The Sun.
London, England, 1864-04-01 00:00:00

CENSUS OF OCCUPATION,

course, is independently of the vast body of persons
employed upon the mineral when got.
Class 6 is created in great part by imperfect re-
tarns. Ic comprises persons whose occupation is
ill-
defined or undefined. There are in it 3( 6,544 men
returned generally as " labourers,' 11,621 as
mechanics. It concludes the account given of the
occupations of the people of England and Wales at
works of great labour, and executed with much care
and skill, though not infallible after all.
Scotland having now its own Registrar-General,

On the eve of the meeting of Parliament we pub-
lished a statement of the population of the kingdom
and its distribution at the time of the last census.
We propose now to give an account of the occupa-
tions of the people. The general classification of the
population enumerated in England and Wales at
the census of 1851 and that of 1861 is as follows:-
1851. 1861.
376,434 .. 481,957
10,010,343 .. 11,426,720
528,699 .. 623,710
2,084,153 2,010,454
„, 4,143,293 .. 4,828,399
784,787 .. 695,984

1. Professional class ..
2. DJmestic

its census was taken by that functionary, with the
assistance of Mr. Stark. They present the follow-
ing result :

3. Commercial „ ..
4. Agricultural „
5. Industrial ~
6. Indefinite ~ ..

1851.

1861.

1. Professional class
2. Domestic „
3. Commercial „
4. Agricultural „
5. Industrial „
6. Indefinite „

17,927,609 20,066,224
The professional class is subdivided into three
orders or sub-classes. The first is the Governmental,
beginning with her Majesty the Queen, and reach-
ing down to the police, the letter carriers, and the
dockyard labourers ; for the subordinates always in
the census returns go to the Principals. The de-
partment of the Post Office increased its numbers
from 8,881 in 1851 to 14,131 in 1861, the police from
16,392 to 21,938, and the whole Governmental body
advanced from 66,724 to 87,350. The second sub-
class, the military, increased from 85,818 to 131,944.
This does not include the Volunteers; volunteering
was not their principal occupation. The third
sub-class—the learned, literary, and artistic pro-
fessions—increased from 204,093 in 1851 to 262,663
in 1861. The clergy were returned at 17,320 in
1851 and 19,195 in 1861; Protestant Ministers, 6,405
and 7,840 ; Roman Catholic priests, 966 and 1,216.
Barristers advanced from 2,816 to 3,071, but the
number of attorneys was stationary. The physicians
increased from 1,771 to 2,385, but the surgeons and
apothecaries decreased in number, the profession
answering to the preference of the patient for the
higher title. Schoolmasters, schoolmistresses, and
teachers increased from 94,878 in 1851 to 110,364
in 1861; this last number includes 24,770 gover-
nesses. Authors and literary persons are stated at
3,395 men and 185 women in 1861.
The progress of the taste for music is seen in the
increase of musicians and musicmasters from 11,105
in 1851 to 15,021 in 1861. Photographers were
but 45 in 1851, but in 1861 had become 2,534. Civil
engineering is also a profession rapidly increasing ;
its members at the two dates were 2,577 and 3,329.
Classification is difficult with the literary and ar-
tistic class. An author may also be a clergyman,
barrister, physician. It is necessary also to include
persons ministering in the lowest fields of public
amusements. Conjurors, performers at shows, bal-
lad singers, pugilists (18 in number)—they here get
into worshipful company; and we have to close the
list of the " professional class" with the last minis-
ter of the law, who is introduced with such
honours as may be—" The ancient office of execu-
tioner has one representative left in England."

2,888,742 .. 3,062,294
In 1861, therefore, of every 100,000 persons in Scot-
land 1,715 belonged to the professional class, 2,754
to the commercial, 12,364 to the agricultural, 22,665
to the industrial, 56,634 are classed only as domes-
tic, and 3,868 are undefined, ill-defined, or non-
productive; 567,056 are returned as scholars, so that
15.2 per cent. of the population, or one in every 6.5,
was receiving education at the date of the census.
In England the proportion was 15.7 per cent, and yet
the number of adults able to sign their names on the
marriage register is much below that of Scotland.
The percentage of domestic servants to population
was as high as 9.3 per cent. in Edinburgh, and in
Glasgow it was only 3.6 per cent. The bakers in-
crease in Scotland; the increase of this class be-
tween 1841 and 1851 was as much as 44.8 per cent.,
indicating the change of diet by the gradual adop-

tion of wheaten bread in the country districts.
Very great pains have been bestowed upon this
censue of Scotland, and much interesting informa-
tion has been collected, but the compilers propose a
far more complete method in future, showing the
number of persons dependent for their support on
each occupation or trade, and not the mere workers
only. When the expense and trouble are taken of
going the round of the kingdom and knocking at
every door, it will be well to get a little more in.
formation than hitherto.

The Irish census distributes the people of Ireland
into ten classes—Landed proprietors, 8,412 ; agri-
culturists, 969,636; engaged in commerce, manu•
factures, and mechznical trades, 815,356; learned
professions, 11,695 ; other liberal professions, 1,066 ;
engaged in teaching, 19,346; civil service, 20,564;
military and naval services, 30,328; miscellaneous,
829,138 ; without specified occupation, 3,092,630
—total, 5,798,967. Or again thus—Ministering to

food, 1,053,031 ; to clothing, 490,450; to lodging,
furniture, and machinery, 463,547 ; to conveyance
and travelling, 68,793 ; to banking and agency,
4,555 ; to literature and education, 40,840 ; to
religion, 10,625 ; to charity and benevolence, 982 ;

The domestic class comes next. It comprises
women not in business, children, servants, and with
these are placed innkeepers and other persons en-
gaged in providing board and lodging. The whole
class constitutes more than half the population of
England. But besides the 6,795,805 females here
returned as of no occupatioe, mothers, housewives,
daughters of all ages, there are no less than
3,436,749 women returned in other &asses as
engaged in business, or assisting in it : proof
enough that women are not idle. The most
remarkable thing, however, is the large increase
in the number of children returned as scholars,
either at school or at home. In 1851 they were
2,297,232; in 1861, 3,150,048, of whom 1,552,738
are boys and 1,597,310 girls. The number of _"_*-
scholars under five years of age doubled in (From a Correspondent of the Times.)
the ten years. Of children between five and ten 69 MEXICO, Feb. 27.
in every 100 boys (61 in 1851) and 66 in every 100 Some few months back, in order to enab:e Vera
girls (56 in 1851) are returned as scholars-that is, Cruz to compete with the ports then in possession
"daily attending school or receiving regular tuition of Juarez, the duties on all imports were lowered 50
at home." Between 10 and 15, 37 in every 100 boys per cent. This, as a temporary measure, was much
are in recognised occupations, and 20 in every 100 approved. Since then the subject of the tariff has
girls, but the proportion who are still scholars at this been frequently!under the considerationof the French
age rose from 39 in 100 of the boys in 1851 to 45 in authorities, and as it is notorious that some of these
1861, and from 41 girls in 100 to 52. A high propor- gentlemen are in favour of very extensive modifica-
tit:ff.-one-fourth-of girls of 15.20 are returned as at Lions, it may be as well to consider very shortly
home and in no definite occupation. There were in how such modifications, particularly if carried out
1861 4,442,249 children in England between 5 and to the extent contemplated by some-namely, 75
15,and it is gratifying to learn that 2,616,731 of them Per cent.-would affect the future revenues of the
were scholars receiving instruction, 638,274 were country.
occupied in various ways. Unfortunately, 1,194,247 It must be borne in mind that up to the present
were at home, apparently deriving no instruction time the duties levied at the ports have formed the
from any of the schools, Of the residue of the per- principal if not the only source of real revenue, and
sons constituting class 2 the most noticeable einem_ although, from the system of plunder and robbery
stance is that 962,786-nearly a million-female which has ever prevailed, these duties have seldom,
domestic servants were enumerated in England and even in the best of times, produced more than
Wales in 1861. It tells of increased comfort and 7,000,000 dols. annually (except in the year 1831-32,
prosperity to real that there are 400,000 more fe- when the Vera Cruz Custom-house alone is said to
male servants in England than there were in 1831. have yielded within a fraction of 13,000,000 dols.),
Class 3is the commercial class-mercantile men, yet few can doubt that with an honest collection
general dealers, and persons engaged in the carrying they would have realised more than double that
business. Here are the 56,000 commercial clerks, amount. Almost every Finance Minister from the
who in 1851 were not 38 000 ; and the commercial year 1830 down to the present time admits such to
travellers increased from 8,000 to nearly 11,000. have been the case, and the fact is susceptible of
Railway servants and clerks, who were set down as proof in the following manner:-The imports of the
2:5,236 in 1851, were 53,699 in 1861. The telegraphic country, as set down by Senor Lerdo y Tejada and
service employed 261 in 1851, and 2,612 in 1861, of others, have amounted one year with another to
whom 213 were females. There were in 1861 27,759 about 26,000,000 dole., and, from the inquiries I
errand boys under 15. The number of marine-store have made, the duties upon these imports average,
dealers doubled in the 10 years. at the lowest estimate, 70 per cent, of the real value
We come now to "the great central productive
of the goods. This would give, under an honest col-
class of the country"-the agricultural, in which
lection, 18,200,060 dols. Now, to deprive the coun-
ncluding woodmen, gardeners, and persons en-
try of so large a source of revenue, at the very mo-
(i
meat when it stands most in need of it, is rather a
gaged about animals) 2,010,454 persons are directly
employed, 1,631,652 males and 378,802 females, strong measure. Tranquillity restored and trade
This number is less by nearly 74,000 than in 1851, flourishing, it will, of course, be important, as tar
The wives and grown-up members of the families of as possible, to adopt the principles of free trade ;
farmers residing on the farm are counted, on the
but in a country like Mexico, where, out of a popa-
assumption that they more or less help in the work lation of 7,000,000, 4,500,000 are Indians and non-
of the farm, and these are represented as having consumers, this can only be brought about by slow
decreased from 381,469 to 339,916. Cansiderieg degrees. In most European countries increased con-
that the number of farmers themselves, 249,735, is sumption has more than compensated for reduced
almost precisely the same as in 1851, this return is duties; but that will not be the case here. Before we
rather puzzling. Bat there is another deficiency can hope to obtain increased consumption, we must
still larger. Although the outdoor agricultural engender wants in the great mass of the population,
labourers, 958,265 in 1861, are rather more numerous which can only be done by improving their posi-
than in 1851, the indoor fatal servants are repro- lion, exciting emulation, and raising their morale,
rented as having declined from 288,272 in 1851 to and this must necessarily require time. At the
204,962 in 1861. In Essex the men (indoor farm present moment I believe that an Indian woman
servants) are stated to have decreased from 1,530 in would still be satisfied with one gown a year,
1851 to 587 in 1861, and the females from 2,343 whether it cost her 2 dole. or 4 dole.
to 525; in Suffolk, the men from 2,845 to 959, The general opinion seems to be that no violent
and the females from 3,640 to 1,215. In Lincoln-
changes ought to be made for the present ; that it
shire the indoor female farm servants are re-
would be better in the first instance to do away with
turned as increased from 769 to 3,417, and in Sussex the international duties, which only create trouble
and confusion, and leave the tariff, at all events for
has decreased from 1,760 to 313. The report for 1861
allows that some uncertainty prevails as to whether a time, as it stands; that if a reduction ia made it
the farmers returned all their indoor farm servants, ought to be gradual, so as to give an impetus to
and we can hardly think that the returns of 1851 trade without materially affecting the revenues of
and 1861 can possibly have been made on the same the State. Many believe that, with a judicious
principle. Taking the most purely agricultural system of taxation, the revenues of Mexico may be
raised to 30,000,000 dole., but then this system has
part of the population-the males only, being far-
to be devised, formed, and carried out, and to de-
clare and graziers, agricultural labourers and shep-
herds, indoor farm servants and bailiffs-the num- prive a country in a state of bankruptcy, overbur-
bera are 1 ,is on the statement that the indoor farm 31 387 in 1851 and 1 340,916 in 1861; dened with debt, and utterly without credit, of a
and that 7,, ,
well-ascertained source of revenue, before another
has been substituted in its place, is certainly a dan-
servants, the men, were 30,000 fewer than in 1851.
gerous mode of ptoceeding. A great proportion of
With regard to agricultural statietics, the informa-
tion in the the d •
present duties have, moreover, been assigned to
returns has not been abstracted for all
England, but only for 10 agricultural counties, the bondholders, convention holders, and other
and it would creditors, and it would scarcely be acting equitably
appear from these that the size of
farms has increased in the last 10 years. The farms
towards these gentlemen to deprive them of this
of less than too acres declined from 31,583 to 26,b67, security, unless some other means are provided for
amalgamated to form other
so that 4,016 Were the liquidation of their demands.
farms of larger acreage. The following extract from a letter written by
Class sis the industrial , comprising no less than Juarez'and addressed to Doblado confirms the truth
of a statement made in one of my previous comma-
-3,262,510 males and 1,565,889 females, and includ-
ing more than 1,000,000 young eo le under 20 nicatione, that an attempt had been made td force
This vast class inclupdespthe Workers
:-
years of age. Juarez to abdicate in favour of Ortega
in materials of all descriptions.
Tee greatest increasein my letter of the Ist, and I
" I have already told you . )
of artisens since 1851 will be found to be in trades hpraevseenrceepeoaftesde itor tocabSeenors Carrea•-ta and Medina in the
that I never' said a word' to the
to which machinery has not yet been successfully latter touching my pretendedz abdication. I. have well con-
applied,the trades connected
such as with building.
sidered the question, and I cannot discover any rear on of
The numbers returned under the head of o
and 456,646 in
Cotton sufficient weight to convince me of the propriety of the
Manufacture" were 371,777 in 1851, eouhrse you wish me to adopt. On the contrary, I consider
situcedouald‘ourse fraught with danger, and I am satisfied that
1861 ; woollen cloth manufacture, 122,256 in 1851,
vies and railway labourers only cover us with ridicule, increase the anarchy
and 130,031 in 1861. N ivand conlusion, and overwhelm me with ignominy. I fear
increased from 34,618 to 43,008; engine and machine this result the more as it is by no means certain that the
makers, from 42,597 to 60,862 ; shipbuilders and
enemy will treat with Ortega, whom he considers as a de-
shipwrights, from 21,100 to 31,291; printers, from serter who has broken his parole. Besides, facts prove to
us that theenemy does not wish to destroy individuals, but
22,399 to 30,590 ; lithographers, from 1,393 to 2,912.
merely the G o !meat which the nation has adopted. It
The number of persons employed in
paper-making is
was 10,809 in 1851, and in 1861 13,357, of whom has with this view that a monarchy under a foreign Prince
been established, and that Napoleon, in his last speech
7,746 were men and 5,611 women. The workers in to the Legisl dive Assembly, declared that he had no pre-
minerals exceed a million in number. The coal, concerted plan; that he merely sought the triumph of hie
copper, tin, and lead miners increased from arfidinms, and wished to secure the interests of France by con-
iron,g
254,159 in 1851 to 317,832 in 1861 ; but this: of such the destinies of Mexico to a Prince well qualified for
an tulertaking. I, therefore, think that my abdica-

to health, 6733 ; to justice and Government, 55,083 ;
to amusement, 2,840 ; to science and art, 757 ; resi •
due unclassified, 3.600,338. The Irish census
volumes have not given so much information of
the occupation of the people in detail as the Eng.

•
lish and Scotch have. It strikes the eye in glancing
over the volumes that those for England and Scot-
land abound in details respecting occupation, but
there is not a line about religious persuasion. The
Irish census, it no more is to come, will seem a little
bare as to occupation, but it is brimful of religion.

THE FRENCH IN MEXICO.

tion would not only be useless and ridiculous in the eyes of
the enemy, but a farther source of anarchy and confusion,
for it is by no means certain that the nation would approve
of my resolution to abdicate. A single State might refuse
to recognise the legality of the power assumed by Senor
Ortega upon the ground that it had already made its elec-
tion, and the latter would then be under the necessity of re-
ducing the dissentients by force. Under any circumstances,
we should only afford to our enemies an additional cause for
triumph, who would not fail to put forward our dissensions
al a powerful argument in favour of intervention."

On the 28th of January Gen. Douai left Lagos at
the head of one battalion of the Chasseurs a Pied
and three squadrons of cavalry, and on the 29th
directed his march upon reocaltiche, which was said
to be occupied by a portion of the Liberal forces.
He arrived:before the place, which was,occupied by
600 infantry and 4 squadrons of cavalry, about 3 in
the afternoon. All the approaches had been for-
tified and the streets barricaded. In order to cut
off the escape of the enemy, the General ordered
his cavalry to surround the to wn. As soon as the
infantry came up they were formed into three
columns, and at half-past 4 the place was vigorously
attacked. Notwithstanding a severe fire opened
upon them, the chasseurs soon made their way to
the church and the plaza, when all further resistance
ceased. Fifty of the enemy wore killed and the rest
made prisoners. In this brilliant little affair the
French had two men killed and 13 wounded.

The very day after Gonzales Ortega issued his
warlike manifesto to the inhabitants of Zacatecas,
in which he pledged " his word of honour that he
would shed the last drop of his blood in defence of
the liberties of his country," the capital of the State
was occupied by Meja and his forces without a shot
being fired; and, if report speaks true, the worthy
patriot himself has since addressed a letter to Gen.
Douai, offering to make his submission to the Em-
pire if guaranteed in person and property. The
manifesto was,therely an excuse for extorting more
money, and having got this, he is of course anxious
to keep it. The moat perfect tranquillity reigns in
all the towns occupied by the French, and the last
accounts from Guanazuato state " that scarcely a
day passes without some of the followers of Do-
blado giving in their adhesion to the new state of
things, convinced that all further resistance is out
of the question." Trade is fast reviving, and I have
been informed by some of the principal merchants
that ii has not for many years been known in so
flourishing a condition. As for the city of Mexico
i; is becoming quite a little Paris, and it is only

those who have been resident in the country during
the last five or six years that can fully appreciate
the immensity of the change.
The last accounts from Monterey state that a very
angry correspondence had taken place between Vi-
duerri and Eglesias, one of the Ministers of Juarez,
in which the former had virtually thrown off all
allegiance to the central Government. On the Bth
Doblado arrived at Monterey, having left his troops,
reduced by desertion from upwards of 4,000 to 1,500
men, at the village of Santa Catarina, distant two
leagues from the ety. On the 10th Juarez, accom-
panied by a few friends, also presented himself in
the capital of Nuevo Leon to have an interview with
the governor. What may have taken place nobody
seems to know, except that General Mejia writes

from Matehuala on the 12th that Vidaurri had
armed the citadel and occupied the surrounding
heights, and on the night of the same day a courier
was despatched from Monterey informing Mejia
that hostilities between Doblado and Vidaurri had
actually commenced. Another letter dated Mate-
huala, the 17th says :.--•
" Just as Juarez was about to make his entry into Monte-
rey, Vidaurri commenced hostilities against the troops of
Doblado, from whom he took three pieces of artillery and
300 prisoners. Juarez has returned to Santa Catarina ; as
for Vidaurri, he has shut himself up in the citadel with his
troops and artillery. Fighting is going on, and we await
the result with anxiety.
Should this intelligence prove correct, it is evi-
dent that Vidaurri has at length dane what has long
been expected of him—viz., declared in favour of
the Empire. We may, therefore, expect to bear
' that Mejia, or some French troops have marched to
his support. In that case, Doblado will have some
difficulty in making his escape. There is also a
report, for the correctness of which, however, I do
not vouch, that General Castagny has completely
routed Gonzales Ortega.

The Loss of the Caledonia Steamer,