The Sun.
London, England, 1847-12-28 00:00:00

~~ ~~rs~~a~~ ~ita~

LONDON, TUESDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1847.

A frightful system of retaliation is threatened to
the Irish priesthood—a system of retaliation as
fiendish in audacity as it promises to be devillish in
rigour, and such as must, if not prevented by legal
interference, deluge the land with the blood of ad-
ditional assassinations. The nature of this extraor-
dinary scheme of revenge cannot be more fully ex-
plained than by literally transferring to our columns
the anonymous document in which it is announced.
The letter appears to have been posted in the capital
on the lath instant, and was addressed to the Parish
Priest of Mountrath, Queen's County. It runs as
follows :

" Rev. Sir,—l am directed to inclose you a copy of
this resolution of a body of Protestants :—` Resolved :
That since we perceive the Government so backward
in defending the lives of its present Protestant land-
lords, tenants, and clergymen, we do form ourselves
into a body, and swear by a crucified Christ, that for
the life of every Protestant landlord, tenant, or
clergyman, we will take the life of the parish priest
of that perish whore the deed was committed ; and
this we swear to perform by the truth of the Gospel
throughout all the counties in Ireland, we being de-
termined to see what effect making a few parishes
vacant will have.'

" To Rev. Patrick Fitzpatrick, parish Mountrath.
"We would request you to make this kaovrn also
to your curate, Rev. John M'Mahon."

We should be guilty of a heinous injustice were
we to attach, even by insinuation, any portion of the
odium inseparable from this appalling missive to any
number of respectable men terming themselves Pro-
testants. The factious sentiments inspired by the
fanatical and incendiary doctrines of Orangeism—
passionate as they might be rendered by opposition—
could never by possibility generate anything so
hideous, so dastardly, so diabolical, so unutterably
and inexcusably monstrous as this. The de-
votees of Thuggee could not by the most inge-
nioes device of barbarity imagine to themselves
a plan of vengeance more ruthless and execrable.
Even the morbid imagination of the author of the
Juif Errant and the illysteres de Paris could hardly
have conceived a more dreadful project of retort—
the repartee of the blunderbuss !—when depicting
the infernal characters of "The Schoolmaster" and
4" The Strangler." FARINCIREA seems to have taken
up his abode in Dublin ; the footprint of the system-
atic murderer is not only visible in highway, its
gory outline is becoming traceable upon the very
pavements of the metropolis. Landed proprietors, at
this rate, will not only be liable to fall at the snap of a
pistol while strolling through their avenues, but the
ministers of Christianity will totter upon the brink
of eternity while administering to their parishioners
the consolations of religion.

Satisfied as every one must feel that the document
above transcribed is the resolution of a gang of ruf-
fians rather than of " a body of Protestants," it is,
nevertheless, quite reasonable to believe that in the
present condition of Ireland the ghastly vision of a
few wretches, however ignoble and uninfluential, may
be realised—and that it may be realised indeed at
noonday and within a stone's throw of a provincial
barrack. Knowing this, must a communication of this
character be scorned as the effusion of an impotent and
fantastic sense of animosity ? Major 11.tiox re-

THE -4i7N, LONDON=

,eived a warning as horrible and deadly, and very
5,.,:, afLes wards he perisLeil. Mr. LUCAS perisLea in
like manner in King's county; Mr. ROWE, in 1 ip-
perary ; Mr. HAZARD, in Fermanagh ; and the Rev.
Mr. LLOYD, in Roscommon—all of them having been
previously threatened by the scrawl of the hired mur-
derer. It is essential that the Executive should at
length interpose in these spectacles of deli-
berate bloodshed, and vindicate the outraged
majesty of the law while proclaiming the
unutterable sanctity of human life. It is es-
sential that deeds of such ineffable blackness
should no longer be allowed to desolate the island, and
to profane GOD'S earth, that the innocent should be
sheltered under the rgis of the constitution from the
weapons of an insensate and brutalised rabble. Far
from us be the intention to implicate in this detestable
transaction the mass of a still honest, religious, and
long-suffering peasantry. Far from us be the design
to picture Ireland as the abode of eight millions of
marauders and assassins. The constancy with
which the Irish labourers have borne for a pro .
longed series of years every possible deprivation and
every conceivable debasement, the patience with
w hich they have toiled for a subsistence the most
scanty and precarious, the obedience they have shown
to those laws which have chiefly aimed at their op-
pression, all appeal to our judgment for the most
favourable construction even to their most questionable
proceedings. The recollection of their past virtues
should induce us to attribute their connivance in the
escape of murderers to a sort of superstitious
terror rather than to a criminal complicity. While,
however, we regard the majority of this impoverished
multitude under the most lenient aspect, we would
to GOD that the voice of their dead Liberator could
again resound over the island he loved so much—
that voice upon which, as Mr. SE IL has beautifully
exclaimed, a whole people hung in rapture, and a
senate in admiration—that voice which at first con-
jured, and at last commanded, the population of
Ireland to prove, under all circumstances, subor-
dinate to the law—that voice which perpe-
tually denounced the promoters of agrarian
outrage, and dedicated the names of the assassins
to the execration of Christendom ! Could O'CONNELL
again be heard by the peasantry in whose cause he
struggled so grandly and so bravely during the lapse of
half a century, what words would not penetrate
to the most secluded corners of Tipperary and
Roscommon! If these men would only meditate
for an instant they would feel that the oratory of
O'CONNELL is still audible, that his heart still speaks
to them from the page of history ! Let them but
reflect upon his many adjurations and denunciations
—his adjurations for the maintenance of public tran-
quillity, and his denunciations of murderers and their
accomplices—let them remember these things, and
prove themselves worthy of DANIEL O'CozcsiELL and
of Ireland as it used to be.

We refer our readers to a letter (which appears in
another column) addressed by Mr. JOHN PER.cavaL,
the Secretary of the Alleged Lunatic's Friend Society,
to Sir GEORGE GREY, for proof, if any further proof
were wanting, of the absolute necessity that exists
for an immediate reform of the present law of lunacy.
It appears that on the Bth December last Mr. OWEN,
a chemist, residing in Marchmont-street, Brunswick-
square, was forcibly seized in his own shop, by order
of his brother, handcuffed, forced into a cab, and
driven off to Mr. WARBURTON'S Lunatic Asylum, at
Bethnal-green. On his arrival there, the proper
medical certificates were shown to the proprie-
tors of the asylum, and although they could not,
during the whole period of his residence in that
asylum detect any symptoms of mental derangement
about him, yet they were bound to detain him upon
the order of his brother, backed by the certificates of
"two skilful persons" which his brother had pro-
cured, vouching for his insanity. In the meantime
his neighbours in Marchmont-street, who had long
known and respected him, and who were perfectly
convinced of his sanity, formed themselves into a
committee, employed a solicitor, who procured the
affidavits of eleven persons who had been long ac-
quainted with him, and who all swore as to their belief ,
of his sanity, and having laid those affidavits
before Mr. Justice ELME, that Learned Judge
issued a writ of habeas corpus to bring the alleged
lunatic before him, and after a solemn inquiry, or-
dered his liberation. Various questions naturally
suggest themselves in considering this very remark-
able case. First, who were the two exceedingly
"skilful persons," upon whose certificates a sane man
has been incarcerated in a lunatic asylum?
Secondly, how were those certificatas worded ?
Were they worded according to statute law
or to Denman-made law ? Did they state dis-
tinctly the grounds upon which " the skilful per-
son " had formed his opinion as to the sanity or in-
sanity of Mr. OWEN—or, taking, as an authority,
the judgment of Lord DENMAN in the case
of Mrs. SNUTTLEWORTH, did each " skilful per-
son" content himself with giving it as his opinion
that Mr. OWEN was insane ; and, thirdly, in what
manner did these " skilful persons" answer the affi-
davits of the eleven on which the writ of habeas was
procured—what reasons did they give for the faith
which was in them—did they merely reiterate their
opinion, or did they shrink even from doing that ?
Whatever course they may have adopted the result
shows that Mr. Justice ERLE thought they were
wrong (and Mr. Justice ERLE, as was proved in the
case of Mrs. SHUTTLEWOETH, is not a judge who
would decide against the opinion of " skil-
ful persons" without the strongest evidence),
and it is the duty of the Legislature to prevent the
possibility of the incarceration of sane persons in
lunatic asylums, by depriving " skilful persons" of a
power which is so liable to be abused, as is this power
of ordering imprisonment without preliminary in-
quiry. But it may be said that the visit of the Com-
missioners afford a sufficient safeguard. What
safeguard did they afford in this case? What was
the report made to them by the Messrs. %VAitzugToN
when Mr. OWEN was received into their estab-
lishment ? Was Mr. OWEN seen and examined
by the Commissioners during his residence
there ? If so, what was their report ? But
the Commissioners themselves prove that it is
physically impossible that they can afford that pro-
tection to the inmates of lunatic asylums which the
law supposes them to afford, end that the whole sya.
tern of inspection is " a mockery, a delusion, and a
snare." On the 15th of the present month the Com-
missioners presented their half-yearly report to the
Lord Chancellor, and from that it appears that Dr.
TURNER visited 167 asylums, saw 8,270 patients, and
travelled 3,877 miles ; and Mr. W. G. CAMPBELL
visited 165 asylums, saw 9,939 patients, and travelled
2,798 miles, during the six months ending August 4,
1847. After such a statement as this, is it not evi-
dent that the visits of these Inspecting Commissioners
to asylums must be a mere show. It is physically
impossible that they can devote the time to each case
which is necessary for its due investigation, and we cam
readily believe the statement that on one of the inmates
of an asylum announcing his intention to make com-
plaints, he was told that the Commissioners were
much pressed for time, and begged to postpone his
statements to another opportunity, such postponement
being tantamount to a sentence of six months' additional
imprisonment inflicted upon the unfortunate complain-
ant through the lashes of the Commissioners. The more
the subjectis considered, the more obvious will become
the necessity for the institution of some public prelimi-
nary investigation into the case of every person accused
of insanity before his or her incarceration in an asylum
The Alleged Lunatics' Friend Society seem inclined
to recommend an investigation before a magistrate and
a clergyman as a substitute for the present certifi•
cate system. We cannot agree with them on this
point. This plan, after all, is merely the substitu-
tion of two men for two men—of, in many instances,
the country squire and the country curate for the
country physician and the country apothecary—a sub-
.;.itution not in all cases desirable, as any one who
has witnessed that tragi-comedy miscalled the
administration of justice at country quarters sessions must be perfectly aware. This power
of ordering the incarceration of one of the QUEEN'S
r
subjects for an unlimited period is one so liable
to
abuse that it ought not to be entrusted to any
two
men whatever, and should only be exercisedby
sworn executive officer of the Crown, upon the verdict
of a jury, after a public examination of witnesses
upon oath in the presence of the alleged lunatic, who
by himself or his counsel should have the right of

Letter from Berne, of the 21d, state that the Neufcha-
tel Government had given bills on Paris for the 300,000
francs levied on the canton by the Vorort, and that
Colonel RILLIRTT, commander of
.the Federal troops
occupying Friburg and the Valais, had established
his head-quarters at Vevay.
The Frankton Glizette states that the Austrian
Ambassador, in Switzerland, left Basle on the 20th,
for Neufchatel ; and that M. Bois-LE-ComTE was on
the point of joining him there on the following day,
but was prevented from doing so by dispatches which
arrived from Paris.

A convention has been concluded between the
Austrian Government and the POPE, by which the
Austrians consent to withdraw their troops from the
city of Ferrara,' but without abandoning or relin-
quishing their right to re occupy it at any future
period when it might become desirable to them. The
Piedmontese Gazette, of the 23d instant, states that,
pursuant to this convention, two companies of Swiss
in the service of the POPS left Bologna on the 17th
for Ferrara, to replace the Austrian troops to be with-
drown.

Letters from Lisbon of the 13th inst., state that the
elections are over, and had all terminated in favour of
the Cabral' party. At Lisbon the Septembristas,

,übjeeting such witnesses to cross•exmination, and
of, bringLlg for ward eviciefice to re out tiletT
testimony. Nothing short of this can be any
safeguard to the liberty of the subject.

We resume the consideration of the Mirfield mur-
der case. In order to test more fully the degree of
credit that should be given to REID'S statement, the
• first inquiry will naturally be, whether there was any
powerful motive that could influence him to take upon
himself the undivided odium of the shocking affair,
and to shield his fellow-convict at his own expense.
Was M'CABE in any degree related to or connected
with him? Had they been old friends or acquaint-
ances ? Had they previously been associated in the
commission of crimes, even of an inferior degree ?
If any of these questions should be answered in the
affirmative, it might induce us to examine the con -
cession with greater doubt and suspicion, but it does
not appear that the prisoners were even ac-
quainted with each other before the fatal
,lay. M'Came, too, had on the former trial
home his testimony against REID, and had the jury
believed him, there must have been a conviction. It
would appear, therefore, as if under the circumstances
an abandoned and reprobate character, one who would
concoct and abide by a wilful falsehood in the last
hours of his existence, would rather seek to punish
the party who was willing to betray him, in order to
save himself. The evidence of the other witnesses
also proves that REID and M'CABE were not in com-
pany together a very short time before the butchery
of the unfortunate family. Manilla SHEARD proved
that REID had been at her father's house about
half-past twelve o'clock, that he remained three or
four minutes, and then went down the footpath
leading to Mr. WRAITH'S, and that about twenty
minutes afterwards AMane came up, and went in
the same direction. The witnesses, SHIPLEY and
HARRIET WEBSTER, also saw REID going alone to
the house. MORTON also proved that they were
separate, although he thought that they were closer
to each other than the other witnesses supposed. We
can scarcely believe it possible that two persons,
strangers to each other, would within a few minutes
have mutually agreed upon the perpetration of so
frightful a murder on three of their fellow-
creatures without previous concert. Much weight
was deservedly attached to this point by
the Learned Judge who presided during the trial.
The only evidence that in any degree brought the
prisoners together was that of the little girl, MART
HALLAS, who stated that about a quarter after one she
saw them standing together under the apple-tree,
which is not many yards from Mr. WRAITH'S front
door. Now, if the witness was perfectly correct, this
would not, at the very outside, do more than make
A.Pearsp responsible as an accessory after the fact.
But the girl might have been mistaken in the identity
of the parties, and the Learned Judge, in his charge
to the jury, stated that if the witne-s
NELL and the girl were both correct in
point of time, it could hardly be possible
for M'CAUE to have been the man in company with
REID, as she described.
,There was no other evidence
of any importance against him. Judge PATTEEON
felt that little reliance could be placed on the evidence
respecting the chemical experiments, and that that
relating to the garters was perfectly ridiculous. It
would therefore appear, from the strictest examina-
tion into every circumstance connected with the
case, that the matter detailed in REID'S confession is
not only possible, but extremely probable ; that
there is not only a reasonable doubt, but that
the balance of evidence is in favour of APCames
innocence, at least of any previous knowledge, and
that therefore the royal prerogative should be exer-
cised in his favour.

Madrid papers of the 20th have arrived.

It should not he forgotten either, that M'CauE had
himself been examined on the former trial as a wit-
ness for the Crown ; and it is a matter of public
policy that persons coming forward as approvers
should not, at any subsequent period, be made respon-
sible for the offence, any particulars of which they
have detailed. Many of the most grievous offences
against society would remain wholly unpunished
but for the revelations that have been obtained from
accomplices. Unless it could be shown that the testi-
mony given by the party was wholly and entirely false ;
that he was himself the principal delinquent, and had
attempted to transfer the chief guilt from his own
shoulders to one of his less guilty companions, or to a
perfectly innocent man, he should never afterwards
he questiemPri for his share in the transaction. The
punishment of a criminal would be dearly purchased
if any suspicion was to be cast upon the public faith.
Nothing could warrant the execution cr even trans-
portation of M'CABE, but his being a principal in the
murder, aiding and abetting in its commission ; and
were he even an accessory after the fact, his admis-
sion as QUEEN'S evidence should save him from any
penalty.

There is one other point connected with the case
which we put forward, not with the d.-sire of shel-
tering a person who hays acknowledged himself the
wilful murderer of three of his fellow-creatures
from the punishment due to his fearful transgression,
but that, as a matter of public policy, it is desirable
that if the law, which forbids a person to be brought
to trial a second time for the same offense, is erro-
neous, it should be amended—but that if it is just
and proper, it should be adhered to, not merely
to the letter, but in its spirit and integrity.
Although no redeeming point could be urged on
behalf of REID, or in extenuation of his guilt, far
better even that he should escape his merited punish-
ment, than that the law should be unduly strained to
bring him within its meshes—a precedent that might
be followed under very different circumstances, the
most dangerous to be admitted in a free country.
As the law now stands, no man can be twice placed
in jeopardy for the same offence. If he should be a
second time brought to trial, he may plead " autrefois
acquit," or " auterefois convict ;" and such will be a
good answer to the charge. It has been decided (in
Itax v. CLARKS, 1 B. and B. 473, and in
other cases), " that the true test by which
the question, whether such a plea is a sufficient
bar in any particular case, may be tried
is, whether the evidence necessay to support
the second indictment, would have been sufficient to
procure a legal convictio❑ upon the first." Now, if
we examine the present case by this test, we shall
find that the same evidence was exactly ap-
plicable in both cases—that the prisoner could
not have been guilty of the one without having
also been guilty of the other and thus,
that although, according to the letter of the law, he
might lse brought to trial for the second murder,
the doing so was contrary to its spirit. It is said
" that strong cases make bad precedents ;" this
is peculiarly the case in the present instance. The
public indignation is so strongly excited against
the criminal, his punishment is so richly deserved,
that his escape from justice would be regretted; but
better that fifty such criminals should escape, than that
an example should be set which might be strained so
as to lead to the persecution of a person who has once
been declared " Not Guilty" by the unanimous ver-
dict of twelve of his countrymen.

THE RAJA BROOR.E.—We are requested to state
that the new work on Borneo, entitled " SARAWAK ; its
INHABITANTS AND PRODUOTIONS," by Hugh Lowe,
Esq., Private Secretary to his Highness the Raja
Brooke,is published this day by Mr. Bentley (pub-
lisher in ordinary to her Majesty), and may now be had
of all booksellers throughout the kingdom, in Bre., with
numerous plates, price 14s. bound.
DEATH FROM TUB CHORE DAM? AT DOWLAIS.—
Three men, whose names we have not heard, fell victims
to this insidious enemy on Saturday last, in one of the
pits at the above place. It appears that there was an
opening from some old work, through which a
.consider-
able quantity of gas escaped, and the men, in going into
it, fell senseless. So powerful was the gas, that Mr.
Martin, and some men who went down to exlm!ne the
place, had a very narrow escape. They were obliged to
be left there until Sunday morning, when it was found
that they could be reached with safety. Death had taken
place from the effects of carl7onic acid gas, and a verdict.
of " Accidental Death" was returned.—Mosmeuthebre

TUESD A Y EVENING, DECEMBER

having protested against the illegality of the pro-
caediilgs, railed from the ballot.

A new Ministry is appointed with SALDAMIA at
its head, but without the CABRALS being included in
the Ministarial arrangeneatt.
The new currency has been established by a
Ministerial decree.

Lisbon was perfectly tranquil, and the election
took place in the most perfect order.:

The gagla publishes dispatches from Catalonia
of the 12th and 15th inst., announcing that several
rebels, and amongst others the Cabecilla Pacaroba,
had made their submission, and that a party of in-
surgents, under the command of the Cabecilla
Estartus, had been put to flight by a column of
royal troops, and forced them to swim across the
river Ter, after having lost some men.

It is said that NARVAEZ, disgusted with the con
duct of CHRISTINA and the Afrancesados in pressing
forward the impeachment of SALAMANCA, was about
to tender his: resignation, and that a Mon and Pidal
Ministry would be appointed.
Intelligence has been received from the Canary
Islands, announcing that the epidemic which had ap-
peared at Las Palmas had not spread, and that it was
beginning to subsidise.

MADRID BOLSA, DEC. 20.--The Three per Cents.
closed on the 20th at 27 5-16 cash ; the Five per
Cents., at 151 cash ; Passives, 4 cash.

We have received the Paris papers of Sunday.
The Reform banquets continue to be held in all
parts of France, and increase in frequency as the
opening of the Chambers approaches. Banquets
have recently taken place at Grenoble and Vienne.
At the latter the KING'S health was not drank, but a
toast to Governmental Probity was substituted for it.
The KING is completely recovered.

It is said that his MAJESTY has received a letter
from Queen CHRISTIN♦ announcing that her influence
is now paramount in Madrid, and that she intends
to appoint a purely Afrancesado Ministry, with
MON:and TIDAL at its head.

Lord BROUGHAM left Paris on Sunday for his
chateau at Cannes, after having had an interview
with the limo.

The Three per Cents. were done in the Passage de
l'Opera, Paris, on Sunday last, at 75f. 65c. The
belief was general that the forthcoming Speech of the
KING would be of a popular kind.
MARSEILLES, DEC. 22.—Marseilles and Avignon,
571 f. 25c.; Northern, 556 f. 25c.

BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE
LONDON STOCK EXCHANGE, Duc. 27.
Boulogne and Amiens, 1414—Dutch Rhenish, 214—
Northern of France, 121,4 —Orleans and Bordeaux, 5%
—Paris and Lyons, 61,,i3 —West Flanders, 1%.

THE PRINCE DE GONZAGA, AND
THE DYNASTIC CHANGES OF ITALY.
[Solicitous, as we are, to witness the perfect
lemancipation of the Italians, and sympathising, as
we do, in the misfortunes of an illustrious Prince, we
have much satisfaction in transferring to our columns
the following article from an Italian Contemporary, the
Alba. Whatever advantage we hare anticipated from
the elevation of the ex-Duke of Lucca to the Grand
ducal crowns of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla is, as
we observed yesterday, at the best, as yet but hypo-
thetical and supposititious. In the event of the
transference of the sovereign authority of Guastalla
to the last descendant of the Gonzagas, a new advo-
cate will be added to the Royal League of the Pe-
ninsula, whose heart is with the people, and whose
ambition is kindred to that of Pius, of Charles Albert,
and of Leopold.—ED. Sun.]
" Recent events at Lucca, the incorporation of the
greater part of that state with Tuscany in conse-
quence of the abdication of the last Duke, and also
the proposed annexation of the Duchies of Parma
and Piacenza, will soon attract the attention of the
high Powers of Europe. It may be asked whether
this is not a favourable opportunity for repair.
ing a great injustice by re-establishing in
the inheritance of his fathers the last offspring
of a celebrated family, who was excluded
by an incompetent tribunal (the Diet of Ratisbon,
bell in 1708), composed of the creatures of Austria,,
which, judging its own cause, declared Charles IV
de Gonzaga, Duo de Mantoue and de Montferrat,
&c., a rebel to the Emperor, and deprived him of his
estates, because he had pronounced with France in
the war of succession in Spain. It is well known
that Charles IV. was neither cited nor judged, he
having died, poisoned, at Padua, July 5, 1708. It
is, consequently, by a manifest violation of the rights
of nations, that the house of Gonzaga has been de-
prived of its sovereignities. Since that epoch all the de-
scendants of the Gonzaga, Dukes of Guastalla, &c., and
after the extinction of that branch, in 1746, all the
princes of Gonzaga de Castiglione have continued to
protest against the arbitrary sentence which deprived
them of their rights, and against the usurpation of
their states by Austria. The treaties of Rastadt, in 1714,
and of Cambray, in 1723, those of Turin and of
Baden, and especially that of Vienna, of November
18, 1738, may be adduced as evidence. The absence
and the minority of the true heirs of the Dukes of
Guastalla and Castiglione alone prevented them from
making their voices heard at the treaties of Vienna,
in 1815, and other times.
" The Emperor Leopold, struck with the injustice
manifested towards the sovereign house of Gonzaga-
Castiglione, so closely united to him by ties of blood,
had resolved, in 1792, to reinstate them in their rights
to the duchies of Mantua, Castiglione, Guastalla, and
others, when his death frustrated his design. Prince
Joseph Louis de Gonzaga received from Napoleon an
equally promising assurance in 1812. That great
captain, after a careful examination of the rights of
the Princes of Gonz Iga-Castiglione, declared to Prince
Joseph Louis that he considered them incontestable,
and solemnly promised that he would see justice done
to him. The fall of that great man, and the death of the
Princes of Wilna, in 1818, again overthrew these
expectations. The Prince Alexander, the present
claimant, is too well known for it to be necessary for
us to pen his eulogy : an intrepid soldier and ex-
perienced general ; created an officer of the Legion
of Honour at the age of fourteen, on the field of
battle, by Napoleon himself; a participator in the
policy of Pius IX.--a policy which unites liberty
with religion ; brought up in the school of misfortune
and exile—Prince Alexander unites all the qualifica-
tions desirable to insure the happiness and tranquillity
of the numerous population who would, without
doubt, rejoice in the government of so worthy an heir
of their legitimate Sovereigns.
"If Europe, again assembled in Congress,
were about to occupy herself with a par-
tition of the Italian sovereignties, which
popular agitations, and the retrogression of some
states seem to render necessary, the great Powers
would have a grand duty to perform by restoring to
Prince Alexander a part of those territories which have
been so unjustly usurped. Such a compensation
would be an act of policy also, for the cause of the
Gonzagas is the cause of all sovereigns—an act of
injustice against the rights of one establishes a pre-
cedent which may be acted upon against any other in
the time of adversity."
Since the date of the above article, the death of the
ex-Empress Maria Louisa leaves the opening reserved
to the Great Powers in the Treaty of Vienna, 1815,
and justice may be rendered to the claims of his
Serene Highness Prince Alexander de Gonzaga.
Besides that, the treaties of Vienna have been broken
with regard to all the nations concerned in t
execution, and what is enacted in the minority of the
true heirs, without their consent, is null, according to
the laws of nations and of equity.

Ditto, New Qua rt ers... 334
ast Lincolnshire
Edinburgh and GI is gow 50 .....-
Ditto Half Shar se ; ... 15
Ditto, Quarter :It Litres 12% .....
Edinburgh & Nort te• ern.. 22%
Ditto, New - -
Ditto, Newp0rt........ 8%......
Ditto, ditto, New ' . .... 2
Exeter, Yeovil, &I )c arch. 2% —
Ditto, New ...
•••
Glasgow, Dumfries I, and
Carlisle - -81. 6s. 8d
Glasgow, Kilmar.,, & Ayr 50 ......
Ditto, New
Do. Preference C ',t ,nsol. 12%......
Great Northern.... .. ....... 10% 4%
Do., London and . 'York 2%.....
Great South. and West.

MONEY and COMMERCIAL NEWS.
CITY, :2

The sales of Cotton at Liverpool yesterday were
WS to 6,000 bales, of which 4,500 bales were Ame-
rican, at 4kd. to 6d. per lb. There was some animation,
and prices were id. per lb. higher. Railway shares were
firmer, with a very limited business doing.
The advices by the Trent steamer were delivered yes-
terday afternoon, and do not appear to be more satisfac-
tory in respect to the state of feeling in the ,iiikrent
colonies. The num-roux failures at home, the stoppage
of the Baroadoes Bank, the low value of produce,
and the apprehension that a strong indisposition
would exist on the part of British capitalists to
livest money in, or loan it upon, West India
properties had, combined, a very natural tendency to
excite uneasiness and depression of spirits, but we may
hope that, by a little decision and promptitude, this will
be relieved ere long.
The accounts received from the United States appear
to be satisfactory in respect to money and commercial
matters.

In Mexico the events of the war were not of moment.
The following are some interesting remarks concerning
the mining resources of that country:—
" The Mexican confederacy is composed of thirteen
states, four territories, and the federal district of Mexico.
The federal district and Zucala produce indigo, dye-
woods, &c. Chiapa, Tobasco, Oaxaca, 'Vera Crus, and
Puebla, raise wheat, tobacco and maize. Mexico, Quere-
taro, Michoacan, Guanaxnato, Xalisco, Sans Luis,
Potosi, Zacatecas, New Leon, Tumanlipas, Durango, and
Coahuila, are confined mainly to gold and silver mining,
though they all grow maize and large herds of cattle.
Senora and Sinaloa, New Mexico and California, have
goldeand silver mines, some iron and lead, and produce
corn, wine, and great herds of cattle. Tampico is the
principal outlet to the mining districts. The mines of
Sombresete, in Zacatecas, are celebrated for the richness
of their ♦eins, which in the space of a few months have
produced a net profit of four millions of dollars. There
are some very wealthy mines near the capital, which
were long since abandoned, in censequence of
the terrible fires which hare occurred in some of them.
fhe mineral district of Durango is exceedingly valu-
able. In one real, in the vicinity of Chihuahau, there
are thirteen silver mines, one of gold, and one of copper,
and at Maiepernie seven silver mines and one gold mine.
The Mexican gold is for the most part obtained from
alluvial grounds, by means of washing. These grounds
are common in the States of Sonora. In the plain of
Cineguilla; grains of gold of such a size were found,
nineteea inches below the surface, that some of them
weighed nine marks each, and valued at more than 1,000
dollars; in several other places large pieces of gold have
been found, it is also found in the veins which intersect
the mountains of primitive rock; these veins have been
found a foot and a half thick.. There is scarce a silver
mine in Mexico that does not contain some gold.
" Of the inferior metals, there are mines in great abun-
dance, and of almost every description, which only need
science and enterprise to bring forth their hidden trea-
sures to the surface.

" The position in the financial world which the posses-
sion of these mines will give us, will be equal to that of
the Emperor of Russia, and whatever influence the Go-
vernment of Russia may exert in relation to th• affairs
of Europe, by means of his immense gold mines, the
United States will have a very great conservative influ-
ence in connexion with any European Government. In
the event of Russia attempting to crush any of the more
liberal Governments of Europe, we shall be in a position
to aid the distressed, and relieve them from the financial
power of the autocrat. The two great specie countries
in the world are Russia and North America."

There is very little business doing iu the Public Secu-
rities, and the quotations remain firm. Consols for
Account hare been 85,1- i ; the New Three-and-a-
Quarter per Cents. are 86k 1 ; and the Three per Cents.,
85i to 851; Bank Stock is worth I 861; Exchequer-bills
have been 9s. to 12s. premium ; and India Bonds have
advanced to Is. to 2s. discount.

In the Foreign house the transactions have been of
the smallest possible amount. Spanish Three per Cents.
have realised 30 ; Mexican, 18} to 18f ; and Brazilian,
SO ; Dutch Two-and-a-Half per Cents. have realised
56 to 56k.
The Railway Share Market has beon firm, although
the bargains are not extensive.

ONE
RICES OF BRITISH FUNDS. o'cLOCK.
dank Stock
3 per Cent. Reduced Anns 851%
New VA per Cent. Anns 864%
amg Anna. to expire Jan.lB6o B%
India Bonds, 1,0001.
Ditto under 1,0001, . —.
Consols for Account. B5l/i%
Exchequer Bills. 3d.
1,0001.
5001.
Small

CLOSING
PRICES
1861,4
85%

8 OA.
8 11-16
1 dis
2 dis
85%

ONE CLOSIN (3
!•HICES OF FOREIGN FUNDS. O'CLOCK. PRICES
Brazilian Bonds
Mexican, 5 per Cent. 1846 —
Ditto. Account .. ..... lBl/21i
Spanish 5 per Cent. 1840.
Ditto, Passive
Ditto. 3 per Cent
Ditto, Account
Venezuela Bonds, 2 ,Ai per Cent —
Dividends on the above payable in London.
Dutch, 21/2 per Cent., 12 Guild 56 56 im 561,4
Ditto. 4 per Cent. Certificates 85% 85%
VRICES OF PAID. BUSINESS DONE CLOSING
RAILWAY SUARES AT ONE O'CLOoir. ruiCESg
Aberdeen
Amber., .Mott., Boston,
and Eastern Junction 2%......
Ayrshire and Galloway.. 21/2
Belfast & County Down 10 ..... . ....
Birmingham and Ox-
ford Junction .... ..... 20 ...... 22% 22%
Birmingham, Wolver-
hampton, and Dudley 10 ... .. ... ....
Birming., Wolverh'pton,
and Stour Valley.. 101. 145....
Birkenhead, Lance•ahire,
and Cheshire June.... 734 —
Boston, Stamfd, & Birm. 5
Bristol and Exeter
Ditto, Thirds ..... ..... 20
Buckinghamshire --JO/. 4s. 3 dis.
Caledonian - 5 O 5O . ...
Ditto, Half Shared..... 334 —
Ditto, Clydesdale Junc 50 ......
Chaster and Holyhead... 37% l9l/2 . . . .
Ditto, Preference .. 8
Clarence
Do. Ist Class, 6 per Ct. 10
Do. 2d Class, 5 per Ct. 10
• Do. Government Loan,
4 per Cent.
Dublin and Belfas tJunc. 20
Dundalk & Enni,skillen 15
East Anglia, 25/.,. L. &
E. and L. and D.. ...... 25
Do., 181., E. & 11.... 18
Do., 3/.105., E. & LI. 2
Eastern Counties...
Ditto (B) .. 2O ... .. ...
Ditto,Extensiols, 5 per
Cent, No. 1...... 61.135. 4d... IA p
Ditto ditto, No. 2... 61. 13& 4d...
Do., York Ext; !ri sion.. 10 .....
Do., North. & .I.:e.stern 50 ... .. -
Do., Quarters . ..
Do., New .. ... ... 23
EAstern Union ~... 5O ..... •.-
Ditto, Quarter . 3 hares 121/2
Ditto, Thirds .. l3s. 4d —
Do., (guar. 6 per •.cent)
,ast Lancashire . „ 25
Ditto. New . . .. 13 . ...

181%

30
34%

3 dis

194

153/4

% P

4%

(Ireland)
Great Northof Ent ltand..loo
Ditto, New 401..
Ditto, New 301 ...
Ditto, New 151.. ,-...... 61/2
----
zreat Western.... -
Ditto, % Shares - ..... .. 50
Ditto, 14 Share. s
Ditto, New 171.
.......... 7
Huddersfield & hi; 'riches. 24 ...... -'—
Ditto, Thirds
Hull and Selby... .
Ditto, Half Shot r ...
es 25 •483 ......
Ditto, 14 Share: r• •••• - 12% ". Ipswich& Bury S' t. Edm. 15
Do., do., and N b rwich 15
Do., do., Exten s.. Scrip
(late Camb. 8 ; Ely) 21/2
Lancaster and Ca r. lisle... 50
Ditto, Third 5.....
Lancashire & IN n .kshire 93
Ditto, ditto ....... ....... .82 ... ..
Ditto 1,4 •
Shan la . ... 38 ......
Do. Quarter S b aces... 141/2 l 2
Do. Fifths .
Do. Sixteesith .8 -
Do. Thirds c a eg.)....i01.45. ... --
Do. Liverp. an d Bury 34
Ditto 1/2 •
(la t 4 , Hud-
dersfield al rd , Sheff.) 33
Do.( Wakefi( ilr ',Ponte-
fract. &G 0( de
Do. (W.li ie Lin gUnion) 4/. 2s 3 31/2 die 3' dis.
Do. (Presto Jri ; St Wyre) 25
1-)o- 14i .ilia; ces (A) 9
Ditto ei.it,to• (B) ... 114
Leeds and I 3 ra( If ord
Leicester an d IW, lford... 165.......165.......
Leeds, Dew sbu ry, &c.... 37% — ...............
Do., 'Brat ich 1/2 E ;hares 121/2..
Do. Nev.Braair At( blue) 21/2 —
Do. Ex tet,, sion (green) 21/i.....
Do. Ne erExtcs• ~(pink) 21/2
Leeds an d Thin. k 36 ......
Ditto, . New ••
Do., Pi -efer., ( ; per Ct. 31/,', — ...... •••••• •.
Liverpool, , Croe by and
Southport .... •••••••••• 2 - ...............
Liverp., D Inchatz &New-
. .
castle • functiet i 2lh .... --
London a ,ndßlacl zwa11..16/. 138. 4d.
Do. N ow, No. , 1

48 3/4

89%

Ditto New

Do. New, No. 2 .. 4/. 138.4 d....
1)o. 7--*--1: l7l' „,
. .
London, Brighton, an,.;
South Coast .... ..... 5U
Do. Consol. Eighths.. 30
Do. Guarant. 5 per ct. 9
Do. Pref. Con.s per ct. 50 -
Ditto, ditto 1852 50
London and Greenwich 121 15s 4d
Ditto, Preference ... 18/1;s 2d...
t..,,ndon and N. Western 100 ......150 149 149
1)o., Quarters L. & B. 17
Do., do., New .. 2 7 ,"2.. ......-- 71;4
. Ditto Fifths ..... .... 2
Do. !aS'nares (G. J.) '.1.-)
Do 40/.Shares( L. M.) 15
Do. 401. (M. & B.) ... 40
Do. 101. (111. & B.) A. 7i,
Do. 10!. (M. & B.) B. 7% -
Do. 10/. (M. & B.) C. 1
Lond. & S.Western 411. 6s. 8d 6l ....... ... .... 51
Do. New ConsoL Bths 40
Do. New 50/. ... ..... 32%.. ..
Do. New 401. 26
Do. Tenths (Consol.) 50 ...... —..— ..... —
Ditto ditto ~ .... ..... 40
Ditto, Thirds ...... —W. 19e. 4d....
London, Salisbury, and
Yeovil ......,.. ......... 1% -
Londonderry &C,leraine 27%
Londonderry and Ennis-
killen
Manchester,Buxton,and
Matlock 3
Manchester, Sheffield,
and Lincolnshire ...100
Do. Quarters (No. 1) 13
Ditto ditto (No. 2)... 25
Ditto ditto (No. 3)... 7%
Ditto and Grimsby.... 25
Ditto ditto . ......... 7

Ditto ditto
Ditto Sheffield and
Lincolnshire ...... ... 71/2... ...
Manchast ••.... &Southampt. 2IA •..
_ ...

Mildand lOO 108 109 lO9

Do. Consolidated Pref.loo ......
Do. 401. Shares
Do. 50/. Shares .. . 10
Do. firm., and Derbyloo
Midland Consul. Brist. &
Birming., 6 per cent. 100 ......
Midlnd, Brist. &Glocstr. 34 ......
Ditto, ditto
Midlnd,Leicest.B; Swan-
nington, 8 per ct.guar.100
Midland Great Western
Irish
Newcastle and Carlisle...loo
Do. Quarters 25
Newmrket & Chesterford 18%
Do. Extension .........21. 125....
Newport, Abergavenny,
and Hereford . 6 ...... ... —
Newry and Enniskillen 7
Newry, Warrenpoint,
and Rostrevor 12% — ... •••
Norfolk ......... ......... —.lOO —
Do. New 20/.
Do. Extension
Do. Scrip, 1847, North
of Norfo1k...
Do. do. Waveney Val. 2 —
Northern Counties Union 4
North British ... .... ... 25
Do. Half Shares; 12% ...... 12 11% ... ...... 11%
Do. Quarters 434 4 4's 4l
Do. Extension
....., 1/2
..•• 1/2
Ditto Thirds
Nortt- Staffordshire 7%--- 7 71A
North Wales - . ••
North Western 6
Oxford, Worcester. and
Wolverhampton ...... 35 ...
Reading, Guildford, and
Reigate
Roystba and llitchin ... 1% — ..., ....... ...
Scottish Central
Scottish Midland 17% — . —
Ditto, New......... ..... 10
Sheffield, Rotherham,
and Goole ... 5
Shrewsbury and Birns... 6 -
Ditto ditto. Class B. 3
Shrewsbury & Chester
(Nor. W. Min.)
Ditto 'hires ... ditto 8 ...... .• ...
Ditto Oswestry ... .. 12 -

Do. 8 per Cent. Fret 5
Shrewsbury and lieretd. 2 ... .
Shropshire Union
south Devon... 4O ...... ... .....
Do. Preference
South Statibrdshire
•, outh Eastern & Dover. 331 A,
Do., No. 1 20
Do., Ni. 2.
Do., .N 0.3 .. ..... ...... :5.

Do., No. 4
South Wales .. .. lb
South Yorkshire, Don-
caster, and Goole 2 -
Swans. & Loughor &Ca-
meron's Stm. C0a 1.... 4
Taw Vale Extension ... 4
Tkames Haven Dock

and Railway ...
Vale of IS eath ... ..
Waterford and Kilkenny 131/2...... .. —
Waterford and Limerick 40
Waterfd,Wx.frd,Wicklw,

and Dublin
West Cornwall
Whitehayen & Furness 12
Windsor, Staines, and

South Western........ 525.
W ilts, Somerset, & Wey-
mouth ........ 30
Pork, Newcastle, and
Berwick.
Do. Original New and
Berwick
Do. North Shields Pun 25

Do. Extension No. 1. 10
Do. do. No. 2. ..... ... 10
Do. G.N E.Preference 8
York and North Midland 50
Ditto, Preference lO — —
Do. East and West Rid-
ing Extension
FOREIGN RAILWAYS.

Boulogne and Amiens... 20 141A%........... 141,E
Central of France (Or-
leans and Vierzon) ... 14
Central of Spain ... .... 2
Ceylon
Demerara
Dendre Valley 4
Direct Bombay and
Madras
Dutch Rhenish
East Indian ... ..... .... 114
Great Indian Peninsular ss.
Italian and Austrian... 4 .....
Jamaica S.Mid.Junction 1
Louvain ala Sambre ... 7 „. . ... —
Luxembourg ..... .... .. 6 ....... —
Lyons and Avignon
Madrid and Valentia.... 2 .. .. .--
Namur and Liege
Northern of France...— lO .. ... 1214 1214
Orleans and Bordeaux 6
Over Yssel 4l3s 4d ...
Paris and Lyons .. 10 ..... 614% 6l,i,
Paris and Orleans 2O -
Paris and Rouen
t'aris and Strasbourg 8
Rouen and Havre ...... 20
Sambre and Meuse ..... 18 . ..... .....
Strasbourg and Basle... 14
fours and Nantes ...... 8 ..... .
Tournay, Jurbise, Lan-
den, and Hasselt....... 16 _
West Flanders ...... .... 81'
/2

JOINT STOCK BANKS.
Australasia
National Prov. England. 35
Ditto, New ...... . ..... 10
British North American 50 - ........ ••• .••
Colonial 25
Provincial of Ireland ... 25
Commercial of London 20
London Joint Stock lO
London & Westminster. 20
National of Ireland 221% — ... —
Ditto New... ..... ....... 10 - —
Union of Australia

... 21/,', — . —
Uniontto,New...
10
Dlof Londiodn
40 .••••• .•• --
Union of Madrid