The Sun.
London, England, 1847-03-12 00:00:00

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high character of the Minister who bad for so many / from treaties in chief. But if it were wrong for Austria,
years directed the measures of Austria, he need hardly ! Russia, and Prussia to break the treaty of Vienna with
Say that he alluded to Prince aletternch, yet he looked I respect to Cracow, on what ground could the Noble Lord
upon the Convention of Vienna as a guarantee for I at the head of the Government justify the conduct of
European security, and if one clause was to be taken( Great Britain in her efforts which she made for the
out of the treaty of Vienna, why not take all out. That (separation of Belgium from Holland ? for, by the 73d
convention had been agreed upon b' five of the great article of the treaty of Vienna the King of the
r.owers, and he did not see why these of those Powers Netherlands was recognised as the head of the king-
actd independently. The motion brought forward don of Belgium and the United Provinces.—(Hear.)
)y the Hon. Member for Montrose vas merely an ab- What, then, was the course taken when Belgium rose in
"tract motion, and although no one was more anxious revolt against Holland? Were there not several poten-
to Support the independence of Cracow than he was, yet tates' signatures in chief to that connexion, yet neither
111.,..fe1t bound to support the Ministry on the first reso- Sweden, nor Spain, nor Portugal, were invited to the
runt which had been proposed by him. It was true conference by which the separate existence of Belgium
that the law officers of the Crown had given their was recognised. France was a party to this separation,
opinions in favour of this payment, but nevertheless he but not by virtue of her having signed the treaty of
could not assent to the principle which they had ad- Vienna, but .in consequence of her troops having.
'aneed. He did hope that the wads that had been been then across the frontier. The Noble Lord (Pal-
uttered in that House would not be last upon the three merston) said that when the articles of a treaty- were
Powers, but that they would conviace them that the signed in chief, the various articles engrafted into that
ti me had arrived when they must respect the rights and treaty were attested and ratified by that signature.
Liberties of their neighbours. Now, he should like to know whether Austria, Russia,
„ Sir It. H. INGLIS thought that this country ought to Prussia, Sweden, Portugal, or Spain, concurred in the
anite with other powers in restoring that State, which arrangement with regard to the separation of these court.
• 2.e. hoped was not altogether extinct, but only suspended. tries ? Instead of the Emperor of Russia concurring in
Watt) Noble Lord at the head of the Government said he the arrangement, he offered to send 60 000 men to Bel-
thft.s.prepared to support any abstract resolution upon gium to drive the French over the frontier again. In the
. e subject. Now, was not the resolution which had one c use, then, there were three parties in chief concur-
"en placed in the hands of the Speaker sufficiently ab- ring, and in the case of the separation of Belgium and
fartr_ct. It was merely a respectful echo of the speech the Netherlands, there was no attempt made to obtain
urnthe
throne upon this manifest violation of the the assent of the parties to the original treaty, and they
~_Treaty of Vienna,and without troubling the House upon did not wait for the concurrence of three out of four of
"le pounds, shillings, and pence of the matter, it merely the parties, who had agreed in chief for the settlement of
sw.ent to affirm that the extinction of Cracow, as a free the low countries. If England wished to set the example of
P'ate, was an unjustifiable act. The House unanimously keeping the faith of treaties. She ought to have acted
assed the speech from the throne, and he could not un- differently with respect to that management, and she had
lion
upon what ground a resolution, echoing a por- no pretence now for saying that Russia, Prussia, and
t°rl °fit in a substantive form was to be rejected. The Austria, had violated the treaty of Vienna. Anything
rineiple which justified the annexation of Cracow more contrary to the truth had never been stated than
uld equally justify the extinction of Frankfort,the ex- that the spirit of the treaty of Vienna had been violated.
°
unction of Hanaburgh, or any of the German States, , They had the correspondence of Lord Castlereagh to
Whose freedom had long been conceded and respected.— I show that no such thing was contemplated by the treaty
a ear.) Until a treaty should cease to be an oblige- of Vienna as the security of the independence of Poland
,°ll between two nations or a charter existing between —it was to secure what had now been effected—the an-
two great Powers, and become simply a piece of parch- nexation of Poland to Austria. So earnest was the
_anent with a piece of sealing-wax dangling from it, he Emperor Alexander, with regard to this matter, and
otild never scruple to denounce acts of the kind - under so great was the desire of Prussia, France, and England
atoaussion in the strongest possible language, or formally to prevent his designs, that a secret treaty was entered
he Place his opinion with regard to it on record.—(Hear, into between these powers on the 3d of February to de-
te at) Every individual from her Majesty on the feat the intentions of the Emperor of Russia, whilst Prus-
earone down to individual Members of that House con- sia refusedjtogive up possession of any portion of the tern-
nuorred in reprehending this act, and he trusted tory. It was said, however, that though Lord Castlereagh
aaevernment and the House would do themselves was not permitted to enter into the discussion with regard
' honour, and Poland the justice, to pass these to the arrangement for the settlement, yet that England
• . resolutions unanimously without one dissentient voice, was a party to tae treaty of Cracow. Now, for the setts.
*2(Rear, hear.) The Noble Lord at the head'of the faction of those who said that this treaty was for the
• lac'aernment seemed to concur in its spirit, and as no maintenance of the nationality of Poland, 15......anid 5.....1
' member of the' Government had moved any amend- a few extracts from the correspondence of Lord Castle-
taent..te he would sit down expressing a fervent hope that reagh and the Emperor Alexander. The Noble Lord
e 13:114 aiesty's advisers would still, for the sake of prin. having read these extracts, proceeded to ask where any
t 0 pass
and justice, see the necessity of allowing the House anything was to be found in that correspondence to show
Pass the first part of the resolution as a renewed ex- any desire to secure the nationality of Poland. Cracow
b
- re!si°n of their opinion 'upon this all-important sub- , belonged to Austria from 1795 to 1809, and it was only
Jett, connected, as it was, with the rights and privileges in the latter year that it was wrested fiom Austria by
of freedom.--(Hear, hear.) Napoleon, and constituted into the Duchy of Warsaw by
ta Lori G. BENTINCK said the Hon. Member for Mon- the treaty of Reighenbach. It was the object, there-
, was good enough to inform the House that he was fore, of Castlereagh, in that correspondence, to
ralaeetly ashamed of his Hon. Friend the Member for restore things to what they were in 1809. So
the
fertile course he had taken on the motion for far as Cracow was concerned, Austria, Russia, and
, lie address in answer to the speech from the Crown Prussia would not permit England and France to inter-
Ud he was sorry to say that the course he was going fere in the arrangement, and this he considered must be
. tape to-night would not enhance him in the estima- evident to any one, from the curt reply of the Emperor
a teenof the Hon. Member for Montrose. He had list- Alexander to Lord Castlereagh, on the 21st March,
4eci with great attention to the speech of the Hon. 1814. Now the Treaty of Cracow was not signed till
ember for Montrose, but it contained only three sen- the 3d of May following, and was ingrafted into the
lucents he agreed with. The first was, that they must general treaty of Vienna in July afterwards. How
het forget pounds, shillings, and pence ; the second was, came it then that the Noble Lord, when he received that
that Peace was the greatest blessing that could befal a communication from Sir Richard Gordon, did not remon-
nati'm ; and the third was, that they ought to have the strate ; but it was not until afterwards that he did
41 °rl courage to be honest. Now, with regard to the so when he had ascertained that Cracow was to be
last," he thought the Hon. Member took a strange absorbed in the power of Austria. Having thus
izttitirse in his endeavour to prove to the House that he shown that in this settlement the wishes of
cr, a great desire to act honestly when he proposed that England had been consulted, he would inquire
ea the slight grounds he had stated they how far the wishes of the Cracovians themselves had
vpuld deny the Emperor of Russia his due. been consulted. It would be remembered that the city
ills Hon. Friend the Member for Shrewsbury (Mr. of Cracow was not represented at all in the treaty of
leraali), in a speech unanswered, as well as other Hon. Vienna, although there were representatives from Ham-
...embers who agreed with him, had entered their pro- burgh, and Lubeck, and Bremen, and even from the
test against the declaration that had been made from the Jews of these places ; still Cracow was not repre-
, prone. But, still further, the mover of the address, in septet], because she was considered in the light of a
tTswer to the speech from the Throne, avoided pledging neutral party. The three great Powers, who were di-
M'a House to any opinion upon that section of the speech; vided as to which Power she should be annexed, were
tinly went so far as to pledge them to thanks to her obliged to throw aside their petty squabbles, to meet
a Jesty for the information which she had given them, the immense force of Napoleon, and they agreed to
'lamely, that she had ordered a protest to be made to the allow Cracow, for the time being, to hold the rank of a
'
Emperors of Russia and Austria, and the King of Prussia, free city. The Hon. Member opposite, had seen fit to
ilatunst that which appeared to her to be a manifest vio- tax him (Lord George Bentinck) with misrepresenting
grin of the treaty of Vienna; and her Majesty at the facts, when he stated that the news of the annexation
seine time • informed the House that papers would be laid
the House which would elucidate the matter. of Cracow.. had been received with acclamations and il-
beforelumination.—(Hear.) He would show the House that
They had not been called upon to pledge themselves the Cracovians had reason to rejoice that they were
either the one way or the other, to say that it was a mani- freed from the reign of terror which would have
feat violation of the treaty of Vienna. But he (Lord been, if Poland had succeeded ; and that they were glad
George Bentinck) after the most patient study to be placed under the gentler rule of Austria ; and he
Of the papers which had beenlaid before would, in the first place, read the declaration of the
the House, had come to the conclusion that
•
Emperor of Austria, to show that the Emperor did not
there was no violation of the treaty of Vienna whatever,
threaten with courts martial and with executions the
(Hear, hear,) In treating of what he must call the persons who had joined committees, or any societies
minor question, the payment of the money, he concurred whatever. (The Noble Lord read at length the declare-
.so entirely with the Hon. Member for Southwark (Sir tion of the Emperor of Austria.) Was that not a
W. Molesworth) that he should detain the House for a pleasing prospect to those persons who admired well-
very few minutes on that point. But he must be allowed regulated Governments ? But he would inquire how
to observe on one point which had not been noticed by these promises had been fulfilled, and lie would quote
, any preceding speaker, viz., that it was admitted in the authorities which might be received with more confi-
h ntaention oflB3l, and it was also recited in the Act passed dence by Hon. Gentlemen opposite than some he had
, , a?
eh
_House, that it was in consideration of Russia having already quoted in the course of that evening. He would
. rg,vpher adhesion to the general provisions of the treaty quote from the correspondent of the Times newspaper,
,)_ Vienna which were still in force, that the convention and from the correspondent of the Republican paper of
_,.signed and the Act of Parliament passed. Now it Harnburgh. The Noble Lord proceeded to read ex-
Ineuomonbe recollected that the 9th article of the treaty of tracts from that correspondence to show that the social
. aeotraiittvhich related to Cracow, recited that complete and political condition of the city and territory of Cra-
" railitY Was guaranteed to Cracow, and that cow would be improved under the Austrian domination.
to be wry force, on any pretence whatever, was The Noble Lord then read a letter from a gentleman in
//04,
no ermitted to enter the free state of Cracow. Cracow, which stated that it was much for the advantage
could ainfringement of the article relating to Cracow of Cracow that the annexation had taken place, as the
Iripil'n'te taken as a manifest violation of the treaty of expenditure of the republic exceeded their income, and
of ' "less it was clear that a violation of the treaty that the people of Cracow would free themselves from
the forma had been committed in the year 1831, for at 300,000 dollars of taxation annually, and also obtain
AetvoearY time that that convention was signed, and the the abolition of the import duties upon Austrian pro-
-404 -Parliament passed by the House, Russia was in duce. The country would also be freed from the im-
of ea:'Y occupation of Cracow. The military occupation mense military force which they. were obliged to maintain
of the ecaa, though in contradiction to some of the articles gratis, and a number of Austrian capitalists would settle
Nate treaty of —•e
Y i nnn, was no violation of the general in the country, and render it prosperous. Prosperity
Whey Honourable
Vienna, which then continued in full force. would therefore be the lot of the Cracoviennes; and he
seeioaalonourable Gentlemen talked of treaties they would not consent to brand the Emperor of Russia and
treet" t° forget that there were two parties to a the King of Prussia with having broken the faith of the
he i?'' and that treaties, like other contracts, must treaty of Vienna. He regretted that the First Lord of
true "Pt on both sides. Although it was quite the Treasury should have charged three crowned heads
171 that one of the conditions of the treaty of with such paltry motives, upon such slight foundation,
th '44
ea. was that no military force should occupy and he thanked the mild paternal Government of the
trembee state of Cracow, it was also a condition of the King of Prussia, and of the Emperor of Russia; he was
aeutarai°l' Vienna that Cracow should observe a strict glad that they had given way to the mercy of decision,
ateetamitY, and that she should give no asylum or pro- and that they had smothered this den of revolutionists,
Goner t° any refugees or other persons hostile to the which threatened to keep the whole of Europe in hot
alade 'n'eut. If they were to believe the statements water. From all these considerations, he was prepared
taeateaP°u this point, there was no State which was a to move a direct negative to these resolutions.
Bette rr_dehnquent in this respect than was the free Mr. T. DUNCOMBE said he was not aware whether the
then a°' Cracow. In the year 1831, there were no less feelings of the three crowned heads would be as warm towards
tahere;°°o refugees in that State. It had been said that tate
Noble Lord as his
lwe_re towards
them.bbea he.ar..)
The opinions of thefb e Lord oa_gh_ o e
letter
met y a direct
qua no no just cause for interference on the part of
vote of the House o Commons. He had a from a gen-
illtelat altatalad the Noble'Lord at the head of the Govern-
tleman, not written from Vienna, but from Cracow itself.
aalsteeh " said, on a former occasion, that he thought the He had seen a gentleman who was there at the time itself, and
'l4ce antes of Cracow might not have been altogether had remained there for three days after the revolution, and
4,llePtable to that country. Never was a charge so his opinions were very different from those which they had
• Itage3:,; Without foundation as that. It Mr. just heard uttered.—(Hear, hear.) That gentleman
tear, —.B were to be trusted, it would ap- had informed hiss, when the declaration was made public
raee that Austria had done all in her it was done amidst the tears of the women, the
'lle ``" maintain the peace of Cracow, and so soon as muraters of the men, and the thunder of the Austrian artillery.
Aast l'atate of Cracow called upon the Emperor of He had heard of illuminations, and he knew of people who
would have preferred illuminations to having their windows
and its for assistance, he sent a force of 800 strong,
broken. and Cracoviennes preferred illuminations to having
It fo - Was not till the Polish emi rants appeared in
it • tee of g . their throats cut. The inhabitants of Cracow had sworn
a attaia.„s,ooo strong that General Collin thought allegiance to the Austrian Government, and he would say that aehru.aut to retire. It appeared that upon the 18th of that dissatisfaction existed with regard to the Austrian Govern-
, aka „uearY the Austrian troops advanced to Cracow, and meat, when it was known. He would give an instance of the
ay tZ 22d General Collin retired. Upon the same sort of education the Aovernment gto the
fo tie manifesto rth,
'nn
of the Polish Government was put youth of Austria,which ustrian
and, of course,G they would inave future
Itere i.d " which they stated that their brethren in Posen extend it to the youth of Cracow. The following
Ole 'lnns' and prepared to avenge the wrongs of was the catechism read in the schools:—Q. How ought
l a+
aaa ao.. and called upon the people of Poland to unite subjects to conduct themselves towards their sovereign ?
ZO hn" an oath swearing fidelity to their country. A. Subjects ought to behave towards their sovereign
to ajPed that Hon. Gentlemen who seemed to connect like faithful slaves before their master. Q.—Why ought they
/:o,llltiea of the Polish Government with that of liberty, to behave like slaves? A.—Because the sovereign is our
_Nate look a little closely at the constitution of the re- master, and his power extends over our property as over our
persons. We feel the blessing God bestows on us in giving us
'retie-4.l'aq Government of Poland. What were the
"ovea. of 'that Government? They first made the nahegeorode.
)antesc,hattistisannnkeintlef
the
t superior.—(Laughter
stlaess
e t,
be
eeo and
Itkl iZ'lnent, so far as Poland was concerned, universal stow upon us when he gives us eagrgeoa:l and Christian king--
a" ode late. The second article imposed the penalty such as him under whom we have the happiness to live, and we
'lt --""uPOn•any person who should refuse to occupy
li Place - ought to pray to Gad to. give a long life and reign to-our b.-
. loved sovereign. -The Polish Government, as it was to be este-
ttled Under the Government, which might be as
thie tro them, blahed, was to be absolutely answerable to the nation. He
The third compelled every person ca-
should like to know whether the Governments of the three
ours -°,,`,..arms, to assemble within twenty-four
aas e aft the bearing
- ofthe • l Government
_Powers who had seised Cracow were answerable to the nation.
the sot
re , manifesto
ea* autha4n, and place themselves at the disposal of
that if the twenty millions of Poles were to unite, no -Power
'NO la thorities of the place near which they resided, could subdue them. Every Pole under the new system of
211ted e event of their not doing so, they were to be Government should be made to provide for his wife
'Net •as deserters, andpunishedsuch. The fourth and family,
the e, , rs, as and the crippled and sick should be sup.
"4146'4'41W with death all who did not submit ported by the community. • It pray.ed the Divine bless.
alltlished•e\vla the revolutionary Government. The fifth ing on their arms, and concluded with. a recommendation
at. la to 5 nu death also every person who should be-
the aY eons •
e Qov committee or society, without the sanction murder. also to be administered, by which each
that their arms should not be sullied or stained by plunder or
An oath was
fay pee erament. The sixth, punished with death Pole swore to devote hiimsbseedl
ththinestceaa of'
rY fson who(Mr. buncombe)
ew ao or tota should destroy the signals of the coup- il
thesio r H did not think that the opinion expressed
had succeeded
.ettlaia 40,0. r. e - -
up, any officer in the execution of that duty.
by the Noble Lord that evening would at all help the oppress-
(ll
that life,haenyd
qattilYet et ,ilileatber had spoken rather severely of the
tr 'clan ' e Austrian Government in encouragig the tria, what guarantee could be given that Saxony or ing powers. powers. Under such a system as the one adopted by Aus-
f4 'fiats ta° Murder the landed proprietors of then mom- land would preserve their liberties for six months hinge!, P.r
deal the aory did that matter stand ? It appeared that they would not be taken by these benefactors of mankind?
have
tjllaaa4statement of Mr. Magenis that upwards of 70 In the present case, the ambassadors of this country must
the
had t,akustrniaatfrom the Gallician peasantry waited upon been duped by these powers, and that greatly aggravated
h 4., eash Government, praying for assistance against insult to the honour of this country. The ambassador aot.
big shot downemats and it was not until the landlords Berlin, the Earl of Westmoreland, in a letter to the Etbarloe.l
to-0 in the' some of the peasantry who had refused to Abertd. een,f dted the 22d of February, had stated thatture ean .
aa'reie ealf.ainesarrection, that the peasantry of Gallicia P
onlycua dmesntioned troacawst wsoas
long
grealys otiflea
security
yranrif
tbnea.
Gov,
ern!
ateZ upwaruZnee against their persecutors
didand mur- meat required it. How would the Noble Lord explain
drearnich 3of 600 of them. Well, Prince that? A letter from Mr. Bloomfield, at St. Peters-
llitat.eti the say that the peasantry. of Gallicia burgh, to the Earl of Aberdeen, stated, that in consequence
op waleh restoration of the Polish . Govern- of a rumour having reached him that it was in contemplation
lierfa 410/1, real my reminded them of their
.former to make some
.changes affecting the independence of Cracow
Au while '''' the time when they were nothing but he made inquiries, and was answered that no idea of any mo-
lt,
_stri, v_ , under the favourable rule of the house ol dificatien was as yet entertained. A letter from Mr. Magennis,
e then to were nearly allproprietors of land. Was
•ise to
is h„
wondered
informed him that no mention had been made of any specific
tiaa a oria a' at, that the Gallicians should
points
.which were to be discussed in an approaching Confer-
!), bee, man against the Polish emigrants? It had
ence with referenee to Poland, but he had no reason to be-
Chia,.
aaaid that Austria had no just ground for
have that any permanent military occupation of Cracow was
Net, •`° le treaty with Cracow. The Poles, or the
Aust viaas and p contemplated by that Cabinet , and he ada further said that
atroariaa
antes
eles together, were the first to invade that which had been consecrated by a solemn treaty, forbade
p4,:IR, andaY crossed the Vistula with a force of 5,000 any such such supposition.—(Lond cheers.) A dispatch from
vast] °! Auspanceecled to the salt mines—the richest Warsaw, from a Colonel —, stated that it had been in con.
444, A)°, rarta—and he could not, therefore, under- templation to occupy. Cracow for the next two years, and that
the 1-tat hoatnat argument it could be pretended that that idea was raised before the present disturbances in Gallicia,
kitieoity of 'ono right to carry the war into the heart of or before the revolutionary. manifesto at Cracow was published.
kiss!). aatariae°w, and to treat her as a conquered Here would show, and, indeed, here would prove, that the. dis-
hwohestonmmitatrl
th4t le, and respect to the pretence that Austria, turbances had beenh got
should
pouV
like
tEmpietrorh of Austria and
Prince Metternic . H prised Part ,PrUSSia, had no right to alter
°al 4in theo' the treaty of Vienna tom- 2,000. persons were
n- tsar
ic)eeebyen etnakaepapreahnedndeed,
/141 repeat the article relating to Cracow,- he could this murder had not in any sin'Lletai
rointalcal• Frie e arguments used on a former occasion b ehile all the political utsu?rg h
The real culprits he'd escapne7
aer the Had the Member for Sh band Y awaited their trel at Berlin
doses)tsigned $o °d
that the articles Shrews bur re- and those who were comparativaely anno.c.ent were taken'
.
d h Majesty,'
lila' in „in chief by Great Britain,
to Cracow Two years ago the Emperor of Russia visited er
GA ,or .t'ort reat Britain, France, Swe- and subsequent to that event, her Majesty, in an address from
-likateal a__ ugal. The law of ntitions, he be- the throne, stated that as the Emperor of Russia had undertaken
"guezed troika.. in a fir different light ;journey to this country at oonsiderabls inccnvenience to him.