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London, England, 1864-12-29 00:00:00

heretic Sovereign, possesses an indirect and negative power
over religious affairs. (Lett. Apost., Aug. 22, 1851.)
42. In a legal conflict between the two powers civil law
ought to prevail. (Id. ibid.)
43, The lay power has the authority to destroy, declare,
and render null solemn conventions or concordats relating
to the use of rights appertaining to ecclesiastical immunity
without the consent of the priesthood, and even against its
will. (All. 'ln consistoriali, Nov. 1, 18:50, Multis gravi..
busque,' Dec. 17, 1860.)
44. The civil authority may interfere in matters regards
ing religion, morality, and spiritual government, whence it
has control over the instructions for the guidance of con-
sciences issued, conformably with their mission, by the
pastors of the Church. Further, it possesses full power
in the matter of administering the Divine sacraments and
the necessary arrangements for their reception. (' In con-
sistoriali,' Nov. 1, 1858 ; All. ' Maxima quidem,' June 9,
1862.)
45. The entire direction of public schools in which
the y outh of Christian States are educated, save an ex-
ception in the case of episcopal seminaries, may and must
appertain to the civil power, and belong to it so far
that no other authority shall be recognised as having any
right to interfere in the discipline of the schools, the
arrangement of the studies, the taking of degrees, or the
choice and approval of the teachers. (All. In consis-
toriali,' Nov. 1, 1850 ; ' Qaibus luctuosissimis,' Sept. 5,
1851.)
46. Further, even in clerical seminaries the mode of
study must be submitted to the civil athorities. (All. • Nun-
quam Fore,' Dec. 15, 1856.)
47. The most advantageous condition of civil society
requires that popular schools open without distinction
to all children of the people, and public establishments
destined to teach young people letters and good disci-
pline, and to impart to them education, should be freed
from all ecclesiastical authority and interference, and
should be fully subjected to the civil and political power for
the teaching of matters and opinions common to the times.
(Lett. to Archbp. Friburg, ' Quum non sine,' July 14, 1864.)
48. This manner of instructing youth, which consists in
separating it from the Catholic faith and from the power of
the Church, and in teaching it, above all, knowledge of
natural things and the objects of social life, may be perfectly
approved by Catholics. (Id. ibid.)
49. The civil power is entitled to prevent ministers of
religion and the faithful from communicating freely and
mutually with the Roman Pontiff. All, Maxima quidem,'
June 9, 1862 )
50, The lay authority possesses of itself the right of
presenting bishops, and may require of them that they take
possession of their diocess before having received canonical
instifution and the apostolical letter of the Holy See. (All.
'Nunquam fore,' Dec. 15, 1856.)
51, Further, the lay authority has the right of deposing
bishops from their pastoral functions, and is not forced to
obey the Roman Pontiff in matters affecting the filling of
sees and the institution of bishops. (Lett. Apost., ' Multi-
plices inter., June 10, 1851; All. Acerbissimum.')
52, The government has a right to alter a period fixed by
the Church for the accomplishment of the religious duties
of both sexes, and may enjoin upon all religious establish-
ments to admit nobody to take solemn vows without its
permission, (All. • Nunquam fore,' Dec. 15, 1856.)
53. Laws respecting the protection, rights, and functions
of religious establishments must be abrogated. Further,
the civil government may lend its assistance to all who de-
sire to quit a :rsligious life and break their vows. The
government may also deprive religious establishments of
the right of patronage to collegiate churches and simple
benefices, and admit their goods to civil competence and ad-
ministration. (All, Acerbissimure, Sept. 27, 1862 ; ' Probe
memineritis,' Jan. 22, 1855; and Quum Save,' July 26,
1858.)
54. Kings and princes are not only free from the jurisdic-
tion of the Church, but are superior to the Church, even in
litigious questions of jurisdiction, (Let. Apost. ' Multi-
plices inter,' June 10, 1851.)
55. The Church must be separated from the State and
the State from the Church. (All. Acerbissimum,' Sept.
27, 1862 )

VII•—ERRORS IN NATURAL AND CHRISTIAN gortALs.
56. Moral laws do not stand in need of the Divine sanc-
tion, and there is no necessity that human laws should be
conformable to the law of nature and receive their sanction
from God. (All. ' Maxima quidem,' June 9, 1862.)
57, Knowledge of philosophical and moral things and
civil laws may and must be free from Divine and ecclesias-
tical authority. (Id. ihid,)
58. No other forces are recognised than those which re-
side in matter, and which—contrary to all discipline and all
decency of morals—are summed up in the accumulation and
increase of riches by every possible means, and in the satis-
faction of every pleasure, (Id. ibid.; All. 'Maxima
quidem;' Encyc. ' Quanto conficiamur,', August 10, 1863.)
59. Right consists in material fact. All human duties are
vain words, and all human facts have the fors° of right.
(All. ' Maxima quidem,' June 9, 1862.)
60. Authority is nothing but the sum of numbers and
material force. (Id. ibid.)
61. The happy injustice of a fact inflict no injury upon
the sanctity of right. (All. Jamdudum cernimus,'
March 18, 1861.)
62. The principle of non-intervention must be pro-
claimed and observed. (All. Noyes et ante,' Sept. 27,
1860.)
63, It is allowable to withdraw from obedience to legiti-
mate princes, and to rise in insurrection against them.
(Enc. Qui pluribus,' Nov. 9, 1846: All. Quisque
yea-
uuw,- °eta*, 12541 ; Eau. • INOSCHis et nobiscum,' Dec, 8,
1849 ; Let. Apost. ' Cum catholica,' March 25, 1860.)
64, The violation of a solemn oath, even every guilty and
shameful action repugnant to the eternal law, is not only
undeserving rebuke, but is oven allowable and worthy of
the highest praise when done for the love of country. (All.
Quibus quantisque,' April 20, 1849 )