The Sun.
London, England, 1840-05-02 00:00:00

PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED.

J. and L. Willan, joiners, Wigan, Lancashire—M. D. Crust)
and D. Gee, silk manufacturers, Leek, Staffordshire—S. G.
Hornidge, J. Carter, and C. S. Voules, attorneys-at-law,
Bloomsbury-square—J. and J. Trimboy, tallow chandlers,
Portsea, Hants—E. Fermor and W. Amoore, jun., common
brewers, Hastings—A. Taylor and D. Selden, merchants, Li-
verpool—E. B. Venn and L'. Bowley, tea brokers, Bow-lane,
City—J. and E. Norris, attorneys-at-lavr, Liverpool—B.
James and C. Vaughan, carpenters, Crickhowell, Brecknock-
shire—J. and J. Broderick, veterinary surgeons, Regent-street,
City-road—J. Little, sen. and J. Little, jun., coal dealers, Bir-
mingham—J. Ashwell, C. Cooper, and G. Barker, earthenware
manufacturers, Longton, Staffordshire (so far as regards G.
Barker)—M. C. Davey and S. Glyde, grocers, Yeovil, Somer-
setshire—J. and J. Binns, nail manufacturers, Stratford upon-
Avon, Staffordshire—J. and T. Stork, wine merchants, King-
ston-upon-Hull—W. F. and J. Lindon, porter dealers, Liver-
pool—G. E. and J. Sargent, drapers, Oxford—J. Vanhouse,
J. Vanhouse, jun., and J. M. Vanhouse, West and East India
brokers, Mincing-lane, City (so far as regards J. M. Vanhouse)
—R. H. Jones and J. F. B. Foy, attorneys, Ruthin, Den-
high:hire—E. and H. 'Musgrove, cotton brokers, Liverpool—
J. and J. Whatmore, bootmakers, Bridgnorth, Salop—D.
Fryer and J. llanktelow, piano-forte manufacturers, Huntley-
street, Bedford-square—J. L. and R. Davy, drapers, Plymouth
—J. W. and S. I homas, hotel keepers, Bristol--J. Occleston,
T. Occleston, J. Ilobson, and J. Markland, silk manufacturers,
Manchester—J. Nuttall, S. Giles, and J. F. Watchurst, calico
inters, Manchester (so far as regards S. Giles. )
Pr
SCOTCH SEQUESTRATIONS.
WILLIAM HINDMARSH, music seller, Glasgow, May 4,
at twelve, at the Boot Tavern, Glasgow.
JAMES M. KENZ lE, merchant, Fortrose, 11Iay 9, at
one, at Mackintosh's Inn, Fortrose.
CAMPBELL BLAIR, grocer, Glasgovr, Alay 4, at twelve,
at J. Drew's office, Miller-street.
HECTOR MACKENZIE, innkeeper, Conon Bridge, May
11, at one, at the Caledonian Hotel, Dingwall.
JAMES THOMSON, carpet manufacturer, Canotimills,
May 27, at two, at the Crown and Anchor Hotel, Elinburgh,
WILLIAM YOUNG, merchant, Dundee, May 8, at t.%‘ elve,
at the Royal Hotel, Dundee.

KING'S COLLEGE.—On Thursday the animal
meeting of the proprietors of King's College was held in the
theatre of that institution, to receive the report of the Conned,
&e., his Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury the chair.
There were also present the Bishops of London and Rochesler,
Sir R. Inglis, Sir C. Clerk, &c. The Secretary read the
report of the Council, which commenced by congratulating the
proprietors on the present state of the College, and stating that
during the last year the number of students had increased in
every department. A statement of the accounts was thenst
year,
from which it appeared that the receipts during the past
including the balance on the last account, amounted to
19,869/. 9s. 5d., and the expenditure to 19,5b4/, 3s, &1. On
the motion of the Bishop of Rochester, the report was adopted.
The mecting then proceeded to the election, by ballot, of siz
members of the Council in the place of those gentlemen who
go out by rotation ; and also to the election of treasurer, audi-
tors, &c. Thanks having been voted to the Chairman, the
meeting adjourned.
- - -

The third division of the 3d Dragoon Guards
left Piershill Barracks en 71)111C for Sheffield, On Friday-. On
that day three troops of the 2d Dragoo❑ Guards (Queen's
Bays) arrived at Piershill from Glasgow and Ilarnilk.n. Of
the other three troops it is understood that one or two will go
to the horse barracks at Perth.—Edinburgh Evening Courant.

CHURCH OF SCOTLAND.

The following declaration has been signed by 171
ministers and 282 elders of the Church of Scotland :
" We whose names are hereunto subscribed, being
ministers and elders of the Church of Scotland, by law
established, hifluenced by an anxious regard for the
welfare of that Church, an earnest desire to open a way
for extricating her from her present perilous position,
and an irresistible sense of duty, feel it necessary to de-
clare as follows, viz. :

" 1. That we entertain the most profound respect
F:ir the law of the land, by which our Church is en-
towed and protected, and hold it incumbent on the
Ecclesiastical,authorities to yield obedience to that law
is laid down by the judgment of the Court of Session
and House of Lords.

" 11. That we are fully convinced, and do conscien-
tiously believe, that in yielding this obedience we shall
not sacrifice any of the principles of our Church, or
violate the allegiance which we owe to its Divine Head
Ind King.
"II I. That esteeming our venerable ecclesiastical es-
tablishment one of the greatest blessings which a gra-
cious God has bestowed on our land, and desiring, in all
singleness of heart, to uphold it agreeably to its stand-
ards, and to the practice of our forefathers from the ear-
liest times, we lament the recent conflicting procedure
which has taken place in the civil and ecclesiastical ju-
dicatories, as injurious to the interests of religion and
dangerous to the constitution of our Church ; and hold
it to be the sacred duty of all its members to use their
best endeavours for putting an end to a state of things
so much to be deplored.
" IV. That whilst we are decidedly opposed to the
abolition of patronage, we nevertheless think it most
material to the welfare of our Church that every pos-
sible precaution should be taken to prevent unfit pre-
sentees from being settled in parishes ; and although
this appears to us to be in a great measure already se-
cured by the ecclesiastical arrangements previously ex-
isting, yet we will readily concur in framing and enforc-
ing such additional regulations; in conformity to the law
of the land, as may be judged amply sufficient-to ac-
complish this most important object." ,
SYNOD OF DUMFRIES.
The provincial Court of tlie Church held its spring
meeting on Tuesday last, the 21st' inst. The principal
topics of discussion were questi ins relative to Non-in-
trusion, and the independence of the Church. The
Committee on Overtures having reported Mr.Yorstoun's
intention to propose a petition to the Legislature on the
sufifect of the unhappy opposition which exists be-
t Witt the Civil and Ecclesiastical Courts, the Rev. Gen-
tlinitti rose, and after a few remarks, moved the adop-
tion of the petition, which having been seconded by
Mr. Wright,
Dr. DUNCAN, of Ruthwell, rose and stated that he
had b6en in 'hopes that the Synod would have found this
document so framed as to meet the acquiescence of all
parties ; but, on perusing it, he found some expressions
which he and those who thought with him could not
conscientiously adopt.
After a long discussion, the petition in its original
and unmutilated form was adopted by a majority of .12
to 31.
The Rev. Dr. DuNBAR, of Applegath, then rose and
proposed the following overture with respect to the
Strathhogio suspension case :
" Whereas, by the acts of Assembly, 1736, 1754,
and 1756, it is expressly provided that when a Presby-
tery refuses to comply with the sentence of the Corn-
rni”ion relating to the settlement of ministers, the mat-
ter shall lie over to the next Assembly ; and whereas
the-Commission which met on"rthe 11th 'December last
did suspend certain members of the Presbytery of
Strathbogie, as having refused compliance- with the ap-
pointment of the Commission in the case of the disputed
settlement in Marnoch ; and' whereas, in the judgment
of ithis Synod, the Commission was not justified in do-
ing, so by the plea of having received instructions from
the preceding Assembly to deal with the case as to
them should seem fit, seeing that while the Assembly
invests the Commission generally with a superinten-
dence over the concerns of the Church, it carefully pro-
vides that in every case of a Presbytery questioning the
jurisdiction, and refusing compliance with the decisions
of the Commission, that body shall not adopt any exe-
cutive measure, but shall leave the matter to the de-
cision of the succeeding Assembly :—Be it therefore
overtured that the General Assembly strongly disap-
prove of said procedure on the part of the Commission
as altogether unconstitutional ; declare it null and void ;
and order the sentence of suspension to be expunged
from the records."

As an amendment, the Rev. Mr. CRAWFORD moved

" That the overture be dismissed, as such an expres-
sion of opinion on the part of the Synod would be inex-
pedient, seeing the whole proceedings must come under
the review of the Supreme Court, when parties will be
heard, the merits of the case fully investigated, and the
sentence of the Commission confirmed or reversed ac-
cordingly."

The amendment, or counter-motion, was ultimately
lost by a majority of 37 to 30.
The following overture was proposed by Dr. DUN-
CAN of seconded by Sir PATRICK MAX-

BRIBERY AT ELECTIONS.

( From tlie Esscx Mercury.)
NECESSITY FOR THE BALLOT.

Our readers have, doubtless, perused with justifiable
disgust, the details of gross bribery exhibited in the
Ludlow and Cambridge elections. Even the Tory
Standard exclaims—" The curse of heaven is upon it ;
and what is accursed of heaven never prospers." Mr.
Austin, in addressing the Ludlow Election Committee,
said, " that there was a clear and distinct proof of
bribery in the case of the voter Cook. Cook was paid
301. in three ten-pound notes." The price of votes is
even said to have risen in the Ludloff market from
100/. to 150/.! This is not an isolated case. There
is never an election but the same iniquitous practices
are resorted to, and will be till the Ballot is esta-
blished. This the Tories will, of course, oppose as long
as they can ; for they well know the Ballot would deprive
them of those means of corruption and bribery by which
alone they arc able to return Members to Parliament.
They hopocritically pretend that tne Ballot would en-
courage falsehood. So far from the Ballot encouraging
falsehood, it would at one sweep cut off more than half
the falsehood of voters. The . false promise is an evil,
chiefly affecting the man who makes it. But the false
vote is a crime not merely as regards himself, but as
against the public at large. But the false promise, after a
little experience, would neither be extorted nor offered.
It would be useless. The man who would sell his trust,
and readily tell a lie, who would believe him ? Again,
deprive the wealthy candidate of the knowledge in
which way votes will be given, and no persecution
will successfully operate on the voter. The induce-
ment to intimidate will be at an end, and the perse-
cution will cease. The same argument would apply
to the certain annihilation of corruption by the
Ballot, if the secret system of voting were adopted.
Ask any plain man of business if he would, in com-
mercial language, buy a pig ix a poke; if he would
purchase a rotten vote or any other saleable commodity,.
when he could not secure the quality or appropriation
• of the bargaist,? Y.-116 wOuld,„beyond a doubt, laugh in,
your face.----ScHrizarclous a sale could not take place
to sell.Th electore
he wille
a can
• withhlraevta et db
et oc
eanyrta
iontthye ref ore ov do ittey
do is to offer the probability to his corrupter, and to
give his bare word for the fulfilment of the contract.
Now the man who could take a bribe is evidently to
corrupt as to make no difficulty in breaking his promise.
The promise to vote in a particular way, therefore,
would be a matter of so great uncertainty as to make
a purchaser of any common sense discontinue the prac-
tice. There could be no security given for value re-
ceived. Such bargains are not likely to be sought by
any party ; and consequently the whole ground of cor-
ruption would be cut away from under the feet of the
corruptor. Where no fuel is the fire dieth.

CONSTANCY AND FIXEDNESS OF
PRINCIPLE IN DEMOCRACIES.

I do not pretend, that the members of democra-
tic states of society are immovable. On the con-
trary, there is little, repose and eternal movement in
such societies : but- there are certain limits drawn
round this agitation. Secondly, things are varied
and renewed each day ; but principle ever remains
untouched. They like change, but dread revolu-
tion. • How much soever the Americans abrogate
and alter some of their laws, they have no revolu-
tionary passions; and public agitation always grows
calm whenever it menaces revolution. Revolu-
tionary theories, too, meet with far less favour in the
United States than in the old monarchies of Europe.
The dernocratic maxims of French Republicans
would not be tolerated an instant in America.
Where there is much equality each person tends to
isolate himself, and forget the public ; revolution
then must be the produce of circumstances, not
of individual or party effort. Two things in the
United States create astonishment—the great
mobility of most men's actions, and the peculiar
fixedness of certain principles. Once an opinion
has spread and become rooted in America, no
power on earth seems able to extirpate it. In the
'United States, general doctrines regarding religion,
philosophy, morals, and even politics, do not vary ;
and prejudice itself wears out with extreme slow-
ness. It has been said that democracies are fertile
in sentiments and thoughts. This may have been
the case in the small democracies of antiquity,. but
-is not the case in the great democracy of America.
Nothing is more difficult than to alter the opinions
and prejudices of a true democracy. There men,
equal in rights, education, fortune, and condition,
must have the same necessities, tastes, and habi-
tudes, and consequently the same views and opi-
nions. The intellectual anarchy at present to be
perceived in France is not at all in consequence of
democratic organization or tendency. In a democracy
no man can get up to be an apostle to others ; did he
do so, he would not be listened to. In democracies
there is no general confidence in the superior intelli-
gence of individuals. On the contrary, equality of
intellect is a dogma, which follows equality of other
conditions. If Luther had lived where there were
none but his equals, instead of living in a society of
lords and princes, he would have found more diffi-
culty in changing the face of Europe. In demo-
cracies there is little taste or desire for looking
after new opinions ; even the trouble of examining
and changing opinions is too great to be taken.
The influence of individuals is weak or null,
whilst the influence of the mass is great. This
causes a great stability in belief. We live in a
time which has seen rapid changes take place in
the mind of men. Nevertheless, rt is probable that
opinions in general promise to be much more stable
than they have hitherto been ; for I am convinced,
that where equality is generally and permanently
established, great revolutions, either intellectual
or political, become rare. Men in democracies
may seem uncertain, panting and ready to change
laws and creeds, but all their desires and in-
terests have need of stability to satisfy them ;
and the force which holds them quiet is greater
than that which impels them. Dare I say so
in the midst of the ruins around us ? My greatest
cause of fear for future generations is not
revolution. If citizens continue to shut themselves
up in the circle of petty domestic interests, within
which they are ever stirring, they will become inac-
cessible to those great public emotions which cause
' some trouble to nations, but which at the same time
develope and renew them. When I see men inte-
rested in property so anxious and fearful, I dread
lest they should arrive at considering every theory
a peril, every innovation an evil, and every social
progress a step towards revolution. I tremble lest
a cowardly love of present enjoyments causes the
interests of the future to be neglected. Some fear
that new societies will be every day changing as-
pect. I dread lest they should become too firmly
fixed in the same institutions, prejudices, and man-
ners, so as to put a stop to all progress-feat man
should merely turn back upon himself without pro-
ducing new ideas, and -lest he should become ex-
hausted in petty, solitary, and sterile movements,
and, though ever in motion, never advance.
Tocqueville's Democracy in America.

(From the Scotsman.)
Mr. Drummond was born in this city, and after pas:-
ing through the proper course of education, entered Ihe
corps of Royal Engineers. Prior to 1831 his meees
were only known to men of science. among whom he
had established a reputation, while yet under thirty
years of age. "He is," says a very competent judge,
"intimately acquairoed with the mathematical sciences
in their most recondite theories. He is an indefatigable
and dexterous and inventive experimenter in physics,
and he has rendered essential service to science, as well
as to the particular branch of the public service in
which lie had been long engaged (the Trigonometrical
Survey of Britain and Ireland), by a series of (spry.;
meats on the expansion of metals, with a view to the
measurement of a base, and by his arduous exertions in
the fie:d under Colonel Colby. His paper on " the
means of facilitating the observation of distant stations
in geodetical observations," (by the light which bears
his name,) and his method of illuminating lighthouses,
are well known to every cultivator of science in Europe."
On this part of his history we forbear to enlarge, as a
scientific friend, much better qualified to do justice to it,
has promised us a communication on the subject.
Mr. Drummond's name was first brought before the
public generally, in consequence of his being employed
in 1831 to fix the boundaries of the burghs, and deter-
mine their order in the claim to representation, under
the Reform Bill. The scale was founded on the popu-
lation and assessed taxes jointly, and the subject having
a certain degree of complexity, Mr. Drummond's calcu,
lotions were challenged in a flippant abusive style by
Mr. Croker. For a short time opinion was suspended
as to the accuracy of the principle he adopted, and we
feel pleasure in recalling the fact, that the first vindica-
tion of it was written by the editor of this paper. Some
calculators of inferior note lent their support to Mr.
Croker's objections, but ultimately all doubts of Mr.
Druirimond's accuracy were silenced by the conclusive
testimony of Sir John Herschel, Professor Wallace, and
other two of the most eminent mathematicians in Britain.
What was probably not less gratifying to Mr. Drum-
mond's kind and ingenuous nature, the gentlemen asso-
ciated with him in the labours of the burgh reports, of
which-he. was charged with the general st:perintend'ene,
presented him with an affectionate `address, expressive
of their esteem and admiration.

These duties brought Mr. Drummond into contact
with - several Members of the Goverment ; and his
talents and character made so favourable an invression
on -Loa ~Althoiii; then. Chancelltrof the Excheper,
-that his LordiiipirTeppOinted him his Private Secretory,
_aft 'office not pf a.conspieuous kind, but one .of great
lahnhi;o- The merits of thio:exoellent nobleman (whom'
Earl Grey caled the "right hand " of his Ministry) are
now well known. Sound judgnaent, high honour, man-
liness, simplicity, and disinterestedness, were the leading
features of his character ; and we cannot help thinking
that it was sympathy with a kindred spirit, more than a
mere regard to the ordinary accomplishments of a Secre-
tary, which induced his Lordship to engege the services
of Mr, Drummond. Whatever was the primary mo-
tive, Mr. Drummond soon gained his Lordship's entire
confidence, and was treated by him to the end of his
life as a highly valued person and friend. After the
close of Mr. Drummond's examinations before Lord
Roden's committee last year, Earl Spencer wrote to
him, entreating him to arrange his journey home so as
to enable him to spend one day at Althorp, that they
might meet again before death divided them—words
strangely prophetic. Whether he obtained the office of
Under-Secretary in Ireland on his Lordship's recom-
mendation, we arc not aware ; but we know that on
retiring from power his Lordship declared that Mr.
Drummond's talents could only find an adequate sphere
for their exertion in the highest offices of the State.

The Dublin Papers tell us that Mr. Drummond,
being little known, and not an Irishman by birth, was
coldly received on his first arrival in the country. Per-
haps, also, his quiet unostentatious manners were ill cal-
culated to make a favourable impression in Ireland ; but
his sterling merits soon found their way to the hearts of
a grateful people. We doubt if his modesty permitted
him to have any adequate idea of his own talents, or of
the benefits he had it in his power to confer on some
millions of his fellow-beings, till events unfolded the
' truth to him. From the day that be took office, he
dedicated the whole energies of his mind to the service
of Ireland. Though a zealous Whig, he was not a
party man, in the vulgar sense of the term. Justice to
all, was the pole-star of his course, and there never vas
perhaps a public man, who, placed in the very centre
of furious party contention, rose so completely above
the contamination of factious motives. It has been
truly said, that in the Government of Ireland be held
the labouring oar. Though functionaries of higher
rank transacted the business of the country in Parlia-
ment, the wants and the grievances of Ireland were
known in all their detail only to Mr. Drummond, and it
was his deep insight into her condition, and warm
sympathy with her wrongs, which were the main-
spring of those healing measures which have
worked so salutary change in the state of the country,
within these few years. Though mildand gentle in his
nature (we speak from personal knowledge), andalways
disposed to temper justice- with . mercy, to one knew
better " how to robitke the oppressor's wrong, the proud
man's contumely," when :fit occasion arose. His reply
to the Orange Magistrates of Tipperary, in May 18.38,
expresses beautifully, but with all the caution of a states-
man, the just indignation of a pure and lofty mind at the
abuse of power. It contains the memorable words—
" Property has its duties as well as its , ights," which
will not soon be erased from the hearts of Us people of
Ireland. It was the proclamation of a great truth, for-
gotten or derided in that country. The words have
been ascribed to Paley—we know not whether justly or
not—but to Mr. Drummond belongs the honour of bring—
ing them forth from the cloisters of the learned, and
thundering them in the ears of men whose daily conduct
they ought to guide. How much misery would have
been averted—how much turbulence prevented—had
the landholders of Ireland never been suffered to forget,
that property has its duties as well as its rights
Mr. Drummond's character seems to us not so much
distinguished by any peculiar and prominent feature, as
by the harmonious union of many high and useful qua-
lities. His clear and calm intellect enabled him readily
to grasp the great lineaments of any question, and iris
untiring applicat:on, joined with this, secured hint against
the errors which beset less industrious persons. Ile
had that noblest attribute of humanity, which shines
forth so beautifully in Milton, Hampden, Locke,
Washington ; he loved his species, felt a warm interest
in their fort ones, and was, we hslieve, capable of laying
down his life to promote their well-being. His com-
prehensive views of human nature kept hint free of nar-
row prepossessions, and taught lint charity and tolera-
tion ; and the high sense of duty under which he hilb-
tualiy acted made him straightforward and undaunted
in the prosecution of a righteous object. His character
bad both strength and beauty, combining fine intellect
tt ith high moral sentiments.
"He was only faulty," says the Examiner, ":n the
neglect and sacrifice of himself. His devotion to busi-
ness was only surpassed by his devotion to the country.
No Irishman felt the wrongs of Ireland more acutely,
threw himself into her quarrel with more gallantry, or
laboured with more assiduity to exalt her conaion,
Mr. Drummond had an ambition beyond the routine of
his employment ; this led him to overtask the energies
of a frame not naturally of the strongest constitution,
and hence proceeded that exhaustion which rendered
him unable to resist the sharp disease that so suddenly
assailed and overthrew him." A title, we believe, was
placed within his reach, if he had been disposed to ac-
cept it, and more than one Irish constituency had of-
fered to return him to Parliament, where those who knew
him best confidently anticipated that he would have risen
to distinction.