The Sun.
London, England, 1864-08-12 00:00:00

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A correspondent of the .I;iorning Advertiser,
signing himself "A Physician," writes as follows
(under date the 10th inst ), to our contemporary:—
Sir,—l was glad, as lam sure many other readers
were, that in the notice of the unveiling of the
excellent and striking statue or monument to the
late Prince Consort yesterday at the Licensed Vic-
tuallers' Asylum, your reporter speaks so well of
the science of the late ever-by.us-to-be deplored
popular leader.
I must say for myself that I have been all my life
reading Bacon and "Butler's Analogy," 11'hewell
and Mill, deduction and induction ; dreary Hunter
orations by the dozen, medical lec:nres like leaves
in Val Onobrosa for won hlessness or number; dry
platitudes r. chauflies at Oxford of Sir William
Hamilton ; unearthly bombast as to science by
Carlyle : " Vestiges of Creation" plagiari.sed,
Polished quackeries as f.o development, a. brilliant
castle of c.Ards tumbled long ago, and leaving no
vestiges behind.

PRICE ..4d.
STIL3IPED ....sd.

forty feet from the house, with no other views
than to burn her out also. The house caught twice
and would have been consumed but for the untiring
efforts of Captain Towns, who made his men carry
water and extinguish the flames. The captain be-
haved like a gentleman towards my own and my
mother's family.

Generals Averill, Crook, Sullivan. and Dufll2 de-
nounced the whole proceedings as an outrage, in
violation of all the principles of civilised warfare,
and stated that Hunter alone was responsible for
these atrccities.—l am truly, and in haste, your
friend, JOHN LETCHER.

Jos. Mayo, E, q., R'chmond, Va.—lndex.

All these and many mere, but I never got the
true co-ordinating secret of what is or ought to be
inductive" reesoniog and what " deduct've" till
I had read Prince Albert's speeches, especielly- the
to explorers one at Aberdeen. That wonderful speech, though
obviously written or spoken at the British As-
sociation under the inspiration of Liehig, is
'att.-
naps the most perfect thing of its kind in the
English language. These speeches and these
gooks of science are to
young men like what a jour-
ney right through the tangle and thicket of Aus-
traliat n might
withoutorra
ae
or map, or a ship at sea in a storm that had lost all
sight of stars or sky
and sky and also its
compass—mystifi-
cation,
mystical by half-informed critics inso.cata
weekly science or other newspapers,
,di distraction bee ti a set o
botherf ep
everywhere;
Such were
the books, lectures, platitudes, bombast, when tbe
Prince, with masterly pov,er, gave the key to the
whole chaos, Or it was ,ike that dreadful noise at
the Opera, when the trombones, fiddles, clarioneta,
piano, and fifes are tuning without end, but at
length comes the co-ordinating key or solemn wail
of the overture, meyhap to " Fidelio." But what
would three hours of discordant tuning be compared
to that opera itself? Such are too many of the:
science books even now—discord, claptrap, atheisra,
one-aided crotchets or law on induction, for which
\Vhewell and Herschel are the representative men;
great and grand laws of social economy or inches
time that nobody believe now, though they were
hard nuts to crack at college once on a time. We
now have "Darwin on Species" every day mis-
quoted ; the: gorilla question and the hippocampus
about as much settled as we settled Denmark and
the Duchies; tae old orchestra tuning still always
going on—our friend Cardinal Wiseman first fiddle.
The Tinges review writers who never spell " diocese"
or "chemistry" or half a dozen other words right
at the kettle-drums—Armstrong guns theone great
particular science for them (not a science at all)--
e n mistaking Bulwer Lytton for Char :es O'Malley
and denouncing Zancni, and chloroform, ar.d
mesmerism as they would Toryism.

The End of the Polish Insurrection,

WARSAW, Aug. 5.

The final scene of a melancholy drama was played
to an end to-day. Tne last chief of the celebrated
Polish National Government and four of its mem-
bers died this morning upon the gallows. The un-
fortunate victims were Itoinuald Trangutt, a dis-
charged Russian colonel ; Krajewski, an architect ;
Joseph Toczyski, a bookkeeper; Zulinski, a teacher,
at the Gymnasium ; and Johann Jezioranski, a tax-
collector ; ail young men, none over 30 years of age.
Originally 21 men and four women were sentenced
to death by the military tribunals, but the Viceroy
pardoned 17 of the men and all the women. It
must not be imagined, however, that the objects of
Count Berg's clemency have much reason to con-
gratulate themselves, for their sentences have been
commuted partly into many years of labour in the
Siberian mines, partly to shorter periods of confine-
ment in fortresses in the same bleak and inhospit-
able country.
The official Dziennik of yesterday gives a detailed
account of the whole prosecution, and furnishes
many interesting particulars of the manner in which
the insurrec,ionary government was carried on.
fhe following are extran,s
" Owing to the discoveries made by the Military
Investigation Committee, and the increased activity
of the Warsaw police., numbers of persons concerned
in the revolutionary organisation were arrested at
the beginning of the year, and an extensive revolu-
tionary correspondence was seized. Upon inspec-
tion of the documents and examination of the pri-
soners further arrests were undertaken, which, com-
bined with information already obtained, rendered
it possible to gain possession of the chiefs of the
insurrection. The investigation which then took
place brought to light the main details of the orga-
nisation, and the action of the secret society, or,
so-called, National Government, standing at the
head of the movement.

" The National Government operated by means
of a special central organisation in Warsaw, and of
local administrations in the eight woywodeships
into which the rebels had divided the kingdom of
Poland. Up to October 10, 1863, the Government
was composed only of a small council, the oomposi•
tion and arrangement of which was veiled in the
deepest mystery. After that date an entire change
took place, one chief being recognised as the imme-
diate and independent leader of the entire revolu-
tion. This chief was the discharged Lieutenant•
Co:onel Romuald Traugutt, formerly leader of an
insurgent corps in Lithuania. After the dispersion
of his followers he fled to Cracow, whence be went
to Warsaw, ostensibly as a traveller for a mercantile
firm, under the assumed name of Michael Czarneehe.
" The Warsaw central organisation, as chief
organ of the revolutionary Government, was com-
posed of six departments, under different heads—
Interior, 'War, Treasury, Foreign Affairs, Public
Press, and Pollee. In addition to its chief, each
department had a u2rtain number of subordinate
officials and a secretary. Following out the prin-
ciple adopted in the entire organisation, the mem-
b:ra of which each department was composed were
unknown to its chief, and of the chiefs themselves
most were strangers to one anwher. The local
administrations in the woywodeships, whose mem-
bers were known through the various (1( diL.-
tributed among the people, consisted-1, of com-
missioners possessing certain powers ; 2, of the
civil chiefs of the woywodeships ; 3, chiefs of
circles, towns, and communes," &c.
The Dziennik, then gives in some detail a resume
of the operations of the National Government to
the 10th of October, 1863, the date of Trangutt
assuming the chief direction of affairs, and cm-
tinues

The great family of the Podsnaps, the hig'oer
polite people of this kind of inductive science, are
in said woe at the poor, much-to-be-pitied inoffen-
sive people in the parks who sleep on the grass. But
political economy explains how it is so. We treat
the poor by rigid, cast-iron statistics as mere stocks
or stones. If it can be ehown by Mr. Gladstone's
inductions that each unit of the population consumes
more claret and cigars this year than last ; that the
tonnage of export trade (the standing joke in Ire-
land or Scotland) also in some decimal or logarithm
bigger—no matter that the tonnage is for emigrant
ships, or poor Podge or Smith in the park never
touch cigars or claret, high-priced tobaccos, or
hair powder for servants—the induction of Bacon
or Whewell, the s tatistical fact of improvement
remains. But Prince Albert showed that inductive
philcsaphy is not at all adapted to such social cr
paysiaa-sical science ; that as now talked in the
schools B icon is a caricature; that such science is
the key of mere physical discovery—it will do for
chemical anal7sis or calculation of an eclipse, brit
not in calculating social, medical, biological, or such
problems; that hasty generalisation or ieductom
is the bane of all our smaller every-day philo-
sophies, and that what is eminently the hey of
biological, nr:alical, poor-law social, life insurance,
or such problems, is the deductive method, or cc' m-
poring one group of facts with another group. Are
the poor better off because cotton is less Chun-
dant, because railways in London arc knocking
down their poor habitations by hundreds, emigrant
ships crowded, families broken up, or because
coroners' inquests make money for coroners in
Bethnal-green ; and " fashion," with the flimsiness
of a moth flying at a candle, runs after Paris silks
rather than Spitalfields goods ? Duradrearyism
and fashion in excelsis, with Parliamentary loges
rithms and decimals, and the oli tuning of our
orchestra that " passeth all understanding," till
one begins to detest the word science. Prince
Albert and men like Victor Hugo evidently do not
look on the poor as sticks or stocks, to be treated by
the inductive science; or that excellent American
who gave half a million to the London poor.
As to what effect " fashion " may have, I hays
been told by several wholesale merchants in that
line, that Spitalfields silks are all the rage as the
best in Paris shops, but would not be looked at in
the shops of Regent-street ; but that actually it is
common to make silks of the very best kind at
Bethual-green or Spitalfields, send them to Paris,
and bring them back to Regent-street or Oxford.
street with the Paris mark on them, when Dar:.
drearyism and fashion will go into hysterics over
them. This thing has ruined all the trade in all
the chief towns of Ireland. Take one, Limerick or
Cork, known for brushes, gloves, &c. The very best
in the world are made in there two towns, but they
must be sent to Paris, and come back to Dublin or
London, like the Spitalfields silks. The deductive
logic looks into these things, reasons on them, know-
ing that in such butterfly flights of fashion, shifting
as the wind, the people are thrown out of employ-
ment; but the logarithms of induction say it is all
right, as the tonnage of emigration is increased.
So induction says a man dies of chloroform by
diseased heart; deduction says it is exactly the
opposite, and says so correctly. Induction tells
such a man's life ought not to be insured for his
family; deduction shows such an induction is ab..
solute trash, and so on. Induction is most excellent
for eclipse calculations, though Bacon does not
know it, and does not use the word at all as usually
copied from one silly book to another. By induc-
tion, as Emerson well puts it, one man in ten
thousand ought to marry his grandmother or eat
old shoes because some units of the population at
Colney Hatch do so. But, finally, what I hold is
this, that up to the time of the late Aamented
Prince Consort's speech at Aberdeen, and a speech
by Liebig, this distracted, eternal dull tuning of
the orchestra of English science went on, leaving
our schools, like Eton, Rugby, Harrow, the deria
sion of Europe; French and German science tra-
vestied ; Bacon a sort of wooden saint, Worshipped
and even now never read or quoted, except as ladies
for fashion quote Balzac or purchase French silks.

" From.this period several heads of departments
into personal communication with Trangutt, whom
they visited at his lodgings in the house of Helene
Kirkow, in Smola.- street. Trangutt also fre•
quently went to the officials to make arrangements
with them. These meetings of the chiefs ceased in
January. 1864, after the capture of various mem-
bers. Thenceforth the communication between the
different diplomatists was carried on through female
agents.

"The investigation proved that, besides Trail.
gutt, the chief personages of the revolutionary
organisation were the following :-1. Secretary of
State, the architect Janowski. 2. The heads of
d-partments—lnterior, R. lirsjewski, noble, aged
29; his secretaries, T. Burzynski and G. Paprocki ;
Treasury, Joseph Toczyski, a bookkeeper, formerly
banished, aged 37, his secretaries, Ilmiki, a noble,
aged 50, and Su cameki, noble, aged 19 ; War, Galp.
zowaki, falsely called Golkowicz, Russian, a mili-
tary man ; Foreign Affairs, Dunagowski, pastor of
St. John's Church; his secretary, Wolynski, also a
clergyman ; Public Press, Waclaw Prybylski, for-
merly teacher at the Wologodzki Gymnasium ; his
secretary, Bognslawski, a noble, aged 25 ; Police,
Pinkowski, teacher at the Gymnasium; Wazkowski,
town captain, the son of a Warsaw citizen. 3. The
head of the publication department. B iron Zulinski ;
his secretaries and assistants, A. lit zeki, a noble,
aged 25; R. Frankowcki, student at the Warsaw
High School, a noble, aged 24 ; E. Trvebsecki, a
noble, aged 25; C. Hants, of Warsaw, aged 20. 4.
The Commissioner of Ways and Roads, J. Jezior-
anski, a noble, aged 30. 5. M. Dobiecki, a n
aged 26, teacher at the 33 District School in War-
saw.

" These persons, with several culpable in a less
degree, had incurred the penalty of death, but his
Excellency confirmed the sentence to that effect
passed by the court-martial only in the cases of the
condemned men Trangatt, Krajewski, Toczyski,
Zulinski, and Jeztoranski. The sentences of the
other prisoners were commuted by his Excellency,
by virtue of the authority placed in his hands, in
linaiki's case to 15 years' hard labour in the mines,
Dyborcki to 12 years, and eight of the others to 10
years' confinement in Siberian fortresses, each pri.
saner incurring the loss of all civil rights.

"The court-martial also found Johann Muklano.
wicz. Helena Kirkow, the sisters Emilia and Bar-
bara Gaza wsks, and Anna Wroblewska, guilty of
having illegally aided and abetted the rebels. For
this offence Madame Kirkow Mecklanowicz, and the
Glzawskas were condemned to loss of civil rights
and bard labour in the factories, the former for
eight years, the others for six. Anna Wrobiewske,
also losing her civil rights, was sentenced to trans-
portation to Siberia. The present and futnre pro-
perty of the criminals was also confiscated to the
use of the State."

O'CONNELL'S EFFIGY BURNED IN BELFAST.--•
On l‘lnday night the effigy of Daniel O'Connell
was burned on the Boyne Bridge—the name given to the
new railway bridge, by the Sandy. row men. There were
certainly upwards of 40,000 persons present, and every in-
dignity was wreaked on the effigy of the man whose memory
was commemorated in quite another way in Dublin on
Monday. The burning mass was elevated on the bridge
while the train conveying the excursionists from Dublin
passed under it. The vast crowd separated peaceably im-
mediately after. A number of the county and local consta-
bulary were present. under Head Constable Rankin and
Chief Constable Maietrick. On Tuesday night the burn-
ing of the effigy, which occurred the previous evening, wag
followed up by the burning of a coffin which was fillpPOßel
to contain the ashes et the effigy, A very large crowd
gathered, and, having first proceeded to Friar's Bush bury•
ing ground, where they were denied admittance, trey
returned back to Sandy-row. A iull-mounted ecttut was
procured, and after parading about with it for some time
they set fire to it and threw it into the Blackstaff. During
the proceedings the music of fife and drum, and cheers,
were heard. Some person originated a rumour that Christ
Church was being wrecked by the Pound-street party, and
,
a rush was made to protect the building, alarm, how-
ever, was discovered to be false, and after some more cheer-
ing, the very large crowd dispersed qtax,stly,—.Velfast Zretcs
Letter.

The five persons condemned to death were exe-
cuted upon the glacis of the fortress this morning,
although a pardon was hoped for to the Dist mo-
ment. They stepped upon the scaffold firmly, and
underwent their fate with perfect resignation aria
composure, in presence of an immense crowd of ex-
cited spectators.
Thus perished the latest victims of the ill-judged
and ill-fated Polish rising of 1863.

PRINCE NAPOLEON IN INVEENESS.—On Monday
evening Prince Napoleon, the Princess Murat,
Count Ferra Pisani, and other members of the Prince's
suite, arrived in Inverness by train from the South, and
took up their abode in the Caledonian Hotel. After visiting
the various oljecte of interest in the town and neighbour-
hood. the party proceeded to Oban by the Caledonian Canal,