The Sun.
London, England, 1863-09-11 00:00:00

Railways.

Bir.. Wol., and Str. Val
;Blythe and Tyne.
Bost.,Sleaf., and Hid. Co
Bristol and Exeter . •
Caledonian
Cork and Bandon
Cornwa 1 i
Do A A .:-ets no div
Do. B till6pe.pan.has;
been paid to B.;
;Dublin Ar, Belfast June.;
!Dun.,Perth,&A.b. June.
;Edinburgh ei f lasgow.~
iGlasg. and S. Western.;
iGretEastern, Ord. stk;

Ditto A stock

Ditto East Anglian st
GreatNorthot Scotland
Great Northern.. .•
Do A stock
Do B do
Gt. S. awl W. of Ireland
Great Western
Do Str Val gnu. stock
Lancashire & Yorkshire
London and Blackwall
Lon., Bright.,& S. Coast
Lon., Chat., and Dover
Lon. & Nor' h Western
Lon. & So•.th Western
Man., Shef., & Lincoln.
itaryport and Carlisle
Do f shares
Metropolitan
Midland
Do New

Do Binning. & Derby
Gt. W. of Ireland

Closing
Price.

8 8i
81 81
E 5
121 122

7} 8

39 (0
lt; )7
07 CS
111 113
50i 614
41) 60
24i tsi

123 a 12411
124} 125 a
1?4 136
99 101
WI Ca

1121 1131
/3i 748 1
112 113
42 43 1
101 1041
1011 1021
44 441

120 122
12,4 r2Ol
lt)
£5 87

Do. 4 shares
Mid liert

Do Cray Line
North British

lEdin., Perth, Az Dundee
INth. Eastern--Berwick
Do, G.N.E. purchase
Do Leeds
Do Y ork
Do Carlisle....
North London
Do Now
North Staffordshire
N. and S. W. Junction
Scottish Central
'Scot N. E., Aber. stock
Do Scot. Mid. stock
Shrews. and Welchpool
Shropshire Union
South Devon..
South Eastern

554 564
254 264
1001 1014

57 58
871 88,1

117 120
1 2 p
81 82
111 14
125 127
45 47
100 102

50 52
30 32
941 Al
70 72
99 101
9 10
30i 37i
4 9} 0
150 8
155 pi
41 5i p
2i 31.

'South Wales
S. York. and River Dun
Staines,Wok.,andWok
Stockton & Darlington
Do
Do New, 1866
Taff Vale..
Do B
Do C
Ulster
Do
Do
Vale of Neath
Victoria sta. and Pim
Waterford t Kilkenny;
West Cornwall

'W. Hartlepool Har.,tlt.i
West Midland -Oxford
I Do Newport'
' Do Hereford'

r,c~-'~-.,,~

__________
____ -
_ - .y„., - __.___ -.-- -..-...--...---
. .- - , , ---, __ _ , _ --, . .. ,
'.'"---,_ •, . ,t,,
..
. ~,,
‘\l

The Cotton Famine and the Health of the

Operatives.

In the autumn of last year apprehensions were
entertained lest the distress in the manufacturing
districts should lead to the outbreak of some epide-
mic disease. In the month of October the attention
of the Medical Department of the Privy Council
was aroused, and Dr. Buchanan, one of the physi-
cians to the London Fever Hospital, was commis-
sioned to inquire into the sanitary condition of the
cotton districis. His investigations occupied about
two months, and at the end of December he made a
report which has been published as an appendix to
that of Mr. Simon, the Medical officer of the Privy
Council. That report is not confined to a mere
statement of the nature and extent of the disease
met with, but also contains much valuable informa-
tion as to the sufficiency of relief afforded, and the
effect which prolonged distress has had upon the
habits of the operatives.
In spite of the vast efforts which were made to
assist the unemployed one of the most lamentable
consequences of extreme destitution appeared last
winter. Lancashire had been wholly exempt from
typhus fever, of what is called by Dr. Buchanan
the " true Irish type," since 1847-8 ; but last year
it again appeared, and in Preston and Manchester
assumed an epidemic form. At Preston 227 cases
were ascertained to have occurred between midsum-
mer and the end of November, and those attacked
died At the rate of about 23 per cent. At Manchester
there were probably at least 100 attacks, and 20
deaths itt the same period. The existence of typhus

fever was itself sufficient to suggest doubts as to the

success of the measures adopted for the relief of the
distress, and inquiry detected the existence of other
morbid conditions confirming thoie apprehensions.
Some of these conditions consisted of a simple de-
cline from the normal standard of health and
strength, while others constituted positive disease.
The towns visited were Ashton, Blackburn, Bol-
ton, Bury, Chorley, Darwen, Manchester, Oldham,
Preston, Salford, Stockport, and Wigan. In all of
these, with the exception of Bolton and Bury, it
was found that the cotton workers, as a body, had
sustained a loss of strength, colour, and flesh. Uni-
versal emaciation and pallor did not indeed at first
sight strike the visitor, but those who penetrated
to the homes of the poor observed a wan and hag-
gard look about the people which is not habitual.
The parents had lost their health, and more gene-
rally' than the children, and the paleness and ex-
haustion of the mothers, who almost starved them-
selves, were particularly noticeable. At Ashton
women how become weaker in childbirth, and
fainted read i.TY from any excess of haemorrhage at
that time. 11'fanY mothers unduly prolonged the
suckling of their' children, pleading in excuse that
they could not afford to purchase the food
appropriate to an infant which was being or
had just been weaned. Children had suffered less
in their strength and app vent robustness. Indeed
the substitution of materna: care for the inattention
and injudicious treatment of :lived nursery keepers
had operated favourably upon their health; and
apart from special epidemics the ordinary maladies
of childhood were very slightly fell., In Preston,
through the summer and autumn diarrhcea was
much more prevalent than in ordinary' years, and
the disease was peculiarly nntractable. In no other
town was there such an excess, and in Ashton,
Blackburn, Bolton, Bury, and Stockport there
was less autumnal diarrhea than usual. COses

of dysentery, in no great number, but atii:

of exceptional frequency, occurred at Chorley,
Oldham, Salford, and Wigan. At Ashton
and Chorley diarrhoea had been a constant con-
comitant of measles, but except in those towns no
prevalent disease had been complicated by it. A
tendency to haemorrhage was witnessed in several
towns, and actual scurvy occurred among cotton
workers at Stockport, Preston, Blackburn, and Sal-
ford. In almost all cases the sufferers were women.
A disposition to ulcerate or slough, apparently in
consequence of altered habits and diet, was exhibited
in one cr two cases in Blackburn ; and one district
surgeon in Manchester found that all bruises and
alight wounds were singularly difficult to heal.
Rheumatism was said to be particularly common
among other places at Ashton and Wigan. An un-
paralleled quantity of itch was observed in Black-
burn, Manchester, Stockport, and Salford. Epi-
demic diseases, fostered as they are by bad diet, bad
air, and want of cleanliness, furnish a good index
to an exceptional prevalence of these agencies. Put-
ting aside sporadic cases the following complaints
were met with in an epidemic form :—chickenpox
in a part of Manchester; measles in Ashton, Black-
burn, Bury, Chorley, Manchester, and to a less extent
in Salford, Preston, and Wigan; whooping-cough in
Chorley, Manchester, Salford, and Stockport; scar-.
latina in Ashton, Darwen, Manchester, Oldham,
and about October and November in Stockport;
typhoid rather frequent in Bolton, Bury, Chorley,
Darweny and Stockport ; true typhus cases were
seen in Preston, Manchester, and Chorley. At
Chorley measles had frequently been complicated
with ophthalmia. [Scarlatina, whever it occurred,
was distinguish ed by the extreme degree to which it
affected the muce.Tis membranes. Very bad throats,
with nasal dischargL'e, and glands in the neck greatly
swollen, had been cou.imonly observed, and in some
places, as at Oldham, h;tcl given a highly fatal cha-
racter to the epidemic. in that town, the popula-
tion of which is 72,233, there were 169 deaths from
scarlatina between midsummer and the Ist of
December. Drunkenness with the diseases and
less
accidents produced by it were anequivocally
prevalent than usual. Only in Manchester, Salford,
and Wigan, where a Large portion of the inha-
bitants are not engaged in the cotton trade, had in-
temperance prevailed to its ordinary etent.
'rho inquiry of Dr. Buchanan was, ue we have
hinted, not confined to the diseases which bad been
produced or aggravated by distress, but exte:ided to
the more general subject of the income, expoildi"
tore, and the state and habits of the operatives.
As the result of the investigations into the financial
branch of the subject it was found that low health
end actual disease had resulted and would result
from the income of the unemployed being below the
Actual
that would procure them adequate food.
Lteteal observation showed that health cannot be
"Peened on an amount of food less than is repre-
sented b_
ls.
retail
is. lid. per head per weak wholesale, or
last tt:e :tail value. In the month of December
au
out
of
income of the cotton workers from
as out ot Iltte nearly 2s. per head per week, but
til
about 16. per
Payments for rent, amounting to
and sometimes fweek per family, for candles, and
tity of food wort 50°P, had to be made, the qaari-
such as-could obtained at contract prices for
ftil shops would cost ls. 71d.
From the corameneen;
No-
vember scarcely more tnt, of the distress until No-
al;hree quarters of that
amouet of food was
procurable,uto b There is one small
outgoing which ought not
indicates the clinging to
habitsoef overlooked, as it
part of those who are suffering the
on the
e severest distress.
Many of the operatives have their children in burial
clubs, and religiously discharge the d-
of a penny per head. The
mary
weekly payments
ue poor
are, it is said, best pleased to receive assistance
either in money or in tickets the Currency
shop b "-
which is not confined to a particular , At their
is hardly a wise one, pchoice in this respect rom
a comparison between the prices charged at re_
paid for articles :applied
tail shops and those
by contract it appears that 10d. given in kind
is equal to a shilling given in money. Nor is the
onfined
advantage of the system of relief in kind
" lee supplic ed from
to the question of value. 'The articles
ittees are, as
the stores of guardians and relief comm
obtainable
a rule, better and more pure than those
at the shops ; and under such a system the poor
escape the temptation to unprofitable expenditure
to which when relief is given in money they are too
often disposed to yield.
The nature of the diet of the operatives and its
preparation have, of course, a bearing upon their
nutrition scarcely less important than its amount.
In these respects the poor of Lancashire suffer not
a little in consequence of their previous habits and
their want of knowledge as to how to make the
moat of the food which is now procurable. They have
been used to live upon a generous diet, and suffer
mere from the lack of animal food than if they had
at been accustomed to its liberal use. In prosper-

ous times they pay litte attention to careful domes-
' tic economy, and now that it is needed they have no
knowledge how to turn their scanty inc Ames to the
best advantage. If the money which they spend in
food was laid cut to the best account, a they were
able to cook the materials so procu-. '. in the most
useful manner and without waste, their moneys
would go much further than they now do. An ex-
. tremeinstance of ignorance in these respects was
exhibited by a poor girl at Preston who paid half
her earnings in rent and tried to keep herself aline
upon the remaining 15d. a week. This would have
been difficult with the best management, "but her
notions of economy were comprised in bread and
tea, and death by scurvy was the result of them."
The ordinary diet of the unemployed, as witnessed
by Dr. Buchanan, was almost exclusively vegetable ;
occasionally only they afforded a bit of bacon,
cheese, or butter, a herring, or, more rarely still, a
morsel of cheap meat.
"Bread constitutes the greatest part of their daily food.
Oatmeal or meal of Indian corn less commonly is the next
most usual food, made into porridge or into various sorts of
bread. To :hese a little batter or treacle is added generally
for the children when they can afford it. Potatoes stand
next, being happily good, cheap, and generally popular.
Partly from want of utensils, partly from inexpertness,their
cooking gives no variety to these materials. Tea with
sugar, but usually without milk, is now the common drink...
In very few families can a proper amount of milk, even it
any at all, be bought for the children ; they are put on the
same food as the adults at much too early an age. After such a picture as this, it is satisfactory to
learn that, although animal food was so scantily
consumed in a solid form, the poorest usually buy-
ing none, yet, "in almost all towns therearesiveuepn
kitcheqp, where a quart of good meat sou h given
for a penny ;" that " in some few towns potato-hash"
a o- as
(locally called is bob sconce ): may be tis
had at a
penny a pint," and that " inManchester and
been
Salford public dining kitchens ha'e lately
established, where not only soup, but meals of meat
and potatoes can be had for an extremely small pay-
ment." The advantage of such establishments is
strikingly illustrated by the fact that—" In these
ways a dinner containing about two ounces of ani-
mal food can be got for the same money that in the
homes of the poor would only procure a dish of po-
tatoes or a basin of porridge."
As far as the better class of cotton workers were
concerned, there was at the time of this report but
little alteration as regarded the houses which they
occupied. They were, as a rule, inhabiting the
same cottages of three or four rooms that they occu-
pied in more prosperous times. There was among
them but little disposition to crowd together,
though often a married son or daughter came
back to live with their parents, in order to save
rent. Among the poorer classes, however, things
were worse. Many who formerly rented a two or
three-roomed cottage were obliged to content them-
selves with a single room, while others took a
stranger to lodge with the family. In the very
poorest class two families frequently occupied a
single room!, one bed sufficing for the whole of each
family. The amount paid for rent varied consider-
ably in different towns, and even in the same town
according to the means and disposition of landlords.
The owners of single cottages, often poor persons, to
whose support the rent was a material contribution,
were obliged to bear rather hardly upon the tenants,
but larger owners could afford to wait for their
rents, and as a rule they showed considerable libe-
rality. Distraint was rare, and not many cottages
were to be seen empty. The average of rent paid
was probably much less than half the usual amount.
Only in one town, Oldham, did the Relief Com-
mittees make a separate provision for the rent of
the people whom they were assisting, but as a rule
the committees regarded a portion of their grant as
applicable to this purpose, and arranged their allow-
ance with reference to that circumstance. Over-
crowding was distinctly on the increase, and had in
December reached a pitch fatal to cleanliness and
purity of air, and equally so to sexual delicacy.
In the very poorest cottages there was a further
reason for overcrowding, besides the desire to save
rent.
"In the bitter frosts of November the most destitute
began to huddle together as closely as possible for warmth,
and, being sadly deficient in bedding, their day clothes
often serving for their only covering by night, they care-
fully excluded from their crowded bedrooms every breath
of air. If they rented two bedrooms, they brought the beds
together into one. Six or eight people would ckme at night
into a room 12 feet square, with the window and door closed
and padded, and the fire -place (as is almost universal with
them) thoroughly papered up, and lie as closely as they
could for the heat of each others' bodies. They got their
warmth indeed, but in a fashion that was monstrously
hurtful to their health."

Even when Dr. Buchanan visited the manufac-
turing districts a check had been given to the over-
crowding which resulted from mere cold by the
distribution of bedding, and it is to be hoped that
in the ensuing winter the poor will never be driven
to such unwholesome shifts to keep up the animal
heat.

In the article of dress the cotton operatives had
suffered as much as in those of food or lodging.
First their Sunday elothes, then their changes of
linen, were sold or pawned, and their single suit,
if not diminished in the same way, was worn to
shreds. The poorest people were constantly with-
out underclothing, and a single petticoat and
bodice often formed the entire wardrobe of a
woman or child. In such a state, and with deficient
bedding they were found by the early frosts of No-
vember. Had we had a very wet or cold winter, the
rate of mortality would have been frightful. As it
was, bronchitis was exceedingly prevalent, even
among the women and children, and the men who
were employed at out-door labour seem to have
suffered with especial severity from diseases pro-
duced by the cold. They would have suffered more
had not the Guardians in the worst weather dis-
pensed with the test of out-door labour. Dr. Bu-
chanan found nothing to observe upon in the exter-
nal condition of the houses and streets as affected by
the distress, but as to the inside of the houses in-
habited by the poorer classes he states that there
was a general want of Cleanliness, in part connected
with their having more inhabitants, and in part due
to the cost of cleaning materials. Landlords,whose
weekly visit for rent was made in vain, appeared to
have become careless about the wholesomeness of
their houses, and few of the local authorities had
acted on their powers of compelling attention to
these matters. Domestic cleanliness had been often
preserved under many incentives to its neglect, a
result which was probably greatly promoted by the
gratuitous distribution of soap by many of the relief
committees. If the old standard of personal tidi-
ness had not been maintained, there had been less
slovenliness and dirt than might have been ex-
pected. In the Preston Union, when a dirty person
applied for relief, the Guardians, before considering
his case, sent him off with a ticket to the nearest
bath.
One of the most interesting and effectual means
which benevolence created to contend withdistress
last winter was the sewing schools,
and it is satis-
factory to learn from Dr. Buchanan that " from a
medical point of view it would hardly be possible to
give too much praise" to them. "Thousands of
persons,"he says," but especially of young women,
are provided in them with shelter and warmth
throughout the day, are set to useful work, fur-
nished with clothes and money and kept from the
mental harm of idleness." Excellent as these insti-
tutions are, at the time of the doctor's visit one
serious fault pervaded them; they exhibited a la-
mentable
deficiency of ventilation. Held, as they
generally Were, in the large, low room of an empty
factoorrye,hoirldirn a schoolroom intended for a less num-
bee
children, the original construction of neither
venti-
lation
The girls 'used to
place
Without for a sufficient change of air," venti-
providedn
draughtth being scarcely possible!,
surprised to hot mills, insisted on shut-
ting all the
that the atmosphere was
windoeneir
often intolerably clo'sea°
off work
learn that the lady
under such circum-
stances we are not
rues
of the
with the iniose
superintendents often left
fittslaueld,uteen_githrls themselves
headaches,) that the
_rest
were seen unhealthily
The only schools which were
one of them had fainted over
specially examined
her sewing," more than
were those established by the guardians et
It had lately seemed that the young women is thosee
schools had been getting out of health, and at the
request of the managers Dr Buchanan undertook ft,
investigation into the nature, extent, and causes of
their sufferings. Of 35 girls examined eight had ail-

ments that had either existed before the cessation of
their factory work or appeared to be independent of
their altered circumstances; four had experienced
some loss of health, but not during their attendance
at the school, one or two having indeed enjoyed
better health since they attended the classes—five
said that they were in better health than when they
were at mill work-12 stated that they were as
well as when so employed—and in the case of the
six others more or less deterioration of health had
occurred. Minute inquiries into the amount of in-
come received by these girls, and the mode of its
appropriation, led to the conclusion that health was
being maintained on so much food as could be
bought with 2s. 1:1,-d. per week, but that where, from
any cause, the amount of income available for food
fell materially below that point loss of health was
very generally occurring. The character of the food
appeared to be of less moment than sufficiency of
quantity, but still it seemed probable that depriva-
tion of fresh meat was assisting in the observed loss
of health. To meet this last evil it recommended
that the sewing girls should get their dinner at the
schools twice a week, by which means a meal, such
as potato-hash, containing fresh vegetables and
about two ounces of meat, might be supplied at the
same cost to the girls themselves as their innutri•
tious and monotonous dinner of bread and tea. The
ventilation of the room naturally attracted a good
deal of attention as exercising an important influence
upon the health of the scholars. The average at•
tendance of girls in the schools examined at Preston
was such that in those buildings each scholar had at
least 120 cubic feet of air, and the means of heating
and ventilation were such that the air could be
maintained sufficiently pure and warm. At times,
however, an unusual influx of scholars reduced the
breathing space to 70 or 80 cubic feet, or more fre-
quently the love of the girls for hot rooms led them
to close the windows and ventilators, and then the
atmosphere became oppressive and unwholesome.
So great an aversion have the girls accustomed to
the warm close rooms of the factories to anything
like a draught or a free current of air that even
where the breathing space available for each girl
does not exceed 60 cubic feet they take every oppor-
tunity of closing the windows or other apertures
intended for the admission of external air. Under
such circumstances it is not surprising that the at-
mosphere of many of these rooms is to a visitor
intolerably hot and close, and that, if the girls
themselves do not suffer, the injurious effects of a
protracted attendance are frequently experienced
by the superintendents. Dr. Buchanan closes his
report with a recommendation that " 120 cubic feet
at least should be secured to each girl in the sew-
ing school, when necessary by a limitation of the
number of scholars in a room. In all cases due ven-
tilation of the rooms should be resolutely insisted
on, and with such ventilation the temperature that
would be the best to adopt for a mean is probably
65 deg. Fahrenheit.

AMERICAN TRAVELLING.

(From a Correspondent of the Times.)
PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 13.

I left New York for Washington a few days ago. The
thermometer was at 96 deg. in the shade. I chose the even-
ing mail in the vain hope of shunning the killing heat of
the day. From my hotel to the ferry, and from this again
to the Jersey shore, I and my baggage were, of course, at
the mercy of hackney coachmen, carmen, and porters. Like
everything else, extortion is free in America ; it is sullen,
insolent, overbearing besides ; it bows to no tariff, stoops to
no fixed charges ; it takes its own time, chooses its own way,
deaf to your remonstrances, unmoved by your hurry ; bully
or blackguard it does not, for it has a quiet consciousness
of its power, and does not condescend to higglo or argue.
It bumps your "plunder" on the ground, shatters your
trunks wilfully, as if visiting on each luckless box that so-
cial sin that made some men owners, and some others mere
carriers of trunk.

The ticket-seller, the luggage master, all the railway offi-
cials, harbour towards you the same feelings as your cabman
or porter. They all eye you sorely, answer you curtly and
nr
tartly. Nay, before they answer they stare at you leis y
as if revolving in their mind what right you have to putel
a question, or what business it is of theirs to attend to it.
They have not the sharp, snappish, pedantic, dictatorial
tone of your French Jack-in-office, but neither have they
the rough-and-ready but good humoured obliging English
way of going to work. The fare is not down on your ticket;
you pay as you are bidden ; your luggage is not weighed ;
the charge is made at discretion. It may be all right, no
doubt. I was bidden to pay twice as much for thy trunks
from Washington to Baltimore as I had paid between New
York and Washington—twice as much for the same weight
over hardly one third of the distance. I asked for explana-
tion, and was answered by a vacant supercilious look. Very
clearly inside the station the horse has the whip-hand of
his master. Your choice lies between travelling on such
conditions or travelling not at all.
Enter : you have been kept en queue at the ticket-
office; you have been penned up at the waiting-room as in
France, or at Smithfield ; but the bell rings, and this is the
way to the "cars." The cars, or railway carriages, are
long vans on railway wheels, constructed to carry any
number of passengers from 60 to 100, disposed in seats, two
by two, with a gangway running the whole length between.
These cars are all for one and the same class. Americans
travel on the footing of perfect equality. The crowd was
immense, as it always is at every hour, on every road, by
every conveyance in this marvellously stirring community.
I read in the pages of a recent good-natured English
traveller that "this promiscuous coming together of persons
of every description gave rise to no inconvenience; for the
same thing happened here as on board the penny boats on
the Thames, where the shabby passengers, altogether en-
titled to equal rights, instinctively shrink from contract
with the better dressed, and huddle together as if knowing
their places." I did not find my fellow-travellers so
modestly accommodating the other evening, nor have I
since found many instances of this =labia disposition
among these people. There was a rush and a scrambling
and jolting; the cars were taken by storm, the places were
secured, and with stranger " car-fellows " poverty could
scarcely have made me acquainted. It is true some of the
cars were not equally thrown open to the multitude. Before
them stood soldiers, grizzly guardians with muskets, bar-
ring the doors. These were reserved we know not for whom;
perhaps for the niiAitary. One or two were set apart for
"ladies," for in America the sex is your true aristocracy.
Like the Emperor Nicholas, it confers distinction on those
its countenance shines upon, and so long only as it does so
shine upon. The sex enjoys privileges which it can easily ex-
tend to any man or set of men in its company. It is, however,
a distinction without a difference, for the "gents'" ear (the
word gentleman is nover written at full in these places) the
gents' cars are only open to the world. The "ladies "
cars are accessible to " the world and his wife?' A very
fishworuan is as freely admitted into the privileged com-
partment as a duchess ; and she can bring with her a whole
squad of fishmongers, as much entitled to rank among the
" ladies' men" as she among the ladies. Luckily or unluckily
I was owned by no lady, and had to put up with the gents'
limbo. I got in. The whole of Broadway was squeezed in
that close narrow space. There they all were, the loafer,
the rowdy, the coatless, the hatless, the washed and the
unwashed, the sharp-featured sour-visaged Yankee, the
wild shaggy-headed Irishman, the heavy-lipped beery Ger-
man; all the heads of the people, with the exception of the
negro head. All Broadway is ou its travels, incessantly on
its travels. You would say that broadcloth shuns the high-.
way, or that gentility drops its trappings, and affects the
look, the costume, and the manners of rascality to propi-
tiate
it on the highway. The air of the place choked me,
the sight sickened me. lam an old stager, be it borne in
mind, broken into all manners of hardships, roughing it
with the hardiest of men. But I draw a line between the
washed and the unwashed when I can ; and I do not con-
ceive why, so long as one class lives apart front another in
houses, so long as Americans shun contact with each other
as they do by pews in churches and boxes in the theatres,
why, I say, they should not allow money equally to pur-
chase separation in public conveyances, why men of all
ranks should be "made" to "pig together" on omnibuses,
boats, and railways. Talk of the tyranny that chains toge-
ther the patriot and the felon in the galleys 1 Why, here
is republican equality dooming the clean to spend a whole
night, or any number of nights, side by side with the un-
clean in the cars.
I walked up and down the gangway twice and three times,
like a luckless dog fidgetinglound and round for a proper spat
t
to lay himself down. Alas no spot
edging
left. I tofokommyhsieam,
near one of the sovielireignscmitiozkeinnsg, e
is gniontgalalowwyed, I believe,
without looking
incessant fire was kept up from the
gents' t
hsa'itm cars,smeAl butnwi t
with.
e TYankee i
quid
wase eds
in
no e
vcigar ttwoo
left. The missiles flew ou
flung them back in minute
re-
gardless of the wind which
road and black ashes from
sized with the dust of the
the loathsome
double row on the right-htaanfdthseeantsartroawtheopdeonubwleinrodwowosn,themmevoaeuknethians btoheu'ettsgt of three:
spray, mix
nonight
It was pandemonium ; an
proper sense
scene
an down to a
American car, even if it brings
a man
the race, is not certainly
of his own unworthiness as one o
the engine. But why should I dwdelal
spent in an
the race itself. Ned to travel
'std, "A if t?'":113e home
calculti
I am an old stager, as I h.- make layoff at
!ed to awaken his kindest sympathies in
five or six nights in succession I ca" of in a carriage seat as in the most luxurious bbeehdasl.f oif

smothered down my indignation, overcame my diegus,,
crouched down in my narrow and by no means soft bench,
and soon dozed. Dozing, indeed I Behind me was the door
opening every two minutes, fiercely jarring as it opened,
cruelly banging as it is closed. The gangway was a tho-
roughfare for vendors of orange pop, eatables and drink-