The Sun.
London, England, 1864-09-27 00:00:00

Murder and Cannibalism in Bohemia,

News oomes from Bohemia of a revolting et ime committed
there on a widow lady in her 66th year, named Conrad, who
resided at Eidlitz, and lived upon the rents of a little landed
property which she possessed, in that neighbourhood. On
Sept. 7 she left Eidlitz on a pilgrimage to Quinau, situated
between four and five miles distant from the former place.
She passed the night of the 7th with her two married
daughters, who resided in the intervening town of Komotau,
and at half-past 5 o'clock on the following morning set out
again on foot over the hills to take her offering to the mass
at Quinau. She never returned, and search was made for
her. Late in the evening of the following day a party of
the searchers, who included many of the villagers residing
at Quinau and the vicinty, came upon the horribly mail-
lated and perfectly naked corpse of the old lady. Her arms,
legs, breasts, and other parts had been cut off and were
nowhere to be found. The corpse lay in a thicket at the
end of the wood, near the hamlet of Sperbersdorf, and as
there was not a single article of clothing nor any traces of
blood to be found at this spot, it was concluded that the
murder had been committed in some remote spot and the
corpse dragged to the spot where it was discovered in the
night after the commission of the crime. Up to the evening
of the 11th no trace of the murderer or murderers could be
found. But on that day suspicion rested on a wan called
Triseh, or Antony, but better known by the name of Russ,
derived from his fellow-countrymen who had deserted him
at Komotau in the year 1813, just before the battle of
Leipsic, when he was an infant. He was notorious for his
wild and rude character from his infancy, and had been
imprisoned. He gained his livelihood as a bricklayer, and
was a good workman when he was in the humour. On the
morning of the 12th the police arrested him while at work
upon a house. When charged with the perpetration of the
murder he at once confessed his guilt with the utmost readi-
ness and indifference, and took the police to his lodging,
where he gave up to them the clothes he had stripped from
the murdered woman, with her umbrella and five florins in
money. Ho was immediately taken before the local magis-
trate, and then made the fullest confession of his crime, re-
lating its most horrifying details with the greatest coolness.
According to his own account, he wished to marry a young
woman to whom he was engaged, and intended to gain his
living for the future by the help of a barrel-organ, for which
however, the licence was refused, as the police would not
give him the certificate of good conduct requisite in such,
cases in Austria. Hereupon his " bride" deserted him and
married another, and his only thoughts were now bent on
vengeance. In this state of mind he went out towards
Quinau at 6 o'clock on the morning of the Bth, and re-
solved to murder the first woman he met, whoever she might
be. Chance Nought the aged widow Conrad across his
path shortly after he set out, and ho at once compelled her
to go with him into a lonely part of the forest, where, after
committing violence on her, he took her life by throttling
her with his bands. She died in three minutes. He next
stripped her to the skin,cut cf various parts off her body, as
above particularised, and carried the fragments of human
flesh, together with her clothes, the umbrella, and five
florins, with him to his lodgings. The next day--and this
is the most hideous part of the story,—he boiled the human
flesh with some potatoes, and consumed the whole of it, with
the exception of the fat, which he skimmed from his canni-
bal stew and poured into a bottle. The latter he put in his
pocket and then went coolly to his work as usual, which he
pursued until his arrest took place, three days subsequently.
At 9 o'clock the remains of the unfortunate woman were
interred in the churchyard of Komotau, almost all the in-
habitants turning out to follow in the procession. Soon
afterwards her murderer was escorted to the Town-hall of
Ko.notau, on his way to the prison of Kaaben, where ho
now lies awaiting his trial.

The Atrocious Murder at Chadwell Heath.

EXAMINATION OF THE PRISONER.

Yesterday morning Francis Waine, aged 40, was placed
at the bar, before the local bench of magistrates ut Strat-
ford, Mr J. Gurney Fry presiding, charged with the wilful
murder of Amelia Blunt, a woman with whom he formerly
cohabited, and whom he is alleged to have slain through
jealousy.

The court and its precincts were densely crowded by per-
sons desirous of obtaining a view of the prisoner.
Tho approaches to tho court had to be kept clear by a
large body of police. The case created great excitement
throughout the whole district. _

Mr Superintendent Howie, of the K division, had charge
of the case.

The prieoner, on being placed at the bar, manifested self-
possession. He is a tall, powerful man, of about 6 feet in
height, and he was dressed in workhouse clothes, his own
having been removed in consequence of their having marks
of blood upon them.
The first witness called was Jas. 'Warren, who deposed-
-1 was at my house, at Warren's Cottage, Chadwell Heath,
on Saturday morning, at a quarter past 10 o'clock, and a
female called me, That female was the deceased, and she
lodged with me, Her name was Amelia Biunt. She asked
me to go for a pint of beer. I then left th,, house, leaving
her in the washhouse. She then gave ate 2d. to pay for
the beer. I went to the White Horse public-house. The
deceased was a widow. She lived with me to keep my house,
I was away from the house about half an hour. I had left
the house by the back door. When I returned I entered
the cottage by the front door. I waled, "hilly, here's the
beer," I received no answer. I called out again. I then
went through the house into the bakehouse. I had first
laid the beer on the table. Upon reaching the bakehouse I
saw—(here the witness h:s.e•traa deeply affaeted, and ho ex-
claimed, "I wish to tell all")—I saw Milly standing, lean-
ing with one arm on the copper. She was covered with
blood, which was oozing from her throat. 1 said, " Milly,
what have you done She gave a deep groan. I lifted
her off the copper in my arms. I stood with her in my
arms for a moment. She was covered in a pour of blood.
My hands and dress then became bloody, and the front part
of my dress also became covered with blood. I was very
weak.

[The witness was an old man of about 80 years of ago.
He entered the court leaning on a stick, While giving
his evidence he supported himself by means of the rail of
the witness-box.]
Witness continued—She was a shotr stout woman. Sho
was very heavy. I fell on the ground with her in my arms.
I then became insensible, How long I lay on the ground
in that state I dont know. 1 wish to tell all I know. lam
telling the truth. _

The Magistrate— I believe you are telling the truth.
Witness—Milly groaned once while she was lying on me
on the ground. When I recovered from my insensible state I
got up and went to the house of Mrs Archer,who lives about
GO cr 70 yards from my door. I said to Mrs Archer " Milly
has fallen down in a fif, for she lies in a pool of blood." Mrs
Archer then left the house, and she went to her sister's. I
then ran across the common for assistance, I saw Jue
Bardelnoy, and he went Lack with me to my house. I found
Police-constable Dunmow, 331 K, and a Mr Fitch there.
My eyes are very bad and I cannot tell who were there. I
then went indoors and sat down. I was overcome. I had
marked the gate of my house with my bloody hand as I
went out.

The Magistrate—What has become of the woman ?
Witness—She is lying in the bakehouse as I found her.
The Magistrate asked the prisoner if he would put any
questions to the witness.
Prisoner—Yes, sir. Did you see me do anything, or did
you see me there ?
Witness—l never saw you on my premises.
Magistrate—Any more questions to ask ?
Prisoner—No; no other.
The witness tainted in the court, and he had to be carried
outside,

Mr Charles Fitch said--I keep the White Horse on
Chadwell-heath, in the parish of Dagenham. About five
minutes past 10 o'clock on Saturday morning I was crossing
Chadwell-heath, in the direction of my own house, I saw
the prisoner Francis Waine close by Chadwell Mills, com-
ixg towards me. He was walking as if coming from the
high road, Warren's cottage is on the heath. Where I saw
the prisoner is about 200 yards from the cottage, but he
was not going in that direction. I went home, and had been
at home about half an hour when Mr Warren came to my
house, and asked for a pint of half-Awl-half. He brought a
jug with him. I then went out in the garden at the back of
my house to see ono of my children. I remained with the
child half an hour. In consequence of information I re-
ceived I went over to Warren's cottage and looked through
the window. I saw the deceased lying on her side in a pool
of blood. There was a great deal of blood about. I said,
" Why, this woman has been murdered," I got a horse
and cart, and fetched Dr Bowers, of Romford. I met him
on the high road. I went with the doctor to Warren's cot-
tage, and saw him examine the body of dozeased. I observed
four gashes in her throat. I then, in company with Dr
Bowers, traced very peculiar footmarks in and out of the
cottage. The footmarks were those of a short foot. They
were made in ploughed land, about 20 yards to and from the
cottage. We could see where some one had got over a gap
into the field. Some of the footmarks were in the direction
of the cottage, and none of them were going from it. I said
to the doctor that I thought the footmarks were those of the
prisoner. There is a peculiarity in the prisoner's feet and
walk. There is a very faint impression of the toes. Tho left
footmarks appeared to lie opposite to tho2o of the right foot.
The steps made in going towards the cottage were longer
than those made going from it. It was 5 minutes to 11 when
I went to the cottage. There seemed to be no heel to the
right foot.
Magistrate—Do you wish to ask this witness any ques-
tions ?

Prisoner—None, sir. I do not want to ask any.
Mr Robert Arnold Bowers deposed—l am a surgeon. I
reside at Romford. On last Saturday morning I met Mr
Fitch on the high road leading to Chadwell. From infer.
mation he gave me I went with him to Warren's cottage.
When I arrived there I was shown into the back washhouse.
I there saw a female lying on her loft side, on the floor, in a
large pool of blood. L examined her and found three large
wounds on tho right side of her throat. Ono transverse, the
other running obliquely from that ono. The other one was
just above the collar bone. Every one of the wounds deeply
penetrated the muscles and the carotid artery, and I passed
my finger down into the wound, and I felt the vertebra,.
Magistrate—Was it possible for the deceased to inflict
those wounds upon herself P
Witness—lt was impos6ibie for her to have inflicted them

herself. There was a cut over the left thumb above the
knuckle, as if done in self-protection of the right shoulder.
I am clearly of opinion that they were not self-inflicted
wounds. The body was quite warm, and she had not been
dead an hour.

Magistrate—Was there any appearance of a struggle ?
Witness—She had apparently laid hold of the back of the
copper in the struggle, and the mortar in front of the cop--
per had given way. Her hair was very much disordered in
the struggle. I accompanied the last witness into the field,
and I saw the footmarks on the ploughed land. The wounds
inflicted upon the deceased would cause instant death. The
marks have been correctly described by Fitch.
Magistrate-- Do you wish to ask tho doctor any questions?
Prisoner--What questions can I ask him? I know nothing
about it.

John Turner, labourer, Romford, said—On Saturday, at
a little before 10 o'clock, I saw the prisoner in a road which
leads from the main road near Chadwell. I noticed the pri-
soner walk out of the road into his brother's field. I asked
him how was it he was not at work for his brother. He
said, "No, I don't know that I want any. If you wait a
little while, you will soon hear of something up." He then
walked up the field. He came back and took something out
of the hedge and put it under his jacket, but I do not know
what it was. He then walked up the road towards Chadwell
Mills, on Chadwell-heath. Ho added nothing after he said
"Hear of something up," I thought he was going to work
at his brother's, and I told his brother so afterwards.
Magistrate—Prisoner, have you any questions to ask?
Prisoner—He has been telling all false.
The prisoner was ultimately committed to Ilford gaol.

SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

TIMES.—The presentation of prizes at Leeds to
the successful candidates in the Middle-class Excl•
minations offered an appropriate opportunity for
Sir Stafford Northcote's energetic defence of the
present movement of middle-class education. The
surprising activity of the West Riding Educational
Board could not but suggest speculation on the use
or the purpose of so much energy. The list of exa-
minations held in the course of the past year was
enough to justify Mr. Beecroft's astonished refloc-
tions at the sort of examination atmosphere in which
he found himself. The Chinese, we believe, have
outdone us long ago, but with this exception it is
probably true that " since the days of Adam such a
series of examinations has not been heard or thought
of as that which fella to the lot of this generation."
Yorkshire, at all events, has never been so examined
before. In October the local examinations for the
University of Durham were held at Leeds; in De-
cember the examinations for the University of
Cambridge; in January the provincial matriculation
examination of the University of London. In March
the elementary examinations in connection with the
Society of Arts were held in Leeds and in 18 other
towns in Yorkshire, In April the Society of Arts
held examinations. In May followed the examina-
tion of the pupils of science classes for the Depart.
meat of Science and Art. In May and June the
University of Oxford held its local examinations;
and, lastly, in June the University of London held
a second half-yearly matriculation examination.
Even to this list of experiments Sir S. Northcote
could add two more, The Royal Agricultural So-
ciety and others have set on foot movements for the
education of the farmers, and a commission is about
to bo issued to inquire into the state of the Grammar
schools throughout the country—institutions which
have been supposed to have a close relation to the
middle classes, The very number and apparent con•
fusion of these experiments might, perhaps, be ad-
duced es an illustration of the uncertain nature of
the ground upon which this movement is at present
proceeding, and Sir S. Northcote seems accordingly
to have thought it necessary to begin from the very
principles of the subject. He very wisely, thereat
fore, commenced by pointing out to the enthusias-
tic friends of the movement who surrounded him
that, before they came to any conclusion on the
subject, they ought to satisfy themselves of the
object they aim at. It should be settled, that is,
what is meant by education and what is meant by
the middle class. Starting from these wide and
general questions, he occupied a great part of his
speech with some observations which arc equally
useful, whatever view we may take of the contro-
verted pelt of the subject. All education, ho urged,
must be conducted on the same general principles,
and therefore must have some main features which
should be universal ; but it is applied to different
subj,cts and in different circumstances, and must,
consequently, receive constant modification. Both
these sides of the question require to be carefully
kept in view. Our first object is to secure the
best sort of general training possible ; our next
is to give every man a special adaptation to his
peculiar work in life. The two operations are
sufficiently indicated by the ndw familiar distinc-
tion between education and instruction, the first
implying a general, the second a special training.
There have been rapid oscillations in the public
mind between the opposite attractions of these two
methods. At one time there has been a general
cry for teaching what are called useful things, and
the value of a system of instruction has been too
much estimated by the amount of tangible know-
ledge it supplies; at the present time Sir Stafford
Northcote thinks the danger is of the other ex-
treme. There is too much tendency to underrate
the value of special information, and to aim at a
vague general development of mind and body.
[t is certainly never so important to bear this
double office of education in mind as in planning the
education of the middle classes. On the one hand,
from the course of their laborious lives being
early cast into one groove, they are especially in
need of a broad and liberal training so long as they
have any time to submit to it; and, on the other
hand, from the extremely special character of their
work they are particularly conscious of the want of
spacial training. So far matters are clear. The
difficulties begin when Sir Stafford Northeote pro-
ceeds to ask more definitely what io that middle
class for the peculiar needs of which we are thus to
strikethe balance between education and instruction.
It is, as ho says,impossiblo to define a class in Eng-
land. It would be almost impossible to point out
any defined break between a duke and a day-
labourer; and this difficulty will b© always in the
way of any such general scheme as some persons
contemplate. At the utmost Sir S. Northcote could
only suggest one general characteristic. In all
cases which fall under the class in question the
boys have to be removed from school at an unusu-
ally early age, and set to learn the work of their
life. The question is thus reduced to one of time.
We want in all cases the best education which can
bo got. But this depends, to a very great degree,
upon the amount of time which can be given to it,
In the upper classes education often continues until
the ago of 23 ; but in the middle classes the son
cannot be allowed to be drawing on the family re-
sources all that time without adding to them, and,
besides in most of the business of the middle classes
it is absolutely necessary for a man to commence
his acquaintance with his work while he is quite
young. The problem, therefore, from this point of
view, is to give a boy as good a general education
as is possible in the short time he can spare for it,
say up to the age of 15 or 16,—and to provide him
also with opportunities forgetting that amount and
that particular kind of instruction which his ap-
proaching active life may require. It may, perhaps
also be suggested by this consideration that the best
plan would be to make the education as general as
possible until the boy enters on his practical work,
and to give him opportunities for special instruction.
But then the question occurs, how shall it be
determined what is the general instruction proper
to this ago ? Such a question, says Sir Stafford
Northcote, can hardly be left to be decided by the
simple question of supply and demand, for the
father does not know clearly what to demand. He is
not likely to know exactly what he wants, and he
may easily bo imposed upon by a cheap and flashy
education. Here, urged Sir S. Northcote, comes in
the use of examinations, but he showed himself, at
the same time, aware of the great difficulties which
attend them. As far as concerns that general
mental education we have spoken of, experienced
institutions like the Universities may, be welt able
tojudge what is the kind and the amount of :pro-
ficiency which a boy ought to have reached, and
their local examinations may establish a satisfac-
tory standard. But as the special instruction re-
quired, it is impossible to lay down any certain
rule for the course it shall follow. It must adapt
itself to the wants of each class, and the law of
supply and demand must be left to itself. At the
utmost, examinations can but direct the course of
study in each special subject, and establish a stan-
dard for parent, master, and scholar. And a harder
question remains. Quis custodict ipsos custodes ?
How shall we insure that the examinations them-
selves do their work properly ? They may do more
harm than good. They may encourage flashy
learning, and break the hearts of laborious and con-
scientious masters. For this danger Sir S. North.
cote could suggest no remedy, and it must, we fear,
hr left to bo watched and avoided by public opinion.
The lay of supply and demand will probably be
found, after all, somewhat more universal in its ap-
plication thin Sir Stafford Northcote is inclined
to allow. It is not exactly true that the demand
is only made by the parent. The whole public
makes the demand, and in originating the exami-
nations, which seem to meet a demand among
parents, the Universities and the Government are
but supplying the wider and more imperious
clamour of the public.
POST.—The division which has taken place in
the Democratic party in America will not impros
bebly throw tho victory into the hands of their Re-
publican opponents at the forthcoming election.
The nominee of the Chicago Convention has by an
ill-timed frankness estranged from himself some of
his most influential, if not his warmest supporters,

and must now rely for success upon a moiety of the
faction which, undivided, would easily have placed
him at the head of the poll. The experience of the
last four years is evidently lost upon the Democrats,
and once again a schism in their own camp promises
to rob them of their coveted share in the adminis-
tration of the State. Interpreting the resolutions
of the Convocation in their literal signification, and
apparently scorning the device of an arriere pensee,
General M'Clellan declared that the re-establish -
ment of the Union should be his sole object, and
that to its attainment he would sacrifice all other
considerations. By some of the framers of the reso-
lutions, however, their meaning was understood
differently. That they wished to see the two Con-
federacies united was evident; but, at the same
time, they desired to anticipate and provide for the
contingency of their severance being perpetual.
The restoration of the Republic in its original form
was unquestionably the object of their desires, but
the cessation of hostilities and the re--establishment
of peace were ends to whose attainment they looked
forward with equal anxiety. If the two were in-
compatible, they were prepared to sacrifice the
former. The Peace Democrats did not say this
in as many words, bat they undoubtedly meant it.
The nominee on whom, as it would seem, they
somewhat hastily fixed, entertained different views,
and failed to discover any road to peace except
through an undivided Republic. Hence the result,
the tidings of which have been communicated to
us by the late mail. General M'Clellan no longer
possesses the undivided support of the. Democratic
party. When noticing the resolutions passed by
the Chicago Convention we pointed out the main
difficulties which beset the path of the Democrats,
and the necessity under which they were placed of
endeavouring to conciliate, if possible, all classes, by
adhering to the programme of a restored Union. If
their efforts have not been crowned with success, the
failure must alone be ascribed to their having at-
tempted an impossibility. The issue offered to the
Northern population is a very simple one, and one
which it is perfectly idle for any party in the State
to hope to evade. Either the rebellion must be
crushed, or, what is the same thing, vigorous efforts
must still be made to attain that end, or the inde-
pendence of the new Confederacy must be recogs
nised. The Republican party frankly pledge them-
selves to leave no stone unturned in order to place
the State on its original footing, and on this "plat.
form" they are content to stand or fall. The Demo •
crats, so far as words go, say pretty much the sane
thing, but at the same time they deprecate a further
prosecution of the war in a tone which leaves it to
be inferred that they would not unwillingly see
peace restored, even though at the cost of the integ-
rity of the State. The Republicans are desirous of
seeing the war prosecuted with vigour, no matter at
what cost ; the Democrats, on the other hand, are
divided, some entertaining feelings not dissimilar
from those which actuate their opponents, whilst
the rest ardently desire peace. In fixing upon Gen.
111‘Clellan, the peace section of the Democrats be-
lieved they had chosen a man who had from personal
experience satisfied himself of the futility of any
hopes based upon the re-establishment of th© Union,
and one who would accordingly take an early oppor-
tunity after his accession to power of proclaiming
the subjugation of the South to be an impossibility.
It however unluckily happened that they fixed
upon a war Democrat,!upan a man who is prepared
if needs be, to go even to greater lengths than Mr
Lincoln in his attempts to restore the Union by main
force. The mistake which they committed has now
become manifest, and they have withdrawn their
countenance from one who does not in truth repre-
sent them. The only result, then, of the Chicago
Convention has been to divide the Democratic
faction into two distinct parties, and -to leave them
a candidate who, not being able to secure the confi-
dence of both, cannot ultimately be returned as the
representative of either. It is curious that, with
scarcely an exception, the several organs of the
English press inferred that the nomination of Gen.
Mt Ciellan might be accepted as the inauguration of
a peace policy. As soon as the decision of the Con-
vention at Chicago became known almost every one
declared that an armistice was imminent, and that
the war might be considered virtually at an end.
We took occasion to warn our readers against fall-
ing into similar errors, and pointed out that in all
probability the policy of M'Clellan, if elected, would
differ in no important respect from that of his pre.
deeessor. It is now notorious that the election of
the quondam leader of the Army of the Potomac
was viewed by the Con federates wish greater appre-
hension than the re-election of Mr Lincoln, and the
justness of their conclusions has now been fully
confirmed, The one, like the other, would prosecute
a relentless war, but with this diff- rence, that the
ex-soldier and engineer would evince an ability
which up to the present the ex-attorney has never
displayed. It is not surprising, then, that the chiefs
of the peace party should withdraw their support
from a candidate who would unquestionably inaugu-
rate his official career with military operations on a
gigantic scale, and who would not improbably make
the war last as long as the term of his magistracy.
It has been proposed to reassemble the chiefs of
the Democratic party in order to select some can-
iidate who should command the confidence of alt.
There is yet time for another convention ; but
even when assembled, the difficulty will remain
the same of choosing a candidate who shall recom-
mend himself equally to the two sections of the
Democratic party. The paramount desire of both
Democrats and Republicans is to secure the supreme
power ; and, in order to attain that object, it re-
mains to be seen whether the former will be con.
tent to effect some settlement of those differences
which at present excite disunion in their ranks.
The peace Democrats will, it would seem, make no
concessions, and, unless some compromise is effected,
will probably give their support to the Republican
candidate. General Fremont is still in the field, but
the universal opinion is not only that his candida-
ture will prove unsuccessful, but that it will not
materially affect Mr. Lincoln's chances of success.
As matters at present stand, the President is cer-
tainly the favourite, and, unless displaced by some
one pledged to a peace policy, we are far from
thinking that he is not the fittest person to govern
the Northern States until the termination of the
war. His abilities are far be!cw mediocrity, but
at all events ho posseses great experience. Ho ought
to know better than any man in America what the
North can do, and what it cannot do, and, possess-
ing that knowledge, it is not unreasonable to pre-
sume that he may turn it to account. He has
hitherto professed to believe that eventually the
South must succumb, but when entering on a new
lease of office he might seize the opportunity of
modifying his creed. There is little to choose bee
tween a war Republican and a war Democrat ; but,
whatever difference there may be, it would seem
that, in the opinion of those who most ardently
desire peace, it preponderates in favour of the
former. Viewing the struggle from a distance, we
can perhaps form a better estimate of the result
than those actually engaged in the conflict, and we
confess that, whoever may be elected President on
the 4th of November, we cannot see the faintest
prospect of returning peace. The flower of safety
is still too deeply embedded in the nettle danger to
admit of being plucked at present.

THE " SPECTATOR" ON THE GREAT GOVERNING
FAMILIES.—From the Act of Settlement to 1831
English history is but the record of the intrigues of
the governing families, and when in 1832 the peo-
ple deprived them of their legal autocraoy,they and
their cousins possessed a clear majority in Parlia-
ment, they bided their time, secure that in "the
long run the influence of property was sure to tell."
It did tell. During the long peace which followed
1832 their property increased enormously, the abi-
lity the class has always displayed led them to take
the lead in all productive enterprise, they reformed
agriculture, opened mines, built great harbours,
planted forests, cut canals, accepted and profited by
the railway system, and built the faubourgs of the
great cities. Able and audacious, still regarded
with curious liking by the people, and full of that
individuality and sense of personal right which is
the strength of an aristocracy, they again threw
themselves into politics, and speedily regained
nearly their ancient monopoly of power. They
alone could afford to follow politics from boyhood
as a profession, and that fact gave and gives them
a twenty years' start of all competitors. They
alone have as a class that instinct of control given
to able individuals i❑ all classes, and they therefore
speedily monopolised high administrative office.
Above all they alone had as a class not to be
made known to the people. Smith must serve
before a constituency knows who Smith is, but a
Seymour's name tells the same constituency all
about him, his antecedents and his connexions, his
fortune and his tone. Hence a preference on the
hustings almost ludicrously strong, so strong that
in the counties a bad specimen of the class, some
red-eyed, knock-kneed, gawky lad of twenty-one,
has often a better chance of public favour than the
man who has all his life been the guiding mind of
the locality. So powerful has been the action of
these circumstances, so engrained is in England the
preference for these houses, that the thirty one
families whose histories we have related supply at
this moment one clear fourth of the English
1131186 of Commons, the ultimate power in the
State. We are not talking of so.called "influence."
We have compiled a list of the several be*
roughs and counties over which these house
in quiet times exercise a direct ascendancy,
but we decline to rest our argument upon such disc
putable ground. " Influence" may be interpreted
anyhow, and we have a better test. Here is a list
of 70 members now sitting in the Lower Hou3e,
and unmistakeably belonging to the 31:—
H. J. Adeane, grandson of Ist Lord Stanley of Aldcrley
—Cambridgeshire
Viscount Andover, eldest son of Earl of Suffolk --Modules-
bury

Hon. A. H. Baring, son of 3d Lord Ashburton—not'
ford
Sir F. Baring, nephew of Ist Lord Ashburton, and son
in law of Ist Earl Effingham and Sir G. Grey—Ports-
mouth
T. Baring, nephew of Ist Lord Ashburton—Hunting d?!
T. G. Baring and H. Bingham Baring, cousins of Za
and 3d Lords Ashburton—Penryn ar.d Marlborough
Cavendish Bentinck, grandson of the Duke of Portland
and of Ist Earl of Lonsdale— Taunton
G. W. P. Bentinck—West Norfolk
F. 11. F. Berkeley, son of sth Earl Berkeley—Bristol
F. W. F. Berkeley and C, P. F. Berkeley, sons of Lord
Fitzhardinge—Cheltenham and Gloucester
Sir Richard Bulkeley, son in law of Lord Stanley of
Aldcrley—Anglesea
J. B. Wentworth Buller, married niece of Duke of Nor-
folk—North Devon
Lord Burghley, son of Marquis of Exeter—North North-
ampton
Hon. F. If. Calthorpe, grandson of Gth Duke of Beau
fort—East Worcester
Lord G. Cavendish, brother to Duke of Devonshire--
North Derby
Lord R. Cecil, son of Marquis of Salisbury—Stamford
Lord A. Churchill, son of sth Duke of ISlarlborougl-
Woodstock
Lord R. Clinton, son of Duko cf Newcastle—North
Notts

G. Clive—Hereford
Hon. G. H. Clive, grandson of Earl of Powis—Ludleli
A. Baillie Cochrane, married granddaughter of sth Dek°
of Rutland—Honiton
Lord Enfield, grandson of Ist Marquis of Angloser'
Middlesex
Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam, son of 3d Earl Fitzwilliam''
Mallon
Lord F. Fitzroy, son of Duko of Grafton—Thetford
Col. G. C. Forester, grandson of 4th Duke of Rutland."'
Wenlock
villa
Hon. E. F. Levrson-Gower, son of Ist Earl Granville
and eon in law of Duke of Devonshire—Bodmin
Granville Leveson- Gower—Reigate
Lord Montagu Graham, grandson of Duke of Blanchester
—Herefordshire
Sir George Grey, nephew of 2d Earl Grey—Morpeth
Lord Grey de Wilton, cousin to Earl Derby—Weymouth
Earl Grosvenor, son in law of 2d Duke of Sutherland
Chester
Lord R. Grosvenor, son cf Marquis of Westminster.'
Flintshire
Marquis of Hartington, son of Duke of Devonshire, and
grandson of Earl of Carlisle—North Lancashire
Robert Harvey, brother in law of Duke of Buckingham
—Bucks
Right Hon. J. Henley, grandson of Earl of Westmere'
land—Oxfordshiro
Viscount Holmesdale, grandson of Earl of Beverley"'
West Kent Es6t
Hon, C. W. Howard, son of Gth Earl of Carlisle—
Cumberland
Lord Edward Howard, son of 13th Duke of Norfolk"'
Arundel.
Lord Ingestre, son of Earl of Shrewsbury-1%4/rib
Stafford Vir et
Earl Jermyn, grandson of Duke of Rutland— e
Suffolk
F. N. Kingscote, grandson of Duke of Beaufort— -tv* eet
Gloucester of
W. H. P. Gore-Langton, son in law of 2d Duke
Buckingham—West Somerset
Sir Baldwin Leighton, nephew to Lord Stanley of Alder'
ley— South Salop
Lord George Lennox and Lord Henry Lennox, sons °f
sth Duke of Richmond—Lymington and Chichester I
Hon. H. G. Liddell, great grandson of Duke of Sower°
—South Northumberland
Lord Lovaine, heir of Duko of Northumberland—Noral
Northumberland Weg
H. Lowther, grandson of Ist Earl of Lonsdale—
Cumberland
Hon. H. Lowther, son of Ist Earl of Lonsdale—Wesfr
moreland g of
Lord John Manners and Lord George Manners, seh
Bth Duke (4f Rutland—Leicestershire and Cambridgeshir?
H. F. Mildmay, grandson of Lord Ashburton, also ceolll
of the Clives—Herefordshire
Lord R. Montagu, son of Gth Duke of Manchester"'
Huntingdonshire
Lord A. Paget, and Lord Clarence Paget, sons of the 16t
Marquis of Anglesey--Lichfield and Sandwich
Col. Douglas Pennant, son in law of Duke of Graftoas
Carnarvonshire
Hon. W. Portman, son in law of Earl Fitzwilliaur°
Dorset
Arthur Missal], nephew to Duke of Bedford—Tavistock
F. C. Hastings Russell, nephew to Duke of Bedford''
Bedfordshiro

Alfred Seymour—Totness
H. Danby Seymour—Poalo
Poulett Somerset, grandson of Duke of Beaufort"'
Monmouthshire
Lord Stanhope, son of Earl of Chesterfield—South Not
Lord Stanley, son of Earl of Derby—King's Lynn
Hon. W. O. Stanley, son of Lord Stanley of Alder
Beaumaris
Lord Henry Thynne, grandson of Ist Lord Ashburtat
and married to a daughter of Duke of Somerset--sou
Wilts
Right Hon. C. P. Villiers, brother to Earl of Clarendon
—Wolverhampton
Sir Charles Wood, son in law of 2d Earl Grey—Wllifn
This list might be expanded greatly by a caret%
search through the alliances of the members
we prefer to keep beyond cavil or dispute, arid I"
is sufficiently long. Add to it those conrectioaS!
the dependent boroughs like Caine, in which the
proprietor does not keit a relative, the counties 11
which the magnate holds a practical balance 0.,
power, and therefore though he cannot appointee'
veto any appointment, and we shall find that tb°
31 families at this moment supply 110 members, °f
a clear working fourth of the English section of the
representation, have in fact as great a direct povieff
as tho whole kingdom of Ireland, double that °,
Scotland, five times that of London, as much as tbeci
of London and the 40 next greatest cities. A°,
then wo are told by silly Radicals that in consider:
ing the origin and history of these houses We 11,t
re,
pandering to the flunkey-ism of the British peopt.
Why we believe it to be beyond all shadow of douue
that when we have added the great Irish and 06,1
great Scotch proprietors, it will be found that, cit:
femilies supply, and for generations have supPlie f
one-fourth of the House of Commons, one.fourtl3 011
the ultimaPe governinr, power for an empire WhiC
includes a fourth of the human race.