The Sun.
London, England, 1841-08-21 00:00:00

NEWS FROM CHINA

I(From the Kew ter : / „,tin r ..Vu!-;. 5.)
The ship Akbar, yrYtereary,
morning, direct from Canton, after a hun-
dred and nine days. She therefore brings intelligence of
about one fortnight later date than that we have received
via England.
We were informed by our last accounts that the Joint-
' Commissioner Yang had, in consequence of a treaty
concluded with Captain Elliot, the British Commis-
sioner, issued a proclamation, authorising a renewal of
the trade, and enjoining the people of Canton to return.
From Captain Dubaresq, Canton papers, and private let-
ters we now derive the following intelligence
After the forts had been captured, Canton was 61e-
serted by all the inhabitants who could leave it, carrying
with them their families, property, and merchandize. To
prevent it being occupied by the English, and the whole
province becoming disorganised, Commissioner Yang
concluded the treaty above alluded to, although directly
opposed to the instructions of the Emperor. It is stated
that as a condition of this treaty Capt. Elliot agreed that
the usual duties should be paid until the questions at
issue between the two Governments were settled at Pekin.
Pilot chops were forthwith granted to all ships requiring
them, the people at Canton commenced returning to their
homes, and the silks and teas were brought back which
had been removed to the interior.
This latter intelligence, which we derive from private
letters, does not exactly agree with the accounts of Cap.
tain Dubaresq, who states that when his ship left Can-
ton, China-street and the business part of the suburbs
were deserted, shops closed, and scarcely any one to be
seen. Certain it is, however, that the Hon, merchants
were at Canton continuing their business with foreigners,
who are loading and despatching their vessels. It may
be that, though business was thus resumed, the people
were unwilling to return to their usual places of resi-
dence, in the vicinity of the British factory, and that
therefore matters in that neighbourhood still bore the
appearance represented by Captain Dubaresq. On the
7th of April, about ten days before he sailed, the situa-
tion of things in Canton was at any rate favourable, as
appears by the following official document :
" H. M. S. Sulphur, Macao Roads, April 7, 1841.
" I am commanded by. Sir Le Fleming Senhouse, se-
nior officer, to communicate to the British merchants at
Macao that he found everything at Canton satisfactory
in relation to the trade, and all going on in harmony,
with trifling exception.
" That he has left a strong force, and made the most
cautious arrangements to rescue our countrymen at the
factory, and our ships at Whampoa, from any at-
temn unexpectedly made by the Chinese.
" I have the honour to be, &e."
" EDWARD BELCHER, Commander of
her Majesty's ship Sulphur.
" ' To the Commercial Community at Macao.'
" Messrs. Thigh and Toole, mates of her Britannic
Majesty's ship Blenheim, and Mr. Field, late chief of-
ficer of the schooner Snipe, were murdered near the
Nine Islands. The body of Mr. Field was found much
mangled. The other two bodies were not yet recovered.' "
Captain Elliot was at Canton, protected by a mili-
tary guard. Four men-of-war are stationed in the
Macao passage, above Canton ; three a few miles below,
and six at Whampoa, where they will remain to ensure
the safety of foreigners, and to check any treachery on
the part of the local authorities. The other vessels are

at the Bogue, Macao, and Hong Kong.
It appears that hen the imperial Government re-
ceived information of the treaty concluded by Keshen—
who, we believe, was the successor of Lin, and the pre-
decessor of Yang, with Captain Elliot, the following
edict was issued, and three Imperial Commissioners (one
of them a nephew of the Emperor) were ordered to Can-
ton to carry it into effect, two of whom reached there in
time to witness the success of the British arms, and to
sign the truce and sanction the temporary trade as agreed
to by Yang.
(From the Canton Register, March 3).
_

On the 10th of the second moon (March 2) the Crimi-
nal Board received the Imperial will, as follows :
" Keshen, the Governor-General of the two Kwang
provinces, has trifled with the laws and brought in the
rebellious barbarians : his conduct involving the high
crimes of deceiving and being a traitor (to his Prince
and country).
" When the exterminators—the deputed great minis-
ters—arrive in Canton, let them immediately seize from
him the seals ; and place under control and examination
all his family and nearest relatives.
"Let the males be instantly forwarded to the capital
for strict trial, and as they are sentenced be delivered
over to the criminal board for punishment. Those who
have received the wealth and goods of the rebellious
barbarians, and secretly transmitted them to their fami-
lies, let the said Ministers seal up their goods, &c., and
send in a report and list.
" The duputed officers must not be guilty of any con-
nivance in opposition to the laws, and ungratefulness
of my Imperial favour. As to the officers who are vic-
torious, they shall be distinguished. All may rely upon
my Imperial intentions."
In addition, it is said, the most warlike preparations
are making by the Chinese. Cannon of extraordinary
calibre, but which in use will not prove very formidable,
were east. A large and increasing Chinese army was
encamped outside Canton, and the whole empire exhi-
bited such a scene of military preparation as had not
been known since the time .of the Taars.

Major-General Sir Hugh Gough arrived on the 2d of
March, as Commander-in-Chief of the land forces. Sir
Gordon Bremner, who we knew was gone to Bengal for
reinforcements, was expected to return about the Ist of
June, when the fleet would go north again, to make
another demonstration upon the capital, Pekin, which
would appear to be the sole channel through whichl a de-
finitive arrangement can be concluded, for the Commis-
sioners of the Government only seem•to make treaties,
which are, one after the other, disavowed. The accounts
we have from Calcutta represent the reinforcements to
be sent forward as very considerable and preparing with
great activity.
The loss of the Chinese in the various engagements
was estimated at 2,500 or 3,000 men and about SOd
pieces of cannon. The Chinese Admiral Kewang fell
in defence of the Bogue forts, as did two other manda-
rins of high rank. The Captain of a British transport,
arriving at Chusan after the surrender of that island to
the Chinese, was slain on landing. The day after the
fall of the Bogue forts rewards were offered for the cap-
ture or destruction of British ships : 100,000 dollars for
a line-of-battle ship, 10,000 dollars for a steamer, 50,000
dollars for the Admiral, or Captain Elliot if taken alive,
and 30,000 dollars for either of their heads.

The following is Captain Dubaresq's report of the state
,of the market, to which we add, from private sources,
that the Leonidas, which had sailed for Boston, is partly
loaded with teas taken in at Macao. The Horatio has
also a full cargo. The teas by the Akbar are rather
better than the average cargoes coming out. Three ves-
sels were loading for the United States when the Akbar

Teas were high and scarce. The Hong merchants
would deal only for cash, and insisted on being paid
before the teas were delivered. It was believed that the
arrangement for trade could not last long, and that the
foreigners would be again compelled to leave for Macao.
Green teas were very scarce in market, having been
kept back and large quantities, sent away when the Bri-
tish approached the city. The current report on the
26th of April was that the Chinese Government had laid
an embargo on 01 boats, intending to use them for the
conveyance of troops.
The Akbar left the following American vessels at
Whampoa :—Whale ships, Eber, Preble, Lowell, Narra-
gansett, Hamilton, Splendid, Oneida, ienohasset, Su-
matra ; and brig Argyle, barque Florida, at Macao.
Ship Leonidas sailed for Macao on the 21st of March,
and Horatio from Whampoa on the Ist of April—both
vessels bound for New York.

The American ship Unicorn, from Manilla, and Leo-
nidas from Macao, passed Anjier on the sth of May,
bound to Boston— the latter for New York.

On the 4th of June, off the Cape of Good Hope, lati-
tude 30 south, and longitude 27 east, the Akbar expe-
rienced a most violent gale of wind, with a tremendous
sea, and at midnight, while under close-reefed top-sails, a
sea struck the rudder and broke the tiller, and before the •
piece could be got out of the rudder, and another tiller
shipped, it was upwards of thirty minutes, and during that
time the ship lay in the trough of the sea; which was
making a thorough breach over her, stove the bulwarks
in sundry places, and washed away the starboard quarter
boat. The foretopmast staysail blew to pieces, and the
ship has sustained much damage. On the 20th of June,
latitude 34 south, longitude 17 east, spoke the barque
Eugene, Capt. Whitney, from Calcutta, bound to Boston.
(From the Canton Press.)
MACAO, APRIL 10.—CANTON MARKET.—The Hong
and tea merchants will deal for cash only, and persist in
being paid for the teas before they are shipped. This
caution probably arises from the distrust in the present
state of affairs, and for the want of credit of the Hong
:merchants with the tea merchants, the latter being un-
willing to trust them with their property.
No sales of ni.lnufactures have yet been made, as far
as we have heard ; riA)ody will even look at them, and
in consequence several ship; laden with them have not
applied to be secured by the Hong merchants, in order
not uselessly to incur the duty.
The prices of tea are full thirty per cent. higher than
last season ; for the lowest cargoes 25 taels are asked,
and 36 to 38 for the best of green teas—very few or none
in the market, most of them not having come down from
the country, and many having been sent away from Can-
ton when the British approached it. For twankey 26
taels were asked •, we cannot quote other descriptions.
A good many chop boats have been sent to Whampoa,
and several ships are discharging, We have not, how-
ever, yet heard of any ship being actually loading.
The holidays having delayed the issue of our paper,
we are still enabled to add to the above some further
particulars from the letters received last night from Can-
ton, dated the 7th. Her Majesty's Plenipotentiary had
had an interview with Kvvang-thou-100 at the British
Hall, but we know not what passed there.
Capt. Elliot is endeavouring to obtain a reduction of
about one tael per picul on the export duty of tea, and
has had some correspondence and interviews with the
Hong merchants on the subject,
We have not heard whether he is likely to be suedess-
ful. 'The discharging of ships was being proceeded with,
and some chops had been granted far shipping teas, The
green teas, it was said, were not coming down, on ac-
count of Government having embargoed all the boats for
the transport of troops. We only hear of one sale of ma-
nufactured goods, viz., 20,000 pieces long cloths at the
low price of 3 25. The unwillingness to buy continues,
and without making offers. Hong merchants talk of very
low prices-10 tad for cotton, 8 dol. for long ells, 1 25
for Spanish stripes, &c.
Since our last advices some of the ships have again
been moved nearer Canton, and the Modeste has anchored
nearer to the factories on the other side. A detachment
of marines has also been quartered in the British fact, ry,
which, 'for the present, gives complete security to th?
merchants.
It is said that the different warlike operations of the

British since the taking of Chuenpee and Tycocktow
have thinned the ranks of Chinese soldiers by 6,000
men,-of*‘l)4,,il Gne-thud may iu-t their live,

r two-thirds have desei'tc.l.

The. preferred by. the 'Li-0.-Governor or
Canton against Keshen were eight in number. It is said
that Keshen has been executed, but the report needs con-
firmation.

The Emperor has disclaimed the cession of Hong
Kong, and has issued a proclamation for the extermina-
tion of the English.

Several villages near Whampoa4mve been attacked by
Ladrones, and partly burned.
The Mandarins commenced removing their goods and
chattels from Canton on the 2d April.
WHAMPOA, APRIL s.—Arrived the Eliza, M'Carthy,
from Calcutta and Singapore ; 7, Laidmans, from Sin=•
gapore ; 8, Sumatra, from Manilla ; 9, Amazon, from
Bombay. The Ivanhoe, from Liverpool, has arrived at
Manilla. Her letters were brought on by the Sumatra.
Expected.—The Lintin, from Madras. At Whampoa,
April 15, Eben Prebel, Lowell, Narragansett, Lema,
Hamilton, Argyle, north:), Oneida, Splendid, and Su-
matra. Sailed March 31, Leonidas, for New York ;
Falcon, for Singapore ; Sylph and Rob Roy, ditto ;
13th,. arrived the Joseph Peabody, from Manilla.

SOME EFFECTS OF THE MANU-
FACTURING SYSTEM. I
(No. I.)
TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.
Manchester, August 17.
Sin,—So much has of late been said by the Tory
journals about the frightful effects of our manufacturing
system, that you will allow me, I hope, to make a few
observations per contra. I by no means intend to point
out all its effects, but merely a few which have struck
me, and which are likely to interest the public.
At present, as you are well aware, Manchester is far
from prosperous ; and many of the labouring classes,
particularly the hand-loom weavers, are in a most piti-
able condition. I am assured by those who have known
Manchester many years that within their memory trade,
was never so bad as at present, nor distress so great.
At the same time it is a remarkable circumstance, that
this distress does not obtrude itself on our notice in the
hateful form of squalid street beggary. You see groups
of people in the streets with their hands in their pockets;
they are waiting for work to be given out, or they have
nothing to do. They present the lamentable spectacle of
willing and strong hands ready to be employed, and no
man wants them. You see, a very striking feature of
society here, knots of working men discussing_subjects in
the street in the middle of the day, and at all hours of
the day ; and if you press in among those groups you
find that the topics are either political or religious. There
is a want of work and a want of wealth, and there is
intellect in operation reasoning on the cause of it ; but
these are no beggars. I have seen more beggars in one
short hour in your prosperous metropolis than I have
seen in Manchester, though I have walked much about
the streets, in threedays.
This is a very curious fact, and the explanation ap-
pears to me honourable to the people and the system.
On mentioning the subject to a friend, he accounted for
it by the vigilance of the police, and the care of the mu-
nicipal authorities. But in other places mendicity societies
a vigilant police, and the utmost care of the magis-
trates do not suffice to extinguish street beggary. I
am, therefore, persuaded that the power not the will of
the authorities is much overrated, and that unless the

, correction of the evil sprung from the manners of the
, people, it would be impossible by any coercive means, in
a season of great distress like the present, to prevent
much street beggary. The ministers at the Anti-Corn-
law Conference, have afforded a much more satisfactory
solution of the difficulty.
Not one only, but several of them, whose congrega-
tions are composed of manufacturers, have borne a de-
lightful and a strong testimony to the independent
spirit of the working population, and their kindhearted-
ness to one another. The records of the Poor-law Com-
missioners attest the fact, that in the manufacturing dis-
tricts the Poor-rates, especially in Manchester and
Liverpool, never reached the same pitch as in the
southern agricultural districts. The hand-loom weavers
and others of the suffering classes, though they have
now been exposed to great privations for many years,
have never had their independent spirit broken down by
paying wages out of rates, or establishing a general
system of pauperism, such as that which has depraved
so shockingly the peasantry of the South. Even now,
after struggling in vain against the system which bears
them down as ruthlessly, as the Indians were extirpated
by a different and a stronger race, the hand-loom-
weavers seek relief in emigration, rather than in the
poor-house. Here the poorer classes have yet some
power as well as the will to help each other, and it is
much to their honour that you see not scores of beggars,
who, as I know, render the agricultural districts of the
South neither a pleasant nor safe abode.
Has this independent spirit no connection with cotton
spinning or with that go-ahead system which prevails
here, and which some persons are anxious to check ?
For many years the new trades which arose and in-
creased—(and I shall hereafter call your attention to a
remarkable and very recent instance of this)—de-
manded new hands, and till our fiscal regulations
stopped the growth of our manufactures, gave the la-
bourers here an advantage in relation to capitalists, and
enabled them to command high wages, if not their own
terms. No such demand has existed for the services of
agriculturists. On the contrary, the demand for their
services has been lessened ; they have in consequence
been completely at the mercy of the farmer and the
landowner, which has contributed even more than bad
laws to their permanent degradation. This comparative
want and comparative plenty of employment in 'the con-
ditions of society arc necessary and permanent. The
prosperity of the manufacturing artisans made them re-
gard that relief as a degradation which the peasantry, from
its being mixed up with their wages, considered to be a
right as honourable as the receipt of rent or tithes.
That prosperity, too, was the parent of the spirit of in-
dependence, and the main element of that resistance
which they now offer to the degradation which impends
over them, and enables the Magistrates to prevent ex-
tensive beggary. But for this noble disposition of the
people, which raises, as one of the Dissenting minis-
ters at the Conference said, our estimate of human nu-
ture, Manchester would in such a season of distress as
the present probably be worse than London, and as bad
as Ireland. The peasantry, so idolized by the Tories,
were not exposed, in 1829 and 1830, to one-half the pri-
vations which now afflict the population of the manufac-
turing districts, and they were hurried into ill-concocted,
and stupid, baseless, incendiary riots.
These facts are corroborated by the Report of
the Hlnd-loom Weavers' Commission ; and they
suggest—which is a cheering view, as our own and
manufacturing population seem destined to increase—
that the manufacturing system may possibly teem
with similar moral results. The manufacturing
labourer, for example, continually associates with his
fellows, and his sympathies aro continually exercised.
He works with another, and both are mutually and visi-
bly dependent and serviceable. Throughout this great
community it is palpable to all, that no branch of indus-
try can be profitably continued, and no individual profit-
ably occupied. for an hour, if other branches are arrested,
and other individuals cease to labour. The mutual de-
pendence of individuals who, in the same factory, pass
a piece of work from one to another to complete it,
is not more palpable and certain than the mutual and re-
ciprocal dependence of the machine•maker, the cotton-
spinner, and the dyer. Circumstances like these make
the manufacturing population mindful of the feelings of
each other, and prompt to respect them, which is the
very essence and sum of moral civilization. It practi-
cally teaches the lesson of doing to others as you would
be done unto.

The peasant more frequently labours in silent solitari-
ness than in company. Driving a cart, mending a hedge,
holding a plough or a harrow, he is alone, and has no
opportunity of communicating with his fellow-men. His
sympathies are not called into exercise through the greater
part of the day. He is, then, an approximation to a
solitary savage, independent of all but his oxen and his
horses. He can fulfil his allotted task, as far as he sees,
though another be idle. Hence the agricultural labourer
is less acquainted with the feelings of others, and more
essentially selfish than the manufacturer.
Division of labour, which is one of the chief causes of
the progress of civilization, or at least invariably accom-
panies it, is carried much further in manufactures than
in agriculture. Mutual kindness is the consequence of
mutual dependence, and both nations and individuals
become peaceful and friendly as they help each other.
Where many men are at work, order is an essential ele-
men tof success, and the manufacturer carries the order
which he learns in the workship intorall his affairs. In-
creasing as the manufacturing population still is, and
increase it must if England is to continue pre-eminent,
it is pleasing to trace causes at work which tend to make
the manufacturing population, however formidable to its
oppressors from numbers and organization, less 'selfish,
less disorderly, less violent, and less ferocious than the
peasantry. When the latter submit with patience, while
they have a consciousness of power, to the same terrible
privations as the hand-loom weavers, and still struggle for
independence, there will be reason to believe that this
theory is incorrect.
Some of your Contemporaries, I am aware, speak of
this dependence of man on man arising from division of
labour, and still more, they speak of the dependence of
man on the machinery he :uses, as a great moral degra-
dation. The results contradict their assumption, and in
moral worth as wsll as manual skill the manufac-
turers, praetising, new arts, are superior to the peasantry.
They are the servants, I admit, of machinery, but the
machinery is the result of mind, and the servitude, rightly
understood, is that of physical power to intellect. A
machine is in all cases the substitute for manual labour.
I 4 is the product of cool calculating wisdom, the crea-
tion in moments of deep thought, which in antiquity was
called inspiration, of such far-sighted men as Roberts,
'Whitworth, and Dyer ; it substitutes, therefore, the de-
liberation of the sage for the capricious, and may-be
sometimes the drunken, irregularities of the hasty la-
bourers. While the hand varies in intensity and skill,
, the mind-begotten machine is invariable and perfect in
its operations. Whatever it is appropriated to perform
that it does excellently.. In subjecting, therefore, the
workman to the operations of machinery, and making
him depend on that, it snakes him the servant of the
noblest intellect with which God has endowed his
creatures.lel Kill r rk, too, that the inventors and makers
oftrhiasmlacheinilleilry become also its servants. It is the off•
spring of their best and calmest wisdom, the result of
their most profound researches, anti whatever the pas-
sion or the caprice of the moment might dictate, they
are compelled to guide their conduct by the creations of
their own mind in its brightest moments. They cannot
get rid of their machinery, and arc quite as much olavea
to it as their workman.

...iid view. of society,
sufficiently attracted
:hrrbit:oilei:n:e,t,Seffilit:r:,astl..iils. ok.pueonws., au•L'erlylori:
public
~ . ..,n. The workman in the manufacturing
lAlstrict is the slave, to use the Tory slang, ofmachinery;
but the workman in the agricultural districts, the soldier

and the sailor, the bulk of manual labourers, are
the slaves, or the servants of capricious men. They are
frfworr",ll—.• v'ne•Firyn ri,.'

Y(f le

machinery is increased,Ok%. ;11'
which creates machinery, becomes the guiding an,l rei-
! ing power of all the operati6ns of man's hand. The tr—
of machinery is extending even in War, and slaug-Itt,e
cannot be carried on without serving intellect. This
process, then, is general in society. More and more,
year after year, does man become the servant of that
mind-begotten machinery which works with unerring pre-
cision, and more and more is he liberated from the domi-
nion of passion and caprice. The phrase, therefore, that
man is a slave to machinery, means that he is the ser-
vant of the highest human intellect, and that its rule
over society, as the use of machinery extends, becomes
every day greater and greater.
There is another moral consideration connected with
this subject; to which I must also advert. It places pro •
digious power at the command of man, without increasing
his arrogance. An eloquent writer has very inadequately
compared a steam-engine to an elephant's trunk, which
can rend an oak or pick up a pin. The machinery in
use here sets in motion a fly-wheel, for example, which
would crush a score of elephants, were they to come
within its range. It spins a gossamer thread which an
elephant could not see, and pierces iron plates which an
elephant could not lift, with as much ease as a boy thrusts
a pin through a card. I have seen under the same roof
an instrument cutting iron as though it were putty, and
an instrument taking up the stitches in knitting, with as
much dexterity and neatness, and with infinitely greater
velocity, than a German lady. The strongest metals are
dealt with as a housewife deals with pastry, working it
into an endless variety of curious shapes, to ornament
her dishes. But neither those who create, nor those who
wield the power, have any of that arrogance with which
much less power inspires, even to madness, those who
work by strong will, by passion, and caprice.
Machinery is fixed, and each piece will in general
perform but one operation. It is made by one man, and
"used bylanother. Each piece is part of a great system,
and the man who makes or who uses it is no more made
arrogant by it, than by the knowledge that he is an atom
of the universe. In fact, it rather humbles than exalts
a man to be made sensible of his single helplessness,
whatever may be the power of the many in combination.
The sublime inventions of man's intellect, which are here
crowded together in millions, seem calculated, like the
works of nature, rather to inspire that sentiment of hu-
mility which is the basis of piety, than the arrogance
which is, I believe, more common to theologians than
mechanics. From the moral effects of machinery on the
mind, I account for the forbearance and endurance of
these people. Comparing their works with those of the
peasants, they seem more like gods than men ; and
were their wonderful power, diffused and distributed
as it is, not accompanied by those beneficial influences I
have pointed out, society woul I be speedily rent asunder,
instead of beim:, bound together in harmonious order by
their continuaCmultiplication.
There are not wanting, indeed, amongst those who
assiune to be the lights and guides of society, writers
who labour to depreciate and vilify the manufacturing
system, and the new society which belongs to it. But,
after this brief exposition of some only of its effects, I
may be permitted to say that those writers have never
taken the pains to inquire into it. Whether they err
through frivolity or malignity,—through ignorance or
spite,—whether they belong to the Gibbies or to the
" savagery" of the press,—whether called Table-talkers
or Quarterly Reviewers,—whether they belong to the
Rosa Matilda or the Tomahawk school,—they have only
fluttered and stamped over the surface of sense and
things, and have never penetrated to the valuable ore
beneath. They have talked most idly, or most wickedly,
of destroying half our towns, and of the community
being as prosperous, powerful, and wealthy, without
them, from having just seen some of their exterior or
temporary characteristics, while they have known no-
thing of their independence, their kindness, their power,
their humility, and their endurance. Those who under-
take to instruct others must, as a principle of trade.
never acknowledge that they have anything to learn ;
and I am afraid your Tory Contemporaries, who have
of late been forward in vilifying the manufacturing sys-
tem, From a mere party motive, will continue blind to its
many advantages.—l am, Sir, your obedient servant,
AN OLD TRAVELLER.

.THE THI-R—T—E—IiIN NEW COLONIAL
BISHOPS.
TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.
Six,--The proposed scheme for the appointment of
Church of England Bishops, independent of the Crown,
to our different Colonial dependencies, is one calculated
to excite the utmost alarm in the mind of every one who
wishes well either to the cause of true religion, or to the
prosperity of the British empire, and, if persisted in,
must end in the loss of all our colonial possessions. Let
us suppose a case. A colonial Chaplain, regularly ap-
pointed by, and responsible to, the executive, preaches a
doctrine which one of these unauthorised Bishops con-
siders heterodox. The Bishop remonstrates, the
chaplain treats his remonstrances with that con-
tempt with which every regularly appointed officer
of the Crown would treat the remonstrances
of an unauthorised person. The Bishop proceeds
to excommunicate the Chaplain. Now if this excommu-
nication be valid, the Chaplain is ipso facto incapacitated
from performing any ecclesiastical functions, and then we
have this monstrous anomaly—of a person appointed by
no recognised power in the State, responsible to no re-
cognised power in the State—who can, at his will and
pleasure, dismiss an officer of the Crown, and overrule
the Executive. If the excommunication be not valid,
then is this sot-disant Bishop an impostor, a vagrant,
masquerading in canonicals. The Bishop and the
Chaplain would each, in all probability, be supported by
a party, and thus another source of disunion would
be added to the long list of colonial grievances.
It has hitherto been our pride, that however intense and
bitter our religious animosities may have been at home,
our colonies have all escaped the infliction of this curse.
Such, however, cannot much longer be the case if this
precious scheme is suffered to be carried into effect. The
emigrants to our colonies are principally either Catholic
Irishmen or Presbyterian Scotchmen. The religion of
the first of these has been denominated by one of the
orthodox Prelates of the Church of England, " a church
without a religion," and that of the second " a religion
without a church," while, at the present hour, a large
and influential class of the members of the Church of
England openly profess their desire to follow out to the
utmost extent the principles of Archbishop Laud, who
considered Presbyterianism a damnable heresy, to be ex-
tirpated by fire and sword. Is it to be imagined that
men, in whose veins runs the blood of the old Cove-
nanters, will submit to have their faith insulted
by that " Black Prelacy"—to oppose which their fathers,
as one man, turned out upon the hill side, nor sheathed
their weapons until they had not only scotched, but
killed the snake ? Will the Catholic population, patiently
submit to the spiritual domination of a miserable mo-
nopolising minority ? No Sir, and the only result of
this attempt at erecting a Church of England Propa-
ganda, will be to raise a ferment throughout the whole
of our colonial dependencies, which will end in a furious
agitation for colonial independence, as the only means
of escaping from sacerdotal tyranny. It also behoves
those who feel an interest in the success of our
mission to exert themselves in opposition to this ne-
farious scheme. Experience, as in the cases of Canada
and India, shows that whenever the Church of
England has appointed a Bishop there, the
the missionary cause has been paralysed ; and this must
necessarily be so. The Church of England, from her
very nature, never can become an instrument for propa-
gating the Gospel extensively among the Heathen, and
therefore in the true theological spirit she endeavours as
far as in her lies to prevent others from accomplishing
that which she is unable to accomplish herself, aiid, like
the Upas, blights every wholesome plant within the pale
of her influence. As a proof of the strength of influ-
ences to which Colonial Bishops must from their position
be exposed, I will merely allude to the unjust and unjus-
tifiable attacks of Bishop Heber on the Baptist Missiona-
ries in India. If he, great and' good, and enlightened
man as he was, could not escape the contamination of the
atmosphere of bigotry, envy, and unchaeitableness, in
which, as a Colonial Bishop he was forced to live and
move, and have his being, what can we expect from the
men of narrow minds and strong prejudices who would in all
probability be appointed by this new College of the Propa-
ganda. Among the batch of new Bishops, it appears there is
to be a Bishop of the Mediterranean. A more dangerous ap-
pointmentit is scarcely possible to conceive. Ourposses-
sions in the Mediterranean are not, properly speaking, colo-
nies, they are Military Garrisons, and what man in his
senses would wish to see the odium theologicum intro-
duced into the service ? At present, our soldiers, Catho-
lic and Protestant, live together in peace and harmony ;
how long they would continue to do so after the appoint-
ment of a M`Ghee or a Stowell as Bishop of the Medi-
terranean it does not require much of the spirit of pro-
phecy to determine. In one of the most important of
these colonies, Malta, the inhabitants are all Catholics,
and non-interference with their religion is guaranteed to
them by the moat solemn treaties. Be it rememberedb that the
French lost possession of this island principally on ac-
count of the contempt which they openly manifested for
the religion of the inhabitants ; let it be recollected that
the prejudices of the Maltese have been deeply
shocked by Queen Adelaide's most injudicious
present of a Protestant Church to the island ; and then
let statesmen, whether Whig or Tory, consider whether
it be politic to alienate still more the Maltese from our
Government by the appointment of a Church of Eng-
land Bishop to episcopal jurisdiction' in that island.
Surely the Duke of Wellington, who knows the nui-
sances which meddling priests of every denomination
are in garrisons, will exert himself to the utmost to save
his fellow soldiers from such an infliction. But his Lord-
ship of the Mediterranean is, it seems, to have also ju-
risdiction, in partibus ; and Naples and Barcelona, nay,
even Borne itself, is to be considered within his diocese.
Now, in every one•of these countries Roinan Catholicism
is part and parcel of the law of the land, and Church of
Englandism is there as much blasphemy as Church of
Owenism is here. Now, if my Lord of the Mediterra-
nean should chance to be convicted of blasphemy be-
fore the Neapolitan tribunals, and should be
flogged or sent to the galleys for attmpting
to convert a Roman Catholic—in what position
would this country be placed ? We should either he
obliged, contrary to the Law of Nations, to go to war
for the purpose of forcing a Foreign Power to alter its
own internal laws and regulations, or we should be fp -
to submit to the humiliation of quietly .reed
Bishop of the Church of Lngland • vernutting a
merely doing that whin), • - to be punished for
case, it might ` was his duty. In the latter
the ... , perhaps, be advisable that those to whom
—vision of our Criminal Code is submitted, should
consider how far it might be desirable to punisli,certain
offences, such, for instance, as obtaining money under
false pretences, by appointing the convict Bishop of the
Mediterranean, and sending him to propagate Church of
Englandism at Naples. I am, Sim', •

Your most obedient servant,
SIUMA.