The Sun.
London, England, 1847-01-18 00:00:00

,lIST.

CULTIVATION 107`,

CLIMATE.—The temperature differs considerably in
the elevated valleys. which are surrounded by the high
peaks of the Andes, and in the low countries on both
sides of the range. In the valley of Quito the seasons
are scarcely perceptible. The mean temperature of the
day all the year round is between sixty and sixty-seven de-
grees, and that of the night between forty-eight and
fifty-two degrees of Fahrenheit. The winds blow con-
tinually, but never with great violence. They generally
come from the north or south, but occasionally shift to
other quarters, without apparently depending in any
degree on the seasons. During the whole morning till
one or two o'clock, the weather is generally delightful,
and the sky serene and clear, but after this hour vapours
begin to rise, and the whole sky is gradually covered
with black clouds, which bring on dreadful tempests of
thunder and lightning, followed by torrents of rain. At
sunset the weather generally clears up, and the nights
are as serene as the mornings. The rains sometimes
continue all night, and occasionally three or four days
in succession. At other times a few fine days without
rain follow one another. The interval between Septem-
ber and May is called the winter, and the remainder of
the year is summer. The winter is only distinguished
by a greater quantity of rain, and the summer by a
greater number of fine days. The valleys are also sub
pet to frequent earthquakes, of which those of 1698 and
1797 were particularly destructive. In the last earth-
quake 40,000 inhabitants are stated to have perished in
the valleys, and it is said that the climate of Quito has
become much colder than it was formerly.
PRODUCTlONS.—Agriculture varies with the elevation
of the cultivated line above the level of the sea. Near
the snow line, which in this point of the Andes occurs
at the height of 15,750 feet, the vegetation of the Pal tt
mos (that tract on the summit of the range, from 11,000
to 14,000 feet above the sea) is extremely scanty, con-
sisting only of two or three species of plants. Districts
situated at an elevation of 10,000 feet are covered with
grass, which afford good sheep walks. Such are the
plains in the mountain knot of Pastos. The culture of
European corealia and fruits prevails between 10,000 and
4,000 feet, especially in the great valley of the Andes.
In those parts of the country which do not exceed in
elevation 4,000 feet above the sea, the vegetables culti-
vated for food are chiefly sweet potatoes, mandiocca,
yams, and bananas, with rice, Indian corn, and soma
leguminous plants. The most common fruit trees are
pine apples, papayas, and aronas. Amongst the forest
trees is that which gives the Anchona bark. Sheep and
cattle are reared in great numbers, especially in the
valley of the Andes, and on the higher declivities of the
mountains. Horses, asses, and mules, are sufficiently
numerous to be articles of export. In some districts,
especially in the valleys along the coast, a considerable
quantity of wax is collected, and still higher up are
some spots where the cochineal insect is reared. Ecua-
dor is less rich in the precious metals than the other
countries of South America, which comprehend a portion
of the Andes. There are several mines of gold and
silver, and a few are still worked; but the annual pro-
duce is not considerable. Lead and quicksilver occur in
some places, and in others sulphur is prepared in conside-
rable quantities. Salt is obtained from sea water along
the coast.
POPULATION.—The population of the Ecuador is com-
posed of the descendants of Spaniards and the Aborigines.
The proportion of both races is not stated, but it would
appear that the aborigines constitute at least three
fourths of the population. Those Indians who inhabit
the elevated valleys belong to the race of Peruvians, and
speak the Quichna language; they are mostly agricul-
turists, and cultivate their lans with much care. They
apply themselves also to manufactures, and make coarse
stuffs of wool and cotton. The Indians who inhabit the
eastern plain are much lower in civilisation; they culti-
vate only small pieces of ground, and apply themselves
almost exclusively to fishing nod hunting. The Jesuits
had made considerable progress in bringing them to
Christianity and civilisation. The political events which
have taken place since 1812 have driven the monks out
of the country, all the missions 'are in ruins, and the
Indians have returned to the forests, and lost all
marks of civilisation. The whole population wasn
thought to amount in 1827 to 492,000, with the fsl:adice'd
of the Indian bravos of the plain.
into three departments, that of
hEscuEaeduoard in
Guayaquil and of Assuay. elevatedoorr vQ.a. lul t3o,s,
there
h theere
several parts of Ecuador or
In
tt
ino' aren
i many n yt h e
districts ruinso
ancient palaces of
the
Incasan which, in the time of the
are traces of the 'great roadhe
southern extremity of the
Incas, led from Quito tot
valley of Titicana. In the department of Assuay there
is a university. The manufactures in cotton and wool
are considerable in Quito. The fabric is coarse, but
strong and durable, and was formerly in great request
in New Grenada and in several seaports. All the ma-
ritime commerce of Ecuador is concentrated in Guaya-
quil, from which town there is a road to Quito ; the
great road which connects New Grenada and Peru runs
through the valley of Ecuador. Ecuador was discovered
by Francis Pizarro, in 1526, and came into the hands of
the Spaniards at the downfal of the empire of the Incas.
The Spaniards remained in possession of the country up
to the year 1812, when. the country declered against
them. By the c+ nvention of Cucuta in 1821, New Gre-
nada and Venezuela united and formed one republic
under the name of Colombia. In November, 1831
(Bolivar having resigned the presidency of the republic
of Colombia the previou- year), a new separation took
place, when it was decided
should that constitute the province of Quito
Ecuador. a separate republic, under the name of

I t 1
A.
The Hail Advertiser says, the Chateber of Commerce
of this port have agreed to present a memorial to the
East India Company, setting corth the advantages of an
uniform culture of cotton in the East Ladies. and pea) Mg
that they wiil relieve this important article of commerce
and manufacture from the tremendous local imposts by
which it is fettered. The following is a copy of the
memorial w hick was dispatched last, night, and a copy of
which was also forwaidcd to the Board of Control:—
" To the Honourable the Chairman. Deputy-Chairman,
and Court of Directors of the East India Company,
London.
"The following memorial of the President, Vice-Presi-
dent, and Directors of the I lull Chamber of Commerce,
"Humbly sheweth,—That the importation of cotton
wool, io much larger quantities than have hitherto been
brought from India, is becoming daily of increased im-
pertance to Great Britain at large, and to the town of
Hull in particular.
" That the importation from all parts of India to the
United Kirgilorn has been gradua:ly decreasing fl.r the
la t five eea7s, !he quantity enterer) in 1841 having be. is
273 000 s (averaging in wegi,t cz&c!,), while
in 1845 it r n!)- an:canto] to 155,000 bales ; 411w.sing a
~ff of 118,000 bales.
" That the itnp“rtation from America for the same
time has increte•ed from 890,000 bales, in 1841, to
1,490,000, in 1845, showing an increase of 600,000 bales.
" That in the opit;ion of your mt,:i;orialists, the great
redretion in the import of co!ton froa. India arise s prin-
cipally, if not entirely, from the h,avy land- tax and
transit-dues to which it is subj,ct before it reaches tha
sea coast ; the,e charges aniounting to 75 per cent. eta
the average value of cotton Bombay, viz. 2d. pee lb.
" That your memorialists find the cotton brought
from Bombay of very infi rior quality, usually much
stained from exposure, and mixed with seed and other
waste, which incurs serious lam. in weight, and expense
in cleaning.
" That your memorialists would therefore pray your
Honourable Court to take these matters into your early
and serious consideration, and adopt such measures as
may induce European capitalists to invest money in, and
wake cotton growing in India, their business, your me-
morialists being of opinion that such measures would,
by superior culture, improve the quality of the staple,
lead to careful picking and clean packing, and ultimately
bring the cotton trade of India to a state of perfection
and extent that would, ere long, rival, if not exceed, that
of America.

i‘ Your memorialists woul4 'further remark, that the
production of cotton i
the world is at this moment, in-
sufficient g
i to
.'eep in full vv-ik the mills now actually
eaistir,n Great Britain. Further, that Hull, in which
Your memorialists are more particularly interested, has
become a manufacturing place, and extensive mills are
now being erected, which will double the present con-
sumption.
" Your memorialists being of opinion that the true
interests of the co: ton-growing districts of India are the
only means likely to induce extensive and profitable
cultivation of that staple in those countries, by Euro-
peans. as well as natives, depend upon your honourable
court reducing, so far as may be deemed advisable, the
land-tax and other heavy charges to which the article is
now subject, respectfully submit the nece:.sity for so
doing. . _

" And your memorialists, as in duty bound, will ever
pray, &c.
" Signed on behalf of himself, the vice-president, and
directors of the Hull Chamber of Commerce, by
" THOS. THOMSON, President.
" Hull, January, 1847."

TRADE WITH THE CAPTURED
MEXICAN PORTS.
Circular to Collectors and other officers of the Customs.
Treasury Department, Dec. 16,1846.
I have to call your especial attention to the annexed
circular instructions, heretofore issued, regulating the
trade with Matamoros, Tampico, and any other port or
place upon the Mexican side of the Rio Grande which
may during the war pass into the actual possession of
the forces of the United States, they being still in full
force, and to which it is found expedient to add the fol-
lowing explanations and regulations with the view of
affording every facility consistent with law to persona
participating in said trade.
It is to he observed that the trade is confined exclu-
sively to American vessels coming from foreign ports,
or departing from our ports, with cargoes composed
either of foreign goods on which the duties shall have
been paid, or of articles of the growth, production, or
manufacture of the United States.
American vessels and their cargoes, departing from
any friendly foreign port, and destined for either Mexi-
can ports before referred to, must first enter at some
port, of entry in the United States, and pay duty on
their cargoes, and may thence take a clearance and pro-
ceed to either of the ports before stated, and land their
cargoes thereat without payment of further duty or
charges. Before granting a clearance in these cases, a
manifest must be prepared in duplicate and sworn to by
the master of the vessel, containing an exact description
k of the kind, quantity, quality, and value of the respec-
tive articles composing the cargo, and be submitted to
the collector of the port. The collector will certify on
one of the duplicate manifests the fact of the duties
having been duly paid on all the dutiable foreign im-
ports described therein, and will deliver the same to the
master of the vessel, retaining the other manifest
amongst the archives of his office.
All acts rendered necessary in pursuance of law, to
determine the quantity, character, and value of imports,
with a view to the assessment of the correct duty, must
be complied with at the port of original entry in the
United States. The landing being effected, and the
duties secured, the goods may be either re-laden on board
the bUille vessel or placed on board of another American
vessel for transportation to either of the before-men-
tioned places in the manner herein indicated. It is
desired, and enjoined upon their respective officers of
the customs, that every proper facility for the speedy
dispatch of vessels and cargoes entering at their ports,
and destined, as before stated, may be afforded.
It is to be distinctly understood that no vessel will be
allowed to proceed with a cargo, taken in at a foreign
port, to either of the places before alluded to, without
first entering and paying duty at some port of entry in
the United States.
Foreign goods warehoused in the United States cannot
be withdrawn therefrom for exportation to the places
mentioned, without payment of the import duty, nor
can the duty paid on any foreign imports, be returned as
drawback, on their exportation to either of the places
referred to.
It is deemed proper to add, that these instructions are
not intended to interfere with any orders issued by the
proper military authority, ti exclude at the places indi-
cated, such articles, including spirituous liquors or
contraband of war, the introduction of which may be
considered injurious to our military operations in
Mexico.
These instructions being issued with the sanction of
the President of the United States, it is expected that
they will be conformed to by all officers of the United
States, in every branch of the Government.
R. J. WALKER, Secretary of the Treasury.

NEW IRISH MAGISTRATE.—CharIes Daniel O'Con-
nell, Esq., of Bahoss, Kerry, son-in-law of Daniel O'Connell,
E. q.. M.Y., has received the appointment of stipendiary ma-
gistrate.—Limerick Chronicle.
THE MYSTERIOUS DISAPPEARANCE OF A LADY
AT TWICKENHAM.--011 Saturday morning the body of
Mrs. Elizabeth Smith, who it will be remembered dis-
appeared in a most mysterious manner from the house of
her husband, Pope's Villa, Twickenham, on the night of
Sunday, the 27th ult., was picked up in the river Thames,
off Lambeth, and taken to the dead house of that parish,
where it awaits a coroner's inquest. It is in a most de-
composed state.
It gives us much pleasure to state that a Queen's
letter will shortly be issued for the relief of the distressed
population of Ireland.—Observer.
DREADFUL POWDER MILL EXPLOSION....—EXETER,
SATURDAY NIGHT.—A tremendous explosion involving
melancholy consequences, took place on Thursday morn-
ing last, at the Kennel Vale Powder-mills, the property
of Messrs. Samson and Lanyon, at Kennal, in the parish
of Stithian's. The explosion took place in the stamping-
mill, which was almost a new building, and was blown to
atoms. Two men were working in the mill, named
i Martin and Dunstan, and these unfortunate individuals
ware shockingly mutilated by the force of the explosion.
A number of persons on hearing the report congregated
around the spot from the neighbouring village of Pons-
worth, end great wee the lamentation among them, it not
being known what family bad been bereaved of its mem-
bers. The bodies of the two men were soon known.
Part of Dunstan's body was blown into the river; his
arms and one of his legs were rent from the body; his
face frightfully disfigured, and the whole remains in such
a mangled condition that they were obliged to be taken
up in a sheet. Martin's body also presented a shocking
appearance, the skull being blown entirely of£ Both
men were married, but have left no children.
THE MACxAREL FISHERY.—The catch of mackarelt
off the town during the week has been very greatnc ;
less than 40,000 having been brought in.
_OO ~bimionaot.
alone—the Sarah, Nat. Gunn—took 11,091firci
.11 "
They
nesday night, being the first night's'
.111
..Wof
Other
were very fine fish, fetched
t 417:60
anbduroroe:
a night ;
boats have taken from
.2 0 r?
reducing the prices from 365.
and fish are
hundred.very plentiful,
No news has been received from
to 185. per h
re there are still eight or ten Brighton
Plymouth, where
off the town. B • h
boats,' whilst 22 are employed rig ton
Herald.
Sir John Forbes, Bart., late of Fintray House,
and Craigiewar Castle, Aberdeen, N. 8., had made his will in
November, 1844; having well provided for Lady Forbes,
his two sons, and five daughters : his wife with a jointure of
7501. a year, his daughters also with a provision under the
same contract, as well as a legacy under the will, the eldest
son succeeding to the estates of Fintray and Craigievar, and
the youngest to: the Corse estate; and has left all other his
property to hi& eldest son. Tire acting executor is John.
Angus, Esq., advocate, Aberdeen.
REPRESBNTATION OF THE TOWN OF GALWAY:'
The LimerierChroniele says :—" The reports of theretirement
of Sir Valentine Blake, M.P., for Galway, are very current
in that town, and that Mr. Solicitor-General Monahan is to
succeed him in the represehtation."
The total of railway deposits for the coming ses-
sion, placed to the credit of the Accountant-General of the
Court of Chancery in compliance with the standing orders, is
about 4,200,000/. More than half of this sum consists of
Stock and Exchequer-bills in nearly equal amounts.
BRISTOL SUGAR MARKET, JAN. 15. —There has
been a very good business doing this, week in all kinds
of sugar, and the offices are now closed, at prices from
2s. to 3s. above those ruling before Christmas.—Bristol
Mercury.
AN UNTIMELY BUTTERFLY.--011 Thursday even-
ing a butterfly was found in the engine-room of Mr. Ful-
lerton's workshop, Leith-street. It was a common yule*
1
one, and quite lively. It frisked about in our own office foe
some time after being brought to us for inspection.— *AV
Register.