The Sun.
London, England, 1863-12-01 00:00:00

BREVET.

service with the rank of
Colonel Alfred George Goodwyn, retired full-pay, Royal
Engineers, to have the honorary rank of Alajur -General.
onels under the Royal War-.
The undermentioned officers of the E,,,,a1
.y. Artillery,
i,ihavingLieutenant-Colonel,
tcompletedenantc o
lo n e
lthe, to qualifying
C o
War-
rant of 14th October, 1858 :
Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Parker Radcliffe.
Lieutenant. Colonel Thomas Knox,
Brevet Lieutenant -
Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Wright Younghusband.
Colonel n
the Supernumerary List. Edward Bruce Hamloy, o
Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel the lion. Edward Thomas
Gage.

Course of the Exeha---7—nge—Tliis Day.
Ditto 3 Mocintalz.
Amsterdam ........ Sh r Ff
Rotterdam . — 11 19 570
1 111
1111 11,7 i 11.
It
25 65 2
ABrunteweeerisp _
Hamburgh .
25 65 25 70
13 Si
Ditto
paris ........ — 13 8
„, 35
i 25 r2l
Short. 25 25 .`"' -
Marseille; .......... 3 Months. 2525 '‘o7-
110 f
Fra •
nkiort on. Al • 1191 wile --
12 45
Vienna 12 40
12 66
25 721
Trieste — 12 40
331
33 _
PH:Ern:al. 11.
r.
. . . ..
..
..
I——
481
4S
48/ . • • •
Cadiz
25 80 25 87
Leghorn ....
25 821 25 87i
Milan
1 25 871
25 82
25 87°
Genoa
'—
26 821
Naples

-.app ____ _ . i
Palermo ... 25 82t 25 87i
Messina
0 1 ll
Lisbon 521 52a
Oporto s2t 621
Foreign Gold in Bars (Standard), per 0z...... --C3 170
o
9
Mexican Dollars ............................ 0
Silver in Bars (Standard)
....
..
..................
South American Doublon 0 0 0

FOURTH EDITION.

SUN OFFICE, HALF•PAST I O'CLOCK.

BANKRUPTS

---
Gazette :
portance in the
The following are the only bankrupts of commercial im4
aker. Croydon
John Gibbs, sheern
er, Bradford
George Bolton, groc
Liverpool
Hugh Coulter, contractor,
Georgo Lawrence, builder. Luton
eorge C. Tubby, oil and coleurman, Islington
James'luh oodward, jeweller, Birmingham
opal merchant, Llanello.th
Stocktord, plumber, liirrningha 1
James K. Hardy, drysalter, Dover-road
baker, Saudown, Isleof ''
Wight
16-1.3.1'ie-egigall'inlhi'lolinlintugaggsess, builder, Grosvenor-square
Itussell-street, Brixton-road
enry meson,
builder, Portsmouth

_ft....
THE
KIDNAPPING ABOLISHED IN THE SOUTH SEAS.
—The following encouraging Co mmunication
.bas
just been received from the Foreign,-office :—" office, November 23, 1863.—Sir ,—I am directed by Egas,r!
Russell to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of ave.,:
inst., respecting the introduction of Pc .lynesians intonin
_tit
and I am to acqulint you that her Mil jesty's Garet
takeen
have every reason to believe that steps have n
Foreign.:
by the Peruvian Government for enl drely a bolbiesb?eargvatuht:
traffic; in
Biaxwell-
A. H. LAlARD.—William Logan, ] %'''ll '
question,.—l am, Sir, your n' )st obedient. 2
street, Glasgow."
re :—" Broken
THE NEW AMERICAN NOVELS
'Their," a Novel in
Columns,' " Peter Caradine ; or the A. 14,
by Caroline Chesebro ; " The Castle .
and 4'4 Old Helmet,"
Wood ; The
Real Life, by Mrs. Henry 'W
...,
ld ''.
Wide Wide li,, on •
are
Pastoral,"
by the Author of ,i The

THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA,

(From the correspondent of time Times.)

NEW YORK, Nov. 17.

We have had a glo Dray and wet spell here these last
four of five dayF,, and this may, perhaps, have
damped the and our of the combatants who are
paddling about in the chalky mud of Virginia.
General Meade has been in Washington, and
some of hits subaltern officers with him. He
has, howriver, declined to attend the inaugura-
tion of the Gettysburg monument, a solemnity
in wbach he was entitled to head the pageant.
The position of the Southern army on the Rapi-
dan is said to be formidable, though two divisions
of Gen. Hill's corps are supposed to have marched
southward or westward. The knowing ones are
are quite confident there will be a " general deci-
sive battle" before the end of this week. Another
0, decisive and bloody " battle is expected to come
off in Tennessee. Gen. Bragg is bombarding the
Federals from the heights of Look-out Mountain,
and the ground in his rear, for many miles, swarms
'with reinforcements conveyed to him by the Western
and Atlantic Railway. Battles, if they occur, must
be of the Confederates' own seeking, for their posi-
tions in the mountain gorges are not of a nature to
invite the Federals' attacks. The weather, how-
ever, must have its share in military operations, and
if the rains set in the South as they have done here,
the probability is the bloodthirsty warriors will
stick in the mud till winter cools their blood. Burn-
side, always in difficulty, seems disposed to wash
his hands of his tough job in East Tennessee.
The rumour that he has resigned his command, and
that Foster is to take his place, bringing one o r
more of his divisions with him, appears almost daily
in the papers to fill a paragraph in the morning, and
to make room for another paragraph, contradicting
the first, in the evening. At Charleston we have
firing at the rate of two shots in the minute at
night, and three or four in the daylight. Results—
alter 21 hours, two men killed and one wounded.
Artillery has done its very worst against Sumter,
and what remains of it is invulnerable. " The fort
cannot be injured any further," says the bulletin.
Nothing is to be done but let it alone.
From Texas we hear that General Banks, at the
head of his long-projected expedition, has landed
at the mouth of Rio Grande ; that Fort Brown and
Brownsville—the latter on fire, and with the Union
and Secession parties fighting in the streets—have
fallen into his hands. The presence of a Federal
army in that region, it is expected, will put an end
to the brisk contraband trade, and cut off one of
the most plentiful sources of supplies on which the
Southerns relied. It will also have the effect of a
grand demonstrations against the French in Mexico;
it will reassure Juarez's " loyalists," and awe Maxi-
milian and all contemners of the Monroe doctrine.
The grumblers here, however, complain that Banks
and his forces, instead of wasting their energies on
Rio Grande, would be better employed nearer home
against Lee's " demoralised" troops and Bragg's
0 discordant and dissolving" army.
The " labour movement," as the contest between
operatives and their employers is here designated,
being in fact a labour stoppage, is going through its
natural phases, and will for the present have no
serious consequences. As it was but too easy to
foresee, labour carried the day everywhere, for its
demands were just and moderate. Henceforth, it
may be taken for granted, in every branch of in-
dustry wages will be raised 25 per cent. above the
present rates. The car-drivers in New York re-
turned to their work on Saturday last, the direc-
tors of the several railway companies having " made
a satisfactory compromise"—i c., granted all they
were asked. The working men of the United States'
navy yards in Charlestown, near Boston, have also
obtained their own terms, and, upon the same un-
derstanding, there is no doubt but the excitement
arising from the strikes will gradually, though per-
haps only temporarily, subside. " Labour" will go
on, and the "movement" will be brought to a stand•
st ill.

The industrious classes in these North-Eastern
states had attained a. well-being fully commensu-
rate with their deserts, with their thrift and so-
briety, and with the education extensively spread
among them. If there ever was a country in
which labour wea in clover, in which it was

looked up to, petted and humoured, it certainly was
this North American community; not so mud,
owing, perhaps, as the Americans fondly believe, to
the protection of their glorious Democratic institu-
tions as to the great fact that this country had plenty
of elbow room for all men, and that those who at
any time felt crowded and distressed in the cities of
the East would always find wealth and ease in the
backwoods of the West. Labour was scarce here at
alt times, and as such it was, of course, prlcious,
independent, fastidious. The rougher kind of handi-
craft, and even domestic service, was shunned by
the native American, and would long since have
come to an end had it not beeu for the raw ma-
terial periodically imported out of the redundant
population of suffering Europe. Democratic re-
publics must needs have slaves to do their hard and
dirty work. In the South the Virginian had negroes.
In the North the New Englander had the Irish, the
'German, the beasts of burden of the old world.
Even the condition of the immigrant was anything
but deplorable, as soon as he knew how to bring
his labour to the best market. Whoever conde-
scended to work in America was sure not only of
bl 5 daily bread, but also of a certain amount of
decent
had
it
icomfort; and the very hedger and ditcher
n his power to raise himself in the scale of
beings,learnt how in his
own and the world's estimation. He
on his to strike the best bargain, how to stand
for a rainy aaand interests, how to put by a penny
:savings batats3c). I said in my last letter that the
bore witness tor, in New York and New England
even during th, hie prosperity of the working classes
State of MassacrulYPeriod of this civil war. The
manufactories
with a
-1,231,066, and population of
male and 69,677 faentliafrories employing 107,784
numbered in 1861
depositors in its savin;allabads,
500. The
205,058 ; in 1862
the depositors were 245
The amount of de-
; in
posits in 1861 was 44,78,5,13,
1862 it was
50,403,674 dols.--showing
an
statoere.ase in one year
at 5,018,240 dole. Now, no
thethe Union can
compare with Massachusetts, whicitn
Rub
of the Americansu.
by way of a sneer call the
Still, even in New York, a State with 3880 Universe."
habitants, and 147,737 male and 51,612
female
workers in the manufactories, the number
°t
accounts in the savings banks in
_ loBp6eln
300,511 ; in 1862, 347,184; and the amount
due to,
119 do's. ;
depositors in 1861, 64,083, 1862,
76,538,183 dole., showing an increase in one year
u
12,393,066d01e„ The total amount of deposits in
'
the State of New York on the let of January of this
year was 80,393,064 dole.
With all this widely-spread and substantial well
being, however, the working classes could not fail
to be gradually, yet inexorably, crushed by the
rapid enhancement of prices consequent upon_
the waste of a ruinous war, and the use and
abuse of an all-flooding paper currency. The evil
was not very grievously felt at the outset, because
the gaps made among the already and always thin
ranks of the labourers by the recruiting of the army
had the effect of lessening competition, and, by in-
creasing the demand for it, of setting a higher value
upon labour. In all the common trades, in the shops,
and in domestic service, where the workman came
into inamedia:e and constant contact with his em-
ployer, things had maintained their own level, and
wages had silently but incessantly been raised, so
as to keep. pace with the growing price of provi-
sions. But in great factories, in large workshops,
and public establishments,
of the signs of at
down to the
utmost
times, and labour was ground
The
screw
extent of its power of en-
durance.by this general strike,
has now been put upon capital
and the pressure has been
instantly il
a" cheerfully obeyed• All may be ar-
ranged, and things to,y go
well i
the mutual understanding
bete; the present; but
labour. and
capital will hardly last for lengnth of time--so
long, at least, as the causes which led to the
crisis continue to act on the community; pfor,
in
resent
the first place, when you raise wages in order
enable labour to bear the burden of high prices' you
to
also cause a further rise in prices, for the raised
wages of labour, as a matter of course, enhance
the cost of the commodities which Are the product

of labour; and, in the second place, any awakening
of the people to the consciousness of their grie-
vances, and of their power to redrass them, lays
bare many of those social disorders to which habit
reconciles the suffering poor, but which, once
brought into light, allow society no re , t: .1 a remedy
is propounded, when it is too often found practically
that the diagnosis of the evil is far easier than its
cure.

Thus I have said that, as a general rule, labour
in America was sure of a competent remuneration.
That rule, however, was subject to great exceptions,
and the poor working girls of New York, for in-
stance,who are now on strike, received wages which,
as the papers say, " were a burning shame to the age
we live in." Many of them had till yesterday to put
up with 2 dole. or 2 dole. 50c. a week—the same
wages most male hands earned daily, the same
wages that the poor fagged creatures were allowed
before coal, clothing, and provisions had doubled in
price. There is no doubt but relief will be granted
to these and other sufferers, but the consequence
must be a further rise in prices, a further deprecia-
tion of the currency, and the necessity for further
enhancement of wages. What results similar cir-
cumstances had in France in 1793 we all know;
we know that high prices in provisions led
to strikes, and these to compromises with the
people, till the pretensions of the latter knew no
limits ; till, upon the first show of firmness on the
part of the ruling powers, passive resistance led to
open violence, and the starving people engaged in
that struggle in which, after torrents of bloodshed,
theTyhewAerme
ebrriocuangsh,tintdoereedasmono
reckon upon the education ist of them, anticipate
no such calamities for their
privilegedoftheir
lowlaenr land; they
L upon their respect for the laws and love of order,
. upon their safety-valves of emigration to the West
and immigration from Europe. The sources of their
wealth are inexhaustible, and so long as labour may
. be had for hire, ho wever high, money such as Mr.
Chase knows how to coin will be forthcoming. They
draw comparisons between the conditions of agri-
cultural
France in 1793 and those of commercial
England in 1814. They are confident of their own
buoyancy as an industrial community and of their
ability to weather any storm. In the meanwhile
they do not consider that there is one cause of dis
organisation among them which did not work to
the same effect either in France or England in re-
volutionary and warlike times. France withdrew
millions of men from their wonted occupations,
England paid handsome bounties for her recruits ;
but no country at any time pressed so many useful
members of the community into her armies, no
country ever bribed recruits at so extravagant a
price. The county of New York advertises this
very day for 30,000 volunteers, and the following
are the pecuniary inducements offered—

Dollars.
County bounty, cash down
State bounty
United States bounty for new recruits
United States, additional, to veterans re-enlisting 100 _

--- 477

Total 777
The largest sum, surely, ever held out as a tempta-
tion to soldiers. With such inducements to a
labourer to turn his ploughshare into a musket,
and the monthly pay, which has been raised from
10 to 20 dollars, what operative would not rather
be a soldier. The enlistment goes on very slowly
nevertheless, and the Government would certainly
be unable to raise the 300,000 men it has called tor
if the recruiting officers did not fall back upon the
Irish and German immigrants and the negroes.
The latter especially will constitute the sheet
anchor of the future American army. But in the
meanwhile there is little doubt in my mind that

these monstrous bribes paid to recruits, although
they may be insufficient for tho repletion of the
army, will not fail so to disturb and confound the
relations between labour and capital as to lead not
only to fresh strikes, but possibly to riots, agrarian
movements, and social convulsions.
What in the meanwhile is the state of the American
finances ? lam assured from Washington that Mr.
Chase's financial report will not be ready before the
end of this month. The Midget, it is said, will
foot up 1,200,000,000 dollars. The want?. of the
navy for the coming year are estimated at 100,000,000
dols., exceeding last year's expenditure by 32,000,000
dols. The Treasury is now issuing paper at the rate
of 4,000,000 dols. daily. The actual average expen-
diture daily is estimated at 2,250,000 dole., and for
the next year at 800,000,000 dols. The largest por-
tion of this sum will go to pay the interest of the Na-
tional Debt. The money-market in the meanwhile
has been very tight for the last two weeks. The
hauling of all money articles in the newspapers
has uniformly been this, " The minimum rates for
loans on call to first•clasa borrowers in seven per
cent." Gold is to-day at 148 k. Every one wonders
how it ;s that Mr. Chase does not avail himself of
the power vested in him to issue paper to the full
extent of his will and pleasure to prevent money
ever getting dear again. The Treasury printing
presses, it appears, cannot keep up with the daily
expenditures, and application must be frequently
made to the banks for loans, at high rates of in-
terest, of the very paper issuing from the Treasury.
From the 6th of August, 1861, to the 3d of March,
1863, Mr. Chase was at different epochs authorised
to issue 1,100,000,000 dols. of legal tender notes. He
was at the same time empowered to issue bonds and
certificates of different descriptions to the amount of
1,739,000,000 dots. Altogether, he could deluge the
country with 2,849,000,000 dols. of his paper, be-
sides 300,000,000 dole, to be put in circulation by
the means of the so-called " National Banks."
Notwithstanding all this, the Secretary of the
Treasury has been again and again compelled
to borrow money—his own paper money—at a
ruinous rate of interest. Witness the loan of the Ist
September lust, when for a 60 days' accommodation
of 50,000,000 dole. he had to pay 60,000 dole. in-
terest. A great clamour of exultation was raised
a few days ago on the report being spread that

large earns of Five-Twenties had been subscribed
to, and it was taken as clear evidence of the
public confidence in the solidity of the Govern-
ment. Those bonds, were, however, bought
by men who wanted them merely as objects
of speculation, not for a permanent investment. Mr.
Chase had paid the agents 7-, per cent. commission
for the sale of those bonds; but the late rise in the
interest of money made it very clear that the specu-
lating purchasers has only burnt their fingers, and
they now strove to rid themselves of the stock by
giving the agents Z- per cent. commission to sell them
for them again. The issue of those 5-20 Bonds had
no other result than to direct the money that had
been lent to the Government on temporary loans at
5 per cent., payable in paper, into these long bonds,
bearing the interest of 6 per cent. in gold, equal to
'Pihr cent. in paper. The Treasury derived so little
real advantage from the transaction, so little money
"131" its •
cell
,ipottl o, till, that it had, on Monday last, to
rary
loan.the banks to pay up 15,000 dols. tempo-
All tl'ese abrifts and devices of the contriving Secre-
tary of tb.,
than that of r
Ila:wry, in short, have no other effect
that Slough of L'Reing him deeper and deeper into
d out of which he is vainly
struggling toe naer:e"
It may be no fault of his, for
attributea to him rare finan-
cial ;abliielirtiems.onletyrnatyo bY,
choice
the exigencies of the
cou;11.1-10estion whether the issue
orireenebeessity ; but the
war was a matter of
nor
re
orgerrseaovsnrB.it
oeaidnbsy.t.
abyss,
dangerous expedient having
Mr. Chase put himself 04
about Chatta-
nooga admitted neither of pause _
are mustering
Enormous forces
side. While Brass's
nooga on either reinforce-
ments occupy the fields adjoining the railway from
the South for " a line eight miles in length,” Con.
Sherman has joined Gen. Thomas with all his artoy,
numbering, it is said, from 25,000 to 30,000 to,n.
Here certainly are materials for a monster engage,
merit. Probably, however, there will be no general
encounter, unless the Confederates give the signal
of attack.

The Ultra-Abolitionists, or Niggerheads, as they
are here called, in antagonism to the Copperheads,
are savagely attacking Geu. Gilmore, because he
has intimated to the officers commanding coloured
troops that the " black soldiers are only to do
fatigue duty," and to be kept constantly at work in
"the trenchem," Gen, Gilmore will hear nothing