The Sun.
London, England, 1864-04-26 00:00:00

THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA.

(From the Times' Speetal Correspondent.)
NEW YORK, April 12.

The stormy weather and the impassable roads of
Virginia still prevont the advance of the Army of
the Potomac, via the Rapidan, against Richmond.
The expedition is, it appears, to be aided by the
simultaneous advance of two other co-operating
armies—the one from Fortress Monroe, by way of
the Peninsula, under the command of General W.
F. Smith, commonly called " Baldy Smith ;" and
the other from Newbern and Goldsborough, under
Gen. Burnside, just as commonly called "Blundering
Burnside." It is computed that these three armies
will number 200,000 men. So great—and it may
be added so foolish and unreasoning—is the confi-
dence placed in General Grant that most people
believe the doom of Richmond to be sealed at last,
and that nothing will resist the skill ot his ma-
nseuvres and the impetuosity of his attack. If
Grant himself entertain half as much confidence in
his own genius and fortune as his admirers express,
he will rush to destruction at a rapider rate than
any of his predecessors. Perhaps, however, as he
knows what war is, he is less sanguine than the
silly public, and will walk as warily as a man ought
who fully understands of what enormous conse-
quence, net simply to his army but to his country,
hia defeat would be in a movement of such magni-
tude. What adds to the peril of the situation,
though but few admit the fact, is the certainty that
the men in power are jealous of Grant, and do not
desire that l4e should gain any victory brilliant
enough to hoist him into the Presidential chair on
the shields of the army and amid the acclamations
of the people.
Today gold has advanced to 741 per cent. pre-
mium, or 2 per cent. higher than it has yet reached
during the war. The rise greatly astonishes and
as greatly annoys the friends of Mr. Chase, for they
find it difficult to impute it either to speculation or
to treason, as they have been in the habit of doing,
and are compelled to admit what they have all
along denied—that there may be a foundation of
truth in the experience of all the rest of the world
in all times, that immense issues of paper currency
are sure to be depreciated, and that the apparent
rise in gold is bet another method of counting the
fall in the inconvertible paper money which the real
and supposed necessities of the State have thrown
into circulation. The Federal Debt was augmented
nearly 60,000,000 dole. during the month of March ;
the pay of the army and the navy is in arrear to the
extent of about 150,000,000 dole., for which sum Mr.
Chase depends upon his new loan of 200,000,000
dols., known as the " ten-forty," of which only about
12 millions have yet been subscribed; and every
day new National Banks are started, authorised to
commence operations and to issue paper money of
their own, upon the deposit of Government securi-
ties to a corresponding amount. Day by day the
currency is inflated; day by day the Government
borrows money; day by day the public liabilities
are increased; day by day gold advances in price;
and if anybody wonders at this chain ot cause and
consequence, he may be fit to be a soldier, or a
clerk, or a ploughman, but he is certainly not fit to
be a financier or to call himself a statesman.

Within the last four days there have been stirring
debates in both houses—debates not sterile, but
wrung from men's convictions, and destined to mark
a new era in the political if not in the financial
history of the war. The first took place in the
Senate. on Mr. Charles Sumner's motion for the
abolition of slavery by the legal mode of a reversion
of the Constitution. The second and more immedi,
ately important occurred in the House of Repro.
sentatives on the question of p(afie and the recog-
nition of the South, which commenced on Friday
by a remarkable speech from Mr. Long, one of the
repreeeatatives of the Congressional district of which
Cincinnati is the centre, and was continued on
So.turday, yesterday, and to-day amid a greater dis-
play of excitement and angry feeling than has been
known during this or any previous session of Con-
gress under the Lincoln Administration.

Comparatively small attention has been bestowed
upon Mr. Sumner's motion. It was generally dis-
couraged by the rank and file of the Republican
party, and especially by the supporters of Mr. Lin-
coln. But Mr. Sumner persevered, and has been
rewarded by the requisite majority of two-thirds
of the Senate. It is calculated on good grounds—
for the vote of almost every member can be safely
predicted—that a similar resolution will pass the
House of Representatives by a majority equally
large. If so, the next thing to be done will be to
submit the proposition to the Legislatures of every
separate State in the Union, and if two-thirds of
these should concur (inclusive of the Southern
States, which the North considers to belong de
jure, if not de facto, to the Federation) slavery will
cease to be, and the Americans will have done by
peaceible means that which violence and illegality
failed to accomplish. The fatal demerit of Mr.
Sumner's measure is that it is " too late." The
North might as well attempt to abolish slavery by
legal enactment in Cuba or Brazil as in South Ca-
rolina and Mississippi. And as in the day, certain
to come, when the independence of the South will
be recognised by Europe, there will be no slavery
in any portion of the Northern territory, it is un-
necessary to set snob cumbrous machinery in ope-
ration to secure a resu!t that will have been already
attained. Had such a proposition been made before
a shot had been fired in anger by either of the
belligerents, it would doubtless have been rejected.
Coming at this late period, the proposed measure
will not even earn for the North the good opinion
of foreign nations, for they will not cease to re-
member that it was only when the Federal Go-
vernment had failed to abolish slavery by military
conquest and by direct incitement to the most cruel
and savage form of insurrection—the revolt of the
slaves against their masters—that it bethought
itself of what, had it been really governed by wis-
dom or by pure intentions, it wculd have done before
it drew the sword.

Mr. Lincoln can scarcely be supposed to look
fa vourab!y upon the movement at a time like this,
unless he have resolved to withdraw all claim to a
renewal of his Presidency. But Mr. Lincoln's party
are in a different position, and to them, the passage
of such a measure by both houses, even if it proceed
no further, will be a decided victory. It does no-
thing towards ending the war or pacifying the
angry passions of the country, bat it places the
Republicans on a vantige ground for the renewal of
their power at the November election. If at that
time they see fit to fight the battle against the De-
mocrats with FOlllO better man as their candidate
than Mr. Lincoln, with a man who saw from the
beginning what he only saw at the end, and who
would do for princ'ple what ho never would have
attempted except from expediency, the proposed
revision will be the best plank in their platform,
and acquire for them the support of many wavering
Democrats, who dislike illegal meddling with the
institution of slavery more than they dislike slavery

Mr. Long's speech in the Lower House took the
Pliblie by surprise. Mr. Benjamin Wood printed a
Speech as bold about this time last year, and his
brother, Mr. Fernando Wood, has, on more than
one occasion, expressed himself strongly in favour
of negotiation with the South, with a view to peace.
But Mr. Long delivered his sentiments viva voce to
a full house, and startled it out of its customary
apathy by the frank declaration that war could
not restore the Union; that the conquest of the
if it Were
South,possible—which he denied—
would be the downfall of Northern liberty ; and that
in his opinion the time had come when the North
should cease the unavailing contest, recognise the
South as a separate and independent republic, and
as such make e best attainable terms with it for
good neighbourhood, perpetual amity, and unre-
stricted commerce. These are the sentiments of
thousands of the foremost men of America; not of
the trading politicians!, perhaps, but of the most able
and the coolest-headed statesmen of the North, who,
it they had but the courage of their convictions, and
would withstand in a fair phalanx the torrent of
public passion, would turn it from its course, and
be what Nature intended them—the leaders, and
not the followers, of the multitude. Oa Saturday
morning no less a person than Mr. Schuyler Colfax,
the Speaker of the House, forgot alike the dignity
and the impartiality of his position, descended from

the chair, and a temporary Speaker having been
appointed in his place, moved, in a laboured
harangue, that Mr. Long should be exie lied for
'treason." During the warm discussion ti at ensued,
Mr. Fernando Wood, who has just resumed his seat
after an absence of several weeks by severe
illness, and Mr. Harris, of Maryland, severally
"endorsed" every word that Mr. Long had uttered,
and claimed to be included in any vote of expul-
sion that might be directed against that gentleman.,
Mr. Harris was particularly outspoken. He hoped
that a tornado would sweep the whole of the war
faction from power, and place in office men who
had some feelings of humanity, and some regard for
the principles of their revolutionary forefathers.
And as for the subjugation of the Southern people,
he prayed to Almighty God that it might never
be accomplished. The words were ordered to be
taken down by the official reporter, and, amid a
scene of great excitement, it was moved by Mr.
Washbourne, a Republican member, that Mr.
Harris should be then and there expelled from the
House. The vote was taken, when there appeared
81 in favour and 58 against. As a majority of
two-thirds is necessary for the expulsion of
a member, 'the measure was lost. In hot haste
Mr. Schenck, of Ohio (the once notorious General
Schenck, the petty tyrant of Baltimore), moved that
Mr. Harris should be censured for making use of
expressions evidently tending and designed to en-
courage the rebellion. The motion was adopted by
a majority of 92 against 18. In ordinary times a
censured member resigns his seat and appeals to his
constituents for re-election, but Mr. Harris has, it
appears, declared that he will not adopt this course.
He values the censure of the dominant party and its
praise at exactly the same rate—" the millionth part
of nothing," and will keep his seat as if nothing had
happened. As the printed report of Mr. Long's
speech was not before the House, an adjournment
until Monday was moved and carried to afford mem-
bers who did not hear the " treason" anopportnnity
of reading it. On Monday, after some preliminary
business, and an ineffectual attempt on the part of
Mr. Cravens, of Indiana, to induce the House to ex-
press its disapproval of Mr. Charles Sumner's motion
in the Senate for a revision and amendment of the
Constitution at a time when the passions and pre-
judices of the people were inflamed and excited, Mr.
Bliss, of Ohio, commenced the discussion on the
Speaker's motion of expulsion. He deprecated the
heat that had been introduced into the debate,
pleaded for the right of every representative of the
people to express his real opinions, and denied that
it was treasonable for any one to declare that he
would prefer the recognition of Southern indepen-
dence to the subjugation and extermination of the
Southern people. Several members expressed
similar views, among the rest Mr. Fernando Wood,
Mr. Voorhees, and Mr. Cox ; the other aide being
represented by Mr. Thaddeus Stevens and by Mr.
(General) Schenck. The debate lasted until late
in the night and was again adjourned until
this morning, with every prospect that there
will be a strong vote for Mr. Long's expulsion, but
not; the two-thirds vote necessary to carry it into
effect. With only one exception—that of the Tri-
bune—the press, both Republican and Democratic,
of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and the 'West,
condemns the conduct of the Speaker in volunteer-
ing to become the public prosecutor in a matter of
mere opinion, for no one contends that Mr. Long's
language was unparliamentary or undignified.
Some of the Abolitionist and ultra-Republican jour.
nals consider that Mr. Long deserves censure; but
not one of any note, as far as has come under my
observation, advocates hie expulsion. The war De-
mocrats affect to consider that Mr. Long was unwise
in making such a speech, but insist upcn his right
to make it, without being called to other account
than such reply or criticism as the house or the press
may bestow; while the peace Democrats, who are
daily growing in numbers and influence, speak, and
will doubtless act, in a manner that will force the
majority to expel many more members than Mr.
Long, if unluckily for the party in power, the
Speaker's resolution should be carried by the requi-
site majority of two to one,
The sentiments expressed by Mr. Long, Mr. Wood,
Mr. Harris, and Mr. Voorhees are by no means
new. They are the sentiments of Thomas Jeff,- rson,
James Madison, J, hn Quincy Adams, Andrew
Jackson, Daniel 'Webster, and Henry Clay; and
they were, in 1860 and 1861, the sentiments of Abra-
ham Lincoln, William Henry Seward, Ed ward
Everett, Stephen A. Douglas, Horace Greeley, and
a host of others who now clamour for Union, and
think one consolidated despotism to be better
than two free republics. Next to George Wash-
ington, the man whom the American people have
most delighted to honour is Andrew Jackson,
who said on a memorable occasion and in
the heat of passion that the " Union must and
should be preserved," for which sentence he has
become one of the idols of the Republican party.
In his farewell address to his countrymen, penned
after mature reflection, and untinetured with the ill-
feeling and animosity engendered in party conflict,
he said in other words what Mr. Long said on Fri-
day—" If such a struggle is once begun, and the
citizens of one section of the country are arrayed in
doubtful conflict against the other, let the battle
result as it may, there will be an end of the Union,
and with it an end of the hope of freedom. The
victory of the injured would not secure to them the
blessings of liberty. It would avenge their wrongs,
but they would themselves share in the common
ruin. The Constitution'cannot be maintained nor the
Union preserved, in opposi, ion to public feeling, by
the mere exertion of the coercive powers confided
to the Government." Mr, John Quincy Adams was
more eloquent, but not more truthful, when he said,
" If the day shall come—may Heaven avert it !
when the affections of the people of these States
shall be alienated from each other—when this fra-
ternal spirit shall give way to cold indifference, or
collision of interest shall fester into hatred, then the
bands of political association will not hold together
parties no longer attracted by the magnetism of
conciliated interests and kindly sympathies; and far
better will it be for the people of the dis-united
States to part in friendship for each other thA a to be
held together in restraint." Mr. Lincoln said in
1848, in his place in Congress, that " any people,
anywhere, being inclined and having the power,have
the right to rise up and shake off their existing go.
vernment and form a new one that suits them better.
He even went further then this, and added that
" any portion of such people that can may revolu-
tionise and make their own of so much of the terri-
tory as they inhabit." Mr. Seward declared about the
same time, in a lecture delivered at Baltimore,
" that if ever the North and the South separated
they would give the world a noble example of the
benefits of a republican form of government by
agreeing to separate peaceably and without blood-
shed." And Mr. Horace Greeley, in 1860—quoting
and approving the memorable words of Mr. Jeffer-
son in the Declaration of Independence, that govern-
ment derived its just powers from the consent of the
governed, contended that if this doctrine, in which
he heartily concurred, "justified the secession from
the British Crown of three millions of colonists in
1776," it would also " justfy the secession of five
millions of Southerners from the Federal Union in
1861." Mr. Long, the Messrs. Wood, and thou-
sands of silent patriots who share their views, may
claim to be as wise now as General Jackson was a
quarter of a century ago, as Mr. Lincoln in 1848,
and as Mr. Greeley in 1860, and might well repel
with indignant scorn the accusation of treason, and
ask if Messrs. Lincoln, Greeley, Seward, Everett,
and others were not the real traitors to the prin-
ciples on which the American States were founded,
and by strict adherence to which they can alone be
held together ? Bat the Union party in America
loet its reason this day three years ago, when the
first gun was fired from Charleston against Fort
Sumter. Since that time all has been passion and
hate, bloodshed and misery; and Union—always
desirable, and before that day possible, if not pro-
bable—has become as hopeless as the return of the
States to the British allegiance which they re-
nounced under Washington.

Persons in dabt may obtain instant protection against
imprisonment or seizure of their goods, and an entire release
from all debts and nal:ditties without publicity, by application
to Messrs. Marshall, sone:tors of the Court of Bankruptcy,
Chames under £5
payable by easy instalments. Offices—
(established 1830), 12, Hatton-garden. City branch-6. Moor-
, gate-street, Bank.—ADVT.

GENERAL GARIBALDI,

Generald Garibaldi took his departure from
Slough to Cornwall yesterday morning. Previous
to doing so, however, he, between 8 and 9 o'clock,
paid a farewell visit to Eton, at which time the
Duchess of Sutherland's carriage entered the town
quite unexpectedly, and drove up to the gates of the
college. In a few minutes the carriage was driven,
with its distinguished occupants, within the quad-
rangle, and the General was warmly cheered by
such of the boys as could be assembled at the mo-
ment. The head-master and some of the assistant•
masters were else present, and they placed in his
hand a copy of the last Eton school lists. The short
time at the General's disposal did not allow of his
visiting the interior of the chapel or the upper
school-room. Ho shook hands with the master and
some of the senior boys, and drove off to Slough
station soon after 9 o'clock. The 9.15 express
train from Paddington, accompanied by Mr. Hig-
gins, Mr. Tyrrell, and Mr. Kelly, ran through the
station, where it stopped to take up the General.
The station was crowded with the elite of Windsor,
who accorded to the General hearty and prolonged
cheers. Colonel Peard and Mr. Negretti, together
with the duke, accompanied the General to Ply-
month. After a short stay at the station the train,
with its distinguished visitor, moved slowly out of
the station amidst the enthusiastic cheers of the
people.
At Reading, large numbers of people were
assembled on the platform ; but as the train was
going at great speed, faint echoes simply of their
cheering could be heard.
The reception at Swindon is thus described in a
second edition of the North Wilts Herald :
" Shortly after nine o'clock the inhabitants of this
and the neighbouring towns began to assemble on
the platform; and at eleven o'clock upwards of
2,500 people had assembled. Mr. Holmes, the
indefatigable superintendent of the Great
Western Railway at Swindon, had requested
the assistance of a committee, consisting of
Messrs. G. T. Dicks, R. L. White, and
J. T. Burgess, to decorate the station and assist
in the general arrangements. At daybreak this
morning the committee commenced operations, and
by the time the crowd assembled had decorated the
station with flags, banners, streamers, and drapery.
At 11 o'clock the men in the factory were rung out,
and with their friends swelled the number present
to upwards of 4,000. When the express train ap-
proached the station a salute of detonating signals
was fired by the train, and heralded his approach.
On reaching the station, Mr. Holmes, who was ably
assisted by Reynolds, the station master, Mr Super-
intendent Haynes, of the Wiltshire Constabulary,
Mr. Inspector Hawkins, of the Great Western
Railway, and the committee, had arranged that the
saloon carriage in which the General and suite were
travelling should stop as near the refreshment-room
as possible. When the train stopped loud huzzas
rent the air, and at the request of the committee the
General alighted and proceeded to the refreshment
room. When he reached the entrance, the Rev. Mr.
Campbell, the incumbent of St. Mark's, held up a
youthful daughter of Mr. Benskin's, of the Queen's
Hotel, who presented Garibaldi with a beautiful
bouquet, culled from the conservatory of the God-
dard Arms, Old Swindon. The General kissed the
sweet little child. Whilst partaking of a slight
refreshment, the usual bad taste of an English
crowd evinced itself, by parties taking up positions
behind his chair, and interrupting him while eating.
When the bell rang for the train to start, the
General, escorted by the committee, Mr. W. F.
Gooch, of the Great Western Railway, and Mr.
Superintendent Hayes, of the constabulary, went
towards his carriage, situated at the further end of
the platform. The crush was tremendous. Not-
withstanding the exertions of the committee, there
was the greatest difficulty in reaching the carriage.
The cheering was most enthusiastic. The working
men crushing to shake hands. When the crush was
at its height a girl nearly fainted, when Garibaldi
put forward his arm to save her, and gave her a
kiss. He repeatedly expressed his thanks and
acknowledgments, and after a stay of nearly twenty
minutes the train moved for ward amid the cheers of
the assembled multitude."

At Chippenham the enthusiasm was equally
genuine, but more temperate. As the trait entered
the station a salute of 15 guns was fired by the work-
men of the railway works. At Bath the crowd was
large. Fog signals exploded, flags were flying, and
church bells were ringing, and a holiday aspect met
the gaze at every point. The train stopped for a
few minutes, during which an address was pre-
sented by the corporation. Bristol was reached at
12.45. The corporation
.presented an address.
The German workman's hand, dressed in the Gari-
baldian uniform, attended. The crowding and
cheering were unbounded. We learn, by electric
telegraph from Weymouth, that the General dined
with Admiral Dacres on board the Edgar. He saw
some quarter firing on board the Warrior, returned
to Weymouth, and thence to Col. Peard's. He will
embark tomorrow for Caprera.
PLYMOUTH, Tuesday Morning.

Gen. Garibaldi was expected at Plymouth at
3 p.m., but the crowd that had assembled at the
railway station to receive him was informed by
telegram of the change in bii route and dispersed.
From Bristol the General proceeded to Yeovil
and Weymouth, having received an invitation from
Admiral, the Commander-in Chief of the Channel
squadron, to visit him. He reached Weymouth at
half-past five, embarked in the gunboat Trinculo,
and went on board the Edgar, landing and leaving
Weymouth at eight ; from thence he proceeded to
Exeter, through which he passed at 11 p.m., and
arrived at Plymouth a few minutes before one this
morning. Along the way, at every station at which
he stopped, crowds assembled to see him, and at
Plymouth, notwithstanding the late hour of his
arrival, enthusiasm was not slackened. The General
was received by the Mayor and Town Council of
Plymouth, by a deputation from the Town Council
of Devonport, and by the directors of the South
Devon Railway. An address had been prepared for
presentation, but from the lateness of the hour it
was not presented. The General came out of the
carriaga on to a platform which had been provided,
where the cheers of the crowd assembled rendered
a speech impossible. The General contented him-
self with bowing his acknowledgments, aid, re-
turning to the carriage, proceeded on to Par, the
nearest station to Col. Peard's residence.

ANOTHER ACCOUNT.

SLOUGH, Monday Morning.

General• Garibaldi took his departure this morning from
Slough. The 9 15 express train from Paddington ran
through to this station, where it stopped to take him up,
and convey him to Cornwall to the house of Col. Peard.
The station was crowded with the elite of Windsor, who
greeted the General with hearty and prolonged cheers.
The General, accompanied by the Dowager Duchess, the
Duchess, and the Duke of Sutherland, left Cliefden soon
after 8 o'clock, in a carriage and four, followed in other
carriages by Mr Seely, M.P., Col. Chambers, and numerous
members of the General's suite. They arrived at the Slough
station in good time for the train from London, in which
were Col. Peard and Mr Negretti, who, together with the
Duke, will accompany the General to Plymouth. After a
short stay the train moved slowly out of the station, amid
the enthusiastic cheers of the people.
aribaldi, accompanied by his sons and suite, arrived at
Bristol yesterday by the 12 25 down express, A deputation
of citizens, headed by the Mayor, Mr T. P. Jose, and ac-
companied by Mr W. IL Gore Langton, M.P., were in
attendance, and it was intended to have presented two
addresses to the General; but as soon as the train arrived
all order was at an end, the mob broke down the barricades
which had been erected and thronged the platform, the
police were powerless, and at last the carriage which con-
tained Garibaldi and his party was detached and whirled off
as a special train.
EXETER, Monday.

General Garibaldi was expected to arrive here by special
train to-day, on his way to Colonel Peard's residence at
Penquito, Cornwall. Great enthusiasm prevailed in the
city. A public meeting was held in the Guildhall, at which
the deputy mayor (Mr H. Hooper) presided, and an address
from the citizens was moved by Sir John Bowring, and
seconded by Mr R. Saunders, which was carried by accla-
mation. It was resolved that this address should be pre-
sented by the deputy mayor, on behalf of the citizens, on
the arrival of the General. At 1 o'clock the deputy
mayor, Town Council, and a large number of citizens,
assembled at the St. David's station of the Bristol and
Exeter Railway, accompanied by the band of the Ist Devon
which was kindly lent for the occasion by Colonel
Davie, M.P. Among those present were the Earl and
Countess Fortescue and Sir John and Lady Bowring. After
waiting at the station for nearly two hours a telegram ar-