The Sun.
London, England, 1824-03-12 00:00:00

rMORNING HERALD.]

It would be matter for calculation, for one who
had plenty of leisure on his hands, and money to
defray the expence, to ascertain, as near as it
might be practicable,'the annual amount of the
Home Returns in Trade of the United Kingdom.
This was attempted by Mr. Colquhoun—we say
attempted, because we consider his statement to
be very imperfect, and greatly within the mark,
as to amount. Writers and Parliamentary speakers
have, from tune to time, exhibited elaborate
statements respecting the Foreign Trade of
the country ; but excepting Mr. Colquhoun's
work, we do not remember to have seen any
other on the Home Commerce. If the latter
were properly ascertained, ive have no doubt
but, so far as annual returns of Trade went,
that the Home Trade would weigh down the.
Foreign 'l'rade to an inconceivable extent.. And
yet whenever this subject is introduced in the
Houses of Parliament, what a stress there is laid
on the Foreign Commerce in comparison with the
House. We are surprised that some of our rich
men, who haveltime to pore over studies of taus
who
nature, and have plenty of money, which
they every year freely part with at the wit,
tering places, or in their own neighbourhoods,
or on the Continent., should not be employed
in a pursuit of the nature we have suggested.
They might_ effect it without any one's knowing
any thing of what they were engaged in ; and if
afterwards, for their own or for the information
of the Parliament and the country, they chose
to publish the result of their inquiries, either
with or without their names, they.would possibly
be as pleasantly employed, either as it might
regard themselves or others, as in spending the
same sum in amusements, or in Continental wan-
derings. Two or three years' expenditure ap,
propriated to a purpoie of this description, would
enable any rich gentleman, whose inclination
might lead him to such a pursuit, to produce a
work such as never yet was witnessed, in this or
probably any other country. It would throw a
new light on trade and commerce altogether, and
probably enable the literati to banish from their
libraries almost all the books that have hitherto
appeared relating to these matters, which would
be as great a relief to' the bookcases of the rich,
as itt would tie to those of the lawyers if all the
useless statutes were repealed. •

[MORNING CHRONICLE.'

.. ,
The Country Gentlemen have been for some
time in training for the discussion on those laws,
which, according to Sir Jiihn Shelley, hare raised
England to the highest, pinUacle of greatness and
glory—the laws -to which, according to Mr. W.
Peel, we owe the existence, amon‘7,o of the two,
precious animals, the Fox and the Fox,-honter.—
Jr. Stuart Wortley, who in his excursions into
cotland discovered that tbe good order of the
that the
cities of tbat,Couptry proceeded from the people
being unburdened with the elective frpooise,
made another important, discovery, that.th. pri„.:
40,ns were witittiut poack4eru aq paring ascertain-

ed that NI arose from a different system of game
laws from those ofEnglznd,and thatcountry squires
could possess game under such a system, without
making all around there miserable, he naturally be-
came anxious to embody the fruits of his researches
in a Bill for the profit of his own countrymen.
However, the appeal to Scotland did not produce
much effect on the Squirearchy in the House.—
Sir John Shelley extended his researches to
Scotland in his turn, and made the discovery,
that, in that country, the properk was large, and
there was much waste land'--while, in Eng-
land, the property was subdivided and highly.
cultivated ; that is, that there is more
waste' land in the manufacturing district of the
Clyde, or in the plains of East Lothian and
Tweedside, than in CuMberland and VI estmor-
land, in which last counties, we will answer for
it, the Game Laws engender as much bad blood
as in any other district in England. Property
being much subdivided iu England, it was pro-,
per, Sir Johi► thought, that the large proprietors
should have the exclusive right to game. Because,
though there might be a hundred small unqua-
lified preprietots, and only one large proprietor
in a neighbourhood, CC it was not just that a man
who had a very small quantity of land, which
might not be able to supply a single leveret to the
common stock, „should be able to kill hundreds of
heads of game, if he found them passing over the
land ;" but it was perfectly just that the hares
bred on the great man's laud should pass over the
small properties, and feed with impunity on them.
Mr. Peel, in an able speech, proved the absolute
necessity of an alteration of the present Laws.—:
Lord Milton " doubted very much whether those
Gentlemen were the most serviceable to their re-
spect►ve neighbourhoods, whose chief occupation
and plea ure consisted in shooting game." We
have no doubts en the subject ; and if S r
John Shelley we►e to consult the farmers in
those districts where the fences are kept in the
best order, he would find they have as few. If they
were polled on the subject, we are certain there
would be but one voice as to the fox-hunter
having a much better claim to a prison than the
poacher. There is, however, one consideration,
which might weigh with some :—A popular writer
laments the approaching extinction of the Gyp-
sies in this country, viewing them as a living
illustration, in the midst of civilisation, of
the society of the early ages. We can conceive
in the same an apprehension lest the two-
legged animal whom Fielding has pourtrayed with
such inimitable humour should finally disappear
from among us, and thereby take from the pic-
ture a great part of its charms. The civilization
of the lower orders has already made one class
of Fielding's characters obsolete ; if civilization,
and humanity should also take possession of the
Squires, the fame of our great Ncvellist might
be i❑ danger.

FOR THE SUN.

BALANCE' OF POWER.

Ma. Enrrou—The Balance of Power, which
once formed the very basis of European Politics,
and to preserve which the lives of thousands of
human beings have been sacrificed, seems now to
be wholly laid aside, and is probably not suited
to the taste of modern politicians. Its principle
was, however,
,_
eOUS to
one no less just in itself, than it
was ad vantag
the independence of nations,
in its operation. That it should not prove pa-
latable now, cann°t he a matter of astonishment,
for its avowed nbioct was to prevent the too great
influence of any member of the great political
body. lt orig.mated in the rapid increase of
power, which was acquired both by France and
by Austria. These two rival nations laid the
foundation of their greatness much about the
same period of time. Austria began, under Fer-
dinand and Isabella, to acquire a political import-
ance, which reached its greatest height under
Charles V., where it seemed to threaten the in-
dependence of Europe. France moved on to-
wards the same end, with slower steps. Yet
reign of Louis XI. its fron-
teiveeri; so
wereeaextended, and this Mo-
narchy assumed an aspect little less formidable
considerablyrly * s the
than that of Austria. It was the rapid rise of
those two States, which by spreading alarm
amongst their less potent neighbours, induced
these latter to keep a balance between France
and Austria.

Henry VIII. had frequent occasion to act up
to this principle ; but as the whole of his con-
duct was a series of extravagancies, of violence,
and of inconsistency, if he can 1)0 said to have
held the balance of Europe, it was with a very
unsteady hand.

Far different was the conduct. of. Queen Eliza-
beth. Endowed with great firmness of mind, and
served by Ministers no less able than they were
'devotedly attached to their Royal Mistress, she
effectually mantained this balance, by aiding the
Protestant cause in Germany, by ruining the in-
fluence of France in Scotland, and by assisting
the Dutch in their successful efforts to throw off,
the yoke of Spain. To accomplish these import-
ant purposes, she was frugal in her expenditure
lat.home ; she conducted foreign negociations with
'great art, and at little expense ; and she increas-
ed the resources of the country, by the encou-
ragement which she gave to,mannfactures and to
commerce. It was in short, under her long and,
glorious reign, that England began to take a place
among the preponderating powers of Europe. In
this instance, the revolt of the Dutch Provinces,
the religious .wars in Germany, and the truths
which distracted France during three successive,

reigns, proved highly instrumental to the increase
of political consequence which was, at this period,
acquired by England.

Little can be said in favour of the head and
still less of the heart of James I. Vain, pedan-
tic, and profuse of the public money, his inconse-
quent and imprudent conduct paved the way for
the troubles which caused the death of his son .;
and England must have again sunk into insigni-
ficance, had she not been raised by the powerful
hand of Cromwell. At the period of the restora-
tion, the ,face of European affairs had undergone
considerable change. The importance of Spain
had greatly declined ; Germany had secured its
liberties, and due bounds had been set to the
power of the Emperors by the treaty of West-
phalii; bat France, under the able administra-
tion of Henry IV. and of his Minister Sully, had
recovered from the wounds inflicted by the civil
wars, and began now rapidly to rise. Richlieu
and Mazarin having firmly established the Royal
authority upon the corpses of many of the most
powerful among the nobles, paved the way for the
successes which followed the accession of Louis
XIV. No sooner had this great, but am-
bitious Monarch become conscious of his own
power, than he determined to increase his con-
sequence at the expellee of his neighbours. This
first attack upon the Netherlands, spewed him
to alt Europe in his true colours, and the triple
alliance, was formed to oppose a barrier to the
ambition of the French Monarch. At this mo-
ment Charles 11. had it in his power to Acquire
much honour, by preserving the balance of
power; but this needy and profligate Prince,
sold himself to the French Court, became the
pensioner of a King to whom he ought to have'
been en enemy, and thus established the supe-
riority of France. The nation was rescued from
this disgraceful state of political existence, by
the revolution. William, whose whole soul seems
to have heel) bent upon humbling his formidable
opponent, eagerly embraced the only
his
alance of power, was
end, and tphrein;)!irphlte-
cssi hpiicehoef omullidi
tlaeabtili
ng bteo
balance
again put into activity. It formed the basis of the
policy of Aline : and the disastrous wars, which
runow began
many
embittered the latter years of Louis XIV. effec-
tually pr
ranee. A system of
the future aggrandizement of
alii
r more s e lfislt
e o policy t
l
dtoisnveacdtiecntl, wiiciiie itiso ofvv broke
Europe. A spirit of
he
C
parts, obliged s..!veral potentates to direct their
attention to their own private concerns, and gave
them less leisure to watch the motions of their
neighbours. At length, a revolution the most
extraordinary, and the most complete in its na-
ture, and the most amazing and stupendous in
its effects, overturned the throne of the Bout.-
bons, and shook Europe to its very foundations.
Summoned, at first, to defend their country and
their liberty against foreign invaders, nearly one
fourth of the male population of France took up
arms. Making up in enthusiasm, whatever might
be their deficiency in point of skill, the French
not only expelled their foes from the territory of
the republic, but soon extended their conquests
in almost every direction. In vain did Austria,
and Prussia, and Russia, repeatedly attempt to
item the torrent which threatened to overturn
every throne, and to reduce the whole of Eu-
rope under the sway of France: the French
armies proved every where triumphant, and Na-
poleon, at one period, might be justly consi-
dered as the Sovereign of the Continent.

In the mean time, called unexpectedly to make
immense efforts, England, by a series of naval
triumphs unequaled in the annals of the world,
had become sole mistress of the seas, and pos-
slasor of every Colony that had once belonged
to her foes. If the French eagle soared proudly
above any continental standard, the British flag
rode no less proudly triumphant, over the vast
expanse of the ocean. And England thug effec-
tually set limits to the domination of France.
'ln this state of affairs the balance of power had
no longer any existence, nor were its principles at
all compatible with views of the rival Powers.
This situation of Europe was too unnatural to '
endure for any considerable length of time.
Finn as the domination of France seemed to be,
it was still founded only upon fear ; and success
alone could render it durable. Though humbled
and Weakened, Austria and Prussia;and other
leSs powerful States, awaited only a favourable
opportunity, to'effect their emancipation. The
mad ambition of Buonaparfe brought about this
change, and proved the cause of his own destruc-
'floe, and of a return to something like the, politi-
cal s.y,stem that existed previous to the French.
Revolution. France was confined within her
former limits. gorse of her neighbours re-
ceived an accession of power, which may keep,
her somewhat in awe, whilst something like a
wish to equalize the trading states was manifest-
ed in the arrangements. concluded at Vienna and
at Paris. Hai the long-admired balance of power
been thus re-established ? No. It may be so in
appearance, but not in reality. It is true that,
many states seem to, have received an acquisition'
of importance which should tend to the preserva.-1
tiOn of this desirable equilibrium. But.an
Hance; not less novel in its appellation, than in ;
its avowed purpose, by closely uniting the lead-1
ing powers of. the Continent, has, in effect, esta-
blishing. them parammy t Sovereigns, and reduced
other IMonarchs. to a comparative state of vas
-
wage. Europe lies been freed from the military
despotism of France, only to fall under,the
oasitorial,yoke of the Holy Allies : and Eng..
lend has htyished her treasures . and her best.
blood, only to become an object of envy, Of.
suspicion, and of hatred, to the. Kings- who' are,
mostlyludeitted to.her, for their present
,ability
toinpreher,' if they choose
A. P.

LITERARY NOTICE.

A DAY in LONDON. .:xtracted from SimoND'a " Travels

in Britain, by a Frenchman:"
In the morning all is calm—not a mouse stir-
ring before ten o'clock, when the shops begin to
open. Milk women, with their pails, perfect')
neat, suspended at the extremities of a yokes
carefully shaped to fit the shoulders, and sur-
rounded with small tin measures of cream, ring
at every door, to hasten the servants, who come/
half asleep, to receive a measure as big as an
egg, being the allowance of a family—f"
it is necessary to explain that milk is not here
food or drink, but a tincture, an elixir e7t-
hibited in drops, five or six At most, in a cup
of tea, morning and evening. It would be dif-
ficult to say what taste or what quality those
drops may impart, but so it is, and nobody'
thinks of questioning the propriety of the customs
Not a single carriage, not a cart is passing. The
first considerable stir is the drum and military'
music of the guards, marching from their barracks
to the Park About three o'clock the
fashionable world give some signs of life, issuing
forth to pay visits, or rather to leave cards at the;
doors of friends never seen but in the crowds 11"
f.
assemblies—go to shops,—see sights—or lounge
in Bond-street, an ugly, inconvenient street, the
attractions of which are difficult to understand'
At five or six they return home to dress for din'
ner ; the streets are then lighted on either side witty
two long lines of bright dots, indicative of light,'
but yielding in fact very little—there are larnil,
from six to eight—the noise 01
wheels increases—it is the dinner hour. A mill'
titude of carriages, with two eyes of flame star-
ing in the dark before each of them, shake the
pavement and the houses, following and crossing
each other full speed ; stopping suddenly, a foot'
man jumps down, runs to the door, and lifts the
heavy knocker, gives a great knock, then several
small ones in quick succession,—then with al;
his might, flourishing as on a drum, with an art, and
an air, and a delicacy of touch, which denote the
quality, the rank, and the fortune of his master.
For two hours, or nearly, there is a pause at
ten, a redoublement comes on. This is the great
crisis of dress, of noise, of rapidity,—an universal.
hubbub ; a sort of uniform grinding and shaking
like that experienced in a great mill with 50
pair of stones This crisis continue°
undiminished till twelve or one o'clock, then less
acid less during the rest of the night, till, at the
approach of day, a single carriage is heard nor
and then at a distance.

Great assemblies are called roats or parties'
but the people who give them, in their invi'
tations, only say that they will be at home such
day, and this some weeks before hand. The house
in which this takes place is frequently stripPe4,,
from top to bottom—beds, drawers, and all but
ornamental furniture, are carried out of sight, to
make room for a crowd of well dressed people'
received at the door of the principal apartment
by the mistress of the house, standing, whosmiles
at any new-corner with a look of acquaintance'
Nobody sits; there is no conversation, no cards,
no music ; only elbowing, turning and winding
from room to room ; then, at the end of a quarter
of an hour, escaping to the hall-door to wait for
the carriage, spending more time among t. 4,e
..
footmen than you have done above stairs w
their master. From this rout you drive to a"
other, where, after waiting your turn to arrive
at the door, perhaps half an hour, the street be'
ing full of carriages, you alight, begin the PO
round, and end in the same manner.

NEW-MECIiANIC-POWER.
(From the Scotsman.)
From various circumstances we have not hitherto been nblf
to give due attention to the experiments of Sir ItumplireyDell
and Mr.' Faraday, respecting the condensation of the gise7
We thought, at first, they had merely the common interest et
new chemical facts, and nothing more. We find, however, the
they open up views of the most singular and important nature'
and, in particular, that they are likely to afibrd a new mechato'
cal agent of almost houndless power. The experiments are de;
tailed in the, last part of the Philosophical Transactians, ba
we draw the materials of this short notice from the extract;
given in the Annals of Philosophy. From these experime°—
„
`
it appears, that, by any united application of cold and pree'
sure, many of the gases, such as carbonic acid nitrous oxide'
ammonia, enculorine .have been reduced to liquids. NYbc"'„,
in this form, and under the pressure of twenty, thirty,
forty atmospheres, they have a continual tendency to ree
some the aeriform state, and a very small increase of tern'
perature develops a prodigious power. Sulphuretted hydro'
gen, for instance, condenses into a liquid at three degrees,'
Fahrenheit, and under a pressure of fourteen atmospheres'
but, if we raise the temperature 47 degrees, it exerts the Eres''
sure 0f37 atmospheres. In other words, by alternately eat;
ing it up to 50 degrees, and cooling it down to adeg., we. gerle;
rate a force equal to three atmospheres. It is found that t
elasticity, thus developed, varies in different gases, and thatitl;
greatest in those which are most dense. Carbonic acid, oe
of the heaviest gases, ;
has, in the liquid state, an elastic file
equal to 20 atmospheres at 12 deg. of Fahrenheit ; but, eL ;
degrees, or the temperature of freezing water, it has a 'forc
'equal to 36 atmospheres, so that the small addition of 20 deliree,
of heat generates a force equal to 16 atmospheres, or 16 Ow'
as great as that of steam in low pressure engines. Here, then'
is the agent which, if means can be fallen upon to govern '
properly, may, probably, supersede the uste of steam, and,chaP,
the face of mechanical science. It is true, that the low ternPe„
rature requited in the cases alluded to is not easily obtained r,
the great scale ; but it is to be observed, that, by increasing th
permanent pressure, the very same result can be obtained et;
ti
;much higher temperature. Ammonia, for instance, has a f°ri,,
equal to 5 atmospheres at 32 degrees, and 6.; at ZO deg. NO4
if we take 6i as the permanent pressure, and assume that att.,
:or 90 deg. it exerts a force equal to 9i atmospheres; we hs
here the means of generating a power equal to 3 atraosphers
'by alternately adding and subtracting 40 deg. of heat, and
working with temperatures Which can be easily command
I" In applying the condensed gases as mechanical agents,"
Sir Humphrey Davy, " the apparatus must be at least as strong'
.and as perfectly joined, as that used by Mr. Perkins inhis big
pressure engine ; but the small differences of temperature
quired to produce an elastic force equal to the pressure of alty„
annospheres, will render the risk of explosion extremely since,
if fature experiments' should realize the view's here de.
loped, the mere difference of temperature between sunsh,s'so
and shade, or air and water, or the effects of evaporator frvo
a moist surface, will be sufficient to produce results whichtlL,
hitherto been obtain only by a great expenditure of ftte,l' st
These facts, we think, open up the prospect of a,fich
of discoveries, which may, perhaps, produce a g7l2at revolu`
in mechanics.

BIRTHS. asfr
At the Cape of Good Hope, on the 17th of PeeenAber 77
Lady Mary Fitzroy, of a dau'ghter.
onth
oef B.t
a son.hins in t., at Croo's:-hin, Greenwich, Mrs.
Martyr,

• MARRIED.
On the 26th ult.,. at the Hply Trinity Church, NJ, 14. f;
Falconer, of Millmoor-cottage, near Rotherham, solicitor,
`Atlne, only daughter of the late Mr. Temple, of

DIED.
At his daughter's house, at Leyton, Mr. William Ditte°7
kimber.auerehan.t, in hisl3lst year,a man respected-an, d esteP
by all ivho.knew him.
yesterday, at his house at Clapham, Stephen Cattleyt
494461.
!printed and Pnbiiihed-for:7-th-e Pxornigaroaß, itt4F-5111'
Orrtc.z., 112, Strand, by J. B. CAILKAIII.S.