The Sun.
London, England, 1823-07-30 00:00:00

RUSSIAN TRADE.

Sr. PE ERSBURGH, JULY 4.--The trade in
Russian produce is in a state of unexampled stagnation, though
this is the season when all the supplies have arrived (except
flax, which is expected in a week, and potashes, which will
be here in a fortnight) and when the most important shipments
are usually made. The orders came in so sparingly, that many
ships seeking freights are idle, and freights to all parts, even
to the Mediterranean, are very reasonable. The prices of our
national produce are of course very unfavourable. Ninth respect
to the important articles-we had flattered ourselves with an im-
provement, and the more so as the losses sustained, and the
consignments made to this market last year, and the consider.
able stock remaining unsold, made us suppose that the import.
ation would be inconsiderable, and the price's were higher in
almost all the ports of the Continent than here. Nevertheless
we have a continued importation of all kinds of goods, even
such as never afford any profit here ; and it is therefore no
wonder if the buyers, both those resident here, and those who
erne front the interior to purchase, from the Fair at Novogo-
rod, will not credit the general assurances of Laws sustained
by the sellers ; and allege the continued importations as a
proof of the contrary. They are therefore, very cautious, pur-
chase only at the lowest prices, and affirm that there is still in
the interior such an abundance of import goods, that they ex-
Oect a bad fair, and do not venture to make any extensive
vurchases. Tim.. the two last months have passed without the
smallest demand for any one article. The goods last imported
must therefore be added for the most part to those already in
the warehouses ; especiallts all purchases for the Fair will
y
Jose in a week. We sha Ibe reduced to the demand for this
etty, and as the retailers are already well supplied, we may
ezpect a decline rather than an improvement in the prices anti
kloulaudi

Productive employment is, either natural or artificial.
Natural productive employment is, that through which the
individual by his labour produces more than he consumes, and
whatever the excess may be, in the same proportion it is a gain
to one or more individuals, a gain to the world. •
• Artificivl productive employment is, that which, under the
present commercial system of society, tenders it necessary 'that
a trading profit should be left to the producers.
These two kinds of employment have no connection with
each other. The first, or natural productive employment, may
he given to all, until poverty shall be removed from society,
and the world be saturated with real wealth ; but no arrange-
ments have yet been made to admit of the introduction of this
employment in practice. The other, or artificial prodUctive
employment, is the mode to which the industry of man has
been hitherto restricted, in the creation of wealth. It is a
system most defective in principle, and calculated to continue
only until a certain stage of civilization is attained, beyond
which period it will create poverty, and not wealth.
The period referred to is, that when science may be made to
supersede, in a general degree, the work of ordinary men, and
when, in consequence, manual labour ceases to be of sufficient
value to support htnstan -existence in adequate comfort, corn..
pared with the progress of civilization. That period is now
arrived; the inventions and discoveries in the sciences of me-,
chanism and chemistry in particular, have created a nciv power
at the disposal of society, which is, even now, in the infancy
of these improvements, tar more than sufficient to over supply
every want of life, and if properly directed, to remove all want,
or the fear of want, from the whole of society, although the
population of the world were to be increased twenty, thirty,
or fifty fold.
The time le-therefore come when the system of artificial pro.
deceive- employment must e,.ese to exist eijadavnen it itlilVt"
give place to another; to one which will better fulfil the
purposes of mankind; one, that will immediately enable
society tcesaturati itself with real wealth, tfiat is, with a full
supply of all those productioni which can contribute to the well
being and happiness of huthan life. Under a system of no-
tura productive employment, arrangements may lie formed in
which a due proportion of the useful scleakees and of manual
labour may be so combined, as that every portion of the work-
' ing classes may, with ease, comfort, and plea Sure, create an
abundant supply for themselves., and also a large anti more
valuable surplus for the use of others, than .the industrioui
part of society has ever yet provided for the higher classes.
The late rapid progress which has been made in the useful
sciences, has grailually produced such changes as render it
necessary that this system should be now introduced, In order
that ignorance and poverty may be withdrawn. from society ;
and it is the direct interest of every one that these scourges of
the human race should be withdrawn, as soon as the means of
extirpating them are in our power. That it is not necessary;that poverty should lo')ger exist any where, may be deduced
from the knowledge of one single fact, which is, that, in teas
than half a century, Great Britain alone has acquired a new
power from science, which very Much exceeds the whole manual
power of the world, and with that power, and her present po-
pulation of 22 millions, if she knew how to direct theni, Great
Britain might amply supply half of Europe with food, and the
whole of Europe and the Americas with all their other wants.
—This, and more than this, were there any necessity or utility in
the measure, could he accomplished, under a system of natural
productive employment, by means of, the soil, science, and
manual power at present possessed by. Great Britain and Ire-
land. The Government of Ireland, however, is required to
provide for a population of 7 millions only, from a soil and a
power, scientific and manual, more thin sufficient to maintain
four times that number, in a state of greater comfort than is
experienced at present, by any portion of those 7 millions.
It is pilbbable that not more than one-seventh of the inhabi-
tants and proprietors of Ireland can be considered to be above
the rank of the working class; in which case, there is a popu.
lation of six millions to provide for themselves, and for one
million more. The system which at present prevails in Ire-
land is evidently incompetent to enable those six millions to
support this one million and themselves, although they should
be content to exist under. the deprivation of almost all the
comforts of human life. As a remedy for this state of things,
Mr. (loulburn, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, recommends
eneouragentent to emi.Tration, and a regular system of coercion.
This is the essence of his practical knowledge respecting the
best mode of governing Ireland ; and, while so governed, it
would be a matter of surprise, indeed, if Ireland presented a
different appearance from that of her present condition. There
never has been but one rational mode of ameliorating the con-
dition of any people, namely, by the adoption of measures
which produce an improvement in the character of the indivi-
duals, and by which they can, in the best manner, create
wealth and enjoy it; and the Government most to be desired
is, that which practically seeks to accomplish these objects.
Mr. Secretary Goulburn, in consequence of his own valuable
experience, will, perhaps, now admit that these objects are not
very likely to be attained, either by emigration or coercion, or
by making speeches in Parliament which do not convey any
ideas of practical utility.
Ireland is now in a condition so miserable, that. it would be
essentially benefited, in many of its districts, by the introduc-
tion, in its lowest state, of the system of natural productive
employment. I have already stated, that by this system I
mean arrangements which will admit of an individual, either
male or female, being employed, whenever by their industry
they can produce more in the year than they consume. If, in-
deed, these individuals are to be supported in any kind of ex-
istence, it is obvious to practical men that they had far better
be employed than remain idle, although their labour did not
return a half, a fourth, or an eighth of their consumption.
Of this truth, obvious to all intelligent practical men.: states-
men and men ortheory, seem to have little or no knowledge.
For, had they possessed any, they would have adopted wen.
cures long ago to employ the. peasantry of Ireland, rather than
allowed so many of them in each generation to remain in
idleness, to be taught habits the most injurious to themselves
and others, and to be forced to acquire feelings of discontent
with their wretched condition.

I wish now to direct the attention of the public to a very dif.,
ferent system from that which has been hitherto pursued ; to
one which shall provide productive employment for all the
working classes. The modern political economists, or men of
mere theory, will say, no; for it is contrary to their notions of
the vastly profound science of political economy, that the work-
ing classes should have employment found for them. No;

these Gentlemen of mere words without ideas, say, "men, if
left to themselves, will do the hest for themselves." I challenge
them to bring forward one fact in the history of, our species,
which gives the shadow of support to this theory. As well may
they say, " do not educate human beings, for, if left to them-
' " selves, they will acquire the most correct principles, and
" adopt the best and most useful practice."
These Gentlemen, whose natural powers of mind are much
above inedioctity, whose intentions are good, and for many of
whom I feel sentiments of great regard and friendship, have
been deceived by the past; they have known the world govern.
ed only under false and mistaken notions, and have perceived
that, in proportion as those notions have licen forced into prac-
tice, poverty, vice, misery, and:conseqiient discontent, have been
found to prevail; and no where has their influence been more
evident than in the past system of governing Ireland.
It is very true that it is better to govern as little as possible,
than to be active in governing on erroneous principles; so tar I
cordially agree with the modern political economists. There
is, however, a wide difference between governing on erroneous
principles, or remaining inactive,—and gas ernmg on prin-
ciples which experience has proved to be true, consistent, and
beneficial. The governuients of the world have hitherto, from
error, pursued the first of these modes. In consequence of the
uniform want of success which has attended all legislative mea-
sums, modem political economists now recommend the second,
or the abstaining from all attempts, on the part of society col.
lectively, to direct the proceedings of mankind ; in other words,
they seem to have a notiorvif some mysterious principle of Self
adjustinent in the affairs of life, which, if not interfered with,
would infallibly bring all things to their proper level in society.
Knowing, however, the mischievous effects on the general eco-
nomy of life which erroneous legislation, or the absence of all
direction, must necessarily produce, I recommend the third
mode of proceeding, as being the best calculated to form, con-
duct, and preserve, a healthy, active, intelligent, wealthy, moral
and happy society.
It is certainly more consonant to a mind unvitiated with pre-
judices, and theories to conclude, that as liumith nature has
ever been- essentially governed by external circumstances, prac-
tical measures should be now adopted, to improve these circum-
stances to the uttermost; that it is the duty of all governments
to make themselves thoroughly acquainted with the effects which
the various circumstances now existing in their dominions pro.
duce upon the character and condition of the subjects ; and
that it is their peculiar business to remove, in the shortest
possible time, all those, the direct tendency of which is, to
generate disease, poverty, intemperance, crime, and misery, and
to replace then, by other circumstances, whose tendency is to
produce health, intelligence, virtue, plenty, and happiness.
These are the grounds upon which I recommend an active
legislation on the part of all governments, as soon as they have
discoverettthe principle on which alone mankind ought to be
governed. That principle has been stated to be, " the direction
of circumstances," and the practice to consist in withdrawing
th.se which experiencp has proved to be injurious to mankind,
sad in introducing others which, on the same authority, we
know to be productive of benefit. Now, if we examine by this
criterion the proceedings of all past governments, it must be
acknowledged that, with very few exceptions, they have done,
from error, whatever was prejudicial to themselves and to the
people, anti have left undone whatever it was for their own in-
terest, and for the interest of their subjects, that they should
have performed. To go into detail upon this part of the sub.
jest, would be invidious and useless; it will be quite sufficient
to state generally, that it has ever been the real interest of go-
vernments, that all their subjects should have a full supply of
whatever is necessary to their health and comfort; that they
should be temperate, intelligent, and moral ; and that they
should possess the best dispositions and the kindest feelings for
their fellow-subjects and fellow-men, rendering to them every
advantageous service in their power ; and yet that, from ig-
norance of true principles, it has been almost the whole business
of every government we have hitherto knoivn to, construct a
combine fins of circumstances, which effectually prevents the
substantial attainment of any one of these objects.
Such are the circumstances which now, in a greater or lets
-degree,. exist in every country, and, in our own, to a greater eft.
tent than any tone, before examination, can imagine. Men
have been taught to talk of virtue and of virtuous conduct, as
though they .were familiar with both ; while, in fact, they are
'totally unacquainted with either, and I will demonstrate this
truth by referring.' to the circumstances whiCh -slow exist
around us.

It is' Virtue, if I know any thing of the subject, to adopt meas
sures to revent the existence, of vicious circumstances around
any portion of mankind, because men are sure to become what
those circumstances make them. At this'honr, every portion
of mankind Is surrounded with ci ecuinstititces„ the, greater part
of which are of an in moral character ;—and the great inajo-
city of mankind are forced tdexisf*idst c7rcuinstincee, almost
all, if not all, of which are direCtly vicious and detriinental to
them, To take an instance from our own country, and among
ourawn fellow-eubjects, can we find one single virtuous circuit].
Stance prepared for the millions t infants %slit? come into ex-
istence in the Irish cabins ? It is the ffritt,eiuty, it is the.teee
interest of our Government,' to form arrangements careulated
to render all its subjects healthy, active, intelligent, temperate,
moral, and happy; and they have, at their disposal, more power
and more means than are requisite to accomplish this Purpose;
but see how this power And these means have been applied ! Let
me now ask those who are Acquainted with any more of Ireland
than the Castle and its precincts, how many circumstances exist
around the population of that island, which do not ter.d to de-
teriorate and demoralize the human character? Is it the policy
of government that Ireland should continue in its present state ?
It cannot he; for it is not their interest, neither is it any longer
practicable. Ireland mnnot remain long in her present
miserable condition. She meet: undergo a change, and the only
question is, what should it be,—what change is the best that,
in the present advanced state of science and, knowledge, can
now be made ? I fearlessly answer, that as Ohne must come,
it ought to be the best that can be advised, the most correct in
principle, and the most beneficial in practice.
In principle, then, it is far better that an uneducated labourer
should be employed, than that he should be idle ; and, if ern-
' ployed, it is equally deairable, that his industry should be
directed in the most beneficial manner for himself and society.
It is also desirable that hi» children should be so trained as to
acquire good constitutions, dispositions, and manners, indus-
trious habits; and useful intelligence. And if all this be true
in principle, then it follows, that, in practice, circumstances
should be Immediately arranged by Government to secure these
results—for they are under its controul. But, in this mode of
proceeding, Government should have the entire plan before it,
and see and understand all its consequences from the beginning
to the end, that it may not halt between two opinions, or adopt
half measures. Every one now feels the pernicious effects, if
they do not understand the cause, of the errors of the present
system ; and the only consideration which remains is, will the
change proposed be an essential improvement or not ? for, un-
less the condition of mankind be greatly ameliorated by it, I
readily admit no fundamental alteration ought to be attempted
or thought of. Having had the subject long before me, and
having acquired more experience connected with it than any
other individual, I am fully prepared to say, without fear of
opposition from any intelligent practical man, that the change
will be productive of incalculable advantage to subjects And
to governments—so great, indeed, that •as soon as they make
themselves musters of what is proposed to he done, they cannot
fail to be eager in their endeavours to have it accomplished in
the shortest possible time.
Under the system recommended, the forming of the charac-
ter of the rising generation will no longer be left to accident.
Measures will be adopted to prepare forthem such new circum-
stances as are calculated to ensure them a good constitution,
proper treatment in infancy, an education from which they will
derive Food dispositions and manners, industrious habits, and
useful intelligence,--the means of productive employment, and
of an advantag_eous exchange of the surplus products of their
labour, as well as the means of maintaining a beneficial inter-
course with general society. By such arrangements, there will
be no waste of labour or materials; and the result of each
person's exertions will be much more than fourfold in produce
compared with their result under the existing system, and n
hundred fold greater in reference to comfort and all the real
objects of human life.
I have had two sets of catailations accurately mode out,—the
one showing t'.-2 result of the arrangements which I propose, al-
lowing that the common spade-produce only is obtained from the
land, and valuing the m anti lecturing labour of each individual at
7s. per week ; the population being supposed to be employed on
greater or less quantities of land, and more or less in manufac-
tures, in proportion to the extent of land to be cultivated,
The other set of calculation exhibits the result which would be
produced under the new system, after it shall have attained the
full benefit of its own operations, and estimating the manufac-
turing labour at its real value under the improved circuna-
siancee.

This new arrangement might be commenced on the principle

of artificial productive employment, because it will return to
the producers a much larger commercial profit, while it conti-
nues in competition with the present system, than any regular
outlay of capital can afford. But to intelligent men of busi-
ness, it will be at once obvious that the system of artificial pro-
ductive employment must soon cease. No one will continue to
expend capital for the purpose of making a machine on an old
plan, after be has discovered that a new one, much superior,
has been invented and successfully applied to perform similar
operations. And when a certain number of these arrangeMents,
or new machines, as they may very properly be termed, shall
be formed and set to work, produce and commodities of all
kinds will lot so easily created, that it will become impossible
to effect ksale of them, that will yield a commercial profit to
the producers. But this will give rise to no inconvenience, for
as the new establishments multiply, the parties conducting
them will gradually adopt the system of natural productive em-
ployment, and exchange labour for labour, through a conve-
nient representative medium, until all shall find themselves
fully supplied with whatever can contribute to their well-being
and happiness, under arrangements permanent in their nature,
and pleasant and gratifying to all in practice. The ignorance
and tally of pursuing any other mode of supplying the wants of
mankind, will then become apparent to every one. The old
machinery of Society will be seen to be, as it really is, most
defective in principle, and altogether inadequate to the work
which it was intended to perform. Men will at length discover
why a surplus produce, or real wealth, should embarrass and
overwhelm commercial nations, while all The individuals com-
posing them, were. ardently desirous of increasing their wealth.
They will plainly perceive that there is nothing more
absurd and irrational than that any part of Society
should be in poverty, or that any anxiety whatever should
now exist respecting the method and means of enabling
every individual to possess more than sufficient to support
hint in the best state, physically and mentally.
The modern political economists surely know not what real
wealth is, how it can be best created, or hest distributed and
enjoyed. If they understood the subject, They would discover
that their minds had been filled with theories which have no re.
ference to practice; mere 'terms without ideas ; phrases, which,
as they employ them, are made to stand in the way of" every
thing that is beneficial to manlcintl,---tending to puzzle corn-
mon minds until they make them think, contrary to the evi-
dence of the senses, that abundance, or surplus produce, must
perpetually inflict poverty and misery.
Upon this branch of the inquiry, it may be sufficient to add,
that the British Government, or the people, unaided by the Go.
vernment, possess the most ample means, without any pecu-
niary sacrifice whatever, to enable any and every portion of the
population to supply itself with whatever is necessary or bene-
ficial for every individual composing such portion.
To suppose that pecuniary charity is necessary or beneficial,
is an error of the most pernicious and lamentable description.
The working classes may now with ease be assisted, without
sacrifice on the part of any individual, to provide, by, their Own
industry, for themselves ; and not only provide for themselves,
but to produce a surplus more than sufficient to supply the
most extravagant wants of the higher classes, although the lat-
ter were double their present number, anti should expend. four
times their present revenues. Pecuniary charities will no
longer be considered as virtues, but as crimes; since they neces-
sarily tend to render dependent, to impoverish, and degrade'
those who are the objects of them ; who, if treated with corn-
mon justice; would be in a situation to bestow faVours upon
their fellow-creatures, rather than 'be. the receivers of a miser.
able pittance--a small fraction of that affluence which, by their
previous industry, they had actually created for those very per-
sons who make a merit of such mis-named eliaritie.s. Let but
common justice be done to the working Classes by those above
them, and each, on an average, shall produce sufficient fin ten,
and. each of those ten shall be abundantly supplied with what-
ever is btst for hint as a human being. How erroneous,' then;
must be the system which renders it necessary to assign poor's
rate and pecuniary charities, as they are called, to those who
produce all the wealth now in society, anti who, if placed under
other circumstances, could in a short time, and without tuft&
culty, augment that wealth much more than four-fold!
It is in consideration of this, and of many more grievous
errors, that I on this day come prepared to advocate the advan-
tages that would arise to all from an entire change of the pre-
seat system, and to demonstrate the neeewcy Irturtranw errsta
tor an Matneetlatc regrmeltC::llll3nt .of that change, beginning
with the poor and working classes.
Having entered into this explanation of my views regarding
the necessity and utility of finding productive employment fbr
the Irish peasantry, and tier all those of the working classes
who are now in want of it I proceed to the consideration of the
means by which the inhabitants of Ireland can be united, and
induced to live together as one people, having tile same interest.
The primary and substantial cause of the divisionS among
the people of Ireland is, the manner in which religion is taught
to them—l say, the manner in which religion is taught to them.
Extstrience demonstrates that men, in any part of the world,
may be forced to believe any thing to be true, however irra-
tional and absurd, and contrary to truth that which is taught
may be.
It is principle in unison with all the facts with which we
are acquainted, that the will of the individual has no power
uponoverhis i
ibue,liaenf
,;1 that
ye hisry
gbeneleireaflolyr cobyn vtif)teiogneoi sgri casesnaptlicalu
c forced
i
stances of his birth. Yet have the Irish people been taught for
many centuries that there is merit in one particular belief, and
great demerit in every other, on the subject of religion. This
same doctrine is taught by two powerful parties in that island,
who have been forced to receive different impressions on their
minds, as to which are the notions which will entitle the indi-
vidual to merit, or which are those to which demerit ought to
be attached. Each party is fully impressed with the conviction
that the truth is on its side, and the error with its opponents'.
They are thus forced from infancy to entertain hostile feelings
towards each other, and to Acquire characters of violence and
irrationality, necessarily leading to all manner of error in prin.
ciple and evil in practice.
our fellow-men and fellow-subjects shall be thus in-
structed,it will be worse than childish to expect that They, can
be made to think of, or to act towards, each other in a rational
manner, or towards any other individuals who had been taught
notions not corresponding with their own.

These jarring notions, and the hostile feelings which they
cessarily create, can exist only while men shall be allowed to
remain in ignoranee of their own nature and constitution. Far,
as it is evidently a law of our nature, that our will has no Con-
trval over our sentiments or belief, it is equally evident, ,that
there never could be any merit in any individual for receiving
one set of opinions in preference to another, and quite as little
demerit. I repeat, then, that the primary cause of all religious
differences among the people of Ireland is, the error which has
been forced into their minds from infancy, that merit or de-
merit can belong to opinion. The same error pmthicen similar
effects in every part of the world, and it is the chief cause, either
direct or indirect, of the dissensions anti wars which have dis-
turbed and desolated all human society. It is, a bar to all
charity. It nourishes every antisocial feeling ; it prepares man
for every species of crime ; it is alone the origin of all the mo-
ral, and of much, if not all, the physical evil which the world
has hitherto experienced.

Why, then, should we—why should any part of society, not
desire that this pestilential doctrine should be wholly withdrawn
from the moral code of the world ? Tell me,—l atidress myself
to those among you who have often deeply reflected upon, and
have patiently and calmly observed the Ways of men, what
practical results would follow, if this doctrine, the source of
universal division, dissension, hatred, and strife, were entirely
blotted out from the system of their early instruction ? Would
our young minds, in the absence of it, imbibe feelings towards
our fellow-creatures that would impel us in manhood to tor-
ture, burn, sad massacre then►, because, being differently taught
from ourselves, they could not believe the same truths or false-
hoods which we from infancy had been compelled to entertain ?
Can you conceive it possible, that, if error had not been forced
into the minds of our predecessors, any one of them could have
felt and acted in this manner, or that they could have adopted
such conduct with the view of gratifying a mild, merciful, and
benevolent Being, who possessed all knowledge and power
within his own nature ? To eradicate this terrible error, this
destroyer of every good feeling and of all good conduct in man.
kind, would it not be, at once to withdraw from human society
that which :lone separates man from man, that which excites
the peculiar repulsive feeling in the churchman, when he com-
municates with the dissenter; in the sectarian, when he meets
with those into whose minds has been put another vet4jon
merely of his own creed ?

Some, however, who are now present, will not have It in
their power to prevent themselves from thinking at this MO.
anent, that if it be indeed true that any opinions may be forced
in infancy into the mind of any child, and that it to a law of
nature that the will of man is powerless over his opinions, then
it is a necessary conclusion that merit or demerit never did Or

can belong to any sentiments entertained by any Portion' of
mankind.
.11eree then, we, hive attained a point of -lie highest intereet
in' the affairs of Men, and to this point I would now rivet your
attention,
That there is mach evil in the world, all admit. Dissen
sion, ignorance, and poverty, or the fear of poverty, with all
the train of dire, calatnitieS which thee continually generate;
afflict the greater part of our species, ,Whencedo these arive?
Front the system by which the world has ever been, and is now
governed. From whence does that system proceed ?
.Solely
from the notion which has been forced into the minds of all
men in childhood, that there i. merit and deneerk in opinion ;
and yet the first rational reflection that a hittrien being uv
make, after he becomes acquainted with the hisiori of his race,
is, that opinions are the necessary effects of the geographical,
situation of man ; and therefore, if there be matt or demerit
in opinions, both belong to geographical situation, 'and net
either of them to the indivithial.
It was from this view of the tUbject, and front knowing the
endless evils which this fundamental error has brought upon
the human race, that I was led to declare my intention on this
day to advocate a change of system and I have coolie to -tins
resolution, because the measure of the iniquities of the present
system is quite full, and can be no longerendureel ;•-ehe-
cause the wretched state of Ireland calle loudly for improve-
ment, and it is not possible to ameliorate the condition of Witt
country, until the system by which it has been hitherto ere-
vaned shall be changed front its foundation.. Those who pue -
Apse minds equal to the comprehension of this subject, s
retsallY.tonieretand that the system 'cannot be changed ix Is;'-
land without being also changed in (rent l',ritain, and that
change cannot take place in the British Kmpire without ex-
tending its beneficial influence to the neighbouring nation.,
and, at no distant period, toall 'other parts of the earth.
The entire subject is thus placed before you, and I trust
your minds will now expand to comprehend its fUll extent. I
wish it to be, without delay, placed also before the world, and
dwhthicaiti
itshethairsordladyslidalloucantedeptaintclimtt reetaillantawtujirie
beef talcie:
change which
cotnpanied by no evil in its progress; it has no hostile feeling
to a single child of man. Its object is, to do good, and, against
every adverse circumstance; to extend ehatgood continually.
The Koper Intsiniss ofhuman life is to improve the character
of each individual, and to surround him with whatever can
contribute to his real well-being and Iteppineee. The tor,stene
under which human nature has been hititerto_ pliCed, hare failed
most lamentably in both these respects, and were it to be cond.'
nuedfor thousands of yews, it could not succeed. It is there.'
fore a waste of time and of human happiness to attempt to inn-.
prove it by piece-meal, when it is fundamentally wrong in
principle, and of necessity continually' injurious in practice.
I learn that many individuals are extremely anxious that ex.'
perimenut should be now commenced to chew the practical re-
sults of the system which I advocate. I know beforehand that
the effivt of those experiments will be, to introduce the new
system generally throughout peiciety. .
It is proposed in the prospectus which I held in my hard,
arid copies of which shall he distributed among you, that the
first instalment of capital to be called fora for the purpose of
commencing the first or parent establishment in Scotland, is to
be paid on the hit of September next. Not one shilling, theee...
fore, has yet been advanced ; nor could I desire it, _until the
public should be fairly informed of die rear nature of the nlere,
the practical effects of which the intended eiperiment is to
prove. . . .
The new system disclaims all hostile interference sfith the
present practices of the world. It will be carried into exe;
cution only through the truth of its principle,e and the so.
perior advantages of its practical arrangetnents. It has no-
thing in it of an exclusive nature, but will at all fillies court
inSpection and examination, and to those to whom the result
May proVe Satisfactory, it will offer fellowship and assistance.
As the cause of all the errors of the jarring notions and pro.'
ceedings of mankind is clearly developed by the principles on
which this system is founded, no cause ef Partiality for one
class, sect; or party, in preference to another, can exist. All will.
be equally admissible to its Advantages. Individuals or societies
of all the religions of the world, and of each sect of every reli-
gion, may beneficlidl? sdopt more or less of
.i.ett,practical Ur*
rangements, hut none can enjoy ha ,Thief and .Pettiliar anti full.
Armen uegefee un- wee
demerit to opinions, or to the conduct which thole opinions
produce. ,
It can only be nnder the full operation of the proposeed'sys.
tem that iredivithiale can be diiested of every feeling Allied to
hostility towards a fellow-being, .and that whatever Variety. of
.lientiM
entnosy arise, the general cliuse of that difference bong
known, it can never excite anger, but only a rational curiosity,
to ascertain the partictilar etretinistitocis which produced the
difference. Charity, kindnese, and beewielence witiunn,linnet
to sect, to class, to Nifty, to country, and to colour, will eortee.
quently
The arrangements undei which they will, live, will_ enable
thee], by pleasant, heelthy,'and desirable acetipatifintseteieify to.
prOduce a surplus beyond their owl) wants and wisheleand thus
effort' them the means .of enentling.mueh aid to others, until
every portion of society around thent shall be as indePerident
as themselves. Thus, In a short time, there Will be, no clash-
ipg of pecuniary interests, no unsocial different:ex ,on, the sub-
ject of religibn ; ,everf Motive. to individual or national Contests
Kill be withdrawn, and the errors which give rise to the per-
sonalities that now torment society will become too glartngs
even, to young children, to admit of the continuance of such
pueyile proceedinge.
Seeing how much new capital is expended uport the present,
Wretched system, and knowing that it will shortly be discovered
to be so much capital thrown.nway, I ton anatous,,,while the.
first c.ominunities are in progress, to call theitttentioned,pMee
flea! men to the subject, and induce thetri to conipsre the open'
in whiCh they are now engaged with those to which I amn.
inviting them, even in the view of pecuniary profit to them-
selves, and without. any regard to the great good which-14,y
would at the saute time confer upon so many others.
The change which is rapidly approaching, Will soon hare a
decided influence upon all our commercial;manufacturing, and
agricideural concerns. I mean the change that Must '4Nee in
consequence of the introduction of what may be termed itinew
Machine, of extraordinary power and combivatiou, WO, at a
greatly reduced cost, will perform all those respectiv opera-
tions in a manner much better than they can now hence:formed,
and with increased health anti comfort to the work Peitiile.. I
therefore feel a real anxiety that loss should be prevented; that
all new projections eliduld, as far as possible, be suepeeded,.
being convinced that they will proVe ere long to be, the tannic
of money being unprofitably and wieleesly expended e And, I
would earnestly recommend it to parishes or Bounties intending'
to erect poor-houses, work-houses, houses of correction, or other
public buildings designed for the reception of the poor of the
confinement and punishment oferinunals, to stay their prnceetl--
ings, and make au unprejudiced investigation into the coinpa-.
rative expellee of selenium; for relieving poverty and pen:lo44e
crime, mid of those which they might eisily adopt, by del: plait'
I propose, to prevent the existence of either.
If I had made a itecret of this plen. and obtained AN it were
a patent for it, anti had propmied it to speculative individuate
for private gain, it Would .long ago have been eagerly seised,
upon by capitalists, and held in high' estimation. But because
it is offered to all freely and without trouble, it is on that, tec-
count supposed by the public to be of much less value and im-.
penance. It is, however, offered to the public, without cost,, i
for a very different reason ; it is because ts value is beyond all
estimate, because it is certain in its results to improve the cha-
racter of every individual and to relieve all from poverty,:witii-
out taking any wealth from those who now ponces it. The in-'
troduction of this plan into Ireland will speedily relieve itfeteet
the miseries and dissensions which, under the present, system,'
must go on and increase.
Ireland is, in fact, the scape-goat to Great Britain, under a
system which can only exist by preventing en increase of real
wealth, while, at the same time, all are taught and impeil4 to
seek it. Can it be credited that the maim of the populatitm of
Ireland are suffering extreme want from the deficiency of pm-
ductinns which by their labour, they might easily supply, but
which they shall not be allowed any capital to create,
it would he contrary to some favourite theories of epeetiletive
men, anti because, by the industry thus brought,.men notion,
a greater supply of real wealth would be produced than cite
swiilsradoym Goof twlireetperiesier
at
policysysem
cacozunildotactlnvnatriinteeErriimoueul+4 yu4n4erltErt
atilt, is not British Revenue and Capital at t
cuiisntrthehderee4mtonoosantieldateo;nissl;,:mirevani; ,lngn_ectrthieenyyncenvear7insteilouefthiiartuternppreorott:watibkornoaa:44riiblwuiettlit,ittowievo:„
'coidttlinainfa:aYt'uteuiledun9jataliien:sitiytorninrt:eve‘,Yhetlierlunr4ceraismp
en thins°n)t ecV' thts "uht i I:s.elibtLinPistellea:"4B:ti:ouriv:nrcElwee,natilililnagbitoih-uieweacillvtyblifitti:areftneultalbseueop:rlt'totelpostur°:bierrlizinnbfiti'o:::ll;

etscistingfacts, it will he instrumental in permitting, with the most
ample means of prevention in its power, the infliction of store
misery on five or six millions of the subjects of this Empire
than is now experienced by the same number of individuals
untie: the most absolute despotism that is to be found in any
part,of the world. I trust, however, that our Government will
not continue thus to act,--that it will no longer be restrained
, • e from doing a positive good by the fear Of .transgressing the
fanciful hypothesis of certain ingenious but inexperienced in-
divaluele.
A loan of five to eight millions, well secured on land, houses,
and on'the indtletry of those who' would pref.T. employment to
idleness, would now rescue Ireland from its miseries, and Go-
veratnect from its greatest.disgrace. - The loan, too, might be
twiny repaid with interest, by a sinking fund, in less than la
yens. But, for argument's sake, let us suppose that the whole
of this sum was advanced ; suppose it to be all expended, as I
PrroPi eieiri. the purchase of land, the building of well-ar-
eaagettyrilitges, he establishment of manufactures, the him-
.eyiroveti .cultivation of the soil by spade husbandry, the pur-
chasing of iniplements and stock of all kinds, the education of
the children of those whose industry will be thus called into
aetion, and in creating neatness, cleanliness, order, and system,
Where they are now scarcely known.
Anti suppose, improbable as it is, that Government should
not dayrtty receive back one farthing of the eight millions so
'borrowed and secured, even then, as the money would be ap-
-13lied directly to give productive employment to the now stem-
eeg peasant, and enable him by his labour to support himself
tied family in food and clothes, and to.educate his children ;
tied as the measure :would create a great demand for building
.rid other materiale, and articles from general society; and as
would speedily render unneeessary the maintenance of so
.large a military and police force in Ireland • I contend that
even' under the supposition that the eight million of capital
were not to be refunded, nor the interest paid, the British Go-
Vernment has not appropriated any eight millions out of the
whole of its vast eepentliture, which have produced indirectly,
throtigh.revenue and saving of expence, so large a pecuniary
return, or a tytime, or a twentieth part of the moral result that
.would be obtained through the proposed application of capital
to Ireland.
So vitally important to that country do I consider such aid to
be, at this particular juncture, and so safe do I deem the itecue
city which the landed proprietors and others have to offer, if
the loan were granted them at 31, or 4 per cent., that I am
ready to commence a Hat, if other individuals will follow my
example, to give additional security to Government for the re--
payment of such loan, and to put my name down for 6,000/. ;
mind in doing so, knowing, as I do, the whole extent of the
misery, degradation, and demoralizing circumstances in which
sp many millions of our fellow-subjects are allowed to remain
within two days' journey from us, feel that Ido not half per-
form my duty. IVere these utterly, in themselves, helpless
beings, to be seen by many of the rich and benevolent persons
of either sex, with whom this nation abounds, and seen, as I
have witnessed them, in cabins the most wretched, in the most
wretched situations, emaciated from the want of a sufficiency of
wholesome food, their children' mingling with the litter of swine,
and often in the depth of winter, without fuel enough to' boil
their daily meal of potatoes,—it is impossible, if Government
will not lend a helping hand to change these wretched circum-
stances, that those individuals who are rich, and who are term-
ed good, pions, and charitable, can longer allow these things to
be, and suffer themselves to be still called good, pious, and
charitable.
Charitable, indeed I—Where are the wealthy individuals
who have any real claim to such epithet, while they wallow in
luxury, often the most injurious to them, and at the same time
know that millions of their fellow-beings, of their fellow-sub-
jects_ , suffer as, the Irish peasant now suffers, and yet they do
not bestir themselves P
But whatever others may do, I feel that I shall be impelled,
while health and means remain to me, to continue without
ceasing to call on the Government and people, until this deep
stain on our national character shall be removed. Anil it is
also another determination, which the circumstances of the
times force upon me, to proceed without delay to prepare a full
example in Scotland, of those practical measures from which
the world ere long must derive substantial and permanent ad-
. vantages to an extent of whiCh at present it can form no ade-
..quate estimate.
This is ,intended to be the parent village, where those who
will be required 'to assist in the forming and conducting of
other similar establishments will be 'trained. If the system
shall prove but half as beneficial in a pecuniary and in a
moral view, as from long experience of the certain results of
, the influence of circumstances over. human character and
affairs, I am warranted in anticipating that it will, then do 1
surely know that the time Is near when these establishment*
will be made quickly to extend from parish to county, and from
county to kingdomeand from one country to another, until there
:shall not be a district: in any part of the world, in which, on ac-
count of the advantages they are, calculated to secure to human
nature, they will not be found to prevail.
Those present who are inclined to invest in the parent establish-
;:ment any past of their funds at an interest of 5 per cent: to be
,ffitlf gar'. to Messrs. Fry and Chapman in the City,
Nmormetta".."4.44.l,•oo,o4.loomssassokossils
And as a Society has been formed in Dublin, under the title
of the Hibernian Philanthropic Society, for the purpose of form-
ing one Or more of these establishments in Ireland, and as seve-
rat thousand pounds have been already subscribed for that pur-
pose, it is requested that those ladies anti gentlemen who wish to
promote the trial of one of the proposed villages in that coun-
try, will put doivn their names on the saute terms as the Scotch
loan has been subscribed for.
I wish it, however, to be understood, that from none of these
',Jeans or expetiments do I expect, directly or indirectly, any
other advantage than may belong to any other contributor to
such loansi or common Member of the Society,' when I shall
. take up my anode in one of these communities. And that when
1 ask for any.loan, or other aid or service relative to these es-
tablishmenteei dee not consider myself as asking any personal
favour, whatevelee •
I take the interest in them, which you have witnessed, be-
eniuse I feel that human nature has been abused and 11l treated,
and becauie I believe that the principles and plans which I ad-
vocate will do atiatice las our common nature. The sole return
I Seek, or, have ever sought, is to know that some day my fellow-
beings will be in possession of the full extent of that happiness
and enjoyment which the exertions of my past life have been
employed to secure them ; and, as I feel assured that the fine
Is not far distant when this desired object will be attained, I al-
' reedy peseess a rich reward for those services, and deem my-
self most amply repaid."--( Great approbation. )
TheiVottley Gentleman then read the following Resolutions,
Whirl, he said he would ultimately propose should be adopted
by the Meeting:
" 1. That it is the opinion of this Meeting that the condition
of the population of Ireland, generally, requires amelioration.
" 2. 'g the causes of their poverty and sufferings are, the
„went of productive employment, and the existence of religious
differences.
" 3. That both, these evils proceed from fundamental errors
in the present constitution of society: the former, from the con-
tinuance of an artificial system ofproductive employment, which
is now highly disadvantageous to all parties ; the latter, from
-,she notion that there is merit or demerit in opinions, which in
all cases are the effects of geographical cirumstanees.
" 4. That as circumstances In all cases essentially form the
character, the only course that can be rationally pursued with
a view to the amelioration of the condition of society is,_ to ender-,
your to acquire, in the first instance, an accurate knowledge
of the circumstances which are favourable, and of those which
are uefavourable.
-‘` 5. That Mr. Owen ha's devoted a long anti active life to
, this object, anti by deep study amid reflection, by extensive per-
sonal Communication with the most intelligent of all classes,
sects, anti parties, anti by valuable. practical experience, has
succeeded in devising a combination of circumstances, which,
in their application to society, he thinks will tend materially to
improve the human character and condition.
" fl. That* does not appear that lie could have any private
or individual Interest, separate from the general. good, in put-
-Inane this mnde-of conduct. '
/. That heetppeare to be folly convinced, that the eystem-
which lie proposes to the world, when carried Into execution,
will produce.Cne inesfheneficial„ moral; and pecuniary results,
" H. That lie Offers his services to the public in putting this
ohm into immediate practice, in England, Ireland, and Scot..
And, or to inetitute an experiment to prove its efficacy in all or
any of thwestountries."
A (JERI' cAtit AN, whose name we could not learn, next pre-
„sented himself, and_ proceeded to read something from a manu-
script he held in his band; lie read, howeVer,an a tone so very
-low, and the whole matter wee so confused, that we were not
able even to guess at his meaning he received much interrup-
tion, but .0111 persevered. , Time conduct of this individual ex-
cited some temporary disorder; ,he was at length prevailed on
to sit down. •
•Mr. MAIM), (an hisli-Gentleman . anti a Barrister cif the
,Inner-Tentryli,) said, that. tatsuglnetts an bumble individunl,
he protests d against any attempt to realise plans so utterly
visionary as those of Mr. Owen—lapplause),—lie was ready to
concede the full extent of benevolenee which the wannest friend
of Mr. Owen could demand, as thenharacteristic of that Gentle-
beari.—(Applause.)•.e.lle was gratified at the 'respect-
ability ofthe meeting assembled that day, becumse, considering
the dimness- of time 'meson, it- shewed the deep and lasting lute-
rest felt in time state of the ceuntrjehm which the Chairman now
directed his views. lie agreed with that worthy Gentleman
entirely as to time appalling extent of the 'evils under which
Ireland was suffering, but he differed with him tote ark as
to the remedy he had preposed., Ile (Mr, M.) was satisfied
that the Cluurrnan's plan wits utterly.impracticaale ;. it never
could,
,never would he carried into nxecation.—.(Apidanse

and disapprobation.)—The Chairman had described the whole
state of society, in every ramification, to be disorganized, cor-
rupt, mischievous, bad in every respect and for every purpose,
and he had, therefore,' proposed a radical change of the system
on which mankind had hitherto associated. lie came forth the
apostle of a new age, the prophet of a new cPale. He drew the
curtain, and dist I
.. yed views of the Paradise;Paradise;to which he pro,-
posed to conduct t hem. Anti how was he toaCComplish thesepro-
digiousresults ? By forcing men to :cave their present occupations,
business, and homes, and gathering them from the east and from
the west, to form them into communities of perfect felicity in his
magical squares and wonderful parallelograms.—(Applause.)—
Throwing aside all the principles on which all legislators had
hitherto proceeded ; disregarding the passion for distinction,
the love of gain, the sense of interest for ourselves and' our
children, he wished to amalgamate the population in his fan-
ciful communities, withall their religious prejudices burning
strongly within diem ; with all their individual passions and di-
vided interests clashing together; and where, of all countries on
the face of the globe, had he proposed to try this extraordinary
experiment? In that country where those. prej ud ices ,passions,and '
interests struck tigain,ta each other in fiercestcollision ;-(applause)
—in that country, subject }hinges to all the complicated evils of
misgovernment, the absence of its
landlords, the infernal tithing
system, and the proscription of its people, because they would
not apostatise from the faith of their forefathers ; where for
centuries oppression had bowed doWn the peasantry beneath
the hoof of the horse, whose rider's sabre menaced with death
the murmur 'of discontent—(l°lld applause);—and yet Mr. Owen
now appeared, to draw off the attention from those remedies,
plain, simple, and just, which might and would benefit that un.
happy country, and to give Parliament a pretence, by the obtru-
sion of his visionary plans, for bringing nothing forward calcu-
lated to he of serious or permanent service. (Applause and sonic
disapprobation ).—lf the *plan of Mr. Owen were so beneficial as
he represented it, why need he travel from Dan to Beersheba,
expounding it in newspapers and in reviews, in pamphlets and
'in speeches—in short, in all imaginable ways ? 'Why had it not
been acted upon in that country, where it was most wanted, mid
best known ? Yet after seven months of indefatigable exertion
and benevolent care in that country, where, above all others,
enthusiasm nourished and warmed feeling into life and action,
he came to ask an English audience to carry into effect what
was impracticable in Ireland. He (Mr. Mahon) did not stand
there that day to advocate any system of religious intolerance.
Ile objected as much as Mr. Owen to the subjugation of the
human mind beneath any yoke of superstition ; but when he saw
Mr. Owen endeavouring to sever the links by which the hopes
of man's happiness were united to die throne of his Creator—
' when he saw that gentleman setting free all the bad passions
and feelings of human nature from the admonitory instruction
given from the pulpit and the altar, he could not avoid asking
the Chairman what was proposed to be substituted in its
place.—(Applause and disapprobation.)—What was to be the
future bond of room' obligation, for the uneducated peasant,
in the halcyon days of' Mr. Owen's visionary theories t'—(Ap.
plause and disapprobation.)--It was now fifteen months since
he had heard Mr. Owen detail his system to a mewing at the
Freemasons' Tavern, coniposed of much higher and more
powerful personages than he saw there assembled. He had
then heard announcements of nominal thousands subscribed
toinstitute these villages of felicity. His feelings were as strong
at that time as at the present, though he had not expressed them.
He opposed .1 Ir. Owen this day as a native of the country into
which lie sought to introduce his plan. lie denied the justice
of the attacks of Mr. Owen on the charitable disposition
of the people of England. Whenever charity was advocated,
either in aid of any portion of our own population or that
of any foreign country, when had Englishmen been found
deficient ?—( a pplanse.),-When were they ever absent in the
hour of want? On the contrary, they had come forward, not only
at home, but in all parts of the globe over which they weretieat..
tered. With respect to Mr. Owen's plan, he would ask, was it
probable that, impracticable as it certainly was here, it cpuld be
acted upon successfully in Ireland ? Mr.. Owen was reasoning
through the darkened mirror and horoscope of his own imagine-
tioh. He was, like Macbeth, grasping an air.drawn dagger.
—Though he had the tongues of the apostles, and a more i
than human voice to give utterance to them ; though he added I
thousands to his list of nominal subscribers ;--his labours, like I
manure put on sandy soil, would disappear, and his systeM for
ever remain a day.dream., lf, indeed, he was desirous of bene-
fiting Ireland, let him assist in expunging the code of proscrip.
anon by which the peasant was rendered an alien in his native
land—(Applauie.)—Let him bring back the absentees. Let
him put an end to the exactions of tithe. proctors, middlem9,
con-acre men, and canters. Let the infernal system of cleri-
cal rapacity be abated, instead of giving force to it by the bill
of Pains and Penalties against Ireland which disgraced the last
Session—(Applause.)—Tlien we should indeed see practical
benefits bestowed on that long-oppressed country. There
would he no necessity for resorting to the quadrangular
Arcadia of Mr. Owen. His system might be very well adapt.
ed to manufacturing places, where the parties worked at the
same loom, and were paid by the same employer, whose in-
fluence could therefore controul them ; hut the system was
not applicable elsewhere. . He (Mr. 'Mahon) admired the bar.
mon , benevolence, and wisdom, which had suggested such

rev ere,, WWI, the terirritlftilttigptiilp
mediately by that gentleman. But before it could be intro-
duced into general practice, it would first be necessary to
change the constitution of human nature, as it had been wisely
formed by our Almighty Creator, who had destined him to
" earn his bread by the sweat M
~of his brow." r. Owen had
certainly succeeded in obtaining the sanction of Lord Cloncurry,
Mr. O'Connell, and some other patriotic Irishmen, by whom a •
few hundreds had been subscribed. " Further those deponents
say not." He had no doubt that the worthy gentleman had the
purest and best intentions, but he (Mr. Mahon) could. not help
lamenting that so much time- had been wasted, which, properly
employed, might, both to Mr. Owen himself and. the country
at large, have been productive of much more beneficial results.
—(Applause.)
Mr. YOUNG was rather unwilling 10 obtrude himself for the
purpose of defending Mr. Owen's system, as he coniesseel he
did not sufficiently understand. it; -but as to the sincerity of
that Gentleman, and the greatness of his object, there could. be
no difference of opinion. The Gentleman who had just address.
ed them so ably and eloquently, had, in his (Mr. Young's)judg.
ment, totally misconceived the system, which he wished him-
self he had heard more in detail. fle did not understand that Mr.
Owen arraigned either Catholic or Protestant as thecause of the
misery of Ireland ; it was the system of difference of religious
opinion altogether to which Mr. Qwen objected. That difference
finally grew into such prejudices, that wen could not regard
themselves as brothers travelling by many roads to their Father's
honse, in which there were many mansions.. Religious perse.
cution, the natural and inevitable offspring of this feeling, had
given rise to most of the evils that had afflicted mankind.—
(Applause.)—Power, originally entrusted for the common good,
but abused to the general evil, bad produced all the calaMi.
ties under which mankind had suffbred.—(Applause.)—The
present views of Mr. Owen. were rather extraordinary. The
maxims which he had promulgated were, however, truths
worthy of being solemnly recognized by mankind. Every
well-wisher to human improvethent must desire the progress of
reform gradually. To quarrel with men because they could
not think alike was not only cruel but unjust, • because opinion
was wholly the effect of circumstances for which mankind could
not be accountable. Indeed religion taught us that the jtidg-
mcnt in the next world .was to be founded, not on the opinions
we held, but the good we had done. The inquiry was not what
have you believed, but have you clothed the naked and fed the.;
hungry? After sonic further observations, the gentleman
concluded with expressing his wish that Mr. Owen's plan
might be extensively discussed, in .order that it might be
thoroughly understood. •
[ Mr. WILLs next addressed the Meeting. lle said that he
had been constantly employed in considering. the state of Eng-
lish peasantry, and he and those who had acted with hint had
uniformly found. that the pcasantS who held small portions o
land were alwayarnort! comfortable than.thoite who held noneThe ,
Worthy Gentleman-, after some further observations, pro.
eeeded to read certain Resolutions, which however were not
pressed `.

Mr. Mum; who on rising to address the Meeting was
greeted with a burit of applause, said that he felt all the diffi-
culty of attempting a reply to the opposition...of Mr. Mahon,
after the very eloquent terms in which that Gentleman had de-
livered his sentiments, and which had evidently produced a
considerable impression on the minds of thesauditory. lie (Mr.
Mudie) had not intended, when lie came to the Meeting, to
obtrude himself upon its notice ; but he thought it necessary to
obviate the effect produced by the brilliant .but delusive decla-
mation of Mr. Illabors ; and indeed, as that Gentleman
had stated that it was as an Irishman that he had risen to
oppose the introduction of what he considered an impracticable
and visionary plan into his country ;, so had he (Mr. M.) felt
an irresistible impulse, as a native of another diV.sion of the
Empire (Scotland), which had the distinction of being the
birthplace of Mr. Owen's system, to get up, and, as a Scotch.
man, to express his joy and his gratitude to the philanthropic
character who occupied .the chair for the intended formation
Of one of his communities immediately, at Motherwell, and
for the advantages which would thus be conferred upon his
country,— (Applause.) he could not deliver himself
with the brilliancy of his opponent, he could at least t

offer this claim :to the attention and the indulgence
of the Meeting, that during six years he had given
unremitting attention to the consideration of Mr. Owen's
propositions,—that during that period not one day, he verily
believed, had passed over him in which he had not ixnrained
or re-examined some one er other of`the objections to the Van,
and he could truly say that there was nbt one day, is the ivltiip
course of die same period of time, at the close of which he did
not lay his head upon his pillow more and more firmly convinced
of the soundness of all the principles upon which Mr. Owen's
arrangements were constructed, and of their entire efficacy to ac-
complish those-beneficent purposes for which they were framed.
—(Applause.)--With reference to what had fallen from the Gen-
tleman who had spoken with so much animation against the sys-
tem, he would cart on the meeting against allowing themselves
to be led e way by 'men of who sometimes substituted glow-
ing and elegent language for argurne4t, 'and' hy using strildfl,g
but inquiry metaphors instead of facts; too often succeeded in
carrying away the minds of their auditors from the considerk.
don of the real subjects of their inquiry. As one of the in-
stances of this kind, on the part of Mr. Mahon, and us a
proof that he did not possess, or at least, had not evinced
that accuracy of observation which was necessary to the for-
mation of just conclusions on subjects of such a nature as
bad been proposed to them that day, he would call to their re-
collection that he had characterised Mr. Owen himself as erro-
neously as he had characterised his plans, by representing that
benevolent individual as a person who looked at the world
through a medium so darkly coloured that it presented him
with nothing but sights of horror, and with gloomily distort.
ed objects.—(Applause.)—He had said this of Mr. Owen
—of that very man, who presented to the world the brightest
and most dazzling vision of human fetich, to which the
human mind had ever yet given birth !—(Great applause.)---
Ile (Mr. Aludie) had listened with the greatest .attention to
every part of the Speech of the Gentleman opposed to him,
in expectation that he should at some part of it be fa.
vottred with something like argument against the proposi-
dons before the Meeting; but he found, after casting aside
the glittering declainution in which he had indulged, that
his only argument, (if argument it could be called), amount.
ed to this, that the plan was not only on his own lyre dixit vi.
sionary and impracticable, but
.that it had been proved to be
so, because, although it had been proposed to the people of
England,. and to the people of Scotland and of Ireland, it had.
not yet been adopted by them. With equal justice might die
Gentleman have said, that because it had been proposed to
Mr. Mahon, who had not thought proper to adopt it, that
therefore it was impracticable; because Mr. Mahon was not
yet convinced of its practicability...--(Hear, hear, hear 0--
There was, in fact, upon all occasions, no argument which
deserved less consideration than that which was derived from
the obstacles which might be thrown in the way of any mea-
sure in the outset. If this argument were admitted, hardly
any of those measures of practical utility which we now enjoy
would have been adopted. There were scarcely any improve.
ments, if there was one, in the concerns of society, which had
not surmounted numerous obstacles'previous to their practical
introduction.—(Applause )—lle would only advert, however,
to the slow adoption of the practice of lighting the public
streets with gas, becautie that was an instance striking in
itself and universally known. After the advantages and
the practicability of that mode of lighting had been
.demon-
strated, as fully as any scientific discovery could• he demon-
strated, except by actual experiment on a large scale, a much
longer period had elapsed before it was adopted by the public,
than had yet elapsed since the promulgation of Mr. awen's
Plans ;—,(Great applause)—and if' that was the case on
a proposition so simple in itself, and, so obviously bencti-e;al,
as that far the formation of a Oa Light Company, surely
it could not be matter of surprise, and much less could
it be assumed as an argument egainst their practiees
bility, that the more complicated though more valuable
sropositions of Mr. Owen had been during a shorter tine
)(lore :the public, without having been reduced to prac-
tice.—(Great applause.)—j3lr. Male then entered into the
statement of various facts, and into the discession of several
of the arguments for and againsti)ut witlehlier(h meevslittlieonntisyor)lrloltriu.
cOeri ethi:;
for which we have not room,
intended effect on the Meeting, from the cordial marks
of approbation with which they were reeeived.l—What,
(he risked, towards the conclusion of his address) was there
upon the face of Mr. Owen' plan so obviously absurd and
impreeticable, that some persons thought themselves' justified
in Just glancing at its surface and endeavouring to treat with
ridicule that whiCh they had not fairly and candidly examined ?
What were the means by Which Mr. Owen proposed to accom.
plish his objects.? They were simply these, the education eethe
children of the working classes and the poor, on the Most approved
modus, and their employment in, he best and most ad ventageous
manner wilt this peculiar feature, certainly, that they would
be enabled to enjoy ft greater share of the productions of' their
own industry than fell to their lot at present-4 pplause.)—
With respect to the first of these means, it had been said that all
tif4ll4lcia.guap...a..i.i...l4o4.l9opissmeasuseUeneer-to-the.irtt ttttt
-.EFiracter was wild awl hopeless, and that Mr, O. expected results
from education which would never be realised. lie it so: Even
Wit were'eoneeded'that Mr.o.`a hopes were too brilliant, still it
would be admitted that the effect of education, properly and
skilfully Conducted, was to produce at least some degree of ini-
provement in the human being; and unless any man was
prepared to deny that proposition, it would be impossible
ter him to continue his opposition to the Plan, on the grounds
to which he had just adverted.—(Applause.)—With respect to
the second means,—the peculiar arrangements for the employ-.
meat of the working classes in communities, it had been ob.
jected that the result would be to introduce amongst them
habits of indolence, drunkenness, and immontlity. lint did
the persons who advanced this objection mean to contend that
it was necessarily a result of the congregation of mankind in
cizilized society, that they should become corrupt and demara-
lized ? Did they Mean to contend, that the necessary result of
the education, the civilization, and (be employment of men, un-
der the guidance of science, waitOdeprave the principles of their
nature? If so, then all the fancied progress of society was a
progress only in error and in wretchedness • and the sooner it was
broken up, and mankind were thrown hack again into die state
of the hunter and the savage, the better. There was /10
rational man who could seripusly Intend to advocate such
a doctrine as this; and there was no rational man, there.
fore, who could, after deliberate examination, deny the
efficacy of the means which Mr. Owen proposed to employ.—
(Great applause.)—lle (Mr. M.) had during the greater part of
his life been occupied with the examination of political and
other questions connected with the subject before them. He
had aln doting the greater part of his life, had peculiar
opportunities of closely observing the character and the
habits of the working classes of this country. He appealed
to every individual who had numbers of men in his em-
ployment, whether the certainty of obtaining increased ad.
vantages bypiece-work did not stir/Alive workmen to increased
exertions of industry rather than indlieithe weneration of habits
of idleness ; —and whether those who liatlecibserved the con-
duct of' workmen employed upon a .niece • of labour, the
aggregate wages of which they divided equally amongst them-
eelves at the close of each week, were not more regular and
industrious than those who worked on their individual ac-
count ? lie, for his part, had uniformly found that even an
idle and a dissolute man, on joining one of these partnerships,
or ccnnpunionships, as they were sometimes technically called,
became from that moment, from a sentinient of honour and a
feeling of just and independent pride, asiFgular, as ihdustrious,
arid as sober, as those of his friendsprlati• had previously been
the most distinguished for these qualities—l-Mr. hludip conclud-
ed amidst loud applause by giving his hearty support to the
propositions.

Mr. HEN MAN said, that to the praise of ameliorating the
condition of his Tellow-creatures, Mr. 'Owen was eminently en-
titled. Even those who differed with him,.gaVe him credit for
sincere and benevolent intentions to improve tho.moral condi-
tion of mankind. He was entitled to the thanks of the Meeting
for the able development of his plan which they had heard that
day, and he brought before them proofs of success. He (Mr.
Owen) made the appeal on behalf of Ireland, and that appeal,
he trusted, would riot be made in vain. At New Lanark the
plan had been tried, and it, had succeeded ; it had produced
much good. Why, then, should lie not try the same principle
in Inliand P Not having heard any argument against the pro-
priety and policy of such an attempt, lie would give the Iteso-
lutions his cheerful support.
Mr. GoultLAY next addressed the Meeting, and in an af-
fecting manner alluded to the disappointments lie had met
with, and the distress to which he was reduced.
_Rev. Mr. Citoox said, that societies founded on principles
nearly similar to that of Mr, Owen had been formed in France
and in the Netherlands, and had flourished in both places.
Mr. Owl:az next introduced to the Meeting the name of
Mr. Hunter, a Gentleman who, while yet a child, bad been
taken from his friends by an American tribe, and continued to
live amongst them for 19 years.
Mr.`lluxTFtt came forward, and in a short speech, remark.
able for modesty and intelligence, said, that in merica be had
witnessed the effects of combined operations ; those operations
were sofalwys sure to be more productive than the aingle-handed
eflbrt individuals. So fully impressed Were the people of
America of the truth of this, that there were various instances
of individuals of large fortunes who had thrown those fortunes
into a common stock with persons of very inferior means
merely for the benefit expected to be derived from combined
operations. He instanced the cases of Mr. Rapps, Mr. Dur-
row, and Mr:
After some conversation as to the question of adjournment,
Mr. OwEN said, that jiffs wish was to submit his plan to
the impartial judgment of the world—he was convinced that

the day was not distant when he would receive the most decid-
ed support—till then he would go on. pursuing a steady and
unaltered course. He had heard his plan called visionary—now
he was always a plain man of business--far from acting like a
visionary, ha Wade experiments on a laige scale, and patiently
tried them jri every possible way for twenty years ;—having
found the result ti be most satisfactory, what course did he
en parsue?L-he spent tan 'years in discov individuals of
6fer3t stet, to whose Judgment and knowledge* appealed.—
Ilu had, ne petsonid object-to getatify:,--he had nn,tish,to find
truth in one place in preference to finding it in anSilmer. To
the restikt he ieoked without anxiety—he knew he was right,
because he had tried experiments which no one else had tried.
—.(Applause.)
A motion for adjournment to Friday next, at one o'clock,
was then put and carried.
*.* In addition to the persons named at the commencement
of our report we are informed that there were also present at ,
the meeting Sir William Young, Mr. ltowcroft, Dr. l'inckard,
Captains Rattray and Tomlinson, and manyrespectable mem-
bers of the Society of Friends of both sexes. Before the Chair
was taken every seat was occupied.

SPA N.

PRIVATE CORRESPONDENCE.
" CADIZ, JULY 7.
" The French, perceiving that there is no probability of their
success unless they can have the opportunity of quickly striking
a decisive blow, are perfectly sensible that their great enemy is
Time. They therefore hasten their movements, in doing which
they commit great military faults : at the same time they put in
motion all the artifices of intrigue and seduction.
" Meanwhile public spirit revives in the provinces which the
French abandon ; the illusions which blinded .the people are
dissipated ; patriotic Guerillas are forming every-where ; the
strong places are supplied with provisions and fortified ; the
enemy's communications are intercepted ; and the hope is
again cherished, that in the present struggle laurels as immortal
will be won as those whiehswere the reward of the late contest
for independence.
" General Mina holds his place still fearless, at the head of
his brave troops, and constantly harrasses the French ; the
Government is taking measures to provide him with rein-
forcements which will enable him to undertake more im-
portant enterprises. The fortresses of Old Catalonia arc de-
fended with courage and unshaken constancy, as are also San
Sebastian and Santona.
" The respectable army of General Ballasteros forms one of
the principal supports on which the nation relics.
In the provinces of Andalusia not occupied by the enemy,
General Zayas is actively employed in forming a new corps,
which will soon be engagedin important operations.
" This interesting point, the isle of Cadiz, the secure asylum
of the King, the Cortes, and the Government, is in a complete
state of defence. It posgesses a brave and strong garrison ;
as adequate naval force, composed chiefly of gun-boats, is
rapidly completing; new magazines of provisions are forming
and every thing is prepared for successfully repelling any attack
which the troops that have so rashly approached our lines may
be tempted to make.
greatest_confuston prevails in Madrid. The invaders,
as was to be expected, find that they cannot act in concert with
the ridiculous Junta which they have installed under the name
of a Regency. These men have already set about restoring the
Inquisition, and all the abuses of the old despotic system.
The unfortunate persons whom they have misled will soon see
what they have to expect from so illegal, seditiOus, and fanati-
cal an authority-rill detest their principles, and hasten to join
the defenders of.the country.
" His Majesty's Zlinisters,- though sensible of the arduous
nature of the task imposed on them, are undismayed while dis-
charging the duties of their station. They labour to overcome
the difficulties and embarrassments of every description with
which they are surrounded; and they flatter themselves that by
patience, courage, and constancy, they yet will obtain the bless,
mg& of peace, and secure the honour and prosperity of Spain.'

CADIZ, Jury d.—We are now completely surrounded by
And by the French, united with the rebels, and the blockading
squadron has been reinforced by several other ships which were
at Gibraltar. Notwithstanding; this increased blockade, a
quantity of small craft are dropping in, all laden with provi-
sions. Rice particularly is in great abundance ; meat is not
dearer than in usual times, and vegetables are brought from the
opposite shore occupied by,
the French who dare not disgust
the country people, who live eiclisively by the Cadiz market.
The French line extends from St. linear as far as Conil,
but their rear is exposed to the Spanish forces united in Alge-
tires ; and it is expected that General Ballasteros, who was in
Granada, will come forward—in this ease there will be a fair
opportunity for the troops stationed here and in San Fernando
to make a sortie. The fact is, that the French have yet no
fortress of rank in their possession, and their forces arc too much
dispersed.
JULY s.—The easterly wind continuing, about forty small
craft have entered during last night and, this day, all laden
with wheat and provisions of every kind. An English brig,
laden with codfish, .and another from Guayaquil, with cocoa,
have also entered, in spite of the opposition of the French
guns; but another English brig, who was reached by their
shot, has been obliged to return to sea.
JULY G.—An English schooner was this morning near the
entrance of the Bay, and under the gun-shot of the Light
Tower, when, from the two Franck line-of-battle ships and
owneer e frigate, ordered attouaranrc(liisorthtewoEnmg
iessh sdcilsitoanon4c r,mwa which yi eta.) rpmuetdh et: ltfs
under the protection- of the castle, the guns of which obliged
the French to return, and in this way the schooner was able to
proceed with safety to the port.
The inaction in which the Spaniards have yet maintained
themselves cannot last longer, if they do not expect that the
French will retire of their own accord, as the season of the
yellow fever is approaching. This is an enemy who frightens
them more than the Spanish bayonets.
JULY 7.—lt is confidently asserted that Ballasteros will
came from Granada with twelve thousand infantry and two
thOusand cavalry, to attack the French stationed on the opposite
side of Cadiz: The French Admiral, the day before yesterday,
assured the Commander of the Royal George steam-vessel,
that he might land at, and take away from Culiz, pas.
sengers, of every description, except the King and the Royal
Fatrily„.

Thi French from the opposite place are so badly inforined
with regard to the condition of Cadiz, that they advised the
passe igers of the Royal George, who arrived here yesterday
from St. Lucar, to bring with them sonic bread, which they
Sir William A'Court has received dispatches from Govern-
ni'ent by the English cutter man of war. lie still remains at
Seville. The people are very much dissatisfied with it.

[Prom the Redactor General (ftlse 13th.]
CADIZ, JULY 13.

MINISTER or WA it.—Ttie Governmelt has positive infor-
mation that the Goneral• in-Chief of the French army in front of
this isle has determined to give orders to the land and sea
forces tinder his command, that from the 15th of, this month
they shall fire on every person quitting the island and present-
ing themselves before the French forces.
PACKETS.—This is to give notice to the public, that not.,
withstanding the blockade of the enemies, there frequently leave
this place packets with letters fbr the provinces and towns free
from the enemy on the part of the East and West, so that the
authorities and individuals of ancient Galicia, Asturias, and
part of Castile, not occupied by the enemy, may write to every
part of the East, as tar as Barcelona, and the free places of the
interior, and vice versa, with the security that laying out of
consideration the contingencies for which the Government
cannot provide, the letters will arrive at their respective des-
tinations.

According to the notice received this day from Puerto de
Santa Maria, there are no other news there than the arrival of
' the Gen. Villavicenzio, the return of the Fathers of San Juan
de Dios in their convent, and the inhabitants beginning to feel
disgusted at the rough treatment of their guests. In Xeres the
Fathers Vietorios have taken possession of their convent, and
the Carthusians are about to be reinstated.
( Prom tl, Espertador of the 13th July.)
PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE CORTES, 12TH JULY. '
Various Resolutions of Committees respecting the sale of
goods taken from the enemy, the better organization of the
army, and literary property, were discussed.
There was ordered to be added to the Act, the particular
vote of Sieur Lopez Cuebas; contrary to the approbation of the
proposition, that on the conclusion of the ordinary Cones they
should not leave the Isle of Cadiz. . •
There was read, and approved of, a proposition from Senor
Bertran de Lis, that the Keaolution of the Cones, by which it
was agreed that the Deputies should not separate from the Isla
on the conclusion of the ordinary Sessions, an exception be
made for those to whom the Government may find it convenient
to
,give a military commission.

PARIS PAPERS.

axN7
jarc
Irtlit.f.;lPairts.thvaiaTilEfoLneEeryT:l PR RN Gt:
ihed at
head-quarters at Budalona on July 1113 the following Order
his
of the Day conce •
concerning the ,alb of Iliolinos-del-Rey and
Martorei e • - ",
Thi
enemy occupied a position on the Llobregat, at
Molinos.del-Rey, and at Martorel.
"On July 9 Lieutenant-General Donna md"
u caused him to
be attacked on the first of these points by the 3d and ,26th re-
giments of the line, and by.the 6th IltisSarS,.and on the second
by the 18theind the Bth Chasseur;.
" The rising of the Llobregat hindered them from •ng
across it; the third regiment forced themselves ov wading
across it; the third regiment forced themselves over the bridge
earryindtheir arms, and sustainin •
g an
mated tire. Brigadier-General Count Laroche-Ayinon; Col.
Fantin•des-Odoarts, Lientenant.Colonel Fitzjames, marched
at the head of this brave regiment. The 18th of the line, com-
manded by Brigadier-General Achard, was opposed during the
greater part of the day to a force double their own.
" The enemy, forced from all these positions, was thrown
back on Villa Franca. On the same day the garrison of Bar-
celona made a sortie on the road of Mt:linos-del-Rey. Two
battalions of the 60th, and the 32d of the line, posted at Es-
Wee-as under the orders of Brigadier-General Vasserot, drove
back the enemy with the greatest loss. Since these actions
which add to the glory of the 4th corps, the operations reletive:
to the investment of Barcelona are pursued without any obstatle.
We have to regret several brave men, end among them a cap.
taro of the 3d reginienz of infantry.
" General Dennadieu ment
derable number of Officers. ions with great praise a consi.
" The general opinion among the army is, that if the attack
had been executed as combined by the Marshal, and if lien.
Donnadieu had waited till the division of Curial had arrived,
it would have been completely successful. But Gen. Donna-
dieu thought himself sofficiently strong to act alone in this
business. In the meantime Milans has arrived at Villa
Franca, where he augments the number of his troops, and it is
said that he is preparing to attack our army, by combining
his operations with those of the garrison of Barcelona. The
wounded of General Donnudieu's division have been sent to
Grenolles.
" Colonel Casas has left Barcelona at the head ef eig'it hun-
dred rniquelets, tbrmed of Catalonians, who haVe take n refuge
in that place; he has gone to join Milans.
" On the 10th, a column of 2000 men made a sortie from
Barcelona with two pieces of artillery—it was directed towards
Sarria, but was repulsed by the 19th, and retired to Gracia ; a
battalion of the 7th attacked it, and forced it to retreat, and pur-
sued it in the plain, in spite of the lire from the town. A few
men were killed and wounded on both sides.
" On the 13th another sortie took place. The enemy divided
his troops into two columns—one stopped under the cannon of
the town towards Sarria, the other (about 1,200 men) marched
to Horta—it seems to have had the intention to attack the left
of the troops established at Gracia. The third battalion of the
32d, and the first of the 60th took the enemy in flank, and put
him in disorder, and made him retreat.' •
" Tjse 4th squadron of the sth regiment of chasseurs set out
the day before yesterday from Puycerda for Vida
" The garrison of the islands de las ,Vedas, consisting-of 81)
men, 4:Titillated on the 15th. Our troops took possession of
the place on the 16th, and found 17 pieces of cannon and provi-
Nimes for two months. These islands are situated at the mouth
of the Ter, half a league from the coast, and ere barren and
destitute of inhabitants. There is no water, allrthe fortifica-
tions consist of two batteries, established on the heights, and
served as a place of range for all the privateers on the coast.
The garrison obtained water from the mouth of the Ter, but
as soon as we placed a past of 150 men at Herlit, on the coast,
where thereis a small port, the centre of all the commerce of
the neighbourhood, the garrison was unable to procure any
supply of water, and what they possessed being exhausted, they
were obliged to capitulate.
" In the largest of these islands, during the war orindepend-
ence, General Lacy organized the armies of Catalonia. We
occupied all the province; it was not possible to collect and or-
ganize troops there, the recruits were therefore sent to this-
island, and as -soon as battalions were formed, clothed and
armed, they were sent into Catalonia."—(Conttitutionnel.)
[From the Journal des Dibots.]
MADRID, Jut Y 21.—We have received here, from Port St.
Mary, intelligence. of a sortie made by the troops of Lb... Cortes.
Tho Revolutionary Generals assembled all the disposable men they had in Gadiz and the Isle of Leon to make an effert inefire.a. e ,A
your of their expiring cause. From tl to 9,000 men, headed by
the militia of Madrid and Scribe, who shouted with all their
Intgrir,-"-V/Ve-Riego !" came out by different points under the
protection of the fire of the batteries of the respective forts, but
all their courage evaporated on the flying of our balls. A few
companies of our soldiers overthrew into the canal the whole of
this mass. The truth is that these poor men, sent by the
Cortes to be butchered, will scarcely fight fbi a cause which the
greater part of them cordially detest. They were nearly 20 to
1, and they scarcely kept together tin hour. The lesson has
been severe, anti it will be felt by the Cortes; 1,500 men were
either wounded, killed or drowned. We onle lost a few soldiers;
five or six officers were wounded. A Freirch refugee Officer
was found on the field of battle, both whose legs bad been car-
ried away by a cannon shot, in despair at having betrayed his
country to serve such wretched men ; he cried out—" Put an
end to me that I may at least perish on the field of battle." It
was thus that the sorties from Barcelona were all. made at the
expence of the fbreign legion. Some persons believe that this
Officer was General Lallemand ; but. this is not certai. We
have also the best accounts of Generals Molitor, Bourcak, and

FOURTH CORPS.
['EXTRACT OF A PRIVATE LETTER.]
BAOELONA,Ju t. v. 21.—Our movement is decided—.toemor-
row we march upon Ignahtda. Circumstances wonderfully fa-
vour us. It is announced to us that the inhabitants of the en-
virons of Villa Franca have declared for the Boyd cause,
which gains ground rapidly. The country between titeLlobre-
gat and the Ebm is one of those in Catalonia where the
number of Royalists is the most considerable. Mans() is
with lifilans and Llobera. We go on rapidly towards the
denouement.
Rams, Ju tr 27.—We advise foreigners who are interested
in the resistance of Cadiz, not to allow themselves to be led
away by the statementa of the Courier Franaiis to, he at the
expense of sending thither cargoes, which would intallablY hill
into the hands of Rear Admiral Baron Hamelin, whose tell
and devotion are completely seconded by that of all th 4 officers
commanded by Lieut.
serving under liii orders, and by the ardour of the crews which
they command.
c clichrtiselitoutadieriz,tuiten,dcothaeoLpiyerianiineeco,
order---those who sincerely desire peace, of which the deliver-
ncerr. The friends or
ance of King Ferdinand will be the pledge—may regard it as
certain, that the, Revolutionists are as strictly blockaded in
Cadiz by sea as by land, and that the epoch of the subniission
of that place wily. not be di.slant.
[From the Constilutionnel.]
.
circumspect in re. m the Mini-.
i inaPrkAißitigsoi njALeYco2n7tratit-eioanrsewehNiceehetolitnte.golYall
sterial Journals on the affairs in Spain, and we score+l.,' allow
ourselves to consider as !,urprizing the telegraphic c:! <; ..!ch we
have given this inorning.from th:_. Moelteer, We lit i ~... ~•,,.
ever, with justice' be astonished at seeing all at :. . : ~i,i)
men make a sortie front the Isle of Leon to attte:, 0.: - - , pie
when . two days before Some Ministerial Jourr.: :—!:,..t1 tis, there were not more than 3,(100 men there, and wl; : . c.!. -.,4.),:e
who pretend to be better', informed, only mad;: ti:e garrison:
amount to 6,000 men, remarking at the same time diet we hail
before the 'lace three times as many men as it c.ontsined.
TheD).,,,'.4,. Blanc of yesterday, published serious reflections
on the war in Spain. If wentay believe that Journal, "the wrecks
of the Constitutional forces have contrived to shelter them-
selves in the fortitietl places which the Revolution had provid-
ed for itself, and these have become so many fortresNer, which
cannot be reduced but by the combined efforts of French
bravery and European policy; and if the policy which directs
this war continues to receive no impulse but from the Stock
owbisthtinicactynewnhtaictiloinvi,,itil? ecnictiarbyinctizpi
this tin at Paris and the heads of the Treasury, we say it
irlonawiisiiirlaug untlienaarcehhiacraiactheirtco.i:
rests and social security."
But it is with Catelonia that the Jesuits of the Dra pea*
Blanc are particularly busied, and.they give themselves up tis
strategical calculations, after which they must be entitlea to
Lieutentuit-liencrals' Commissions. On this . • point they are
directly opposed to the illinisterial Journals. The campaign
.
•
is without fixed plan, and the Drapean Blanc had one which . t
rand would Lot have disow 1 I-he I d had the in- ./i
net: t . t!i co .
nand he would have ) - i ursued lima with tour columns or
;• ti)
equal force, which woeld ithe - encircled ' anal-
end have and anal
hilated him ; " het " the Reverends,. " This would have )1
leen too strew* f ' a
I
,_ . .
,t, or /idle caw:tele." Aline is no longer a Man-
inn ; he is now th'e St 'foetus of Catalonia? who by bold marches ;I
i,
and count
, ill
cr.rnarches has bailed partial anti unconnected
operations,

[Prom tlic rourier rranQais•J:
The Tribunal of Abdtirdi.llo senttnced 31. Zichel to time*
nths immisonnient Cr hiving distributed the letter of the
Peptities of the Upper Rhine to its Constituents.

4k.