The Sun.
London, England, 1823-09-23 00:00:00

STATE OF GREECE.

ADDITIONAL rAcTs, SUBMITTED TO THE GREEK
COMMITTEE, BY MR. BLAQUIERE, ON THE AC..
TUAL STATE OF AFFAIRS IN THE MOREA, AND
OTHER POINTS OF THE CONFEDERATION, READ

ON SATURDA Y, SEPT• tOTII, 1823
Having in the Report which I had the honour
of presenting to your Committee in its last Meet-.
ing endeavoured to remove those unfounded
statements which have circulated throughout
Europe with regard to the Greek contest, and
operated so unfavourably' to. the Greeks, as well
as to establish the clairstr. of that unfortunate
people to the support and sympathy of the
Christian- world, I shall now' proceed to state
such particulars relative to the civil and military
organization of the ffellenists, the territory they
have acquired, their means of defence, and
general resources, as may be of use to your Com-
mittee in drawing up an appeal to the British
.nation, founded on the first Report.
Your Committee is aware that the political code of the Con-
federation, or law of Epidaurus, as it is more commonly called,
established that the system of Governtnent should be elective,
consisting of Representatives chosen by the people, and an
Executive of five Members, selected from the Legislative Body.
There are, besides, Ministers of Finance, War, Interior, Pub-
lic Instruction, and Police,
.named by the Executive for carry.
Ing its decrees into effect; also a ,Secretary General, charged
with the management of foreign relations ; this last office is
' now held by Prince Mavrocordato, the late President. The
duties and power's, allotted to each department of the state,
were prescribed by . the law of Epidaurus, • and, as already,
stated, several salutary modifications and improvements took
p' Ace during the meeting at Astros :sand I cannot omit re-
p 'sting that the institutions of England and NOrth America
.v.r 3re those to which the legislators of Greece chiefly looked for
precedents and models. It is scarcely necessary to repeat to

your Committee that, independently of` the measures adopted
there for regulating the finances and collecting the revenue, the
greatest importance was attached to the providing, without loss
of time, for a general system of public education, as the best
means of proving to Europe the anxiety of the Greek people to
re-acquire that knOwledge of Which they had bee* deprived by
centuries of oppression.
The amount of revenue gllected for this year is necessarily
very limited, and chiefly derived from farming out the crops
on the national domains, of which only a small portion were
sown. The crops on the Blain of Uastouni, in the Mores, one
of the finest in the world, and which was even this year worth
five millions offrancs, only yielded a sum of 800,000, owing to
its vicinity to Patras. That. of Argos, equally rich, though of
much less extent, has been in fallow ever since the invasion of
last year ; there is however little doubt of its being all turned
to account in the coming season. Your Committee will, not
think my general statements exaggerated, when I add, that
the produce of Candia, in oil alone, amounts on an average to
400,000 barrels per annum, and that each of them brings an
average price of eight Spanish dollars in the markets of Prance
and Italy.
With respect to the naval and military organization, it is
necessarily very imperfect : this arises exclusively from the
want of pecuniary means ; for, as yet, it has been totally im-
possible either to levy. taxes to any considerable amount, on a
people who were kept in a state of the most abject poverty and
dependence on their late oppressors, much less to take advan-
tage of a soil the most prolific in Europe.
Although nearly the whole male population of the Alorea,
capable .of carrying arms, is provided with pistols and atta-
gansi the number which can take the field is comparatively
limited, depending almost entirely on , the means possessed by
the leaders, each of whim has hitherto been unable to employ
more followers than he could provide for out of his personal
resources, and the scanty and precarious aid of Government.
These troops are also supplied with muskets, and are led by
several chiefs or Capitani. The wants and privations of the
Greek army are of a nature the most discouraging. When
I state that there is not more than a third of the number, thus
employed in saving a whole people from extermination, sup-
plied with sufficient clothing to shelter them from the incle-
mencies of a mountain warfare, that they often march forty
miles a-day, almost invariably sleep in the oiren air, and fre-
quently pass two or three days without any o Ter food than the
herbs of the field, the astonishment of your Committeel at the
bravery and perseverance of the Greek soldiery will not, I am
sure, be 'diminished. '

Though the number of horses taken from the Turks, and
now in the Morea, is sufficient to mount from t to 8,000 cavalry,
it will be impossible for the Government to avail itself of this
species of force until provided with funds.
From the above facts, I need hardly add, that the Greek
army receives no pay whatever. The general mode, adopted
by the chiefs, is to advance a small sum to each soldier previ-
ous to entering the field r with this he provides himself with
bread, tobacco, and whatever other necessaries he may require,
as far as the supply will go ; for it very seldom exceeds -two
Spanish dollars.
-

The naval efforts of the Confederation, like those of the army,
have been principally, if not altogether, supported by the pa-
triotism and public spirit of a few individuals at Hydra,
Spezzia, Ipeara, and Samos. There have not been less than a
hundred ships and vessels of various sizes, employed at the
meat
fitie
noceoflasbtonule
about thirty
dyasnhipte number-ohwn
ers, sinceevheras,on more than commence.
occasion, extended to one hundred and eighty. As the mer-
cantile marine of Greece had always been arrneetto a certain
extCnt, there required nothing more than an additional number
of seamen to enable the fleets- to obtain those triumphs, by
which the enemy has lost three line of battle-ships, a large
frigate; and several smaller vessels, not to mention the various
expeditions, which have been directed against the coast of Asia
Minor, Candle,. and other points.
The Greek seamen, who amount to about 20,000 of the most
expert in Europe, receive no regular pay ; all theyrequire for
their services is the means of subsistence- for their families.
I am enabled to assure your Committee, that the delay, which
has unhappily occurred in the naval operations of the present
campaign, was occasioned altogether by the want of funds to
make the necessary advances to the seamen. There is, how-
ever, just ground of belief, that, though almost exhausted by
former sacriiices, the patriots of the above.narned Islands have
again come forward; and that a very formidable fleet is now at
sea. I need scarcely add, that the exertions of the Greek Navy
are greatly cramped, and must continue to be retarded, until
the. Government possess the means of providing for its penile-
neat organization.
It is with such means as Ihave thus shortlypointed out, that
above a hundred thousand of the infidels, whose path was
marked with carnage and devastation during the first two years
of the contest, have been destroyed, and the whole of the Aro-
rea, Lived's, Negropont, a great portion of Romelia in Epirus,
together with the islands of Candle, • Alilo, Naxia, Tin_ ,o My.
conos, Skyro, Samos, Andro, Zea, Patterns, Serpho, Hydra,
Spezzia, and Ipsara, have been conquered. There being_ only
a few isolated points in the enemy's possession,
' viz.—.llene„
Corinth, Patras .Alodon, Coron, and Caryata, on the continent,
and Canea and Retymo in Candia. Here I should add, that
. all of these places are either in a state of siege or closely block.
-ailed. The number of Turks shut up within the walls, and
who cannot leave the gates without falling into the hands of the
Greeks, does not exceed 10,000 men, two-thirds of whom for
mthe garrison of ,Patras. Unprovided with battering and field.
trains, the chief means possessed by, the Greek forces for re.
ducing the above points, are confined to a rigorous system of
blockade, and occasional assaults. Until; however, they are
furnished with more extensive means, particularly besieging
materials, it is to be feared that most of the strong holds I have
mentioned will remain in the power of the enemy. It is there.
fore obvious, that next to a supply of money to pay the troops,
and upon which I offered my humble opinion in the report of
Saturday last, light and field.artiliery, Congreve-rockets, sphe.
'rice' case-shot, implements for pioneering, and scaling-ladders,
would be amongst the most acceptible offerings which your
Committee could send to the struggling Greeks.
.1 have in more than one instance pointed out the inutility of
sending troops to Greece, while those who are already there
have such inadequate means of existence, no wonder that the
German auxiliaries sent out should be reduced to a state of the
greatest misery and privation. In deprecating the policy of
sending soldiers, I recommended that a few skilful artisans
should be seut under a steady and competent direction. I now
beg leave.,to repeat, this suggestion. Your Committee is fully
aware that no individual should attempt to visit Greece as a
volunteer in the cause, without being provided with money
enough to pay his expences for 12 months at least
Touching the resources of the Confederation, I have stated
tti,your Committee, that not less than nineteen twentieths of
the territory, now in • the hands of The Greeks, belonged to Turkish masters. When it is added that little more w
left to the people than the mountainous and arid districts, some
notion may be formed of the riches which they will acquire,
whenever a distribution of the national domains takes place.
These are, in the mean time, reserved by the Government as
guarantees for any foreign loan it may be induced to contract.
—Without entering into those statistical details, which more
properly belong to a regular work on the state of Greece, it
may be of importance to observe that the staple productions,
upon which the Greeks may calculate upon becoming one of
the most opulent nations of _Europe, consist of corn, olive oil,
wine, silk, wool, valonea, and fruit. The other sources of na-
tional wealth in Greece, will spring from the talents, industry,
end enterprise of her sons, vuided by liberal institutions and
an united government.
Such are the additional facts which I now beg to submit for
the information of your Committee, but it is my duty to ap-
prize your Committee, that I have nearly completed a work, in
which the 'origin and progress of the Greek struggle will be set
forth in the clearest manner I can, and that in my attempt to
vindicate the rights of Greece from the effects of envy, male-
volence' and falsehood, and to 'exptaie her unmerited wrongs,
I shall be guided by the strictest regard to impartiality and
truth. • (Signed) ED. BLAQUIERE.
London, Sept 20, 1923.

- ,
CHRIST'S HosnrrAL.--Yesterday, according to
annual custom, the Ldrd Mayor, several Aldermen, and the
Sheriffs, went in state from the Mansion-house to Christ Church,
Newgste-street, where they were met by the Governors of the
severe! Royal Hospitals. The congregation at the Church was
highly respectable ; and a most excellent Sermon was preached
by the Rev. William Granger Cantley, M.A., who received his
education in tht Seminry. After thc serice they repaired to
the Great Hall ian
Christ'as Hospital, where a fashionable audi.
ence.attended to hear the Anneal Latin and English Orations,
delivered by the two senior scholars. The Latin oration was
'spoken by Master Arthur Willis, who, from his graceful,and
emphatic manner of deliver'', received the greatest applause.--
The English oration was spoken by Master Charles Cotton, and
made a sensible impression on all. present. The Lord Mayor
sat at it table at the end of the Hall, supportee by the Aldermen
and the Governors. Three rows of benches were appropriated
for the visitors at each side, extending, the whde length of the
Hal!. After the orations purses were hander! round, and a
liberal contribution was bestowed for the benefit Of the youthful
orators.

We have received the Paris Pacers of Situr-*
day, and have given copious extracts from
them in our preceding columns. The news
from the Duke of ANGOULEME'S bead•quar-
ters is of the 11th.-It is only characterized.
by the heat and fury of war. All was ready
for the grand attack, and within three days
great things were to be accomplished. But the
Duke of ANGOULEME has now been four weeks
before Cadiz, and, with the exception of the
affair of the 'rrocadero, nothing has as yet
been *done. We still think that he is endeavour-.
ing,ifpossible,to effect his purpose by threats, and
by the diiplay of formidable preparations. We
still think that he has sent for the Marques de
TALARU, under the expectation that the business
may be concluded by a negociation. And, we
still hope, notwithstanding the general de-
spondency of 'the friends to the Spanish cause,
that if the grand attack be really made, it will
- -
be unsuccessful.—All uncertainty, however, will
on this subject be soon at an end. Time
presses on the Duke of ANGOULEME. W take
it to be certain that the French army cannot
winter in their present situations in Spain. The
season is far advanced ; and the Duke, there-
fore, must speedily decide, either: on granting a
honourable peace to the Constitionalists. or on
attempting that grand attack, the failure of w Lich
might be fatal to his army, or on a retreat t+llitil
would be not less ruinous than disgraceful.

•
We have received the Madrid Royalist paper
El Restagrarlor of the 15th, and El Iliestaurador
Extraordinario of the same date. The ordinary
publicationtains some unimportant decrees of
the Regency ; the Extraordinario, which is stat-
ed to be printed for the purpose of calming the
public anxiety on the events of Cadiz, gives the
following articles relative to the operations
against that place :
‘‘ PUERTO DE SANTA MARIA, SEPT. 10.—This morning
we have observed great movements and maritime preparations,
and every thing indicates an immediate and vigorous muck en
eye his. There have sailed hence, in the direction of San Lu. car, doubtless by order of General Villavicencio, fOur feluccas,
with a considerable nu mter of seamen, towing three. vessels,
fined for having bridges thrown over them.
Fifteen feluccas and other useful vessels, with 150 seamen, have arrived at fanLuur iron: Ayainonte. A number of gun -boats are fitting out
at that port, which -has been visited by"-General Bourmont.

The Umber of gun-boats and bombs which have sailed from
Seville is 117. On the llth, at 9 o'clock at night, it was learned
from Cadiz, that the Cortes had insisted upon the King ap-
proving, with the Council of State, a certain stipulation, pro-
posed by General Alava. Ills Majesty replied, that it was
not within his powers, and that the Cortes, as they represented
the Sovereign people, would deliberate and agree upon what
they might think proper.' We give this news us certain.
" XERES, SEPT. 10, ten at night.—The greatest obscurity
covers every thing here. We observe at the head-quarters
much activity and a great silence, suited to the existing crisis.
Absurd and contradictory rumours arc circulating, the exag-
gerated echo of which will doubtless reach the capital."

The same paper contains an address to the
Regency from the Captain-General of Arragon,
the Royalist garrison of Saragossa, and the In-
tendant of the province. The following passage
will sufficiently explain the spirit of this docu-
ment :

- -
" The Spanish Revolutionists are of different sects, and have
been known by different names. At present they are dismayed,
and considering themselves governed by force, they yield, but
they do not relinquish their designs. On the contrary, they
only turn their imagination on new ideas ; and those who for
these three years past have been crying up the Constitution,
probably now expect that an opportunity will arrive for their
declaring for Chambers, which are no less contrary to the Spa-
nish character than the Constitution itself. None better than
your Highnesses know the spirit of the Spanish nation, what
are its wishes, and what its worthy sons desire, and what
has been their determination so well expressed in the public
rejoicings, which breathed nothing but Religion, the King, and
the Inprisilion !"

CITY, Tzrelve o'Ciock.—Cousols opened at 83i
to for the Account, and for Money 83; f, at
which price they are steady, with little doing,
which is attributed to no accounts having arrived
this morning from Paris. The public are anxiously
Waiting the result of the attack on Cadiz.

FoREIGIN 111.1aKET.—The same stagnation pre-
vails in all Foreign Securities as in the English
Funds. Colombia opened at 56, and Spanish
Bonds at 35i, with little or no business doing.

SANT. CRUZ, TENERIFFV., AUG. 13.—We have
bad two French prizes brought in here by pri-
vateers fitted out at Corunna, one of which
arrived yesterday—it was a large ship from Man-
illa, bound to France with a cargo valued at half
a million of dollars.

American Papers arrived this morning to the
.30th of September, but they do not contain any

thing of importance.
STATE OF THE ENGLISH SETTLERS IN SOUTH

AFRICA.

Extract of a Letter from Cape-Torcn, May .1.
--The situation of the English Settlers near the
coast in the district of Albany is deplorable,—
theirwheat-crops have failed for three succes-
sive seasons; nor has this plague been confined
to the wheat, but has also affected the barley
and other grain. The settlers are now in a great
state of destitution, and with funds and spirits
equally exhausted : in a very short period, un-
less speedy relief be afforded them, they will be
in a state of absolute famine.

We have pleasure in referring our Renders to
a second communication to the Greek Comy
mittee by Mr. BLAQUIER.E. The critical situa-
tion of Spain has engrossed so much of our atten-
tion, and the interesting and daily details of the
progress of events in that much abused country
have occupied so large a portion of our columns,
that we have been perhaps somewhat negligent
of the heroic struggles of the Greeks, for
their emancipation from that frightful tyranny in
which they have been so long held. Our
Readers are, however, aware, that we were
amongst the first to hail with joy the
breaking out of the Grecian revolt, that we
did every thing in our power to awken the
sympathies of the British public in their behalf,
and that, throughout the•first year of the in-
surrection, we stood almost alone iu recommend-
ing the adoption of a bold and generous policy.
towards Greece on the part of the English
Government. Mr. BLAQUIERE'S first Report to
the Greek Committee was by some persons
censured as consisting only of generalities, and
as being deficient in those minute details ne-
cessary for, forming an accurate idea both
of the prospecti of the Patriots, -and of
the best means of affording them assistance.
Whilst we remark-that the present communica-
tion corn'pletely obviates the captious objections
stated against the former Report, we think it
due to Mr. BLAQUIERE to observe, that even his
generalities were well calculated to produce a
vivid impressioe of the real character of that
struggle which the Greeks have still to main-
tain against their inhuman orpressors, and
to glee that general idea of the nature
of the contest, of the ferocious cruelty and in-
justice of the TUrks, and of the sufferings of
their Christian victims, which is, after all,
better calculated than mere political details,
to excite the generous feelings of the greater
part of Englishmen, and to stimulate them
to the exertion of their efforts on behalf of a
people nobly fighting for the classic soil of
their forefathers. It is true that the general idea
of the Greek cause had already been frequently
presented to the English public ; brit it was not
the less useful and judicious, in our opinion,
to reproduce it in an authorized Report to a pub-

tic body, that it might be sent forth under their
sanction, as the work of a Gentleman possessing
their confidence, and who had sketched his well-
drawn outline from an actual observation of
the facts which he had undertaken to depict.
It is unnecessary, however, to dwell upon this
subject. Mr. BLAQUIERE'S statements speak
for themselves. The privations and difficulties
under which the Greeks have hitherto sus-
tained the contest offer the best possible
guarantee of their eventual success, if they
are not wholly abandoned by the rest of Chris-
tendom. If their land and naval forces had
hitherto been well paid and well supported, it
might have been probable that they would be
disheartened and perhaps dispersed by any of
those great disasters that are incident to a state
of warfare. But when men have suffered, and
fought, and bled, through all the vicissitudes of
sanguinary and unequal campaigns, without any
other reward than the hope of restoring inde-
pendence to their country, and, without any other
support than a scanty and precarious subsistence,
sofiletirnes gleaned from the herbs of the fields,
there can be no doubt as to their sincerity or
their heroism, and there can be no fears of the
result, if they are furnished with those means
alone which are absolutely indispensable to the
maintenance of a war.—We hope and trust that
the appeal made on their behalf 'to the genero-
rity of the English nation has not been made in

VIIIII.

We received yesterday Gibraltar Chronicles
to the 2d September, from which we make the
following extracts :

(From the Paper of the lit.)

" Lieut.-Gen. Zayas and several other Spanish Officers, we
learn. have arrived here from Malaga by sea.

" A person arrived from the neighbourhood of Cadiz, states
that there was to be a meeting of General Officers and other
persons of rank at the head-quarters of the French army, where
several had already arrived from distant places, and among
others the Duc Del Infantado was hourly expected."

(From the Paper of Aug. 29.)
" The Portuguese ship Veloz arrived here from Bahia in
66 days. She sailed in company of upwards of 100 sail, con-
sisting of men of war, transports, and merchantmen, bringing
away the Portuguese Garrison of 6,000 men, which has aban-
doned that place, and is coming to Europe. The inhabitants,
it appears, made some kind of a capitulation with the L'razi-
lian troops, on learning that the Portuguese troops were about
to leave Er'azil. The convoy had a very scanty stock of pro-
visions."

Mr. BEcKFortn.—There is a well-written, but
very uncharitable, article in a Morning Paper of
this day, respecting the late Proprietor of Font-
hill. If he was guilty of the crime formerly im-
puted to him, Heaven forbid that we should
say any thing in palliation of such an
offence, but it is too notorious that there
are infamous wretches who derive an exe-
crable subsistence from such imputations, and the
wealthy and the timid are the usual objects
of their flagitious extortions. Such tray have
been the case with the person in ques-
tion. The matter never was brought to trial,
and therefore the truth has never been brought
to light, and if it had been, it is possible that
false evidence might have stamped innocence with
the odium of guilt. Admitting that the charge was
originally founded in truth, as nothing of the kind
has ever been imputed to him since, during the
space of 40 years, surely the subject ought to have
been permitted to sink into oblivion. The retirement
in which the person has deemed it proper to tive,in
consequence of such an imputation, and his feel-
ings of remorse if well-founded,, might be ex-
pected to operate upon all liberal ntinds, and to
prevent the revival of what cannot excite rational
curiosity, and can only be productive of melan-
choly pity or revolting disgust.--The recent
publicity given to his name is not his fault, but
arose, of course, from the sale of such immense
property, and the privacy of his life warrants
the inference that it must be an outrage on his
feelings. We have heard nothing of him but front
general rumour; we are totally unknown to
him and his connections, and are influenced
in ,what we say merely by the dictates of common
humanity.

Mr. Secretary CANNING entertained the new
Portuguese Charge d'Affaires to dinner on Satur-
day at GlouCester Lodge.
Yesterday Sir HERBERT TAYLOR held a Levee
as Secretary to the Comm tNDER.IN-CIIIEF, at his
Office in the Horse Guards.
We understand that accounts were received.
yesterday front Paris, stating that the Baron
RoTtiscimp was in a fair way of recovery.

A letter received yesterday from Valencia.
dated the 6th instant, states that the French had
sustained a repulse before l'arragorta. The ut-
most discord prevailed in all the towns in the east
of Spain between the French and the par-ty of
the Regency..
Accounts were received yesterday afternoon
from Maranham; by way. of Havre, dated tlteBth
of July.. The Governor stilt held the place for
Portugal, in opposition to the Emperor's 'Go-
vernment at Rio Janeiro;. but so feebly, that it
was supposed the first frigate which could be
spared for that destination would effect a change
of political attachment. Trade was wholly at a
stead.

Mr. J4crcsoN, the British Commissioner under
the article of the' Treaty of Ghent which relates
to the surrender of captured property at the close
of the war of 1812, and Mr. Curvrs, the Com-
missioner on the part of the United Stiates under
the same article, arrived at Washington 'on the
22d ultimo.
The Rev. EDWARD IRVING, M. A., left town
yesterday ,(the 22d instant) for Cambridge, &c.,
on his way to Scotland for a two months visit,
and is not expected. to resume his preaching at
the Caledonian Chapel till towards the end of
November.
Blackfriars Bridge, and Bridge-street, are or-
dered to be improved, and Mac ildamised, with
broken granite.