The Sun.
London, England, 1852-03-29 00:00:00

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BLACKWOOD'S- MAGAZINE.
:No. OCCCXXXVIII„ for APRIL. Price 2s. 6d.
;"; —CONTENTS.
The Earl of Derby. •
My Novel ; or Varieties in English Life. Part XL
American Military Reconnoissances.
Our London Commissioner.
The Commercial Disasters.of 1851.
Tke Mother's Legacy tc Her Unborn Child.
The Appeal to the Country.
William Blackwood and. Sons, Edinburgh and London.

FRASER'S MAG
Price 2s. 6d., or by I
1. The Colleges at Oxford;
2. The Naturalist in Jamaica.
3. Antobrographyof C aptaM Digb)
Grand. Chap. X.
4. Preserved Meats.
5. Bypatia ; or, New- Foes N,ilth
an Old Face By the Author of
"Yeast," Chaps. 121. & WIIL
London : John W. Parke

•AZINE for APRIL,
,ost, 3i., contains :
6. Lord Holland's Memoirs of the
Whig Party.
7. ILE ory of the Hungarian
War. Part VI.
8. Hone Dramsticfe. The Plue-
thon of Euripides.
9. The East and the West.

q• and Son, West Strand.

.QUARTERLY REVIEW,
• • Ito. CLKIT:X., will be published April 6.
CONTENTS:
I. Sir Roger do Coverley.
11. Hoil.!e Walpole's Garland.
111. Diary of General Patrids. Gordon.

IV. Recent Epics.
- V. CornParitive Anatomy.
VI. Bohemian Embassy to England, &c., 1466.
VII. Cannon, Musket, arid,Rifle.
VIII. California versus Free Trade.
IX. George lll.—Grenviile and Rockingham Papers. Lord
Mahon's History, Vols. V. and VI.
X. Lamartine's liistory c.if the Restoration.
XI. Lord John 'B ssell hnd the e:arl of Derby.

Jehn Murray, Albemarle-street.

COMPLETION OF THE LIBRARY EDITION OF BISIIOP
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THE
'HISTORY of GREECE. By the Right
Rev. the Lord Bishop of Sr. David's (the Rev. CONNOP
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THE •NEW ALTERATIVE.—No cheap patent
Medicine hag over yet been known so powerful and beneficial
as LEWIS'S CONCENTRATED ALTERATIVE PILLS and BAL-
SAMIC OINTMENT. The Alterative Pills are an excellent family
medkine, calculated to supersede entirely the use of mercury or ca-
lomel. Speed' and safe enough for the nursery. The Balsamic
Ointment is unrivalled in cases of scrofula, tumours, bad legs, can-
cerous affections. &c. _ _

Wholesale and retail depot, Ntessrs Iling,ston, Huish, and Co., 1,
0 d Bond-street, London ; and all respectable medicine vendors.

DR. CULVERWELL'S NEW WORKS.
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[47, Fleet-street; Mann, 39, Cornhill ; or direct from the author ;
price One Shilling each ; by post, Is. 6d.
ENJOYMENT OF LIFE.
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CONTENTS:—EarIy Rising—Spring and Summer Mornings —Ea-
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Forests, Fields, Iligh-roads, and other pleasant places—Country
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FRAGMENTS FROM THEII MOUNTAINS. Two Vols.
Vol. I.
VISIT TO THE LAKES ; SKETCH OF EDINBURGH, &c,
-Vol. 11.
TILE LAKES .O 1 WILL hRNEY ; REMINISCENCES OF
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111.
WHAT TO EAT, DRINK, AND AVOID,
" That three score years and ten our course may run."
A popular review of almost every form (cause and cure) of ner-
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,he young, besets the man of pleasure, business, or study, and era-
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Iv.
THE PASSIONS.
"What passions hurt the body —what improve,
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Suaract • - Life's pilgrimage, from infancy to old age. The ad-
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THE MARRIAGE STATE.
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Paeans/it-4E :—Laws and obligations of nature, society, and reli-
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figure, to secure healthy offspring, with the art of rearing them.
Physical defectiveness and its removal. Sterility and its conversion.
Cases, &c. •
By R. J. CULVERWELL, M.D. (1841), M.R.C.S. (1827), L.S.A.
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A. New Edition, enlarged to 196 pages, price is. &d. by post, from
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mercury, with directions for the use of the preventive lotion, tul-
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prevent it. Illustrated by 100 Coloured Engravings. By It. and
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street, I,onion. Published by Sherwood and Co., 23, Paternoster-
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ye elicit62col cluirreetict
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toeir treatment onanisanillducsotrnattalonld by -
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treating nervous and sexual debility, iln°
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:
THE ENGINEERS, STRIKE.—The following is the
official return of the number of persons of the following
denominations who have signed the Declaration of the
Central Asslciation of Employers of Operative Engineers,
up to and inclusive of 224 March, 1852 : —Vice-men, 1,508;
turners, 1,211; smiths and strikers, 1.235; moulders, 892;
dressers, 409; millwrights, 231; pattern-makers, 262 ; car-
penters, 326; machine-men, plainers, Blotters, &c., 852;
boiler-makers, 715; labourers, 1,480 ; others. 1,093; total,
10,217. Iteturtpup-to 15th narch, 9,034; increase, 1,181
We understand th,,t-Mary lio wirt, who has already
endeared herself to the hearts of all children by her many
fascinati.,g publications for the young, is about to undertake
the editorship of a new juvenile magazine, entitled " The
Dial of Love," to be published by Darton and Co., the first
number of which is expected to appear in June next. All
youthful circles Hill rejoie at this notice, and will eagerly
wait the appearancepf the propouti Eirial,

THE AMERICAN EXPEDITION
AGAINST JAPAN.
(From the New York Courier and Enquirer.)
The determination of our Government to send a
stronger naval force than usual for the protection of our
commerce on the eastern coast of Africa has attracted
very general remarks from the press; and, we are happy
to add, that with the exception of one or two of Kos-
suth's penny organs, the policy of the Administration in
this regard hae been universally approved. The organs
referred to, under thaeatietien of Kossuth, no doubt re-
gret to see ibis " material aid" diverted from an ettempt
to replace Kossuth in the positioe which he so strangely
abandoned, with 135,000 well-armed" and gallant sol-
diers under his cemmaud, and four of the principal for-
tresses of Hungary in his possession. But both our Go-
vernment and our people have come to estimate Kossuth
at his real value; and, inasmuch as it was only neces-
sary to learn the true character of the man to insure
his . harmlessness, it follows;, hat Government may
now dispose , of its navale force as it pleases,
without apprehension of being involved in a foreign war
by this second Lopez. Hungarian intervention, and the
crusade which Kossuth is preaching, are no more than
the Cuban intervention and Calm piracy which Lopez
inculcated; and from the beginning Kossuth's impudent
appeals from . the Government to the people, and his
avowal that he is raising money and buying arms to
wage war against a Government with which we are at
peace, should have caused him to be treated as was
Lopez and his expedition to revolutionise Cuba. We can-
not perceive why Lopez should have been prosecuted for
getting up an expedition to revolutionise Cuba, and
Kossuth be permitted to preach a similar crusade against
Austria. Our people are as hostile to Spanish as to
Austrian despotism; and their sympathies should be
with Cuba, instead of Hungary; 'and, as reason resumes
her sway, the folly and wickedness of the proposed inter-
vention in Eurbefean affairs becomes so apparent, that all
parties unite in the opinion that it is not necessary
t s support a change in the foreign policy of our Go
vernment; hence the immediare `departure of our aqua-
drvu csii,r4Zajtivmata.4*stern Ol
Africa.
The unusual strength of the force about to sail, and
the fact that the mast distinguished and proverbially the
most efficient fficer in the navy, Commodore Perry, is
about to assume the command of the East-India squad-
ron. have naturaliy excited more than ordinary itiqutry
and discussion in relation to the immediate objects ut the
expedition. By some it has been characterised as a
warlike expedition, and very generally it is believed to
have in view offensive operations against the empire of
Japan. In cemmon with our contemporaries we have
instituted inquiries in regard to the objects of the expe-
dition, arid we are gratified to learn that it is designed to
be entirely peaceful in its character, but, at the same
time, sufficiently imposing to ccmoaand respect in the
enforcement of justice, and of sufficient strength to en-
force compliance will all proper demands.
The s mpire of Japan covers as area of score than one
hundred thousand square miles, and lies between the 30th
and 43d degree of N. latitude, and the 129th and
1431 degree of E. longitude ; and lying on the eastern
side of the continent, has a climate similar to our
own, between the same parallels of latitude ; that is
between New Orleans and New York. Its population
is estimated at 30 000,000, and, covering an arehiliekge
its sea coast is more extensive than the whole A lantie
coast of the United States. It not only lies directly op-
posite our possessions on the Pacific coast, but the two
great islands of Niphon and Yesso form the Strait of
Sanger, through which bundres of our whale fleet are
compelled annually to pas.; but to land upon the shores
of which for suppli-a of wood, eater, or the necessaries
of lite, or be forced upon them by stress of weather, sub-
jects the unfortunate whaler to robbery or death. Jap In
not only refuses to held commercial intercourse with the
rest of the world—a very questionable right—but she
goes further, and, occupying as she does an enorm .us
extent of sea coast, she not only refuses to open her
ports to foreign vessels in distress, but actually opens
her batteries upon them when they approach within gun-
shot of her shores;. and when driven upon them be
stress of weather she seizes upon, imprisons, exhibits in
cages, and actually murders the crews of such ill-tated
vessels. .

Now, we deny the right of any nation situated upon,
and occupying a portion of the sea-coast of the world,
to refuse all commercial intercourse with other nations.
Such a coarse may be tolerated by civilized nations so
long as it does not interfere with their commerce and
the welfare of the human race; but we insist that it is
the right of civilized and Christian nations to compel
barbarians thus situated to submit to the general law
of nations, and to a certain degree of intercourse; and
especially is the right of all the nations of the world
to have free access to every tort and every part of
the coast of the whole world in times of distress and
danger, and .to demand at the hands of the people
occupying such harbours and mist protection, aid,
and hospitality. This, we say, is the right of all na-
tions in all the harbours and on all the coasts of the
world; and when this right is denied and withheld, it
becomes the duty of a commercial people to remedy
the evil, and to secure to their commerce the protection
to which it is so justly entitled. Japan denies this right.
Among the hundreds of American. whalers annealie
compelled to pass the Straits of Saeger, some are ine-
vitably forced by stress of weather upon the inhospitable
coasts on either hand, and the consequences are impri-
sonment or death; and vessels in distress, instead of
being permitted to make a friendly harbour for repairs
and to refir, are compel', d to keep at sea, to the almost
certain des'ruction of all on board. This has been sub-
mitted to too long already, and the constant increase of
our whale fleet and the consequent increase of disasters
in this berbareue and inhospitable region have compelled
our Government, unprompted except by its wise fore-
sight, to insist upon a reform in the policy and bearing
of the Japanese towards the rest of the world. The
single fact that at one time within the last year there
were 121 American whalers lying in the harbours of the
Sandwich Islands—far away from their cruising ground',
because they could not enter any harbour on the coast
of Japan for repairs—shows not only the extent of our
commerce in that region, but the claims of humanity
itself for protection aeainst the barbarians who thus cut
oaf, as it were, the commerce of the Yellow Sea and the
Sea of Ochotsk.
Without being prompted thereto, as has bean charged,
by the merchants of this city, bat in obedience to a
wise policy which seeks alike to extend our commerce
and protect our manufactures and agriculture, the Ad-
ministration has moat wisely determined to demand re-
dress for pest grievances from Japan, and to insist that
in h
futureteir shores
t he seamen
by
the p
of theroeviivdnielizeee of God,
d world, when cast
upon
compelled to seek refuge from the elements in orth when
ehar-
boura on their coast, shell be treated with humanity
at least, if not with the hospitality which it is their
right to demand under such circumstances. With
this view Commodore Perry has been selected to
summand an expedition, which will necessarily require
great prudence and di-cretion, united to great forbear•
ante, firmness, and perseverance. These high quali-
ties have hitherto been exhibited by Perry on several
occasions; and these qualities have, it is said, changed
his destination from the Mediterranean, and the
pleasures and attractions of the most desirable com-
mand in the navy, to the command of an expedition
which would be far from accepteble, were it not for
the good it promises mankind, and the certain protection
which its successful termination will insure to American
commerce in the east.• The squedroa will consist of the
steamers Susquehanna. Mississippi, and Princeton—the
former of which will be the flagship; a frigate, tesloop-
ot-war, and a storeehip; and we imagine, from what we
can learn, that he-will take with him lieht field guns,
and whatever armament may be necessary to compel
obedience to such demands as he may ,make for the re-
dress of past grievances, and for the surrender of certain
American sailors now held in bondage, and, it is said,
exhibited in cages through the country.
We sincerely rejoice tnat the Administration has pro-
jected, and finds itself at leisure to undertake, this all•
important expedition; and that, too, without any other
additional expense than the transportation of coal Ix
'steamers. to so distant a region. eThet(it can thus divert
is portion of our navy afl tat from other qaarters is the
result of 'the wisdom which has guided its foreign
relations, and preserved it aloof from " entan
gling alliances," in obedience to those counsels
of Washington which Kossuth and his toadies have
so mercileitily ridiculed. And we rejoice, too, that
what is about being dpne will be as much for the be-
nefit of the whole civilized world as for thateef the
United States. It we are correctly iuforneeelea'commo-
dere Perry will not only demand redress tor past offences
against us, and the release of all Americaa prisoners,
tut he will also insist upon the release of all who may
be held in bondage merely for• fleeting been cast upon
their shores by Providence, no matter to what nation
they may belong. And he will insist too that in future
'O4l the nations of the world shall have the right to seek
`ye harbours of jepee 'in
nsitsrtelians'gowf
with 'death,
aan,dattoerree:
io4ainsoB; awejletthey shall tie hospitably received
.and their wants be supplied bt such as may be disposed
it anything can be accomplished,
whoeverindsatereasdtoofsuccour,ehe distressed, So far as
United States only. But
Peaceful negotiation;
nations and peoples shall
commerceand,he.
will
a concerned,te,
fur
the
stihoet will,enatwidi
Iti hcotlfm, a sourer,nd ben theinsist
t t h result
allu ltot'
t
have the right to use the ports of Japan in distress, and
b protected by the Government. We do not suppose
will attempt forcibly •to interfere with any of
thatitiafhnetdihrien
wantslanding.
B a
to?
once
the civilized world access to
e.eceoi
incognita.
esauteehmpire3:6lml
commerce are freely supplied without
he
no
police regulations, oer demand the right to land men,
longer remain terdra
years before we get free access
great civilizer
t
lead to commerce; and
a i.al of theempire;e
the harbours oflt Japan,m rosy
y,
into t
before some clever Yankee informs
giv2a
commercegh is the empire
11'
population of 2.000 000 or only
500,000Souli. '
of the Emperor consuls of • 525,000
11 vic,tipii'ona learn,
the standing army too,
eiece;oooeavalry, or t y 1,000 000 of
o
i
i
n en, meta lus c terelrY• What we do know
Itfs
willmw aneeknt
bioenetidrt y.bieto f
snug,,,,,hJaesd daob,
men, of whom 100,000 a'n"
enormous- q unfit of wheat,
,s, that Jap in ree-e.
which, together ether with :elks gold,Y copper,
r co, barley, So., vv--- China, and that the
revenue estimated at 140,000,000 dolls.
revenue of the erupt
• Weedo'knore that every city and port is strongly for-
' tifiedy as is the whole and that if ma ,44 our
and silver, are sent dowel the. coast to

whalers, in beating through the Straits of Sangar, gets
within two miles of the shore on either side, she is sure
to have a battery opened upon her; and if shipwrecked,
her crew are taken prisoners and never permitted to re-
turn to their country and their homes. We do know
that these things should not and will not continue to
exist under the present Whig President, with Daniel
Webster at the head of the State ll.ipartment, and W.
H. Graham Secretary of the Navy; and we hope and
trust that the day is near at hand when, under a judiciou6
protective system, we shall be, sending enormous cii4n-
;dries of cotton goods, iron, &c., to Japan, and receive iu
return In r gold, silver, and dyewoods; at the same time
that the commerce of the world will find in her numerous
ports safe' and hospitable asylums, instead of the bar-
b tristn now extended towards it by one of the mot popu-
lous kingdoms of the earth.

(From the. Times )
The empire of Japan has long remained a sealed book
to the various nations of the civilized world. The rulers
of that rich and populous country have for a long pe-
riod continued to act on maxims of exclusiveness so
complete as to put even the policy of the Court of Pekin
to shame. There is but one European people—the
Dutch—with whom they have consented to hold the most
modified intercourse; and that intercourse has been
limited to the admission of two ships annually from Ba-
tavia into the port of Nangasaki. The value of both
cargoes is said to amount to about 300,000 dollars. We
have lying before us an account current of the Dutch
consignments and returns for a particular year. We find
the imports into Japan consist of sugar, tin, cotton thread.
black pepper, cloves, seed cloves, lead, sapanwood, Patna
chintz, cloths, woollens, camlets, and a few minor arti-
cles of the like description. The return cargo is in
the main made up of copper and camphor. In
former days Japanese exports included timber, wheat,
rice, cotton, silk, ambergris, &c. Nor has the rigid
policy of excluson been applied only to the nations of
the western world. All eastern peoples, with the single
exception of the Chinese, • have been put under the ban
of the Japanese empire. Ten Chinese junks aro an-
uuotty Dowittect tutu tne port or Ntiogaank,, as a set off
against the two Dutch ships of Batavia. But fur these
trifling exceptions, as far as the rest of the world are
concerned, the empire of Japan might as well have no
existence. It is a fair question how far any tribe
or race of human beings possesses the right of
excluding the rest of mankind from all partici-
pation in the benefits to be derived from an ex-
tensive and beautiful region. That it abounds
with mineral and vegetable productions, and is
admirably adapted for carrying on commercial inter-
course with advantage to the inhabitants ant profit to
the rest of mankinc, may not affect the properties of the
problem, but at least it quickens our desire for a solu-
tion. Is this right of exclusion founded on reason or on
force? If on reason, we should be curious to see the
arguments by which it can ba maintained. If the right
of exclusion is simply the right of force, why, let thus,
who appeal to such a principle be prepared at all times
to make it good. They may feel well assured that, some
time or other, their pretensions will be put to the test.
In any case, they can lay little claim to sympathy.
They have by their own acts put themselves out of the
pale of the great brotherhood of nations. They have
refused all aid to others; how can they ask it for them-
selve..?

The Tartar dynasty had long contrived to exclude the
world from any but the most humiliating intercourse
with China. That pretension has been set at rest tor
ever by the operation of the British ford s. Now it
would seem the term of civilized exclusion from
Japan is at hand, although, happily, we are
not in this instance to be the executioners.
The expedition is to be undertaken by the United
States. If carried out in a spirit of humanity and sound
policy, without unnecessary waste of life, and under the
full impression that the agents of the Government. and
not the great mass of the population, are in fault, Com •
modore Perry will be backed with the sympathies of all
European nations. That our friends on the other side
of the Atlantic are in good earnest sufficiently appears
by an announcement which will be found in another por-
tion of our columns this day. The enterprise is under-
taken by the Government at Washington. and one of
the best officers on the Navy List of the United States
has been appointed to the command. The squadron
will consist of the Susquehannah steam-frigate, which
is now cruising in the eastern waters, and of the steam-
frigates Mississippi and Princeton; a frigate, a sloop of
war, and a store ship. It is stated that the greatest
efforts are being made in the New York navy yard to
get the expedition ready for instant service; indeed, by
a comparison of dates, it is probable that Cenamodore
Perry may have left New York already with his squadron
(or the seas of Japan. The force to be employed is amply
sufficient for the purpose. The officers intrusted with the
commandcan have little chit tulty in dictating their own
terms, both at Nangasaki and Jeddo, with such a power
at their disposal. An expedition against Japan is a
much simpler affair than our own operations in China.
We are not, indeed, sufficiently aware of the internal
politics of the country to know whether or not the Em-
peror of Japan has as much to dread from his own sub
jeers, in case of reverses, as his Celestial cousin at pAcin.
rhe Japanese are undoubtedly a more military nation
than the Chinamen; but it is not likely they can offer
any effective resistance against the howitzers and rocket
tubes of the United States' squadron. Above all, the
operations can be mainly conducted without quitting the
seacoast. The surveys of the Nangasaki waters have
been very carefully made. The United States whiling
ships are intimately acquainted with the nuvi,eation
along the eastern shore of Japan, and so through the
Straits of Sangara, which divide Niphon from Jesu.
Whatever else of this kind may be necessary is easily
to be accomplished by the armed boats of the expedi-
tion.
Of Japan we ourselves know little or nothing. Our
ignorance is in some measure attributable to our own
neglect. The last English ship that visited Nangasaki
was the Semarang, on which occasion, if the testimony
of Mr. Midshipman Marryat is to be credited, the Ja-
panese instantly ran up a number of chintz and coloured
cotton forts, in the old Chinese style. Well nigh forty
years had elapsed since an English ship-of-war—the
Phaeton—had last appeared in that port. Time was
when the English might have turned their intercourse
with Japan to good account. In the year 1616 the
Emperor of Japan had granted to our people. the privi-
leges of commerce, with permission to erect a factory.
Seven years afterwards, in 1623, the East India Company
abandoned the settlement because their commerce with
Japan had not at the outset yielded them such profitable
returns as they had expected. In 1672 the
Company attempted to renew their intercourse
with Japan, but the attempt proved ineffectuil. Our
King had married a Portuguese Princess, and the Por-
tuguese at that period were regarchd by the Court of
Japan with much the same feeling as the French by the
Spaniards during the Peninsular war. Until the con-
clusion of the eighteenth century the question was left
it rest, when a select committee of the East India Com-
pany was appointed to inquire into the policy of re-
opening the trade. Will it be believed that half-a-dvzsn
English men of business were found who reported against
the policy of making such an attempt, mainly because
the consignments of Japanese copper might interfere
with the products of our own mines—as though copper
were the only article which could be obtained from
Japan? In some degree, therefore, we have to thank
our own indifference and inaction, if the shores of Ja-
pan have been so long closed against us ; but, if we
mistake not, the officers of the Dutch factory at Nan-
gasaki have been still more to blame. It has been
the traditional policy of that nation in the Eastern
waters to maintain monopolies at all hezerds, and by
all means. At the end of the seventeenth century,
when Christianity was extirpated from the islanis
and Europeans banished from their limits, an excep-
tion was made in favour of the Dutch. Their trade
was at one time of enormous value, but has dwindled
down to its present comparatively insignificant amount
through their' own mismanagement and indiscretion.
There was a period in the history of their commercial
intercourse with the Japanese when they drained the
islands of the precious metals to an incredible amount.
This -excited the apprehensions of the Court, much in the
same way as the exchange of silver, and nothing but
!silver, fur opium lately brought matters to a crisis in
China. The value of the currency was constantly tam-
pered with in all transactions between the Dutch and
Japanese; and to such an extent, writes Mr. Imhoff,
" that our commerce was carried on as by pe Tie groping
in the dark, neither knowing the actual price of purchase
or sale. Since 1710 all articles of trade not disposed
of at a profit of 63 per cent rendered a loss." The
same writer tells us that his countrymen have over and
many
articlesbythoef
Japanese. Tho conduct of the company's servants at
eoovmermsegraeien
wdeheielinnewciertoe
frreocmeivteimme
Japan, besides, appears, as is usual in such c ises, to
yti valuablemot e n
de
tendered
have been infamous. The Dutch, in place of a dignified but
firm resistance to all the encroachments and insults of
the Japanese, gave way in every instance. " Savers if
You
please, and blows if you will," appears to have been
their motto; and certainly they are not very favourable
instances of the success of such a policy in the intercourse
between European and Asiatic nations.
&tough has been said to show that public opinion in
England will ran in favour of the expedition which is
about to sail from New York. It should not, however,
be forgotten that both humanity and policy recommend
-moderatt,at in the midst of success. Wiser mextues
than of ill are now beginning to prevail among civilize
of expeditionou r
own againstl a
te
operations Japan
in
China. May Commodore P erry and his forces meet with
the like success, and use it to as good a purpose.
nations! mere territorial acquisitions are known to yield
but slender gains. If only we can establish a free com
mercial intercourse with Asiatic nations, conquests must
he regarded as mere burdens. We can have little douat
till
hat rho
nthteUn
e
counterpart
unteSrPaaterts'

TO THE EDITOR OF TILE TIMES.
Sir,--In
your leading article of to-day, on the Ame-
ricln Expedition to Japan, I notice the following state-
went:—
All Eastern people, with the exception of the
chin,se, have been put under the ban of the Japanese
Empire."
Now, 1 bng leave to say, that this is not strictly cot.;
recr, the Loo-thou Islands being bound by the closes
ties of commerce with Japan, but on the condition only
that they have no intercourse with EuropellinPi

[PRICE SD.

The following -extracts from a communication which
I received frpm the Regent of Luo-Choo, when I visited
that island in October, 1850, give n brief outline of the
present relations beteieen the two countries, and may be
coneiclereA, interesting at the pre-sent mOment:—
" • 6,, 1.• Ever since. the Ping-Elan (title of the
former Government of Loo-Choo) was declared an here,
ditary kingdom, -under the-Ming dynasty, and thus be--
cease, txibutary to ,China,, whepever we
,convey our tri-
bute (to China), we buy there silk stuffs for official
caps, and drestes, medicines, and Other articles; this,
however., would not suffice; but as the Too-kia ra(in
Loo-choo pronounced To,ichata probebly the Satyuma)
Islandtt;' beloeging to Japan, trade with the neighbouring
countries, we procare from them rice, grain, timber,
iron, copper, tea, and other things, but scarcely in suffi-
cient quantity.
" Grain being scarce in our poor country, our daily
diet consists of mere potatoes, of which we have not one
Catty too many; when visited by the calamities of a
typhoon or drought, though we should desire to feed
only moderately on the wild sago tree, still it would not
suffice to appease our hunger; and we must therefore
barter our black sugar, grass cloth, Sao., for the rice and
grain 9f these islands.
" We hear the laws of Japan severely prohibit pro-
miscuous:trading with other countries; only in the port
of Chang-ki (Nagasaki), where officials are stationed to
keep a strict watch, a fixed and limited number of ships,
as well as of goods are admitted, and Chinese and Dutch
merchants yearly visit it for trade.
" The Too-charese, although belonging to the Japa-
nese territory, yet being near to us, are permitted to
trade with this place; but if, on their returning home,
they should import forbidden goods by smuggling; if
detected by the officials they would be severely pu-
nished. Should we now trade with you, the Too-charese
will, by Japanese laws, be strictly forbidden from
having any dealings with us at all." . . . .
And the Regent, as though fearing the worst result if
the attempt were to be made, concludes as follows:
" Look down in pity, and desist from wishing to trade
with us."
Renee it appears that " the rigid exclusive policy" of
Japan is relaxed in favour of Loo-Choo, but on condi-
tion that its 3,000,000 or 4,000.000 inhabitants are to be
debarred from the advantage of trading with Europeans,
and thus an important market is closed against our
merchants.

It is impossible not to wish, most cordially, success to
the Americans in their expedition against Japan, and I
will only add that the committee of the Loo•Choo Naval
Illi4sibn intends to take advantage of the opening pros-
pect for the advancement of Christianity in that remote
region, by sending out another missionary immediately,
to assist Dr. Battelbeins in his labours.

I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
A NAVAL OFFICER.

Curson•atreet, March 26.

LAW INTELLIGENCE.
COURT OF CHANCERY, March 27.
Before the LORD CHANCELLOR and the LORDS JUSTICES.)

IN RE CUMMING.-LUNACT.

This was an application on the part of Mrs. Cumming for
leave to traverse the inquisition under which she has re-
cently been declared to be of unsound mind. The simple
question involved is the legal one, whether a person found
lunatic by inquisition may traverse as a matter of right.
The question was very learnedly argued by Mr. Bethel],
Mr. Roundel! Palmer, and Mr. Southgate on behalf of the
petitioner; and by the Attorney-General and Sir W. Page
Wood (only part head) on Wednesday week.
Mrs. Cumming was in attendance in the Lord Chancellor's
private room.
Sir W. PAGE WOOD was now heard in continuation of his
argument against the right of the petitioner to traverse.
Lord Eldon, in the case of Ludlam, rescinded the order
to traverse on the affidavit of the medical attendant that
the petitioner was a raving madman. In the case of
Saumarez, cited briefly' in the case of "Ex parte
Bridge" (Craig and Phillips, 338), already cited in
the course of this argument, Lord Eldon, after considering
many affidavits, refused leave to traverse. In that case the
petition proceeded from the lunatic and his wife. As re-
spected the weight of authorities referred to on the point of
the right to traverse, the facts stood thus :—Lord Hardwicke
twice, in the case of Roberts (3 Atkins, 308) and Barnsley
1(3 Atk. 184), decided that the traverse was not a matter of
right. Lord Thurlow, in re Fast (1 Cox, 418), held that it
was in the discretion of the Lord Chancellor to grant leave ;
and this view was also taken by Lord Keene. It was not
contended, on behalf of the present petitioner, that the right
was absolute, but only discretionary ; that is to say, that
there was a right of traverse, subject to the Lord Chan-
cellor being satisfied that the applicant was capable of an
act of volition. The lunatic would, therefore, be the only
person to satisfy the Court on that point. But the sole
purpose of the inquisition was to show that the petitioner was
not capable of exercising a sound act of volition, and the Court
would be liable, perhaps, to be imposed upon by interested
parties. Before the late Lord Cottenham's decision in "Ex
parte Bridge," the authorities were all against the absolute
right to traverse. Lord Cottenham decided the case under
the impression that Lord Eldon had leant to the opinion that
traverse was of right. But from the examination which had
now been made of the facts, in the case of Saumarez, it was
clear that this was not so. The Act 6 Geo. IV., c. 53, made
the exercise of the power to grant traverse discretionary in
the Lord Chancellor. It was thereby expressly provided
that ills Court should" hear and determine" tho application,
and it must consequently, therefore, be a discretionary power
in the Court. A discretion had alvrays Duel, eAert:lsvd, and
prior to the enactmeut of Q and 3 Edward IV., c. 8, extend-
ing the right of traverse to cases of lunacy, the Court in-
quired into the title of the applicant to traverse an inquisi-
tion. Should the Court now affirm the absolute right, then
it would be depriving persons suffering under Insanity of a
very necessary protection, and the Court in granting an ap-
plication of this nature would descend from its judicial posi-
tion to one simply ministerial.
Mr. Rota' was also on the same side, but intimated that he
did not intend to trouble the Court.
The Loan CHANCELLOR asked how many counsel were
on each aide.
Mr.'Roer said there were three to support the petition
and five to oppose.
The LORD CHANCELLOR remarked that as the property
was so small, so great an expense should not have been
incurred. Two counsel on each aide would have been enough.
Mr. RoLT explained that it was uncertain whether the en-
gagements of the Attorney •General and his own would
enable them to attend. It was, therefore, necessary to retain
the services of other counsel.
Mr. PETERSDOEFF, of the common law bar followed, on the
same side, and submitted that at common law there was no
absolute right of traverse. It was discretionary in the Court
to traverse a coroner's inquisition, and in seeking to tra-
verse an inquest of outlawry the Court must be satisfied
that there are good grounds. If the power in Court was
merely ministerial, surely then in case of a refusal of
traverse the person aggrieved would constitutionally have a
right to seek redress by mandamus or otherwise. But no
such proceeding was ever heard of. The right to habeas
corpus was one of the most absolute rights possessed by the
subject; but even there the court must be satisfied that
there is proper ground for issuing the writ. It was ad-
mitted that in practice notice of a petition to traverse must
be served on the parties interested. If the right were a
matter of course then what was the object of that pro-
ceeding?
Mr. MORRIS was on the same side.
Mr. BETHELL, in reply, submitted that there had been
much misapprehension of the meaning of the statutes. By
the common law of England, whenever the king's title stood
on record on an office found, there was no remedy for the
subject but to proceed either by monetrans de droit or by a
petition of right. But the 34 and 36 of Edward 111. gave
right of traverse; the right, however, being exclusively
confined to the case of lands seized to the use of the king.
There was no statutable right to traverse till 2 and 3 Ed-
ward VI., c. 8. Then with respect to the 6of Geo. IV., c
53, it had been asked on the other side why, if there was
no discretion in the' Court, the heir at law and next
of kin were served with the petition, applying for leave
to traverse? It was not served on them in their character
of heir or next of kin, but as parties interested, and
that only if 'they had the carriage of the inqui-
sition. The latter statute was based on the Act of Ed-
ward VI., and the discretion which it gave was ,only
with the view to limit the time within which traverses
should be prosecuted. In the case of Ludlam, so much
relied on on the other side, it was clearly apparent that the
lunatiC was not capable of sound 'volition, but even there
the Court might possibly have only received the affidavit
as a means of proof that the lunatic was really the petitioner.
The decision in " Ex parte Saumarez" only went the
length of showing that a petition might be refused on the
ground that the petitioner was not the person seeking the
right of traverse: This wee more clearly apparent in Fuses
most
case, for there the actual applicant was the wife, and there
was a doubt made as to the legality of the marriage.
Robert's case, the order was made under special circutnst ancels
with the view to save expense; and with respect to the
contended
cedpotwhaert
thein btrreaavkei
Other authdrides cited, the Learned Counsel, dis
igbui t imoenn
to, of
efoonr
traverse had been
opponent'sexliarg clown ea
maste masterly
held to be as a matter of right.

......_
• The LORD CHANCKLLOR said, the question before the
Court was of great importance. and it might be regarded as
a constitutional one. It, however, really lay in a very
small compass. The question depended on the construction
of the statute 2 & 3 Edward VI., c. 8, and it was therefore
necessary to refer to the exact words of the statute. The
6th section provides that if any person be or' shall be un-
truly found lunatic, idiot, or dead, every person orhlal
and
so aggrieved by any such office or inquisition Be
h same
may have his and their traverse to
t leasure,
immediately, or after, at his or their premedy
and proceed to trial therein, and have traverse upon
and advantage as in other ea', es 0. onsider whether,
untrue inquisition found. He bacl'orrh to dcio enter into the
before granting a traverse, tha Court.th-e
present one had oc-
whole case before the jury, vihnoicall I'd rabic stress was laid in
cupied no less than 16 days. -- if erovision of the old sta-
support of this proposition ont
40. :
ea P
i More escheators ; but
totes relating to the finding n' -
and to traverses between the
as these related solely theyd
had no bearing on this question.
king and his subjects, e expressly and most clearly gave
These words of the thestatut
pleasure of the person aggrieved
the right of traverse at t . This was not a merely qua-
when untruly found lunaavie,
the Court the power of exec-
lified right,
unable discretion. g _
l discretion. His Lordship then pro-
ceededcisin a reasonab
the authorities cited in the course of the
to review
case decided by Lord Hardwicke, the special
argument. In the
r caaeh were gone into, and seemed to infiu-
• stances o* - Learned RI ige more than in those
circum d of that
ence the Dahl.
3 successors. But there was one case in which
decided
by his
bad treated traverse as a matter of
Lord
ilardwthere the traverse was lodged at the Petty_
right; for
without the intervention of this court, and
face
'Bag.° llor in no way interfered to pro 'ent its further
'the Chance
But it might be asked why the parties came to
prosecution. that there
f 6 George IV.? Even supposing
the
enactment
o
was no discretion in the Court, yet the
with the care of lunatics so 'found by inquisition,
traversed without consent could hardlyexpect
to go at
allowed
the costs of the traverse. It was not
necessary to bhe who
collected and fully
length through the cases, as they were
commented on by Lord Cottenhanl "Em parte Bridge. in , ill rules
Lord alludow, it was true, had gone at 19Pgth