The Sun.
London, England, 1864-09-30 00:00:00

'

r.,1

simmempow.i...
N°. 22,549.

THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 30, 1864.

Now ready all at the Libraries, in 3 vols.,

LA W lh E NC E, Mayor.—ln a Meeting or
Assembly of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Liverymen,
of the several Companies of the City of London, in,
on Thu Comnann
Hall assembled at the Guildhall of the said Cityrs-
day, the 29th day of September, 1861—
Resolved unanimously—
That this Common Ilall desired to express to the Hight
Hon. William Lawrence, Lord Mayor, their high apprecia-
tion of the earnest and faithful manner is which he has dis-
charged the important duties of his office, and to tender to
his lordship tti, it thanks for the liberal support he has
rendered to the numerous charitable institutions of London,
for maintaining on all occasions the dignity of his ofdoo. and
for the hospitality he has so freely dispensed. The citizens
of London regard with satisfaction the frien ly and }wept-
table reception given b 3 the Lord Mayor to General G
on his being presented with the freedom of the City, thereby
manifesting the strong attachment of his lordship to the
arse of liberty ; and this Common Hall desired to express
their conviction that whatever position the Lord Mayor may
bl cal ed upon to fill he will ever be found a strenu us advo-
cate of the cause of freedom and a firm upholder of the rights
and privileges of the citizens of London.
Resolved unanimously—
That the thanks of the Livery are due, and are hereby
given, to Hilary Nicholas Nissen, Esq., and Thomas Cave,
Esq., Sheriffs of London and Middlesex, during the pa t
year, for the courteous and dignified manner in which they
have discharged the important duties of that ancient and
honourable offi .e, for their generous hospitality, and for their
munificent contributions to the numerous charitable institu-
tions of the metropolis.
Resolved unanimously—
That the best thanks of this Common Hall be given ti the
Livery Committee for their exertions in securing this Hall
on the present occasion from the int,usion of strangers who
are not Liverymen ; and to the Lord ISlayor, Aldermen, and
Common Council for the kind assistance they have rendered
to the Committee in the accomplishment of their bject.
WOODTHOR PE,

real Roman army; in defending Rome it will defend its
own flag ; and there will not be anything in its organisation
to hurt any principle. There are numerous precedents, and,
without going so far back as the Republic of Venice, we
need only cast a glance, as we have already said, on what is
actually taking place in the Republic of the United States.
The Pontifical Government will, therefore, have an army.
It will also have finances. Italy, by taking upon herself the
portion of the debt adhering to the ancient provinces of the
Church, has, evidently, simply done her duty. She has
obeyed the principles of political economy and natural equity,
which imply that the cost must go with the advantages ob-
tained. It is no less certain that the Treasury of the Holy
See will find itself relieved of very heavy charges. More-
over, how can it be supposed that the great Catholic com-
munity which daily by its donations comes to the aid of the
Holy See, struck by the events, and feeling the centre coup
of a great revolution, will not double its devotion and zeal
when the point is the reconstruction of the power and of the
independence of the Sovereign Pontiff?
Snch is, as regards the temporal power, the bearing of
the stipulations of the 15th September. But, we are told,
have you forgotten that the consent of the Holy Father is
necessary ? No, we have not forgotten it. We have simply
fancied that a Power which has for so many years been
maintained by foreign protection, and to which means are
given to support itself, could nut reject such propositions
without justifying its enemies.
Secret clauses have been hinted at ; there are none.
Every one was in a false position before the 15th of Septem-
ber—there is a real situation now for all—real for Italy,
who has no foreigners left except at Venice—real for the
Holy See, which re-enters into the normal conditions of all
power—real for France, who, faithful to herself, will not
have left Rome without having given guarantees to the
Holy See against external dangers and the means of assur-
ing its safety at home.
The object has been attained. To know how to wait, in
_fact, le the _best cqndition of..alig4esli._f~r. poling-Much
knows what it wants and desires what is just.

National Association for the Promotion of

Social Science.

MA T T I E. A STRAY.
By the Author of "No Church," "Owen : A Waif," &c.
" A very attractive, interesting, and na urally told tale. It
well sustains the author's high reputation."—Sun.
Hurst and Blackett, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

YORK, Thursday.

The business of the congress was formally brought to a
close. The whole of the departments concluded their
labours yesterday.. According to the opinions of those best
qualified to judge), so far as the value of the papers read
and the discussions -which have taken place, the meeting
has been a success. As regards the number of members and
associates who gathered on the occasion, it has not reached
to the height of the wishes of the chief supporters of the
institution, although the estimate must be taken as relative
sad by comparison in this respect with that of last year at
Edinburgh. The predominance of ladies at the sittings of
the departments was remarkable. There are those who
say that social science or its objects, and as it is illustrated
by this society, is grave, if not dull ; but assuredly its meet-
ing on this occasion has made the ancient and picturesque
city of York gay. Nor must it be forgotten that contrary
to all meteorological predictions, scientific and local, the
weather has been most propitious, bright sunny days, and
soft tranquil, starlight nights, combining to make up a
second summer-time of the year. The arrangements for
the conduct of the business, and the ctmfort and conve-
nience of visitors under the auspices of the indefatigable
executive of the association, have been as nearly perfect as
possible, and it may well be said that, assuming that the
meeting has not achieved quite the success which its pro-
meters endeavoured to give it, at least it has deserved it.

DUBLIN UNIVER
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2. Yaxley and its Neighbour- 6. George Anne Bellamy an
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3. Current English Poetry. 7. Char es Lev. r's Essays.
4. Uncle Silas and Maud 8. Sayings and Doings of the
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Adoption of the Public-house Closing Act
in Manchester.

A special meeting of the City Council was held on Wed-
nesday—the MAYOR (J. M. Bennett, Esq.) in the chair—
to receive a report from the General Purposes Committee,
and to adopt a resolution thereon. The committee had

recommended unanimously that the Public-house Closing

Act, 1861, should be adopted in this city.
The DEPUTY Towx CLERK (Mr Austin) said it was ne-
cessary for the adoption of the act that a meeting should be
called by the Mayor, upon a requisition signed by a num-
ber of ratepayers. Such a requisition had been received in

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equal to 1 cwt. barley or any meal. Delivered free in Lon-
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Lant-street, Southwark.

this case, The act would come into operation one month
after its adoption by the Council,
Mr Alderman HEYWOOD moved the adoption of the act.
He said he believed the act would be a benefit, not only to
the public, but also to those who desired to keep public-
houses without being compelled to have thein open during
the small hours. In London the act had given general

'REAL SEAL SKIN JACKETS.—MPsers.
HOWELL, JAMES, and CO. res cattily intimate
that they have now ready for SALE an unu ually large
variety of JACKE FS and PALETOTS, made of the very
finest skins of the seal.
They are in six different sizes, and in shapes the most con-
venient for either driving or the promenade.
Messrs. Howell and Co. will esteem the favour of a visit of
inspection.
5,7, 9, REGENT-STREET.

satisfaction, and caused a remarkable change in the neigh-
bourhoods where night houses were formerly open. A com-
plaint had been made that compositors on the morning
papers would be inconvenienced by being unable to obtain
refreshment. But a gentleman whoa heaandtubceyenhacdonsnteactteedd,
galefments at the principal
fromwith tthhee pßrei nnteihn,g businessthatth e faorrrahn
offices were such that the men could get refreshments at
any hour, and that it would be much better for them if they
would go home when they left work at 2 or 3 o'clock, instead
ofgoing to the night houses. There could be no doubt that a
necessity existed for the act to be put in operation in Man-
chester. The 7th clause gave power to the chief officer of
police, subject to the approbation of the Mayor, to grant
occasional licenses exempting parties from the provisions
of the act during certain hours and upon special occa-
sions, to be specified in such license. If, therefore, any
necessity should be found to exist for one or two houses to
be open for the accommodation of market people or others,
such houses would be specially licensed. He believed that
the bulk of the publicans in Manchester would approve the
adoption of the acc.
Alderman Sir E. ARMITAGE seconded the motion.
Mr Alderman GRUNDY said he believed the act had been
conducive to public order and morality in London.
Ar
Mr G. Boone said the act only altered existing arrange-
ments in one respect—that the publichouse would be closed
from 1 o'clock to 4 a.m.

CATTLE FATTENED in HALF the USUAL
TIME through mixing THORLEY'S DELICIOUS
CONDIMENT with the ordinary produce of the farm. Only
to be had in Penny Packets. Sold by most respectable earn
dealers, grocer druggists, and oilmen throughout the world.
JOSEPH THORLEY, the Inventor, Steam Mills and Fac-
tory, Thornhill-bridge, King's-Q.-Les, London. City Depot,
145, Fleet-street.

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Nothing, equals the properties and qualit:es of the Soap No.
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of cutaneous affections or rheumatism.
Perfumed toilet cream, cold cream, and pomatum for the
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Barege cream for sulphur baths, without any disagreeable
odour.
All these preparations may be had at the central depot,
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and Sons, Barclay and Sons. Edwards, Keating, Sanger and
Son, Jonaunetti, and all chemists. Pamphlets and test,-
mon'als free on a plication.
Agent for Edinbargh—Mr. John 3PKay, chemist, 119,
George-street

ROYAL NATIONAL LIFEBOAT
INSTITUTION
(Incorporated ty Royal Charter.)
PATRONESS—Her Moat Gracious Majesty the Queen.
PRESIDENT—Vice-Admiral the Duke of .Northumberland,
KG., F.R.S.
CHAIRMAN—Thom. Baring, Esq., M.P., V.P.
DEPUTY-CHAIRMAN—Thomas Chapman, Esq , F. V.P.
'I he Committee des re to express their grateful sense of
the generous support which they have received from the
British public during the past kw ye its, a support which
has enabe th, in to establish their present magnificent fleet
of i 23 Lif boats on the shores of the United Kingdom.
Deeply sensible, however, of the great res onsibility that
rests on them to tr aintain their fleet In a thoroughly efficient
utaiita_ thirrnsasu-ngemc.rt at -vim-1r-

Mr RMINEY said he would commend the resolution to
those who sought to obtain further restrictions. It was
absurd to attempt to prohibit the sale ot intoxicating liquors.
The act before teem was, however, a step in the right uirec-
tion. There were places open iu Manchester during the
night which were a disgrace to civilisation and Christianity.
It the Council had the power to enforce further restrictions
upon publichouses, st',:h as Sunday closing, they would
gladly put them into operation.
Air Ci.ovrzo said he believed that no respcotablo
iuu-
Keeper would object to the act.
Mr STIACY said great discretion would be necessary in
granting licenses in the neighbourhood ot Smithfield mar-
ket. Twice a week the business of the market was con•
tinned all night, and those who brought commodities to the
market must have places of shelter. He thought the act
would haye been more valuable if the hour at which houses
were permitted to be opened had been five or six o'clock in-
stead of four. A man who went home tipsy at one o'clock
had scarcely time to get sober by four o'clock, whet eas he
might recover by six, (Laughter.) In 1844 he moved are-
solution in the Council in favour of closing publichouses
during church hours. That provision was afterwards
adopted in the local act of parliament, and it was the first
break in the continued keeping open of publichouses,
Mr WGILL made a few remarks, which were not heard.
Mr WHITEHOUSE said he objected to the act, because it
would involve some injustice and cruelty to those who, by
any misadventure on the railway or from any other cause,
arrived in the city between one and four in the morning.
Mr KING said Mr Whitehouse's objection would be met
by the fact that hotels Would be open during the night, and
the persons staying at hotels could obtain refreshments.
With respect to the market, it had been suggested that all
the publichouses in the neighbourhood should be licensed
in turn. A better plan would be for the Markets Committee
to provide a comfortable room to
be opened during the
night, where good tea and coffee, and wholesome refresh-
ment might be obtained by the country people.
Mr. ROBINSON said he considered that the act would
not interfere with persons arriving at night by railway. The
fifth clause forbade the keeping open of a public house be-
tween one and four o'clock for the sale of certain liquors; it
wasperfectly competent for any inn to keep a night porter,
and admit arrivals by night trains. He hoped that when
the act came to be construed the fact of a house being open
would not be considered evidence of intention to sell ex-
ciseable liquors. Proof must be given of an actual sale, to
cause a conviction under this act. He had ascertained by
inquiry that all the hotel keepers and the respectable
licensed victuallers were in favour of the act. Most of them
already did more than the act required, as they closed at 12
o'clock, and opened again between six and eight o'clock.
The act would affect some night houses in Manchester,
whose number did not exceed a dozen.—The resolution was
,opted unanimously,—lffanchester Guardian.

cer•Li-onry S-e7ffeeted by .1. largeand permanent
annual income, they earnestly al peal to all classes of their
countrymen to aid them in upholding and perpetuating so
great and truly national a work,
Donations and annual subscriptions will be thankfully re-
ceived by the Bankers of the Institution, Messrs. Willis,
Percival, and Co., 76, Lombard-street ; Messrs. Coutts and
Co., 59, Strand ; Messrs. Herries, Farquhar, and ( 0., 16, at.
James's-street, London ; by all the Collectors of Customs
and Bankers in the United Kingd, m ; and by the Secretary,
Richard Lewis. Esq , at the Office of the Institution, 14,
John-street, Adelphi, London, W.C.

PILGRIMAGES IN INDIA.—The Bombay Times
inserts the following statement :—" Thirty miles north-east
of Sholapoor, at Toolazapoor, is the great temple of the
goddess Bhowani, and twice a year the place is thronged
by men and women of every grade, who come to pay their
vows and sacrifice to the idol. Besides this, at every full
moon long trains of pilgrims may be seen Rocking thither,
and such is the faith of the people in the healing power of
the goddess that the sick are resorting there constantly in
the vain hope of some relief. The temple at Punderpoor is
the writer saw near Barsee,
still more renowned. Not to speak of the myriads who go
there at the great festivals,. persons make a pilgrimage thi-
ther every month from a distance of 50 or 100 miles, and the
practice is kept up for many years, One man, who had ap-
parentlymaking the journey prostrations, measuring his length
upon the ground. It was under the burning sun of noon-
day,and, hardly able to proceed, he seemed the very picture
come from
lie at rst did not seem to hear but at
of despair. Bata caabsYdelasttaemeoreremarkable was that of a
exhausted upon the ground, and
man performing the journey
.by rolling himself upon the
that he was going to Punderpoor.
ground. We came up with him two miles east of Wairag,
and asked him where he wasfi going,. and why he was thus
lau.yestiona, as the writer remonstrated
ltaeonnrstgwutrhei
answered
torturing hinim fe
stopping,al
with him upon the folly of such a course, he raised his
head from the ground, and, half reclining, said that he
After some further q
had come so far already that he ct,uld not desist now. He
stated that his village was near Chandrapoor, 450 miles
to the east from there, that he had spent fifteen months
on the way thus far, and that. it was forty miles more, and
he wished to complete the pilgrimage. He was accustomed
finitevoice
to go about a mile each day- He would then note the
he had place where l stopped, and walking back to
the nearest village, would remain until the next day, re-
ceiving his food from the villagers, Then ho would return
and from the place left the previous day, would begin again
his toilsome pilgrimage. If he came to a river that could
not be passed in this manner, he would go back a distance
equal to this space, and roll over the ground a second time.
He had for clothing only a coarse cloth bound tightly about
his loins and another about his head, and thus almost
naked, over roads extremely rough and stony, exposed to
heat and cold, sometimes drenched with rain or covered
with mud,— for a yea 3 months this man had been
rolling himself along,
towardsy the shrine of Vithoba. Yet
it was not a sense of sin ra desire for pardon that induced
him to undertake this painful journey. Bat it was evi-
dent, upon further conversation, that lie was urged on by
no higher motive than a selfish pride. He sought a re-
putation for holiness.

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BRIBERY AND CORRUPTION AT ELECTIONS.
Yesterday evening a special meeting was held in the Fes-
tival Concert-rooms for the discussion of the best means of
restricting bribery, corrupt practices, and extravagant ex-
penditure at elections.
Lord Brougham was in the chair, and was supported by
Sir Fitzroy Kelly, Mr Eclesin ,Ptlk4F-kike -.ceßey gekerollar-4-
Urquhart, M.P., Mr Neate, M. 1"„ Mr Hastings, &c., and
there was a rather moderate general attendance, the
majority being ladies.
The discussion was commenced by
Mr CHADWICK, who gave an account of an attempt made
by Mr Christie, late Minister at Brazil, to discourage bri-
bery, and corruption by the signing, by persons engaged in
election contests, of a declaration against the practice,
which it was supposed would have greatermoral weight and
success than almost any penal enactments passed for the
purpose of repressing the evil. Me Christie had read a
paper on the subject before the Jurisprudence section of
the Association, and a committee had been appointed to
consider it. Mr Chadwick read the statements of Earl
Derby, Lord Palmerston, Sir R. Peel, and Mr J. S. Mill,
all strongly condemnatory of electoral corruption. Whether
the association succeeded in getting large declarations or
not, Mr Chadwick thought there were some points of ex-
penditure upon which they could obtain legislative interfe-
rence. As illustrations of enormous expenditure he quoted
that of the return of Lord J. Russell for the city of London
—£4,000 of which one-third was paid to printers, another
for committee rooms, and another for bringing electors to
vote. In the return of Roupell for Lambeth, £6,000 was
spent and 1,000 agents employed, whose receipts were con-
sidered as in fact bribes. (Applause.) He suggested the
formation of an association, every member of which should
sign a declaration that he would discountenance bribery and
corruption in every form, and that elections should be car-
ried on by voting papers.
Mr POLLARD-URQUHART, M.P,, trusted that reformers
would not be daunted by the slow progress their efforts to
put down bribery was making. It would be a step in the
right direction if the leaders of the different parties in tho
State would resolve to take no part in the election which
was now pending ; or to put out their influence, directly or
indirectly, by working the treasury streams—or allowing
their confidential friends to make use of their influence at
elections.
Lord BROUGHAM Or by subscribing to a general fund.
Mr POLLARD- URQUHART said it would be a great step.
It would also be beneficial if they could obtain the en-
forcement and the practical working of the bill brought in
by the learned gentleman now present, Sir Fitzroy Kelly.
(Applause.) Members should be made to give a true and
complete return of the expenses attending their election ;
and it had often struck him that one of the best modes of
enforcing this would be to exclude from Parliament for a
certain time, say from five to tea years, every member who
dil not make such a return. (Applause.)
Mr 'JOLT OAKE gave an account of an experiment made at
Berwick-on-Tweed by a society with which he was connected
—the Northern Reform Union.
Sir FITZUOY KELLY Said it was upon the constitution
and touching the constitution of this country that this great
question affected the first interests of the nation, the first
interests of all society, the character and well-being of the
country, and the laws in which they were most deeply inte-
rested. That the Idols° of Commons ought to be the express
image of the poople. that it ought truly to reprosoa.t—it it I-a
Impossible to suppose that it can represent the, entire people
of this country—at least the constituencies who return the
members of the House of Commons—all depends entirely
upon whether those who are returned as members of the
House of Commons are returned as men of the free, true,
ee
dn
.tchoicene di
do fntoht constituencye
hesitate
to sa
yb yt
hlavthi
thech
itpnhufleryueemnacnaeydobifnedtrheepetuemnrndinisters of the Crown should be unexer-
cised or unfelt in the election of members of Parliament,
but admitted that such a state of things was nearly impos-
sible. (Cheers.) The hon. and learned gentleman laid down
that there was no bribery in counties, and gave a history of
the legislative attempts which had been made to prevent
corrupt practices at elections.
Mr Alderman LEEMIN asserted that if there wits not ex-
actly bribery is county elections, at least there was intimi-
dation and undue influence, and that no tenant in a county
constituency could with safety vote against the will and
opinions of his landlord. The only true remedy for the
existing state of things was the ballot.
Lord BROUGHAM, on closing the proceedings, said he be-
lieved that there was a great exaggeration with regard to
the effect on elections which would be produced by the bal-
lot. In his opinion it was not the fact that in counties
elections were influenced widely in the sense of coercion by
landlords on their tenants. No doubt the landlords exer-
cised influences, but that influence was derived not from fear
of harsh consequences to the tenant, but arose from the re-
spect and attachment which naturally existed between the
owner and the occupier of the land. He strongly denounced
all bribery and corrupt practices at election, and laid down
broadly that anyone who took a bribe was morally guilty of
perjury, because after he had taken it and went to give his
vote he must be prepared to take the oath against bribery,
which he was liable to have tendered to him.

PRICE ..4d.
STAMPED'....Sd.

to the local secretaries for their able and indefatigable
labours, and to the press, local and general, for their reports
of the proceedings.

Abolition of the Upper House in Greece,

(From the Times Correspondent.)
ATHENS, Sept, 22.

On Monday tioth) the National Assembly de.'
Bided by a lsrge majority that there is to be no
Senate or Upper House in the constitutional mon-
archy of Greece. The votes were 211 to 62.
A single legislativ.) Chamber places the sove-
:eignty of the people in the strongest light, and the
revolution which is now working out its own pro-
blems in a small sphere at Athens may perhaps on
this occasion be the forerunner of a change in the
thoughts and feelings of continental reformers.
Greece is not so free from the direct influence of
Western democracy as the Greeks themselves sup-
pose. The revolution of 1821 was the first fruits of
the principle of nationality that ripened in the poli-
tical system of Europe, and the Greek revolution of
1843 was the herald of the popular commotions of
1848.

The abolition of a Senate places monarchy and
democracy in that direct connection which must

soon produce alliance, antagonism, or compromise.
It is a logical consequence of the overthrow of King
Otho's system ' and of the perjury of the Greek
senators.

Society is undergoing so rapid a change from
violence and illegality to a state of regular organi-
zation that even experienced Greeks do not_pretcnd
to see very distinctly how the constitutional eys•
tern will ultimately work in their country under this
new phase of Government with a single Chamber.
It may therefore appear presumptuous in a
foreigner to attempt forecasting its effects. But if
more than 40 years' study can teach anything
about Greek politics,
"A man who fought, toil'd, travell'd, and each part
Of a true citizen fulfilled,"
when Greece found few to join her cause, may ven-
ture to offer an opinion. Your readers are not
likely to take it for more than it is worth. Judg-
ing, then, of the future by the light of the past, it
seems that there is a better chance of tranquillity
for the reign of King George by the adoption of
measures which place the Sovereign, and the people
face to face,to frame a common policy, and effect an
honest compromise, than there would have been in
attempting to revive the old system by which the
Greek people were comp►etely hidden from the King
by a crowd of false officials and venal senators. The
history of the Greek revolution proves that the
people generally acted under the guidance of simple
and sound impulses, and that the ruling classes,
civil and military, phanariats and palikaria, have
been a curse and desolation to the country.
For some time it has been evident that there would
be great difficulty in the way of re-establishing a
Senate 4 and it was decided in the palace that it
should not be made either a Government or a Minis-

terial question. Count Sponneck, on the part of the
Crown, announced perfect neutrality. Mr Bulgares,
as the leader of the Conservative section of the
Opposition, pretended that he considered a Senate
consisting of members named for life to be absolutely
necessary as a Conservative element in the Mon-
archy. Yet this Conservative leader, when the
question was put in the Assembly, voted for the
abolition of the Senate. Mr Koumoundouros, who
leads the Ministerial party, advocated the establish-
ment of an elective Senate. The impossibility of
constituting a new Senate without admitting some
of the elements of the old Senate, persuaded the
members of the National Assembly that the re-
establishment of the body was for the present
im-
possible.

The case against the Senate created in 1844 stands
thus:—The Witt article of the Constitution declares
that the Senators are to receive 500 drachmas
monthly during the legislative Sessions. In order
to secure large saliries they contrived to make the
legiAative Sessions last ten months. Bar, after
receiving an annual salary of 5,000 drachmas
for some time, they considered that they were
13:Ater able to appreciate ihe value of their
services than the Constitution could be, and

by forming a conspiracy with a corrupt House
of Representatives they violated the consti•
tution, and appropriated to 'themselves larger salaries
than they would have been entitled to receive even
had their legislative sessions been rendered perpe-
tual. When the people drove Otho from his throne
for not respecting the Constitution, they could not
allow the senators who had deliberately violated the
Constitution to retain their Beats as legislators.
Monarchy escaped destruction, because it was pos.
stble to find a foreign King whose name was con-
stitutionally pure ; but there was no salvation for
the perjured senators, since, in making a new Con.
stitution, it was impossible to forget the violation of
the old Constitution. The decision of last Monday
announced the judgment of the nation, and it must
not be forgotten that every member of the late Senate
has rendered himself liable to a criminal prosecution
by the Attorney-General for perjury, and to a civil
action on the part of the Greek Treasury for the
large sums of money which be has received beyond
his legal indemnity of 500 drachmas a month dur.
ing the legislative Sessions of the Senate. We
ought really to give Democracy credit for the mer-
ciful manner in which it has consigned the late
Senate to oblivion.

The question concerning the existence of a
Senate in Greece presents a choice of evils and ad-
vantages somewhat different from what it offers in
other countries. No class of society exists from
which an unpaid Senate can be formed, for the
ablest and the wealthiest men in the country pre-
fer a seat in the Chamber of Representatives. A
Senate can, therefore, be little else than what the
Athenian newspapers have termed it in their recent
discussions—an hospital for worn-out officials.
There are only two political powers in Greek
society—the Government and the people. The
power inherent in the Greek Government far ex-
ceeds the power of the English Government, and
the complete centralization of the administrative
procedure invests the Crown with almost despotic
authority over the Government. On the other
hand, no people can be more helpless in ordi-
nary times than the people in Greece. There
are no national institutions in the Greek king
dom, no parishes, no corporations, no local enter-
prises, no popularly constituted municipalities, and
not a trace of self-government. The people have,
therefore no legitimate sphere of action except unia
vernal suffrage, and they have hitherto exerted no
influence in the State. Their real power has only
been displayed in a few irregular and revolutionary
movements, when misgovernment goaded them to
action and aroused. the energy of popular passions.
Time can alone show what will be the ultimate
effect of bringing the tendencies towards despotism
and democracy which operate on Greek society
into direct antagonism. There are some indications
that a compromise will be effected which will pro-
duce a centralized constitutional system better
suited to the exigencies of a rude state of society
than could be obtained by a blind imitation of any
older forms of government presented by Western
nations.

Considerable ability on the part of the Crown,
and some prudence on the part of the Chamber of
Representatives, will be necessary to insure success
in giving stability to the new type of constitutional
government which Greece has now adopted. But the
circumstances are extremely favourable, for at this
moment the interests of the Crown and the people
are identical, Both are injured by the arbitrary
authority assumed by the official classes, and both
would profit greatly by rooting out the corruption
that pervades every branch of the public service.
The cordial union of the King and the people in en-
forcing obedience to the law would be sufficient to
render Greece what King George declared that it
was his ambition to makd her—a model kingdom
in the East.