The Sun.
London, England, 1852-03-05 00:00:00

NAVAL INTELLIGENCE.

i. -,----
PORTSMOUTH, , THIIRSDAY.--The Simoom, 18, new
iron stegna,frigate,,3so .crew power. Captain Kingcome,
went out of harbour at nine o'clock this morning, for the
first time since commissioning, and looked remarkably
well, hut,
clew in tke water: She went out round the
Kuab Light, and appe ire(' to steam with great ease and
accuracy, ea regarded tha working of her machinery,
Ag
until about twelve o'clock;whed something broke down
(we are informed, her condensers), which brought her
up; add.the Echo soak her in tow to Spithead, where the
Simoom anchored. *.llO eome haw-kirbour again
to-murroseohe tide not admitting of "her tetiira-thi, O-
ternoon.' the size of this steamer may be judged of by
ber comparison with an old 74, the Malabar, which ship
was quite hidden from sight from the off-side when the
Simoum was coaliegfrom her. She has been inspected
before being appointed to Ex-abmy
itthee
hNe
ray
ma la
jaensdtyttettarray Commissiontroopships
dis-
patched on transport service.
The Fire Queen steam yacht has been docked to day
to repair defects.-
SHEERNESS, MARCH 4.-711er Majesty's ship Benbow,
72, will be removed. in a day or two from her present
moorings to others off Otter-creek, and there be sta-
tioned as one of the vesstls intended to complete the line.
of direct communication by telegraph between this port
aed Chatham. A warrant officer and a few men will be
placed
Majesty's ship
sohfip vog
her from
22, will supply the Ordinary, together
with some signalmen from her Majesty's ship Waterloo.
Her
the pla-e
of the Benbow, as one of the receiving ships of the Ordi-
nary at this port.
Her Majesty's ship Waterloo, 120, flag of Vice-Admi-
ral the Hon. J oceline Percy, Commander-in-Chief at the
Nore, has taken on board all her guns, with the excep-
tion of a few for the quarter-deck.
Her Majesty's screw steam guard-ship, Horatio, 24,
Captain the Hon. S. T. Carnegie, is complete in her rig,
and is lying at the west side of the fitting-basin,
her topgallautmasts struck.
Her Majesty's with
steam-frigate Cyclops, 6, 320 horse-
power, is tar from being complete in her repairs. It has
been found necessary to remove some of the planks on
both sides forward, which will cause her to remain in
the dry dock some time longer. The greater part of her
rigging is set up. .
Her Majesty's ship•Lonion, 90, Captain the lion. M.
Stopford, completed the adjustment of her compasses on
Monday.

APPOINTMENTS.
WOOLWICH, MARCH 4.--Surgt on James John Louis
Donnet (1845), to be surgeon-superintendent of the
William Jardine convict-ship.
Assistant-surgeon Hart Gunlett, M.D. (1846), re-
cently serving in the Southampton, 50, on the south-
east coast of America station, to the St. George, 120,
guard-ship of ordinary at DOVOI3pOrt.
The Greenock, 10, iron steam screw-frigate, was taken
out of do,:k today; having been taken in to have Pea-
cock's composition applied to her bottom.-
Oa the Greenock being taken out the Torch steam-
vessel was taken in to have her bottom examined, pre-
paratory to her departure for surveying service in the
South Sea%
The Polyphemus steam-sloop, Commander Charles G.
Phillips, is to be taken out of the basin on Monday
next, turd will proceed down the river to try her engines.
A stoker, named. John, Lee, belonging to this vessel,
when in a state of excitement yesterday attempted sui-
eide, by cutting his throat. and was removed to the
Marine Hospital on the discovery bring made.

ARCTIC EXPEDITION.
The following letter, addressed to the President of the
.I,Zoyal Geographical Society by her Majesty's Under-
ecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, will show how
kindly and promptly the Inismiaj Vominment ul:Rttssia
lies responded to the Wishes of tfibifireographers of Ell-
land in favouring the private expedition about to sail in
search of Franklin, and which for the first time is to
make use of steam in proceeding northwards from
Behriug'a Straita:—

" Foreign-office, March 2,1852.
" Sir,—With reference to your letter of the nth of Ja-
nuary, I am directed by the Earl of Malmesbury to transmit
to you herewith sealed letters to the Commandant of the
port of Petropavlosk and to the Director of the Russian-
American Colonies at Sitka, and an open letter to the Rus-
sian authorities in the neigbourbood of Behring's Straits,
which, at the request of her Majesty's Government, the Em-
peror of Russia has been pleased to allow to be written, en-
joining the parties to whom they are addressed to exert their
good offices in favour of Captain Beatson's expedition. The
Russian Government has, • moreover, sent directly to the
Russian authorities on the east coast of Siberia and on the
north-west of America instructions to afford Captain Beatson
all the assistance which it may be in the power of those
authorities to render to him.
,c I am, Sir, your most obedient humble servant,
"Sir R. Murchison, &c.
" g. U. ADDINGTON."

. SEABORNE MAILB.
signifies that the mails are Bentfrom the General Post-oftloe
by the night—and Mby the morning--dispaten.]

London:
••
When made..ap i.nlirappirae: -------pachwedollal::
March
hechhesin7 PLACES. i GeneralPost-olllce I port di3- due.
ILiverPoo".
01•IIIIIIIIIIII....11IMIII. 0........... r.,..........
........................ •••................
America (by Brit. pkt.) N March 5
kraikm:orfactri((bbayy* Utr. ...5.8....pp.kk.1.4.)
sINN Mxll9ftaturrce:h:93lo7th
:of m.o. Dover
month Soutbampt• March 12
Africa (West coast)•• N 14th of the month Plymouth march 3
. .. .. 9th of the month
Belgium '' •• •• 3dN i)ailY '• • • • • Dover
Brazil •
Southampt. March 16
Buenos Ayres • • •• M 9th of the month Soathanapt, March 16
California(viaChagrer) 51 2d & 17th of month Southampt. March 5
Cape of Good Hope N 14th of month Plymouth.. March 3
▪ Mll7th of the mouth ,
Constantinople* •• •• N. 7th I 7i1127th of alo Dover •• March 10
b 4 2d & 17th of mon.
Central America ••
iSoutharnpt. March 5
••
.Daily
18
.. N I Mon., Wed. & Fit Southampt. Tu. Th. Sat
Southampt. March 20
Frame . .: MB' NlTwice dailY •• •• Dover •• TwicedailY
N 7 tla 17th 27th of mo Dover •• March 10
Hollandgh • • ..
.?1:
...T:Fe!nday & Friday London .. Taos. Sat.
• •• al wea ea• & Satur. London .. Mon. Thur
H .. •
~. . Nl7th of the mouth Southampt.
Honduras ..
•• lif & NlTvrice daily .. .
.a..,
Holyhead •• Twice,' iIY
Ireland • •
51,20 th of the
la (via Sontharnp.)
monk Southampt. March 21
Ind i ,uarsoine3) Nitith&24th efraonthiDover ~.• March 2
India (v a.
(via
Mediterranean
..
DI 20th Of the nin •s-
Southarrntaa) - --11.0 Southampt. March 21 .
(via
Mexico •• " . m 9th of the
Niediten *slap
.. N,Bth& 24th of
Channelcwli
117th 17 th .19 °---
m alorith Dover • • March 2
me:stales/ • •
.. ml2cl of the
Gre e c I 5.1:8. .... . .
In_onntlith.o. IDSooritehramp..t. March March 5
Madeira •• •• ~ , , th,27th
Malta* • • ••
I & 30th of month } Dover March 10
. N sth 15th 25tli
II 7th 17th 27th
•a •• • sth - °loaf) Dover .. March 2
Naples* •
•.
li
nth
25th
o.t.
niol,,,Souvthamer p. t..
March
216
Papal States* • •
e. rcio Southampt. March 5
teninsular • • •• ••
17th t
~, .. M 0 the month Sth IA March 20
Peru • • • •
.. N sth 15tis5th ofm °u a's pt. 2
ruscare ~• •• • m 17th of the zno
West Indies :; .
ath ISOnthampt• Marchl 20
• w‘ ~,t Indies (sxcePt __ _ • ...

H Naples*avla
nstnitat
Papa
••••••
miul•ll4
7517:tlinsth175ottfh:112,37trah eo::th
sou
pt.
W
or
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trr hlneniimi e
packet Undies s
m.ar
Pena
m 17th
of the month s Peru •• • N sth 15thu5thofrno Dover°"-
ewe . • • •
&I 9d of the mo
Pon morningsda Mar hB,
onntries tn nt
••
thlouthansupt:Mfy.arches
sail I
us marked (5) are cnnveye. by
The Peninsula mails be made tt
in consequence of the 7 thhailingai i;Seunday.
The Cape of Good Hope
of
ls
the lath f Made up on the evening of
in consequence ailing on
March 15,
tile tinned States
wiled and due by every American packe,
are now despatched etolcethpotse
CALITORNIA.—MaIIB to and rrom Callturnm,

'hallveoifiXhaedeenfiosrsutehde,
—ET URNS.
BTL)AshißppDing OF. TRADE
ofR AthellßEoard
that attended the repeal of the Navigation
month ending the sth of February
and exhibit an ineressingfailure of all the evil re
predictions
Laws. Since
that event the employment of British vessels has steadily
ns augmented,the butp
luopy
nito e thes l
so period
i 0 Precedingg
was urged
vessels had aug
our side-
mented in a greater ratio. Thus the benefit On
was only partial, and although it could not be denied
with that of
that the result, even as it stood, presented a singular
contradiction to what had been foretold, it
that our share hid been disproportionately small,
of that iecrease.l
and
that this disproportion might continue until it had ren-
odtehreerd
nthateiopnossaitnioninfoefr'iEorugolnann.d relatively
however
Y. uowever, the
responding
ground even for this complaint seems likely to disappear,
since the returns now submitted, while they present
again a general increvre in the shipping employed show
distribution tiiton
willh
-43 found by an
examination nage, outward
has increased in the aggregate 37,94
and inward,4 tons
during the mouth, that the results,d is
British
cor
year, while theforeign as diminished
10,726 tons.
as compared. with theh
I Entered inwards .--
TONNAGE
aTduhorenie:otlilreoefwcilnahsgaotnfagrteehetihmile.
1850. 1851. 1852.
120 243.477
British vessels 231, 246,078
51,456 46,659
United States vessels 71,684
468 75,971
Other countries 42 43,731
.....--..... ...„....
FOR MONTH ENDING Prknittuay
5.
328,014 366,107
361,493
The clearance outward were :--• _
8.
1850. 1 51. 1852,
203 975 229.208
British vessels
United. States vessels 44 376 51'127 54.254
Other countries
..,
7,864 71,226
41.................

Witihn tonnage en-
tered 305,888 trade,
ve3:0:413y1,
in the month ending Fe-
bruary 5, 1850 • 900,955 in 1851, and 887,153 in 1852.
The clearances outward were 1.004,371
1550 ; 1017,960 in 1851, and 927,758 wreagradredwtotothBeBeoo,4aismiting trade, th,
iA 1852.

The ORAN:MAN said this meeting had been convened,
not for any extreme, violent, or Impracticable object,
but for such objects and such objects only as all Trim,
reasonable, sand moderate men might justify and upeold.
—(Hear, hear.) The meeting had bean convened for
two purposes; first, to give the united trades of this
kingdom, so far as they were there represented, the op-
portunity of testifying, by their public sympathy, not
only in words but in deeds, that they did approve of
those demands which the executive committee of the
Amalgamated Society had made, and that the executive
committee were not, as had been represented, a body of
men dictating to other men what they should do, but
' the authorised organ of a very large body of skilled arti-
sans, speaking in the name of those artisans and uttering
the sentiments which they individually entertained.—
(Hear.) Important as that object was,the second was, in his
opinion, even more important, viz., to call upon the trades
of this kingdom, upon the working classes as repre-
sented by that organization, with the funds which they
now had at their disposal, which they could command if
they chose, to joie with the council of the executive of
the Amalgamated Society in organizing a well-eigested,
a well-conceived, and well-approved plan for beginning
—and it was the beginning only with which they could
deal—to place the relations of capital and labour upon a
foundation different from that on which they had hither-
to`stood.—(Cheers.) He need say nothing in defeace
of the second object, as a matter of principle, because he
_ Aid not knew there was anybody who bad the audacity
to deny Wet a riglit:—(Hear, hear.) Many had denied
the possibility and practicability of it, and the Weekly
Dispatch—(Hisses)—had published article after article
to prove that the working men were such arrant fools
that no scheme for employing themselves could by pos-
sibility succeed.—(Hear.) If there were any one who
really belieied such a plan could not be successful, all
he could say was that that man had very much mistaken
the earnestness, the intelligence, the feeling, and the
principles of the great masses of the working-classes of
this country. They knew by the experience of what had
been done in France that these associations were practi-
cable; and he would not insult so large an assembly by
" admitting for a moment that that which under more
disadvantageous circumstances could be carried out
by large bodies of working men in France, could not
be carried out under more favourable circumstances
by the active, intelligent, enterprising men ho there saw
represented.—(Hear, hear, and cheers) The first ob-
ject of the meeting was more likely to be called in
question. In the present state of this contest they were
not standing in the same position as in the commence-
ment of it. The employers had now put forth certain
resolutions, which they called on every man to sign be-
fore he could be admitted into their establishments ;
and he would say those resolutions were of a character
which called for energetic reprobation, from every
man who had claim to the name of a free man.—(Loud
cheers.) Mr. S. Fielden, one of the greatest maltase-
turers of the north, had put in print " that it was
scarcely possible to imagine that any man could have
the audacity to propose those resolutions ;" and it
would be too much to find fault with the working men
for expressing their approbation of the sentiments of
that great employer.—(Cheers.) [The Speaker, having
read theelocument alluded to, continued.] Those were
very comprehensive words, and did nothing less than pro-
fess to re-enact 32 Acts of Parliament, which the Legis-
lature deliberately repealed some 20 years ago. By the
6th Geo. IV. the Legislature had deliberately said that it
should be lawful for the great body of the working people
to meet for the purpose of agreeing to the rates and prices
they would demand, the contracts they would enter
into, the hours they would work, and the time in which
the work should be conducted; and hero were the em-
ployers deliberately coming forward and saying they
would employ no man who would not sign a solemn de-
claration that he would not in any way exercise the
right which the Legislature had said it was wise and
proper they should be allowed to exercise.—(Cheers.)
He called upon the trades unions of England to unite in
expressing the strongest protest against any such attempt
on the part of the employers, in this arbitrary manner, to
interfere with a right whichtAie Legislature had solemnly
sanctioned.—(Bear, hear, Ilffal cheers.)
Mr. NEWTON was welcomed with vociferous cheers.
He said the executive of the Amalgamated Society did
not underrate the responsibility which rested with them
in calling this meeting. He hoped the character of the
present meeting would rather partake of the quiet dignity
of their previous proceedings than mar the moderation
which had hitherto marked their conduct.—(Cheers.)
They were sorry they were placed in their present posi-
tion. They had not anticipated, when first they made
the request of their employers that they should discon-
tinuepractices which elaettlieltineed to be injuriou6,-that
it would have raised eo great an opposition. By a ma-
jority of 9,000 to a minority of less than 20, the Amal-
gamated Society had decided that systematic overtime
and piecework were evils, arid ought to be discontinued.
The council—not of their own will, not in any dicta-
torial sense—issued a circular embodying that decision.
It was stated by the employers, and by a great portion
of the press, that the object of the Amalgamated
Society was not only to make the best terms they
could for their own members, but to dictate to their
employers what should be done with another portion of
their workmen not members of the society—that their
meaning was, that they would not work overtime or
piecework themselves, and no one else should do so.
He disclaimed any such intention. What was meant by
the Amalgamated Society and by the executive council,
who represented them at the time, was to express their
desire and intention to cease from working systematic
overtime and piecework,—(Hear, hear.) The public
should bear in mind that systematic overtime was the
term used, not overtime when work was absolutely
necessary—to repair an accident to the machinery, for
instance; but new work, taken on contracts, which
could not be completed without drawing upon the
energies and the industry of the workmen to the ex-
tent of twelve or fourteen hours a day.—(Hear, hear.)
Having briefly sketched the history of the trades societies
from their earliest formation, with the prominent object
of relieving their distressed fellow-workmen, up to the
amalgamation into one society of those connected with
the engineers. Mr. Newton proceeded:—On the Ist of
January the members of the Amalgamated Society car-
ried out the resolution which they had nearly unani-
mously come to. On the 10th of January the employers
closed their establishments. Except in their violence,
the employers seemed to have followed the example of
the workmen. They formed a combination on the mis-
representations of a delegation from Manchester, which
tacked to the resolutions of the Amalgamated Society
two others, foreign to their thoughts and intentions—
the removal of skilled labourers, and the regulation of
the amount of wages. He need not explain the false-
hood of the imputation. No one believed it ; and he
thought he spoke the sentiments of the employers when
he said they now felt they had been betrayed into a di-
lemma, and of which, he was sure, they must be most
heartily tired.—(Hear, hear, and cheers.) Oa the 10th
of January the employers struck. The workmen did
not strike. They would have continued in their em-
ployment, if they had been allowed to do so. Soon
afterwards the employers issued that celebrated pamphlet
in which they claimed everything as their own—esta-
blishments, conditions, hands, wages. The workmen
only ventured to say the hands were not theirs, the
wages were not theirs, but the property of the work-
men ; and he thought they were right in that as-
sertion.—(Loud cheers.) That pamphlet had opened,
the whole question of what were the rights of labour
and what the rights of capital, and in order to consider
it this meeting had been oonse ned. He believed, if they
took the advice of the chairman, they would secure the
labouring classes the enjoyments of their own industry,
and settle the dispute by placing the men now in idle-
ness in permanent employment, without the aid of their
late employers at all.—(Cheers.) The working classes
had large investments, amounting to many millions; the
trade societies had large investments, amounting to
something like half a million of money. Those invest-
ments were in the hands of various bankers, who, they
knew, did not pay interest without deriving benefit. The
bankers lent out the money to manufacturers who em-
ployed labour, and thus a large profit was made by the
banker and manufacturer, and only a small portion came
to the labourer. It' -they invested their savings in a
People's Bank, and if by that means associations of
working men could be established, those associations
I
would give employment to the working men.
not presumed that all the industry of the country
be be employed' at once, but they were to consider what w
practicable at the present time, and if by theseinvest-
ments the whole of those now in idleness could be id
It was
fitably employed.—(Hear, bear, and cheers.)
b irman
pro-
posed that a joint-stock bank should be formed of work-
ing men—that some gentleman, similar to the c a •
should be placed at the head of that 0 pay—that it
should be incorporated by Act of
rnvestiog tbe
should be made a legal instrument for !a _pg.
a.c lin:went—that it
advantage
stag-
ings of the working classes; and that, t ki
of the same machinery as the buildinatgesocieues offered,
millions) should
the accumulated funds (perha
be applied to the establishment
be benefited by full
posf:s°sociative workshops,
whereby the different trades would_(Loud cheers.)
were anxious
employment being given to their labour.
It would be tested to-night whether they
such as that. If
for the accomplishment of c
Cu it in earnest, they would
°
recurs a triumph n were, and entethis red upbo
test.—(Loud cheers.) The
Amalgamated Society i c
had resolved to extricate them-
selves from that contest atall hazards in an honourable
never sign the infamous d
oen.
by their chairman, because it
manner, but they would
British freedom.—(Vehement
went which had been read
aimed at the heart of -
k they had
• ht wee struggled against
cheers.) For eight
to be injustice. Since the l •
()sing of
what they believedablishments, they had 'cl at the whole
the employers est
ing. per week, and the whole o the
of their members
connected with the trade, 10s. per
non-society Well' trade societies had
week. Different
the public had liberally sent large contri-
butions, • h 25 000/
which were , subscribed - but
I had been reduced to
their f°"6' nOO/ and there 17,- .1 was no knowing how
, a 00or or
- contest would last. So l
long Ihts
A on the doors of tit long as that document
renollo3e innufseturer, the men

would not darken those doors.—(Cheers.) They migh
be. in the same position as they were now in aix months
hence ;. it was, therefore, necessary to make provision
for the future, and they had aright to claim the assist-
ance of their fellow-workmen of all trades, for they were
fighting their battle as well as their own. Ile hoped
they would not claim that eesistence in vain.—(Hear-
beer.) There was no reason why the trades ehoald not
subscribe to the great object of the associative work-
shops in a month.—(Cheers.) AU they wanted was an
amelioration of their social condition, tied with lees than
that they would not be satisfied. Without the conces-
sion of the principle they were prepared to withdraw
any thing objectionable iu the terms, but that they never
would conuele; and in those views he trusted they
would be backed up by the working men of England.
—(The speaker concluded amid loud cheers.)
The first resolution was moved by Mr. G. W. I-Ri-
DEAUX, cabinetmaker, and seconded by Mr. J. PE.TTIE.,
painter, and carried unanimously--" That, having heard
the statements which have been made on behalt of the
Amalgamated Society, this meeting hereby expresses its
concurrence with their entire proceedings, and pledges
itself to support the society in its resistance to the un-
just measures of the employers of operative engineers."
The second resolution was moved by Mr. T. C. Ore.
LERENSHA.W, hatter; seconded by Mr. EDWARD MOR-
GAN, tailor—", That this meeting, believing that the in-
dependence of the operatives of this countey is threat-
ened by the proceedings of the employers of operative
engineers, pledges itself to take such measures for the
effectual organisation of the trades as will ensure suffi-
cient funds to conduct the present contest, and enable the
workmen to establish themselves permanently in associa-
tive workshops." _

Upon the CHAIR lAN putting the resolution, a person
mounted the platform to move an amendment; but as he
refused to give his name, the meeting refused to bear
•him. _Considerahlt confusion was created, but
_2,1-der!
being restored, the resolution was declared to be mire?
unanimously.
The third and last resolution was proposed by Mr.
f3nisK, cigar-maker, and seconded by Mr. LEN°, Finter
Tnist LA conference of the metropolitan trades be con-
vened as early as possible, to carry out the objects of this
meeting, and that a committee be appointed to take the
necessary steps for convening the same."
A vote of thanks to the Chain:vita concluded the pro-
ceedings at eleven o'clock.

FREE TRADE,
Is Free Trade to be put upon its trial? Is the financial
policy pursued in this country for the last eix years to
be subjected anew to the test of opinion, as if its results
were seriously doubtful or plainly damaging? The only
persons who say so are Free-traders themselves; but, if
there really exists anywhere a hope to reconquer what
has been lost, or a tendency to blight what has been
• gained, the smallest attention to facts will dispel such
conceits for ever. Twenty-seven thousand pounds, it is
said, were subscribed in less than as many minutes for
the purposes of the Anti-Cern-law League. The en-
thusiasm was somewhat superfluous. Tho whole case of
the Leaguers might have been unaswerably stated on a
single sheet of paper. So manifest and unmistakeable
has been the prosperity of the country during the period
of Free Trade, and so directly is this prosperity trace-
able to the policy in question, -that to dispute the matter
is a perfect absurdity. The case of Free Trade against.
Protection is the case of railroads against coaches, of
penny postage against tenpennv letters, of gas against
oil, of steam ngsinst manual drudgery. It is the case of
plenty against penury, of comfort against misery, of
progress against stagnation, of light against darkness.
It is a care which can never suffer by treachery, by in-
trigue, or by violence. It can suffer only by apathy or
forgetfulness; only by that indifference which all bless-
ings are apt to create by possession, and which are vainly
deplored after they are lost.
What are the facts before the public
eye—facts
within the knowledge and comprehension of everybody?
In the first place, we have imported into the United
Kingdom during the period of Free Trade an average an-
nual quantity of ten millions of quarters of grain; and of
this quantity two-thirds have been grain for human con-
sumption—wheat, wheatmeal, oatmeal, or Indian meal,
one-half of the entire aggregate being wheat and wheat-
meal alone. Bread, therefore—good, sound, wholesome
bread, has been consumed to this extent by the popula-
tion over and above what was ever consumed in previous
timer. In other words, millions of the people have be-
come bread eaters who were never bread eaters to the
same amount before; and, as we yesterday ehowed,
sugar, tea, coffee, tobacco, cheese, and butter have en-
tered into general consumption under corresponding con-
ditions of abundance. Now, be it recollected that these
known and authenticated importations furnish an exact
and incontestable measure of the privations to which
the people were subjected by the system of Protec-
tion. To restore Protection would be to take from the
mouths of the poorest class of consumers ten million
quarters of grain per year—to reduce the consumption
of sugar from twenty-three pounds per head to nine
pounds, to treat other provisions in a similar manner,
and to throw back a large portion of our population on
the want which they have escaped. These importations
under a free-trade sy stem show not only what are the
real demands of the country, but from what supplies it
was formerly debarred. Every year that protection
existed the people had so many million quarters of grain,
so many millions pounds of sugar, so many million
pounds of tea, and so much butter, cheese, and bacon,
less than they wanted. Can anybody misunderstand
this?

During the same period of Free Trade our manu-
factures have prodigiously increased, and our ex-
ports, as we yesterday stated, have risen from
60,111,0811. in 1845, to 71,359,1841. in 1850.
If we turn to more particular tests the same result
is discoverable. The timber trade is very rea-
sonably considered as an excellent gauge d. the
general well-doing of the population. Unless work
is pretty plentiful, remuneration good, and pros-
pects satisfactory, men do not build many new houses or
alter old ones. Repairs and improvements usually be-
speak something comfortable in the affairs of those con-
cerned. Now, the year 1851—being the sixth of Free
Trade—is remarkable, as we learn from the circular of
one of the leading firms in the business, "for the largest
known amount of importation supported by consumption
in an equal degree," insomuch that the quantity of tim-
ber and deals used last year in the ordinary way of trade
actually exceeds that used in the year when the extrava-
gance of railway construction was at its greatest height.
To take up smaller facts, we find that the number of
letters posted—no bad evidence, as Mr. Rowland Rill
has shown, of general progress,—has swelled, even
during the continuous operation of cheap postage, from
5,607,378 in 1845 to 7,126,994 in 1851. There is no test,
indeed, fairly applicable to the condition of a community
which does not give the same result. The poor-law returns
whether from particular unions or in the more comprehen-
sive summary of the Rogistrar- General—all tell one story.
Pauperism, that blemish and bane of England's great-
ness, is manifestly on the decline, and is proved to be so
in whatever form we shape the estimate. Not only is
the cost of parochial support less, which might be in some
degree explained by the cheapness of provisions, but the
able-bodied poor in receipt of relief are shown to be far
less numerous,—a clear proof of the increase of employ-
ment. The registers of births and marriages point the
same way. Births bear a larger proportion to the deaths
than formerly, and marriages, even allowing for the in-
crease of population, are considerably more frequent than
of old. Nor is the improvement confined to manufactur-
ing districts. Agricultural shires participate in
the
general well-doing, and contribute their quotas o o h
summary. Such have been the consequences
bfysFyereae
Trade. Taxation has been diminished y r
without loss to the revenue. Our income, though
raised with far less pressure on the community,
is in advance of our expenditure. Our manu-
factures and exports have largely increased.
rtebepenreviinoutrsolyduocnekdootwoht,haeodergjtovyes-
mOeuurt poorpumlaatoiyonoomhalos
proof of its well-doing at every tarn. But, if Free Trade
is indeed to be put upon its trial, there is a single fact
the
which ought to decide the cause. To the original dis-
pute
consumers of bread, who sought to extew.ndasiti.t
there were two parties—the producers of corn, who
would have circumscribed its consumption
would-beko cheap
For whose advantage was the change effected?
to make rents high and farmers wealthy that the Corn
latter.tdhisespeph a
na o of the
Laws were
for
the blessing s
.r the sake of
ovteroyf the " territorial interest," fo
not of the producer, that mea-
suretretshilsstagnrceeatofthetmbhrieelalcidooont,osnuerner,
0 i t
tAt
en
dd
?who h has The
consumers?—those
o n complainedshme r s ?
_.... t of fo s iet
was carried against the
change was made?
general
lral Never in modern times
for since?whose Wb
benefit
ist
riotssuch have becomeprosperity things
ueesexntraordinalfrevolutions ever witnessed
and the
t ht
ehseemrdeot
Seditious
ffehcatsveof F
in other n,arthioenes
of the people have been evenrtee this country unshaken
and secure.
more Trade
beneficial
et
ihael greatthan bodyvr as
tahnotilcoipseartsedo;f theonly, murmurs heard have come from
that the change was
extent their loss it canin
monopoly. But it was not for their sake
un-
made for their
have thus lost they had aodnneel
only be
rbfiearns
any right
answeredand i t will _ not
that
sake now. If the people's gain is to any
oCpaneoMpler.ot.
this
Disraeli be really thou ht tttoot bksauetpewpp.ohsset
th
of laws which would strike off one-sixth or one-fifth of
country will consentrig to a re-enactment
the consumers of bread, acid make the rest consume it
at a price SO p
such delusier cent. hi her
His " desire," perhaps,
her ? We cannot believe him
guilty of an y
like that of his colleague in the Upper House, may tend
that way, and we know that he has ideas respecting
the maintenance of the " territorial interest" at even
a large national cost. But the reply to this theory
is simply that it is impracticable. Country gentle-
men may be very ornamental and very useful too,
but to preserve them by means of a bread-tax is about
as desirable as to grow palmtrees under glasses in order
think L or dl
els)se robfy, ,t
hwe e
di
ffia y.
to naturalise a bireeendotoflikgeislayffteos.
it more closely, and those who would
depenfdroutepoeneeiitn,g
culty
force him at once to a public recantation should recol-
lect the indulgence bespoken by others. Lord John
Russeexpllrreessiegionnedfotrheanot
Lord Derby takes the Government because no one else
will; but, if his predecessor was entitled
Governmentanother in
ratherthan substitute
thepreamble of a Bill.
one
°
word, be how May Dow realm to encase to
faMtMa

Extensive improvements have for several months Nit
been in active operation at Windsor Castle under the
rection of her Majesty's Commissioners of Woods and
Forests, who, after a period of 28 years from the cos.
mencemont of negotiations, have succeeded in woos.
plishing the puicaase of all the houses on the Castle sirs
of Thames-street, between Henry VILL's Gateway oh,
Castle-hilt and the bottom of the Hundred Steps. Trios,
houses have been removed, the street is widened ano
improved, and theenost ancient part of the ;Castle now
abuts in the town, towering ra&jestically abnvn the build-
lege:which surround it, with that seine protective appear•
knee when in egos past tho first huts of Windsor were
raised beneath its walls fur shelter end security.
The workmen engaged in levelling the ground between
the Garter ToWer and the Old Bi-ltry Tower, known as
Julius Cassat's Tower, discovered at about six feet below
tee surface a subterranean passage, cut through the
chalk rock on which the Castle is built. The filch and
rubbish are now being got out, and many cart-loads have
been taken away. .The passage is six feet wide and ten
feet high, the sides are built of sound masonry, and it
is atcheki over with massive stonework. At present it
has been traced to one of the minor canoes' houses in
ricen°ijs°ibnriincgkedjuuliptl;l3 frCof tahr'iss
tThoewelrl,orswehsheroee
thceloisetnetrrsa,
part there is a gradual descent into Themer-street;
from thence it appears to pass under the houses in the
direction of the river Thames, but this end has not
yet been explored. Hundreds of persons have already
descended into the passage, and it is conjectured that
this is the ancient sallyport from the Castle, made
as a means of escape in case of siege or invasion,
and that it passes under the river to Burnham Abbey,
which is about uthree miles distant,. where there is a
corresponding passage, proceeding in a direct line to
liiected that if this excavation is fur-
ther traced from uenee.th the cloisters, this passage will
be •found to communicate with one in the quadrangle of
the castlet,"ivitieb; it will be recnembc.,red,.was discovered
a few sissate, sign, leading under the eastern part of the
_._cilstieeip the direction, of Old Windsor, and, in ell pro-
AirKtekifiiimeient-uatle of Old-Wlidanr, wk..lQh was
known to have been built there by the Romans, and oc-
cupied by-William the Conqueror at the time when he
built Windsor Castle as a hunting seat, which, according
to " Doomsday Book," was completed in 1086, and it is
very remarkable that although history furnishes indis-
putable proof of there being a castle e.t Old Windsor, and
of its being occupied by Saxon princes, as well as by
Wiliiam the Conqueror, that there are to be found no
traces of it at the present day, although Roman roads
have been discovered and Saxon urns dug up within a
short distance of that neighbourhood. It is to b© hoped
the Dean and Canons of Windsor, or the Commissioners
of Woods and Fo:ests, will continue the exploration of
this extraordinary passage, which has created so much
interest among the curious who have already visited it.

ANTI-TRACTARIAIS LECTURES.
' Last evening the Rev. J. E. Gladstone Incumbent of
Long-acre Episcopal Chapel, against whom the Bishop
of London has klately instituted legal proceedings, de-
livered at the Freemason's-hall the first of a series of
lectures upon trectarianism. The meeting was large
and respectable, and was presided over by Dr. Clarke.
The LECTURER, in commencing his discourse, the
subject of which was, " What is tractarianisci," dwelt
upon the great blessings and priviliges enjoyed by Eng-
lishmen, and ink, d to what they ought to be attributed?
It was to the fact that hitherto, since the time of the re-
formation—though they had, alas! given up much—
though they had, alas I been betrayed often, but, thank
God, they could still say—it was to Protestant ascen-
dancy. Then the question arose, was that Protestant
ascendancy, in peril ? and to that he answered, yes.—
(Cheers.) What had placed it in that peril ? The
Papal aggressions had done so most feartully.—(Hear,
hear.) He was trampled in the dust when he thought
of it ; but he must avow that they were weak. The
people of England had declared as one man, that—
No
Should tithe and toll in their dominions."
They had passed a law that it should not be, but they
had satisfied themselves with passing that law, and had
allowed it to be broken as if it had never been made.—
(Cheers.) If it was needful to pass that law at all, it
was needful to see that it was put in active and deter-
mined operation.—(Hear, hear.) The result of their
not having done se had been most perilous to the mo-
rality of the country, as Popery was wherever it went.
—(Cheers.) Every thief and every murderer might
justly say, "you have no right to punish me, for there
are as great and greater breakers of the Mw than I, and
yet you never attempt to punish them."—(Hear.) If,
then, Papal aggression were perilous to Protestant as-
neney in Eoglend, what was it that had given force to
them? H's answer was—tractarianiste.—(Loud cheers.)
And, mark what had been the result. The late Prime
Minister, in introducing the new Reform Bill, said that,
allowing the truth of what was said by the Exeter
Hall orators (so called by way of snser)—edmitting—
(as Lord John Russell had admitted)—that it
was true they could not bind Roman Catholics
in anything that effected ecclesiastical utility,
even by an cath—they must not do in the
British House of Commons as they did in the
civil courts, where they tried false witnesses, and
punished them for perjury; .bat that instead of making
them keep the law, they must abolish the law and leave
them no oath to take. Such a state of things was fear
ful to f'contemplate.—(Cbeera.) But if he was asked
what was the cause of this, ho would say again, tracta-
rianism.--(Cheers.) The question of " What is tracts-
rianism ?" therefore, became ono of the deepest, the
most solemn, and the most abiding importance; and, in
answering it, be should speak of it under four heads:—
First of all, in answer to the question, " What is tree-
tarianism ?" he said it was an hideous embodiment of
false doctrine; secondly, that it was a hateful combina-
tion of idolatrous worship; thirdly, that it was a dis-
gusting exhibition of chicanery and deceit ; and,
fourthly, that it was a wicked, unscriptural, and un-
godly conspiracy, to confine the intellect and to enslave
the souls of free Englishmen, and to crush them beneath
the Juggernaut of episcopal tyranny and spiritual
despotism.—(Long and continued cheering.) The Rev.
Gentleman then read a number of extracts from Tract
90, for the purpose of substantiating his first charge
and observed that if the Queen were to turn a Papist
she would by the Constitution cease to be Queen; and
in like manner if a bishop turn Papist he was no longer
a bishop, and he would give him no allegiance whatever.
—(Cheers.) It was a strong circumstance against the
Bishop of London that two of his examining chaplains,
Mr. Allies—or, as he had been called, Mr. All-lies—
(Loud laughter)—and Mr. Dodsworth, had gone over
to Rome.—(Cheers.) It was quite clear, then, that his
orfe report,
Lordship know perfectly well what tractarianism meant;
(Mr. Gladstone) went to see him, his
abettoru il o
na
called
tkhneo(wthe Right
sodsLaoidr
Lordship,
yi
pwo, hueeent
callede.l
Ile
eae fierce(nimor .a Gladstone)shuck,t r aatar i gnt, oanhnnadddae
Deverud
called it."
tbeegh be did.not.ysaybot:a,
such term,
Rev. Prelate) was not.—(Laughter.) His Lordship
atanryian."
Tractarianism—that wits the cantphrase
Why,did not eve-
what it
meant? Did not his Lordsqlp know what it meant?—
(Loud cheers.) He (NIL Gladstone) his had •
s Lord-
ship's permission to speak as he liked of him an
where except in the pulpit.—(Laughter.) He
i
however that it was his duty—nether le considere y-
d
ss nor more than
his duty—if all the bishops in the world proved false to
their oaths, and betrayed the interests
speck against them from the pulpit.--(Cheers.) The
of the Church to
pu
Reformation was won in the pulpit,
and assistance he for one would Ie et and by God's grace
—(Enthusiastic applause.) With nd it from the pulpit.
respect to his second
charge, Mr. Gladstone declared
painted glass, and the that the crosses, the
paintings which the Tractarians
had introduced into their churches were idolatrous; and
he warned the bishops to.remember that for sanctioning
such practices an archbishop had once been impeached,
tried, condemned, and executed.—(Cheers.) God forbid
that the like should happen again. He did not pretend
to prophecy, but he had studied God's Word, and
that made men apt to discern the signs of the times;
and it was his firm conviction that if they encouraged
Tractarianisca the bishops would ere long be tumbled
off their seats at the least.—(Lond and pro-
longed applause.) As to the third charge, Mr. Glad-
stone instanced the alleged conversion of the Rev.
J. H. Pollen, the senior proctor of the University of
Oxford. There appeared a denial of that from Mr. Pol-
len, but the editor appended to his letter a statement that
the intormation had been received from Mr. Oakley.—
(Hear, hear.) He (Mr. Gladstone) was, therefore, fatly
convinced that Mr. Pollen had gone over in his heart ;
and besides the contradiction was signed " John Pollen,"
and not `;John H. Pollen," as Mr. Pollen used to sign
his name.—(Hear, hear.) Again, the Bishop of London
lately went to re-open Spitalfields Church, and he was
informed that there was a atone altar which had been
pronounced to be illegal. His Lordship declared that it
was a moveable table, but the fact was that though it
stood upon castors there was a beading to hide them, and
so it was a stone altar for all that.—(Hear, hear.) Upon
the fourth head the Reverend Lecturer pointed to himself
as an example. The Bishop could not do him any in-
jury—God would prevent him from doing that—but it
was their own question. The Bishop had sent a man
into his church on a Sunday morning a quarter of an
hour before service to inhibit him from preaching or
administering the sacrament. Had he obeyed, his people
would have been sent home again. Was not that the
most grinding and oppressive tyranny
to have goo© to the
have that a man could
had
wield? His flock would
parish church of St. Martin's-
Inbi-t th
ofe-baptismalFieldwhere they
might, perhaps, have heard aii.
There Was a
regenera-
tion.—(Hear, bear.) Norwas
this a
theirchildren confirmation coming on, and _
would not
be allowed to
be prepared by the minister in whom they
but must be instructed by the vicar of
sad the same
had confidence, thing would apply
to the other
the parish; ,o, . They would thus h
rites of relig—n lamentation, ave an interdict,
and weeping, and . and woe for th •
eir chil-
drenet not. be baptised, their
wig their dead might daughters might not
wereied, and . not be buried, unless
be popish wolves in steeps' clothing, whom they ab-
horred.—( e mad cheers
horred.—eL _ .) The lecturer concluded by
ong that God would drive out and destroy that cursed
shieg called Tractarianism) and sat down amidst loud
cheers.
A vote of thanks was given to the Chairman, and the
meeting broke up after singing the Doxology.

Sir Charles Napier had an interview with
Hon. J. W. Henley yesterday, at the Board
The Hon. F. H. F. Berkeley, M.P., had also
view with the Right Lion. Gentleman.

the Right
of Traded
an inter-

DAILY WEATHER TABLE.

State of the Wind and Weather at each of the following
paces at Nine o'clock yesterday morning.—The stations
are arranged in order of latitude.

Ptrmourtt—Wind S.E., strong breeze—rain.
Pools—Wind E., strong breep—partially cloudy.
Batoifrox—.find N.E., gentle breeze—overcast.
So lITHA MPTON W ind E., strong breeze—overcast.
Foi.xxsToNE—Wind S.E , gentle breeze—overcast.
TUNBRIDGZ—Wind E., gentle breeze partially cloudy.
GREEN, ICH— w ind E., gentle breeze• cloudless.
&woo —Wind E., calm—partially cloudy.
Swixix-m—Wind S. E., gentle breeze—overcast.
LEIGHTON—AA Ind E., gentle breeze—cloudless.
CoLCRICSTER—W Ind N.E., gentle breeze-- partially cloudy.
CA NI BRIDG Wind S., ge,.tle breeze—cloudless.
Y.RMouTH-1Y ind S.W., calm—cloudless.
ButmisGtuot--\‘ ind N.E., gentle breeze—partially cloudy.

The returns from the lollowilw places indicate the state 01
the wind and weather on Wednesday mornine at nine
o'clock :

Lrwanica—Wind S.. gentle breeze—partially cloudy.
CARLOW—Wind N.W., hard wind—partially cloudy.
hitruaricaAn— ind E.. gentle breeze—cloudless.
BIRMINGRA.m Wind N. w , gentle breeze—partially cloudy.
tioi.ylaßAD—Wind E.,'gentle breeze frost.
LasrcAsreft.Wind N. W., calm—principally clear.
lirnaTnt —Wind N., strong breeze—snow.
sittasmrox—hind N, gentle breeze—snow.

TO CORRESPONDENTS
No communication can be attended to unless authen-
t.""ed by the name and address of the writer.
Rejected communications cannot be returned.

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