnch Papers. The following paragraphs interesting
tot ommercial readers relieve them from absolute ste-
rility :
litisstAx LOAN.—" The sixteen millions of florins,' says
the Siecle, " Which the house •of Hope and Co. has sent into
the market at Amsterstam, belong to the last series of the loan
contracted by Russia two months ago. The disposal of this
series has not been so ready nor so easy as usual, because it
has got rumoured about, and designedly, that the Russian
Government.- was shortly going to contract a new loan
,of 80
millions of francs. This loan will bo made, it is said, in the
name of the provinces of the former kingdom of Po:and,
because Russia foresees the possibility of a case arising in
which, as the consequence of a- partition of Turkey, this part
of Poland might be. ceded to Prussia, who would then settle
as she liked about thii loan, which wilrbe Polish only in name:"
The price of the New Austrian Five he: -Cent: Leati is said
by the Cologne Gazette, to be, in reality. a little under the np-
nunal price, iO-11, on account of the benefits.granted,in the
cdntractors. The Siecle says that the bankers who have`talt6l
tljis loan are to be allowed five per cent. premium, and two per
cent, commis.iien. Much cortradictiert still' prevails as to the

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