The Sun.
London, England, 1841-03-15 00:00:00

'4,-414,1t,

LONDON
MONDAY, MARCH 15, 1641.

We succeeded in showing on Friday, we think,
that the writer in the Morning Post, who
measured the value of foreign trade by the
amount of the exports, did us great injustice, as
if lie had measured the utility of religion by the
number of pulpits. That writer, and all those
statistical writers who indulge in similar compa-
risons between the different branches of national
wealth, have not attained the smallest ele-
mental acquaintance with the phenomena of
the production of wealth. .Those who have
looked at that are aware that territorial
division of labour is as necessary to its
progress as division of labour amongst indi-
viduals; that it would, for example, take several
times as much labour to produce cotton or sugar
in England as suffices to supply them from
America or the West India islands, even if they
could be produced here at all. Everybody who
has looked into the subject knows, too,
that the introduction of those and other
commodities' from abroad serves to extend
the division of labour at home, to call
new arts into existence, and to promote,
not merely the wealth, but the skill and
ingenuity of mankind. We may safely assert
therefore, that the writer who measures the uti-
lity of foreign trade to the community by the
amount of the exports, is most lamentably igno-
rant of the whole science of the production of
wealth.

Where there is the greatest ignorance there is
generally the greatest presumption, and accord-
ingly we find the writer in the Post, on Friday
h at, indulging again in a condemnation of freedom
of trade, and in ap enlarged ambition of regu-
lating all the employments of society. He said—
.

There are two g lea ain circumstances in the present condi-
tion a Great Britain which deserve the especial attention of
every patriotic politician. The first is the continual increase
of the people beyond the increase of opportunities for providing
them with profitable employment. This is coupled with a
greater impatience at a life of labour and poverty than ever
before existed, so that we have discontent continually spread-
ing from a double source. If the condition of the labouring
people were not growing better they would be dissatisfied, be-
cause they have become embued with a general ambition for a
better, or at least a more easy and refined, way of life. But
instead of growing better, so far as regards the means of pro-
curing subsistence, their condition grows one of more difficulty,
owing to the gradually increasing disproportion already men-

tioncd.
The te:ond circumstance is the prevailing dogmatism in fa-
vour of what is unjustly called freedom of trade, but what
may truly be called the selfish desire to employ the population
of other countries rather than the population of our own, if the
produce of their labour can be obtained at a cheaper rate.
It is tolerably plain that these two leading circumstances
have a very important connection with one another. If they
go on—that is to say, if the population continues to over-
crowd, as it has latterly done, all the avenues of remunerative
industry, and if, at the same time, new laws should be made or
old ones repealed, to facilitate the employment of cheap foreign
labour, in preference to that of England, Scotland, and Ireland
—what is to become of our working people ? Why, they must
fall into the most pinching and terrible state of distress.
The remedy for this want of employment,
which inspires him with so much alarm, is this :
But when a nation becomes so thickly peopled that there are
enough, and more than enough, both to produce manufac-
tures far beyond the consumption of the country, and corn far
beyond what the country has ever consumed, then to econo-
mise labour is no longer a national object, though it may be a
source of great gain to individual capitalists. The great
danger of a nation in such a condition, as respects its popula-
tion, is that of the people being unemployed, and uncomfort-
able because they are unemployed, or too slightly remunerated
for their labour. As the sercoutneetytoorfbe:)athpi• capital
pisroopNevrtinyg
andto the
_
protection afforded by Gcp)avyernfomreintst, iptrobtee
protection,
by
ythge
ivdinuytyof
Government, as a general. p
re-
munerative employmentto the people,
larger profit through the cheaper dnu to
the industry of
hinder it from seeking
ry , t o make capita:
la-
bour of foreign people.
As the knowledge and the
wisdom specimensic h aspireo
to govern society, these
passageS are, we think, remarkable. The increase
which
of the people is, at setting out, actkneowoolendtgrol o
acknowledged to
be natural, something beyondf
statesmen. At least
under the regulation of theimme-
diately afterwards we arc told that " this it
is
nut
State.im implied that
thatit is
in-
crease is beyond the increase of opportunities for
providing them with profitable employment,'i im-
plying that the employment is to be provided by
some other persons than the people, and making,
in fact,-the State responsible for their employment.
That error lies at the foundation of our Con-
temporary's reasoning. He knows that the State
does not create the population but, nevertheless,
he would have the State find employment for the
population. The least acquaintance with the
writings of Mr. MALTHUS would have informed
our Contemporary that he requires the State to
perform an impossibility.
At the same time, as the whole of wealth is
the produce of labour, and, as labour really pro-
duces more than the labourers consume—for an im-
mense number of idle and unproductive persons are
maintained by the produce of labour—there is no
reason whatever to suppose, if the Government
do not interfere with employment, that the people

will not find profitable employment for them-
selves. In fact, one labourer is, by his produce,
the market or employment for another labourer.
The more the agriculturists are multiplied, the
greater is the demand for cotton cloth, and the
more the employment for cotton spinners is in-
creased. In like manner, the more the cotton
..Dinners are multiplied, the greater is the
demand for agricultural produce, and the more
the employment of agricultural labourers is in-
creased. This is only the example of what takes
place through the whole of the productive classes
—one is the market for the other. It is clear,
therefore, that the more the people are multi-
plied the greater is naturally the demand for
labour, and the more does employment increase.
Ultimately, and as the last result of analysis, the
demand for labour is always to supply human
wants; consequently, the more the wants are in-
creased, the more mouths that are to feed, and
backs to clothe, the more employment there
will he. In the system of nature, we beg the
Post to remember that the appetite of hunger,
and the means of gratifying it, are, as the rule,
conjoined in the same person ; mouths are gene-
rally accompanied by hands, and consequently
the faculties of production, and of profitable em-
ployment, keep pace with the increase of the
people.

We admit to the Post, and we complain of the
Post for advocating the system which causes it,
that the people do not now find profitable em-
ployment. It is true, as the Quarterly Review,
which the Post quotes, says, " Our manufactur-
ing towns, which formerly drew off such large
swarms from our agricultural districts, have pro-
bably ceased to do so to any great extent." It is
true that" every avenue to fortune—every opening

to employment—is instantaneously thronged with
competitors. From the highest to the lowest—
from literature and the arts, the learned profes-
sions, law, medicine, and the clergy, with their
multiplying churches, commerce in all its
branches, from the merchant princes of the City
down to the small grocer and hardwareman, there
is a busy, vehement emulation, in which many
must fail, and many drag on with but a precari-
ous livelihood." It is true that profitable em-
ployment cannot now be extensively. found in
agriculture, in commerce, or in manufactures,
and much we thank the Post for acknowledging
that truth. But how and why is it, when the in-
crease of population necessarily carries with it
its own demands and its own increase of employ-
ment, that this terrible restraint is felt, this ham-
pering in all (Erections, this great want—while
the faculties of man are in full vigour—of

the means of gratifying them ? Ask this
question at Manchester, at Birmingham, at
Sheffield, at Glasgow, at Leeds, at Hull, and
what will be the answer? "We could employ
hundreds, thousands more," the manufacturers,
and merchants, and ship-builders of these
places would instantly say, " if the Corn and
Provision-laws, the timber duties, 'the sugar
and coffee duties were abolished." But if

they could employ thousands more, there
would be a corresponding demand for
the labours of the agriculturist, the phy-
sician, the lawyer, the engineer, and of
every other profession. All would be alive,
active, and enterprising. It is, then, the re-
strictive system, the accursed bread-tax, the
abominable discriminating duties on sugar, and
coffee, and timber, which prevent the people
from labouring, and so enabling them to gratify
their own wants, and which makes the whole
Government, including the Legislature, a great
curse to the people.
The Post imagines that it all arises from em-
ploying cheap foreign labour. What does the
Post mean? Where did it learn that the un-
unskilled, slothful, vacillating labour of other
people is cheaper than the steady, skilled labour
of the English•? The remedy it proposes is
worthy of its knowledge of the disease.
While the exertions of all men are directed
to encourage labour, it would find more employ-
ment for the people by restricting improve-
ment and by taxing capital. It would by law
hinder capital from seeking a larger profit. The
Post, as it is wonderfully clever, may hold water
in a sieve; but if it knew that cotton cloth may
be capital, that skilled labour is capital, that a
multitude of other things are capital, of which the
exportation is allowed or cannot be prevented, it
would never have talked of preventing capital
from seeking larger profits through the cheaper
labour of foreign people.
At present when the skilled labourer of Man-
chester or Birmingham carries his talents to
Belgium or Germany, because he is not allowed
by the barbarous law to emplOy them at home, he
carries capital abroad to profit, not by cheap
labour, but by the market which a com-
parative abundance of food there constitutes
for his peculiar labour. If the capitalist or
the corn-merchant could buy the food abroad
and bring it here, the capital, the skilled
labour, would be kept in the country, and the
capitalist would gain a larger profit by setting
more of the skilled labour of England in motion.
The real source of the greater profit which
would accrue to the capitalists, as the Post cor-
rectly supposes, by the abolition of the Corn-law,
is the greater adaptation of two sets of people to the

work they would then be employed in. The in-
genious population of England would be more
extensively employed in manufactures, and the
unskilled population of the Continent would
prepare them food. Labour would be economized,
yet more people would be employed, and profit
would be greater.

If the Poet can say nothing more against free

trade than that it would increase the profits of
capital, we would recommend it to hold itspeace,
for that increase—the increase of the fund
which sets labour in motion—is really
what the .Post benevolently desires, though
it is ignorant of the means of obtaining
its own object. In this it resembles the Legisla-
ture. It has benevolently desired, we presume,
to promote the public happiness, but it has been
ignorant of the means, and it has embodied its
ignorance into a multitude of laws, which
are now the curse of the country. We
feel it in every path of life. Every parent
feels it in the difficulty he experiences

to provide for his offspring ; every industrious

man feels it in the difficulty to obtain subsist-
ence. Whatever may be the vices and follies of
individuals, the community can only have been
brought to its present hampered and diseased
condition by the errors or crimes of the law-
makers.

If the public are not amused we beg to state
that we are, by the contest which has arisen in the
bosom of the Church, and which is known under
the name of Puseyism. Those who really love
the Church, and the political hypocrites who pre-
tend to love it, may weep and moan over this
schism we own that we delight in it, as calcu-
lated to set the merits of the Establishment in a
clear light. When those who are members of
it and reap a large reward from professing its
doctrines begin to impugn them and expose its
practices, there is a great probability, that the pub-
lie, however obtuse it may be, will ere long be made
to comprehend the exact amount of the public
utility of the Church.

One thing is very remarkable remarkable about the Pusey-
ites. Their opponentsadmi
admit theirintegrity,
while they blame their enthusiasm.
Infact,
they are honest, logical,. consistent priests, who
have been bred
u
Church, have
adoptpeamth
and seek zealously
the
.principles of the
to carry them out to their just conclusions. Be-
cm,
Be-
lieving in the dogmas of
one Catholic universal
Church, which the Anglican Church claims to
be, honestly believing that its principles are true,
they claim obedience and reverence
properly, on those principles, treat De' Dissent for
it,
and,
as
i a sin
or a crime. Zealous advocates of the principles
for which the Bishop of EXETER •
is a great
stickler, and which the whole Church
• adopts, of
the apostolical succession in the Anglican '
--, or
universal Catholic Church, they logically and
necessarily deny to every other Church, whether
Presbyterian or Methodist, the possession of the
real priestly power, and, of course, deny
to their sacraments any saving or healing
grace. On the same principle of apostolic
succession, it is impossible to deny that
the writings of • the first Fathers, or those
more immediately next in succession to the
4pastles, and who collected and preserved their

writings, and transmitted them to us, are works
of very great authority, even if it be admitted
that they are not quite equal to the Gospels and
the Epistles. For the value of those writings, or
for the necessity of tradition to understand the
Scriptures, the Puseyites are great sticklers; and
-to us they only seem to follow out, the doctrines
of the Church to their legitimate conclusion.

In like manner, when they contend for more
candlesticks at the altar, further genuflexions on
approaching it, more bowings of the head, and
more reverences by the priest, they only carry
out the present practices of the Church of Eng-
land, and revive the traditions of the fathers.
In truth, the logical, upright, and honest Pusey-
ites know that the Church of England—in into-
lerance, in the substitution of dead forms for
the living spirit, in •an idle worship of
names, and in a disregard of things, in
its claim of infallibility, in its substitution of
the word of the priest for the word of GOD, and
in its preference of the book of traditiOn for the
book of nature, they know that in all the essen-
tials, except having a young woman for its head,

instead of a venerable priest, the Church of
England is in truth and substance a Papist
Church, and seeing its decay in public esteem,
they naturally essay to restore its power by car-
rying out its principles. The Popery of Puseyism
cannot be doubted; the only doubt is how far
that accords with the genuine principles of the
Church of England. Those who wish to bolster
up the Church assert that it does not, while we
recognise the agreement, and rejoice to see the
honest Puseyites, backed by some of the Tory
Journals, carrying out the true principles of tie
Church.

The doctrines of the Church imply that man

needs something for his mind to rest on beyond
the power of his own Observation to obtain.
They imply that he must have something to
gratify the cravings of his heart beyond the
suggestions of his own appetites and passions,
or his own reason, which are deceitful and full
of evil. Vanity, self-love, pride, and other pas-
sions, misinterpret what has been made known
and preserved, and that which was given for
guidance and consolation, thus becomes, it is
said, a temptation and a sorrow. Hence the
necessity of recognised interpreters; hence the
claims of an infallible priesthood ; hence the
assurance—not to gratify their ambition, but to
soothe the heart of man—that they received or

inherited a Divine commission to under-
stand and explain all things ; hence in
foriner times the success of Rome ; and

hence the hopes now formed by the Pusey-
ites, by insisting on her doctrines, of obtaining
success in England. In this hard and sceptical
age, intent only on making money or on getting
bread, the Puseyites are not likely to succeed;
but they are sure to rend (which is not what
they wish) the Church to its foundations. The
Bishops, it is said, are going to inquire into the
doctrines of Puseyism, and happily they will be
unable to keep the profane press from being
made acquainted with all their investigations.
Some proceedings have of late taken place at
York, and charges of simony have been bandied
about, which will by no means exalt the priest-
hood in public estimation ; the other proposed
investigation will bring to light some similar
conduct; so that we can inform the priesthood
that the first step to the recovery of their do-
minion is to retrieve their character.

Mr. LABOUCHERE7S resolutions relative to our
Colonial Customs Duties, which we publish, go
to effect a considerable reduction on the duties
now payable on several articles when imported
into the colonies. They also authorise the intro-
duction of tea into Canada, and the other North
American colonies, from the United States,
on payment of the same duty as if brought
from England, enhanced 10 per cent. To a
trifling extent they will liberate the trade of the
colonies and be an advantage to them. But when
the colonies are so worthy of consideration, is,
let us ask, the mother-country to be neglected ?
At Carlisle, as well as at Manchester, Liverpool,
Glasgow, and Edinburgh, a strong opinion has
been expressed against the present tariff, and in
favour of a revision of the import duties. Will
Ministers neglect or slight these towns ? Though
London still sleeps, they are awake, and make
themselves heard. The metropolis, formerly so
active on all such questions, is now so dull and
stupid that it seems to have been hocussed by the
Tories.

We publish in another part of The Sun a Re-
port of the Committee on South Australia, on
which a Bill is to be founded for taking out of
the pockets of the public 210,0001. to provide
for that colony. This is the result of the first
specimen of the self-supporting scheme. Several
others are in progress, and we must wait the re-
sult of them before forming a definite and certain
opinion of what has been puffed off as the grand-
est discovery of economical science.

Mr. HUTT, who last year so successfully ex-
posed the injuries to which our commerce in
the Elbe was subject from the depredations of
Hanover, has very consistently followed up his
course of usefulness by performing a similar ser-
vice to our merchants, manufacturers, and ship-
owners in regard to the Danish exactions, called
the Sound Dues. We have before us a pam-
phlet on this subject by Mr. HUTT, called
" Sound Dues• Considered," and we must
say that till we bad read the elaborate history
of our treaties with Denmark, and of the
Denmark method of practically observing
them, we could hardly have believed that so
gross and pernicious an abuse remained to
be redressed. " Sound Dues," Mr. HUTT justly
observes, " in any shape are an opprobrium, but
Sound Dues aggravated by rapacity and bad j
treatment are surely intolerable in a country
whose existence depends on the prosperity of her
commerce and the moral influence of her flag."
It was bad enough, God knows, and a pretty
significant indication of what a parental Govern- I
ment we lived under in the old days of Tory
domination, to have conceded gratuitously to
Denmark a right to tax our trade and navigation
in the Sound, on any scale however limited, and
under any restrictions however severe. Small dues
for the lightage and buoyage of the narrow seas
between the Cattegat and the Baltic, is all the
tax that ever would have been granted to the
Crown of Denmark, had our rulers in 1814 either
considered or understood the ithportance of the
trading interests of Great Britain. Without a
struggle, a remonstrance, or a word, however,
the memorable Lord CASTLEREAGH signs away
the rights of his countrymen to hold free inter-
course with the Baltic nations, and hands over
to the King of DENMARK for ever, as a clear un-
bought advantage, the power to impose taxes
and restraints on all British ships and cargoes
passing the Sound. Such was Toryism in its
hour of might !
We conceded to Denmark, as a right, the power
to levy heavy contributions on all our commerce
in the Bahia, and to inflict severe restraints and
penalties on our mariners, in order to secure the
payment of these contributions to the uttermost
farthing. We agree to pay, in addition, the salaries
of the Danish officers at Elsineur, who collect the
appointed tribute; and beside tribute and salaries
to pay lightage, buoyage, and beaconage on our
ships passing the Sound, to an extent, that over
and above defraying all the expenses of these
works and establishments, brings a net income of
considerable amount into the Danish Exchequer!
Yet all this does not satisfy the majesty of
Denmark.

iEstuat infelix angusto Hittite.
He craves for more, and obtains it by a profli-
gate violation of the Treaty by which he claims
any right to the Sound tolls at all. The amount
of the toll on each article is settled and deter-
mined by a formal tariff, which forms part of the
Treaty between the two nations, and Denmark is
therein forbidden to exact more than is pre-
scribed in the tariff, under any pretext what-
ever. Yet so little has this solemn injunction
been respected, that there are but few articles of
commerce on which Denmark has not exacted
larger dues than the Treaty sanctions, and on
many of them the dues are augmented more
than 500 per cent.
Other stipulations which the Treatiescontained,
for the protection of commerce have been treated

* Sound Dues Considered,
Ridgway, London. by. William Hutt, Esq., AL

by the King of DENMARK in the same uncere-
monious manner. On our side there has been
nothing but submission. " These unliwful con-
tributions on our trade have been exacted," says
Mr. HUTT, " with all the confidence and regula-
rity of an unquestionable right." And for six-
and-twenty years this system of spoliation and
injury has been going on without obstruction !
To have been the first to point out and clearly and
earnestly to explain the economical and com-
mercial evils which it has heaped upon our coun-
try, is a_merit due to the Member for Hull. We
trust that onTuesday night he will complete, in the
House of Commons, the useful and honourable
task he has undertaken, and that, by insisting in
Parliament on the same important truths which
he has here placed before the public, he will at last
compel the attention of Government to the
wrongs imposed on the industry of our country.
We cannot conclude this notice better than with
Mr. HUTT'S own words :
" It may be said that after all this is only a question of amount
of Sound Dues, that we have formally armed Denmark with a
right to collect them in some measure, and that such right
she is very unlikely to resign. Denmark would not, of course,
gratuitously relinquish an advantage which she holds by an in-
expugnable title— a solemn Treaty—but the Sound lax is so
obviously pernicious and oppressive, that it would be well for
our Government to enter into negotiation with the Court of
Denmark for a fair commutation of it. 'The injury we suffer
by the Sound Dues is not to be estimated by the 80,0001. or
100,0001. per annum,.levied on our trade at Elsineur for the
benefit of the King of Denmark and his officers. The evils
arising from our goods being enhanced in the foreign market
and foreign goods in our own—ftora ships detained on their
voyage, and in a difficult and tempestuous sea—from restric-
tions, trammels, penalties, on the free operations of commerce,
are beyond all power of measure or computation. The very
circumstance that our commercial intercourse with the north
of Europe is checked and cramped by our own laws, and by
the laws of other nations, which we cannot control, is, in it-
self, a powerful reason why we should not suffer the measure of
exclusion and prohibition to be completed by the acts of a fo-
reign State, which no man living can justify or approve. We
cannot control Denmark in the collection of her legal tariff.
That is true. But during the last quarter of a century, Den-
mark has been acting on a tariff which is neither legal
nor defensible, and Great Britain, as well as Sweden and
Prussia, well know that the excessive dues collected at Elsi-
neur may be rightfully and reasonably demanded back. In
truth, Denmark is not in circumstances to hold any very
haughty or unaccommodating language. It cannot escape
the sagacity of her Government that the Sound Dues, which
derive their origin from a period when every thin.. was settled
by the rude instrumentality of force, are little in harmony with
the principles which now regulate the affairs of the world, and
that the Sound Dues have now no foundation whatever but in
the faith of those Treaties, which have fixed the tolls to which
commerce shall be subject on passing the Sound. These are
net times in which any nation can be permitted to evade the
execution of Treaties, or to abolish one part of the stipula
tions they contain, and interpret others according to its interest.
A Treaty from the moment that it is not faithfully and regu-
larly observed by the side interested in maintaining it, ceases
to be binding on the other."

The most contradictory reports are in circula-
tion respecting the terms- of relationship upon
which the great Powers at present stand with
regard to the Eastern question. We on Saturday
gave currency to a rumour that France has
joined the other Powers in signing a new Treaty
for maintaining the integrity of the Ottoman
empire. This rumour is given in the following
form by the Morning Herald of to-day:—
We have reason to believe that the protocol agreed to by the
conference of London for regulating the affairs of the east, and
for terminating the quintuple treaty of July, as well as the
treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, has been accepted by the French
Government.

We have also reason to believe that it is the intention of M.
Guizot to make a communication of this nature to the Cham-
ber of Peers in the course of the debate on the Fortifioations
Bill.

The result to be expected from this circumstance is, that
France, Austria, and Prussia will proceed to a gradual, if not
immediate disarming.
. On the other hand, the Morning Post pub-
lishes a letter from a Correspondent at Paris,
which expressly states that France has refused
to sign the proposed Treaty. As this letter is as
recent as the rumour of Saturday, and enters into
some details in themselves highly interesting, we
quote it without curtailment

"PARIS, MARCH 13.
" At ten o'clock last night Count Harteg, an Attache of
the Austrian Embassy in Paris, left post for Vienna, via Frank-
fort on the Maine. This young diplomatist is bearer of im-
portant despatches sent by the Count d'Appony to his Govern-
ment, after a long conference which his Excellency had on
Thursday last with M. Guizot at the Foreign-ofece, relative to
the last firman of the Sultan, dated February 13. In this con-
ference M. Guizot explained the motives which would prevent
the French Cabinet from signing or adhering to the protocol
of London, dated the sth instant, which had just been commu-
nicated to him by the English Government. This protocol re-
presents the firman as the result of the combined efforts of the
Powers which signed the 15th of July Treaty. But M. Guizot
observed that he had reason to believe, from despatches
that he had received from M. de Saint Aulaire (French
Ambassador in Vienna), and from the Count l'ontois
(Constantinople), - that Austria and Russia were far
from being satisfied at the form of the firman, because—to
make use of Prince Metternich's expression, which was in ac-
conlance also with the complaints of Baron de Sturmer and
M. de Titof (Austrian and Russian Ambassadors in Constan-
tinople)—this document had been forced by Lord Ponsonby
from the weakness of Reschid Pacha. M. Guizot, it is said,
further remarked that the right reserved by the Porte to
choose Mehemet Ali's successor from his children was a
manifest contradiction with the principle of the absolute
heirship already recognised by the Sultan, and further-
more was at direct variance with the casus betli placed in
M. Thiers's memorandum, which had been accepted as the
bisis of policy by the 29th of October Cabinet, now existing.
France, therefore, M. Guizot stated, must maintain her isola-
tion unt:l the Austrian and Russian influence succeeded in ob-
taining a modification of the firman, so that the right of suc-
cession of Mehemet Ali's children might be laid down as ex-
pressed in the two memorandums of the 3d and Bth of October.
" Count d'Appony, who appeared to have had his instruc-
tions in this respect, replied that he appreciated M. Guizot's
motives in refusing to sign the London protocol of the sth
instant, and he added that he hoped that the combined efforts
of Austria, Prussia, and Russia would obtain the modification
claimed by the Tuileries.
"It was consequently agreed between M. Guizot and the
Count d'Appony that the latter should communicate to Prince
Metternich the conference in question, and that the French
Cabinet should make no reply to Lord Palmerston's despatch,
dated March 5, until Count d'Appony has received from Prince
Metternich fresh instructions as to the result of the proceed-
ings at Constantinople, to satisfy France as to the point at issue
in this new incident of the Eastern question. •
"Count Hartig will wait at Vienna for the definitive reply
of the Alfstrian Cabinet, and on his return to Paris, which it
is expected will be in about a month, it is hoped that this ap-
parently interminable dispute will be arranged, at least so far
as regards Mehemet Ali."

Whether France has or has not signed the
new Treaty, it is satisfactory to be able to state
that the cause of peace and civilization is making
sure, if not very rapid progress. If France has
objected to the clause in the Imperial Firman
which reserves to the Sultan the right of norni
nating MEHEMET ALl's successors to the Pacha-
lie of Egypt, the people of England will tell her
that she is right in doing so. Lord PONSONBY
must rest content with the glory of having driven
the VICEROY out of Syria. Europe will not
tolerate the playing of that game in Egypt.

The latest Madrid Papers received are of the
6th inst. Reports were in circulation of a speedy
change in the composition of the Cabinet. It
was affirmed on the Bourse that after the settle-
ment of the Regency question the Ministry
would he composed as follows :—M. OLOZACIA,
Minister of Foreign Affairs and President of
the Council; M. MANUEL CANTERO, the present
Director of the Sinking Fund, Minister of Fi-
nance; M. SANCHO, Minister of the Interior;
M. LABORDO, of Grace and Justice; M. CAPAZ,
of Marine; and General ALA Ix, of War.
Accounts of general dissatisfaction in the pro-
vinces were daily arriving at Madrid. But little
business was doing on the Bourse. The Five per
Cents. were at 27i for cash, and 281 at 60 days.

The Paris journals of Friday and Saturday
have all reached us. The Moniteur officially
announces the resignation of the Spanish Mi-
nister of Finance, M. GAMBOA, and the appoint-
ment ad interim of M. FERRAR to discharge the
duties of that office. These at present are not
very •onerous. The Spanish Finance Minister
may leave his office doors open all night without
dreading the abstraction by thieves of a
single dollar. There is the devil to pay
and not a shot in the locker. In fact, the Trea-
sury is absolutely empty, the army in arrear, and
no person or State from the Spanish Govern-
ment can beg, borrow, or steal cash enough to
defray the ordinary expenses of the Administra-
tion ! Such is the frightful pass to which des-
potism, priestcraft, and civil war, have brought
this once fine and opulent country !
The probability of a contest between Great
Britain and the United States is the subject of
leading articles in all the Paris Papers. A synop-
sis of the best of them will be found in another
column, to which we direct the attention of our
readers.

We are informed that a proposal, signed by two Honourable
Deputies of the constitutional opposition, was laid yesterday
on the bureau of the Chamber- of. Deputies. The object of
this proposal is to realise the recommendation of M. Jaubert,
to declare the incompatibility of the Legislative functions with
paid offices. It is thought it may be submitted to the exami-
nation of the bureau on Monday next.
Baron Mounter did not communicate to the Committee yes-
terday his report on the project of law relative to the fortifica-
tion of Paris. He will read it to-morrow (Saturday), and
it is thought that it may be read in a public sitting on Tues-
day next.
On occasion of the resolution adopted by the Diet of the
German Confederation to fortify Ulm and Rastadt the Gazette
de France exclaims with reason, " Thus it is not Berl'n and
Vienna that are to be surrounded with bastions and citadels.
The reasons alleged by M. Thiers for fortifying the capital,
have not imposed on the gold sense of Germany,"
A letter which we have received from Florence, dated

March informs us that the Austrian Government, with the
consent of the Grand Duke, has just established a Cabinet noir
in the capital of Tuscany. Florence has long been the quiet re-
sidence of foreigners from all countries, who resort to .it for the
enjoyment of tranquillity, and for the benefit of their health.
The Court of Vienna has calculated that by this means it may
be informed of every thing that is pass►ng in Europe, and as
the Grand Duke is only a vassal of Austria, the execution of.
this project has been attended with no difficulty. All letteis
coming from abroad, are not only unsealed and read by the
Austrian police, but they are irrevocably kept if they contain
the slightest equivocal phrase however important the contents
of the letter may be to the person to whom it is addressed.—

Le Commerce.
NAPLES, FEB. 27.—Her Royal Highness the Duchess of
Cambridge arrived here yesterday afternoon, and put up at the
Hotel de la Grand Boulogne. Immediately after her arrival,
a company of the Royal Life Guards was sent as a guard of
honour, which however she declined.
POLISH FRONTIER, FEB. 28.—The ten Russian prisoners
who were at Cracow were taken yesterday with an escort of the
police to Kielt2e on the Russian frontier, where they were
delivered into the hands of the Russian authorities.
BO UR S .SATURDAY, MARCH 13.

first Highest Lowell last
Price Price. Prick. Pric:
I rer'ch 5 per Cents llO 95 ... 111 10 ... 110 95 .. 111 13
4% per Cents
4 per Cents 9B ... 98 ... 98 •• 98
3 per Cents ' 76 65 —76 85 ... 76 55 ... 76 85
B ,nk of erance
Laffitte Bank I,ooof. Sh 1065 ...1065 ...1005 ...1035
• 5000 f. Shares 5165 ...5165 ...51r5 ...5165
ielgian Bank
5 per Cent-.... lOl% ... 101% ... 101% ... 101%
• 3 per Cents 69 65 .. 69 65 ... 09 65 ... , 0 (15
New Loan... ......
Seapolitan lO2 ... 102 ... .92 ... fie
Roman lO2 ... 102 .... 1(9 ... 112
RAILWAY SHARES.
St Germain
Versailles,R. Ii 390 ... 392 50 ... 390 ... 392 50
L.B. go 50 ... 310 ... 3(7 50 ... 311
Orleans ..
Strasburg to Bale 2lO ... 240 ... 410 .. 240
Rouen 455 ... 455 ... 455 ... 455

DUTCH FUNDS.—AMSTERDAM, MARCII 12
Money. eiils.
tctual Debt, 234 per Cent
ditto, ditto 5 per cent.
Amen t Syndic, 4% per cent FB3I 8.3
Ditto, ditto, 3% percent. 7214 7231
Commercial Company, 4)4 per cent II 014 1.1
Ditto (1635 and 1837) 5 per cent. ......
Loan 1 37, 5 per cent.
Exchange on London, One month l2 05
Two months .....
Dutch Papers, March 13. .
PRUSSIAN FUNDS.—Bsniusr, Mincit 9.
Bills, Money.
St. Schuld. Scb., 4% per cent. ....... ......10:33h 10331
Prussian English Loan, 1830, 4 per cent. 100% 103%
Exchange on London, three months ... 6 17%
—Prussian State Gazette. March 10
BELGIAN P UNDS—Baussius, MARCH 12.
Actual Debt, 2% per Cent.
Rothschild's Loan, 5 per Cent 1,9
Loan of Thirty Millions, 4 per Cent. B9
3 per Cent. fr_.

— 6 S%
.(t_4o) 98%
Loan of City, 1832, 4 per Cent BB
Society of Commerce, 4%per Cent 11)2
Bank of Belgium, 5 per Cent ........
National Seciety .
Exchange on London (short)
—Brussels Papers, March 12.
AUSTRIAN FUNDS.—lfmrts, Disney 3
Five per Cents. Dietalliques
Four per Cents. 9J
Three per Cents.
Bank Shares 1627
—Allgemeine Zcitung. Mareh 8.

Thirty-seven.

Conx-LAws.---In compliance with a requisi-
tion niost numerously signed, the Mayor of
Manchester has called a public meeting of the
inhabitants of that borough, to be held in the
Town Hall on next Thursday. The requi-
sitionists say they " are strongly convinced
of the injustice of those laws which re-
duce the foOd of the people, . and which, if
not repealed, will overwhelm 'the country with
ruin." The men of Manchester well deserve the
gratitude of the country, for. the energetic and
persevering manner in which they have followed
up this all-important subject. May success
crown their exertions.

THE DEAF AND DUMB.—Several gentlemen,
Who had occasional opportunities of witnessing Dr. Turn-
bull's treatment of the deaf and dumb at Glasgow, observ-
ing attacks made on the system in the Glasgow news-
papers, have made a thorough investigation into the effect
of the treatment of the patients under his care at Glasgow,
and also into the allusions made to case; of individuals
sent from the West of Scotland, to consult him in London.
A pamphlet, stating the result, has just been published,
from a wish on the part of these gentlemen to make known
the truth in a matter in which it appears to them there
bas baen much misrepresentaton. Though there were
several instances of failure, a number of cases completely
succeeded as attested by ten individuals, three of whom
are clergymen residing in the ne'ghbourhood. The pam-
phlet also contains some letters from the relations of
patents, stating, in most instances, favourable results.
We have room only for the following extract from a letter
of the Rev. Dr. M'Kinlay, of Kilmarnock, on the sub-
ject, dated June 11, 1840, addressed to a friend :—" The
account which was published in The Sun newspaper, of
the cures effected on Margaret Shields and Mary Wilson,
two deaf and dumb girls sent up to Dr. Turnbull, under
the care of a confidential relative, is substantially cor-
rect. He bad, prior to this, cured two deaf men from this
place, and it was this fact that induced me to send up to
him the abcve named girls, one of them a pauper, and the
othrr a daughter of a small farmer in my parish. They
left this on the 2d of May, and after remaining in London
about a fortnight under the care of the Doctor, returned to
this place in possession of hearing distinctly, and continue
to hear ever since. They are now speaking short words
after hearing them pronounced by others, and one of them
is learning the alphabet, and putting letters togeth r, that
sho may be taught to read as well as to speak. These
are the facts of the case on which you may rest with con-
fidence."

DEATH OF THE EARL OF ROTHES.—We
regret to learn by a letter from Fife that the Earl of
Rotbcs died on Wednesday, at Leslie House, after a short
illness. His Lordship was born November, 1809, and
succeeded his mother, the late Countess of Rothes, in
1819. He married in 1834 Louisa, third daughter of
Colonel Morshead, by whom he bad a daughter and son,
George William Evelyn Lelie Leslie, now in his seventh
year, and who succeeds to the honours and estates cf the
family.—Fifeshire Paper.
Lord Cadogan has given instructions for a splen-
did pier to to e.ectqd in Chej re walk, Chelsea, opposite
the place where the Bishop of Winchester's palace for-
merly stood, and Mr. L. Cubitt has taken the land to open
a new street from the water up into the King's-road, The
iron steam-boats, after Good Friday, will commence run-
ning to Battersea, Wandsworth, and Putney.

The mansion in Hyde Park-terrace, recently
occupied by Mr. Jerningham, a partner in the late firm of
Wright and co., has been let to Mrs. La*, who will take
possession immediately after Easter.
The auditorship of the Duchy of Cornwall hay-
ing become vacant by the death of Sir George Harrison,
that office baa been conferred on Mr. James Gardiner, a
barrister. We learn, howev.r, tkat the emoluments of the
office, which were 1,200/. a year, whilst in the bands of
Sir George Harrison, have been reduced by Via. Duncan-
non to somewhat about 4001. a year.—Sunday Paper.
ELOPEMENT.—..On Saturday last, a respectable
plumber and glaz.e-, in the %Plage of Adwalton, well on
for seventy years of age, eloped wi h the wife of an honest
cobbler, drawing near the meridian of thirty. Old fools
are the worst of all fools.—Leeds Times.

THE REV. J. .11• STEPHENs.—Mr. Stephens
has becn released from confinement, has already resumed
his agitation—and has a'ready attacked an association (the
Anti-Corn-law League) which has far its object a mere
profitable employment of capital and labour, end a greater
abundance of food for the people. —Manchester Times.
COURTS-MARTIAL.—•A correspondent in his
further exposure of the anumares of our Milit try - Code
justly animadverts on the agg avation cf punishment in-
flicted by the delays in communicating the Sentences of
Caurts- Martial. This is an evil that we have always
considered might be easily remedied, and we never met
w;th any sufficient reason fur its continuance. We will
give two cases of very recent occurrence strikirgly illus-
trative of the question. On the 14,11 of Dec. last, a Naval
Court-Martial was held on board her Majesty's ship
Powerful, in the Mediterranean, and in the course of that
day the officer was tr:ed, acquitted, and his sentence com-
municated to him. About the same period, a Captain of the
19th Fo:t was tried at Malta, and the general impression
is that the sentence t f the Court fully and honourably
acc,ittcd him. Be that as it may, the officer and his
family were obliged, as is the practice in army Courts-
martial, to remain in suspense as to his fate until the pro•
ceedings could he 'sent to England, submitted by the
authorities to the Queen, and the decision sent out to
Malt Before, however, the intelligence arrived, the
Captain was no more. He died suddenly at the Auberge
de Castille, leaving a wife and three children. Had ago-
nizing suspense been too much for his mind and body ?
We trust the Secretary-a•-War will take the matter into
his early consideration, and provide a remedy for a system
which punishes alike ne innocent and-the guilty.—Natal
and Military Gazette.
BREACH OF PROMISE OF MARRIAGE.—At
the York Assizes on Saturday an action was brought by
a woman of the name of Welk for a breach of promise of
marriage against a maltater and farmer of the name of
Berry, living near Huddersfield. The defendant pleaded
first, the general issue; secondly, since the making of the
promise the plaintiff had led a dissolute life, and that he
was not bound to keep the engagement. After tearing a
great deal of evidence unfit for publicati a, the Jury re-
turned a verdict fee the plaintiff—Damages 501.
COLLISION AND SINKING OF AN IRON
STEAMER.—On Tuesday morning, as the Hirondelie
steam-boat from Hull to Selby was on her passage, having
on board fifty passengers and Lioety-threa sheep, sire came
into a violent collbion with a-vessel moored in the chan-
nel, and so great was the shock that her machinery was
upset, and the vessel filled and went down in less than
five n mutes. Most fortur.ately, all the passengers were
saved by getting on board the vessel upon which the
steamer ran, but all their luggage was lost, together with
the ninety-three sheep, which were drowned. A Jew
lost a box of jewellery which cost 3001. There was a very
dense fog at the time of the collision, and it is quite rni:a•
culous that the lives of the passengers were preserved....
Hull Packet.

ANCIENT BY-LAws.—The following were
among the by-laws of Portsmouth, passed in 1241 :—" If
there be any thief, under the value of thirteen pence, his
oar to be nailed to the pillory, and he to choose whether
be will cut or tear it off. And if there be any that coun-
terfeiteth false kttera or false seals, or mal.eth any false
bargains, he to be set on the pillory on the market day.
Also, if there be any baker that will not bake after the as-
size he forfeit his bread and his body to the pillory et the
Mayor's grace; and all other falsehoods in crafts the same.
Also, if there be any chiders or scolds, they be put on the
ducking stool, and let fall into the Chamber. And also,
if we take a thief he shall be fla3ed and his eyes put out.
And if there be any man that slayeth another, he shall be
burst at Cattecliffe. An i d f a 'woman slay a man, she
shall be tied to a stake at low water, and let the floods
overflow her at Cattecliffe.

tob
*
, r • 44,4,- its
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