The Sun.
London, England, 1841-03-04 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY, MARCH 4, 1841

port was made ; it appears, indeed, to have been
forgotten, and though our neighbours on the
other side of the Channel are with one consent
improving and fortifying their harbours in case
of emergencies, the British Government are
asleep on this important subject, and must be
roused to a sense of their duty by a private Mem-
ber of Parliament. How can Ministers com-
plain of the people for not supporting them,
when they will do nothing for the good
of the people ? or how can the House of
Commons wonder that their proceedings are de-
nounced as a mockery of legislation, when six
weeks have-been wasted in doing only mivehief,
and six more, including the mock-religious Easter
holidays, will be spent with equally vain results.
We earnestly, therefore, entreat the indepen-
dent Members, for their own characters, as well
as that of the Government they support, to de-
nounce this useless waste of time, and save Par-
dament from utter contempt. We cannot con-
ceive that any opposition will be made to Mr.
RrcE's motion for the appointment of a Select
Committee, and we confidently hope that he
will place on it men of business—men more
anxious for the safety of our fleets, and the secu-
rity of the country, than for their own selfish in-
terests, or for humbling and enslaving seven
millions of their fellow-subjects, because they
resolutely stand in the way of their return to
power.

As the question of the Danish claims will again
come before the House of Commons this even-
ing, we cannot too strongly impress upon
those who have hitherto supported them the duty
of attending in their places to give efficacy to their
former votes. As this is not a party question it
does not surprise us to find many Conservatives
in the list of those who voted for justice being
done to the claimants; but we confess that it
does surprise us to find so many ultra Liberals
either directly opposed to or indifferent to the
demands of the claimants. It is certainly curi-
ous to find Mr. E. BAINES, Mr. J. YATES, Mr.
DIVETT, and Mr. CHALMERS, the latter gentleman-
voted twice before for the claims, now voting
against them in company with Sir R. PEEL, Mr.
GOULBURN, Sir JAMES GRAHAM, and Lord
STANLEY. If any men ought to have a deep
sympathy with the claimants, it should be the
Liberal representatives of great commercial
towns like Leeds and Liverpool. When we find
such vigilant guardians of the public purse as
Mr. HUME, Mr. WA LLACE, Sir WILLIAM MOLES..
WORTH, and Colonel SIBTHORP, who so properly
limited Prince ALBERT'S means of expenditure,
voting for the claims, we have a right to expect
that no Liberal under the pretext of eco-
nomy shall vote against them. As to the op-
position of the CHANCELLOR of the EXCHE-
QUER, it is wholly inexplicable, unless we
take it for granted that he came into office
pledged to support the policy of his predecessor.
It would, in fact, appear that Mr. BARING deems
it decorous to tread in the exact footsteps of Mr.
SPRING RICE. This will not do. The country
will not suffer the Liberal party, nor any section
of it, to perpetuate an injustice, which Sir
STRATFORD CANNING, Mr. D'ISRAELI, and Sir R.
INGLIS unite with Mr. O'CONNELL, Mr. HUME,
and Mr. WARBURTON in opposing. The cause
which brings such men to the same side upon a
division, must he, indeed, one of glaring injustice.
The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER, in his
speech on the 16th ult., in addition to the other
unfair arguments which he made use of, stated,
in order to work upon the alarmists, that there
were several other claims in reserve. He had
not the candour, however, to name them, and
we have, therefore, made inquiry on the subject,
but do not find that there are any claims which
are at all analogous to those now befote the House.
As to the Spanish Claims, he has already admitted
them without any authority from Parliament,
and his pretended alarm about opening the door
for others cannot surely apply to them.

Letters from Frankfort of the 20th ult. state
that the fortifications of Berlin are proceeding
as rapidly as those of Paris. " One fool makes
many" is an old proverb, not truer, of individuals
than of nations. The folly of France has infected
the whole of Europe. The following extract
from a Frankfort letter brings the latest news
from Hanover :
In Hanover the new civil penal code has been speedily fol-
lowed by a military code. In this his Majesty betrays some
unusual English propensities. Flogging is established in con-
trast with the German mode of discipline; the minimum is 50
stripes, the maximum 300 stripes, which can he inflicted for
an offence liable to be visited otherwise with only fifteen
months' or two years' imprisonment. Duelling is legally sanc-
tioned, and if fatal consequences ensue, the survivor is de-
clared to be freed from responsibility upon proving that he had
received a provocation which his honour did not allow him
to put up with. This is, at least, all above board and
open. We shall see none of the Cumberland hussars
tried for their lives, under a declaation from the
public prosecutor that they have cominitted no moral
offence. The King is said to be very sore about the discus.
sion of the Stade duties and the proposed Commission. A
reduction in the duty on butter and cheese imported into Eng-
land, but especially to the West Indies, would by all accounts
be very acceptable on both sides of the water, and the reduc-
tion of the import duties on manufactured wares, from 25 per
cent. to 10 per cent. (which is what this league imposes upon
our manufactures), would not only go far towards conciliating
differences, but would probably increase our revenue consi-
derably. Hanover would, however, be most benefited by a
change in the figure at which the import duty on oats is calcu-
lated, and which, it is notorious, presses very hard upon the
consumer in England, being rated much too high in propor-
tion to barley. The change might, in this case, be made an ex-
ceptional one, in case the general measure met with opposition.

The Levant mail, bringing advices from Con-
stantinople of the Bth, from Alexandria of the
7th, from Smyrna of the same date, from Athens
of the 10th, and from Malta of the 15th
ult., arrived this morning. The news brought
by this mail will be found in another part of
The Sun, to which we direct the attention of our
readers.

The French. Journals of Monday have all
reached us. They are chiefly occupied with the
debate in the Chamber of Deputies on the Secret
Service Bill. The defeat of M. TRIERS has
greatly exasperated the organs of the war policy,
who no longer see any chance of his return to
office. In the mean time, although the Fortifi-
cations Bill has not passed. the Chamber of Peers,
the works are proceeding with the utmost expe7
dition

Yesterday several Ministers went to Laxemburgh, to be
present in the Committee on the fortifications. • 'v
Yesterday 600 workmen were employed in preparing the
ground of the fortress of Alfort. Not far from that spot, at
the camp of Charenton. are 3,000 infantry, who are to be em-
ployed in the same works.
There is a slight improvement in the health of the Duke of
Belluno.

A letter from Berne announces that Count Mortier, the
French Ambassador to Use Helvetic Confederation, had set ont
on the 25th of February, for Paris, in order to vote in the
Chamber of Peers in favour of the Fort ifie,ations Bill.

A letter from Foin of the 28th of Feb. says, " There have
been some disturbances to-day at Foin, in consequence of the
refusal of the Spanish refugees to go to Perpignan. It is said
that the French Carlists encouraged them m their resistance,
which however gave way to the expostulations of the prefect,
and to the measures he took in arresting some of the most
obstinate of those unfortunate persons who were led away by
their passions.—Le Constitutionnel.
BOURSE.....PARDI. MONDAY, MARCH 1.

r Int Highest Lowest Last
Price Price. Pricy. Price
French 5 per Cents ll3 15 ... 113 45 ... 113 15 ... 113 35
4% per Cents lO2 ,o .. 102 50 ... 102 40 ... 102 30
4 per Cents lOO .„ 100 ... 100 ... 100
3 per Cts 77 15 ... 77 15
Rank of Vranceen 32.20 ...3220 ...3220 „.3 20
Waite Bank I.ooof. Sh 1045 ...1045 ...1C45 ...1045
50000. Shares 5150 ...5150 ...5150 ...5150
Belgian Bank
5 per Cents...,.„ lOl% ... 101% ... 101% ... 101%
New Loan lOl ... 1. 1 ... 101 ... 101
Spanish Aetive .........
Pa55ive..„....„.., 6 ... 6 ... 6 ..• 6
Neapolitan ... ..... „ lO2 ... 102 ... 102 ... 102
Roman . .... 101% ... 101% ...101% ... 101%
RAILWAY SHARES.
St. Germain ..... ............... 725 ... 730 ... 725 ... 730
Versailles.R. B 420 ... 420 ... 420 ... 420
L.B 317 50 ... 320 ... 317 30 ... 320
Orleans . .... . .......
'Strasburg to Bale ...... 212 50 ... 243 75 ... 242 50 ... 24? 50
Montpellier to Cette
Rouen 455 ... 455 ... 455 ... 455

HAMBURG BORSENHALLE, Fax. 21.
Bills. Moole_y
Austrian 5 per Cents.
Bank Shares. l6lO 1605
Anglo-Russian Loan 106% lON
Russian 5 per Cent. Ist series, Cortificate 102%
Inscription, Ist Set ies lols6 102%
Russian 5 per Cent. Hope and Co. 3d and 4th
Series ... 96%
Ditto in Certificates
Dutch Actual Debt, 234 per Cent 4l) 48%
Ditto 5 per Cent —
Polish Bonds
Anglo-Danish Loan, 3 per Cent 73li 73%
NNwegian Loan, 1834, 4 per Cent... -
eXCHANGES ON LONDON.
HAMBURG,
FEB.R. 26.-13 4%.—Two months, 13 3
Y BREMEN, 23 —Two months, 614.
PETERSDURGH, Fax 10.—Two months, 38% pence
Beaux, FED. 22.—Three months. 6.17%.

COMPARATIVE MORALITY OF THE ENGLISH
AND IRISH.—It was to be expected that Lord
Morpeth's praise of the sobriety of Irishmen, of
the chastity of Irish women, and of the patient
endurance of all classes of the Irish, would ex-
cite the severe animadversions of the Protestant
patt.ol;:i' ioiti aids. Accurtlitigi.- iferuld
of the
Standard fall foul vehMelltiY Noble

Lord; the one satirizes him, and the other
abuses him as a filthy slanderer. Softly, good
Corn-law advocates; remember that you are
stout assertors of the principle that an agri-
cultural population is much more virtuous
than a town and manufacturing popula-
tion; that the population of Ireland are ,
almost exclusively agricultural and rural, and
that the ,pulation of England are town and
man ng, and then confess that your satire
and .e of Lord Morpeth are unfounded, or
that you have asserted what is not true of the
town population to uphold the iniquitous mono-
poly of the landlords. For our part, calling to
mind the assertion of the Bishops, that our
people are sunk in heathenism, while, accord-
ing to them, their religion alone can make men
virtuous--remembering, too, the bad example
set by the English clergy and the English land-
owners—having no faint recollection of the pic-
tures drawn of the morals of rural England
by the Commissioners for Inquiry into the
operation of the old Poor-law—and of manufac-
turing England by the Factories' Commissioners
and the Handloom Weavers' Commissioners—we
are unhappily obliged to suppose that Lord Mor-
peth is right, and that the slanderers are the
Herald and the Standard. We feel as deeply
for the honour of England, which we were taught
to prize from our very infancy, as the writers in
the Herald and the Standard, but we cannot deny
the accumulated evidence of facts, and without
pretending to judge of comparative morality,
which is extremely difficult—for what is re-
sisted, as well as what is done, must be known—
we are constrained to assert that the morality
of England, under the rule of our honoured
priesthood, and our worshipped landlords, is as
low as it well can be.

MONEY and COMMERCIAL NEWS.

CITY, WEDNESDAY EVENING.
In the monetary world to-day the leading feature has
teen the Meeting of Chili n Bondholders, the result of
which has been precisely what was anticipated, viz., the
r,jeetion of the amended propositions off, red by the Go-
vernment of the Republic in its communication of Sep-
tember last. The meeting passed resolutions expressive
of their willingness to accept new bonds at par for the ar-
rears of interest due to them, these to bear a dividend of
three per cent. per annum.
It was acknowledged on all hinds that Lord Palmerston
had shown every desire to promote the interests of the
bondholders, and bad acted as bee.atne a British-Minisior,
je.lous of the honour and, rights of his country..
There was an advance in Consols this afternoon to
884 and 89 for money, and to 894 and 894 for account.
Exchequer Bills were 10r. to 12s. premium, and India
Bonds Bs. to 15s. discount. The New Three-and-a-Half
per Cents, brought 974 to 4.
The Foreign securities were more dealt in to-day, and
in most instances at rather improved rates. Spanish Ac-
tive Bonds were at 241 to 4, Portuguese New Five per
Cents.' at 314, the Three per Cents. at 191, Mexican
Stock of 1837 at 284 to 4, Colombian of 1824 at 231 to t,
Two per Cent. Venezula at 31, Peruvian at 17 to 4, What'
at 604, and Brazilian at 72. Dutch Two-and-a-Half per
Cents. were worth 504 to 504, being an advance of about
1 percent.
The Railway Shares were advancing. Great Western
touched 244; the New, 114; and the Fifths, 54, ex
div. ; Birmingham, New Shares, were 254 prem.; and
Midland Counties, Quarter, 44 prem. ; Brighton were
64: and North Midland, 30 ais. London Joint Stook
Bank Shares were 21 ; and London and Westminster, 44
prem.

(From The Sun of Last Night.)
LIVERPOOL COTTON MARKET, TUESDAY.—The business
done in the C.tton market to-day has been limited, but there
is no alteration to notice in the rates. The sales. compri-e
3,000 bales, of which 300 have been taken on speculation.
In exportation nothing to report.
LIVERPOOL SHAKE MARKET, MARCH 2.—There is a
little improvement in the Share market to-day, although a
limited amount of business has been done. Eastern Counties
sealize gig ; London and Birmingham shares 171 ; ditto New
321. Shares 21i prem. ; London and South Western 51.
shares 17s. 6d. In Bank Stock nothing to report.
Ihe Hamburgh Ma.l, which arrived last night, of the 26th,
brings the Exchange upon London same as per last post, 13 3 ;
Gold 425, also the sane ; Metal. 104* ; Bank Actions 1605.

With the exception of the usual French mail, we have no
arrivals this morning from any quarter. The packet-ship
George Washington is now due, and may be expected daily.
The arrival of the overland mail from India is also looked
for with much interest, as news is expected relative to the ne-
gotiation with the Chinese.
To-morrow being the 4th of the present month, a number of
commercial bills become due.

Consols opened this morning a shade better than they left
off, 139% 89k, for the Account, since which they are not quite
so good, and may be quoted at present 89k, seller?, for Money,
884 ;no business of consequence has been transacted as yet ;
Exchequer Bills,lo 12 prem. ; Bank Stock shut, nominal, 167
168; India Stock, 247 248.
_ _ .

In the Foreign Market Spanish Active a shade better,
24J; i ; Deferred, 124, ; Passive, 6*; Portuguese, same as
they left off, 31* 4; Three per Cents., 19%; Brazilian, 71i
7211,- ; Colombian, not quite so good as it left off, at 23i, at
present, 23* i ; Mexican also rather lower, 28* i ; Belgian,
99 100 ; Chilian, 58 62 ; Dutch Two-and-a-Half per Cents.,
50i i ; Five per Cents. 99i 100.
Shares.—Great Western, 22 24 prem. ; Ditto, New, NI II
prem. ; London and Brighton, 7 6} die. ; Blackwall, 6 51
dis. ; Birmingham, 79 81 prem. ; Southampton,: 54 56/ per
share ; Croydon, 113/1 12} .per share ; Greenwich, -8* 3, per
share ; Manchester and Birmingham, 16 15dis.•; South East-
ern and Dover, 16* 154.
Fltlek.S OF SHARES Tills DAY AT ONE.
RAILWAYS. Paid. Per Share.
Great Western
Ditto New 50 604 to 61*
Ditto Fifths
London and Croydon ( Trunk)... 131 12*...... to
Midland Counties . .... lOO

Ditto i Shares
North Midland
The packet-ship George Washington, has arrived off Mil
ford. Letters and papers not expected up until to-morrow.
The above is the only arrival to the present time. She sailed
on the 7th ult.

Everything has a dull appearance in the City to the present
hour, owing to the non-arr.vals, with a scarcity of intelligence.
Although there is little or nothing doing in the British Market,
Consols maintain the price of the opening, 89i for the Ac-
ount ; Money, 88-1 I. Exchequer Bills, 10 12 prem. ; India
Bonds, 8 14 dis. ; Bank Stock, shut.
In the Foreign Market prices nominal: Spanish Active,
24i ; Portuguese, 31 a I; Three per Cents, 14 ; Dutch
Two-and-a-Half per Cents. 5034 ; Five per Cents., 99 100.
The Share Market is inactive, and prices much the same as
yesterday.

CLOSING PRICES.
BRITISH FUNDS.
Bank Steck ••• India Stock... ........ ..
3 per Cent. Red......... 89} Ditto Bonds
3 per Cent Cons ...... .. 89 Ditto Old Annuities —
3i per Cent Red....„ .. 98i Ditto New Annuities...
New 3i per Cent .. ... 97 Ex. Bills, 1,000/....21d 12 pm
New 5 per Cent ... ...... Ditto 5001 l2 pm
Long Annuities to expire Ditto Small l2 pm
Jan. 1860. — Bank Stock for Acct ....
Oct 1859 ... ...... 13 India Stock for Acct
Jan. 1860 ... ...... 12 13-16 Consols for Acct B9i
FOREIGN FUNDS.
A ustrian, 5 per cent.. Portuguese, 5 per cent. -
Belgian, 5 per cent Ditto, New Ditto.....
Brazilian Bonds .. 72 Prussian, b per cent...
BuenosAyres, 6 per cent Russian, 5 per cent. . .
Chain, 6 per cent
Colombian, 6 per cent... Spanish. 5 per cent 24i
Ditto, 1824 231 Ditto, Deferred l2i
Danish, 3 per cent...., French,s per cent... —f. —c.
Greek.lB2s, spercent. Exchange —f. -c.
Mexican, 5 per cent.... French,3 per cent —f. —c.
Di-to, 6 per cent, 1825 Dutch, 2i, per cent
Peruvian,lB2s,6 per qt. 17i Ditto, 5 per cent..... 100
... •
SHARES.
Cheltenliatri and Great Western (62k paid) 27
Eastern Lounties Railway (23 paid ... .....
Ditto Debentures ( 2 paid) .. . ... 4a
Great Western' Railway (65 paid) B9i
Ditto'New Shares (50 paid) - ...... 61/
Ditto Fifths ( 4 'Aid) ... ... 9i
London and Brighton (50 paid)
London and Birmingham Railway (90 pd)
Ditto New Shares ( 2 paid)
London and Croydon Railway (Trunk) l2
Midland Counties Railway (100 paid)
Ditto Quarter Shares (10(10-paid) l4k
North Midland Railway (lOU paid) 7O

The Commissioners of Greenwich Hospital have
determined to "remove," alias abolish, the female school
attached to that hospital. No doubt there are good rea-
sons for so doing. A circular letter has been sent to the
parents or relatives of the children, requiring them to
state if they are willing to withdraw the child named
therein on receiving the sum of 121. a year for the time the
girl would be allowed to remain in the school, and give an
undertaking that she shall be sent to a school in the neigh-
bourhood of her residence. This we consider a very
liberal allowance and proper regulation ; for the school
charges of a child of a sailor or marine would probably
not cost more than 40s. a year, and the rest of the money
will go towards food and raiment. Where a girl would
be entitled to be in the school four years, this allowance
will be a great boon. In the circular it does not, however,
say what will he done with the child if the offer of 12/. a
year is not accepted.— United Service Gazette.
THE BOOK WITHOUT A NAME.—.There are
gourmand. To/ who
few books which appeal so effectually to all tastes as that
of Sir Charles and Lady Morgan--dddly entitled " The
Book without a Name !" The lovers of good eating will
find their favourite subject discussed with the r*pcb of
peepliarAtthectioniti subjects of anti-
several chapters wherein some
presented to the reader replete
a delightscholar,
paincdtutrilees spirit:
of/ io ctirj, the work o ffer s t *un using
Memoirs of the 120 4, Lady Cock's celebrated
whilst such as field
Macaw, and several nth, r "AtA etittalle entertaining ;
Do agar
can turn s, from grave to gay, from lively
quarian interest' nuty,lyrn tti
of the most attranktie are
with the most valuable historical illustrations. In short,
these clever writers seem desirous of proving not only how
readily they
to severe," but how pleasantly they can make their gra-
vity gay, and their severity lively. The reader will be
sure to find in the volumes a great fund of amusement.
ABSENT M.P.—lt will be recollected that Mr.
O'Connell recently complained of the absence of the Hon.
Col. Fitz Gibbon, second son of the celebrated Chancellor,
Lord Clare. The Independent Club of the County Lime-
rick, following in the same track, has passed a resolution
conveying conveying a sufficiently intelligible hint to the Gallant
Colonel, that if his health permit, his constituents expect
rPesaernlitaamevnet.ary duties,
olah ei s will
seat
efficientetoithanerperform h
Reis
ti
p
simi oLtorrdoaVesumenterythelianascieonbt
ftaaminileyd.
namethe oQft,i, Deeen m'spermis-
oleyns,"
of which the name of " Mullins" is a corruption. The
f,,mily trace t,eir d - ent from Sir Guicrard de Wlevns,
Lurd oi Henley, in Oxfordshire, i. the toigu of floury 11.,
and afterwards a 13arnitam, in Oxford.

NEW AGRARIAN SYSTEM.

It has long been a matter of surprise, and even
of reproach, that the great mechanical powers
which are now the servants of mankind are so
little employed in cultivating the ground. The
great use of all machinery is to save human la-
bour. There is more labour employed in agri-
culture than in any other art. Whatever poets
and young gentlemen who have assisted once in
their lives at hay-making may say, this is irk-
some labour, as the bent bodies and shrivelled
limbs, as the rheumatic pains and weather-beaten
forms of the agricultural labourers sufficiently
prove. It very generally implies exposure to all
seasons, and if that be wholesome and pleasant
why do the opulent take so much care, and incur
so much expense, to avoid it? There is no delu-
sion about the matter in the country, and rural
labours arc not voluntarily undertaken except by
those who are compelled to earn their breao.
Why is it, then, that the powerful and pa-
tient servants who never complain, and who
have been fbund so eminently useful in weaving
and working fkon, in Spinning, and impelling
ships, have not been much employed as substi-
tutes for the irksome labours of the field ? We
think this a very curious problem, and a gentle-
man, by the name of Pink us, already known
amongst engineers, has undertaken practically
to demonstrate that it does not arise from the
nature of the art itself, but from the backward-
ness of the agriculturists in applying to their own
uses the inventions which are the common pro-
perty of the world.
His contrivances are exhibited at the Colos-
seum, and they consist of two distinct and very
different species of inventions; first, of some pe-
culiar agricultural instruments; and, next, of a
power, different from animal power, to set them
in motion. Of the former, it is not necessary to say
much, because there is, as is well known, a great
number of agricultural instruments in use, which,
by slight adaptation, may be worked by a mecha-
nical power, and because those which Mr. Pinkus
exhibits appear to us in their infancy susceptible
of great improvement, and requiring much and
varied improvements to suit them to the labours
of the farm. Indeed, it is hardly to be expected
that the same man should have the somewhat
opposite talents of the eminent engineer and the
practical agriculturist—that he should both find
out a moving power and invent the nice instru-
ments it is to set in motion. We think Mr.
Pinkus's plough, and his machine for perform-
ing spade labour, or gathering up stones and
acting as a harrow, though very ingenious, but
very secondary parts of his scheme. The great
and important suggestion, if it can be practically
worked out, is the application of a cheap me-
chanical power as a substitute for animal power
at every part of the farm. We shall, therefore,
confine our description to it, leaving it to the
reader to fancy the ploughs and the harrows,
and the self-filling and self-emptying dung carts
it may set in motion.

At-Hyde-lane Colliery near Manchester there
is a pneumatic machine tacked to the steam-
engine which draws the cagls up from the mine.
The engine'works an air pump, with which . an
air-tight receiver and air-tight main are con-
nected. At the end of this main, 500 yards from
the steam-engine, a vibrating pneumatic cylin-
der is placed, which is worked by the rarefaction
produced in the main, and by the pressure of the
atmosphere. Now, this machine working at a
distance of 500 yards from the seat of the motive
power, draws coal-waggons up a steep inclined
plane, and is a demonstration that a power of
that kind can be conveyed or made to operate at
least at the distance of 500 yards. Mr. Pinkus
has taken up this idea, and proposes to apply
such a machine to agriculture. He is to erect a
steam-engine in the middle of the farm, or
where water power can be obtained he
employs a water-wheel, and he sets it to
work on an air pump, to exhaust the air
from a contiguous receiver. With this receiver
are connected a series of air-tight mains, laid
down under the ground, as may be convenient,
in different directions from the central spot, so
as to extend to the extremities of the farm. The
mains are supplied with valves, so as to shut off
or open the communication at pleasure with the
exhausted receiver. At various distances, as
may be convenient, branch pipes are laid down
from the mains, and at different parts of them
also, where convenient, there are apexes or open-
ings, by which a communication can be main-
tained between a vibrating pneumatic cylinder
placed on an ordinary locomotive engine, and the
exhausted receiver. It is clear that the cylinder
which, being stationary at Hyde-lane Colliery,
gives motion to a number of coal waggons, if
placed on the top of wheels, can be made to work
them by cranks, and this is the power which Mr.
Pinkus proposes to substitute for animal power.
It is a pneumatic machine working by the weight
of the atmosphere and a partially exhausted
receiver.

The ingenious
.part of the invention consists
mainly, we think, in the method of communicat-
ing this power to the locomotive engine. A flex-
ible tube, composed of a combination of leather
and India rubber, kept in a cylindrical form by
strong rings of spiral wire, and perfectly air-
tight, is connected by one end with the branch
pipe at one of the apexes we have men-
tioned, and by the other with the vibrating cylin-
der which gives motion to the wheels, through a
hollow axis, and a fixed stuffing box. The tube
is 100 yards long, so that the engine may work
that distance from the apex, to which the tube is
fixed, out and home. On the locomotive a
drum is fixed, which is made to revolve in a
given time with the wheels, and around it is
coiled the flexible tube, the two ends of
which are fixed as described, and which al-
ways preserves the communication between
the vibrating cylinder and the exhausted main.
As the engine goes from the apex the drum un-
winds the flexible tube and is winded on again as
the engine returns. It is scarcely necessary to
remark that it is easy to make the machine work
both ways. Nor is it necessary to dwell on the
fact that to this engine different kinds of imple-
ments may be attached or removed. The main
fact is, that Mr. Pinkus distributes a mechanic
power over or rather under the land in the man-
ner we have attempted to describe, which may
he called into operation whenever and wherever
the farmer pleases.
As to the great benefits to be derived from
this invention, we are incompetent to speak
without a much more extensive examination
than we can.bestow on it. Of course, Mr. Pinkus
is ready to demonstrate that it is much cheaper,
and more convenient, than animal power. Of
that, practical men alone can judge, by bringing
it to the test of experience. The idea of distri-
buting a mechanic power at command over the
land seems a happy one, and may probably be
successfully worked out hereafter. Its advantage,
in preference to generating the power on an ordi-
nary locomotive steam-engine, is, that the weight
of the furnace, boiler, water, &c., of the latter is
so great, that he same engine, which moves with
the rapidity of the wind on a railway, cannot
move its own weight on a ploughed field. At
the same time, we are by no means of opinion
that Mr. Pinkus has yet fallen on the most eco-
nomical method of generating or conveying the
power. He has, however, struck out a new path
in which he or others may, by and bye, reach
great ends.
__ _

We cordially wish that eminent success may
attend his exertions. We understand that he
has been commissioned to erect and lay down
his apparatus by a Mr. Walker, an extensive
agriculturist in Mid Lothian, which will enable
the world to judge of its utility. For no other
art are slaves now much required or sought after,
but for field labour. They are not adapted to
the skilled labour of towns. It is to cultivate
the sugar cane, or the tobacco weed, or coffee
plant, that the slave-owner of Cuba, Vir-
ginia, or Brazil, commits the atrocities which
every humane and good man reprobates, which
destroy his own peace, and degrade the unhappy
beings he condemns to toil for him. A mecha-
nical motive power to be applied to agricultural
purposes, cheaper than slave labour, would be an
effectual and certain means of extingishing
slavery, and the slave trade. It would no doubt,
too, be attended with many advantages in
temperate as well as in tropical climates. It
would probably add much to our means of sub-
sistence, increase the property, spare the toil,
and augment the happiness of all classes. The
object, therefore, is of great importance and
worthy of the attention of inquiring and reflect-
ing men. On this account we have mentioned
the scheme, considering that if some persons
apply themselves to the improvement and adap-
tation of implements, and others to the best
means of creating the motive power, the end will
be more speedily attained.

In reference to a paragraph in the Court Circular
of this day, we are told that the objects of the deputation
from the Western Australian Company, and the Com-
mittee of the 'Aborigines Protection Society, were to call
the attention of the Colonial-office to the justice and
necessity of providing for the natives out of their lands,
ceded- to the new colony, a sufficient reserve to supply
the means of their peaceful existence; and to ask the sane-.
tine of Lord J. Russell to the appointment of a duly
qualified person to inquire on the spot into the present
state of the Aborginea, their relations with the settlers,
and the security of their rights and welfare.
G. Ouscley liigbins, Es ~ has arrived at Fen-
ton's Hotel, St. James's-street, from Ireland.

MR. MARSHALL'S LETTER TO
EARL FITZWILLIAM.

(The great notice which hes been taken of this let-.
ter in Parliament and out of Parliament, having con-
verted it into an important historical document, induces.
us now to publish it entire, though we eoti,sed it three
we-ks ago, when it first appeared.'
My Dear Lord Fitzwilliam,—As your Lordship's
very frank and friendly letter addressej to me,. declin-
ing to attend the Leeds Reform meeting, and stating
reasons why you do not appro%e of the objects of our
Association, has been placed before the pub; ,c,
th.sough
the medium of the press, permit me to °Mt'
the ')ugh
the same medium a few remarks in reply.
I will shortly state the facts that appear to !IIT;,
and to the Reformers in Leeds who have commencen
the present movement, to furnish a strong moral, if not
a demonstrative, proof, that the House of Commons as
now constituted does not fairly represent—does not
harmonize with, the people—as is assumed by your
Lordship.
Teat is the real pivot of the question before us ; for
however great the change effected by the last. R. ...form
Bill, if it has yet decidedly failed of accomplishing the
objects of its promoters, and of the people whose gene-
rous confidence and enthusiastic support was the great
and decisive power that carried that measure, what
conclusion can we come to, but that the very saint.
reasons that justified the commencement of a
revolution, will, a fortiori, justify carrying it ont to
its legitimate completion ? We cannot remain half way.
Is the Legislature in harmony with the wants, the
interests, the intelligence of our countrymen-.? No
logical acumen, my Lord, is necessary to, answer
that question. Calm and dispassionate attention
to the simplest facts are sufficient. 'What is the
physical, mora', and social condition of the bulk
of the people ? There lies the proof, plain as
though written in sunbeam, of the true character of the
Government of every country.
If we look to countries that are really free, where
there is no doubt about the matter that the Govern-
ment does really harmonize with the people ; if we
look to the United States, to Norway, to Switzerland,
we ace throughout the length and breadth of those
lands a happy people, enjoying in peace and security the
whole fruits of their own industry, in a high state of
physical wellbeing, distinguished by intellectual and
moral culture, subject to no laws but such as arc
equal, just, beneficent. Read Laing, read Symons,
test this assertion by the figures of statistics, and it will
come out rigorously true.
Dare you say, my Lord, or earl any man of the calm-
est, most impartial, most philosophic mind, affirm, as
matter of fact, that the condition of the people of
England is now that of a free and happy community,
living under equal, just, and merc!ful laws?
1 ask and entreat your Lordship first to consider,
and then publicly, deliberately, and fully to give your
own answer to that question.
In the meantime, I will give mine.—Look at the
condition of the agricultural labourer ; enter his bare
cottage, see him striving to maintain himself and family
on the pittance of seven shillings a week. Consider
what are his sad prospects in life, on the very verge of
absolute death by hunger ; a single step, if so much,
out of the poor-house ; no hopes of amendment, of bet-
ter or happier days ; as has been his youth so will be
his comfortless old age. This man, my Lord, now
prostrate, destitute of independence, energy, or hope,
has in him a mind, an immortal soul, a capacity of en-
joyment as large and liberal as your own, and he is of
as much value in the eyes of a Just and Merciful God,
as you are. Have you really done your whole duty
by this your poor unhappy brother, by writing a few
letters on the Corn-laws, excellent as they are—and by
assisting to pass the Reform Bill, " a great measure,"
—and then, regardless bow it really works, giving your-
self up in peace and contentedness to your hunting,
shooting, and other diversions? Believe me, you have
far more to do yet ; let your manly understanding only
grapple fairly with the subject, and your high sense of
duty will imperatively urge you many steps further.
Look again at the crowded streets of our great ma-
nufacturing towns, peruse the various statistic ac-
counts by impartial observers of the terrible destitu-
tion, the fearful want, disease, degradation, misery,
physical and moral in every shape, that reign there.
Look at the wan and haggard faces of the work-
people that come into our Courts of Justice, that at-
tend our public meetings. See how the very race of
Englishmen is dwindling down and degenerating
under the effects of the unremitting labour, the instil.-
ficient and unwholesome food that their country's laws
allow them to enjoy. For well you know, my Lord,
that all this misery is of man's ordinance and contriv-
ing, not the work of the beneficent providence of God,
who like a true parent has provided ample food and rai-
ment for all his children, if left free to go and earn
them by their own labour.
I have not space to depict one tenth part of the
misery that the cruel laws of our aristocracy heap upon
our people.
It is now nine years since your " great measure" the
Reform Bill passed. What has the Reform Bill done
for the people ?—has it given them bread or clothing ;
has an enlightened Whig Government employed that time
in spreading over the land, into every parish, the great
first requisite, education—intellectual, moral, and re-
ligious, for all the people committed to their charge ?

Oh ! no. Their intentions were excellent, and would
have performed these urgent necessary duties, if, per-
haps, they had been able.
What have they done ? Municipal Reform, a Penny
Post, and divers other small matters—all very well
in their way, but mere drops of water taken out
of the bucket of national grievances. New Poor-
laws ? Ah, my Lord, when you think of that roes-
sure of stern justice, that was so readily passed, and
then of the deadly Corn-laws, whose repeal was so
doggedly resisted, and which actually murders,the
poor people that the Poor-law drives to depend upon
their own exertions, rather than eater the hated poor-
house—yes, I say, deliberately murders them. Can you
take any credit for the two measures coupled togetheros
they ought in fairness to be in judging of our aristocratic
legislation ? Negro emancipation ? a happy, a glorious
measure And who by long labour and perseverance
matured and carried this measure? Was it the aristocracy
or the people themselves ? And who paid for it twenty
millions, a noble gift ? Why, the people themselves !
What does that great measure prove—does it teach no
moral lesson ? Yes, it proves that even to the poor,
degraded, benighted negro slave, how good, how safe,
how blessed a thing the gilt of Freedom is. Good
God ! and we deny freedom to our countrymen, who
paid twenty millions for the freedom of the blacks
I will go no further ; surely if these facts are correct,
and I challenge any one to disprove them, here is proof
sufficient that the English people are indeed not go-
verned by just, equal, and merciful laws.
Are the mass of the people in harmony with the Go-
vernment? I think you, my Lord, were present when the
Magistrates' table at Sheffield was loaded with Chartist
pikes : you have not forgotten Newport ; you have heard
how, when the wealthy classes at Leeds and Bristol met
to offer the starving people charity, they were met by a
wild fierce cry, " Justice, justice—we want justice, not
charity." The violentand illegal course the Chartists took
has for a time broken up their organization. It would
be a fatal mistake to infer that the spirit of Chartism
is dead, or that all Reformers who are inert and
silent spectators are against the objects of Chartism
and supporters of Wbig government. How much
of evil may be dreaded from, this spirit pervading
the working class in total separation from, and hos-
tility to, the middle and upper classes, I need not say.
I would refer your Lordship to some excellent letters
on this subject, published in the Hertford Reformer, in
July and August, 1833, by Dr. Arnold, of Rugby,
than whom no one is more capable of forming a calm
and impartial judgment.
Here is sufficient evidence, I think, of a fearful
want of harmony between the mass of the people
and the governing power; and such, I think, as
justifies the Leeds Reformers in saying that mis-
government so gross, resistance to the clearest
claims of justice and humanity so blind and ob-
stinate, do urgently call for a large extension of
the franchise, in order to place the people and Go-
vernment really in harmony with each other. The
Whigs are fond of saying, " Wait—wait---opinion is
ripening; in time the prejudices of these Noble Lords
and large landed proprietors will be removed, and then
the grievances will be redressed."
Ay, my Lord, but how would you or I like to starve
for nine years, while these Noble Lords are learning the
A, B, C, of political science ?
The Whigs again, with great inconsistency, accuse
the people of not supporting their measures by pressure
from without : they expect the people to be more hurl-
ligent, and to act on higher principles than the Legis
ture, and in the same breath deny them a voice even I
choosing legislators. sink r they
Help, help us, good people, or we
le honestly
cry out one moment. And whets thet
set to work to help them in youh angteretande
tune to—" Softly, softly, goo
du
us on -to our noses!"
upon our heels, now you push earooeple
;thneoypwe
Eng-
land is to be guided and cor
Believe me, my Lord, if.trhetedD,eimtocmruacstyboefbEyufga-r
other modes of policy
.than t is.
that
importanceyou, my Lord,
should ponder these things
an
less than
dlt othersiof thoef dyeoeupris t
class„
.well ; for they are pregnant with important results
to t
to that of the whole community. • The political prin-
ciples of Aristocracy and Monarchy ate now upon
their trial. If they can succeed in coming to an un.
derstanding with the principles of Democracy, so
that each may be strong and vigorous within its own
sphere, 'without clashing with the others, then Aris-
tocracy and Monarchy will live ; and the best, the most
perfect, the most highly organised, the most vigorous
and happiest form of Government will result. For
I fully concur with Guizot, that the general re-
sult of the progress of civilization and of the
Science of Government has been to develope succes-
sively new social and political principles, which •uniting
with those previously existing, produce a richer, more
highly "Mind; and more perfect form of government,