The Sun.
London, England, 1847-02-11 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY MORNING, FEBRUARY 11, 1841.

Mr. MARK PHILIPS said that the lion. Member for
Durham had had a speech made at him as candidate for
Manchester, perhaps the House would allow him as repre-
sentative for Manchester, in esse, to say a few words for him.
He trusted it would not be considered he did not sympathise
with the workmen in factories if he did not coincide in the
opinion aof the Hon. Member who had last spoken, but he
(Mr. Philips), as the representative of a vast commercial
interest, could not let his feelings run away with his better
judgment. He thought that any interference between capital
and labour would tend to the most mischievous consequences,
for the House might depend upon it that one-tenth of the
manufacturing power of this country could not be repressed
without the workmen's wagessuffering in the same proportion.
Why was the Government to stop short with reference to
agricultural labours? He believed the present was such a
departure from proper legislative interference, that he could
nut but augur the most serious results from the adoptien of
the measure.—(Hear, hear.) He did not like the proposed
"nibbling," piece by piece, of the measure, such as that
alluded to by the Right Hon. Baronet the Secretary of State
for the Home Department, to reduce the hours to eleven in-
stead of ten. If the experiment were to be made,
let it be made at once, upon a bold scale; he
would much rather at once give his support to the
ten hours' measure than to such a meddling system of legis-
lation proposed by those who had not the courage to go at
once to the completion of the full measure, but who stopped
at a sort of half-way house.—(Cheers.) He believed that
great ignorance existed on the part of lion. Members with
reference to the subject of factory labour. It was not for
him to catechise Hon. Members on the subject ; if he did so,
he might, in all probability, be told " that he had better
mind his own business, and give them credit for
the knowledge they possessed upon subjects which
even the most experienced manufacturers and inhabitants
of the district were unable to obtain." It was quite true that
the measures which had been passed for the purpose of re-
stricting labour in some factories had been attended with
some success ; but he begged most earnestly to protest against
the arguments urged by the Right Hon. Baronet the Secre-
tary of State for the Home Department, that because partial
success had attended the measures passed for the protection
of women and children, that therefore future legislation for
adults should be equally successful. With those views, seeing
nothing but mischief attendant upon the passing of these
measures, and not at all underrating the comforts of the
working classes, or being one whit less desirous than the Hon.
Gentleman who had last addressed the: House to see educe•
tion afforded to the people, still he was obliged to weigh
carefully both sides of the question, and he had come to the
conclusion that nothing but mischief would result from the
interference by the Legislature in the large manufacturing
districts of the country.
Lord JOHN MANNERS was quite surprised to hear the
Hon. Member for Montrose say that the present measure
was advocated upon party grounds. He did not think such
a charge ought to have been made. The slightest
reflection upon the history of the question would
sutlice to show that such a charge was totally
unfounded. No one could look upon the pa,t
history of the question without seeing that never was any
question of great national polity supported upon such dis-
interested and lioneut able grounds, and carried on in such a
manner as to be in every way worthy of the great cause
itself.—(Cheers.) The great cause had been going on fur
years, though warrior after warrior had fallen in the
glorious struggle. Sir Robert Peel first advocated
the question, died, and left the cause to the
care of Sir J. Hobhouse ; he carried it on for some time, until
it was taken up by Mr. Saddler. That great advocate of the
cause died, and left the conduct of it to Mr. Oastler ; he, in
his turn, gave place to Lord Ashley, who carried on the war
to the very verge of victory, when circumstances oc-
curred which prevented his proceeding further with
the measure, and he resigned his glorious charge to
the Honourable Member for Oldham (Mr. Fielden).
Still they found the same resolute, indomitable persever-
ance in the great cause. And now, iu this year, 1817, they
found the great question again brought forward, and boldly
advocated by its indefatigable supporter, the Hon. Member
F for Oldham (Mr. ielden).—(Cheers.) Well did Lord Ashley
say in that House, and truly, " that it was possible, nay,
probable, that the efforts of her Majesty's Ministers would be
successful, and that they would carry their motion, but
for how long? If the Government would wish their
victory to be complete, they must extinguish those senti-
ments which had given rise to his." In that sentiment
was to be found the feeling which nurtured and fed the in-
domitable courage of the supporters of this measure.—
(Cheers.) And so long as men had eyes to weep, souls to
pray, hearts to feel, voices to raise, and hands to lift up, so
long would the struggle be continued, until the arduous
contest was consummat,d by the glory of a triumphant victory.
The Right Hon. Baronet, the Secretary of State for (lie
Home Department, had used what he called "old arguments,"
thine arguments were year by year becoming weaker and
walker. an:l be hoped those arguments, the fallacy of which
bad been so long exploded, would be consigned at once " to
the tomb of all the Captnets."—(Cheers.) The present was
the most favourable time for the passing of this law, in con-
sequence of the depressed state of trade in the manufacturing
districts and the high prices of corn. The mill's
were now working short time. When, however,:the current
set in the other way, if this measure were passed, then
stability and security would be the result, instead of a wild,
insane, and reckless re-action, which had before been the
bane of the prosperity of our manufacturing districts.—
(Hear, hear.) The Noble Lord then went on to quote
(rem the circular of Messrs. Parkisson and Taylor, to
the effect that stocks were daily accumulating, and would
before long press heavily upon the market, even in the
face of increasing prices in the raw material. This
state of things would no doubt be followed by a serious de-
pression. What was the effect of these rapid alternations of
prosperity and depression in the condition of the workman ?
—during one week he had nothing to do, and the text week
he was torn and racked by fatigue. In such a state, was it
possible for the working man to contract habits of sobriety
or forethought, or to perform his duty to his country
and the society in which he moved?—(Loud cheers.)
It had been said by the opponents of this measure, that so
much week could not be done in twelve hours as in ten; (even
if it were so, the great practical result would be, that if this
Bill were passed it would spread a larger amount of labour
over the working classes, and thereby equalise the amount
to be performed. It had also been said that it was
wrong to interfere in manufacturing speculations. Nothing
could be a more decisive refutation of that argument than
the declared official value of the exports of the country, as
given in a work recently published by Mr M'Culloch, from
which it appeared that in 1831 the total value of the cotton
exports amounted to 17,182,736!., in 1832 it amounted to
17,344,5761., but in the year 1842 the declared value
of the cotton exported was 21,770,1271. This
would at once dispose of the argument of the mischief of
legislative interference in manufacturing enterprise (fur since
the year 1832 the hours of labour had been reduced fier all
pereoas above 13 years of age front 74 to 69 hours, for all
persons under 13 they had been reduced from 74 to 36, and
in every case the best possible results had followed the adop-
tion of the measures.—(Hear.) Looking then at the past,
and relying upon practical experience for the future, they
were justified in calling upon the opponents of this Bill to
make out a most irresistible case, to demonstrate by facts
and figures, which could admit of no dispute or cavil, that
the wages of the workmen would fall in consequence of the
passing of this measure, which was another of the arguments
used by the opponents of the measure.—(Cheers.)
But, even if this fall of wages were to take place,
it would be in some sort compensated by
giving to the workmen facilities for household economy,
and fur the mental and moral improvement of the inmates of
the cottage.—(Hear, hear.) The people working in the fac-
tories were told that, with the repeal of the corn-laws, the
chief element of their expenses would be materially
reduced. (Hear, hear.) How those promises had
been fulfilled, the present prices would abundantly testify.
If the corn-laws were to reduce the food of the people at
least one-third, surely they were entitled to have their hours
of labour relaxed. He was willing to leave this matter to
be decided by the practical experience of the operatives
themselves, but yet it was a difficult question, and one on
which it would be difficult for them to deal
with their employers. Fortunately, Lancashire and York-
shire were riot exclusively populated by manufacturers;
ethers lived in them who were competent to judge by their
knowledge of the condition of the operatives. There were
intelligent Dissenting ministers—there were the Dean of
Manchester, the Vicar of Leeds, the Rector of Brad-
ford, all of whom were competent arbitrators, to
whom he should feel satisfied to leave the decision of the
matter. Now, when they came forward and told them that
for the sake of their spiritual health it was necessary to pass
this Bill, and when the surgeons in the large towns said it
was necessary for the improvement of their physical
condition, and when they and the landed proprie-
tors were unanimously of this opinion, he considered
it was incumbent on the House to comply with their wishes.
He had been entrusted with a letter on the subject from Mr.
Fletcher, the well-known surgeon of Bury, which set forth
the great mortality that to k place amongst those employed
in factories, compared with those engaged in other occopa
tions. It stated that out of every 100 deaths a fraction over
61 were children under two years of age; that the mor-
tality amongst those employed 10 hours in fac-
tories was 331,4 per cent., whilst it was but 20
in other occupations. From a report which was presented to
the House in 1834 he found that out of 1,000 deaths iu Man-
chester, 424 were children tinder two years of age; that in
Liverpool the number of children under two years of age, out
of 1,000 deaths, was but 362 ; whilst in London, out of 1,000
deaths, only 303 were infants under that age.
(Hear, hear.) This showed the great want of sanatory
improvements, and that the mortality against these child-
ren would be less if they were taken more care of by their
parents. The subject had been submitted to them in every
possible way : they bad been shown how the homes of
factory workers were left comfortless, in consequence of the
protracted; hours: of labour—how the Saxon mother
refused to be comforted because her children could not par-
take of it—( Hear, hear)—but then when one died she
knew that it had ceased to suffer from prolonged and severe
toil, and that it had gone to join the army of innocents in
heaven.—(Hear, hear.) He would ask the House
whether a sufficient case had not been made
out for passing the measure ?—(Hear, hear.) It was
in vain for them to provide parks and athenaeums
for the recreation and instruction of the people, if they did
not at the same time provide them with a few hours to par-
take of their advantages. They were agreed to the end :it
was the means only that were objectionable ; but if he thought
there was a reasonable chance of an arrangement being come
to between the masters and their labourers he might possibly
alter his opinion, especially if 1,000 manufacturers in Lanca-
shire would sign a bond to reduce their hours within the
limit he thought necessary, and pay down a quarter of a
million as the guarantee that they would fulfil the condi-
tions.—(Hear.) But he should think the acute labourers dupes
if they consented to any arrangement unless they had
ample security that it would be carried out. That House
was not in the habit of waiting until rival steamers in the
Thames had agreed to regulate their speed in the pool, to
adopt measures to compel them to do so, supposing
such a step were necessary ; or until master-
builders agreed to improve the sanatory regula-
tions of the houses they build ; chimney-sweepers not
to use climbing-boys; proprietors of collieries and butties to
prevent the harnessing of naked women.—( Hear, hear.)
They did not stop until the proprietors of slaves in the West
Indies could make some arrangement with their slaves for
their emancipation ; in these and a thousand other instances
they did not want for the parties to come forward, but
brought the "imperial majesty of the law," to whom all
were subject—the lowest as well as the greatest—
and which has for its object the vindication of the rights of
tthese ordained by God."—(Hear.) It was all very well for
ttdoctrines of that school of philosophy to which he belonged
e
e m. Member for Montrose to say, in accordance with
that they ought not to interfere, and to allow the labourers
to remanaianleaatis_tahte mercy of their employers; but were
interfere, he w,1,3
aotrs to do nothing? If they were not to
with various
kings
loss to understand why they had in-
terferedit. the interference propstiings,and were continuing to interfere.
let theta point out to I,lbY the Bill be not satisfactory,
a less objectionable they could, a more advisable, a
mode of intervention, or which
operatives carne
reasons for interference.
lied em safe,or noble or
came betore them and declared
IST legislation on the subjecttbi, had been pro-
ductive Unless
l theith
efiareptea
good, and that
or that
pdamange.rreelv7ernild result to
no need of
Art.l.thHe e
subjectollgh t
the o f
proposedinterference,thedesired
them from it, they were to
almost to apologise for touching this

after the eloquent speech of the Honourable Gentleman the
Member for Edinburgh last year.—(Hear, hear.) He was
glad that that city had, by its representative, spoken in
favour of the Bill.—(Hear, hear.) In a late number of the
Edinburgh Review he found an article, from which be would
read two or three passages which appeared to him " germane
to the matter." It stated that the question, like others, must
be argued upon its own merits, and that the time had arrived
when the argument in favour of the reduction of the hours
of labour in factories to ten hours, could not be answered by
mere general doctrines. Now, he put it to the candour of the
House whether that proof had not been furnished? The
Honourable Gentleman talked of Russia, and Germany,
and America, but since 109 no person under sixteen years
of age, in Germany or Prussia, was allowed to work more
than ten hours.—(Hear.) Throughout Prussia the average
hours of work of all classes was 11 ; and then the case in
America to which he referred was not a good example in
favour of his argument, as the committee came to
the opinion they did owing to the pressure
of circumstances which could not be controlled.—(Hear.)
What country entered most into competition with us. Was it
not America? They compelled the Americans, against their
wills, to employ their labourers longer than they desired, by
enforcing their competition. He considered that the
statements which he had taken the liberty to
read must satisfy every gentleman that their
foreign trade had not suffered from a reduction
in the hours of labour, and no case had been made out to
show that their foreign trade would suffer. He would there-
fore submit that the time had arrived, for the sake of the
working men, and for the sake of the working women of the
north of England, and also for the sake of the master manu-
facturers themselves, that this great question should be finally
set at rest. He would ask that House of Commons was it
prepared to throw back to another Parliament the settle-
ment ofthe question which had enlisted in its favour the affec-
tions of the working men and women—which came to them
supported by the opinions of the clergy,themedical profession,
and all the enlightened and impartial, which was based upon the
experience of the past, and which appealed to past results
for future beneficial effects? Would the House of Commons
reject such a measure as the present, because some
Honourable Gentlemen are pleased to assert that
it does not altogether steer with their notions of
political economy ? He trusted not ; but should it
be so, and should the House come to a conclusion
adverse to the second reading of the Bill, the Gentlemen on
his side of the House would retire from the contest
undismayed and undeterred, cheered and encouraged
by the reflection that they had done their duty,
and that the Tory gentlemen of England had maintained
their historical position—(Laughter)—and had, consistently
with it, fought the battle of the poor against the rich, of
their poorer fellow-subjects against the mighty and the
strong.— (Hear, hear.) He trusted that the Bill
would pass into a law, and that this protracted
struggle would now be terminated ; and if such
was the case, he could assure the House the measure would
be received by a grateful and loyal people amidst the accla-
mations of millions.
The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER said, that if
the Noble Lord had abstained from those allusions which
he had deprecated in the commencement of his speech, he
(the Chancellor of the Exchequer) would not have addressed
the House. He had been willing to believe that the question
might have been discussed without any party feeling being
expressed. And if the Noble Lord did take credit for his
party, he would surely allow him to claim, for the Gentle-
men with whom he acted, the merit of a measure which
gave to the mass of the people the main article of
subsistence at the cheapest possible rate. He did not wish to
pursue the subject further, or to say much upon the present
question, which had been so repeatedly before the House. On
the last occasion that the Bill was before the House, it was
opposed by the Government as a Government measure.
His Noble Friend near him, and the Right Hon. Baronet
near him, would support the measure under certain modifica-
tions, but he supported the same opinion upon the
present as upon former occasions. And he considered
himself bound to stand up and declare himself, so
that the question might not go forth with the
weight of Government authority. He was as much a friend
to the poor man as any Gentleman in that House, and if
lie were disposed to overlook the immense interests which
were involved, and to consult those only of the working man,
he would not give his consent to such a measure,
as lie believed it would be most injurious in its results. Ile
had no hesitation in granting a limitation to the hours of
labour for children, but he would oppose any interference
with those of adults. By such a measure they would take
away one-sixth part of the earnings of the labourer.
By diminishing the hours for labour they would increase
the cost of production, and that cost would either fall upon
the profits of the manufacturer or the wages of the artizan.
He would take the cases of the different mills. In the first
mill all the operatives signed in favour of long hours; in the
second mill, 16i) signed in favour of long hours, and 75
against it ; in the third, 59 only signed for long hours; and al-
though an announcement was made by the masters, that in
the month of October following they should commence
working short time, before that day of working short time
came the workmen sent a deputation to the owners request-
ing that they should work for long hours. In the fourth
mill it was agreed also to work for long hours;
for in consequence of working short hours the wages of the
people would have been reduced. In ore mill many of the
operatives were so anxious to earn high wages, that they
continued working at tea time when their hours were re-
duced. These parties worked by piece work, and in their
anxiety; they worked during the half-hour allotted for tea,
thus working the same time as before, only in a smaller
compass. In these instances the experiment had been
fairly tried, and the question bad been fairly put
to the workmen, and they preferred long hours
with high wages. If any of the operatives were anxious for.
short hours it was in the full belief, and in which belief they
would be disappointed, that they would continue to reseive
the same amount of wages. In another mill which he would
mention 400 hands all signed in favour of long hours, and
in another a majority of 50, in a third a majority of 40, in a
fourth a majority of 50, and in a fifth a majority of 103,
signed in favour of long hours. In a sixth mill 246 signed
for long hours, and 125 against them. It was
his firm belief, that long hours were preferred by
the workmen, as it was their conviction that a reduc-
tion of the time of work would be followed by a reduction
of wages, and they were told that they did not consider the
interest of the workmen when they demurred to a measure
which would inflict an injury. He would, therefore, by no
means accede to the request of the workinen, even if they
were in favour of this measure much more generally than
he believed them to be. He was really so little able to ad-
dress the House, that he would not venture to make
many further remarks. The question concerned
not only the interest of the artizans in the
mills, the interest of the manufacturers, and the
large interests of all persons dependent on the cotton
mills, and of all dependent on the production of the raw ma-
terial consumed in the mills, and of all persons who were en-
g iged in the preparation of the material : it affected also all
those employed in the after processes, and if they reduced
the raw material consumed in the mills, and there became in
censequence a deficiency in the production of the manufactured
produce, the various stages it had to go through subsequently
they would affect the interest, not only of the manufacturers
themselves, but the interest of large bodies of men on either

side, who- had no opportunity of expressing their
opinions, but whose interest, nevertheless, was ma-
terially injured. He thought that these were con-
siderations of vast importance, which ought not to
be left out of the question. He had taken it upon the nar-
rowest grounds—those grounds upon which they generally
agreed, viz., that the interest of the workmen was materially
affected, ad it was upon those grounds that he felt it to be
his duty to oppose the measure.
The Marquis of GRANBY said that the patient endurance
of the operatives, and at the same time the conciliating tone
they adopted towards their masters, would naturally cause a
desire to grant their wish. The Right Hon. the Chancellor
of the Exchequer had said that the wages of the bpera-
tives would be reduced. He was ready to admit that,
if they reduced the number of hours the operative
had to work, the master manufacturers would find it neces-
sary to make up the deficiency by employing more hands.
He thought, likewise, that if they did employ more
hands, the number of workpeople, as an inevitable conse-
quence of the principle of competition between the masters
would be benefited. He thought that this measure would be
conferring a great boon on the operatives in the manufacturing
districts, and it would not at the same time materially re-
duce their wages. He: was for some time per-
plexed by the argument, that if they did not
reduce the wages there would be no other
means of raising the same quantity of manufactured produce
as they did at present. He thought that with regard to the
women who were now labouring twelve hours per day in
those factories, the reduction of their hours of labour would
not be followed by so material a reduction in the produce
as was anticipated. The labour and wages would be more
equally distributed over the surface of the manufacturing
population, who would thereby be materially benefited. On
these grounds he should give his support to the Bill.
Dr. BOWRING saia that he acknowledged the philan-
thropy of the Noble Lord, but it would net be what was called
philanthropy to suppport that which would bring misfortune
upon the labouring community. The discussion was one
which should be entered upon free from all prejudice, and
with minds inaccessible to all facts likely to prejudice the
judgment. He did not approve of the present measure, for
he felt convinced that it would not be of any practical
utility to the poor.—( Hear, hear.) He had heard
one of the principal manufacturers in the borough
he had the honour to represent offer to his workmen
to engage them for eleven hours a day, but he did not
attempt to disguise from them what the result of the altera-
tion would be. He told them that if they did not produce the
same amount of work as in the twelve hours he could
not be expected to pay them the same amount of wages.
He (Dr. Bowring) understood that a large body of the most
influential, the most intelligent, and the most wealthy manu-
facturers had been testing the consequences of the Bill should
it become the law of the land, and they all agreed on this
point, that it would occasion a general reduction in the
value of produce in the cotton manufactures. He
spoke not of the silk nor of the flax manufacture, but confined
his attention to cotton alone, and the return showed a di-
minution in the value of production to the extent of 12i per
cent. Now he might just inform Hon. Members that the
value of the cotton manufactured in this country exceeded
30,000,0001.; the number of bales required for working up
amounted to a million and a half, representing in value
15,000,000/. sterling, and before it left the manufactory the
united cost of labour and capital would increase the sum to
30,000,000/. sterling. The statement added, as the result of
a limitation of the hours of labour, that the annual loss
would be from 1,800,0001. to 2,000,0001. sterling. Now he
would inquire on whom this loss would fall. It ap-
peared to Lim that it could only be borne by one of
three parties. The first was the consumer, and perhaps
it might be more generally distributed in this way at the
least amount of individual sacrifice; but the question was
would the consumer pay this loss—would they rest con-
tented with the extra price which would be charged them.
They had already, by their measures of last year, taught
the people of the country that the only true principle was to
bi
thatinthethey cheapestevwere entitled andselliinttied to thehedearest benefitsmarli
market. They eyhad
decided that

principle, and the le4le—had a right .to require that
they should give effect to it.—(Hear.) The consumers
therefore would pay no portion of the 2,000,0001. sterling.
But then they might say, "The manufacturers are gorged
with enormous profits, the manufacturers must pay, and
they are affluent and successful men, wrest, therefore,
from them a portion of their ill-gotten gains." But was
it the fact that the gains of the master manufac-
turers were so large as to enable them to continue
manufacturing, when they by their legislation as-
acted from them an amount of 2,000,0001. sterling

- -
annually. It was not likely they would do so.
and therefore after all the loss would fall upon the opera-
tives themselves. The Hon. and Learned Member then
proceeded to show by the evidence of Mr. Gregg
that the profits of the manufacturer, after deducting
the 5 per cent. interest on his money, did not exceed 21/2
per cent. If the consumer and the capitalist would
not pay, the burden must fall on the labour-

ing Poinlation, and thus, instead of granting a
boon, the House would, by passing this measure,
take away from them the means of education and the
ability to procure the comforts of existence. The workmen
were, in effect, to be told that one-sixth of their earnings
was to be withdrawn, and however willing they might
be to work for the extra hour, the manufacturers

would have no power to accede to their wishes
by this enactment of the Government. He (Dr. Bow -
ring) had during his whole lifetime been the advocate
of the working man; he had ever sought to obtain for him
an influence in that House of which he was as yet de-
prived ; his sympathies were all enlisted on his side, and
it was for that, reason, it was because he thought the present
measure was calculated to lower his condition that he would
oppose the further progress of it.
Mr. P. HOWARD, in rising to support the measure said
that he would not detain the House with any lengthened
observations. He could perceive that they were desirous of
testing the question by a division, and he should
therefore, not trespass for any time on their attention.
The House had already seen that any arrange-
ment between the employers and the employed
was out of the question, and it was therefore necessary for the
Government and that House to legislate upon the
subject. He had hoped that the manufacturers
of England would have copied the example of the
(Lau
agricultural party, who make a great sacrifice fur the good of
country. little sacrifice, to offer some tribute on the altar
of
He would give his most cordial support
their
makethec
i someor un tr 3 —ghter)—Jnd he might yet ask them to
to the second reading of the Bill.
Mr. MUNTZ took the trouble to go to Manchester to sa-
tisfy himself of the position of the working classes
and the manufacturers, and the result of his in-
spection was, that all the changes which had been made
were entirely for the benefit of the manufacturers, and not for
the workmen.—(Cheers.) The alteration in the speed of
the machinery, and the number of spindles had been in-
creased threefold, and the quantity of work done
was of course double. Though the manual labour
employed was rather less. It was therefore self-evident
that a young girl attending to those spindles must
have an increased amount of duty to perform. The
question was, was this a sort of labour for such persons?
It was said the labour was not hard; granted. He would
like to know how Hon. Members would like to be kept walk-
ing up and down a slippery floor for 13 hours, in an atm-
sphere ranging from 65 to 80 degrees? Why it would be
bad enough to shut an Hon. Member up in a hothouse
heated to 80 degrees, even if he had nothing to do.—( Cheers.)
Why, the people of Birmingham would be ashamed to see
such persons as these factory-girls in their town.—(Cheers.)
Mr. BRIGHT—(Hear, hear.)
Mr. MUNTZ—Did the Hon. Member suppose that nose
but a cotton-spinner could tell whether a girl looked healthy
or unhealthy?—(Laughter.) The Hon. Member himself got
up a petition in the year 1833 in favour of the Ten Hours' Bill,
and paid all the expenses of it himself. If the Hon. Member
had altered his opinions since that time, he ought to explain
the reason of his change to the House.—(Cheers.) The
manufacturers complained of being compelled to work only
ten hours a day; why, upon an average for the last ten
years. no mills had worked more than ten hours a day; they
could not, therefore, lose anything bythe passing of the present
measure. It had been said that if any difference was made
in the hours of labour a difference would also be made in the
rate of wages. Was that so? The Hon. Member for Dur-
ham (Mr. Bright) paid for wages to his card-loom hands, in
the year 1820, Bs. per week; in 1830, Bs.; in 1844, Bs. Gd. ;
in 1846, 9s. Did this, then, bear out the assertions of those
omra nauofma cet u rers
other? nw. a smoenn
1131;
efra.i r
tt
oo
ea sxkp
ltahi
ne
tloionth. eHmobuesre,
how it was that such an amazing alteration had taken place
since the year 1815, when only 6,000 bales a week of cotton
were spun, and in the present year the quantity spun was
30,000 a week, being an increase of five times the quantity.
It seemed extraordinary that while there should be
this increase the value of the goods produced should
have also been one-third less, contrary to the
opinions of those "feelosephers " who maintain that
nothing but the application of the principles of
political economy should be allowed, and that all in-
terference should be deprecated, and yet that, in spite of the
interference of the Government, there had been an increase in
the rate of wages
.paid to the workmen.—(Cheers.) The
consumption of cotton was—
In the year 1815
1846
The price of the raw material was—
In 1815 ls. 71/2d. per lb.
1846...........
The selling price in
1815 3s. 3d. per lb.
1846 lod. per lb.
The number of revolutions per minute of the throstles of the
machines was in the year
1815
1846 .
The number of spindles to each mules was in
1815 ...... lBO

1816 5OO
These were facts demanding the most serious attention of the
House.— (Cheers.) The rooms in which the operatives were,
were of the most unhealthy nature, no current of fresh
air was allowed, and it seemed to be necessary
that the unfortunate creatures of factory labour
should be kept in a state of continued perspiration, in order
the better to perform their work.—(Cheers.) Since he had
had a seat in that House he had never given a vote against his
conscience, but lie never gave a vote in that House with
more honesty of feeling than that which he should give
upon this occasion in support of the pre co it men it e.
Mr. BRIGHT hoped, after the pointed allusions which
had been made to him by the Hon. Members for Dorsetshire
and Birmingham, and by several other Hon. Members, that
the House would allow him to state the grounds on which he
was compelled to differ from many Hon. Gentlemen on this
important question. In addition to the means of
udging, which many Honourable Members possessed
from political economy and from other sources, he
possessed this additional knowledge. He had lived
all his lifetime amongst the population for whom
they were 'legislating; he was very largely connected
with this particular trade, and had not a farthing in the
world beyond what was invested in it; but in his op-
position to the Bill he was actuated by no belief
that it w ould injure his property or prospects,
because it was , clear to him that if the measure was
really calculated to advance the interests of the 1,200,000
persons more or less dependent for their support upon cotton-
spinning and other textile employments, that his interests
would be consulted. The agitation in factories in favour of a
Ten Hours' Bill had been conducted on the political economy
of the Hon. Members for Birmingham and Oldham, and of
the late Michael Thomas Sadler, on those principles of poli-
tical economy which that House last session declared un-
sound and rotten, and which, if persevered in, would
injure the great interests of the country and de-
stroy the manufacturing and commercial supremacy of the
kingdotn.—(Hear, hear.) When it was first commenced, it
professed to have only the labour of children in view, and
Lord Spencer brought in a Bill with that view
but last session. The late Secretary of State for the
Home Department carried a Bill through the House,
which limited the labour of children under thirteen years
of age to six hours a day; but, not satisfied, those who pro-
fessed themselves the friends of the waonrkderosf, nwohwateaNs.keredthe
Ii
sex,
Mouse to interfere to prevent young persons from 13 to 18,
and women of all ages, from working more than ten hours
a day; but their object really was to interfere with the
engaged eodf sivnolrakboofurPienrstohniss ocofuanitiryag, "in' the belief that the pre-
sent rate of wages would be maintained—a higher rate than
their labour could command in the free markets of the country. 1
Many- of the exaggerated statements which had been put
forward by Lord Ashley had not been urged upon the
House on that occasion, but the Noble Lord the Member for
Newark ( Lord J. Manners) had read a letter from Mr.
Fletcher, physician, in Bury, which however he did not consider
more worthy. of belief than official documents furnished by
persons appointed to make such investigations. From them
it appeared that, in 1831, the mortality in Leeds was less,
than in 1801. and less than the mortality in Bristol for the 1
same year. The mortality in Manchester was less than in
Liverpcel, and, in short, themortality in large manufacturing
towns was not larger than in other towns is which there were
no manufactories. Dr. Phillipps, who had published a book on
‘, scrofula," had stated that the health of those engaged in
factories was not worsen large m
thanthsnfs
the health
atlthrof the rest
of the
population employed..gtowns. It was
stated that the labour orm y omen in factories was long and
conusive eviaence that the work was not
Ift h HeyonswoGuentleme
thatn d o uhbet ed
was thc
o'
didt e factoryni it.
t womenTwho
They
yk
severe, but he considered the fact. of women
correct.
so
employed was
this let them
Id find
be,ea
turnedwuhs ey
mlaabio,reioblugs.u—ir(jeTaln)dit
it was so severe as
forsake it, and work as s_b_onenmotas, onbs and with spades was stated to
?-
-(Oh, oh!) They id
was superior ;
employments where they were
must tarn to those
from the weather, and which were light.
sheltered
ts in France had been equally con-
The experiments
nothing injurious in factory-
elusive, that there was
(The Honourable Member then
labour to females. t from a report of the
they dnatt.wally
extract
read a long ' Bill appointed by the Committee on the Ten HoursfM hwhicharc , 1845 ,
Con-
gress of Massachusetts 12th
on theo
went to show that
imanufactories did not injure the health of
inanuf And the report further stated, that
those employed n them.)
hours appointed for manufacturing
in the town of Lowell the
in these countries for
labour far exceeded those appointed
: he
textile manufacture. Let him not be misunderstood
Jill, he was
was not advocating a twelve hours' labour
only defending himself, and arguing against the state-
ments in behalf
put forward
that children
of the present Bill ; and let
the Hon. Member recollect
t up to thirteen years
of age were exempt from
the system now complained of.
He himself never went to school after he was fifteenheld himself to be a proof
years of age, and 1.0 -
to thir-
be obtainedup
that some kind of information might
Under the old system their forefathers
teen years of age.
used to put out every person to earn at fourteen.
And to show that those empleyed in manufactories were
not
•
not so wholly uneducated and immoral, diem
that would tell .
t
that Dr. Peirce had divided the community into tn en lasses
y
c
and the worst of these were
and amongst the first
grooms, such a class as most gentlemen in that
House were in the habit of employing. Number
and
nineteen in that class were domestic servants,
number twenty were females engaged in factory la-
bour. There was not a magistrate in any manufacturingand
town, that could not bear witness to the sobriety angood
conduct of these operatives. The Hon. Member said. thatd
he presented a petition from Manchester, signed
by twenty-two thousand persons. Now, when he (Mr.
Bright) presented a petition in favour of the repeal
of the corn-laws, the gams Honourable Member
would not pay the slightest regard to it. He
was as much in favour of paying attention to the wishes
of the poor as any man, and he would go farther than the
lion. flember, for he was prepared to give them votes,
by which they would be enabled to send men to that House
to represent their feelings and wishes. But if the short time
was enbrced, they would be obliged to receive less wages.
He could not conceive a guilt more dreadful than the prac-
thlingtf such a delusion on the working classes, a delusion
likely lo bring upon them the most 'serious disappointment,
and greater evils than any other measure had ever inflicted
upon them. He had in his band a publication called
" The Ten Hours' Advocate," dated December 5, and
that publication asserted that it had, from its first con-
nexion with the question, advocated the fact that the effect
of the Ten Hours' Bill would be a diminution of wages
in the same proportion as the reduction of time, as any
eircurristance that lessened the supply of an article increased its
value in the market, and that there were numerous instances
where the hours had been reduced and the rates of wages were
advanced. Mr. Oastler said, in speaking of Mr. Ackroyd, in
Halifax, that if lie were one of the operatives, and he
were asked to sign for the Ten Hours' Bill at the
present rate of wages, he would not do so, as any re-
duction in the hours would be followed by an increase,
in order to show how these persons endeavoured to persuade
the working classes that they would have the same wages.
The Ten Hours' Advocate said that when children were made
to work only six hours, their wages had been increased.
Such, was not the case, for, in every instance, the wages
were reduced in exactly the same proportion as the
time was reduced; and a child twelve years and eleven
months old, and working only six hours, received only half
of the wages that a child 13 years and one month old re-
ceived. With regard to the case of foreign competition, he
believed that it was not properly understood by the lion.
Member for Oldham. He had in his hand a statement of the
raw material consumed in the manufacture of this country.
In the cotton trade alone 600 millions of pounds of cotton
were used, and in the wool and worsted trades there were
not less than 260 millions of pounds used. In the flax trade
there were 177 millions of pounds imported, and in the
silk 600,000 pounds, making in all 1,000,175,000 pounds.

If that were divided by six, it would give a diminution in
the consumption of the raw material of 176,000,000 of
pounds, and how was it possible to dispense with one-sixth
of this description of munufacture ? The difference in the
revenue Would alone amount to 7,000,0004 annually.
That was a question worthy of the consideration of the
Chancellor of the Exchequer, as it would make a reduction of
7,000,000/. per annum in the expenditure. He had attended
many meetings at Manchester, and was aware that not one
single individual of the working classes would accept of this
Bill if he did not believe that no redaction would take place
in the rate of wages, Many of the work -people he employed
had petitioned that House in favour of the Bill, and
he was glad that they bad done so, as it showed that
they were independent, and could act for themselves.
That was the case in many of the largest and best establish-
meats in their trade; but he warned the House, that if they
encouraged the working classes to come to that House for
legislative enactments to limit their hours of labour, and to
fix their scale of salary, that every manufactuter would be
obliged to unite in self. defence—(Loud cries of "Divide,
divide")—and that, he was sure, would do away
with the good feeling which at present existed
between the manufacturers and their workmen.—(Renewed
cries of" Divide divide.") He would not detain the House,
but he understood that it was intended to bring forward in
Committee a clause to limit the hours of working to eleven
and not ten hours. Now he thought that the House would
at onceconcede that the workmen were or were not right
in this demand—if right it was cowardly for Hon. Members
to depart from their principles, if wrong, they had only to op-
pose the Bill altogether. He could not consent to the second
reading of this measure. The Hon. Member for Durham
then expressed his astonishment that the Government had
left this an open question. He had expected that the Noble
Lord at the head of the Government would have adopted a
bolder and more straightforward course, and he thought that
he was introducing a strange anomaly in legislation by
sanctioning the principle that the workman should be pro-
tected against the capitalist.
Sir ANDREW LEITH HAY moved the adjournment of
the debate.

Lord JOHN RUSSELL said that he rose only to say a few
words to the House, in consequence of the attack which had
been made upon him a few minutes before six o'clock.
If the Hon. Member for Durham (Mr. Bright) had intended
to have made this attack, he (Lord J. Russell) thought
it should have been made at five o'clock—_(Continued cheer-
ing)—and he really thought that the Honourable Mem-
ber, in his anxiety to :make the best defence on behalf
of the cotton manufacturers, had departed from that
candour and courtesy to which Honourable Members
who might differ in opinion from him were fully entitled.
The llon. Member said that this was a question of
principle, he (Lord John Russell) did not view it as
such. He conceived that the difference between
ten, eleven, and twelve hours was a question of
degree, and not a question of principle. This was no new
principle, as the Hon. Member had been pleased to allege.
The limitation of the hours of labour had been introduced
before into that House, and it would be found that it was
carried out in the statutes of the realm.—(Hear, hear,
and cheers.) Neither was it a change in the old law,
fey the old law protected apprentices against their mas-
ters: it was, therefore, no question of principle; it
was merely a question whether the Legislature should
throw the shield of protection round the younger workers.
That was a mere question of the day, on which the mem-
bers of the Government might differ without at all
differing on any principle. If the Honourable Member
differed from that principle ; if he thought the Legislature
were wrong in the course they had adopted, he should have
proposed the repeal of the laws on the subject. He knew
not that it was necessary now for him to enter into this
question. He had stated what he thought was
the general principle, and if this debate came to be
adjourned he would not detain the House by any length-
ened observations. But if the House were pleased
to listen he would not address himself more than
a few minutes to the question. He considered
then, as he had already stated, that it was not a question
of principle, but of degree ; and that young persons of 13
years of age, working twelve, thirteen, or fourteen hours a day,
were taxed too much, because their bodily frame was not
sufficiently matured. Ile considered it was too much to give
time for theirmoral or mental improverneat, and he conceived
that it was so far a question of degree, inasmuch as a shorter
period of labour would be more fitted for them. The
Honourable J' amber for Durham had expressed a
fear of foreign competition. That was another
estion, and with regard to it he would only say
that the same objection had been urged in every
previous arrangement that had been made from 1831
to the present time, and he was happy to say that the
manufactures of the country were still flourishing,
while the factory ;operatives had been greatly benefitei+.
The limitation of labour had given them three or fur months
in the year for the purposes of improvement. He would not
have troubled the House so long but fur the attack of the
Hon. Member for Durham.—( Cheers.)
The debate was then adjourned, as we understood, to to•
morrow (' his day).
The other orders of the day were then disposed of, and the
House Adjourned at Six o'clock.

LAW INTELLIGENCE.
PRIVY COUNCIL, Fill. 10.
The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council sat: again
to day to hear appeals. The Loads present were Lord
Brougham, Lord Campbell, the Master of the Roils (Lord
Langdale), and the Chancellor of the Duchy of Cornwall
(the Right Hon. Thomas Pemberton Leigh).
THE HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY OF GRENADA V. CHIEF JUSTICE

:xANDERSON.
The arguments in this part heard case were resumed this
morning.

The case came before their Lord.ihips upon appeal from
the decision of his Excellency the Governi.r of the isi,nu,
refusing to dismiss the respondent. the Chief Justice the
colony, from his situ tion. The case appears likely to 0..!-
cupy several days, the first counsel for the appellx, ( Mr. J.
P. Wilde) not having yet concluded his addre,s to their
Lordships.

COURT OF CHANcEi:Y. Fcb 10
The Lord Chancellor sat to-day in his Court, in the Old
Hall, Lincoln's Inn and heard appeal motions.
THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH COMPANY D. NOTT AND GAMBLE.
This case came before his Lordship a; (Li a motion
in the nature of an appeal from the decision of
his Honour the Vice-Chancellor of England, ordering
a motion for an injunction made on behalf of the
plaintiffs, the Electric Telegraph Company, to stand
over, and giving liberty to the plaintiffs to try such action
as they might be advised to try the validity of the patents,
to prevent the infringement of which was the object for
which that injunction was sought. One of the objects of the
present moti•m was to discharge that order, also to obtain an
injunction from his Lordship to restrain the defendants from
directly or indirectly making, using, exercising, or putting in
practice the invention or improvement contained in the patents
belonging to the plaintiff of the :years 1837, 1840, and 1842,
or from, or in any way, resembling or counterfeiting them.
We have already given a statement of the facts of the case,
and it is, therefore, unnecessary to repea' them.
Mr. Bethel!, Mr. Teid, and Mr. Heathfield, appeared in
support of the appeal motion ; and Mr. :quart and Mr.
Webster were counsel for Messrs. Gamble and Nott.

The case appears likely to occupy a dayortw;:

VICE- CHANCERY COURT, Ft& 10.
(Before the VICE-Cturromuß of ENGLAND).
THE LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY V

SWAINSON.

Mr. BETIIELL, with whom was Mr. Follett, applied in this
case upon motion to discharge an crder made by Sir W.
Horne, one of the Masters of the Court, by which he gave
to the defendant six weeks longer to put in an answer, plea,
or demurrer to the bill of the plaintiffs. The London and
North-Western Railway Company was now incor-
porated with many other railway companies, by several
Acts of Parliament, and it was usual in any bill filed
by the company to mention those Acts. The London and
gorth- Western Railway Company had entered into a con-
tract with the defendant, Mr. Swainso'n, fur the purchase of a
p►ece of land, and the present Bill was filed on the 22d of
December, 184 G, for the specific performance of that contract,
and praying thacit might be decreed that the plaintiff was
bound specifically to perform the contract. The defendant
did not put in his answer in time, and not being able,
as he alleged, to do so, in consequence of not having
had au opportunity of reading the several Acts
referred to in the Bill, he applied, under the new order, to
Sir W. Horne for further time, which application was granted,
and six weeks further given, and that order it was now
sought to discharge.
Mr. Walker and Mr. Wright opposed the application.
His HONOUR directed the order of Sir W. Horne to be dis-
charged, and gave the defendant ten days to put in his
answer to the bill.

COURT OF COMMON PLEAS, Feb. 10.
BARKER V. LYNDEN.
On the assembling of the Court this morning, this case,
which was part-heard yesterday, was resumed.
Mr. Stevens, the secretary of the company, was recalled,
and cross-examined at some length, with the object of
showing that the advertisements were ordered on behalf of
the managing committee, and not at the instance of the pro-
visional directors. The evidence, hoe; ever, did not show
that any particular distinction was kept up between the two
bodies. The only material point elicited was, that the five
original projectors, in consideration of having a certain num-
ber of shares allotted, or a certain amount of money paid
them out of the deposits, would bear the directors harmless
in the expenses. The shares had never been allotted, and
the arrangement was not carried out.
No dispute being raised respecting the fact of the adver-
tisements having been inserted in the newspapers by Mr.
Barker,
Mr. Sergeant RYLES submitted that no evidence had been
adduced to fix the liability on the defendant. No proof was
given that any credit had been given to the provisional di-
rectors. If any credit was given it was either to the secre-
tary or the committee of management. It did not ,ppekti•
that the secretary, who gave ttel orders, had ever been ap-
pointed by the provisional directors; for the meeting at
which that gentleman and the solicitor were appointed was
only a meeting of certain gentlemen favout able to a parti •
cular line of railway. Any appointment ot officers or orders
emanating from such a meeting, therefore, could not bind
the provisional directors who might be afterwards published
in ta mnection with the company.
Mr. KEA N followed on the same side.
Mr. COCKBURN contended for the liability of the defendant
on the grounds set forth in the evidence. This case was dif-
ferent from the ordinary cases of provisional directors, inas-
much as no distinction had been shown in practice here be-
tween provisional directors and the committee of manage-
ment. In fact they acted as one concern. Again it had
been clearly shown, that the defendant had given his consent
to be a provisional committee-man; that his name had been
inserted in the prospectus by his instructions; that a cor-
rection of his name was made in his own presence;
and that as provisional director, he had desired
to have 150 shares allotted. Besides he had
given, on several- other instances proofs that he took
a lively interest- in the company's proceedings. He sub-
mitted, also, that the meeting on the Bth of October was
clearly a meeting of provisional directors, for though they
might meet in the first instance as gentlemen in favour of a
particular scheme, they resolved themselves before breaking
up into a provisional committee, and made the appointments
as such. The acts of the officers, therefore, were to be taken
as proceeding from the instructions of the provisional com-
mittee; and as advertising was absolutely necessary for for-
warding the scheme, that was clearly a liability incurred at
their instance.
Mr. James and Mr. Parry followed on the same side.
Mr. Sergeant BYLES replied, recapitulating the objections
he had Previously advanced.
The LORD CHM' JUSTICE said, a great deal of what had
been advanced on this occasion was inapplicable to the pre-
sent case. There were certain points on such questions as
these, settled as law, till reversed by the House of Lords—,
an event which he apprehended would never take place. If
he differed ever so widely from what had bean already de-
cided, in his individual capacity, he would in law and pro-
priety be bound to give effect to it; but he saw no ground,
whatever for difference. Much had been said about the hard-
ship of the plaintiff having no responsible party to proceed
against, if these provisional directors were not liable. But in
a great number of those cases, he must remark, the actions
were not in reality brought on behalf of the plaintiffs,
but only to enable the projectors of companies
to save themselves from liabilities incurred, and to saddle
them on other parties. He did not, however, say that this
was the case with the present plaintiff, who was a trades-
man, and had, no doubt performed the services for which he
sought to recover. It was settled as law that an individual
consenting to be put on the list of provisional directors did
not, therefore, pledge his credit for any debts that might be
contracted in forwarding the objects of the company. It
had also been settled that the taking of shares as a provisional
director did not establish a liability. Now the present
action was brought by an advertising agent, and it would
be necessary to refer to the evidence which had been
adduced in support of the liability, in order to discover if
there was no exception to the rule. The evidence had
shown that the defendant assented to be placed on the pro-
visional directory, and that he had also consented to take
150 shares, though it appeared shares had never been issued.
It had next been shown that he had expressed himself as
willing to have his name advertised as a provisional director.
Now, these in his (the Lord Chief Justice's) opinion, didnot
take the case out of the decision which the superior Court
had come to, therefore did not establish the legal liability cf
the defendant. In reviewing the other parts of the case, he
did not think there were any circumstances to alter
this view of the matter. The meeting of the Bth ot
October seemed to him but a meeting of certain gentlemen,
desirous of forwarding a particular railway scheme, and they
appointed the provisional directors, but at this time the'
were not directors. Neither did he think the circumstance
of the defendant promising subsequently to settle the matter.
of such a character as to give any other complexion to the
case. The evidence of that was not very clear, and was given
by Mr. Garbett, who, it should be observed, had been inn
mately connected with getting up the scheme.
The Learned Judge having gone over the evidence in de-
tail, gave it as his decision that there was not sufficient evi-
dence to go to the jury, and that the plaintiffs should be non-
suited, or else a verdict to go for the defendant, in order to
admit of a bill of exceptions.
Under the direction of his Lordship, a verdict was returned
for the defendant,

Mr. COCKBURN, on behalf of the plaintiffs, then tendered a
bill of exceptions to the ruling of his Lordship.
GILES AND ANOTHER V. COMFORT.-THE TUNBRIDGE WELLS

AND RYE HARBOUR RAILWAY.
This was an action brought by Messrs. Francis Giles and
Alfred Giles, engineers, to recover 1,5601. for work and
labour done in surveying the line, and preparing the plans
and sections of the Tunbridgo Wells and Rye Harbour
Railway Company. This was the first of 13 actions by
the same plaintiffs in this Court. The defendants pleaded
the general issue.
Mr. Sergeant Channel! and Mr. Pigot appeared for the
plaintiffs; and Mr. Cockburn for the defendant, who is a
merchant in the city of London.
Mr. Sergeant CIIANNELL having opened the case, pro-
ceeded to call his witnesses.
From the evidence adduced it appeared that the scheme
iwnas
puprrsoijleacnteeed
oifn thea resloaluttteiron endof
aof
eBe4ts,
ing a nodf
tthathe
provisional directors, held on the 26th of October, the plain-
tiffs were appointed thTeheeigenfeeenrdsa,natnhdmiinsptrruecvtieodusttoo pro-
ceed with the work.
consented to be a provisional director of a scheme out of
which the present one emanated, and shares had been al-
lotted to him. It was further alleged that he had been
present at the meeting of the 26th of October, and
moved a resolution. The fact of consenting to
become a provisional director and to taking shares was clearly
proved, but the secretary of the company could not say that
the defendant was the Mr. Comfort whose name was attached
to the resolution in the minutes.
On the resolution being proposed to be read, the question
g
was raised whether the evidence was such as could oto the
jury, to fix the defendant as the party alleged to have been
present at the meeting.
On counsel being heard on the point in queti
The LOED CHIEF JUSTICE, after reviewing the evidence
at some length, decided that the evidence was not sufficient
for
purpose. the .
Sergeant CIIANNELL, on behalf of the plaintiff, then
r
conTsielentpeldaitroitibirest,tvoen-resunioteuc.l2.
uited accordingly.
This action was bGroluLgEttt'.b3'l3'Lithxert)sNaMe plaintiffs against
another provisional director of the same company.
The circumstances of the case similar to the pre-
ceding one the record was withd braViin- g
CO

URT OF QUEEN'S BENCH, Feb. 10.
(Before Mr. Justice WIGIITMAN and a Special Jury.)
KNILL v. LOVEG ROVE.
Mr. Sergeant Shee and Mr. Lush A ppaced for the plaintiff ;
and Mr. Knowles, Q. U., and Mr. Miller for the de:en,taril.
This is an action brought by the plaintiff, a bankrupt in
Gloucester, against his attorney. The declaration
in the cause alleged against 'the defendant was,
first, a breach of good Path, in unnecessarily giving evidence
before the Bankrupt Court of an act of bankruptcy executed
by Knill ; second, the use of fraudulent pretensions that all
the creditors were ready and willing to accept a composition
of 4s. in the pound, in consequence of which Knill executed
a deed of mortgage, whereby 200/. was recovered,
a sum represented as sufficient for that purpose;

but it afterwards turned out that only five of the
creditors agreed to accept the composition. and only two
of these received payment to the amount of 171., the rest of
the 204. being swallowed up in costs, the defendant's own
bill of costs amounting to 108/., and the plaintiff, now bereft
of his money, was in no better condition than when the fiat
was issued ; third, the want of due vigilance on the part of
the defendant in endeavouring to bring the rest of the credi-
tors to an agreement to accept the composition of 4s. in
the pound.
The evidence, which occupied the Court tie whole of the
day, was multifarious and very unititercsting. It failed to
prove ill, alieg.,fion of a Oreach oi good faith, and there-
fore that part 01 the c.se was abandoned by the plaintiff's
counsel.

Witneises were called on both sides, who showed
that the plaintiff, aware that some of his creditors would
not accenc to the composition of 45., agreed to pay a com-
position of 10s, to two of them, and pressed the defen-
Uaot to get the fiat superseded, and said, with
regard to his creditors, he would take his chance.
It the plaintiff was deceived by the representations
of his attorney into the hope that the sum re-
covered under the mortgage-deed would be sufficient
to obtain a settlement trust his creditors, this
was not an issue in the trial. The fiat was ultimately super-
seded, and ab•.ut 151. were paid to the creditors, the rest of
the money being swallowed up in costs, but the plaintiff
found himself nu better situated with regard to his creditors
than when the fist issued.

Thejury, after consulting about ten minutes, found a verdict
for the defendant.
The Court rose at six o'clock.

COURT OF EXCHEQUER.—Feb. 10.
(Sittings at Nisi l'rius, before the Loin CHIEF BARON and

a Common Jury.)
CARMAN .v. JOHNSON.

Mr. Martin appeared for the plaintiff, and Mr. Wines for
the defendant.

This was an action for the recovery of the balance of a loan
made by the Metropolitan Loan Society, for which defendant
became security.
A verdict was taken for the plaintiff for 511. 3s. 4d., with
leave to the defendant to move to enter a nonsuit.

JAMES v. MANN.

Mr. Martin and Mr. Howorth appeared for the plaintiff
and Mr. Humphrey and Mr. Prentice for the defendant.
This was an action to recover compensation in damages
for an injury sustained by plaintiff's, cab from a collision with
defendant's cart on the 7th July last, in Piccadilly, in conse-,
quence of alleged negligence on the part of defendant's
servant.

A number of witnesses baying been examined on both
sides, a verdict was given for the plaintiff for 121. 103.--
costs, 40s.

BAIL COURT, Feb. 10.
(Before the Judges in Banco.)
SIIAIH V. SWEETLAND.
Mr. BUTT, Q.C., who appeared for the plaintiff, said that
this was a motion for a rtew trial instituted by Admiral
Shanks, for the recovery of a right of way over a piece o
land adjoining a tenement and some mills, occupied by a
person of the name of Reed, who was himself a tenant of
Mr. Sweetland. It appeared that the piece of land had been
for a considerable time in a state of waste, and un-
occupied for any useful purpose. On the farther side
of it there was a small stream of water which was used
by Reed as a convenience, and it was necessary to pass
across this land of Admiral Shanks' to get to it. The con-
stant exercise of this custom for a length of time had
induced Sweetland and Reed to believe that the easement
was vested in the proprietor pro tempore of the tenement, and
that with the easement the real:property came also.
Mr. Sergeant KINGLAYE, on behalf of the defendant, said
that if there had been no grant of the right of easement,
there had been an open use of the right of way
for time that was legally immemorial. During the
trial in the court below both the tenant Reed, and also an
old man long resident in the neighbourhood, named Wollen,
had declared that, so long as they had known the premises,
this right of way had been enjoyed without interruption.
The cause had been put to the jury, under the direction of
the Learned Judge who tried the cause, for them to return
a verdict, on the ground that if Reed went over the land be-
lieving that he had the right, if not to the possession
of the land, at least to the easement of passing over it. That,
he, ( Mr. Sergeant Kinglake) submitted, was an erroneous di-
rection, for the principle on which the jury ought to have been
directed to return their verdict was upon the point as to whe-
ther there was an open possession or not. He contended that
there !Gild been this o?e,. possession, and that the plaintiff
ought, there.oe, to be nonsuited.

Mr. MONTAGUE SMITH followed on the same side, and
contended, that the mere belief of any man ct uld not be
taken, ter unless there were facts to confirm the existence
et that belief; and that an uncommunicated belief was
an improper ground on which to found a decision, and that
cause, which rested on such evidence, ought to be stopped,
in limine. Both Reed and Wollen had shown that there
had been an o, cupation for above forty years. There was
the actual occupation of the right of way, and the whole
difficu ty of the case arose out of the testimony of Reed, who
had tes ified that the tenant was in occupation of the land.
That was clearly going too far, and as is the case with the
testimonyof willing witnesses in numerous instances, was both
wrong and mischievous. But this in no way shook the real
merits of the case, for it had been decided by the Court hi
the case of Bright v. Walker, that the right of easement
should, in the words of the Act be claimed as such, and not
as a right to the land. They also stated in their judgment,
that this right must be used openly, not by stealth, but in
the face of the whole world. But the jury in this case bad
given their verdict even upon the weakest ground; and he,
therefore, submitted that it ought not to be reversed,
simply, because one witness had made an injudicious
statement, and he did not hesitate to assert 912
if it were reversed the Court would be destroying
c
mense number of rights in this country, for wite
always be found to come up and make an overstatement.
rould
d
been
Mr. Burr, for the plaintiff, contended that there h
no sufficient evidence given to prove the right, for there was
other land beside that which had been adduced.
DGE
Mr. Justice COLERI said that if there had been no evi-
dence to go to the jury, he wondered that the counsel on
the trial did not turn round and tell the jury so at the
time.

Mr. Burr resumed, and went through the evidence, en•
deavouring to show that it was either insufficient or con-
flicting, and thus either way constituted a sufficient cause for
making the rule absolute for setting aside the verdict.
An argument was raised as to what was the land over
which this right of land was claimed; when it was estab-
lished that the piece of ground over which this right bad
been exercised, although unquestionably the property of
Admiral Shanks, was separated from his other property by a
wall, and lay on the side of the ground which was occupied
by Reed.
The Learned Judges consulted together, and then
Lord Chief Justice DENMAN said that they conceived that
this trial had not been quite satisfactory, on the ground of
insufficient evidence of Reed's occupation, and they therefore
decreed that the rule for a new trial should be made absolute,
the costs to abide the issue.

MARKET NEWS.-(YESTERDAY.)
CORAT-EXCILA.NO E.
The arrivals of English Wheat for our market this week,
eeistwise as well as by land-carriage and sample, have been
on a very moderate scale ; hence the show of samples of
that grain here to-day was small. Although the attendance
of buyers was by no means large, the demand was very
steady, and Monday's advanced quotations were readily sup-
ported. In Foreign Wheat, the supply of which on offer
was small, very little business was transacted, yet the holders
were very firm, and would not sell, except at extreme cur-
rencies. Barley was in short supply and ready inquiry,
.at
fully late rates. The Malt trade was firm, but we can notice
no improvement in the value of that article. Oats, Beans,
Peas, and Flour moved off slowly, at unaltered currencies.
ARRIVALS.
Barley. I Oats I Flour.
1,510 qrs. 650 qrs. 1,870 skis
1,330 and
I 900 7,B3obrla

Snlish ......

Wheat.
1,120 qrs.

Irish.
Foreign

1,410
Malt, 1,530 on.
WRITECHAPEZ.
Although the supply of meat on sale was good, the general
demand ruled steady, at full prices. Beef, from 2s 8d to
3s 8d ; Mutton, 35 6d to 4s 6d ; Veal. 4s to 5s 2d; and Pork,
3s 6d to 4s 10d per Slbs by the carcase.

[ADVERTISEMENT.] —TEAS AT WHOLESALE PRICES,
N.). 2, IiucKLERSBURY, CHEAPSIDE.—FamiIies whose
con,uthpti,,n is large, and study economy, will derive
considerable. advantage at this establishment. One uni-
r,.vin price is affixed, by which the purchaser of a single
pound can obtain it on the same terms as the trade.
Black Tea 2s Bd., Ss., 3s. 4d, 3s. Bd., 45., 4s. 4d., 59.
Green 3s. 4d., 3s. Bd., 45., 4s. 4d., 55., Os. 7s.
Coffee. 9,1., 10d., Is., is 2d., ls. 4d., ls. 6d., is. sd.
One pound sent tree to any part of town. Orders from
the country forwarded the same day; and when the
quantity is for 61b. weight (tea only), the carriage is
paid to any part of EngIand.—MANSELL and Co.
wholesale tea dealers. 2, Bneklersbury, Cheapside .
PANAMA, DEC. 22.—The Pacific Steam Naviga-
tion Company's st( am-ship Ecuador, from Callao, arrived
here at 30 min. A.M., bringing, in addition to her usual pas-
sengers and cargo, the mails in continuation with the com-
pany's steamer Chili, which left Vi Iparaiso 28th November,
from the undermentioned ports in Chili, Bolivia, Peru, Ecua-
dor, and New Grenada, of the respective dates as under-
noted :—Chili—Valparaiso, 28th November ; Coquimbo,
29th ; Guano, 30th ; Copiapo, 30th. Bol!via—Cebij., 2d
51)tehc;e
jesre;o Peru—.lquique, gatilliago. u
Grenada—Buenaventura, 19th.
Ilt3hd; dPittaoyt;a,Alr4itcah 471:e;uadIsL
ora
Guayaquil, 16th ; New
STOKE NEWINGTON LITERARY AND SCIENTIFTC
SOCIETY. —A meeting of the tin mbers of this society was
held at the Manor House Rooms, Church-street, ou Monday
evening last. The Rev. Mr. Clissold, M.A., who occupied
the chair on the occasion, gave a very appropriate address ;
aftor which Dr. W. B. Carpenter, F.R.S., and Professor of
Physiology at the Royal Institution, delivet ed an a imirable
lecture on the application of the microscope to the study of
the vegetable kingdom.
ADvERTIsEmENT.]—A DISEASED KNEE,--A WON-
DERFUL CURE BY HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT AND PILLS.—John Weir.
aged 19, of Kinnegs, parish of Longlial, near Armagh, was seized
with a pain in his knee, which lasted lII' three months, and then
commenced to swell; six months afterward,, it broke out into a
dreadful wound, and discharged for twelvemonths, although every
remedy was used that medical men could devise, both at the
county infirm.,ry and local dispensary, yet no appearance of heallia
presented itself, until his father purchased some of Holloway's Pills
and Ointment, which soon effected a sound cure. No wounds, sores,
or ulcers, however hdig• standing, can resist the proper use of these
tine medicines. Sold by all druggists, and at Professor Holloway'
establishment, 244, Strand, London.

BIRTHS.
On the 8111 inst., at Harleyford, near Marlow, the Viscountess
Drumlanrig, of a son.
_ _

On the 15th of December, 1846, at Cochin, Eaat India, the wife Of
Alexander C. Brice, Esq., of a son.
On the sth Inst., at Pakenham, Mrs. Stedman, of a daughter.
On the 6th inst., at Vassal-road, Brixton, the wife of Mr. Henry
It. Marriott, of a daughter.
On the Bth inst., at Islington, Mrs. J. B. Price, of a daughter.

THE PATENT MILE-INDEX CARRIAGE
compoli.
(Registered Providonally under 7 and '8 Viet., cap.. 110.)
Capital, 05,0001., in Shared of NI. each.
Deposit, ls. per Shire, (being the areountlimited byStatute.)
Deposits will be ret,ted withoul deduction, if-the capital be not
subscribed, the regWered Promoter bearing all preliminary ex-
rchard Bark. r, Esq., 14, essto•Y-iiitg.
R. Hartley Kennedy, Esq., Ihisingtpli Lodge,
BOARD OF DIREFIttI.
B. Hartley Kennedy, E q., Chairman':Of7thilndia and London Life
Assurance Company. and Deputy Chairman of the Oriental Bank,
Itesington Lodge, Notting-loll,—Chairman.
Captain Tyndale. Director of the F:outli Eastern Railway, 21, Alfred.
place, Brompton,—Deputy Chairman.
Lieutenant General Wright, Royal Engineers, Army and Navy Club
St. James's-square.
V. B. (Basler, Esq., Esq., 84, Milton-street, Dorset-square.
J. B. B. Curtis, Esq., Lineo!n's-iun, ant 29, Wellington-road, S t,
John's-wood.
Robert Faulder White, Esq., 24, Sussex-gardens, Hyde-park.
(With power to increase the number to tell.)
/MANAGING DIRECTOR,
Henry Von Uster, Esq.
BARKERS.
Messrs, Sapte, Muspratt, Banbury, and Co., 77, Lombard-street.
AUDITORS.
7. Kirkham Fowell, Esq., 60, Moorgate-street, and Devonshire Cot-
tage, Alpha-road, Regent's-park.
(A second Auditor to be appointed by the Committee.)
SOLICITORS.
Messrs. Wire and Child, St. Swithin's lane, City.
SICRETARY.
Mr. Lionel Curtis.
Temporary Offices, No. 82, Charing-cross.
The Patent Mile-Index Carriage Company is promoted with the
following objects, viz. :-
1. The application to cabs of the Mile-Index, a recently patented
Invention, by which the exact distance travelled is readily ascer-
tained, and the passenger thus protected from overcharo by the
driver.

2. The adoption of a system of mile-tickets to be issued In books
or tickets at a reduced fare.
P. The improvement of eab conveyance, by the introduction of
Carriages of superior stile and accommodation, with a well-selected
stud and better class of drivers.
4. The substitution, so far as the establishment of the Company is
concerned, of the control and guarantee of a body of gentlemen, as
Managers, for the unsatisfactory means of redress of griseances at
present afforded by the Police Courts.
The invention of the Mile-Index is protected by Royal Letters
Patent, granted in June, 1846. The Patent Mile-Index has been
lifted to a Brougham carriage. The carriage so fitted has travelled
several hundred miles over the worst pavements in the metropolis,
at different speeds, and in all weathers, and with the most complete
success. (For a public testimony to the value of the invention, see
the notice in the " Times" of Monday, the 25th of January, page 6,
eolurne 6.)
The Provisional Directors bave concluded an agreement with the
Patentee for a general licence to are the invention in hackney-
carriages in the metropolle. or within a circuit of twenty miles from
the General Post-offiee, for the whole term of the patent. The
remuneration to the Patentee is therein made entirely dependent on
the littecesstin progress of the Company. A copy of the agreement
nee at the offices for inspection.
?he mile-ticket plan is adopted as the most cOrtveniainaselilderSanals
Iterative made of giving to the public the accommodation of aire
duced fare. It le calculated that the reduction of fare will (coupled
With the patent Mile-Index) considerably increase custom, and pro-
duce a large profit ; and it is considered that the arrangement by
Which such reduction in fare is made, througb the medium of mile-
tickets will not only prove a great convenience to the public, by the
accommodation which it will afford, but also very remunerative to
anareheiders, by the certainty of custom and advanced payments
produced by the arrangements.
It i.e in contemplation, when the Company has been formed and
the capital paid up, to apply to Parliament for an Act of Incor-
poration.
It w4l be seen that, as an abject of investment, this undertaking
presents a most satisfactory prospect ot a liberal return on the capital
Invested. This Company, by the general superiority of its vehicles,
horses, and drivers, by the guarantee afforded by the control of gen-
tlemen as managers, by the mile-ticket system and the reduced fare,
and particularly by the perfect check on overcharge which the Mile-
Index will place in the power of the passenger himself, will un-
doubtedly command a great share of the cab traffic of the metropolis.
The estimates show, that taking revenue at the lowest and expen-
diture at the highest, a dividend of upwards of ten per cent. will
accrue to shareholders, in addition to five per cent. interest on capi-
tal, clear of income-tax in both cases • and taking into consideration
the great saving to be effected in large purchases, and by being enabled
With money in hand to watch the market, and considering also the
greet traffic which the conveyances of this Company will certainly
Commend, a very much larger rsturn may be safely anticipated.
In submitting this proposal to the public, the promoters of the
tindettaking give unreservedly all particulars of the proposed joint
undertaking, and state explicitly the terms of association. The de-
posits will be returned without deducting, in the event of the whole
capital not being subscribed, unless the subscribers at a general meet-
ing determine to fors the Company on a scale commensurate with
the amount actually subscribed. The registered Promoter bears all
preliminary expenses, and reserves, in consideration of the informa-
tion, labour, expense, and risk, given and incurred in the promotion,
a per centage remuneration of 10 per cent, on the annual profits of
the undertaking, that is to say, after paying 5 per cent Interest on
capital. The estimates on which the calculations are based, and an
abstract of the provisions of the Deed of Settlement, are set fbrth in
an appfendix, to the end that tbe public may judge for tbeMseives of
the probability of success, slid know the nature of the centract into
Which they are invited to enter.
The details of the undertaking are as follows, viz.:—
Mlle-Index.—The huh* is placed in the body of the glib, being con-
nected with the wheels atra simple but ingenious apparatus. It is
in duplicate for both insiees and outside, and is in the fofih of a double-
fhced clock; miles, half-miles, and fractions of a mile; correspond to
hours, halt-hours, and nlibutss, and a hand performs,,the circuit of
the dial, marking the progress of the vehicle. At night the index
Will be lighted by a lamp.
A passenger will, en entry, note the position of the hand on the
outer dial, and read the distance as travelled by the dial within.
Mlle-Tickets.—lt is proposed to issue tickets for miles and half-
miles, in books far 40 miles each, at the price of if. Is. per book, or
6d. per mile. Should this arrangement prove acceptable to the
Public, due provision will be made to provide a sufficient number of
(actives to meet the demand.
Carriages, tics.—lt is proposed to start with 200 carriages; no
Pains will be spared to give the public a carriage combining every
requisite of design. accommodation, strength, safety, and lightness of
draught, with most convenient and handsome fittings.
Great care will be taken in the selection of the horses; and har-
ness, in keeping with the carriages, will be chosen.
Stabling, &c.—lt is proposed to purchase or rent a piece of ground
In seine convenient spot, and to erect a range of stabling, with the
necessary offices, storehouses, workshops, &c., on a comprehensive
plan. In any plan that may be selected, care will be taken to re-
serve space and make arrangements to meet an increase of the esta-
blishment at a future period.
Drivers.—Great care will be taken in the selection of the drivers,
Each man will be requited to enter into a written engagement with
the Company, and to find two householders as sureties for his ob-
servance of it.
A neat and uniform livery n ill be provided by the Company.
With a view of inducing a better class of men to enter the service
of the Company, arrangements will be made for the general comfort
of the men, the care of them under accident, in sickness. or old age;
and for the protection of the widows and orphans of those who may
die in the service.
One and a third per cent. on profits (profits as defined above) will
be set aside to form a fund for the purposes above stated.
The drivers will be placed under strict regulations, and be subject
to a rigid surveillance. A Committee of the Board of Directors will
sit daily to investigate complaints and afford redress. In all cases
-11 'which application to a magistrate or a prosecution may be neces•
eery, the proceedings will be conducted at the expense and by the
solicitors of the Company. It will be a special object of the Company
to save as much as possible the personal attendance of the com-
Plainant. While the Company will visit with the utmost severity
any delinattency on the part of their drivers, they will, at the same
time, firmly protect their servants in case of injustice.
Management, &c.—The management will be vested in a Board of
Directors, not exceeding ten in number, including Chairman and
Deputy-Chairman.
With a view of insuring the best attention to the interests of the
Company, both on the part of managers and officers, the principle
of per centage on profits will be applied to the remuneration of
directors for their services, and to the encouragement of officers. In
lieu of the usual fixed allowance, directors will receive a per centage
of twenty per cent. on profits (profits as defined above), and the
Managing Director and Secretary will receive, in addition to fixed
salaries, a like per centage of one per cent. each. As the remunera-
tion of directors is postponed till shareholders have realised fair
interest on their investment, and is then proportioned to the surplus,
shareholders have the best assurance that directors will use every
effort both to increase the revenue and economise the expenditure.
In the same way the zeal and vigilance of the officers will be stimu-
lated by the interest which they also will have in the prosperity of
the undertaking.
Finance.—The accounts will be audited quarterly. Interest on
capital at five per cent. will be paid half-yearly. Profits will be
divided annually.
The foregoing are the general features of the undertaking. In
its organisation many modification's will probably suggest them-
selves, but its main character will remain the same. As the Di-
rectors are most desirous of making the establishment as useful to
the public as it can be made, any suggestion will receive their most
careful cousideraton.
The detailed estimates (see Appendix A) have been compiled
With the greatest care. The several items are vouched by written
statements by competent persons. They have been laid before
gentlemen of great experience in these matters, who have earefidly
examined and approve them.
The Deed of Settlement (see abstract in Appendix B) contains
two important provisions protective of the interests of shareholders.
1. Any new shares to be issued for the purpose of Increasing the
capital, should it be desirable to extend the Company's e,tablish-
meat, will be offered in the first instance to shareholders, in pro-
portion to the number of old shares held by them. 2. If ever the
alarage of yearly dividends shall fall below the five per cent. tete.
rest on capital, the shareholders shall be couvened, to consider the
propriety of dissolving the Company.
There are several points deserving attention with reftrence to this
Undertaking as an object of investment :-1. There is nothing expe-
rimental in it ; it proposes to supply a want which all feel, by means
the value of which any one can appreciate. 2. The items of the
estimate are of an every-day character, and the actual cost in each
unite is given ; the calculations are open to investigation, and can i.e
outsily tested. 3. The money of shareholders will net be sunk in
,elPeriments, or wasted in preliminary expenses ; it will be laid out
is the purchase of a property which will always find a sale and bear
a price. 4. A zealous and prudent management of the affairs of the
eoncern is insured by the per oentage system of remunerating di-
rectors and encouraging officers. 5. The distiaetion between inte-
rest on capital and profits, and the provision made for payment o
interest as an item of expenditure, without reference to division of
Profits, gives to a subscription in this undertaking the double cha-
racter of a steady investment and of a commercial speculation. 6.
Interests of shareholders are protected in any increase of capital,
and they hold in their own hands the power to put an end to the
Concern when it ceases to be profitable.
RULES OF SUBSCRIPTION.
1. Shares will be allotted on application in the form annexed, ac-
companied by a reference to one of the directors, a London banker
or two householders of respectability.
2. The directors aeserve power to reject any application. or to
allot a number of shares less than the number applied for.
3. Deposits to he paid to the bankers of the Company to the
credit of the trustees, who undertake to return the same without
deduction, if the whole capital of 65,0001. be not subscribed, un-
less otherwise directed by resolutions of a general meeting of sub-
leribers•
4. On production of the bankers' receipt, and on execution of the
deed of settlement (a printed copy of which will be handed to the
subscriber lbr his information), scrip certificates will be issued.
b. When the Company has been completely registered (which will
be done when the deed of settlement has been executed by one.
feurth or the subscribers), due notice will be given in the London
Gazette and daily papers.
6. Subscribers will be required, within one month from the publi-
cation et each notice, to pay a first call of 11. 19s. per share, and to
exchange scrip certificates for shares
7. Further calls will not exceed 3p. er share, and there will be an
interval of not less than two months between each call.
1. It will be in the discretion of the directors to forfeit and re-allot
shares in cases of non-compliance with terms of
9. The directors reserve power to fix by public advertisement,
the London Gazette and daily paper, any limit of time not herein be_
fore given. -
Application for shares to be made in the form annexed, to the se,
eretary, at the Temporary Offices, No, 32, Charing-cross.
FORM OF APPLICATION FOR SNARES.
To the Secretary of the Patent Mile-Index Carriage Company.
apply to be admitted a subscriber to the Patent Mile-Index
Carriage Company, and I request an allotment of shares in
sue capital stock of the Company on the terms of the prospectus, /
nubjela the particulars required Yours.
Dated day of 1846. (Usual signature.)
Name in full .. • • •
Place of business •• • •
Place of residence . • .• • •
Profession or occupatioa • • • • • • • . • • • •
Reference in fell • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • •
..IPpendix A (Estimates) may be obtained at the temporary offices,
.4, Charing-cross.
APpendix B (Abstract of Provisions of Deed of Settlement) will be
eblished in a few days.
Detract from a notice in the "Times" of Monday, 25th January,
1847, page 6, column 6.
The Patent Mile-Index.--A simple and ingenious contrivance for
I raeuring and indicating the distance travelled by wheel car-
sages .....There is nothing unsightly in the apparatus, which, in-
eV. can scarcely be seen at all hen the carriage is in motion.
~.411e Passenger :s thus supplied with a perfect check against over-
snarge, while the proprietor has the means of knowing the amount
of mileage actually performed. The convenience and simplicity of
4844°Pting, as the index of distance, a method of calculation so familiar
Gm fac of a clock supplies, need hardly be pointed out.
_ The Patent Mile-Index has been fitted to a Brougham, which has,
._we are told, travelled.between 200 and 300 miles over paving stones
Td rough roads, and under circumstances calculated to test severely
e working of the apparatus, and always with the same satisfac-
tory result.
We had en opportunity on Saturday of psoying the accuracy of
the
index by travelling several milts lu the carriage ill question ;
Uand ci comparing the revolutions of the hour and minute hand at
eelneaeured mile, we were, we confose, surprised by the nicety of
Lae result.
eoPossibllity of tampering with the apparatus has been effectually
prevented.
A reform in oar cab system has become one of the recognised
w
alnts of city life, and the first great step in this direction must be in
the e—
p,Kaatt_senger himself possessing an effectual check upon overcharge.
the proprietorsP2 /milks moat iuteres,teu in ,11,11 a reform are
neeu.t it 11,1151 °rum have
bateL'7U to our render that a wutli greater aggregate allioullt. (pro-
eeet'r, n Y double the present sum) would be received in fares
Year by cabmen, if they would be content with their legal (are,
and WQIII4 receive it with civility.