The Sun.
London, England, 1852-05-25 00:00:00

rous personnel average per annum 3,534,990 f. At the
time the statement was drawn up (1851) the highest
salaries were 4,5004., and the lowest 25f. per month'.--
a startling difference. Formerly, in 1743, for instance,
the first singer at the Grand Opera only received 1,500 f.
per annum; in 1783, Mme. Saint Huberti's salary was
only 4,0001. a year; and the celebrated danseuse, Madlle.
Guimard, only received 4,330 f. How different at pre-
sent! when, at the same theatre, artistes, scarcely of
first-rate excellence, receive as much as 80,000 f. a year!
—nearly double the remuneration of the first magistrate
in France, the President of the High Court of Cessation!
Among the reforms now in progress, both in England
and France, is there no Mr. Hume to put a stop to this'
tax on the good-natured fully of the too easy public?—
Galignani's Messenger.

DISCOVERY OF JUPITER'S SATELLITES
(From Grant's History of Physical Astronomy.)
When Galileo first turned his telescope to the planets,
he was delighted to perceive that they exhibited a round
appearance, like the sun or moon. Jupiter presented a
disc of considerable magnitude, but in no other respect
was he distinguishable from the rest of the superior
planets. Having, however, examined him with
a new telescope of superior power, on the 7th
of January, 1610, his attention was soon drawn
to three small but very bright stars that appeared in
his vicinity, two on the east side, and one on the
west side of him. He imagined them to be three fixed
stars, and still there was something in their appearance
which excited his admiration. They were all disposed
in a right line parallel to the plane of the ecliptic, and
were brighter than other stars of the same magnitude.
This did not, however, induce him to alter his opinion
that they were fixed stars, and therefore he paid no
attention to their distances from each other, or from
the planet. Happening by mere accident to examine
Jupiter again on the Bth of January, he was surprised
to find that the stars were now arranged quite dif-
ferently from what they were when he first saw them.
They were all now on the west side of the planet,
and were nearer to each other than they had been on
the previous evening; they were also disposed at equal
distances from each other. The strange fact of the
mutual approach of the stars did not yet strike his
attention, but it excited his astonishment that Jupiter
should be seen to the east of them all, when only the pre-
ceding night he had been seen to the west of two of them.
He was induced on this account to suspect that the mo-
tion of the planet might be directly contrary to the
calculations of astronomers, and that he had get in ad-
vance of the stars by means of his proper motion.
He therefore waited for the following night with great
anxiety, but his hopes were disappointed, for the hea-
vens were on all sides enveloped in clouds. On the 10th
he saw only two stars, and they were both on the east
side of Jupiter. He suspected that the third might be
concealed behind the disc of the planet. They appeared
as before in the same right line with him, and lay in the
direction of the zodiac. Unable to account for such
changes by the motion of the planet, and being at the
same time fully assured that he always observed the
same stars, his doubts now resolved themselves into ad•
miration, and he found that the apparent motions should
be referred to the stars themselves, and not to the
planet. He therefore deemed it an object of para-
mount importance to watch them with increased atten-
tion. On the 111th he again saw only two stars, and
they were also both on the east side of Jupiter. The
morn eastern one appeared nearly twice as large as the
other, although on the previous evening he had found
them almost equal. This fact, when considered in
connexion with the constant change of the relative
positions of the stars, and the total disappearance of one
of them, left no doubt on his mind of their real cha-
racter. He therefore came to the conclusion, that
there are in the heavens three stars revolving round
Jupiter in the same manner as Venus and Mercury
revlove round the Sun. On the 12th he saw three stars;
two on the east side of Jupiter and one on the west side.
The third began to appear about 3 o'clock in the morn-
ing, emerging from the eastern limb of the planet; it
was then exceedingly small, and was discernible only
with great difficulty. On the 13th he finally saw four
stars. Three of them were on the west side of the
planet, and the remaining one on the east side. They
were all arranged in a line parallel to the ecliptic, with
the exception of the central star of the three western
ones, which declined a little towards the north. They
appeared of the same magnitude, and though small, were
very brilliant, shining with a much greater lustre than
fixed stars of the same magnitude. lhe future observa-
tions of Galileo established beyond all doubt that Jupiter
was attended by four satellites. He continued to exa-
mine them until the latter end of March, noting their
configurations, and recording the stars which appeared
in the same field of view with them.

WHAT THE SIDNEY PAPERS ARE
FULL OF.

The file of a Sydney daily paper, since the com-
mencement of gold discoveries, is quite a study for phi-
losophers. . . . In one week, for example, twenty-
five thousand pounds worth of gold has come to town,
against which uprises a wholesale and retail grocer,
who advertises that " Economy is a sure road to a Gold
Field," and requests the public to look rather to his teas
and coffees. Then our English eyes do, indeed dwell
a little on his list, when we remember our own taxes,
and see that the gold diggers may buy gunpowder tea
at two shillings a pound, and sugar at twopence. No
wonder that they make their tea in kettles. Tho next
weekly Gold Circular tells U 9 ( f fifteen thousand pounds
worth that has come in by Government escort—an un-
popular, because a dear conveyance, the charge being
ono per cent.; and, as for the gold privately transmit-
ted, adds the Circular, When we know of one man
bringing down a thousand ounces in a horse-collar, it
is impossible to state correctly what may come into
town. Ott the same day, a draper declares that he is
determined to sell ten thousand pounds worth cf haber-
dashery at an alarming sacrifice, " it being perfectly
evident that at the present time it is the only means by
which a trade can be done,"—and so on. In the same
paper there is advertised number ono of a new perio-
dical, to ba called the Golden Age; and another book-
seller announces as " the only readable book ever
published in Australia, The Gold Calculator; or,
Diggers' and Dealers' Ready Reckoner.' " That being
the humour of Australian authors, an Australian
musician offers, in the same good cause" The Ophir
Schottische;" while the public is in various places
strongly recommended to buy pumps and cradles.
In another paper we are told of the first passage of e the
gold coach" through a private village, and of the
consequent defection of the labourers. In the same
paper we have news from Mount Alexander that might
well turn the head of any villager. One person " left
Melbourne on Saturday, and returned on the Monday
week following, bringing fourteen pounds weight of
gold with him, dug up by himself. Another man,
after working ten days, brought back twenty-two
pounds weight. A friend of mine, a gentleman who
only went to see, was anxious to try his luck, and
begged a dishful of earth, to have, as he thought, a few
grains to take home with him; a few minutes, washing
gave him nearly two ounces of gold." The gold at
Mount Alexander, the richest field discovered yet, lies
near the surface. Two men there obtained four hundred
ounces in three weeks. As for the weekly Gold
Circular, at Sydney, it gets poetical:—" In our first
shipment, we could count the value of the gold in pounds
sterling by hundreds; in a few weeks it rose to
thousands; in a few weeks more it became tens of thou-
sands; and we aro fast approaching a period when each
ship will convey hundreds of thousands." At the time
when that was written--on December sixth—in the very
few months since the digging was commenced, there had
been shipped from Australia, gold to the value of three
hundred and twenty-nine thousand seven hundred and
ninety-seven pounds; and since that time the yield of
gold has been increasing. At the same time, Califorcia
continues unexhausted, and the field of gold in Russia
has eularged.—Dickens's Household Words.

SEABORNE MAILS.
[N rtgniftes that the mails are sent front the General Post-office
by the night—and M by the morning--disPatch•]

. , When made up in ' From what' When
PLACF.S. GeneralPost-office' Port din- due.
London: i patched. 1
America (by Brit. pkt.)Nl May 28 .. ..i Liverpool .. Arrived
America (by V.S. pkt.) N June 1 .. • • 'Liverpool .. May 26
America (by IJ.S.pkt.) M May 25 .. .. Southampt. 'June 3
Africa (West coast).. Nll4th of the month IPlymoath June 3
Alexandria* ........ N,l9th & 30th of mo. Dover .. May 28
Belgium •• .. N Daily • • .. Dover .. Daily
I
Brazil . •• • • .. M 9th of the month Southampt. June 16
Buenos Ayres '.• .. M 9th of the month 'Southampt. June 16
California(viaChagrer) hi 2d& 17th of month Southampt. June 5
Cape of Good Hope Nll4th of month I Plymouth.• June 3
Constantinople* .. .. N 7th 17th 27th ef mo Dover .. I May 30
Central America .. lit 2d & 17th of men. Southampt. June 5
Channel Isles .. N Mon., Wed., &Fri. Southampt. Tn. Th.Sai
Chili .. .. .. .3( 17th of the month Southampt. Jane 5
France .. .. bl &N Twice daily .. '.. ;Dover .• Twicedaily
Greece* .. 0.. .. DT Ith 17th 27th of mo I Dover .. May 30
Hamburgh .. .. N Tuesday & Friday London .. Tues. Sat.
Rolland .. .. .. M Wednes. & Satur. 'London .. Mon. Thur
Honduras .. .. . N 17th of the menth'Southampt. Juno 20
Ireland .. .. M& N. Twice daily .. '.. Holyhead.. Twicedaily
Etia(via Southamp.) M 20th of the month Southarapt. June 20
1-12(vialliarseilles) N, Bth& 24th efmonth Dover .. June 1
7„.`errallean (via•
via
faeict-'""4011) •• M 20th of the month ,Southampt. June 20
endue/La (
I
arum."
Mexiee---• , •• .. N Bth&24tkofmonth Dover .. June 1
Madeira .. •• .. M2d of the month.. Soathampt.;June 5
Malta.
~ •• .. 11,9 th of the month Southampt. 'June 16
!. '..• f'7th,l7th,l9th,27th 1,,
Naples* _ ( I &30th of month 5 Dove! May 28
Papal StaQe :.• •• N sth 15th 25th ofme Dover .. June 2
Peninsular.. , •• Nll4lllsth 25th efrao Dover .. June 2
Peru ..
.. • .. 31,7 th 17th 27th ef mo Southampt. jMlay 26
Tuscany* .. .. M,l7th of the month Southampt. I Arrived
4a 3t 17th of the month Southampt. June 20
West Indies .. ." N sth 15th 25th °fro° Dover • • 'June 2
West Indies (
Savanna & Naaaa) ... _ _
e The moue to th_'diza f the month tharapt. June 5
French packet visiZZeZtries thus marked (*) are conveyed by

RAILWAY ACCIDE ------
-
Were
Ins._oo
saturday
the usual
the
Thhealnf?ilabre,roeidri:g
turn relating to railway accid
the 31st of December last,
pas-
sengers was 47,1;09,3)2.
of persons killed was
and -213 injured, from causes beyoudetigeht
113, and 264 injured.
passengers killed
pasengers were killed and 14 heir
own control ; nine
injured
misconduct or want of caution; 30 owing to their own
se
of contractors were killed and 17 injurrevd
aiiits of companies or
their own control ; 32 servants of companies causes beyond
were killed and 11 injured owing to their es or of contractors
want of caution; 33 trespassers and other°wn misconduct or
passengers nor servants of the companies, persons, neither
nine injured by crossing or walking on were killed and
railways, There
was one suicide. The length of railways open
Mich
last 6,890 miles, being of the 30th
the Ist
an increase during the
o f June, 1851, Was 6,69BTtulles,iTewrh eae es
numberrainnfdtoerdo .n
December
192 miles. half-year of
A PROLIFIC KENTISH WOMAN.—At the back of
the cellar of Lincoln Cathedral, lies the body of
Honeywood, one of 367 persons whom Mary, Wife of ta:l
late Robert Honeywood, of Kent, ancestor of the late Mr°
for the county, lived to see, lawfully descended from her
viz., 16 of her own body, 114 grand children, 228 great
grandchildon. 4 au. 36tpencto; 313 of 0_1919, wind
10r-tulle grave,:- ' .
.._ ~. _ ~. „.,.i) ~..., c... 4 !...i.,.