The Sun.
London, England, 1823-08-25 00:00:00

RECIPROCITY OF BUTTES ACT.

PETITION .of the LONDON SHIP-OWNERS against
any ORDER of COUNCIL being Issued under this Act.
, .
TO THE LORDS OF HIS MAJESTY'S MOST HONOUR.
ABLE PRIVY 'COUNCIL.
. ,
The humble Petition of the Sbip-Owners of the Port of Lon-don;
SitEwErix,s—That the Bill to authorize his Majesty, under
certain circumstances to regulate the duties and drawbacks on
,goods imported- or, exported, in foreign vessels,—which declares
it to be expedient that his Majesty should he " empowered to
" allow the importation or-exportation of any
.pods, wares,
" anti merchantlize, when imported or, exported:ln foreign yes.
" sels, from br to those countries in Which no tither duties are
" charged or other drawbacks, bounties, or allowances granted
" upon the importation or exportation of any goods, wares,. or
" merchandize, into or from such country, Id British vessels,
" than are charged, or granted upon such gittods, when im.
" ported or exported into or • from such countries in foreign
" vessels,"—having passed into a law,' and yottr Petitioners
being the more convinced the more they have inquired and re-
flected upon the subject, that if the powers given to your Lora-
ships by the said pigs should be acted upon, and the rules
thereby laid down be applied to the trading Intercourse between
this kingdom and the rest of the commercial world, (particu.
lady the Northern States of Europe), the most destructive con-
sequences must result to the merchant -shipping of Great Br'.
tain, and thereby to the nursery of seamen, which it is the
means of maintaining. Your. Petitioners—as individuals prac-
tically acquainted with the subject—feel it to be their duty to
Inakethe present most solemn appeal to your Lordships, against
the adoption of measures so ruinous to British shipping, and of
such infinite danger to the most important national interests;
or, at all events. they do knout your Lordships to defer the
same until you sliall have received that evidence which your
Petitioners have been .prepared.to giee, if an opportunity had
been afforded them, upon the important tmestion„ of whether
the British Ship-owner will eventually be likely to retain any,
and what portion of the trade with the several ship.building
States of Europe, if the protection by differences of duty and
drawbacks, and allowances, which have hitherto been found
necessary, should be withdrawn. '
That your Petitioners have no hesitation indeclaring to your
Lordships, as their most • decided conviction, that the disad-
vantages to which the British Shipowners would be thereby
subject, would be such as to make it impossible for there w
compete with the shipping of other countries, particularly those
in the North of Europe; and consequendy, that the greater
part of that portion of the British trade with them, which the
British Ship-owners now enjoy, will eventually be carried on
by the shipping of those -countrieee in like manner as the in.
tercourse with the United States, under the same system, is
chiefly carried on in American shiliping.
That the Petition of the Ship-owners of London to the Ho-
nourable the House of Commons, against the said Bill, contains
extracts from the official accounts, which clearly chew that the
amount of British tonnage is annually diminishing; that Bd.
fish ship.building is rapidly declining; and that of the late
increased trade with Norway, Prussia, and Sweden, foreign
shipping has had much the greatest proportion. •
That in the discussions in the-House of Commons upon the
said Bill, the evidence afforded by those extracts from tile
official accounts was opposed by further quotations from them,
which shewed, diet the number of arrivals of British ships. in
the year.lB22 exceeded, by 1,474 shim and 426,425 tons, the
number of arrivals in the preceding year.
That, upon this head. yaur Petitioners humbly beg to sub-
mit to your Lordships, that•although an increase .in the number,
of repeated voyages made in any nue, year might be evidence of
the increased trade of the country, it would by no ineans fol-
low that the shipping interest was therefore in a flourishing
state. With respect, however, to the fact itself, your Peti-
tioners beg leave to observe, that although the official accounts
of the number of vessels arrived in Greta Britain (including
the arrivals front Ireland) exhibit an increase in the year 11122,'
beyond that of 1821 (as above stated), yet those. accounts also'
chew, that the number of arrivals in the United A ingdont, in
the year 1022, (which, your Petitioners lititubly submit, pre-
sents the correct view of the object) was only 2H eessele,,and
64,204 tons beyond those isei!i2l t and that if the comparison
of the arrivals n the year 1022 be made with those in the year
14.0,00ver, beg in stain nt to your lowd4
1020, there itea falling Mr of 193 vessels, and 4,433 tons ; and
that if the comparison be, made with. the You I.litii, 'the fallinsi
off is 1387 ships,'anti 145;51)1 tons. ,
~
..
• That your Petidoners,
ships, tbatin ordat. tn see, Alesete of the •fereign trade of tb
tai
country, the account oho lei pilots exclusive qf Ow yank
ophips arrived la this rs Joi.S friln Ireland ; when it wil
appear that the arrival' in thetTnittaKingdortill'omforeige Neil
by no more titan zit)
tvnect.seity,eaanralslirinewacenemd,cl
those in
t It°lll' arrivals in 111.22 werit
less than in 11129 by 311. ships, and 1800 tons, and less than
in 1019 by Ilk/ships. rand 130,1190 tens.
That, on the occasion of thooe difitnnutiOnli in PaliianlClll, your
Petitioners perceived, with 'the most palefid feelings, the pre.
valence of great misapprehension on the part of thoxellonourame
Members by whom the Bill was supportedi• on the subject of
the relative durability of British and Foreign Shipping; and
of the power of the British Ship-owner to -build, build, equip, and
navigate his ships, upon such terms as to enable him to compete
with, hie rivals in the north of Europe.
That your L'etitioncrs itte prepared to prove to your Lord-
ships, that the maintenance of such competition is impossible ;
and that it must continue 114), notwithstanding any remission of
duties on articles in the building and equipment of ships, which
It may be in the power ofthe Legialature to grant, as the Uri.
tish Ship.o*ner will always haie to struggle against the effects
of freight and expellees on the materials necessary for building
and equipment ; and likewise of indirect taxation, which raises
the price oflabour, and extends to every home production used
in their construction ; together with the unavoidable and ins.
portant difference in the expence of protlitione and wages,
which still remain, and form an irremediable disadvantage;
and your Petitioners trust that the matter will appear in the
same light to your Lordship when you consider the following
circumstanc ts, viz.:- i
let. That no vessel is entitled to Registry, Milos British
built, or prize. -
2d. Thtt every British vessel must be 'manned with a Master,
And three-fourths of the crew British seamen; and if exceeding
80 tons must have a certain number of apprentices, according
to their register tonnage.
.3d. That no Bridal' 'vessel .can be repaired in a foreign port,
(unless such repair es may be absolutely necessary to enable
her to return home,) to an amount exceeding 16s. per ton. •
4th. That any sails'iiith which it may befound necessary to
provide a British ship, in a Foreign port, are subject, on the
vessel's arrival, to a duty of 1041. 9s. 2d. per cent. ad valorem.
6th. That heavy duties are in like manner chargeable on any
on anchors. which a British vessel may
shpaarres
occasion,cab le s , cordate dprovide in a foreign part.
That the effect of these burthens, with the other duties and
charges to which British Shipowners are liable, (as your Pe-
titioners are prepared to prove,) is, that a British ship cannot
be built and equipped for less than from 141. to 231. per ton.
While the Prussian pays from 71. lbs. to 10/. ditto. The
Swede and Norwegian about 71. ditto. The Frenchman about
10/.
That the disproportion in the wages and victualling is not
less than in that of the cost of the vessel, vit. present rate of
wages for British seamen, 455. to 565. per month, according to
the voyage t— -
The average may be . s 60s. per month.
Prussia, 245. to 265. - average 255. ditto.
Swede,, s. fid. to 20s. . . 17s. ditto.
Dutchman - . M. ditto.
That the difference in the expellee of provisioning being ex.
trendy Variable, cannot be stated with accuracy, but is In pro.
portion to that of the wages. The result of all which is. that
the foreigner Inman advantage of 40 per cent.- in the employ
ment of his capital over the British Shipowner.
That under such disadvantages, nothing but the protecting
differences Hof duty, drawbacks, &c., and fists co.operating regu.
Wiens of the Navigation Laws, have hitherto enabled the Bri.
tish Ship-owners to compete with those of foreign powers; and,
therefore,
troth Petitioners submit to your Lordship's, that if
that protection be withdrawn, the exclusion of the British Ship-
owner from a participation in many of the trades with other
countries will be inevitable ; whilst what remains will be un.
productive of income ; and that, in the event of war between
Great Britain and any other power, which would subject Bri.
tish shipping to war exigences, all the considerations herein
submitted to your Lord Lordships would apply with double
force, especially if any
further permanent stipulation is made
with other countries as to duties.
That in support of what is thus set forth, your Petitioners
beg to state to your Lordship*, that previous •to the protecting
bounties on certain articles exported in British ships, the whole
of the trade to Ilamburgh was carried on in foreign vessels;.—
that, at the present time, British ships have but a very small
proportion of the trade of. the world not carried on from or to
British Ports; (as will be evident from the fact, that out of 203
vessels arrived at the free port of Ilamburgh between the lit
of January and 3d July, IM3, only about twelve were British;)
and that, at the present time, Prussian vessels are engaged
for freight at 20s. to 225. per load, for the supply of his Ala.
jest 's d.ock yards and the London marketwit
h timber, &c.
from Prussia, whilst a lower rate than Zis. to 30s. per load
will notyield to the British Shipowner an adequate remunera•
non for the employment of his capital.
That since the peace, oury Petitioners have been struggling
against ruinous rates of freight, and immense depreciation of
at iteEu a degree nothing inferior to that which the Agricul-

The new Registry Act allows :Os. per ton.

tural or Manufacturing Interests have sustained; and by Biel
Navi'ation Act of the .3d of his present Majesty, together with
the West India'lnterconise Bill, and the AVareliousing Act of
last Session, foreign vessels,ate permitted to engage in various
branches of the carrying trade, which, previous to the passing
of those Acts, had been confined to British shipping.,
That under all these circumstances, and there being many
branches of the carrying trade in which it is impossible for
grid sh shipping successfully to coMpeto with forvgners with-
obi. the aid of ionic advantages in respect of duties;
Lit Petitioners Most earnestly enlaat, that-your I:ordships
will be pleased not to exercise the powers given to you by the
A et. of ,Parilabiehe in Cineltion:ivltheut Atroliting them Etn:op—
pdtffir4ty of proving to your I.srdships in what manner and
degree the interests of British SbiPping will be thereby affected.
And your Petitioners will ever pray. • - •
London, Aug.' 4, 1823.

FOR, THE SUN,

TO THE POLITICAL ECONOMISTS.

Mn..Enoron,
The last Letter was intended to shew .that: the
liberal new free principle laid down in this country for the
Transit of Goods, Wares, and Merchantlizertagether with the
remission of Duties and other all6Wances, as indul;encies Which
have •been granted to nizeign shipping, axe all calculated to
decrease the carrying Trade in British bottom', anti to decrease
the number of our native Seamen. In this way we are de-
parting from the old English principle, andintroducingthote
of nunlern Reformers, visionary Economists and Philesophers,
which they are carrying to a Kremer extent, and which will be
more dangerous and destructive than those set forth by our
enemies 1 .and, were lay.' them considered quite sufficient to
cause our ruin, which if they had effected, their intention was
to erect a new edifice of } rench dominion at sea,: upon the
ruins of the British Empire. The first and most desperate ex-
periment which our Economists are making, is what they term
a free and fair reciprocity of Navigation, such measures three.
ening the utter ruin of the country, are of too serious and. vital
a nature to be passed over in silence; " or, like a summers
cloud without Our epecial wonder." As the encouragement
now given for the employment of foreign Seamen will lead to
the rapid decline of the British (the natural defenders of the
country), these are subject too interesting to lie long domwrit
or concealed, such measures will soon force themselves on the
public *attention in Spite of all the delusions which have been
Practised by the school of Economists, or by the Foreign Con-
suls, Brokers, and Merchants. It will soon shew -its hideous
features to the British Nation,
_they will then find it a Hydra
headed monster of foreign production, which will require all
the energy of Britain to strangle.—for Strangled it most be,
or inevitable ruin will fallow. The dectotse of our shipping
has' already 'taken place, this cannot he concealed by any
sophistry,: the decrease of 140,00 tons of British shipping is
plain and palpable. This fact the Ectmo nists have reluctantly
acknowledged. But the consolation lie d out is, that they will
be umeli benefited by the decrease, thus while other classes
erteotigratulated on an improving increase of trade, the 'Ship.-
owners and Seamen are inoeked by a btneficial decrease.
There is something mistifying in the manner of pressing
forward these degrading humiliating measures, hurtfni to
English 'feelings. A Consul to a foreign state gains admittance
into a. Ship-owners Meeting when convened to oppoai One. of
the Measures : although professing himself an Englisliniati
(bet not a Ship-owner) lie most strenously advocates theft con-
cessions—is this labouring in his vocation ? or noglit wa not
'inquire as Hamlet did of Guildatistem for what purpose this
Gentleman eame—a" to say any thing but to, the purpoae.'
'When we couple this Gentleman's -language with what has
fallen from higher authority. we find a close coincidence,, in
their urging the necessity of Immediately conceding to foreign,
powe
• slit be to maintain them, yet she must . yield then
inainrein;
might atnhaestehe
irnevaisliottiogsivleanvaa.rretitlhaatt
however England candeonrOabloiengtil
to remonstrance or she will be compelled. to .shandon,
them i I Now if this is the fact. It is a fact that should
immediately be inquired into, not one day should belont uric
tine hour. If any nation, or even all the Continental powers
and America, have made such a threat-0.-ilt.the ;Apple of Eng-
land see and know their situation—or if there is no truth in the
assertion, let the refutation of it be complete. such tsWopinion.
has got into circulation and a question involving such an in-
terest should be investigated arid sifted faits source, as the
safety and honour of this great country are at staki4, I rest.
Less spirit anti ambitious designs of the European Powers anti`
America have been sufficiently mapifest in:the PuLIV attempts
which they haye made within the last" fifty years, to injure TA
cramp the resources of Britain, which should put tie :on our
guard to secure the happy natural advantages we derive fror4
our insular situation.
(rhe,cooce,ssions which have been made are either' ii4p.
fing to. country, or they are a complete Bislictil clutnge
chat systempf navigation which raised this island to the high
'pinnacle of greatness, and the natural question is wh change t 7:
s qucasism should either be satisfactory solved, ,ale
the Economist should not be suffered to proceed In their course
of ruinous conciliation, until they shew clear and substantial
proofs that the Aange will be beneficial, The names- who
have raised and supported the old system stand as a tower of
strength soaring in the clouds; and low indeed must we stoop;
if to contrast them with the pigmy dwarfs who support the new.
Then let us; pause, and stop this daring experiment, the State is
of too much magnitude for experimental philosophy. We have
the sanction and wisdom of ages, the substantial benefits derived
from them, !Is tangible proofs for our unereng guide ; there is
no mystery to solve, practical experience his solved the clues.
tion I but like all new sects the Economists betray too much
zeal for their new principles, every thing must be demolished
forthem, to begin a new structure ! (and if they could trans-
port themselves to sonic new planet, we most certainly should
be well rid of both them and their experiments, and wish theta
them a boa voyage.) In this they betray too much zeal or
shew a white feather, when they are urging the necessity of con.-
eilieting foreign powers, and by sheaving a scepticism or univer-
sal doubt, whether England can any longer maintain her rank
and supremacy amongst other nations because " her wealth
and power has inspired :other nations with feelings of hatred,
jealousy, and envy toward her." Then, is the surrendering
the means by witch this wealth and power was acquired the
proper way to mainteih out rank and supremacy ?
'1 seamen of this country never doubted this feeling of
envy jealousy, anti hatred both towards them and their country\
but they never dreaded it I ! I Neither do they dread it at this
time. Foreign nations may envy our situation—foreign nations
may intrigue to destroy that power which they have felt and
which they dread ! But let us be cautious that we are not
cajoled and intrigued Mtn an act of political suicide; let us be
cautious that we are not deceived bytuzzing flies and doubting
philosophers. • Let us not " at one fell sdasop" destroy our
ancient bullwOrks and defence which the actual experience of
our forefathers deemed so necessary for the preservation of our
rights and liberties, and which our own experience has seen
put to the proof and confirmed. .
But notwithstanding all those proofs, it is now evident
that there are persons whO • have openly attacked the Na,
vigation Laws and *lmo are endeavouring to sap the founds.
tlon and undermine theM, and deceiving the ignorant under
various pretences.
Thus has England, after rendeting herself invincible at sea,
in a few years of peace grown so weak and pusillanimous, that
she can no longer maintain those laws.—Has England become
so satiated with wealth and luxury, so lost in effeminacy and
so degenerated, as to despise the navigation by which that
wealth and power was acquired—become afraid to etand firm on
laws which she hat maintained, and maintained with so ninth
nerve, benefit and glory, through so many successive ages ?
Let us therefore inquire whether those laws are a permanent
conspiracy against the industry of all nations—a disgrace to our
statute book—an infringement on the laws of nations—so in_
vidious that they must be given up to conciliate foreigners;
and that the celebrated navigation act bears the impression of
the heart and soul of Cromwell ?
It has already been shiewn who they were that brought for-
Ward those charges7-the illuminati of France and Germany !
and taken up at second hand by our economists. Are the na-
rmuoledeolsf,
and their
they schools,agaa yetot
r hskte
laeleal la I anwg
si
iioiefihof)
na-
vigation laws, as handed down by our ancestors, any infringe-
ll
ment on the law of nations, or by what right does any nation
demand a relaxation of them from Great Britain 1
of Tanhye
ncoaitniomnoton sreengsenuotof rightfoitamLewsrtageshesopanroseptoveenrssoqiiultiesestm,eioasninedtanaettvlioteenn,
tthh the
prejudices of the people. '1
ileum modern
jodtme.ernqureefsogin
genius, the productions, nay,
ersed'aPilllriligTop—haersrui
ePvileirlayntthhir4Pimltsuid"bde levelled and remodeled to thegastsreofusarrreulassi,lnesda
ofu.
ti
their France,
dd
said of them wo shall find true. If we want to be punished,
we may allow philosophers to govern us, and they would do
more injury in this country than any other. Perhaps no part
of the English law has been less understood by writers upon
general policy than our Navigation Laws ; almost the whole of
those who have written upon political economy, have regarded
and denominated them atm commercial motropoly,and as a restric-
tion on the natural growth olcommerce, Dr. Adam Smith admits
that the Navigation Laws are indispensible, as " defence, how-
l:hill
what
ea schools
todiieKn followed,e
ei
nh;es
the
eo,
ever,. is of more importance than opulence, the act of Naviga-
tion is perhaps the wisest of all the commercial regulations t f
Englantl." But if we consider those laws with respect to the right
of their enactment, or to the right of enforcing. the prinei-
ple ; surely none but the illuminati and economists will 1 a
found to make any plausible objection. Every Government
holds the indisputable right to promote the welfare of the pto.
pie, to provide for their wants, and to provide for theirso.curity,

that undeniable rights haVe been acknowledged in all ages,
and made the foundation of all Governments, and the ground-
work of all commercial regulations; what are called the re-
strictive laws of navigation are only the same sort of restrictions
whiCh every branch of English industry and capital receive,
and.are protected by. But the Navigation Laws of England
are not exclusively adopted by her, they arc, generally speak-
ing, the laws of the world • all the Governments Of Europe
have had restrictive laws mid regulations, from the earliest
known period, so far as each nation considers itself benefited
by such regulation, and all have adopted prohibitory laws when
tirannatancea required them so to do, without it ever being
conaideied'as any infringment on the laws of nations.
.The adoption of those principles by our ancestors was no
more than a natural right, and arose from the most dire neces,
sity, for after experiencing many cruel invasions, the fear of
subjugation made them look for the means of defence,' and
their insular situation naturally pointed to a naval defence,
and the means or rearing it was by a commercial mtirine..-.
Here we find the true • cause wily 'Great Britain:resorted
to her Navigation Laws—the • now actual strength of our
Navy, the greatness of our Commercial Marine, and the
general wealth of the kingdom, are so many convincing
pad conclusive . proofs of the wisdom of the ancient policy
of our . ancestors. Net in the face of all this 'evidence
it has been asserted that Great Britain has risen to her
pre-eminence in spite of those laws. This is an ominous
Note to come from high authority, and is deserving reprehen-
sion— as well might we deny the light or any other benefit
Which the human race derives from that great luminary. ihe
sun, as to deny the benefits which Great Britain has derived
from the Navigation system of our ancestors—Would to God
that those who are making so wide a breach in them had the'
wisdom and fortitude to maintain them which their forefathers
possessed{
It was by Navigation that England extended her conquest
and her commerce to the four quarters of the Globe, and it is
necessary to maintain that commerce when extended.—lt was
those advantages which enabled ,us to surmount all our aitfi.
_culties, and to secure not only these kingdoms. but Europe, from
impending ruin, and placed England higher than the nio,t
sanguitie• mind could have contemplated, which gave the
fairest opportunity of securing innumerable advantages to the
country anti its navigation. Have' those advantages been
'secured? No! after the most triumphant career of naval and
military glory, our enemies treat for peace, and a liberal peace
it was, wherein negociation more efficacious than force obt4ined
that which force could not. extort. Then came the pernieious
and humiliating treaty of Ghent, which blasted the prospetts
of British Navigation. This treaty, founded on a new untried
theory, of a false and delusiveaystem of reciprocity, has thrown
into the. hands of the United States of America nearly the
Whale trade both to and from the United Kingdom to the
Ihtited-States. This was the first fatal step that shewed the
absence of is Chatham, or his son from the helm of the State.
The greater part of the Newfoundland Fisheries was afterwards
thrown into tins scale of the United States and the West India
Inter-County, and Colonial Trade. Act into the bargain. This
American Treaty of Ghent is the Pandora's Box of-British de-
pin-lacy; for nut of that most improvident measure spring all
the evils which are now pestering and paralyzing, and which
evontsaally-will ruin. the British Navigation.
The evil genius of England seems to have appeared again at
the Congress of Vienna, with the instruments of her destruction
in her hand. lii this Congress we have been informed, that "
iseemed generally felt that freedom of commerce was necessary
to repair the injuries c*used by the yoke under which Europe
bad groaned for ten years; almost all Governments re-
solved to introduce free commerce." In this way we find Eng-
land.a party to this Congresi, discussing the principles of free
Commerce--England insulated. .and solely depending on her
Marine, whose rise and progress to greatness is founded on re-
itriction (it highly taxed century necessarily requiting restrictive
protection for capital and labour), becomes a party in a
bort of military congress, and consents to 'a freedom of com-
merce. In this way England's best interests were bartered
away to' conciliate' foreign powers..from the treaty of -Ghent
amnend
cetthei
aConnegrw eerass,Oaft'l.elrwiesny;sta4,mtlotef.elßreipitroikrit Gity.,ouvle;,thuincehnrtecciopmrol
city they had every thing to lose arid nothing to gain, as it
must be evident that all nations poor and needy will undersell
and navigate cheaper than Great Britain, and will press forward
the system to chain us of our wealth and resources. NO sooner
was this liberal system known than we immediately find a get•
neral movement of foreign interest at work, all eager to grasp.
after the carrying trade of Britain. Foreign Ambessatiors,
Consuls :Merdiants, and Brokers, and evidently giving erro-
neous infertnatien prepared to gull the Legislature, to induce
them to remodel our laws to suit foreign interests, and .to place
British subjects, highly taxed, in a situation of direct competi.
don with beggary (no. One can stand such a contest without
becoming a beggar). This new system alarmed many respect-
able classes, those interested in agriculture, woollens, lltlerit
cotton, silk, and other branches. But they had the good for-
tune to repulse all ,the etlorts that werc.rnade against them (a'
strange contest) to favour them with the ruinous principle el.
reciprocity in s hyping
ioq
inresterte,eis
t, their :lnaalnt edi
ns cra:pase,diilgt,:tat
ir;t:letrooeewilmleeestoulicinneensnlitiltertiantodhnceseyofta::dedeefloi:amertteneeeeEr.
i their new system, rindthat most decidedly both against their
atfisluUnirouttukt.elailsrybhcedouentnrnalalsfniasrutitiorioefriNti,ifnitl conciliation further concessions are con-i
rileteihtplirowlicouitraydrt. " elsewhere i" this is as it
ty of
tioeiiiiT ha
tvappgr;siti a
reo
con.
n.l
it
riellystnplyoertt:ieroifts
hica
finhrisgnoctlwlalidi:nhei a
tlie
ihgfisntitatllgsven,eni:),nrnaitunlsbri
eteaeircislotois
tmrlhai:eesteetnqm—d;i:ideigtnt:hhttteaur
et
otiaditlmeisnedtaoa animal
notwithstanding
reciprocity steppe
r
ich
lutely
h
so far, that returning is more dangerous than to go on
to
object, baj'seecetn, datltilec7l,lo
Lion
stherefore,houundergold in ordr
tthe mild and simple operation of having all his teeth and nada
drawn to render him less formidable-0 this the noble beast,
With great humility, consented ; and now, on the truepriticiples
of reciprocity, each of the once inferior animals will hereafter
have the pleasure of reciprocally kicking the Lionfor his folly.
tser toae