The Sun.
London, England, 1864-08-29 00:00:00

N°. 22,521.

THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, AUGUST 29, 1864.

NEW NOVEL I3Y THE AUTHOR OF " COUSIN GEOFFREY."
Now ready at all the Libraries, in 3 vols.,
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" Guilty, or Not Guilty,' will find many readers. There
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tale :

except in so far as the degree of humidity is the result of
local defects and drainage, these conditions cannot, of course,
be changed, save by resorting to mountains or table-lands
as sites for military stations. Such being the case, it be-
came a very important point for the Commissioners to con-
sider what was the amount and kind of influence which
the climate was likely to exercise on the soldier's health,
and in dealing with that important question they seem to
have been very much struck by the absence of direct alle-
gations against it in the, stational reports; but they are
nevertheless of opinion that the climate does produce some
effect on the general health of Europeans exposed to its
influence, There are, however, they find, many other
agencies at work in the production of disease, and first
among them they rank malaria, that subtle cause known
only by its effects. At all the stations of India, it appears,
the presence of malaria can he traced. It is the chief cause
of periodic fevers and certain forms of spleen disease among
the native population. It is most intense in its operation
in low, warm, moist localities, where there is a superabund-
ance of vegetation and water, and is ascertained to
be the product of heat, moisture, and vegetable decomposi-
tion; by the withdrawal of
uaY one of which elements in
its composition its generation cart be stopped. Whether it
is possible ever to banish this scourge from the soil of India
the Commissioners do not take upon themselves to say. They
rest satisfied with expressing their satisfaction at the know-
ledge that it has everywhere disappeared before the clear-
ing away of such obstacles to the free circulation of air as
forests and jungle, before subsoil drainage and improved
agriculture. They add that part of the deadly Terai of
Northern India has become comparatively healthy, owing
to the cutting down of the forest, to drainage, and the cul-
tivation of the soil, and they
result would follow a similar node of proceeding in other
localities. have nu doubt that a similar

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CONTENTS.
Chronicles of Carling-ford : the Perpetual Curate. Conclusion.
Cornelius O'Dowd upon Men and Women, and other Things
in General. Part VIII.
The Man versus his Work.- The Modern Crichtons.—
" The Cheap Article warranted," &c.—A "now'' and a
" Then."
The Rev. Char'es King-gley and Dr. Newman.
Tony Butler. Part XII.
The Alphabeticals.
Letters from the Principalities.—No. 111. Prince Couza's
Coup-d'Etat.
The City of Gold.
William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London.

Sanitary State of the Indian Army,

Having ascertained the extent of the mortality among

;he troops in India, the Commissioners proceeded to trace
the causes to which it is attributable, and of these they

find the most active to be dysentery and diarrhcoa, fever,
diseases of the liver, and cholera. These are the four great
endemic diseases of the country, and compared with them
all others are of trifling importance. Of the four dysentery
has hitherto proved to b© the most fatal in its consequences.
Sir R. Martin ,who served 22 yearsin India,and who describes
this disease as being most prevalent in the plains and during
the hot and rainy seasons, states in his evidence that out of an

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Having come to the conclusion that malaria was the prime
cause of disease in India, and haying insisted upon the ex-
pediency of its being removed;Zi far as possible, the Com-
missioners proceed to deal with the other influences by
which the health of the soldier serving in India is affected.
This part of the inquiry they preface by a brief gene-
ral statement of the nature of his services, from which
it appears that the usual recruiting age lies between
20 and 35 years, but that a great many lads under the age
of 20 enlist. The average time spent by these recruits at
the depot at Warley before embarking tor India was, pre-
vious to the mutiny, four months, while during the mutiny
it was only six weeks. The evidence goes to show that this
system of recruiting is open to grave objection, on the
ground that many of the men were obliged to undergo labo-
rious duties in a tropical climate at too early an age, while
the period allowed for drill was too short, inasmuch as it
rendered further drill necessary after the recruit arrived in
India, under circumstances not so favourable as those enjoyed
at home. Indeed, the great bulk of the evidence on this point
is to the effect that no recruit ought to be sent out to India
under 20, and that these who are sent out should be fully
drilled. The practice of issuing spirits to the recruits, too,
on their passage out, which formerly prevailed, but which
has been so far modified by the latest Queen's regulations
as to render it necessary that the spirits should be mixed
with three parts of water, and not issued till after dinner,
is strongly condemned by the great majority of the wit-
nesses, as predisposing to disease. Formerly, it may be
added, little or no attention was paid to the time of the
year at which men were landed in India, and after landing
they were forwarded to their destination without much re-
gard to season or means of conveyance. The evils of this
system were, as stated by Col. Durand, to a considerable
extent abated under the administration of Lord Ellenborough
and a very appreciable diminution in the susceptibility of
the newly-arrived troops to disease was found to be the re-
sult. Having joined his regiment, the soldier's duties in
India consist in time of peace for the most part of the usual
guards, and of drills and parades before sunrise and at sun-
set, and, so far as these duties are concerned, the Commis-
Boners are of opinion that he cannot be said to be exposed to
excessive fatigue in their discharge.
Following up his history after his arrival in India, they
are compelled to look for other causes besides the nature of
his duties or the prevalence of malaria in order to account
for the vastly greater mortality which exists in the soldier's
case than in the civil officer. In the prosecution of this in-
quiry they find that many of the stations occupied by Bri-
tish troops—and this circumstance operates equally to the
prejudice of the offieer—are either within or close to
cities and towns, the inhabitants of which are decimated
periodically by fevers and are exposed to the influence of
the same sanitary defects from which the civil population so
largely suffers.
Sir It. Martin, in his evidence, says that those stations,
and indeed the stations generally throughout India, have
been selected without any special regard to sanitary consi-
derations, and that ne station which he had ever visited
.eeee cue uuu.un of matana. All the stations, it
appears, are surface drained, but this, with very few ex-
ceptions, is the only form of drainage to which they have
been subjected, and it is proved to be utterly insufficient to
carry away the fluid refuse which accumulates in large
quantities. In fact, all the stational reports go to show
that the drainage of Indian stations, on a well• digested plan
to suit local circumstances, is a work of urgent necessity for
improving the health of the army. Of equal importance is
it, as is clearly demonstrated by the evidence, that the water
supply of the different stations should be placed upon an
improved footing. At present the stations as well as the
town in India derive their supply from three sources—
tanks, wells, and ricers ; and the results of analysis, so far
as it has been carried are by no means satisfactory as
regards the purity of the supply. Dr. R. D. Thomp-
son, the officer of health for the district of Marylebone, who
has visited India, describes the state of the Indian tanks as
" quite shocking," while the mode of distributing the
water by means of water carriers, called bheesties, who
draw it from its source to the barracks, and then empty it
into such vessels as may happen to be at hand, as pro-
nounced by Dr Letheby—who stated in his evidence that
he was disposed to rank impure water above the impure air
as one of the most powerful causes of disease—to be open
to great object. The testimony of Dr Sutherland upon this
point is to the effect that the present condition of the water
supply is one of the cardinal defects in the sanitary arrange-
ments of India, and that it is undiuestionably a predispos-
ing cause of disease, especially during the seasons when the
cholera, fever, dysentery, and other zymotic diseases usually
make their appearance. With this evidence before them, the
commissioners deem it their duty to dwell upon the expedi-
ency of instituting a chemical investigation of all the water
sources at the several stations, with the view of improving
them—either by the adoption of precautionary measures, di-
minishing the risk of pollution, or by the creation of a purer
supply. The remaining influences pre-disposing to disease
are of a nature which tell almost exclusively on the health
of the common soldier.

aggregate British force of 25,443 men serving in periods of
eight and ten years respectively in the stations of Calcutta,
Chinsurah, and Berhampore—all in Bengal Propel—there
occurred 8,499 cases of dysentery. He adds that the cli-

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White silk trimmed with straw ornaments is very fashion'
able wear, and has been some weeks. It must be admitted
straw trimmings have a very capital effect upon the material
in question.
Seaside or marine jackets are invariably cut straight.
They are trimmed with pearl buttons, or fringe, or jet.
They are made with two round pockets.
It is very fashionable to wear a petticoat of the same
material as the dress, This is especially the case where
the material is white alpaca; although, for that matter,
white alpaca petticoats are good wear with any toilette,
under the one condition that they are very elegantly
trimmed.
The Moors, Forests, and Rivers.

mate of Lower Bengal has always been very unfavourable to
the health of Europeans, but that in the Presidency of Ma-

THE LATEST NEW NOVELS.
BE R TIE BRA Y.
By the Author of " SIR VICTOR'S CHOICE," &C.

dray the disease prevails to nearly an equal extent. The
proportion in which it attacks the British as com-
pared with the native soldiery is as 11 to 1; but
in both cases. when not arrested at once, it proves

DANGEROUS CONNEXIONS.
In Three Vols.

quickly fatal, or lays the foundation of chronic
suffering extending over years. Next to dysentery in fa-
tality, but of more frequent occurrence, are the remittent

THE MAN IN CHAINS,
By the Author of " SACKVILLE CHASE," &C.
John Maxwell and Co., Publishers, 122, Fleet-street.

fevers, which are found almost everywhere throughout the

East Indies, varying in their intensity and in their cowpli••

cations according as they occur in low marshy lands, or in
drier and more elevated tracts of country. The seaboard,
where there is jungle or salt marsh, and the adjacent
islands are peculiarly liable to the ravages of this

20th Thousand, prioe Is.,

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pestilence. Out of an average British force of
23 731 men serving in Bengal, there were in seven
years 14,159 cases of fever, and throughout India
fifty per cent, of all the admissions into hospital are
reported to have arisen from that cause, Diseases of
the liver, too, are very frequent, and in the acute stages the

Smith and Co., 52, Long-acre.

danger to life is so imminent that recovery more or less
complete within two or three days or deaths furnishes tho
history of almost every case. Acute inflammation of the

fiver Would appear to be essentially a disease of the hot

plains, and the deadliness of its nature may be judged by
the fact that the risk of death is greater from one attack of
it than from 13 of fever of the various forms as they ordi-
narily occur in India. Cholera, however, is the most acute
of all the diseases which scourge the country, and, like
inflammation of• the liver, almost always ends in
the immediate recovery or death of the suf•
ferer. This disease has been known to prevail as

an occasional epidemic in different years, seasons, and
places throughout India, from 1774 to 1817 ; but ever since

it would seem to have engrafted itself on the endemics of
the soil, and has become of annual recurrence at many of
the larger stations, commencing generally at the beginning

of the hot, but sometimes in the rainy and cold, season. In
India, as all over the world, it acts with the same fatal
rapidity. There, as elsewhere, its tendency is to attack
populations living in low, damp, crowdel, and ill-vend-

lated situations, especially when supplied with im-
pure water. When the water is pure cholera and epidemic
diseases in general are of rare occurrence in the elevated
parts of the country. Troops, both European and native,
have been :observed to become more liable to the disease
while on the mareh,:and when attacked by it after a length-
ened march its virulence has been found to be increased in
intensity. The proportion of deaths out of every 100 Euro-
peans serving in the Presidency of Bombay between 1830
and 1846 attributable to each of the four great endemic dis-
eases enumerated was as follows—Dysentery and diarrhoea,
32.441; fevers, 23.054 ; c.holera. 10.320: diseases of the liver_
9597. The dreadful fatality of these diseases is rendered
evident to the eye by means of diagrams prefixed to the
report, which show at a glance how wide is the scope of
their action compared with that of all the other cause 4 of
of mortality put together. Among the infantry of
the line serving at home from 1859 to 1861 the
deaths from zymotic diseases did not amen-tit to
1 per annum in I,COO living; in the European army
serving in Bengal between the years 1830 and
1845 they amounted to 68 in every 1,000. To this class of
diseases, therefore, is to be attributed the great difference
which exists between the mortality of the soldier in the two
countries, and its action being reduced to the same level in
both there would not be an average of quite two in 1,000 in
their respective death-rates in favour of England. Indeed,
the mortality from lung and tubercular diseases is shown to
be as 3to 4.2 in 1,000 living in favour of the Indian service,
while that from all other diseases, besides those which have
been mentioned as so peculiarly fatal, is not very largely
against it, With those facts before them the commission-
ers of course find little difficulty in arriving at the conclu-
sion that if it were possible wholly to put an end to the
deaths arising from the various classes of fevers, cholera,
and dysentery, to which they add hepathis and its conse-
quences, the troops in India would be as healthy as any
body of men in the world. The practical part of their
inquiry, therefore, resolves itself into ascertaining, as
far as possible, the causes of those diseases, and de-
termining by what means their occurrence might be pre-
vented or their virulence mitigated, _ .

The problem which they set themselves to solve is. it
may be observed, one not peculiar to India. Zymotic
diseases have always been the chief causes of mortality in
uncivilised or imperfectly civilised countries, and they have
been the special scourge of armies, Whole regions of the
earth which were formerly devastated by fever and dysen-
tery have long since been freed from their baneful in-
fluence except in the milder forms, in which they now
form part of the ordinary mortality. Why, then, might
sot the same happy result bo brought about in India? In-
quiry, the Commissioners say, proves that intermittent
fever has disappeared from localities which it formerly
ravaged, after the soil had been drained and the cultivation
improved, while cholera and dysentery are known
to depend mainly, for their frequency and se-
' verity, on the neglect of well ascertained sani-
tary precautions. May it not be, then, that the
mortality in India is attributable to causes which are re-
movable and not inherent in the very nature of the soil and
climate ? In prosecuting this part of their inquiry, the
Commissioners enter into en examination of the topography
of the country ; the sanitary condition of the several canton-
ments, barracks, hospitals, bazaars, and neighbouring native
towns—the source, quality, amount, and means of distribu-
tion of water supply—the diet, drink, clothing, accoutre-
ments, duties, and recreations of the soldier, as well as the
effect of all these things upon his health under different
conditions. The examination had to be conducted over an
immense range of territory. India extends over 26 deg.
north latitude. It has a superficial area of 1,500,000 square
miles inclosed on the north, east, and west by gigantic
mountain ranges for 4,600 miles, and along its southern,
eastern, and western sides by 4,500 miles of tropical sea-
board. Much of the country consists of plains traversed by
large rivers, having deltas projecting into the ocean, and
hardly raised above its level. In other parts there are ex-
tensive tablelands of greater or_ less elevation, rising
from the plains. Along the west coast there is a continu-
ous range of mountains intercepting the warm moist winds
coming from the Indian Ocean, and influencing the climate
for a considerable distance inland. Here and there are to
be found solitary mountain groups of altitudes varying from
3,000 ft to 5,000 ft, and presenting, owing to their elevation,
climate very different from those of the plains on which
they look down. The northern barrier of the Himalaya
consists of a succession of ,ranges increasing in
height as they recede towards the north until they attain
altitudes cf from 3to 5 miles, On the plains India enjoys
perpetual summer, but the sensible effects of its climate
vary as widely as the phi sical character of the country
itself. Th© climate is hot and moist, with considerable
rain-fall on the plains and deltas. In the southern parts of
India heat and dryness prevail. Along the mountain
ranges the temperature falls with the elevation, and at cer-
tain altitudes diminution of heat is accompanied by a per-
ceptible moisture in the air. The climates of the seaboards
vary with the direction of the wind. Sometimes they are
comparatively cool, while at others they are warm, moist,
and depressing. The climates of certain isolated moun-
tains, groups, and table lauds are almost as healthy as those
of Southern Europe, while at the base of those very same
mountains there are local climates which are absolutely
pestilential.
At the majority of the stations occupied by the British
troops the evidence goes to show that a high mean tempera-
ture prevails. At many of them there is, it appears a consi-
derable difference between the day and night temperature,
accompanied by night and morning fogs. Indeed, heat,
moisture, and the great variations in some localities
between the night and day temperature are the three special
climatic couditions to which the soldier is exposed, and,

Fashions for the theMOnth.

(From Les Modes Parisiennes.)

Certainly the last month has beet:most devoid of all im-
portant change in fashion. Indeed, there is scarcely any
change in actual fashion to write about. Skirts are worn
of the train behind.
precisely as they were—scanty in front to increase the effect

The round bodices, to which we referred in our last as
once again making their appearance; appear to have received
a—temporary
buckles, to accommodate which
the temporary
d reason
bodices h PcrarY beyond all doubt from the
simple
again introduced, are keeping in
public favour.
Sleeves, if anything, are looser that' they were, The coat
e that e c k
the
were
r oun
sleeve, however, is still the prevailing mode, the cuff being
modified, so that the entire sleeve does not so forcibly re-
mind the observer as it did of the model whence this
fashion was taken.

_______
Girdles, or half bodices, as some of them may now be
called, still continue to be worn, their shape being made to
agree, by the exercise of much ingenuity, with the tailed
bodices which still remain prevalent.

Zonave , and so also at the seaside
and in th
countryae still
eailalrsiTlidi shirts. These, however,
are
verymuchjackets
embroidered. Perhaps the only actual novelty in the way of dress is the
introduction of a double-skirted toilette in silk, the under
skirt of which is made in one silk, while the upper, open
down the front, and looped up, together with the bodice
and the sleeves, are made of a totally different silk, trimmed
however with the silk of the under skirt.

even at the edges of the
Of trimmings the only marked change since last month is
that of the introduction of the saw-edge or zig_zag pattern
jt
ar icmk
emt
sing. This ,
sleeve—while its application in a hundred various ways to
at thTes is
hemsof used
skirts, in every way—at the edges of
flat patterns is very remarkable.

Flat trimmings are qui e a necessity at the present time.
No one, who is any one, cares about any other style. Espe•
daily as a hem trimming are these flat bands used. We
have seen some very pretty effects by the use of hem bands
of black velvet upon striped white timeline.

Of bonnets, it may bo said that the small shape is gain-
ing ground, perhaps all the more rapidly because it affords
the opportunity of displaying the hair-dressing. They are
made a little larger than they were a moath ago, but they
are stili crownless, and almost frontless.

Many of the best milliners, while abandoning the curtain,
finishver to
yabsotlhuetewlyhroelep.l ee
Drawnit by
aand puffed ruche,
tulle bonnets are
, which gives a good
now in their glory, for the abolition of the late bonnet shape
in favour of something like a cap admits at once of the use
of puffed tulle. While talking of bonnets, we would
strongly advise ladies when purchasing the new shape to be
very careful in their choice, for now, more than ever, does
the success of the bonnet depend upon the proportionate
size it bears to the head and features of the wearer.
White muslins are fashionably made over blue and rose
under skirts, while, quite as fashionably, two equally deep
white lace flounces are added, which are beaded and some-

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times framed in a taffetas ruche of the colour of the under
skirt. Even, however, in muslin dresses the prevailing
tendency to flat trimming is observed in the shape of flat
taffetas ribbons, covered with aerophane, which is slightly
plated from distance to distance. This trimming substi-
tutes flounces and puff, both of which certainly appear
heavy and vulgar under the present regime ot flat trim-
mings. Every white muslin dress is, as a rule, made with
a corresponding jacket, trimmed in exact accordance, the
sleeves being trimmed at the armpits, while a small collar
gives a finish to the toilette.
Of mantles and shawls we have little to say. The
Montespan shawl-mantle, it we may use the term, appears
to be creating quite a sensation at Baden amongst French
society. It is a question of a shawl made either of white
clear muslin edged with white lace, or ot black tulle edged
with black lace, and headed with a ruche of some high-
coloured taffetas. The " effect" is got out of the upper
half square which is made to form a hood, and which, when
worn over the head, produces a charming effect. Thrown
back, it forms part of the shawl, and adds a new effect to it.
It should be added that, when not used as a hood, the half
square resumes the natural flat pointed shape of the upper
portion of the ordinary shawl.
By the way, straw colour is the fashionable colour of the
month—especially in light materials for ball dresses. Gauze
dresses are frequently patched in a remarkable manner with
light ribbons; indeed, in some cases, this style has been
carried to such an extent that it may, without exaggeration,
be called the mode harlequin.
Cloaks and dresses of the same material, especially fou-
lard, are truly distinguished wear; the higher the tone the
more fashionable the wear. White, however, is the reign-
ing favourite. These toilettes are trimmed with ruches and
fringe, which harmonise and never contrast with the mate-
rial used. Narrow lace also maintains its sway, giving, as it
does, a certain suppleness and absolute finish to the toilette.
On mantles and dresses many large buttons are worn, while
the latter ana generally furnished with the great ,buelEle
which has come into wear.

CRIEFF.—The sport on the various moors in this district
continues excellent. The grouse, however, are now very
wild and are packing, and it requires good marksmen to be
successful. On Monday the 22d, the Earl of Wilton bagged
on the Lochearnside moors 33 brace of grouse ; on Tuesday
his lordship went deer-stalking in the forest of Glenartney,
and killed a heavy stag ; on Wednesday his lordship shot 28
brace of grouse, 4 snipes and a few hares. On the hill of
Monzie, Colonel Home Purvis bagged, on the 24th, 17 brace
of grouse; and Sir Hume Campbell, Bart., shot 16 brace of
grouse and 2 blackcocks on the 25th. At Garrows, on Tues-
day and Wednesday, Messrs Russell and Crawford killed
50 brace of grouse, besides other game.
AYRSHlRE.—Blackgame shooting commenced on Satur-
day, and where parties delayed opening fire on the grouse
till they could shoot blackgame as well, good mixed bags
were obtained. So far as we could see or learn, blackgame
have not improved in the same proportion as the grouse.
There was some cold wet weather in the spring, which is
supposed to have affected the hatching of blackgame after
the grouse had run. At all events, the birds are not plen-
tiful, and many of the old hens have only three or four fol-
lowers, and some have no broods—casualties from which
the grouse this season were almost entirely free. Where
there are good broods the birds are pretty well grown, though
we have seen them much heavier at the commencement of
the season. If the hens ate spared, however, there is a good
enough appearance to give promise that like the grouse,
having rallied after two bad years, they will show plentiful
produce, if the season be favourable, in 1865. The un-
broken sunshine which has prevailed since the 12th, though
delightful to the sportsmen, has carried death to the moor
game, by inviting prolonged shooting. A couple of days of
wet weather would have put them all is packs, and left a
much larger breeding stock for next seascv.—Ayr Adver-
tiser.

INVERNESS-SHIRE, &c.—ln consecuonaa of this
broken weather of the week, sportsmen did not turn out
in such numbers as during the first few days of the shoot-
ing; and, consequently, our notes are somewhat limited.
Reports from almost all quarters bear testimony to the
strength and high condition of the grouse, and the forests
are spoken of in terms of equal praise. On the 18th, on
Laggan Cottage moors, Capt. the Hon. F. C. Howard, of
th 6 Coldstream Guards, bagged 20 brace of grouse and 2
snipes, and on the 20th, 161 brace of grouse. Otte cf Sir
Joseph Hawley's party at Laggan Cottage bagged 141 brace
on the 23d. Mr Wil.son, at Ness Park, killed 121 brace on
the first day on which he was out. At Knockie, on the 13th,
Major Wardlaw and Col, Adair bagged 17 brace of grouse,
and on the 15th in five hours' shooting,2l brace and 2 hares.
At Lakefield, on the 12th, Mr John G. Blake had 101 brace
—on the 15th, 10 brace—and next day 16 brace. Shooting
over his estate of Foyers, Mr F. Walker bagged on the 12th
28 brace of grouse, and on the 16th 9 brace, On the
Kingussie moors, on the 15th, Mr. 'Wilson shot 7 brace of
grouse, and on the 16th killed 27 brace. The Earl of
Seafield bagged 21 brace grouse, 2 snipes, and 1 hare at
Balmacaan on Monday. These birds were strong and
healthy—no appearance of disease. The late opportune
showers of rain have done good on the hills as well as on
the low grounds. The following sport has been obtained
by Sir Chas. Ross, Bart., of Balnagown : —On the 12th,
on the moors of Kincardine Hill, 21 brace of grouse and 1
hare. The grouse are, in point of numbers, a fair average,
but the broods are very unequal in size and numbers, some
consisting of only one young bird—the largest broods num-
ber as many as nine. The average of the whole broods
seen would be about four birds. Many were young—evi-
dently a second hatching—while others were so well grown
as to be difficult to distinguish from the old birds. There
are a good many barren pairs, but no diseased birds have
been seen. On the 16th, Sir Charles commenced shooting
about 10.30 a.m. at the Halfway House, parish of Edder -
ton, and having ceased about four, bagged 171 brace of
grouse and one snipe. Tho portion of this moor tra-
velled over would not exceed three square miles. Sir
Charles was out on the 18;h instant, when, in
a few heave, he shot 15 brace of grouse—and again on
the 20th, when he bagged 19 brace. The after part of
this day was very stormy, with heavy showers of hail, and
the birds were very wild. The grouse were numerous and
the broods large. The young birds aro well grown; in
some instances they are as large as the old ones, and they
are rather wild. The average number in the broods will be
about seven. Only two very young birds and two pairs of
barren ones were seen, and there was no appearance of die.
I ease. At Braemore, on the 12th, Lords Alexander and
Berkeley Paget killed in five
olden plovers 26/ brace grouse, 4
2g p. On the 15th Lord
hares, 4 snipes, and
Alexander Paget shot, after half-past 4 o'clock, 81 brace of
grouse, 1 hare, and 1 snipe. On the 16th Lord Berkeley
raga and Captain Killington bagged 24 brace of grouse, '2
bares, 3 snipe's, 1 plover, and 1 duck. On the 18th Lord
Berkeley Paget, in four hours, 23i brace of grouse, 3
hares, and 1 snipe ; a2d on the 20th the Earl of Uxbridge
and Captain Billington bagged 18 brace of grouse, 3 hares,
and 1 snipe. On the Olenfield moors, on thee 15th, Mr S.
Hargreaves shot 16 brace ; Mr G. P. Hill, 14 brace, Capt.
Scott, 11 brace ; Rev. C. W. Leslie, 17 brace. On the 17th,
Captain Scott bagged 17i brace ; Rev. C. W. Leslie, 18
brace; Mr Samuel Hargreaves, 26 brace ; and Mr G. P.
Hill, 18 brace. On the 19th Mr Samuel Hargreaves had a
bag of 28 brace ; Captain Scott had 14 brace, and Rev. C.
W. Leslie, 13 brace. On the Invercherron moors Captain
Whittingstall and friend have had good sport. On the 15th
they had a bag of 69 brace ; on the 16th, 50 brace ; on the
17th, C 4 brace ; on the 18th, 72 brace ; on the 19th, 58 brace;
and on the 20th theyhad 2 roe deer, 2 brace grouse, 2 wood-
cocks, and 3 hares. From Strathbran we learn that the
sportsmen are now in all their shooting quarters. There
are plenty of grouse, and not a diseased bird to be seen. Mr
Morrison, who has taken a lease, has bad good sport; he
killed about 90 brace, besides hares, in two or three days.
The forests are also doing well, and the deer aro in splendid
condition. Since the opening of the season, Mr J. Fitz-
gerald and party, at Strath Garve, have bagged upwards of
150 brace of grouse. The Hon. Messrs Calthorpe and Mr
G. Drummond shot 50 brace of grouse and 12 hares on the
18th, at Highfield. On the Fodderty moors Mr R. M. 0.
Massey and party bagged 300 brace of grouse in four
days, Mr Massey, jun., shot 33 brace in one day.—lnvcr-
ss

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The Pneumatic Railway at Sydeitham.

On Saturday the Crystal Palace grounds were the
scene of a novel and very interesting experiment. A
series of trial trips on the model Pneumatic Railway
recently constructed there, under the superinten-
dence of Mr. Rim:nen, C.E., took place with perfect
success in the preeence of several eminent engineers
and scientific men, A brick work tunnel, about 10fr.
high by Oft. wide, and capable of adinittin,r the
largest. carriages used on the Groat Western nail-
way, has been laid with a single line of rails, fitted
with opening and closing valves at either extremity
and supplied with all the other requisite apparatus
for propelling passenger trains on the pneumatic
principle. The tunnel, or tube, extends from the
Sydenhem entrance of the grounds to the Armoury,
near the Penge-gate, a distance of nearly 600 yards.
The object of laying down this experimental line is
to afford, both to the scientific world and the tra-
velling public, a practical demonstration of the
ap-
plicability to passenger traffic of the motive power
already employed by the Pneumatic Despatch Com-
pany in the conveyance of letters and parcels. The
pneumatic principle of propulsion is very simple. It
has been likened to the action of a pea-shooter—a
rough kind of comparison, perhaps, yet one suffi-
ciently accurate as a popular illustration. The
tunnel may be taken to represent the pea-shooter,
and the train the pea, which is driven along in one
direction by a strong blast of air, and drawn back
again in the opposite direction by the exhaustion of
the air in front of it. The train may be said, in fact,
to be blown through the tube on the down journey,
and sucked through it on the return journey. It
must not, however, be supposed that the passengers
are deposited at their destination with a sudden
jerk, as the simile we have used might seem to
imply. Such an inconvenience is entirely obviated
by the mechanical arrangements employed. The
motion is throughout smooth, easy, and agreeable,
and the stoppages are effected gently and gra-
dually. Indeed, when it is considered that the
curve in the tunnel is unusually sharp, being
of eight chains radius, and that the gradients are as
high as 1 in 15 (those of liolborn-hill being only 1
in 18), it is surprising that the motion should be so
much steadier and pleasanter than ordinary rail•
way travelling. The journey of 600 yards was per-
formed either way in about 50 seconds, with an at.
mospheric pressure of only 21 ounces to the square
inch ; but a higher rate of speed, if desirable, can
easily be obtained consistently with safety. Indeed,
one great incidental advantage of this species of loco-
motion is that it excludes all risks of the collisions
occasionally attendant on railway travelling, for it
is plain that no two trains could ever run fall tilt
against each other where all the propelling force is
expended in one direction at one time. The worst
mishap which it is said could well happen is that,
owing to some sudden failure in the machinery, the
train might be abruptly brought to a dead stop in

the middle of the tunnel, when the passengers
would have to alight from the carriages and grope
their way as best they could out of the tube. Such
a predicament certainly would not be enviable, but
it might be more ludicrous than dangerous. Whe-
ther in such a contingency there is any possibility
of another train being started before they had safely
made their exit, or any risk of their sharing the
fate of frogs placed under an exhausted air pump,
we do not venture to assert, but probably the scien-
tific engineer could guarantee the traveller against
any such novel peril. The train used on Saturday
comisted of one very long, roomy, and comfortable
carriage, resembling en elongated omnibus, and
capable of accommodating some 30 or 35 passengers.
PassengErs enter this c%rrkge at either end, and

he entrances kre closed wits eliding glass doors.
Fixed behind th carriage there is a framework of
the dam° form and nearly the same dimenßious as
tiro .cetional area of the tui.).,l and attached to the
outer edge of this frame is a fringe of bristles form-
ing a thick brush. As the carriage moves along

through the tunnel th© brush comes in close conttict
with the arched brickwork, so as to prevent the
escape of the air. With this elastic collar round it,
the carriage forms a close fitting piston, against
which the propulsive force is directed. The motive
power is supplied in this way :—At the departure
station a large fan•wheel, with an iron disc, con-
cave in surface and 22 feet in diameter, is made to
revolve by the aid of a small stationary engine at
such speed as may be required, the pressure of the
air increasing, of course, according to the rapidity
of the evolutions, and thus generating the force ne-
cessary to send the heavy carriage up a steeper in-
cline than is to be found upon any existing railway.
The disc gyrates in an iron case resembling that of
a huge paddlewheel ; and from its broad periphery
the particles of air stream off in strong currents.
When driving the air into the upper end of the
tunnel to propel the down train fresh quantities
rush to the surface of the disc to supply the partial
vacuum thus created ; and, on the other hand, when
the disc is exhausting the air in the tunnel with
the view of drawing back the up-train, the air
rushes out like an artificial hurricane from the
escape valves of the disc case, making the adjacent
trees shake like reeds and almost blowing off his
feet any incautious spectator who approaches too
near it.

When the down journey is to be performed the
breaks aro taken off the wheels, and the carriage
moves by its own momentum into the month of the
tube, passing in its course over a deep air-well in
the floor, covered with an iron grating. Up this
opening a gust of wind is sent by the disc, when a
valve, formed by a pair of iron doors, hung like
lock-gates, immediately closes firmly over the en-

trance of the tunnel, confining the increasing a
mospheric pressure between the valve and the rear
of the carriage. The force being thus brought to
bear upon the end of the train, the latter, shut up
within the tube, glides smoothly along towards its
destination,the revolving disc keeping up the motive
power until it reaches the steep incline, whence its
own momentum again suffices to carry it the rest
of the distance. The return journey, as above indict
cated, is effected by the aid of the exhausting pro•
cess. At a given signal a valve is opened, and the
disc-wheel set to work in withdrawing the air from
the tube. Near the upper end of the tube there is
a large aperture, or side•vault, which forms the
throat through which the air is, so to speak, exhaled,
the iron doors at the upper terminus still being kept
abut. In a second or two the train posted at the
lower terminus, yielding to the exhausting process
going on in its front, and urged by the ordinary
pressure of the atmosphere from behind, moves off
on its upward journey, and rapidly ascending the
incline approaches the iron gates, which fly open to
receive it, and it emerges at once into daylight.
Such is the mode in which the system works, and it
seems capable of being adapted to railway comma•
nication within the metropolis and other large towns,
or wherever tunnelled lines with steep gradients
exist. The chief obstacles encountered in practically
working the atmospheric railway, introduced some
15 years ago, are considered to have been effectually
overcome by the present modification of the princi-
ple. Under the former system the tube was of a
very small size, and fixed upon the ground ; a lengi-
tudinal;or continuous valve opening at the top, along
which a rod, connecting the piston with the car-
riages, passed, and the valve closing behind the rod
as it moved onwards. The amount of atmospheric
pressure required to be exerted where the area of
the tube was so small was enormous, being from 71b
to 101 b per square inch ; whereas upon Mr Ram-
mell's principle the pressure is only 21ez per square
inch, and, moreover, the great leakage and waste
of power which rendered the old atmosphere system
so costly in working are hero in great measure
avoided. It need hardly be added that the worst
drawbacks to travelling through tunnels—viz.,
the smoke and sulphureous vapours emitted
from the locomotive and the close, unwholesome
atmosphere of the tunnels themselves—are in thie
case got rid of. Every train, in fact, carries its own