The Sun.
London, England, 1852-09-07 00:00:00

:SPIRIT of the PUBLC JOURNALS.
FROM THE MORN/KG PAPERS OF THIS DAY.

TIMES.—A few clays ago we laid before the
pubic an outline of the owe between the Peruvian
and American Governments respecting the territorial
sovereignty of the Lobos Islands. These islands are
barren and uninhabitable rocks, emerging from the
Pacific Ocean at a distance of some twenty or thirty
miles from the northern shores of Peru. Without
any capacities for agricultural production, and long
considered as almost worthless property, they have
recently acquired a value from the rich deposits of
guano which they have been found to possess. As the
importance of this commodity became manifest, the
Government of Peru converted its heretofore nominal
rights over the territory into active jurisdiction, and
stationed vessels of war off the islands to prevent any
shipments of guano except on terms of its own pre-
scribing. The British Government, though moved to
opposition by its subjects, deferred to the authority
thus exercisd, but the United States resisted the
claim, and alleged that the Peruvians had no such
title to the territory as would give them exclusive
rights of possession. They claimed the liberty, in
short, of taking the guano without paying for it,
and, when a trader of New York applied
to his Government for information on the subject,
he W3S apprised by Mr. Webster that the " De-
partment. of State" was 46 not aware" of any
sovereignty vesting in Peru, but that whereas Ben-
jamin Morrell, jun., a citizen cf the States, had
" discovered " these islands in 1823, it was possible
that a certain title might pertain to the American
Government itself. Since that time, the correspon-
denrJe which ensued between Mr. Webster and the
Peruvian Minister at Washington has been laid be-
fore Congress, and we yesterday published the letter
in which, under so recent a date as the 21st ult., the
American Secretary maintains at length his own
views of the question. The case of the Peruvian
Government may be premised in a very few
words. The islands in question designated by dis-
tinctive Spanish names, lie within a couple of hours'
sail of the shore in a well-frequented sea. That
they were not " occupied " in the formal sense
of the term is true, for they were unfit for habi-
tasion ; but so notoriously had they been both
" discovered " and appropriated that there is scarcely
any good map, however ancient, which does not
contain them, laid down and attached to what
were then the old Spanish provinces of Peru.
There is, in fact, not the smallest reason for pre-
suming that they escaped the knowledge or visits
of those who settled or conquered the shores of
the mainland ; nor is it in any degree probable that,
before the uses of guano were known, any State or
Government would have questioned the title or juris-
diction of Peru. It is against such evidence as this
that Mr. "Webster is reduced to plead. The original
demurrer of the American Secretary rested on the
double argument that Peru could show no claim at
all, and that the States could produce the "disco-
very" of Benjamin Morrell in 1823. Unfortunately,
however, for the latter plea, Mr. Webster himself has
now been induced to found a third argument on facts
of a totally opposite character, and whereas, in his
communication to Captain Jewett, he had spoken with
studied respect of Benjamin Morrell's claims of disco-
very, he is now fain to defend himself against the
appeals of the Peruvian Minister by the assertion that
the citizens of the United States have been accus-
tomed to frequent these islands for fishing purposes
ever since the year 1793 at the very latest—that is
to say, for 30 years at least before their imputed
discovery by Benjamin Morrell ! And " all this,"
now adds Mr. Webster, "is well known to the
commercial world." Yet, nevertheless, the Ameri-
can Secretary in his note to the Peruvian Envoy
does positively venture to allude again to this
" supposed discovery," not indeed as " founding an
exclusive right on the part of the United States (!)"
but as "a fact fit to be considered in common with
other facts and occurrences," and the import of this
memorable " fact" he thus sums up :—" The truth
appears to be that Captain Morrell was on a voyage
of discovery, and did, in fact, discover, or was sup-
posed to have discovered—guano on these islands !"
We trust that this argument will commend itself in
its full force to the appreciation of European states-
men. The " discovery" of territory by an American
thirty years after it had been confessedly frequented
by other Americans, is still spoken of as something
"supposed,"
of t h
e ueanqaasstia "fact" which, though not con-
clusive on, is " fit to be considered" by j
the side of others. Finally, what was originally ad-
vanced as the discovery of the island itself is com-
muted for the discovery of something upon it ; so that
if gold were suddenly to be found in the Isle of Man
by a Frenchman, Louis Napoleon's Government might
plead a claim to the mines. With regard to the positive
title of Peru Mr. Webster is equally at fault for any
arguments to invalidate the pretensions of that State.
Its territorial rights, infect, were as plain, as notorious,
and as well recognised as any rights could be over
territory of that description. The islands were not
inhabited, for they were uninhabitable, but they were
set down and described as Peruvian property when-
ever they were described at all. The Government of
Peru did not maintain any protective force on the
shores in question, because they were not imagined to
contain anything worth protection ; but as soon as

he negotiability of guano became known the juris-
diction of the State was duly exerted. As it is per-
fectly incontestable that the sovereignty of Peru over
this territory received all the recognition that was
claimed for it, the only true question is whether the
sovereignty has been permitted to lapse. Forty years
ago there would not have been a doubt about the Pe-
ruvian title, which was as plain as that of Greet
Britain to Australia, or of the United States to
their unoccupied prairies. Now, however, Jr,
Webster asserts that, inasmuch as the Americans
have habitually resorted for more than half a
century to these islands for the pursuit of seals
and other animals, they have acquired a " better
title," on the score of possession, " than could
be maintained by Peru ; as if a long-established en-
croachment of fishermen on a foreign shore could
confer on the State to which those fishermen belonged
a right to enter on possession of the territory itself.
No person can pretend to doubt that the sovereignty
of these islands has been presumed from time imme-
morial, in so far as any thought was given to such a
subject, to be vested in the Peruvian Government.
The first notable exercise of its jurisdiction took place
in 1833. Mr. Webster speaks of this act of sovereignty
as "now appearing," just as if it had not previously
been understood ; whereas he is compelled to admit
that it actually produced a correspondence between
the two Governments of Washington and Peru. This
correspondence, too, he endeavours to turn to his own
account, though it contains a complete refutation of
his claims. When the Government of Peru, at the
period above mentioned, warned off foreign vessels
from the Lobos Islands, the American Envoy at Lima
did certainly put in a remonstrance, but in this re-
monstrance, as Mr. Webster himself confesses, so far
from denying the original jurisdiction of the Peru-
vian Government, he actually solicited a modifica-
tion of the decree in favour of the American fisher-
men who "had been allowed quietly to follow their
occupation for so many years.' Yet, in the very next
paragraph of his note, Mr. Webster observes, " Here
then is a formal remonstrance on the part of the
United States against the asserted sovereignty of
Peru over the Lobos Islands, to which no answer, as
far as appears, was given." Now, if the reader will
but reflect that in the preceding passage of this idetn-
tical note Mr. Webster himself bad described this
very remonstrance as "not formally denying the
original right of Peru, but requesting a reconsidera-
tion of the decree," he will readily appreciate the
justice of the conclusion which the American Secre-
tary now declares to constitute the " standing-
ground " of his countrymen. The fishermen and
"sealers" of the States had long frequented without
license the shores of certain islands always set down
and distinguished as Peruvian territory. When
warned off no exception is taken to the jurisdiction
exercised, but consideration is requested for the claims
of usage in this particular occupation. Yet this " re-
monstrance" is now cited as a protest destructive of
Peruvian sovereignty, and conveying to American
citizens the right of entering upon the islands them-
selves to seize and export what they can find.
CHRONICLE,—The restless and aspiring citizens
of the United States cannot endure the thought that
any of the treasures of the western hemisphere should
overreach
in
the
h
reac
belong to otbers. With untiring energy they make
effort after effort to grasp the prizes which most
tempt their longing eyes. Even if they fail, there is
doubtlessmere m
a ttsomething
untgwiptl,etaosanfrtigthotetoh,eiorr fatnoc
their neighbours. They have tried bard for the sugars
s te o t hoi
and cigars of Cuba, and their only " order" of chi-
valry is bound by piratical vows to drag the " Lone
Star" into their orbit. They have secured the cod
of the Bay of Fundy ; and now they covet the rich
guano deposits of the Lobos Islands. The American
Secretary himself throws but a very slender veil of
sophism over the barefaced attempts of his keen and
sharpwitted countrymen ; and so much is usually done
by perseverance, audacity, and reckless assertion, that
the justification, such as it is, of success, may very
possibly reward his and their joint efforts. It is dif-
ficult to help giving some credit to a statement which
is repeated again and again. There seems a sort of
legitimacy in any claims that are constantly
and uehesitatingly brought for word ; and the facts
on which international rights depend are often alike
unknown and uninteresting to the mass of men. It
is easy to pervert them—easy to make any statement
respecting them that may suit the purpose of the mo-
ment. It happens, however, that the claim put for-
ward by the Americans to appropriate the guano of
the Lobos Islands is asserted at a time when English-
men are peculiarly well able to judge of the merits
of the question. Some of our own countrymen
lately made a similar claim, but the English Govern-
ment refused to sanction it. Our agriculturists and
shipowners were too deeply interested in the result to

paragraph .--,‘ .TTACK UPON BRITISH SHIPPING IN THE /lilt"-
tr m Taganrog and Constantinople,
NE"lis.—The Gibraltar Chronicle contains the following
Captain George Reed, of the British barquhe
L-o°lly, of Newcarle, which vessel arrived here on the 16t
port :—` On the lid of July, at one o'clock A.IL, whilst the
barque was coming down the Dardanelles, the Turks fired
twelve guns of round and grape shot into her, which carried
twelve gun 3 of round and grape shot into her, whiC
qutit
rentg
bring of awaysmaoliae of the topmast back-stays, with a great clufindliaY.
patched
(the Turks) demanded
rope, and cut the gaff topsail into ribbons;
Turkish the boat to the old Castle of Europe, with
dollarsthe
Iv. pass given him at Constantinople, and two
which they
the vessel to an anchor, in consequence of
running down, and a gale of wind blowing,
and
dached they fired at her, would not allow the crew to land,
;mbauktesatsh et following lon ra
ap-
proached
refused to take tbe pass. The captain could not-
a windlassstrong curs
being. broken at the time. Captain Reed gives Publicity toe
t.t.pes,n order that some notice may be taken, " prevent
Ilk occurring again., ~
nguished sculler on the river. it a
DEATH MEN.-011
Sarurd 3 °l'
TWO WELL-KNOWN
WAT" at the Five
Bell ~„.Y an inquest was held by Mr. W. Carter, _
8 1 avern Bermondsey, earedmes Lewes, a
disti • , on the body
wast returned. A second inquir9y the t
been putf the ships in the
river ..aboard a boat to get into one G .
lifelessbody
r' ,at Gore's-roads, and in the evening his
was discovered lying on the shore on Messrs. Dudden's
app
that he had
causeway, at Bermondsey. Thejury considered he had c-
cidentally fallen into the water, and a verdict to that effect
or at the Hero of Waterloo Tavern, Waterloo-road, on the
time, and on her return him
body
of Thomas Cookson, one of the great rowers of former
days, who was found dead under singular circumstances. Of
late. he h
James Baylis,
has become paralys d, and was, out of kindness, put
withhis wife,
;
muster-road, took place before Mr. Car.
On Wednesday his wife left him for a short
arouse him, and
dead.--,_
.sent for a surgeon, in a stupor; she tried to
v erdict—Accidental death.
A most
SHOCKING DEATH BY FIREARMS.-- . shock-
ing occurrence has just happened at the village of Longford,
near Gloucester. It appears that a labouring man, named
had lately been employed at harvest work, for which de-
scription of labour there has lately been a great demand, was
the
going on Friday morning to stack some beans. It is
th barrel, and living at the Workhouse farm, Longford, who
sup-
posed that he had seen some partridges on the previous day,
for he had taken down his gun before going to work, and
act of depositing the barrel in his
had loaded it for the purpose of taking it with him. Having,
however, the fear of the law before his eyes, he resolved to
put the gun, loaded as it was, into his jacket pocket. He
pocket, muzzle foremost,
therefore took the stock from 't'lle barrel, and, having loaded
when it '
is supposed that the nipple, with the percussion cap
upon it, struck with violence against a rafter in the ceiling
put the cap upon the nipple, he was in
of the room and exploded. Tho charge of shot passed corn.
pletely through his body
and heart, and, with an exclama-
tion to his wite, he fell down a corpse in the room. His
wife, who was in bed at the time, rushed down stairs, and
was just in time to see her husband fall lifeless upon the
floor. An inquest has since been held on the body, before
"Accidental
ovegrove, coroner for Gloucestershire, and a verdict of
death" ed
Was return •
Sir James Car„gie. Bert., of Smthesk, and the
Hon. Lady Catherine and family, arrived at Kinnaird Castle
on Tuesday last, from Gland ye, where the worthy knight has
been enjoying
the sport 01 the moors. A large and select
party is expected soon to share in the partridge and deer
bunting; for which the estate a Kinnaird is o celebrated.

omit to urge every available plea for treating, those
precious rocks as the common property
might choose to vi,it them. But the rights of the
.of all. who
Pe:uviati lief iblic vverf• so clearly indisputable that
our Foreign Liecretary had no choice but to declare
that British suljecta could not be protected in
carrying off the property of Peru against her will.
Perhaps the ardour of the Americans may have
do-
rived a fresh stimulus from the thought that they are
seeking what England has failed to obtain. At
all event:, it is difficult to believe that the real
grounds of the Peruvian claim are known either to
the people or to the Government of the United States.
The facts, however, are so few and simple that con-
tinued
ignorance will be inexcusable. A brief sum-
mary will convince any European,
at least, that Peru
has right on her side, if she has not might. The
Lobos Islands—that is, the islands of the sea-wolves
or seals—consist of two groups, lying respectively
about twelve and forty
one miles from the coast of
Peru. Their Spanish name, and their proximity to
the continent, would alone incite it prima facie pro-
bable that they were, from an early period, reckoned
as part of the dominions of Spain, and that they
therefore belong to the Republic which has now suc-
ceeded to her rights. There is abundant evidence
that they have, in point of fact, been so treated by
Spanish authorities. A
map, which was in all pro-
batility made 200 3'ears ago, and the longitude of
which is calculated from Toledo, places a group of
islands, inscribed "Isolas de los Lobos," within the
territory of Peru ; and it
is added, in a note at
the bottom, that they Were first discovered in
1574. In 1748, two eminent Spanish navigators,
Juan an i D'Ulloa, published a narrative of voyages
in which the Islands of Lobos are specially mentioned
by name as one of the points to be made, or at least
to be sighted, by vessels bound to Paita; and in 1787,
Alcedo, in his " Geographical and Historical Dictioh-
ary"—an authority which even Mr. Webster, in his
dispatch we published yesterday, affects to respect,
while attempting to evade its decision—particularly
describes them as comprised within the Vice-Royalty
of Peru. Accordingly, when, in 1834, the British
schooner Campeadora was employed in seal-fishing off
the islands, without the permission of the Peruvian
Government, the local authorities laid an embargo on
the vessel. It is material to bear in mind that, as
guano was not then known as an article of foreign
commerce, it was not for the sake of that recently de- '
veloped source of wealth that the Peruvian Govern-
ment thus treated the islands as part of its possessions.
The matter was brought under the notice of Lord
Palmerston, who was then Foreign Secretary, and he
acquiesced, without the slightest hesitation, in the
claims of Peru. In 1847, the Government of the
Republic had a survey made of all the
its dominions were guano found, and in that
survey the Lobos Islands are minutely described, and
places within
the amount of their stores carefully estimated. In
short, the title of Peru to the Lobos Islands is as clear as any title can be to a territory not actually occu-
pied by man. The islands have not been inhabited,
tor the best of all reasons—viz., that no human being
could have any inducement to. 'wear away life on
partially covered
barren rocks of slate and granite,
with beds of manure. That. the Peruvians have not
been in the habit of resorting thither for guano is
readily explained by the fact that they possess bound-
less stores of the precious commodity in
more acces-
sible spots. But they have not altogether neglected
the islands. From time immemorial, the Peruvian
Indians have been accustomed to go there to obtain
seals, birds, and eggs, cargoes of which articles they
have carried to different places on the coast. The
Government, however,. fearing, the birds would be
scared away by strangers, and that the deposits would
consequently cease, have attempted,. by every means
inthese Indians.
be a more It itsh ediirffipcourtert,o tsoeeprheovwentthtehreeveisolutsldee'
com-
plete occupation of a spot which derives the whole of
its value from the fact of its being uninhabited. As
for the pretence that theislands
were only discovered
in the 19th century, not only is it contrary to known
historical fact, but their geographical position renders
it utterly absurd. They are but a portion of a great
bank of rocks which rise above the surface at different
points of the Peruvian coast. Centuries before Eu-
ropeans ever saw the Pacific, the subjects of the Incas
knew the uses and the value of guano; and all
islands in their vicinity, containing deposits
of a sub-
stance on which the agriculture of Peru entirely de-
pends, must have been known to the Indians as well
as the Scilly or the Channel Islands are to ourselves.
"Both islands," says M. de Rivero, in a letter ad-
dressed last May to Lord Malmesbury, "may be
easily seen by any vessel navigating the space which
divides them—a course which is taken generally
by almost all the vessels engaged in the
coasting trade on that part of the coast of
Peru." It is a curious illustration of the quiet
manner in which a gentleman sitting behind a table
at Washington, or in Downing-street, disposes of the
ends of the earth, that Mr. Webster could coolly say,
a month or two ago, " It is quite probable that Ben-
jamin Morrell, junior, who, as master of the schooner
Watson, of New York, visited those islands in Sep-
tember, 1823, may justly claim to have been their
discoverer. He gives a full account of them in his
narrative, published in New York in 1832." It
must have struck Peruvians as a little remarkable,
that islands among which their boats and catama-
rans had been plying for many generations should
have been " discovered" in 1823. It will be seen,
however, that Mr. Webster himself is aware, by
this time, that be went a trifle too far when he
advanced that extraordinary theory. In his latest
dispatch on the subject, the claims of the
American skipper are wonderfully attenuated ;
and " the truth appears to be that Captain Morrellwas on a voyage of discovery, and that he did!? fact
discover, or was supposed to have discovered
the islands themselves, but—"guano on those islands.
The recklessness with which Mr. Webster advances
assertions which he is compelled to retract almost
as
soon as uttered, and the audacity with which he
supposes" whatever suits the purpose of the mo-
ment, may relieve us from the necessity of pursuing
his argument further. But the truth is, these are but
idle historical disquisitions in the eyes of Americans—
totally beside the question when they want guano,
and are not afraid of war. This is the reel secret of
their high words. They are, or think they are, prepared
for war, for they have never yet felt what it truly is.
They see it only on its bright side, as the readiest
mode of gratifying their wishes ; and men who can
look on war in such a light are usually prompt and
unhesitating in all they do. We hope, however, that.
we may infer from the closing paragraph of WM: el -
ster's last dispatch, in which he condemns "private
war," and talks of " further examination ofthe
case," that the Cabinet of' Washington have not. .fullyt
decided to carry off the guano first, and inquire into
their right afterwards. At all events, if the
._t
Ame-
ricans resort to force without any pretence of right,
their conduct must be set in its true light.
ever may be the issue of this dispute, it concerns not
only Great Britain, bat all mankind, that the simple
truth le
truth of the case should be universall
knowni
the
that American cupidity should be rippeds
mask of justice which a perversion and falsification
of facts might enable it to assume.
A

(From the New York Daily Tribune.)
We took a hasty glance on Monday at the new
steam-ship, building by Perrine, Patterson, and
Stack, in Williamsburgh, and intended to test tho-
roughly the celebrated caloric engine invented by
Captain Ericsson, end which, if successful, bids fair
to supersede steam in all the innumerable uses to
which that power is applied.
Captain John Ericsson, a distinguished theoritical
and practical mechanic, member of many scientific so-
cieties, and Knight of the Order of Vasa, was born
in Vermeland, Central Sweden, in 1803. His strong
taste for mechanics while a child was noticed by
Count Platen, an influential member of the
Swedish Court, who procured for Ericsson
(when only nine years old) a place as
cadet in an engineer corps, and at t hirftetehne years oldd
be was made a leveller in the survey .
o
ship canal from the Baltic to the North SeapropSnoseh
sequently, he left the corps and entered the
army of
Sweden, at first with the rank of • •gn still he
spent much of his time in mechanical€nsi studies and
speculations, and proje&ed one of his earliest
inventions—a "Flame Engine," intendedto
condensing flame instead of steam. In
notkble
a
1826 whe
ngor 133.
to England with the idea of putting his e
invveein'nt
operation, but was seriously disuppointed in learnir
that mineral fuel would not answer. Of course thge
machine was a failure, and was never revived.
.But
the inventor was not disheartened, for in 1829 he com-
peted for the prize offered by the Liverpool and Man-
chester Railroad for the best locomotive, and built one
which ran at the (then) incredible speed of fifty miles
per hour. A few years afterwards Mr. Ericsson
clime to this country, where his name has become
widely known in connexion with numerous inventions
of great utility. His improved management of guns,
as applied on board the United States steamer Prince-
ton; his propeller, his semi•cylindrical engine, his
centrifugal blowers, &c., are 'ell known. He added
not a little to our department of the Great Exhibition,
last year, where he had a new instrument for mea-
suring distances at sea, a hydrostatic gauge for
measuring fluids under pressure, a reciprocating
fluid-meter, an alarm barometer, a pyrometer, a
rotary fluid-meter, a new sea lead, model of a gas-
engine, &c. But of all his inventions, that which has
attracted most attention, and which (if successful)
will work a revolution in motive power hardly second
to that of steam itself, is the caloric engine. This
invention was first brought before the public in
1833, at London, where he made an engine of five-
horse power, and exhibited it in operation to several
scientific gentlemen. It was timidly but gene-
rally approved by intelligent men; but Brunel
(the engineer of the Thames Tunnel, a most extraor-
dinary and much ridiculed undertaking), and Pro-
fessor Faraday (the eminent chemist), decided against
the feasibility of the machine, and by means of the
powerful indirect influence of that decision the Eng-
lish Government—which had at first seemed inclined
to give the matter their attention—let it drop, and it
was soon forgotten by the public. Latterly Mr. E.
has revived the caloric engine in this country, and
built two or three which have been in successful ope-
ration for nearly a year.
Two are at work in the foundry of Messrs. Hogg
and Delamater, foot of Thirteenth-street, N.R., one
of five and the other sixty horsepower; the latter has
four cylinders. Two, of seventy-two inches in
diameter, stand side by side. Over each of
these is placed one much smaller. Within these
are pistons, exactly fitting their respective
cylinders, and so connected that those within the
lower and upper cylinders move together. Under
the bottom of each of the lower cylinders a
fire is applied. No other furnaces are employed.
Neither boilers nor water are used. The lower is
called the working cylinder ; the upper the supply
cylinder. As the piston in the supply cylinder moves
down, valves placed in its top open, and it becomes
filled with cold air. As the piston rises within it these
valves close, and the air within, unable to escape as
it came, passes through another set of valves into a re-
ceiver, from whence it has to pass into the working
cylinder to force up the working piston within it. As
it leaves the receiver to perform this duty it passes
through what is called the regenerator, which we
shall soon explain, where it becomes heated to about
four hundred and fifty degrees, and upon entering the
working cylinder it is further heated by the fire under-
neath. We have said the working cylinder is much
larger in diameter than the supply cylinder. Let us,
for the sake of illustration merely, suppose it to contain
double the area. The cold air which entered the
upper cylinder will, therefore, but half fill the lower
one. In the course of its passage to the latter, how-
ever, we have said that it passes through a regenator,
and let us suppose that, as it enters the working cy-
linder, it has become heated to about four hundred
and eighty degrees. At this temperature, atmo-
spheric air expands to double its volume. The same
atmospheric air, therefore, which was contained within
the supply cylinder, is now capable of filling one of
twice its size. With this enlarged capacity it enters
the working cylinder. We will further suppose the
area of the piston within this cylinder to con rain a
thousand square inches, and the area of the piston in
the supply cylinder above to contain but five hun-
dred. The air presses upon this with a mean force,
we will suppose of about eleven pounds to each
square inch; or in other words, with a weight of
5,500 pounds. Upon the surface of the lower piston
the heated air is, however, pressing upward with a
like force upon each of its one thousand square
inches, or iu other words, with a force of 11,000
pounds. Here, then, is a force which, after over-
coming the weight above, leaves a surplus of 5,500
pounds, if we make no allowance for friction. This
surplus furnishes the working power of the engine.
It will be readily seen that, after one stroke of its
pistons is made, it will continue to work with this
force, so long as sufficient heat is supplied to expand
the air in the working cylinder to the extent stated ;
for so long as the area of the lower piston is greater
than that of the upper, and a like pressure is upon
every square inch of each, so long will the greater
piston push forward the smaller, as a two-pound
weight upon one end of a balance will be quite sure to
bear down one pound placed upon the other. We
need hardly say, that after the air in the working
cylinder has forced up the piston within it, a valve
opens, and as it passes out, the pistons, by force of
gravity, descend, and cold air again rushes into, and
tills the supply cylinder, as we have b: fore described.
In this manner the two cylinders are alternately sup-
plied and discharged, causing the pistons in each to
play up and down, substantially as they do in the
steam-engine. We have endeavoured to explain the
construction of the caloric engine. Its most striking
feature consists in what is called by its inventor the
regenerator. The power of the steam engine depends
upon the heat employed to produce steam within its
boilers, but that heat, amounting to about 1,200 deg.,
is entirely lost by condensation the moment it has
once exerted its force upon the piston. If, instead of
being so lost, all the heat used in creating the steam
employed could, at the moment of condensation, be
reconveyed to the furnace, there again to aid in pro-
ducing steam in the boilers, but a very little fuel
would be necessary ; none, in fact, except
just enough to supply the heat lost by ra-
diation. Now, the regenerator is composed of
wire net, somewhat like that used in the manufac-
ture of sieves, placed side by side, until the Series
attain a thickness say of twelve inches. Through
the almost innumerable cells formed by the intersec-
tion of these wires the air must pass on its way to the
working cylinder. In passing through these it is so
minutely subdivided that the particles composing it are
brought into close contact with the metal which forms
the wires. Now let us suppose, what actually takes
place, that the side of the regenerator nearest the
working cylinder is heated to a high temperature.
Through this heated substance the air must pass
before entering the cylinder, and in effecting this
passage it takes up, as is demonstrated by the ther-
mometer, about 450 degrees of the 480 degrees of
heat required, as we before stated, to double its
volume. The additional 30 degrees are commu-
nicated by the fire beneath the cylinder. The
air has thus become expanded ; it forces the piston
upward ; it has done its work—valves open—and the
imprisoned air, heated to 480 deg., passes from the
cylinder, and again enters the regenerator, through
which it must puss before leaving the machine. we
have said that the side of this instrument nearest the
working cylinder is hot, and it should be here stated
that the other side is kept cool, by the action upon it
of the air entering in the opposite direction at each
up-strokeof the pistons. Consequently, as the air
from the working cylinder passes out, the wires ab-
sorb its heat so effectually, that when it leaves the
regenerator, it has been robbed of it all, except about
80 deg. In other words, as the air passes into the
working cylinder, it gradually receives from the re-
generator about 450 deg. of heat ; and as it passes
out, this is returned to the wires, and is thus used
over and over, the only purpose of the fires beneath
the cylinders being to supply the 30 deg. of heat we
have mentioned, and that which is lost by radiation
and expansion.

The regenerator contained in the 60-horse engine
we have examined, measures 26 inches in height and
width internally. Each disc of wire composing it
contains 676 superficial inches, and the net has ten
meshes to the inch. Each superficial inch, therefore,
contains 100 meshes, which, multiplied by 676, gives
67,600 meshes in each disc, anti as 200 discs are em-
ployed, it follows that the regenerator contains
13,520,000 meshes, and consequently, as there are as
many small spaces between the discs as there are
meshes, we find that the air within is distributed in
about 27,000,000 minute cells. Hence it is evident
that nearly every particle-of the whole volume of air,
in passing through the regenerator, is brought into
very close contact with a surface of metal, which
heats and cools alternately. The extent of this
when accurately estimated, almost surpasses be-

dollars.
The builders expect to have the ship afloat by the
middle of September. The scientific and commercial
world will watch with deep anxiety the result of this
grand experiment with the caloric engine. Should it
fail, a contingency, by the way, which its friends
deem most improbable, the world will lose nothing,
and the experimenters comparatively little, since the
strong and beautiful ship may be put to other uses in
ordinary steam navigation. Should it succeed, the
days of steam are numbered, and explosions and
burni'ngs will be no more; the important reduction
in the cost of power will introduce the new engine
everywhere, and we shall soon record the arrival of
the United States Mail Air-ship from Liverpool, the
fine air-boat from Albany, &c., as familiar! y as we
now note our steam-ships and steam-boats.

A SIIIP•BUILDER ON NAVIGATioN.LAW
The new iron screw-steamer Eagle,
REPEAL.
in connexion with the paddle steamer e
St
foisi/MrarP. Dor-
gan, Liverpool and Newry, was launched
Thomas Ver-
gall, of Dublin, from the yard of Messsuccessful launch,
Ver-
non and Sons, on Tuesday. Aftber a •
_r.
m Vernon, ben.,
intended toh rbuen.
a select party sat dawn to ItTalt the seventeenth iron
stated that the Eagle was
and, having briefly adverted to the
vessel they had built; amp
the
important cattle fears which the repeal of navigation-laws had
tendedin-
end tc tt ob c drawic be n
co
fiu
tt
, commenced o Satur- i•tphkeir.edhla,tebnutt wecheierghyrePfesElnghisisdhmoneloy,
rvo be then glanced at the revolution
,
BARNET CATTLE FAlR.—This
rather than injue&cred in the shipping world by the
which was
belt, to tho purposes of ship-building. We
fair, the most extensive in England
day. The attendance was above the average. Theril d adaptation of I_l* Mr.
Highland Scots selling freely at 71 to 10/. Per rhesadlY; Gbrailalko!
sLelteoctled2l.eeddittsoeld sinhorrat;hidor
for every description of store beasts was rerna k b ' eman-
the American trade, in the Cape of Good
employed inVernon) iron screw-steamers being
none tra., -n
and I have no hesitation in saying that
Gdtbe Australian trade, and in other im-
ns, Devons, and rtan, trades;
Hwneyrefobredasstwserie°
successionat 11/ por a foreign trade is carried on by
to 13/. ; Lincolns, 12/. to 14/. per head. S , • era long wherever
,there must iron
British enterprise, •
scarce; of those offered, price • find (con4ti..nizi
uasex masts were British capital and
s ran high. Welsh and Irishers be employed, as it will, ere long,
beasts sold as well in proportion crew-steara
bullocks making 9/. ; Irish, 71 as any others; best Welsh 13
discovered that no other description of
also made proportionately high yfioung second- class animals be
store ships are equal to them in point of regu-
beasts was carried on with great gures. The trade
check.in jart y,
t safety, efficiency, and economy. Now, if this
throughout the day, the last scllianimation, without
tainoney. realty be the case, what have we to fear from the
The breeders and salesmen describerig making
theebniesotsfair they repeal of tbs navigation-laws, or even from free
have had for the last six y earn. The thisb a s
great abundance of trade 7 The navigation-laws, as they now stand, will
aftermath, and the promisinea . p areance of the turniS, be neutralised, and not affect us at all, inasmuch as
materially assist in keeping sing
paponh prices and demar! • foreign vessels will have no chance in e *
Milch and in-calf cowl slureabdilty the best Yorkshire
British t ;and f • coping with
s abik,screvv-s camera
beast with calf by side making 171. to; 211. each' d-, 'inning iron ships so cheaply and so perfectly us we
14/. to 16/. each. In-calf heifers in good 4ens
anThe horse true foreigners may ultimately get in thewaycan, It is
of making
easily at 101. to 15/. each, according to qualityrg
din or driving steam-engines and iron ships. But merely to learn how
trade was good, many young horses for
web were sold at to build en iron ship is not enou h •
being very attractive animals, most
ofwerew scarce; of those as well as in all other trades, a c •
g , for there is in that,
high prices. Cart horses and colts _ade 601. toeach; man
; towards perfection ; and we, as •
nuous progression
offered, best horses, five years old,
_Ties sold exceedingly a nation, have got the
cart colts, 301. to 401. Welsh; po
underi duty,. fetching 6/. . , .
start, and in
are, fact, a long way ahead ; and our dis-
tinguishing cap.biiiiies and
well, many hundreds of them
our national and local ad-
vantages will alw Sys facility to 81. each. A NoBLEMAN.—On SR- te our onward course, and
us the re- •
FRAUD BY PERSOTrtd"a"cab at Fresh-wharf, give London; of the earth ; roieence in this trade over all the nations
evening a man hired
to proceed to Mr. Tuckfield's,
we
turday t * so that foreigners who, a short time ago,
bridge, and desired the
$n dg Lambeth, when the man en- we re e rued would bring their ships and perform a
consider 61 watchmaker, of having4,,,,-- selected a gold watch, worth 241., aa.e part of the trade of this country, now have
tered the shop, and d key, told Mr. Tuckfield that he was :to abandon that idea, and to come to us for iron screw-
Lord chain, an ,
a gold Albert
el if he wou,d allow his shopman to accom- steamers to perform their local trade. And thus,
own.
Lord Howard, an
b to Lord Arundel's, No. 11, Carlton- what Was once Icalamity
none
thou h to h
g t .,e a great national pang him ~, would give him the money for the articles. will, I have
great na-
house-terraco, .
n was
toeradily acceded to, and the vehicle was , • no doubt, turn out to be a g
c,
..
This propositio.
en Lord Arundel's. The man then got „,,.,,
isotial advantage. (The expression of these s..nii
cheers by those
II
drivand having entered his Lordship's mansion, —"ls was received with loud
out of the cab,
door and told the cabman to drive to the back present.
opened the ) In conclusion, Air. Vernon proposed the
entrance and wait until he came out to him. The man was . health of Mr Grantham, the naval architect of the Eagle,
shown up to his Lordship. when he delivered what has since 1
cm(l under whose superintendence she had been con-
been ascertained to be a fictitious message. He afterwards , siructsd, Mr. Grantham, in the course of some re-
decamped with his booty, leaving the cabman and shopman ' marks to the same effect us those by Mr. Vernon, said,
'
to stare at each other, and wonder at what kept his Lordship it on v Iswere bcut to be built for tko East India
so long. The parties upon inquiry, after a lapse of s ' . ""
8 '‘
of these were ordered, and
(mac Lnd other :rte.], e. tsome time, found out the trick that had been practised.
lated in quarters the most unlikly,
tehers were CAW nap
A TALE OF IRISH MIbERY.-0,1 Saturday Mr. 1 a short time r ,o. And now, instead of crossing the
G. S. Brent held an inquest in the Marylebone workhouse '
Atlantic to gel rs
upon Edward Fitzgerald, the infant child of Irish parents': have them built', they were coming to Liverpool arid its
Honors Fitzgerald, the mother, who was affected to tears,neighbourhood to gt.t huge and substantial iron sailing
stated that her husband, who was in the Irish constabulary,' ne•- - our
"The knew the great Superiorityof 3'
ships built.
quartered in Limerick, had to leave his native land for
Anse- Americans over this country, especially in building large
rice, in consequence of an active part he took in quellin lately, a gentleman, to h he had been
faction fight. Her friends enabled her to leave home gfo: ships. But
camefrom
America w oral
England, where she expected to earn as much as would introduced,
enable her to follow her husband. During the whole •
inquire into the
building of iron ships; and, on the close
her infant was very ill, and upon reaching London ourney
of his labours, he asked him the results, and be said it
she wan-
dered about the streets without shelter, until womanwas impossible for him to get over the difficulty of
a gave
and purchasing iron country. The
her ono, where the child died from exhaustion. Verdict— building ships in this
"Natural Death."
Americans had had the superiority, but, by means
TELEGRAPH BETWEEN CORK
AND BELFAST.—The of iron ships, England would have it hack again. After
telegraph about to be constructed between other toasts bad been given and responded to, the com-
ic to ke completed iJa twe meutlu,puny separated.