The Sun.
London, England, 1841-12-01 00:00:00

THE S(N, LONDON, WEDNESDAY, DECEILBER 1, 1841

siastical profits. Neither could the ecclesiastical law
have produced any such effect here. 'Unless recognised
by common law, or enacted as law by statute, it was and
is wholly inoperative in this country. This obligation to
repair; as imposed by common law, is recognised 'by all
the common law authorities, by Lord Coke, and indeed,
before his time, in other Courts ; but by Lord Cake, and
by all authorities who followed him, down to and in-
cluding Lord Chief Justice Tindal, and the Judges of the
Court of Exchequer Chamber, as expressed in their
judgment in" Veley against Burder." The obligation is
further recognised by various statutes, from the time of
Edward the First down to the present day. It is again
recognised iu all the Acts of Parliament of modern times.

We cannot dispute or doubt such authority,
but we can point out on what it rests, and the
readers will judge of the justice, not of Dr.
LUSH INGTON'S decision, which we do not call in
question, but.of the law itself. It is so decreed
by the common law, the expounder of which was
Lord COKE, and persons antecedent to him. The
common law, that which Dr. LUSHINOTON ad-
hered to, because he can only act by precedent
or statute, is the declaration of an opinion, or a
decree of a man, or some men, who lived between
two and three centuries ago. Lord COKE died
in 1634. The common law has no other or higher
authority than this, together with the sanction it
has since received from usage. Is it rational that
a declaration of opinion at that time by one man,
should be binding on society now under very
different circumstances?

Lord COKE, .and the able lawyers who went
before him, possessed a sort of equity jurisdic-
tion, and decided according to circumstances.
In his time there was comparatively little per-
sonal property, and that was scarcely assessed.
At that period the middle classes were just
gathering power, and becoming known, and at
that period the bulk of the land was in the hands
of a few great proprietors. Prior to that it had
been in the possession of still fewer, and the
middle classes were of still less importance. The
words parish and parishioners probably meant
rather the land than the people. The old law-
yers took a rational view when they declared
that the parish, meaning the great landowners,
must provide for the repairs of the churches in
which their vassals and the persons who
dwelt in the parish worshipped. Circum-
stances are now altogether different. The pro-
perty of the people is more personal than landed,
and personal property is assessed to Church and
Poor-rates. Now also there are numbers of Dis-
senters, who are made, by such decisions as that
of Lord COKE and Dr. LUSHINGTON, to pay for
the support of a Church they never use. To
continue blindly to apply the old law may be
very legal, very proper, strictly according to pre-
cedent, but it is calculated to make all reflecting
men despise the law as a parcel of rubbish, if it
be not a nuisance. If Judges wish that the law
should remain respected, they should sometimes
throw precedents aside, and allow common sense
to have more sway than the decisions of pre-
vious Judges.

The Morning Post yesterday, in defence of the
Corn-laws, admitted that a law to make one class
pay more than they need in order to enrich
another class was wrong and without a just
foundation;; but it defended such a supposed pro-
perty in the Corn-laws by an assertion that the
law gave to the class whom it made pay more
additional means of payment. A prettier mode
of conjuring is not to be met with in the booths
on Epsom race-course or at Bartholomew Fair.
Only pay one sixpence each, say the quacks,
only one little sixpence, to learn the whole art
of getting rich. Plain men distrust all such
quacks, and keep their little sixpences in their
pockets as the surest means of having something.
The Post admits that the Corn-law takes away
the little sixpences from the people, and its skill
in conjuration fails to show how the people are
made wealthy by legislative plunder.
When men assert (says our Contemporary) that the
Corn-law makes them pay more than they would have
to pay if there were no Corn-law, they must mean that
in case of the law being abolished, they would not only
have less to pay, but they would have the same means of
payment. If by the abolition of the law both the price
of corn and the means of paying for it were equally di-
minished, then the fact of having to pay a less amount of
money for corn would be no benefit.

Those who make the assertion mentioned by
the Post; mean that if they had to pay less for
corn, they would have more means of payment.
The co-relative of price is means of payment;
and to assert that price falls, is to assert that
means of payment increase. The Corn-law
avowedly compels the whole body of the con-
sumers to give more labour lbr their corn than
they would have to give if there were no Corn-
law. The abolition of the law, therefore, would
lessen the quantity of labour, or lower the na-
tural price -of corn, and, at the same time, by
feeding more ,persons, increase the sum of la-
bour, or means of paying for corn and all other
things.

The money that is to be exchanged for corn
will not be lessened by the abolition of the Corn-
laws. The same quantity will be in existence
afterwards as before. In fact, as most exchanges
are now made by credit, and as credit would be
increased by the abolition of the Corn-laws, the
means of payment would be increased in the same
ratio as price was lowered. The manufacturer,
after a large fall in the price of grain from the
abolition of the law, might be obliged to take a
penny a yard less for his cloth, but all that he sold
after the abolition more than he now sells, would
be for him a means of paying for corn; and the
abolition of the law, which made corn cheap,
would very much increase his means of payment.
The same reasoning applies to other classes,
such as labourers or professional men. There
would be more food obtained, more wealth com-
manded by less labour, and all would have their
means of payment increased as corn became
cheaper by the abolition of a restrictive law. We
except only the landowners, not the farmers, nor
their labourers ; and the landlords have no more
right to thatportion of their incomes which arises
from the Corn-laws, than a highwayman has a
right to keep the property of the traveller he
has, by dint of threatening to take his life,
forced him to resign. We conclude by saying
that the learned Post has raised a great dust by
representing as contradictory two sets of phrases
which mean, under different relations, the same
fact. Lowering price by the seller is to increase
the means of payment by the buyer, and a reduc-
tion of price consequent on obtaining a commo-
dity in general use, like food, at a less cost of
production, is to increase the means of payment
in the whole community.

The meeting in the City yesterday, on the
subject of emigration, was a failure. No more
distinguished a person than Mr. MONTGOMERY
MARTIN could be found for the chair, while the
principal speaker was a gentleman from Paisley.
Cold water was thrown on the whole proceed-
ings by the LORD MAYOR refusing all co-opera•-
tion, because, " as he understands, the whole
subject is now under the review of her Me_
JESTY'S Cabinet." All that the public has gained
by the demonstration is this almost official an-
nouncement concerning the intentions of the
Government.

The French Journals of Sunday, delayed by
the inclement state of the weather, with the
papers of Monday, have reached us. The Presse
has an article in which it violently denounces
the miniature revolution at Geneva, where, how-
ever, public tranquillity has not for one moment
been disturbed.

Don CARLQS has become discontented with
the negotiations of the Carlists and Christinos
for settling the affairs of Spain by a mar-
Ariaegeeerbdeintgwleeny7
at
tis
the
en adnedsirteheeyf Prussia,oungQu lie
QUEEN.
repudiates them, and declares that hea
willt
consent to nothing till he isset
liberty, and acknowledged Sovereign of Spain.
Lw ikith e
reigningthe barbera
ofsi
gsingle
day, Bagdad, he
for he wille be content
protests
But th
e
willingness to resign on the next.
is small chance of his would-be Majesty being
thisre
gratified with a Crown, even for this brief period.
Moreover, as his abdication could not be made
in favour of Queen. IsABELLA, he might as well
whistle jigs to a milestone as dream of the reali-
zation of a proceeding so utterly preposterous.
(From the Private Correspondence of the Constitutionnel)
"Oran, Nov. 16.
When 4ia 4tulif.rds cake to Oran under the eele-

brated Cardinal Ximenes, they, as we do, coveted the
possession of the whole of this vast and beautiful pro-
vince, but confined their occupations within narrow
limits. They spread themselves along the coast, con-
tenting themselves with Central Oran, Mostaganem, and
a port in front of Algiers, called the Pennon. It was
only at the instigation of a scion of the Sovereigns of
Tlemecen, who had been dispossessed by Arondji, that
they determined to march against this place, and having
defeated the famous Barbarossa, killed him in his flight
near the small river and bivouac of the Oned Sinan.
This success, however, did not open the eyes of the
Spanish General, and he never attempted to take se
rious hold of the province by planting himself in
the centre. The Spanish Governors did as we
have done now, they were charmed by the picturesque
and commodious position of Oran, its ready and easy
communications with the northern country, the excel-
lence of its port, Merd-el;Kebir, and contented themselves
with it, thinking no more of the magnificent colony, the
founding of which they had at first contemplated. 'They
erected strong forts, with under-ground works and Kas-
bahs, and left them as monuments of the reprisals of
Spain for the invasions of the Moors. Oran, under the
Count of Alcandate and his successors, became a seat of
elegance and pleasure, and the' resort of the gay and
wealthy young patricians of Madrid. It thus acquired
the appellative of Corte Chica—the little court. In 1793
the Spaniards evacuated the province without having
conquered it, as we should do if we were now to give
it up. Our governors have never been inclined to trans-
fer the head-quarters of the division of this province
to Mascara, because their Generals were loathe to
deprive themselves of the enjoyments of this minor
capital. General Bugeaud, however, has suddenly de-
termined upon this measure, which will annoy many per-
sons, derange many projects, and be injurious to many
interests, but which carries with it the nearly ripe fruits
of an efficient conquest and a judicious colonisation."
The Moniteur of Nov. 29th has no official part.
The King has just signed the letters to the Members
of the two Chambers for the opening of the Session,
which is fixed, as we have stated, for December 27th.
M. Guizot, before going to the Council yesterday,
called on the English Ambassador, with whom he had a
conference of three-quarters of an hour.
M. Sancho, the Spanish Ambassador to England, left
Paris the day before yesterday, for London.
The Gazette de Berri, a Legitimist Journal, announces
that the Princesspf Brisa is indisposed.-- Constitutionnel.
The Commerce states that since the remains of Napo-
leon have been placed at the Invalides, a period of rather
more than eleven months, four millions of persons are
estimated to have visited the spot.
"The Protestants of France," says the National, "are
about to establish Sisters of Charity of their own com-
munion, for the purpose of attending their sick in the
prisons, hospitals, &c., for which, it is said, permission of
the Government has been sibtained. We,understand that
they are to wear a costume similar to that of the Catho
lie grey sisters, and, like them, will be selected from
among respectable young women."
The ancient Church of the Convent de Panthemont,
in the Rue de Grenelle, now used as a storehouse for
the War Department, is going to be converted into a
place of Protestant worship, as soon as the stores are
removed to the depot, in Gros Caillou, orders for which
have been issued by the Minister of War.
The Duke of San Carlos, who, after lying concealed
at Madrid eight days, made his way to Santander, and
'thence escaped into France, has arrived in Paris.
M. Sancho, Ambassador from the Spanish Government
to the Court of St. James's, has left Paris for London.
M. Verstolk Van Soelen, Minister of Foreign Affairs
at the Hague, M. Vander Capellen, and M. Fabricius,
formerly Ambassador at Paris, and whose removal dur-
ing the Ministry of Count Mole will be remembered, are
now in the capital.
M. Merilhou, Peer of France, has been made a Com-
mander in the Legion of Honour.
The Archbishop of Bourges, U. de Villele, died on the
24 th inst. of a sudden attack of apoplexy.
The Marquis de Dreux-Breze has arrived in Paris.
BOURSL%--P,A.nis, MONDAY, Nov. 29.

-tirst. Highest Lowest Last
Price Price. Prick Price.
17 rend) 5 per Cents ll6 35 ... 116 35 ... 1 I 6 25 ... 116 25
4 per Cents lOl 50 ... 101 50 ... 101 50 ... 101 50
3 per Cents Si 40 —. 80 40 ... 80 15 ... 80 15
Loan '....
Bank of Fiance
Lattitte Bank I.ooof. 81 ares Mil ...1850 ...1850 ...1050
5,0001. Stares 5075 .4075 ...5070 ...5070
Belgian Bank
1841 ... lOl7 50 ...1017 50 ...WV 50 ...1017 50
Belgian 5 per Cents.
S per Centi., 1840 lO2 ... 102 ... 102 ... 102
3 per Cents 7l 70 ... 71 70 ... 71 70 ... 71 70
Spanish Active . .. TiIX ... f.'s ... 24% ... ZS%
Pas4les 5% ... 5% ... 5% ... 5%
New Deferred
Portuguese 3 per Centr.
?I eardion 11,6 50 ... 1t.6 50 .” 11'6 50
..,, Jl6 50
Homan, ex. div lO2 ... 102% ... 102 ... 102%
RAILWAY SHAREs.
Versailles, It. 13 316 25 ... 216 25 ... 316 25 ... 316 95
Rouen 452 50 ... 452 50 ... 452 50 ... 452 80
Orleam. : .
Strasburf toßalr,shares red 27 50 ... 217 50 ... 227 10 ... 227 50

AUSTRIAN FUNDS.—VIENNA, Nov. 20.
five per Cants. Metalliques • 106%
Foy r per Ccnts
Three par Cents.
Bank 3harca 1686
.....Alliemeine &nuns. Nov. 25.

MONEY and COMMERCIAL NEWS

CITY, TWELVE O'CLOCK.
LIvERPooL COTTON MARKET, Nov. 30.—The business
done in the Cotton Market to-day is to a moderate ex-
tent, the sales amounting to 3,000 bales, all of which arc
taken by the trade.

LIVERPOOL SHARE MARKET, Nov. 30.—The trans-
actions in this Market were in Eastern Counties, 7i ;
Grand Junctions, 191 ; Ditto, Half Shares, 95i ; Lon-
don and Birmingham Quarter Shares, 22 ; London
and South Western, 56 ; Ditto, 1-10th Shares, 43.
MANCHESTER STOCK EXCHANGE, Nov. 30.—The
Market is steady, and more business might have been
done than for some days previous had Stock been more
plentiful. Manchester and Leeds, Half Shares, 241 ;
Ditto, Quarter, 24 ; Bank of Stockport, 21.65. 3d.
We have a West India packet in this morning ; her
Majesty's packet Crane. She brings advices from Ja-
maica to the 3d November ; Barbadoes to the 28th
October ; Demerara to the 24th October ; and St.
Thomas's, November 7. The Colonial Parliament of
Jamaica was opened by his Excellency the Governor at
the date fixed by the last Proclamation. After the usual
preliminary proceedings, the speech of his Excellency
was delivered. On the 28th October the President of
the Council replied, and on the nett day the House
of Assembly, by its Speaker, responded thereunto.

THE FUNDS.
Although there were some heavy sales effected by the
Government and the brokers yesterday in the British
Stocks, the Market still continued firm, and at the close
of business, the quotations of the early part of the morn-
ing were fully maintained. Consols for Money closed at
88i 89, and for the Account 89i- -a, at which price they
opened this morning, and are now firm at those quota-
tions ; there is, however, but a limited business
doing ; Three per Cents. Reduced are 8711 88 ; New
Three-and. a-Half per Cents., 984 ; Exchequer Bills,
8 to 10 premium.

In the Foreign Market Spanish Active Stock continues
to be the favourite security for speculating in ; they
opened this morning at 25 to /, and are now firm at
251, buyers ; the Passive, is 5i 6k ; and Deferred, 12i
; Portuguese Five per Cents. are 331 a ; Ditto 'Three
per Cents., 20 to 20-i ; Colombian, 20 to 201 ; Mexican,
25k 26; Dutch Two-and-a-Half per Cents. 52 to 521 ;
and the Five per Cents., 99/ to 100.

COURSE OF EXCHAi
Amsterdam CF. 12 8
Ditto, at sight
Rotterdam ..... „..2 U l2
Antwerp l2 7
Hamburgh M.B. 13 13i
Altona
Paris, 3 days' sight
Ditto, 3 months 25 85
Marseilles
Bourdeauz 25 90
Frankfort on Maine... 150
Petersburgh, 3 Us
Berlin... 7
Vienna, effec. 5. 3 M 963
Trieste, ditto 9 55
Madrid
Cadiz 36
Bilbao
Barcelona
Seville

NGE--(YESTERDAY).
Gibraltar ••• ••...•.
Leghorn ... .... 30 40
Genoa ... 25 85
Milan •
Venice
Naples
Palermo, per es 118 k
Lisbon
Oporto 52
Rio Janeiro 27
Bahia
Buenos Ayres
New York, 21 days sight 46h
Philadelphia ... 46
PRICES OF BULLION, PER OZ.
Foreign Gold, bars £3 17 9
Portugal Gold Coin ...0 0 0
New Doubloons 0 0 0
New Dollars 0 4 10h
Silver in Bars... 0 0 0

PRICES OF SHARES
RAILWAYS.
London and Brighton .........
London and Birmingham .....
Ditto New
Midland Counties
York and North Midland...
Ditto New Shares...

THIS DAY AT ONE.
Paid. Per Share.
.. 50 3bili... to
90 l5B
2
..100
50
15

HALF-PAST ONE.
It may not be uninteresting to the holders of Spanish
Bonds to learn that the Spanish Finarce Agency in
London, hitherto conducted by M. de Zulueta, has
been transferred to the highly respectable firm of
Aguirre, Solante, and JNlurietta, of the Old Jewry.
The English Stock Market continues steady, with a
fair amount of business doing. Consols for Money were
last done at 89, and for the Account 894 ; Three per
Cents. Reduced, 88 ; Three-and-a-half per Cents. Re-
duced, 974, and the New Three-and-a-Half, 984 ; Bank
Stock, 1631
10 premium.
; India Stock, 2474 ; Exchequer Bills, 8 to

In the Foreign Market the operations have been very
limited, Spanish Stock maintaining its price ; business
has been done in them as high as 251 during the morn-
ing; but they are now quoted at 254- ; Passive, 5' 6 ;
Deferred, 12i i; Portuguese Five per Cents, 33. t. 341 ;
and the Three per Cents. 201 ; Colombian, 201 ; Dutch
Two-and-a-Half per Cents. 52A; and Five per Cents. 99i.

Very little doing in the Share Market. London and
Brighton are heavy at asi- ; the other Shares present
no alteration.

HALF PAST TWO.
Consols, Money, 89 to 89i ; Consols, Account, 89
to 89i; Mexican, 2.1 to 26 ; Sptinish, 25 to 25k.

QUARTER TO THREE.
We have nothing very new this morning from any
quarter. Money is still at a fair rate of interest,
and is likely to continue so while the transfer
books remain closed, as there are still some
large exports of silver in progresS, and our foreign trade
is not brisk. If we do have a revival of animation in
commerce next year, the failures will have swept off
the weak private and joint-stock banks, and leave
a sounder ground to work upon ; for there can be
no question, but that it is for the benefit of the
community at large, when houses in a state of insol-
vency, no matter how long they may have con-
trived to keep on, are at once brought to a
stand. Banks of all institutions are least likely
to recover from any excessive losses, out of
proportion, as they often are, to the capital paid up, and
this remark will apply even more to private than joint-
stock establishments.

S r 1
v ' . CP' Ei
Ei

AND

lOttiqtr 04nuton.

" Who runs may read."

FOREIGN.

It was reported in Paris on Monday that Don Carlos,
at the instigation of the King of Prussia, had addressed
a letter to the Marquis of Escars, for the purpose of
being communicated to the Diplomatic Body, in which
he formally protests against any project for a matrimo-
nial compromise which shall emanate from the ex-Regent
Christina. He declares that his rights are sacred and
imprescriptible, and that he could not abandon them
even in an indirect manner, by binding himself to any
plan that would renounce his rights to those of usurpa-
tion. Don Carlos adds, that his son, the Prince of As-
turias, fully participates in his sentiments. The Chris-
tinos have been striving hard since their defeat in Spain
to bring about the marriage of Don Carlos's son and
Queen Isabella, as the basis of a Carlist and Christino
coalition against Espartero and the Exaltados, but the
plan has failed, owing to the continued detention of Don
Carlos, who has refused all overtures made to him until
he has quitted France. In reality it matters nothing
what Don Carlos determines one way or the other. The
King of Prussia is a potent personage at Berlin, but he
is a name and nothing more at Madrid. Espartero
laughs, as he well may, at the ridiculous negotiations of
Christinos and Carlists about a Crown which is for ever
beyond their reach.
The following is among the most interesting political
gossip in the French capital The political circles are
reviving the rumours of a Mole and Thiers coalition.
The latter abandons his pretensions to the Foreign-
office in favour of Count Mole, and will accept the Min-
istry of the Interior. Count Mole, in turn, is to give
up the Presidency of the Council to Marshal Vallee, who
is also to be Minister of War, Count Mole holding the
Foreign Department. Lamartine to have the Presidency
of the Chamber of Deputies, and Dufaure and Passy to
be offered places in this Vallee-Mole•Thiers Cabinet.
This combination is much canvassed, but there are other
reports that the present Ministry will resort to a dissolu-
tion, should it not find a majority. This menace, how-
ever, will not be of much value, as the Chambers are
entering upon their last session." We have heard a good
deal lately of M. Thiers' intrigues to effect a return .to
office. The Foreign Department is out of the question,
as all the cabinets of Europe would oppose such an
appointment. But the Ministry of the Interior answers
M. Thiers better for the present. The vast patronage
which it would place at his disposal would enable him to
recruit the spirits of his party, and re-imburse him for
the expenses of his Italian and German tours. No per-
son knows better than M. Thiers how to turn a seat in
the Cabinet to profitable account, politically and per-
sonally.
M. Chauteaubriand, the harlequin of French diplo-
macy at the Congress of Verona, and author of more
rhapsodical nonsense than any writer in Europe, visited
on Sunday the Abbe Lamennais, the apostle of Socialism,
now confined in prison for a political libel. The shallow
French egotist, who fancies himself a poet, a statesman,
and a philosopher, boasts that he is the only man who
could throw dust in the eyes of Canning !
La Presse has the following :—" The commercial acti-
vity of Great Britain is indefatigable. Not satisfied with
having taken possession of Aden, at the entrance of the
Red Sea, she has sent an embassy to the Abyssinian
chiefs, demanding permission to establish a factory at
Massonah, an island in the Red Sea, the port at which all
travellers land who intend to visit Abyssinia by sea. If,
as we have reason to believe, this permission be granted,
Great Britain will have availed herself of the fruit of the
exertions made by some Frenchmen during several years
to establish the influence of their nation in that country."
The following description of a long bulletin in the
Moniteur of Monday is thus happily given by the Chro-
nicle :—" Algiers is a god-send to the Moniteur. The
French occupy three or four fortified villages in the in-
terior, which are surrounded by hostile Arabs, and it
requires an army to be put in motion in order to re-victual
and relieve the garrisons of these places. Accordingly
every three months a General marches off with a greater
army than supplied Alexander for the conquest of Asia,
and with this he achieves the task of bringing some
sacks of corn and sides of pork to Mascara or
Medea. This marching and victualling costs mil-
lions, and it is necessary to give the worthy French
public at home something for their millions. The re-
muneration is given in the shape of a bulletin. The
Moniteur of Monday contains one of three columns. The
bulletin states that General Lamoriciere marched to
re-victual Mascara. Abd-el-Kader mustered immedi-
ately 10,000 men, and waited for the French in a desert
spot, for the purpo:e of attacking them, and forcing
them, at least, to pass the night without water. "M.
de Lamoriciere,"says the bulletin, " took a wise resolu-
tion that does him honour. He took another road."
We have to add, that in this expedition the French lost
one officer and 23 men killed on the field, and 11 who
died of illness, besides a number of wounded.
PUBLIC OPINION.

The Herald is relaxing its notions a little on the sub-
ject of the Corn-laws, as appears by the subjoined pas-
sages from a leading article suggested by Lord John
Russell's late address to the inhabitants of Plymouth.
Our Contemporary admits the expediency of only the
slightest alteration in this impost ; still even this con-
cession is something from an uncompromising Tory
journal In legislating on the Corn-law one truth
must never be lost sight of ; it is that the soil of this
country, if properly cultivated under fair and moderate
rents, with those facilities which arise from an equable
and unexciteable system of currency, and before either
in importance, with the blessing of ordinary seasons,
can feed the population of the United Kingdom ; and
that any Corn-law alterations which would lead to the
throwing land permanently out of cultivation is a sacri-
fice wholly unwarranted by the real necessities of the
people, or the state of the nation. To any compromise
in the declension of the sliding scale, which shall increase
facilities for importing grain, shall get rid of fraudulent
averages, and give greater regularity to the corn trade,
without that sacrifice, we respectfully suggest to the landed
interest they ought not to object, when proceeding from
the hands of a national Administration like the present ;
in the permanency of which in power is greatly involved
the safety of the kingdom."
The Post remarks, in answer to an observation in a
Liberal Print of yesterday, that the Austrian peasantry '
are better off than those in Ireland :—" Whatever may
have been the original cause of the very bad condition
of the Irish peasantry, this is true, that on account of
the nature of our British Government, there resides no
where the sufficient power to apply a vigorous, humane,
and intelligent remedy. It is also true that the Whig-
Radical faction is constantly employed in giving nourish-
ment and excitement to these bad parts of our governing
system, which disable the supreme authority from re-
medying the bad :condition of the Irish peasantry."—
The original cause of the very bad condition of the Irish
peasantry is at once accounted for, when one calls to
mind the long system of Tory misrule in that country.
When this despotic, grinding system was a little relaxed
the condition of the Irish peasant began slowly to im-
prove, and had a Liberal Government continued in office
a few years longer, We have no doubt his most vexatious
grievances would have been redressed ; but now that the
Tories are once again in power, it is to be feared that
the faint dawn of his prosperity will be again overcast.
The Chronicle says :—" The Whigs, who for ten years
held possession of i)ublin Castle, never thought of dis-
placing any of the Tory clerks whom they found there,
but even (much to their discredit, be it said) added to
the number, as often as a vacancy occurred by death or
any other casualty. Even public officers charged with
the administration of the functions of Government, whom
they could not trust, were yet so far respected as not to
be sent totally adrift. Sir William Gossett, for example,
was handsomely provided for in the House of Commons,
and another gentleman was promoted to the government
of a colony. But Earl De Grey and his subordinates
have other notions about the patronage which power be-
stows upon them. After ten years of Whig administra-
tion, they find one or two Whigs in the Castle, and these
they set about forthwith to eject, by fair means or by
foul."—The truth is, Earl De Grey cannot help himself
The party whom he serves, are too strong for him. The
Orangemen, greedy and clamourous for a share of the
loaves and fishes, will take no denial from his Lordship;
but insist that every Liberal shall be turned out of the
Castle, the Chief Secretary's office and elsewhere, to
make room for members of their ravenous, cormorant
squad. And this is the independence and impartiality
on which the Noble Viceroy so much prided himself, on
accepting the Irish Lord-Lieutenantcy ! Further comment
is useless.

The Times thus alludes to Lord John Russell's recent
visit to Plymouth, and his answer to the complimentary
address presented to him by the inhabitants-:—" Hav-
ing gone thither in the character of a noted political
leech, his Lordship's pre-eminent pretensions as an in-
fallible prescriber seem to have brought around him the
whole of the incurable Liberals in that unhealthy neigh-
bourhood, the more especially as his Lordship's advice is
always given gratuitously, provided the applicants will
only swallow his drugs. The origin of this Plymouth
demonstration may be easily accounted for. Our readers
afe not such greenhorns as not to be aware of the intel•
ligible device commonly practised by empirics in order
to procure popularity for their nostrums. Unhappy
persons who, in the overpowering competitions of the
present day, can no longer pick up a few half-crowns
for swearing to characters at the Old Bailey, are too
successfully ensnared to publish their formal attestation
of the miraculous virtue of certain advertised specifics.
Every newspaper exhibits scores of such certificates
daily."—The allusion to quackery in the above passage
is unfortunate,r for it instantly suggests the recollection
of famworth Quack—the most adroit proficient in
that line that modern times can show.

MONEY—TRADE—COM MER CE.
At the tea sales yesterday a dozen sample packages of
Japan tea were sold at a high price. It was said to be
equal to any yet exhibited from China or elsewhere.
Above 4,0001. has been already subscribed in London
in aid of the Paisley Operative Relief Fund. Since the
deputation was in London the number receiving relief
from this fund has increased from between 4,000 and
5,000 to the fearful amount of 11,000, being a fourth part
of the whole population of Paisley, according to the last
census.

The eminent commercial house of Balmerie and Co.,
of Bordeaux, has stopped payment, but, it is hoped, only
for a short time.

COMMERCIAL REFORM.
The journeyman paper-makers, employed at the Car-
shalton Mill, have published an address to their fellow-
workmen employed in the different mills of the United
kingdom, deprecating the Corn-laws, and calling on
them to act for their repeal by every legitimate method.
Two hundred new members have already joined the
West Hackney Anti-Corn. law Association.
A new mode of agitating the free-trade ouestion has
arisen in Ireland. Associations are formed, the members
of which agree to abstain entirely from the use of every