The Sun.
London, England, 1864-01-21 00:00:00

No. 22,331.

THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, JANUARY 21, 1864.

VURNI WRE, CARPETS, BEDDING, and
FLOORCLOTH, CARRIAGE-FREE to any house in
the kingdom, regardless of amount or distance. First class
goods at second-class prices. Terms peculiarly liberal to
Clergymen and Gentlemen. An immense stock to select
from, displayed in Showrcoms occupying an acre of ground.
Every article warranted.
CL E icGYMEN and GENTLEMEN ABOUT TO FUR-
NISH are respectfully informed that Messrs. Cobbett and
C . are publishing an entirely New Edition of their un-
equalled HOUSE FURNISHING GUIDE, illastrated by4lo
admirable engravings of every description of Furniture and
Bedsteads, with prices attached. A copy sent t.-41 atis and
post-free on application. This costly work also contains
complete estimates for furnishing on the following revised
scale

LONDON AND SOUTH-WESIERN
RAILWAY COMPANY.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, That the next HALF-
YEARLY GENERAL MEETING of the PROPRIETORS
of this COMPANY will be held at this Station on THURS-
DAY, the 11th day of February, 1864, at One o'clock p.m.
precisely, when the Directors will submit a Report on the
affairs of the Company, a Dividend will be declared, and the
general business of the Company will be transacted.
And notice is hereby further given, that at the said meet-
ing it is proposed to submit to the proprietors the matters
following, viz. :
Articles of Agreement with the Botley and Bishops Wal-
tham Railway Company, with reference to the working
of the railway of that Company, and otherwise in relation
thereto.
The creation and disposal of the further amounts of Share
Capital Authoriseri to be cre ,ted by the "South-Western
Railway Act 1863," " Andover and Redbridge and South-
Western Railways Act 1863," and he West London
Extension Railway Act 1863," respectively.
And notice is hereby further given, that at the said meet-
ing there will be an election of two Directors in the places of
Captain Charles Edward Mangles and Charles Castleman,
Esq , who retire at this time in the usual rotation, and, being
eligible, offer themselves for re-election.
The transfer books of the Company will be closed from
Thursday, the 25th January, till Thursday, the 11th February,
1864, both days inclusive.
By order,
FREDERICK CLARKE, Secretary.
Waterloo-br'dge Station, London, Jan. 14, 1861.

WHERE CAN WE MEET AF rER THE
PANTOMIMES ? My dear Fellow, Gentlemen sup
at EVANS', Covent-garden.

Naval and Military Intelligence.

THE NAVY.

KINAHAN'S LL WHISKY v. COGNAC,
BRANDY.
This celebrated Old IRISH WHISKY rivals the finest
FRENCH BRANDY,
It i= Pure, Mild, Mellow, Delicious, and very Wholesome.
Sold in Bottles, 3s. Bd., at the Retail Houses in London ; by
the Agents in the principal towns in England; or wholesale
at

8, GREAT WINDMILL-STREET, W.
Observe the Red Seal, Pink Label, and Cork branded
",Kinahart's LL Whisky."

A Six--roomed Parsonage £74 3 0
1-n Eight-roomed ditto
A Ten-roomed ditto
A Twelve-roomed ditto 101 11 0

THE best TROUSERS for gentlemen to wear
are those made by ELSTOB, of 60, New Bond-street.
They are neither so low in price as to necessitate their being
carelessly put together, nor so dear as to gain only the
wealthy purchasers. "In medio tutisimus ibis.
ELSTOB'S TROUSERS,
AI
TWENTYEt-ONE SHILLINGS
PER P.

Together with a ?rice List of purified Bedding., and a mass
of valuable informationto all requiring househ )ld furniture,
carpets, or bedding. Reference 4 kindly permitted to Clergy-
men and g,entlemen in or near Great Malvern, Southampton,
Chichester, Bury, Ely, Preston, Grimsby, Ryde, Plymouth,
Wells, Ox,ord, Brighton, Gainsborough, Margate. Kidder-
minster, Wellington, Croydon. Cambridge, Staines, Dorking,
St. Alban's, Worcester, Ipswich, Peterborough, St. David's,
WrtAham, and above 500 other places in all parts of Great
COB BETT and CO., General House Furnishers, Deptford-
bridge, London, S.E,

RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE.

ILLINOIS CENTRAL.

HNEW WORK BY THE DUKE OF MANCHESTER.

The directors of this company have declared a dividend
of 4 per cent. in cash, free of Government tax, upon the
stock and cancelled bonds scrip of the company, payable on
Feb. 1, to the registered holders of stock and scrip, up to
the 18th inst. inclusive. They state that this dividend is in
lien of, and in advance of, two coupons on the full paid stock,
and terminates the obligation to pay interest to the full
paid shareholders. The directors also recommend the share-
holders to authorise the conversion of the cancelled bonds
scrip into shares at the next annual meeting of the com-
pany, and that no more scrip be issued.

Now ready, in 2 vols. Bvo., with Fine Portraits, 305.,
COURT AND SOCIETY, from ELIZABETH
to ANNE ; Edited from the Papers at Kimbolton, by
the DUKE of' MANCHESTER.

THE CONSOLIDATED DISCOUNT
COMPANY (Limited).
No. 4, ABCITURCII-LANE.
Capital £1,000,000.

" The Duke of Manchester has done a welcome service to
the lover of gossip and secret history by publishing these
family papers. In them will be found something new about
many men and women in whom the reader can never oease
to feel an interest."—Atheneum.

DIRECTORS.
George Walter Constable, Esq. (Messrs. Constable and
Wykes), Mincing-lane.
George Denny, Esq. (Messrs. George Denn; and Co.), Great
St. Helen's.
William Little, Esq., Director of the Cape Town Railway.
Wm. M'Arthur, Esq. (of the firm of Wm. and Alexander
M'Arthur, Australian Merchants), 46, Moorgate-street.
F. J. Sargood, Esq. (Messrs. Sargood, King, and Sargood),
London and Melbourne.
Thomas Shepherd Richardson, Esq., Director of the Buenos
Ayres and River Plate Bank.
James Thompson, Esq. (Messrs. Le Gros Thompson and Co.),
Gutter-lane.
*Hugh Fraser Sandeman, Esq.
*Richard Manners Sanderson, Esq. Messrs. Sandeman & Co.
*Samuel Baker, Esq.
* Committee of Management.
BANKERS.
The London and Westminster Bank.
SOLICITORS.
Messrs. Sole, Turners, and Hardwick.
The business of this Company being in active operation, the
Directors are prepared to Discount approved Mercantile 131118
and to make advances upon negotiable Securities.
Money received on deposit, at call and short notice, at the
current market rates, and for longer periods upon terms to be
specially agreed upon.

Hurst and Blackett, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

MR. THORNBURY'S NEW NOVEL.
Now rEady at all the Libraries, in 3 vols.,
W IL D F I R E.
By WALTER TBORNBURY.
" The best novel Mr. Thornbsry has written."—Mes-
senger.
"A highly interesting stoi7."—Observer,
Hurst and Blackett, 13, Great Marlborough-street.

This day, in 2 vols., post Bvo.,
BELL A DONNA;
Or, The Cross before the Name. A Novel.
By GILBERT PYCE.
Richard Bentley, New Burlington-street.

Now ready at all the Libraries, crown Svo., price 65.,
BEAUTIES OF TROPICAL SCENERY,
and Other TROPICAL POEMS. With Notes.

By R. N. DUNBAR,
Author of "The Nuptials of Barcelona."

THE ENGLISH and FOREIGN LIBRARY
COMPANY (Limited).
Capital, £lOO.OOO, in 10 000 Shares of £lO each ; £1 to be paid
on application, and £llos. on Allotment. If no Allotment
be made the Deposit will be returned.

" This work contains many beauties."—Morning Post.
"lie has availed himself of the poetical treasures lying in
and about the Spanish Main, with much grace and power.
The notes appended to the volume are valuable."--Standard.
" The amatory passages are worthy of Thomas Moore."—
Critic.

DIRECTORS.
Major-Gen. Sir Henry C. Rawlinson, K.C.8., F.R.S., 1, Hill-
street, Berkeley-square, Chairman.
Right Hon. Viscount Bury, M.P., 48.
Rutland-gate.
Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, K.C.8., F.R.S., &c.,
10, Belgrave-square.
The Very Rev. the Dean of Chichester, F.R.S.
Charles Neate, Esq., M.P., Oriel College, Oxford.
Coleridge J. Kennard, Esq., F.R.G.S., Fenehurch-street.
Ferdinand Freiligrath, Esq., Banc of Switzerland, Royal
Exchange-buildings.
John William Kaye. Esq., 59, Lincoln's-inn-fields.
Robert Bell, Esq , L.,1 t, York-street, Portman-square.
(W itn power to add to their number.)
BANKERS.—The Consolidated Bank, 7, Fenehurch-street,

London: Robert Hardwicke, 192, Riceadt`iy.

This day, at all Libraries, in 2 vols.,

CHIEF,

THE SMUGGLER
By GUSTAVE AMIARD.
*.* "This is decidedly the author's best novel, and it
stands alone in the dexterity with which the female charac-
ters are delineated. Anything more graphic or better sus-
tained than is the interest in the heroine we have not had
before from this writer, and we heartily congratulate him
upon the achievement. Every one will be satisfied with this
work."

London.
BROKER.—George H. Haslewood, Esq., 7, Lothbury.
AUDITORS.
Charles Reynolds, Esq., Allhallow-chambers, Lombard-st.
John Ball, Esq. (Messrs. Quilter, Ball. and Co.), Moorgate-st.
SOLICITORS. —Messrs. Bevan and Whiting, 6, Old Jewry.
SECRETARY (pro tem).—W. R. Prideaux, Esq.
Offices, 15, Old Bond-street.
1. It is proposed to establish a Public Circulating Library
on a more comprehensive plan, and with more complete ma-
chinery for the early and regular delivery of books than has
hitherto been attempted. The English and Foreign Library
Company guarantees the circulation of all new works of
value or interest immediately atter publication. Daily deli-
veries will take place at all houses of town subscribers, wiihin
a radius of five miles.
2. Books will be provided for all readers without distinc-
tion of sect or party.
1 il3. A Special Scientific Department will be established, em-
bracing Science and the Liberal Professions ; Theology,
Medicine, Surgery, Civil Engineering, Philology, and the
Mathematical and Physical Sciences.
4. Foreign Literature will form a prominent feature.
5. All important Publications relating to Eastern and Co-
lonial subjects will be collected, including Public Documents,
and Books published in India and the Colonies.
6. The Direction has been organised with a view to the
combination of literary judgment and commercial experience.
7. Arrangements have been made to purchase Hookham's
Library, 15, Old Bond-street, the oldest in existence, contain-
ing a hundred years' stock, as the basis for the formation of
a Library of permanent value and vast extent.
8. Profits will be immediate on the opening of the Library,
the current subscriptions to Hookham's Library yielding 12
per cent. on the purchase money, atter payment of all ex-
penses.
9. Shareholders will be entitled to special privileges (as
detailei in advertisement below).
Prospectuses, with forms of application for shares, may be
obtained of the Bankers, the Brokers, the Solicitors, and at
the Offices of the Company, 15, Old Bond-street, W.

London : John Maxwell and Co., 122, Fleet-street.

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A letter received in Plymauth from a naval officer at
Yokohama, Japan, states that the English Admiral thought
the result of the Conference on the 15th November of so
much consequence that he sent despatches immediately to
Hongkong by the Centaur, which, at the same time, em-
barked invalids for England. It was expected at Yokohama
that when the Pelorus arrived in Japan the Pearl would go to
Hongkong. The Encounter and Scout have been nearly
five years in commission, and the officers and crews of those
sh!ps expect they will soon be sent home to be paid off. The
Rattler is at Nagasaki, and the Barossa, all well, at Yoko-
hama. The Hesper arrived there early in November. She
had been terribly knocked about, having lost jib-boom,
boats, bulwarks, ece., in a hurricane. A large quantity of
stores and provisions is spoilt. The Hesper is considered
unfit to do duty as a Government transport.
Yesterday a naval court-martial, composed of Captain W.
K. Hall, C.B„ Cumberland, 70, guardship of the Chatham
Steam Reserve, President; Commander the Hon. G. D.
Keane, Cumberland ; Commander R. Studdert, Wellesley,
72; Commander T. L. Gaussen, Formidable, 84; and Com-
mander A. Barrow, Cumberland, assembled on board the
Formidable, 84, Capt. S. Fulford, flagship of Admiral of the
Blue Sir G. R. Lambert, K.C.8., naval Commander-in-
Chief at the Nore, for the trial of Lieut. William Walsh,
commander, and the surviving officers and crew of her Ma-
-1 jesty's gunboat Lively, 2, 60 horse power, tender to the
Cornwallis, 60, 200 horse power, Capt. J. N. Strange, on the
charge of having lost that vessel among the shoals on the
north coast of the Netherlands, east of the island of Schier-
monnick Oog on the morning of the 21st of December last,
during a violent hurricane. The Lively was engaged at
the time in searching for a fleet of fishing-boats and other
craft, which were reported missing between the Doggerbank
and the island of Heligoland. Mr. G. H. Knight, of the
firm of Essell, Knight, and Arnold, Rochester, solicitors to
the Admiralty, officiated as Deputy-Judge-Advocate, and
conducted the investigation. Lieut. Walsh was assisted in
his defence by Staff-Commander H. T. Ellis, of the Corn-
wallis. The witnesses examined by the Court were Lieut.-
Commander W. Walsh, who was in charge of the Lively
at the time she was lost, Mr. F. Bush, engineer, Mr. C.
Cox, gunner, together with the quartermaster and car-
penter. From their evidence it appeared that the Lively
left Berwick on the 19th of December with instructions to
cruise in the German Ocean between the Dogger bank and
the island of Heligoland, with the view of assisting any of

the fishing boats which were then known to be at sea, and
some of which appeared to have been lost. On the night of
the 21st of December, when in lat 54 26, long. 5 47, the
Lively encountered a fearful gale, which continued with
unabated fury during the whole of that and the following
day. In spite of the untiring exertions of the officers and
crew, the vessel became altogether unmanageable. Her
foremast was carded away and hung over her side—there
was about four feet of water in her hold, which extin-
guished her fires and prevented the working of her engines.
During the height of the gale Mr. Home. the assistant-
engineer, was washed overboard and drowned, and the pilot
who had charge of the ship was found dead on the deck
from exposure, cold, and fatigue. The gunboat being at
the mercy of the waves was driven on shore on the Belgian
coast, the officers and crew being providentially rescued by
some fishing smacks, the men in which had heard their
signal distress guns. Nearly everything on board the Lively
was lost, and a day or two afterwards the vessel went to
pieces. During the whole of the trying period the officers
and crew appeared to have behaved in the most praise-
worthy manner. At the close of the case for the prosecu-
tion the Court adjourned for an hour to enable Lieutenant
Walsh to prepare his defence, which was read by the De-
puty-Judge Advocate. The defence was a recapitulation of
the evidence given by the witnesses for the prosecution,
and at the close the court was cleared, the members re-
maining in deliberation about an hour. On the court being
opened, the Deputy Judge Advocate read the finding, fully
and honourably acquitting Lieut. Walsh and the officers
and crew, and stating its opinion that the Lively was lost
through the fearful gale which prevailed, she being in her
right course at the time. The Court further stated that
Lieut. Walsh had done everything in his power to save the
ship. Capt. Hall, in handing Lieut. Walsh his sword, said
he did so with the greatest pleasure, the Court believing
that he, together with the officers and the whole crew, had
behaved as British seamen on the trying occasion.

The Megrera, screw troopship, Commander Edward Mad-
den, arrived at Portsmouth yesterday morning from the
West Indies with the 7th brigade of Royal Artillery, and
military and naval invalids and passengers. Those on board
belonging to the 7th brigade consisted of Brevet •Major G, L.
Chandler, Lieuts, Little and Davis, 6 sergeants, 2 trumpe-
ters, 7 corporals, 69 gunners, 6 women, and 11 children.
There were besides on board one man belonging to the let
battalion 14th Regiment, one man (Corps of Armourers),
wife and child, 13 invalid soldiers, 4 women, and S children
from various regiments in military charge of Lieutenant
Rutherford of the 2d battalion 21st Regiment, and in
medical charge of Staff Assistant• Surgeon Ferguson.
Capt. Mawe, 2,1 West India Regiment, came home as pas-
senger on leave. The officers' wives on board were Mr.
Chandler and infant, Mrs. Ferguson and two children, and
Mrs. Mawe. The military invalids were transferred, from
the Megrera yesterday immediately after her arrival at
Spithead, to the Royal Military Hospital at Netley. A few
naval invalids who also arrived in the ship were transferred
to her Majesty's ship Victory and the Royal Naval Hospital
at Hasler. The 7th Brigade of Royal Artillery will dis-
embark this morning and march into quarters in the new
fort at Broekhurst, one of the recently constructed line of
detached forts in advance of Gosport. The Megrera sailed
from Barbadoes Dec. 14, 1863, and has experienced a suc-
cession of heavy gales from S.W. to N.E. She was corn •
pelled to call at Vigo to coal, and she sailed thence on the
9th inst. She sailed from Plymouth on her outward voyage
on May '3O, 1863, and since that time has steamed 14,328
and sailed 9,078 miles, having been engaged in the relief
of troops stationed at the different stations in the West

Indies and on the West Coast of Africa. At Demerara
she was detained some time in repairing her air pump-
cover. She will be docked and refitted before again leaving
England.

The ships of war on the Australian station at the dates
of the last advices were the Harrier, 17, Capt. Sullivan; the
Miranda, 14, Capt. Jenkins ; the Eclipse, 4, Capt. Mayne ;
the Curacoa, 23, Commodore Wiseman ; and the Esk, 21,
Capt. Hamilton. All these ships were at New Zealand.

PRICE ..4d.
STAMPED ....sd.

that in following the course of the river from 5 deg, south
latitude to 3 deg. north latitude, where they were met by
Consul Petherick'a party—a distance of at ?east 500 geogra-
phical miles—they had done quite enough to make their
names famous, he contended they had left some things un-
done which were essential to the full success of their expe-
dition. They had not followed the river from its exit from
Nyanza along its whole course, but had left at least 200
miles of it unexplered. In this unexplored portion there
was a fall of upwards of I,oooft. in the level of the river,
which had yet to be explained. Dr. Duke also remarked on
the phenomenon recorded by Captain Speke, that in tra-
velling from the Kuruma Falls to Math they hed " beaten
the stream ;" and though he did not expressly dissent from
the explanation that the Lake Luta Nzigi acts as a great
back--water to the river, he believed it to be a poia which
required still further investigation. While agreeing
with Captain Speke that the southern extremity of
Lake Nyanza is the " top-head" of the Nile, Dr.
Beke reiterated his denial that the lake was the source of
the river, and expressed a strong conviction that in the
snowy range of Alps on the east side of die lake would before
long be found the true fountains of the Nile, or at least
such of them as form the principal stream which runs into
and through Nyanza. This side of the lake, he pointed
out, had been left totally unexplored by Captain Speke. In
conclusion, Dr. Beke announced that so dissati'fied was he
with the results of the last two expeditions, and so certain
was he of the truth of his own theory, that he intended to
undertake an expedition in person which should set the
question at rest for ever, and a public subscription would be
opened for this purpose. To Signor Miani, Mr. B aker, Baron
von Henglin, and Madame Tinne might safely be left the
task of exploring the river north of the equator, and he
should therefore confine his labours entirely to the regions
south of the equator, and he felt convinced that one result
of his success would be to throw open to British commerce
the largest and most important district of Eastern Africa.

M. Chevalier on Free Trade in England
and France,

At the sitting of the French Legislative Body,
on Saturday, M. Chevalier opposed the protec-
tionist amendment on that part of the Address
which affirms boldly that France is now able, by
her own exertions and sacrifices, to successfully re-
sist foreig❑ competition. He said :

When I, yesterday, read in the Moniteur that the receipts
of the indirect taxes for the past year exceeded those of
1861 by 144 millions, and those of 1862 by 53 millions, I
certainly did not expect to hear the same day that the
. .

treaty of commerce with England was ruining our menu- I
factures,;our merchant navy, our agriculture, and our com-
merce. A people able to pay such considerable sums in
voluntary taxes, instead of being almost ruined, must be in
a high state of prosperity. M. Pouyer-Querties said that
our exports had declined since the treaty of commerce,
whilst those of England had increased 500 millions. In the
first eleven months of 1863 our exports amounted to 2,230
millions. They were 1,975 millions in 1862, and 1,700 mil-
lions in 1861. The difference in our favour was therefore
550 millions between 1863 and 1861, and 270 millions between
1863 and 1862, notwithstanding the war in America. M.
Pouyer- Quertier compares these figures with those of 1859,
the last year of protection, when our exports were 2,266 mil-
lions, but from this total we must deduct 151 millions for
corn. Nor is that all. In 1861 our trade with America
suffered greatly; from 368 millions in 1859 it fell to 88 mil-
lions. To make the comparison fairly we must strike off 200
millions from 1859, otherwise we should take no account of
the effect produced on our manufactures by the American
war. Then again the returns for 1863 only include eleven
months, and must be increased in proportion. After making
these allowances, it will be seen that our exports have in-
creased considerably. On a fair calculation, it is evident
that we gained 700 millions at least since the treaty of com-
merce. It has has been said that France is impoverished
by being compelled to export specie in payment for foreign
produce. This is a mere repetition of the exploded fallacy
of the balance of trade. Wanting cotton, we are obliged to
get it from Egypt, Turkey, and India, countries which will
only take specie, and we gain by the exchange, as it enables
our operatives to live, and promotes trade at home. (Hear,
hear.) We are not so badly off as was asserted yesterday.
Look also at other industries. Our coalmines now produce
10 millions of tons yearly, which they never did before.

The ironmasters too have made great efforts.
The Duke de Manlier —And suffered considerable losses.
M. Chevalier—l do not admit that any trade is long
continued at a great loss. Certain industries may be in a
suffering state; I deplore the fact, but, in a great country,
we must take things on the whole. Thanks to great
efforts and improved processes, the iron manufacture has
increased 40 per cent since the treaty of commerce. The
question lies between those who would maintain and those
who would suppress the treaty of commerce. As to the
woollen manufacture, the explanation given yesterday is
inadmissible. Two years ago the representative of Roubaix
repeated here the lamentations of the chambers „of com-
merce! But what has happened since ? Never has Roubaix

enjoyed such prosperity as at present. We are told that
this prosperity is owing solely to the scarcity of cotton. On
this head I reply that we now export woollens to the value
of 100 millions more than in 1859, which shows that we are
fully able to compete with England in that branch also.
With regard to cotton goods I have to remark that England
has sent us one half less this year than last. Our markets
are, therefore, not overwhelmed with English products. I
will show you what sacrifices the country makes under the
protective system. The other day we heard great lamenta-
tions about the expense of the Mexican expedition. Well I
if France economised only one half of the mysterious bounty
which she pays in a year to protected industries, it
would cover the cost of the war in Mexico. I will ex-
plain my meaning. Previously to the treaty of commerce,
the importation of cottons and woollens was prohibited,
and when the treaty was under consideration, the manu-
facturers of those goods, as well as the ironmasters, de-
clared that they could not live without a protective duty
of 30 per cent. Let us see what that costs the country.
The yearly production of cotton goods is estimated at 800
millions, and 30 per cent on that sum is 240 millions.
Woollen manufactures amount to 900 millions, and a pro-
tective duty of 30 per cent. on that sum comes to 270
millions. So that on these two branches alone protection
cost above 500 millions. The.duties have since been re-
duced to 10 per cent., and that sum levied on 1,000 millions of
woollen goods now produced amounts to 100 millions. I say
nothing of cotton under present circumstances. If to this
100 millions we add the sums paid on iron and other pro-
ducts, it will be seen that protection now costs France at
least 300 millions a year.

M. Pouyer-Quertier—That is not correct.
M. Chevalier—lf you say 100 millions, that is still too
much. The treaty of commerce has reduced the occult
bounties paid under prohibition by very considerable sums)
which have been expended in the consumption of other
articles to the great increase of the general well-being. To
the relief thus occasioned, I attribute the greater part of
our increased revenue. I now turn to another subject, and
I regret that our eminent colleague M. Thiers, should be
leaving the Chamber, as what I am about to say will, I
believe, interest him. [M. Thiers, who had risen to go ont,
immediately sat down near the speaker.] The amendment,
continued the hon. gentleman, has received considerable
support by the signature of our illustrious colleague, of
whom I shall never speak but with the greatest respect.
Most of those who have attached their names to it are men
who pretend to guide us in the way of liberty, in which
they think we are behindhand, and nevertheless in my
opinion the amendment is an attack on liberty and on pro-
perty. (Exclamations on several benches.) Our eminent
colleague has pointed out the conditions necessary to con-
stitute liberty in free countries, but he has forgotten the
most important of all, and one inscribed among the great
principles of 'B9—liberty of labour. It is one which pre-
sents no danger, for it requires order and security. Eng-
land is every day held up to us as an example : why not,
therefore, follow that country as regards freedom of com•
merce and labour ? No branch of manufacture is there
protected ; the customs' tariff of England is, since 1860, the
most simple of all, as it is contained on a single sheet of
paper, whilst our fills a volume. The former bears on the
following articles—Chicory, chocolate, coffee, corn, currants,
figs, pepper, raisins, and prunes; spirits of different kinds,
raw and refined sugar, molasses, tea, tobacco, wine, and
timber. In those articles,
which produce a sum of 600 mil-
lion of francs, there is not a single branch of manufacture
protected.
A Voice—The English do not require protection.
M. Chevalier—That is more easily said than proved. I
have resided in that country a long time, and I can assure
you that 25 years were required for it to achieve commer-
cial liberty. The silk manufacturers in England long de-
manded protection against ours, but they at length found
that competition would lead to great improvement in their
articles, and they gave up their opposition. I have said that
the amendment is an attack on property, and I will endea-
vour to prove it. The suppression of the sliding scale was
voted, and very properly. •
M. Thiers—No. That I deny.
M. Chevalier—Our agriculturists aro no longer protected,
but when they require to purchase farming implements they
must pay a duty, and they ar3 in that manner attacked in
their property. Igo further, and say that Franco has no
need of protection. She has 38,000,000 of inhabitants, of
whom 20,000,0000 aro agriculturists, who do not ask to be
protected, and there are 8,000,000 of workmen who do not
ask for it. There are moreover 8,000,000 of persons devoted
to the liberal arts, physicians, advocates, Sce., who ask for
nothing except that they may not have to pay dear
for what they want. Ask the remaining 2,000,000
1
of men employed in large manufactories whether
they stand in need of protection, and they will reply in the