The Sun.
London, England, 1852-11-05 00:00:00

UNIVERS.

A few days rgo, we had an opportunity of witues,ing
an improved process for making sugar, recently invented
and put in operation by Mr. U. L'o,emPr, civil engineer.
At his premises, Baxter-house, Old St. Pancras-read,
and, in common with several gentlemen practically con-
versant with the subjoct who were present, have to ex-
press the high gratification we experienced at the re-
sults brought under our notice. In the present condi-
tion of our West LeEa colonies every improvement in
the manufacture of auger, and every thing that tends to
cheapen its production, cannot fail to excite interest, and
a brief description of this new process may not there-
fore be unacceptable to the reader. This we shall at-
tempt to do in language as free from technicalities as
the nature of the subjsct will admit of. In the manu-
facture of sugar from the cane the saccharine juice is by
the usual system expressed by a roller-mill, whioh, on an
average, obtains from 50 to 55 par cent. of juice; where-
as the cane, according to the most eminent writers, con-
tains 90 per cent., the remaining 35 per cent. being left
in the " cane trash." Mr. Bessemer, by a great im-
provement on his original invention of the cane-press, is
now enabled to obtain, by a principle of continuous
pressure, from 75 to 80 per cent. without any additional
cost. In order to produce granulated sugar from the
juice of the cane it is necessary to separate a large pro-
portion of the water in which the saccahrine matter is
held in solution. This has hitherto been effected by
boiling the water passing off in the form of steam. It
has, however, been discovered that the heat necessary to
produce ebullition effects a rapid chemical decomposi-
tion of a large portion of the sugar under operation,
which assumes a dark brown or blackish colour, and is
perfectly uncrystallizeble, in which condition sugar is
commonly known under the name of molasses or treacle,
and amounts to 40 per cent. of the entire quantity of
saccharine matter present in the juice. In the new pro-
cess just patented by Mr. Bessemer, this separation of
the aqueous portion of the fluid is no longer effected by
boiling, but is dependent on that beautiful law of nature
by which evaporation is carried on spontaneously, and
every shower of rain again vaporizied, and caused to
ascend in the atmosphere. To carry this into practice a
small pan only is required, in which is placed a screw of
a peculiar construction, presenting about 6,000 superfi-
cial feet of surface, which is kept wetted by slowly revolv-
ing in the fluid to be evaporated; and in contact with
this wet surface some 10,000 cubic feet of warm atmos-
pheric air is forced port minute by a common blowing-
fan. The aqueous pions of the solution are thus
rapidly absorbed by the air, and pass oil as a perfectly
invisitele vapour, while the temperature of the fluid is
only 110 degrees Fahrenheit. The moat remarkable
fact is that the evaporation at this low temperature is
equal to that of firepans of the same dimensions, with a
powerful fire beneath them. A vast amount of fuel is
thus saved, and a still more important result obtained
from evaporating at this low temperature is, that none of
the saccharine matter is converted into molasses, nor is
there the least perceptible increase of colour. Hence,
not only is the quantity increased in this single process
40 per cent., but the superior quality of it would com-
mand, as we are informed, 7a or 83 per cwt. in the mar-
keta
very slow prece,s
o of the
over the ordinary colonial produce. In the usual
mode of m3nufaeturing sugar, utter the crystallization
crystalso f
drainage
throughf e r med ,
has taken place, the " mother liquor," in which the
whole of theth bottom
dark viscid syrup
hogsheads ; but, as the
will not drain out by the mere action of gravity, a coat-
ing is left upon the crystals, which renders them brown
and of less value. By another most important invention
of Mr. Bessemer this drainage is effected with extraordi•
nary rapidity and perfection, by continuously passing a
very thin stratum of sugar over a fine wire gauze sur-
face, beneath which a partial vacuum is formed, and on
which a number of fine jets of water (like a syringe) are
allowed to flow ; the passage of the water through the
interstices between the crystals of sugar entirely removes
the syrup from their surface, and rentimeders
during which
the sugar is exposed to the action och f the
inwaute i ter is one-
seventh of a second only, during whi mnterval
the water is drawn into the vacuum chamber, without
being allowed sufficient time to dissolve any portion of
the crystals. This instantaneous conversion of brown
sugar into white must however be witnessed to be appre-
ciated. These are the most striking, as they are the
most useful inventions, applyed by Mr. Bessemer to the
manufacture of sugar, though there are a variety of other
important details, a description of which seems less
called for. We understand the improvements have re-
ceived the approbation of numerous scientific and prac-
tical men, several of whom have expressed the opinion
that this adoption will be ono of the first steps towards
the restoration of that prosperity which has so long been
withheld from our sugar-growing colonies.

Ma. MACAULAY AND TEM RELIGIOUS EQUALITY
MOVEMENT.—Mr. 7..lacanlay has written the tollowing
letter to the seeretary of the Anti-State Church Asso-
ciation, enclosing a copy of the resolutions anentland:—
Mr.
Moore's scheme of religious equality in Ire
" Albany, London, Oct. 25, 1852. Sir,—Your letter to
me was sent, by some mistake, to Mr. Cowan, and was
consequently several days on the road to me. I am
muchme. obliged to you for the paper which you trans-
mttted to m. It is very ably drawn up, and contains
much in which I cordially agree. As you have done
me the honour to ask my opinion of what is called the
movement for religious equality in Ireland, I must
frankly say
establishment, but as a friend of civil and religious
that, not as a friend of the Irish Church
freedom, I look on that movement with extreme sus-
picion, and should be eorry to see the Protestant Ns.
ecnters of England and Scotland united in en unnatural
coalition with men who depend those proceedings which
bare brought so much disgrace on the tribunals and on
the Government of Tuscany.--I have the honour to be,
Sir, your faithful servant, T. B, MACAULAY."—GIasgow
Constitutional.

The toachera of Gorman and French in the Taylor In-
stitution will begin thar lectures for this term on Thurs-
day, the 4th, and Friday, the sth of November, respec-
tively.
These lectures are free of admission, and open to all
members of the University.

UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.
1552. —BACHELOR OF ARTS.
First Division.

glan,

Colleges.
Ashbury, Samuel Ralph University.
Barnes, Alfred... University.
Bleby, Henry William Wesley (Sheffield),
Boulnnis, Charles King's.
Bowring, Charles Aloysius Stonyhurst.
Cameron, James Lane. Indt., and Owens.
Collier, Henry Nicholas Spring Hill.
Courtauld, Samuel Augustine University.
Davis, Edward May New.
Evans, William King's.
Farrar, Frederic William King's.
Fernandez, Joseph University.
Fletcher, Geo. William Howitt King's.
French, Henry Wesleyan (Taunton).
Gibsone, Burford Waring King's, and Trin. Camb
Giles, Samuel University.
Gill, Walter Battershell, M.B...King's.
Gray, Benjamin New.
Horne, David .. .. Airedale.
Johnson, Frederick Alfred Wesl(Taunton),&Univ.
Jones, Robert Crompton Macchester (New).
heir, Campbell Mackintosh Ti...ing's.
LTecb, William University.
Leonard, Frederick Univ., & Baptist, Bristol.
L"wis, Evan Airedale.
McMichael, George Stepney.
Matheson, David Lawson
New.
Metivier, John University.
Miller, Josiah New.
March, Charles Jerom University.
Olive, Eustace Henry University.
Roscoe, Henry Enfield University.
Savage, Jami.s
Scott, Rev. Caleb Airedale.
Stanley, Rev. George Heap Manchester (New).
Suter, Thomas Herbert King's.
Ti,evan, William Frederic University.
Tophain, Charles
Vavasseur, Frederick University.
Verrall, Robert Thomas New.
Waterman, Thomas Theodore New.
Williatna, Edward St. Paul's, Prior park.
Second Division.
D =eV., Thomas St. Patrick's, Carlow.
Guthrie, Frederick University.
Lawson, Henry ... . S tony h urst.
Macaulay, George Ilayter University.
Owen, William Stevenson ..University.
Satchell, William Fletcher University.
Thompson, Richard New.

ABD-EL-KADER.

The Constitutionnel makes the history of Abd-e
Rieder the subject of a very lung article, in which
says :--
" Aled-el-Kader, in the war which he waged agains
France, had the merit of introducing a new liw of na-
tions hitherto unknown in these countries. The Mus•
sulruan, though charitable and hospitable during peace
is pitiless during war. From the time of the Turks, no
prisoners were ever taken in the struggles of the Osman-
lis against the Arabs. Abd-el-Kader, imitating our ex-
ample, adopted another practice. He one day gave un-
conditional liberty to SO French prisoners, in return for
which we released several thousand Arabs. We wish we
could add that he always remained firm to these maxim!.
Would to God he bad closed his ears to the sanguinary
advice which was given to him at a moment of forgetful-
ness and deqetir. But let us draw a veil on the disas.
trons scenes of the Moulouia, which we know have left a
bitter souvenir in the heart of the Emir. The organis-
ing spirit of Ablel-Kader is not only manifested in the
administration of the tribes, but in the creation of his
regular baltalions , of his disciplined cavalry, of his ar-
senals, cannon-foundries, and powder manufactories, and
of all the means of defence which he brought into use to
stop the conquest of the French. Wo must only speak
with esteem of these attempts of a heroic enemy, who,
admitting the superiority of our civilisation, endeavoured
to acquire its secrets. What matters it if the event dis-
appointed his provisions, and if he could not. as he had
announced, make his horse drink at the fountain of the
Great Mosque of Algiers, if his efforts have only tended
to complete the work of our domination. It is not a
trifling glory for Ili en to have struggled against warriors
such as l'ilarihal Bugeaud and the young generals formed
by the war in Africa ; the power of the conqueror is
certainly a title of honour for the conquered. Too
much praise cannot be given to the obstinate courage of I
Abd-el•lilader in that memorable struggle. Some traits
talct..n promiscuously will better show his character than
long recitals. Atter the capture of the Smala he was
told that his wife and those of his khalifas had fallen
into the hands of the French. The blow was a terrible
one. Abd-el limier, apparently, at least, was unmoved.
' Praise be to God t' lie cried, ' these people cause me
much uneasiness, embarrass all my movements, and turn
me from the right path. I shall ho more free for the
future to harass the infidels.' Understanding, besides,
like a skillet politician, what influence might bo exercised
on his fortune by an event which destroyed his prestige,
and which had robbed him of his family and of his ser-
vants, he wrote on the following day to ono of his khalifae,
—' The French have made a razzia on my Smala during
my absence. We have lost some women, but we are not
serry for it, as we are less encumbered for war. The
wives of Ben-Allal have been taken, but the next day he
married the daughter of Berkani; we, therefore, think
no more of it: His correspondence with his lieutenants,
who became more and more discouraged, show him to
be always indefatigable and ardent in the struggle; ap-
pealing by turns to scetiments of religion and to inspira-
tions of patriotism, concealing his defeats, and, like a
lion, evading by stratagem and turnings the pursuit of
the huntsman. Abd-el-Kader never displayed more re-
sources of mind than in his days of adversity. His
emissaries never ceased going through the country,
creating diversions and re-lighting the torch of war.
Twice compelled to take refuge in Morocco, he at length
succeeded in embroiling us with the Emperor Abderrahs
man—a difference which was put an end to by the bat-
tle of Islay. He afterwards attempted to dethrone the
Emperor himself in order to renew the struggle with
the Moorish forces. Failing, however, in his attempts,
he again sought an asyluta in our territory, and soon
after delivered himself up into our hand, declaring that
his role was finished, and that he had no other ambition
than to live free and unknown in a Mussulman country.
Never could a greater homnif'e be paid to the generosity
of our country. He would have been pitilessly put to
death by Abderrahman; with us he found an honour-
able captivity, and now he has bad full and entire liberty
given him; he is treated by us not as an old enemy, but
as a friend."

POISONING THROUGH EATING COCKLES —A most me-
lancholy sensation has been created in the neighbour-
hood of the Hotwells and Clifton, Bristol, in consequence
of the death ender circumsstances of a very remarkable
kind, of a fine little girl of six or seven years old, the
daughter of a respectable tradesman named Stokes, who
resides at the Mardyke•house, Hotwell road. The de-
ceased child was very fond of cockles, and she obtained
permission of her parent to purchase a pint for her
supper. No peculiar effect was observed immediately
to follow the meal, and the child retired to her bed at her
usual hour, and slept till early in the morning,
when she awoke complaining of a burning sen-
sation in her throat and stoach, 'accompanied by
excruciating thirst. Soon after vomiting came on,
and i subsequently violent purging and the symp-
toms which usually accompany the administration of
irritant poisons. The symptoms continued, unchecked
to any material extent, and at about five o'clock in the
evening the little sufferer breathed her last. The death
is ascribed to the presence in the cockles of a kind of
parasitic insect which is sometimes found contained in

iftsm.
NEI"- BANK AND BREWERY.—Application is made
to this market for a sum of 200,0001., for the " Financial
Union Bank of Paris," which will make the total capital
of that establishment, including 600,0001. raised, or to be
raised, in France, 800,0001. It appears that the institu-
tion was founded in the French metropolis in AprilllBso,
and that the extention of capital is proposed with a view
to forming a branch in London, and auxiliary institu-
tions in the chief commercial towns of France. The
" Great Paris Brewery Company" is another
er French
undertaking, a portion of the capital of which is to be
raised here. The object of the association is apparent
in its title, including the production in France of the
various varieties of British beer.
THE NATIONAL GALLERY AND GREAT EXHIBITION
SURPLUS FUND.—The report of the Government having
purchased the plot of ground near Kensington as a site
for a new National Gallery is incorrect. The property
has been purchased by the Royal Commissioners, with
the surplus funds of the Great Exhibition. It is in-
tended to present it to the nation, and to request the
Government to erect upon the land buildings suitable
for a new National Gallery, for a museum for the trades
collection formed from the late Exhibition, which will
be considerably augmented when suitable accommoda-
tion is afforded ; also suitable premises for the School of
Design, at present temporarily located at Marlborough
House ; and for affording the means of carrying out a
system of " industrial education " similar to that sug-
gested in the first report of the Royal Commissioners.
INCUMSBRED EsTaTEs.The first sale in the En-
cumbered Estates Court, after the long vacation, took
place yesterday, the property sold being the estate of
Samuel M`Clintock and others, in the county of Louth.
This estate was sold in March last, when one of the
puisne creditors, hoping that the proceeds would reach
his debt, bid 1,400 L, hut, •as he was disappointed, the
sum realised was rot extending to him, he applied to
the commtsrioners to be released, end his application was
granted. The nett annual rent is about 1681., mid the
produce of the sale to-day was 1,6751., being 2751. more
than the same laud was knocked down for in the early
part of the year.
THE IRISH MEMBERS AND RAILWAY ACCOM-
MODATION.—MY. P. Roney, as agent for the Bev, nil
English railways, has completed a most advantageous
arrangement for the Irish members, in respect to their
journeying to and from England during the approaching
session. The arrangement contemplates the issue of
sessional tickets at the nominal price of 204 or the ex-
tension of the return ticket system to a month.