The Sun.
London, England, 1840-08-17 00:00:00

',1421.1? EN 1110- IID tTt ON

m this very lucid explanation tho 04urt we
t .1:0e to form any npi, ic,n as zo viim was tie
grissor in the row, tied the talmmow, was am, qu,,nl-3
distni,Sed.

CENT RA Cit I N COUR.I
(THIS DAY )
•
The Tenth Sessi,, of the Central Criminal Court of tlte,
present Nlayoralty commenced • ro-daY, before .the
Alayor,ithe Recorder, Mr.' Sergeant gratin,
Sir J..hn Key and Pirie, the Sheriff &c. - - -
The calendar contains the names of 260 prisoners, many
of whom are charged with offunees of a serious nature.
The foiloAing is the summary of the offences and the
number of persons charged :

Throwing burning liquid at the person, 1 ; burglary, 5 ;
uttering and having possession of c.iuriterfeit cots, 4; -
cutting and wounding, 7 ; embezzlement, 13; forgery and
uttering forged instruments, 3 ; house breaking, ; lar-
ceny, 197 ; letter stealing from the Post-office, 2 ;
slaughter, 1 ; misdemeanor, 14 ; rape, 1 ; receiving stolen
go ds. &e., 8; robbery, 2.
The Grind Jury having been swe.rn.
The RECORDER proceeded to deliver his charge to them•
The calendar cont fined the names of 260 prisoners, and .
that number would probably be increased to 300 and up- .
wads, before the end of the Session. Upon reviewing
the offences with which the prisoners stood charged,
it w ,s melancholy to ebserve, notwithstanding the severity
of the pun shment inflicted in various cases, the increase
of crime, especially that of wnunding, maiming, cutting►
and disfiguring. In the present ca.endar there were:oo
less than •even cases of that description, but it was %oat°
source of gratificaio3 to know that they were not k f that
egg, avated nature which the Court had t ad to deal with to
a former session. One of those cases, ho., e.er, it w.s ne-
cessary to allude to as the off •nce came under the enact"
merits of a statute passed in the first year of the reign
of her present Majesty—lie alluded to the case of
throwing vitriol on the person with intent to do grievous
bodily harm. In the instance to which he alluded, the
offetce had been followed by the loss of an eye. According
to the provisions of the statute, any person convicted of
such an offence was punishr.ble at the discretion of the
Judge, with either transportation for life, or fifteen yearn,
or with imprisonment not exceeding three years. Tue
other cases in the calendar were chiefly of an ordinary de-
scription, and required very little comment from him.
They consisted chiefly of larcenies, rapes, burglaries, and
indecent assaults, and of the latter offence be was sorry to
observe, that it appeared on the increase. He trustair
however, that by severe punishments that increase would
be checked. The Learned Judge, after explaining to the
Grand Jury their duties, remitted them to the perh,rmance
of them by expressing his confidence that they would dis-
charge them with credit to themselves and benefit to their
country._

The Petty Juries were then sworn in, after which the
Court proceeded to try several minor off:nces, but nothing
worth reporting occurred up to our reporters leaving.

ALL ANIMA Ls HAPPY IN A

STATE OF NATURE.

In a state of nature, no race of animals is un-
happy ; they are all adapted to the mode of life.
which God had ordained them to lead, and their
chief enjoyment consists in pursuing their natural
habits, whatever these may be. The woodpecker,
while boring a tree, and clinging to it for hours by
its scandent feet, is just as happy as the eagle is
when perched upon the mountain cliff, or pouncing
on its quarry from the clouds. Neither could lead
the life of the other, but each is happy in the state
which has been assigned to it : and this is ob-
servable throughout all nature. A rat, which
burrows in a ditch, is as happy as it could desire,
so long as it can find garbage sufficient to feed on ;
and a heron, immovably fixed watching the
approach of small fishes and frogs, has, these
can be little doubt, as much pleasure as any
lover of the angle can enjoy while wearing out:
the summer-day in marking his light float,
and waiting, in mute expectation, the wished-for
bite. We generally, I believe, connect rapidity or
slowness of motion with the ideas we form of an
animal's happiness. If, like the tortoise, it move
with slow and measured steps, we pity or despise,
as the mood may be, its melancholy sluggish condi-
tion ; and the poor persecuted toad has probably
incurred as much of the odium so unjustly attached
to it, by its inactivity, as by the supposed loath-
someness of its appearance. On the other hand, en-
joyment seems always to be the concomitant of cele'
ritv of motion. A fly, dancing in the air, seems more
happy t han the spider lurking in his den ; and the lark;
singing at " heaven's gate," to possess a more joyous
existence than the snail, which creeps almost imPer
ceptibly upon a leaf, or the mole, which passes she
hours of brightness and sunshine in his dark Ca-
evils under ground. But these and all other a"1-
mals are happy, each in its own way : and the habits
of one, constituted as the creatures are, could for°
no source of felicity to another, but the very.reverse.
You have known the swallow all your lifetime, and
therefore are well acquainted with the rapidity and
constancy of its flight. From the early morning to
the downgoing of the sun, it is for ever dashing
through the air with the rapidity of an arrow ; but
neither morning nor evening does it ever show one
symptom of weariness ; it has a wing which never
tires ; and at night it betakes itself to repose, out
worn out by the fatigues of the day, but prepared '
for sleep after what is to it a wholesome exercise.--
Drummond's Letters.

SWALLOWS AND GAS,—A pair of swallows
the species hirundo rustica, known in England by the
,
name of the chimney-swallow, and in Scotland generally
as:the house-swallow, lately took up their abode in the_
gas-work at Hamilton. The place they fixed on was one
of the iron drams that support the ceiling immediately
above the retorts. From the great heat, the nest-bulding
process made for some time little or no progress; for 11
,oun as the clay became dry, it cracked, and fell ;0
pieces. By dint of perseverance, however, and skill
mixing up Cie clay with straw and other tougher mate-
rials, a nest was formed, and the woi k of incubation cow
menced; and at present there is a brood of thumping
young swallows, active and vigorous, just at the peintfo flying. The peculiarity in this case is in the swall°:b
flaring fixed upon such a locality, continually filled 0"
vapours, and smelling strongly of gas; and, when the re•
torts are filling, dense volumes of smoke, mixed with Ili'
rid flames of fire, filling the whole building—
" Fierce to devour, the fiery tempest flies,
Swells in the wind, and thunders to the skies."
But while Vulcan's dire squadrons deluge all areund,
peaceful little strangers,
" Pleased, sit viewing the triumphant flames."
The rearing and perfecting of this brood is a clear Pr°°
that coal-gas is not hurtful to the most delicate organs:
It may also be stated that this odd
place for a swallownest has been selected in spite of an inscription on the d°oe
of the gas-house—" Every thing in its place, and a place
for every thing."—Scottish Guardian.
ASHBURTON.—There has been but one death
here since July 11, a space of more than one catend.ar
month, in a population of nearly 5,000 inhabitants, and 11
the registry of seven parishes included with this town only
two deaths have occurred in the same period.
DEATH OF A LAUDANUM DRINKER.---1"
inquest was held on Thursday last at the Marquis of Clary
ricarde, Upper Southwick-street. Paddington, before Mr'
Wakley, M P„ on the body of John B wler, formerlY a
cab proprietor, who, under the pretence of wanting
limn for horses, purchased half a pint on Monday, anu,
-
appears drank the whole of that enormous quantity by 9
l"e
glasses full consecutively, while resting on his bed,
ii'sr
ietiring for the night He was a laudanum drinker I'l
habit, and on Saturday fortnight had given his house"
keeper as many bottles to sell as brought eighteenpenne'
all labelled " laudanum," though he was not known beforB
to be accustomed to that fluid. He was found dead in ht!
room by his fellow- lodgers at five o'clock on Tuesday af-
ternoon. ternoon. The evidence at the inquest justifi:d a verdict
of " Insanity," which was passed.
The squirrel hunt which came off at Graftoni
Rensselaer county, the week before last, and the result °f
which, as announced by the Troy B udget, was characte-
rized rized in some quarters as a " tough story," turns out t°
be within the mark. A Grafton Correspondent of 07e
Budget says, " The north p irty killed 11,203, the south
party 9 703, which made the former party 1,500 a- hau.
The Budget, in explanation of what appears incredible to
the uninitiated in the sport of squirrel hunting. snit%
" The way they count is follows :—A squirrel con,
five; a fox counts five; a b:ue jay, five ; a blackbird'
three : a pigeon, two; a woodpecker, one ; a crow, tetllj
an owl, ten ; and a hawk, twenty. They designate 8
game as squirrels."—Albany Argus.
On Friday the coming of age of the Hon. C.
S. Cocks, the eldest son of Viscount Eastnor, and gran,
son of the venerable Earl Somers, was kept with grey
p,
feasting and rejoicing at Eastnor Castle, Leigh Sint°4
Droitwich, and Stoulton, where the gentry, tenantry•
the poorer classes partook of sumptuous dinners, and
th
evening concluded with balls and other rejoicings',„
Worcester Guardian.
It is rumoured that the Earl of Devon is
in the event of a vacancy, to succeed to the Chaenei °ortir
ship of the University of Oxford. The members
lie
Queen's College will celebrate their five-hundreth aIII
versary on the 20th inst —Oxford Chronicle. We THE NEW RAILWAY COMMISSION.---, to
understand that. the railway department to be anneinui,
the B eird of Trade, under the new Bill, is to be coesstvi,„th
d at first on a very limited ehd economie& scale.
this view, in,tead of appointing a whole Board of co'oe
missioners and permanent engineer inspectors, the raVtis,
department has, we understand, been attached to thestaea
ticul branch of the Board of Trade, and Pll,-,
te.der the general control and superintendence of p,,fl
Porter. The only additional appointments under tb:hoot
consist, we are informed, of a barrister, at a salarye' A
we eta'
per annum, to assist in the revision of by-laws, railway II
and other important matters of a legal nature, which
the
devolve upon the Board under the
provisione
Act, and to conduct the general business and correnskl
deuce of the del arttrent under the superintande.. root
Mr. Purter; and ore junior clerk, at a salary (:.1,00, it
a par. With regard to the business of insPe
.L:unrot,
is not, we unt'erstand, the intention 01 Gove'ec ha§
") insta,ev aril until more expo-I(a%, per.,
i“ (,f Imo of the n;o4,nte, t 0 cm-
inenver -p},, alltbt f an it,Fprc!er 0, ()era', butt sou°
tom) time to lime, cc i:CC,I,1011 nviy t Dethoni
ffic,, of tht: Rol or r compele7irate o
to perform the duties of an inspector, at a fixed
remuneration.

.JavitNlNG

COURT CIRCULAR.

b WINDSOR, SUNDAY.—Her Majesty, the Princess
Pbenlohe, Prince Albert, and the King of the Bel-
-114)18, came to St. George's Chapel this morning to
;,t,end Divine Service. Two of the Royal carriages
th "ea, the first containing the Prince of Hohen'ohe,
te Duchess of Bedford, the Countess of Albemarle, and
neonates* Palmerston ; and the other Lady F.
ryper, Hon. Miss Pitt, and Hon. Miss Spring Rice.
r, number of the Noblemen and Gentlemen at the
including Viscount Melbourne, Viscount
oZtnorston, Viscount Torrington, Hon. Colonel Caven-
fft,' LOU.I Sir W. Lumley, and Colonel Bouverie, ull
eCetu wearing the Windsor uniform, walked to the
The from the Castle.
41 be Sermon was preached by the Hon. and Very
03:' the Dean, who took his text from St. Matthew,
forl'lllif and part of the 21st verse—" Render there-
-4;4! unto Catsar the things which are Ceasar's ; and
oi,° God the things that are God's." The first part
ti.lee Service was chaunted by the Rev. Mr. Knvvett,
Intas Canon. The Hon. and Very Rev, the Dean
h"Ti, the Rev. Lord W. Russell officiated at the Altar.
To Deum and Jubilate was Nares in C. The
apt
th, !Us and Kyrie Elieson the Hon. Mr. Ashley's, and
h 4lothetn, " Wherewithal shall a young man cleanse
hiway," Dr. G. J. Elvey (who presided at the organ),
ti sung by Messrs. Harris, French, and Turner, and
"ter Foster. The Solo by Mr. Harris.
ate Queen of the Belgians attended Divine service
fielf Catholic chapel at Spital, attended by Madame
,tioogvorst.
1,41!.he Duke of Wellington arrived at the Castle at
m 'Past four o'clock this afternoon, on a visit to her
"‘°.lesty.

th„11,4 Majesty the Queen Dowager, accompanied by
u.ilebess Ida of Saxe Weimar, and attended by her
4111! left Nuneham, Oxfordshire, the seat of the
reubishop of York, on Saturday morning, and came
It lest railway train to Slough, from whence her Ma-
sa ° Ptoceeded in her carriage to her residence in
0Y Park. The Duke of Cambridge took his de-
toliwri_uro from Nunehaut at an earlier hour, and arrived in
at two o'clock.
on Ile Princess Augusta received visits yesterday, and
Saturday, from the Duchess of Gloucester and the
tt4titk„e.°f Cambridge. The following account of the
terl °f her Royal Highness's health was issued yes-
da
41,1 The Princess Augusta bas passed a very comfort-
hiehnight, and there is some improvement in her Royal
ggness's symptoms.
Clarence House, Aug. 16."
tioi4,the afternoon her Royal Highness pasted some
her drawing-room.
"e following account was issued on Saturday
" August 15, 1840.
tin tier Royal Highness the Princess Augusta con-
sea better.
;Clarence House."
t00,,..41e Duke of Cambridge went to Kew yesterday
and attended Divine Service in Kew Cnurch.
1;.".03ral Highness returned to town hi the afternoon.
from Iseount Melbourne arrived in town on Saturday
ib Windsor Castle. His Lordship attended a meet-
the Ecclesiastical Commi,sioners in Whitehall-
Ne- Sir Sir Harry D. Verney had an interview with the
rQie Viscount at his official residence in Downing-
eet,
thneLl°nel Ready and Mr. Hoskins had interviews with
qczarquis of Normanby on Saturday, at the Home-
Vi
sn4 'count Melbourne left town at four o'clock on
irday afternoon, on his return to Windsor Castle.
alto from f
the GovernorG ofe the Cape ofC Gocd Hopen,
„ ere received yesterday at the Colonial-office. De-
etches from the Governors of Nova Scotia and New
sat
brought by the Britannia, were received on
relay at the Colonial-office.

FRANCE, ENGLAND, AND THE

ASTERN QUESTION.

(From the Debate.)
The name of France is not mentioned in the most im-
portant part of the speech of the Queen of England ; but
its very omission will serve but to make it more conspicu-
ous. It would be ridiculous for us to complain of this,
for we know that France is not so easily effaced from the
map of Europe as from a itoyal speech. Even were we
otherwise inclined, we hold a place iu the world, and it is
impossible for us to avoid being of importance. If Eng-
land believe that the mernent has come for a separation
from the nation with which she has been connected for the
last ten years, we may view the circumstance with regret,
but it does not become us to express it. It is the duty of
those who in England itself blame this conduct, and fore.
see its results, to do justice to the language or silence of
their Government.
The speech read by the Queen has not given general
satisfaction. The Times states clearly enough that the
words of Lord Palmerston would have had more strength
and courtesy, had they been pronounced by the royal
mouth. We tender full justice to the intentions of the
English journal, as well as to the gravity and moderation
of its language; but this courtesy of expression, to which
we shall always be inclined to answer, can but increase our
regret_ at being obliged to contradict de facto.
You acknowledge that for the ten years the whole po-
licy of Russia has tended to dissolve the alliance which
keeps her under restraint in Europe as well as in
Turkey, and you manifest your desire of maintaining
that alliance at the very moment that you wish to
solve, without us and against our will, a question on
which France and England have always been closely
united, and break up the static quo founded and gua-
ranteed by England as well as by France, and which
we wish to maintain as our joint work. Seven years
ago, when Ibrahim, t fter the battle of Komah, was
marching on Constantinople, the intervent;on of France
and England arrested his progress and prevented greater
perturbations on the censtitution of the world ; the
Russians recrossed the Tuskish frontiers, carrying bst k
as their spoil the treaty which, at their first demand,
was to close the Dardanelles to the whole west. The
balance of power, interrupted for a moment, resumed its
march, until the day when the noble and unfortunate
Mahmoud, pushed on and seduced by intrigues, tried
the fate of arms a last time, and had the satisfaction of
dying before his army vanished and his ships deserted.
After Nezib, as after Koniah, Ibrahim advanced on Con-
stantinople ; his progress was again arrested by a French
envoy, i. e. by a representative of the Western Alliance,
and the Russians did not intervene. Thus, at every new
crisis, France and England conjure the danger, and by
their united forces raise up this ever-falling rock as in
fisbuleus story.
You assert that the deep divisions of interest and princi-
ple which separate you from Russia are a guarantee to us
that, although agreeing with her on one particular ques-
tion, you must necessarily clash with her on ail others. You
believe that you will stay events at your pleasure, and that
you will confine them within a certain circle : this is a mis-
take which may he more fatal to you than to us ; in this
there is not a particular question, but one which neither
you nor we, nor any one in the world, can prevent becoming
general, and which will carry us all along in its stream.
You assert that in the ulterior consequences to which this
convention may lead, you will not only not be in opposition
with France, but will be in complete harmony of interests
with her. But here the conduct of your Government
seems to be a complete contradiction to all your political
traditions, and if we refuse to bear a part in this inexplica-
ble proceeding, it is because the consequences which you
consider problematical and distant, appear to us imminent
and inevitable; it is because this convention, which pre-
tends to maintain the integrity of the Ottoman Empire,
opens the gates of its capital to its most ruthless enemy.
For depend upon it the Russians will get thither.
They will get thither, because the Pacha will not yield—
because it is impossible for him to yield. What I When
the Turkish empire was governed by a man in the prime
of life, of implacable courage, of inflexible resolution—
by a ma-, whom the Pacha, in spite of himself, feared and
respected—when Sultan Mahmoud lived, in short, you al-
lowed the Pacha to possess that Syria of which you want
to dispossess him now. What has happened ? Has
Turkey revenged Horus and Kon:ah ? Was it the, Egyp-
tian army which was dispersed and destroyed at Nezib ?
Is it the Egyptian fleet which is captured in the Bos-
phorus ? Has the Porte, in short, re-conquered its pro-
vinces and the right of dictating humiliating conditions to
its vassal ? You arc well aware that all those questions
must be answered negatively. And yet you want this glo-
rious old man, who made Sultan Mahmoud capitulate,
shrink from this weak and feeble-minded Augustulus,
whose guardian he is rather than his vassal, who lives but
through hint, and as it were in his shade. You have the
pretension of telling him that the more powerful he is the
more he must yield the more be has gained the more he
must lose, the more he has advanced the more be must
retreat. You wish him, the oriental fatalist, to reproach
fate for having made him fortunate, and to allow himself
to be punished for having been successful. How can he
understai d those strange paradoxes which are sent him
from the other extremity of Europe ? u do not think
of all this, as you must be blind. He will not yield, for
he has in his favour good right lied the fact of possession.
He has for him his great age, which will induce him to
play with-ut regret and without hesitation the last act of
his adventurous life. His empire belongs to him ;he has
crewed and m:intained it, and he will carry it with him.
if necessary, in his fall. He has received nothing peculiar
or certain, and owes nothing to his descendants; he will
prefer downfal to degradation, and will sooner die a hero,
as he was born, than give up the price of 60 years' toil.
By an inconceivable error you displace the question,
and transport it from Constantinople into Syria. Thus,
it is no longer Syria, which is a province of the Turkish
empire ; it is Constantinople, the 13,iphorus, the Dar
dandles, which depend on Syria. You will not have
the Pacha in Syria, but you cannot avert seeing Rus-
sia at Constantinople. Singular way of maintaining
the integrity of the Ottoman empire 1 What is Syria
for the Sultan ? a mere burden, a u eless limb, which
he bas neither the power to keep for himself, nor to de-
fend against others. What is it for the Pacha ? every-
thing—for he has conquered it, organized it ; no matter
how, and considers it as his own wo, k. And, at bottom,
what is Syria, for you, for us, for the Sultan, for the Paella
himself, or the whole world in fine ? What does it matter
to us and to you, whether it be in constant rebellion
against the sovereign or the vassal; whether it be under the
domination of the Sultan, a prey to robbery and impunity,
or under that of the Pacha, a prey to oppression, but free
from pillage? What are Damascus, Aleppo, &c., for yLis
or for us, when Constantinople is in question? Our al.
bailee, as you said the other day, is tar more important
in its consequences than any which can arise from the de-
crepit institutions and half barbarian powers of the east.
Rely on it, it is Constantinople which is in question. It
is for you a question of life or death. We say for you,
for it interests you far more than it does us—are we your
rivals and your neighbours in the east? Who bribes Per-
sia and raises her against you so as to turn her arms
against your Indian possessions ? Who furnishes pre-
tenders I.) your principalities? Who is indirectly exciting
all your indigenous tribes? Who is exciting China?
Who is advancing to meet you in Asia? Why, it is
Russia, and no one else? Wherever you turn your steps
in the eastern world, where you derive your strength and
your wealth, you everywhere find this patient, silent, in-
evitable, and eternal barrier. And yet you are going to
take Russia by the hand and put her in possession of Con-
stantinople. History will never believe it—surely England
will not do it.