The Sun.
London, England, 1847-01-18 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, JANUARY 18, 1841.

ON THE STATISTICS OF CRIME.
The paper read before the Statistical Section of the
British Association, at their great meeting at Southamp-
ton in September last, by F. P. Neison, Esq., has since
been published in the Statistical Journal.
This most udmirat le and elaborate paper, presenting an
analysis of crime in the several counties of England and
Wales for the years 1842, 1843, 1844, shows the relative
criminal state of manufacturing and agricultural dis-
tricts, es well as of the population of different ages and
both sexes. By a most laborious series of corrections
and comparisons, it is not only proved that given ages
invariably produce given amounts of crime, compared
with the gross crime of the whole population ; but, also,
that there is an index, and only one, by which crime
may be computed, and this is the grade of education of
the population.
This curious discovery must have the most important
results, when made known generally, for it proves that
ignorance is the pri-nt of crime, and that even the small
amount of primary education obtained by our working
classes raises them comparatively above the commission
of legal offences. Thus it appears from the general ac-
count of crimes committed, there are 21 female to 100
male criminals, and only 19 female to 100 male criminals
between the ages of 20 to 29. Again, of male population
1 in every 336 commits a crime annuall-, while only 1 in
1,581 females has been charged with offences; showing
the tendency to crime of our males to be about five to
one of that of our females,
The vast importance of influencing the character of
boys from 15 to 20 is deducible from the above, for that
period is the one giving the greatest amount of crime
(except the succeeding five) ears from 20 to 25, which
gives about ten per cent. more), the numbers being trom
15 to 20, 16,534, and from 20 to 25, 18,056. Crime,
from this time of life, among males, decreases at the
rate of about 33 per cent. for every quinquennial period
of life. The results to be expected from evening schools,
reading-rooms, lectures, and cheap libraries for the in-
struction and innocent amusement of males from 15 to
25, under these circumstances, become more important,
as basing a direct ns well as indirect action on crime
far more every greater effort for giving moral and re.:
ligious impressions. Hitherto youth on
been greatly
tiegh cteu at this period of lite; the only efforts at edu-
cation and religious training being made previous to the
fifteenth year, efforts generally ceasing altogether when
the tendency to crime rises to its greatest intensity.
_By
a comparison of counties (tables being drawn up tor
each), we find in the manufacturing counties, Lancaster
giving crimes fer all ages, 1 in 290 inhabitants; Stafford,
1 in 268; Leicester, 1 in 246; Warwick, 1 in 236;
Worcester, 1 in 221. While of the purely agricultural
counties—Sussex. 1 in 362; Westmoreland, 1 in 1,040;
Oxford, 1 in 302; Hants, 1 in 342; Dorset. 1 in 456;
Cornwall, 1 in 762; Cumberland, 1 in 1,061. It the
whole group (says Mr. N. ison) of the gre at northern
and midland mining and manufacturing districts be
taken, it e ill be seen that there is exactly 2.3 per cent.
less crime than would be according to the average for all
England and Wales; while in the agricultural counties
there is an excess of 5.9 per cent. Again, if the various
groups of the manufacturing and mining districts be ex-
amined, it will be found that in the northern mining
districts, which includes Cumberland, Northumberland,
and Durham, crime is 52.1 per cent. below the average,
and in the cotton and woollen manufacturing districts,
including Lancashire and Yorkshire, crime is 7 per cent.
under the average of the whole country. But on the
oth r hand, in the two remaining districts, the one com-
posing the cotton, efbollere and lace fabric district, in-
cluding Chester, Derby, Nottingham, and leicester, and
the other composing the hardware, pottery, and glass
manufacturing districts, including Staffordshire, War-
wickshire, and Worcestershire, there is an excess of
crime of 8.5 per cent. in the former, and 33.5 per cent.
in the latter, above the average of the whole kingdom.
Contrasting the various sections of the agricultural
group with them, they will be seen to present a remark-
able uniformity. The excess of crime in the first division
being 5.3 per cent., in the second 5.7 per cent., and in
third 6•8 per cent., while the excess for the whole of the
agricultural districts combined has been shown to be
5.9 per cent. It is evident that there is something in
the mining anti manufacturing condition of the people
having a powerful influence in regulating the amount
of crime; as in one portion, including Staffordshire and
Worcestershire, there is an excess of 33.5 per cent.;
while in another, consisting of Cumberland, Northum-
berland, and Durham, crime is 52 per cent. below the
average. A group of counties, having the smallest ratio
of agriculturists, gives a ratio of crime 4.6 per cent.
above the average. Another in which the ratio of agri-
culturists is the highest, also 4•6 above the average; the
highest ratio of manufacturers 17.7 per cent. of crime
above the average; least ratio of manufacturers 2•9 less
than the average ; agriculture and manufacture equal,
4.5 above the average. Counties of the greatest wealth
e., having the greatest number of inhabitants of in-
dependent means, 8.8 less than the average, and those of
the least wealth P 1 below the average.
There is no satisfactory test of education, but if the
autograph signature of names in marriage registers, com-
pared with the number of marks, be considered some-
thing approaching to it, we may obtain this, and apply
it to the average of crime in different districts. Now,
the average of those males who make their marks, to
those who sign their names in marriage registers, since
the New Marriage Act, is 33 per cent.
It will be recollected, too, that the age of the greatest '
crime and of the greatest number of marriages is about
similar. Mr. Nelson has prepared a variety of tables
showing groups of counties which have the greatest
number of marks, giving also their average of crime.
From these it appears that in the first group, containing
Lancaster, Stafford, Monmouth, Chester, and Warwick,
where the greatest ratio of marks is found, the highest
amount of crime exists; while in a group of Durham,
Surrey, Northumberland, Derby, Gloucester, where the
least ratio of marks exists, there also the crime is consi-
derably below the average of England.
Taking Ve eleven most agricultural counties, we find
those which give the greatest amount of marks exceed
in the ratio of crime as 16 is to 15; while those which
have the least amount of marks (though some are a
little over the average) show a ratio of crime just above
the average.
In the table of the ten greatest manufacturing counties
(including Middlesex), the greatest number of marks
(indicating the least education) is again accompanied by
crime in excess above the averge of 24'8 per cent., or
excluding Lancashire, 48 per cent.; in the section of
highest education the excess of crime is 24-2 per cent..,
and excluding Middlesex only 16.4 per cent. Again, in
the table of least maeufactuing counties, the excess of
4•3 of crime exists with least education, and with highest
education crime is 81 below the average. In the ma-
nufacturing group of counties it is seen that in the sec-
tion of least education crime is 15.8 per cent. above the
average, but in the section of most education 7.2 per
cent. below the average; in the prominently agricultural
counties, with the lowest grade of education, crime is in
excess 10 4 per cent., but where the highest grade of
education exists crime is below the average 2.6 per cent.,
and in every instance it appears, after examining a
variety of combinations in the tables, that an increase
of crime is associated with a low state of education. All
the other combinations and arrangements made to deter-
mine the actual element in the increase and decrease of
crime were unsuccessful, and produced no satisfactory
result ; in fact, they did not lead to the discovery of
any condition or circumstances of life which was peculiar
to one district more than another, as affording an index
of crime; but as soon as the educational test is intro
duced, it immediately analyses groups and districts into
a uniform and regular series, which before showed the
most contradictory results, If a few exceptions ap-
peared, they might suglest the propriety of a still fur-
ther refinement in the analysis, but the regularity is so
remarkable, that it immediately becomes evident that
one very powerful element, at least, had been deter-
mined, and ono on which legislation and preventive
mea-urea may easily be founded for the reduction of
crime and the elevation of the moral condition of the
people.

RESTORATI .N OF LLANDAFF

CATIIEDRAL.

The Dean has just issued what he says be wishes to
be a simple business like statement of the application by
the Chapter of the funds solicited for this purpose, in
order to give confidence to the public mind of the dis
cretion with which they are employed in the work of
gradual restoration. He observes, that we ought not to
despair because we are constrained to proceed slowly
and gradually, since the original construction of the fa-
bric must have been equally gradual; from itslcommence-
ment by Bishop Urban, in 1120, at least 60 years must
have elapsed before the completion of the nave; and an-
other 80 in addition before the eastern chapel was ap-
pended. The Dean then explains what has beer already
d.,ne, and what is now in hand, and in immediate con-
templation ; the eastern chapel has been completely re-
stored at an expense of 1.1651. 12s. Odd the eastern ex
tremity of the south aisle, with its fiee windows and
open work parapets, is now in progress, and is estimated
at the cost of under 30.0/. The next proposed alteration
is the restoration of the choir. The present winter is
dedicited to !Is- s indoor work, and the present state of
the funds are o ,nsidered as adequate to the completion
of the lower story as h.gh as the Italian cornice ; the
balance remaining in the banker's hands is stated at
9251., and of the sums subscribed 1,0001. still remain to
be called in. We understand, that since printing this
report, works have been actively commenced in the
choir at its easier!, end. A noble Norman arch of
'Bishop LTrean's work has been opened Out, commairt-
mg a striking perspective-into the Eastera Chapel ; the
mouldings of this arch are very interesting, and in the
most perfect preservation. Beneath this a very beautiful
screen of Bishop Marshall's work, A.D. 1480, has been
exposed. A squichral recess, in which the capitals of
the side-shafts are most beautifully executed, in the style
of 1200, is likewise now again disclosed to view in the
south-east wall of the choir. Tradition assigns this as
the tomb of St. Teilo, or rather of one of his three
corpses; for the legends of the Book of Llandaff relate,
that on his decease three churches with which the was
connected contested for the possession of so precious a
relic. It was on this miraculously multiplied for the aft-
ti4action of all their pious desires; the parties agreed to
refer the controversy to the decision of a sign from
heaven. They spent the night in watching on their
knees around the single corpse ; but the first rays of
morning disclosed three corpses lying before them abso-
lutely identical in every lineament.
To turn from the legends of superstition to gratifying
realities, we are happy to learn that his Grace the Lord
Archbishop of Canterbury has just transmitted a dona-
tion of 50/. to this desirable work ; also the Lcrd Bishop
of Bangor, 50/. ; and lately the Lord Bishop of St. Asaph,
501:—Cambrian.

CHINESE CDMMERCE.—A vessel named the Hugh
Walker, arrived in the London-docks from Girton, has
brought 6.700 bugs of raw sugar, t,esides 146 casks of
sundries, 2,190 rolls of matting, 500 packages of cassia
lignea, 30 chests of rhubarb, and other articles, the pro-
duce of the Celestial Falpire,

MYSTERIOUS DENTH AT HAM-
MERSMITH.
On Saturday the inquiry in this case again resumed.
Mr. Howell, a solicitor, of Welshpool, attended to
watch the proceedings on behalf of deceased's family ;
and Inspector Morgan, T division, and Sergeant Scot-
ney, T 21, on the part of the police.
The first witness called was—
Anne Wheeler' a middle aged female, whose face bore
evidence of her having been engaged in a terrible en-
counter with some person, both eyes being blackened
down to the middle of the cheek, the other portions of
her face showing bruises and lacerations, extending
down to her neck. She had an infant, about two
months old, in her arms. She deposed that she was a
single woman, and had lived with the deceased as his
wire for nearly four years. On the night of Saturday,
the 9th inst.. she went to bed about three o'clock. The
deceased had fits in the daytime, and had become right
of erwards. At three o'clock deceased west down stairs
get a pipe, when he told het to get into bed to the two
children, which she did. Deceased remained down stairs
about a quarter of an hour, and then came up and sat
(loan by the fire and smoked his pipe until about four
o'clock in the morning. Did not then see him again
until five o'clock, when she heard his son say, " He's
gone ! he's gone !" and she instantly jumped up and
untied the handkerchief, and loosened his neck and laid
him on the floor.
By the Jury—Deceased and witness bad quarrelled in
the afternoon of Saturday, but not that night. The son
did not inflict the injuries on witness's fare.
Mr. Thomas Griffiths, surgeon, deposed that he had
made a post mortem exam nation et' the body of the de-
co ased, and from the appearances he found he had not
the slightest doubt that the deceased died from strangu-
lation, arising from hanging. Deceased was a remarkably
fine man ; witness had never before seen a person with
muscular power more fully developed.
The DEPUTY-CORONER—Are you quite sure, from the
examination you have made of the body of the deceased,
that he could not have been strangled by others, and
placed by them in the position in which he was found ?
Mr. Griffiths-4 am quite sure on that point.
A Juror—Supp, sing that the deceased became acci-
dentally strangled, during one of the fits to which he was
subject. and that nraduced insensibility, would not the
appearances he had described be the same ?
Mr. Griffiths replied that he should doubt that the
deceased was strangled during a fit which might produce
insensibility. as the marks showed that strangulation had
occurred during life.
Mr. Howell then addressed the Deputy-Coroner,
saying, that from the information he had received, he
believed that means had been employed by the son and
Wheeler to influence the deceased to draw up a will in
her favour. He had come up there on the part of the
deceased's family, in consequence of another will, which
was in the hands of Mr. Howell, at Welshpool, to see to
the funeral of the deceased, but he found that a subse-
quent will had been executed by which Wheeler would
be largely benefited, as she was to receive 501. immedi-
ately, and also a sum of 521 per annum. By that will,
he was precluded acting. There was, however, an
inforinality in it.
The DEPUTY-CORONER heie interrupted Mr. Howell,
by saying that he could not go into that, part of the in-
quiry, that was a matter which must be settled in another
court.
Mr. Rimell deposed that he was a butcher, and that on
Saturday evening defendant came to his shop about ten
o'clock; he was very rational, but much excited. De-
ceased said he had been very much ill treated in his
house, and that he would get rid of the set he had about
him; and that if witness knew the state of his heart be
would pity him. Witr.ess believed deceased's excite-
ment arose from Wheeler having bad meat at witness's
shop without his knowledge. Witness was not surprised
when he heard that deceased had destroyed himself.
Thomas Richards was next examined, and corrobo-
rated the evidence of the son and Wheeler, and swore
most positively that there was no scuffling in the bed-
room during the night.
Elizabeth Richards deposed that she lived next door to
the deceased. On the night in q9estion, while she was
in bed, she heard violent scuffling in the deceased's bed-
room, which was only separated by a thin partition. It
commenced about eight o'clock in the evening, but from
nine o'clock there was great disturbance until about half-
past three o'clock on the Sunday morning. Deceased
and Wheeler talked very loud. It was about the trades-
men's books. It commenced about some beef and beer
which had been put down without deceased's knowledge.
Wheeler swore she had not had it. Deceased went out,
about it, and returned, saying she had had it, but she
again swore that she had not.
The DEPUTY-CORONER here asked Mrs. Richards if
she did not think from what she had heard that the de-
ceased had died by his own act?—Mrs. Richards replied
she did not think the deceased had hung himself.
The DEPUTY-CORONER said that was all imagination.
There they had before them the evidence of a medical
gentleman of known ability and character, who had
most positively expressed his conviction that deceased
had hung himself. He would not go into the case any
further, and if the parties were not satisfied they might
take the matter to the police court. The Deputy-Coroner
then proceeded to address the jury, contending that there
was full evidence before them that the deceased had hung
himself, and desired those jurors who were in favour of
a verdict—" That the deceased hung himself, being at
the time in an unsound state of mind," should hold up
their hands, and that those in favour of--" Found
banging, but how he became so. or the state of his mind
at the time, there Was not sufficient evidence to show,"
to hold up theirs. Two hands only were held up for the
first verdict, and seven for the second. The other juror,
did not vote.
strangers were then ordered to withdraw.
During the interim, Mr. Howell took the witness
Harrison into another room and questioned her very
closely as to what she had heard, and at the conclusion
he said there must be another further examination into
the matter, which was a most mysterious one.
The public were re-admitted in about half an hour, and
The DEPUTY-CORONER said the jury had returned a
verdict, " That the decease d had died from hanging, by
his own act, and that he was in a state of unsound mind
at the time he committed the deed."
The verdict eicited the greatest surprise.

THE WEATHER and the PARKS

DREADFUL ACCIDENTS ON THE ICE IN ST.
JAM PARK.
The frost still continues with increased severity, and
consequently the various Parks were thronged with
thousands of visitors during yesterday. At midnight
on Saturday the thermometer at the receiving- house of
gsihdreepaSwtticulars of the proceedings
the Royal Humane Society in Hyde Park was as low as
27, but at eight o'clock yesterday morning it had risen
two degrees, viz., to 29, and at noon to 30. Last night,
at eight o'clock, it had again fallen to 29; but from the
aheavy dangerous,fttll of
especiallysr w Thetthat
appearance of the atmosphere and the state of the
as completely under water,
of a serious character oc-
with the official report of the ba-
rometer, I. ives a prospect ut-
number of skaters and sliders exee, ded
ciiiiinu:3edrst allrihtnt7.edhjd.
eai
where
nTeteherhseseee:Pvt
efarraroralkalri
osrkwka,wsic,nwac
ac-
cidents, obtained from Mr. Superintendent Williams,
wilt be found most accurate:—
TAE SERPENTINE, HYDE PARK, &C.—Upon the Ser-
the ice was 24 inches in thickness.
Upon the lung water in Kensington gard,.ns the number
of skaters, including several inemb-rs of the Skating
Club upon the ice, which was three inches thick, was
10,000, although rt‘thttough
about 6,000. On the Round puny the skaters and
sliders numb• led between 5 000 and 6 000, the ice being
three inches Chic". Fortunately on neither of these
pieces of water did an accident take place, owing to the
unremitting atten•ion of the icemen, under the direction
of Mr. Superintendent Williams.
ST. JANESS ?ARK.—The number of skaters and
sliders upon this piece of ice, which was but two inches
thick, exceeded 10,000. In consesuence of the rotten
state of the ice, the men belonging to the Royal Humane
Society tried to keep the skaters to one portion of the
frozen surface which was safest, but without effect, and
the result was, that during the day immersion after int-
o, dangerous state of the ice, and the im-
mersion kept continually taking place. Mr. Williams,
on seeing
minent peril that hundreds were placed in, felt it his
duty to send additional men. The services of Dr.
M'Cann and two assistants were also required from
eleven o'clock until five in the evening in attending on i
the persons who became immersed. The icemen on
Parties t
duty had enough to do. and frequently during the day
their lives were placed in imminent peril in rescuing the
foolhardy persons who would venture upon places where
they were told not to go. Severaarties lof the machines
he water.
were
br, ken during the rescuing of
The iollewing is a list of persons who had a very narrow
escape of their hveir, and who must inevitably have
icemen : At eleven o'cleck. l Cl. of
perished but for the prais ewo rthySamue exertionsark of the
No. 25, King's Head-court, Holborn, broke into ten feet
water, opposite the marquee, which was the most dan-
gerous part of the • ice, and near which nearly all the
a
accidents happened ; he was rescued by iceman Charles
Harris, assisted by Deputy-Superintendent Gedfrey.
The text accident happened to John Morgan, residing.
at 5, Victoria-road, Pimlico, who was rescued by icetnan
Dti
Foot.
rr i a
y- About
ne.h
broke
oohnee
intoo' c 1 ett
ten
Tfeheotln watister, W,o aouldhtc rescued
clu4e2d,
by. iceman Harris. At two o'cicck, iceman Knapp, with
Deputy-Superintendent Godfrey, whilst endeavouring
to rescue a person, whose name could not be ascertained.
residing at No. 91. Commercial, road, became immersed
in ten feet water, Knapp being under for nearly a minute.
On being got out, he was conveyed to the marquee in a
was h,
dangerous state. Shortly after this, John Dawe, re-
siding at No. 10, willow.-walk, Hackney-road, broke
through into six feet water, but was rescued by iceman
J. Cox. About four o'clock, three persons, residing at
No. 8, Little Newport-street, Leicester-square ; 55,
Bond-street, and 6, *Bull's Head court, Smithfield, but
whose names, owing to the contusion which prevailed,
could not be ascertained, broke into five feet water, but
were rescued by icemen J. and W. Cox. In conveying
them to the marquee the crowd was so great that the
men had the greatest difficulty in getting there. The
last accident happened at halt-past four, to John Sallis,
residing at 4, Vine-street, Waterloo-road, by breaking
into five feet water, and remaining under upwards of a
minute. lie was rescued by deputy superintendent God-
frey, who also got immersed in resuing him. Many of
the cases were of such a dangerous character as to com-
pel them to remain in the marquee until a late hour last
evening. At one time the cases were so numerous that
six persons were obliged to receive medical attendance at
once, and there being but two beds, three were placed in
each, and the seventh remained in the warm bath for a
short time. The persons who witnessed the accidents
complained that the police or the park-keepers would
have been doing their duty most properly in not allowing
any one to venture on the ice.
REGENT'S PARK.—The ice in this park was very elan•
gerous, but the number of skaters and sliders exceeded
20,000. O& of this twiny*. umber but ow ,flight

immersion occurred to a gentleman named Puttick, re-
siding in High-street, Marylebone, who having received
attention at the marquee was enabled to go home.
During the day a great number of persons were severely
wounded by falls, and were surgically attended at the
marquee.

iNCE.

POLICE INTELLIGE
MANSION-HOUSE.
The Lord Mayor gratefully expressed his receipt of
101. for the poor-box, from the Fishmongers' Company,
and requested our reporter to give notice to that effect
in a paragraph.
THE LATE RAILWAY SHARE CASE.—The following
will supply an accidental omission in the report of the
proceedings in the justice-room on Friday.
• Mr. Margetson, after the discharge of the three per-
sons who were charged with having conspired to defraud
him of tooL, stated to the L..rd Mayor that he con-
sidered it but fair to assure hi, L. irdship that the gentle.
than named Richard Fennell, wit.) resided in Alderman-
bury, and who had introduced Mr. Scanlan to him, was 1
altogether blameless in the transaction. Mr. Fennell ap-
prehended that an unfavourable impression had been
made by the public mention of his name in connexion
with this affair, and hoped that justice would he done to
his character by the candid acknowledgment of the com-
plainant that he had not the most remote idea of any
dishonourable intention on the part of Mr. Scanlan,
whom he had introduced.
The LORD MAYOR said he was persuaded that there
would be no hesitation on the part of the press to give
publicity to the statement made by Mr. Margetson.
MARLB:ROUGH-STREET.
CAUTION TO OMNIBUS CONDUCTORS.—.John Long, a
conductor of one of the Islington to Chelsea omnibuses,
was charged with having wilfully deceived a lady with
respect to the route of his vehicle.
The complainant said she was in company with
another lady at the time she hailed the defendant in
Holborn, and inquired if he went to Tottenham-court-
road. The defendant replied in the affirmative. and
complainant and friend got into the omnibus. The de-
fendant set her down in Piccadilly, and when remon-
strated with in reference to the deception practised,
merely laughed at them. The complainant said there '
was a notice on the omnibus, showing the route to be by
way of Tottenham-court-road, but this notice the con-
ductor took off and placed under the seat.
The defendant said he did not hear the lady ask if he
went to Tottenham-court-road, otherwise ho should not
have taken her into the omnibus.
Mr. HAnnwicxz said the conduct of the defendant in
deceiiing the lady as to the route of his omnibus was
quite inexcusable. It was fortunate for him that the
second lady was not present to prefer a similar complaint,
otherwise he should have inflicted a second fine of equal
severity. For the offence, as proved by evidence, he
should fine the defendant 20s. and costs.
LAMBETH.

STURDY BEGGARS.—Two Poles, one of whom desig-
nated himself as Count Domhicki, and falsely represents
himself to be the cousin to the last King of Poland, and
Joseph Baciboski, both of _theta regular and impudent
cadgers, were finally examined on a charge of going to
the houses of several gentlemen in the neighbourhood of
Streatham, obtruding themselves into the houses, and
asking subscriptions in so impudent a tone and manner
as to alarm several ladle.). Tht• worth►es have been
frequently sent to the tread-mill for a similar offence,
and on one occasion the count was accompanied in his
victimising excursions by a young lady not more than
25 (he himself being at least 6u), who represented her
self as the countess.
The Gentleman who is secretary to the Association
of the Friends of Poland, said that the prisoners had
been assisted by the Association until they ascertained
their character, and they then declined to have any-
thing further to do with them. They were gross im-
postors„their characters the most disreputable, and were
not, iu fact, entitled to the slightest sympathy. Their
conduct, he said, brought great shame and disgrace upon
their exiled countr) men, and he beggt d to take that
opportunity of sa)ing that every one of those persons
who, like the prisoners, had r presented themselves as
Poles, and solicited relief, were, to a man, impostors ;
for he was happy to say that every Pole of good cha
teeter was affords d sufficient from the funds of the So-
ciety—at the head of which were the highest people in
this country—to keep them from resorting to such a
mode of living, andihe therefore thus publicly wished to
warn the public against being imposed upon by such
pale .ns.
Mr. NORTON, after remarking upon the impudent
conduct of the prisoners, sentenced them to three
months' imprisonment, with hard labour, and added that
he should take care to have their conviction returned to
and recorded at the Quarter Sessions, so that if brought
up again on a similar offence they might be treated as
felons.