The Sun.
London, England, 1864-04-21 00:00:00

French Academy of Science,

- -
At the last sitting M. Valenciennes produced a
tooth of (110M1011B Sin found in the oolitic formation
of the neighbourhood of Poitiers. It belonged to
the genus crocodile, and its dimensions show what
a gigantic saurian the owner must have been. It
is conical, regularly rounded off, and slightly
curved ; the length of the outer side is
14 centimetres, that of the inner one 91, indepen-
dently of the root. It is covered with a black and
striped enamel. The largest crocodile's tooth of
the living species preserved in the Cabinet of
Comparative Anatorar of the Garden of Plants is
not one-fourth of the size of this fossil one ; so that
if the same proportion was maintained in the rest of
the body, the fossil crocodile of Poitiers must have
been four times larger than the existing species of
the Nile, or about 100 ft. long. The Museum of
Poitiers contains fossil remains of
other gigantic
saurians found in the same oolitic bed.—M. Ed.
Fournier produced an artificial larynx composed of
an India rubber
pipe and several keys and pedals,
by means of which the action of the natural muscles
is imitated, and sounds similar to those of the hu•
man voice are produced. This apparatus is con-
structed according to the inventor's theory of
the production of sound, founded on A long
patient investigation of the construction and
action of the larynx,—M. Poey "sent in a paper on
the azimuth rotation of clouds, in which he endea-
voured to show that the law of the rotation of winds
explained in 1827 by M. Dove is not only perfectly
applicable to clouds, but that it oven is the rotation
of the latter which determines that of the lower
winds, and modifies all meteorological phenomena.
M. Dove states that when, in the northern hemi-
sphere, currents of air from the equator blow alter-
nately with polar currents, the wind veers round all
the points of the compass in a S.ll/ .N.E.S. direc•
tion, and that the inverse direction takes place in
the southern hemisphere.
Poey, by tables cum-
shows that the same
is the case with the clouds, which he classifies into
1288602:32 to 0
Jan. obe e L vaitsic6n 4s, taken by him from
fracto-cumuli nearest the earth's surface; and
cumu?i, cirroscumuli and cirri, according to their
altitude, the last being the aighebt.

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MALTA, April 16.—There is little to notice in the way of
the movements of her Majesty's ships during the past week.
No arrivals have taken place from Corfu since that of the Ma-
gicienne, 16, Capt. IV, Armytage, on the Bth, with a powder
brig in tow, The Magicienne is now refitting and making
good the damage caused to her by the tender Growler
running into her while at Corfu during a gale of wind.
The only departure is that of the Surprise, 4, Commander
W. H. Whyte, for the Pirmus, on the 9th inst. Telegraphic
intelligence has been received from Corfu to the 14th
inst., at which date her Majesty's ship Orlando, 46,
Capt. G. Randolph, was still there. The Fox, 2, screw
storesbip, Staff Commander T. C. Pullen, was collecting
stores in the lonian Islands for England. Tho Dromedary,
2, iron screw troopship, Master Commander A. Brown,was
to leave Corfu to-day (16th inst.) with stores for Malta and
England. The Trident, 3, Commander C. J. Balfour, was
at Patras on the 30th March; and the Cossack, 20, Capt.
IV. R. Rolland, is still on the lonian station. The Fox-
hound, 4, Commander IV. H, Anderson, is daily expected
at Malta from Corfu and Benghazi. The Caradoc, 2, paddle
wheel despatch vessel, Lieut,-Commander E. Wilkinson
(now in port), is under orders to leave shortly with the
Bishop of Gibraltar, Dr. Trower, for Messina, the Piraaus,
and Smyrna, at which last mentioned place his lordship in-
tends holding a confirmation, after which she will resume
her station at Constantinople, in attendance on her Majesty's
ambassador, Sir Henry Bulwer. No changes have occurred
in the distribution of the other ships of the Mediterranean
fleet, The Revenge, 73 (bearing the flag of Rear Admiral
H. R. Yelverton, C. 8.), Capt. the Hon. F. A. Foley; the
Gibraltar, 81, Capt. J. C. Prevost; the Resistance, iron-
clad, 16, Capt. W. C. Chamberlain, and the Wanderer, 4,
Commander M. C. Seymour, are at the Piraeus. The Re-
sistance has been ordered to Malta, and was to call at Corfu
on her way. The Weser 6, Commander A. H. J. Johnstone,
and the Cockatrice, 2, Lieut. Commander R. M. Gillson,
are still on the Danube station. The Phoebe, 35, Capt. T.
D. A. Fortescue, and the Chanticleer, 17, Commander J. E.
F. Risk, were at Iskanderoum, on the coast of Syria, on
the 2Sth March. The Meeanee, 60, and the Liffey, 35,
Capt. George Parker, are refitting in Malta harbour. There
are also here ready for sea the Marlborough, 121 (bearing
the flag of Vice Admiral R. Smart, K. 11.), Capt. C. Fel-
lowes ; the Royal Oak, ironclad, 35, Capt. F. A. Camp-
bell ; the Pelican, 17, Commander 11. W. Comber ; the
Icarus, 11, Acting-Commander Boger; and the Psyche.
2, paddlewheel despatch vesssel, Lient.-Commander R.
Sterne, an Austrian ironclad, screw-frigate, the Don Juan,
of Austria, 31 guns, and 6.;0 horse power, commanded by
Capt. Pokorny, arrived here on the 11th inst., accompanied
by a screw corvette of 22 guns, the Frederic, Capt. IVelp •
plinger, from Pola and Lissa. After replenishing fuel, pro-
visions, and water they both sailed for the westward on the
13th inst., it is understood, to join Admiral Wilerstorfrs
squadron in the Tagus, and probably thence to proceed
northwards. The ironclad is sharp at bow and stern, and
is armed with a projecting stem, to be used as a battering.
ram when necessary. She carries her guns only four feet
above the water-line, and naval men consider her very in-
ferior to any of the ironclads constructed for the British
navy. Accounts from Gibraltar to the Bth inst. say that
her Majesty's screw corvette Racoon was to leave that place
on the 2d of May for Marseilles to embark Prince Alfred,
and then to proceed on a cruise to the coast of Italy and the
Black Sea. Her Majesty's iron screw troopship Tamar, 2,
Capt. F. H. Stirling, was daily expected there on her way
to Corfu, to embark troops, but nobody seemed to know
what had become of her. She had been due for a fortnight
from the coast of Africa. The Italian ironclad ship Re
Galantuomo, which was supposed at one time to have foun-
dered with all on board, left Gibraltar on the 28th ult. for
Naples.
By direction of the Lords of the Admiralty a report has
been made by the dockyard officials of the condition of the
Dragon, Hermes, Renard, and Alacrity steamers, attached
to the third division of the Chatham Steam Reserve, which
it is proposed shall be broken up, owing to their unfitness for
further service. The Dragon and the Hermes are both
paddlewheel steamers and pierced for six guns each, the
Dragon being of 1,270 tons and 563 horse power. The
Hermes is of 830 tons, and is fitted with engines of 220
horse power. The Alacrity and the Renard are both screw
gunvessels mounting four guns, and of 200 horse power
each.

The following appointments and promotions have been
ma le at the Admiralty :—Francis W, 0. Grant, midship-
man, to the Aurora—Herbert Woolley, in the AlLrt, Thos.
W. Traill, in the Jackal, and Robert Brown, in the Hector,
promoted to be chief engineers—Edward T. Read, engineer,
to the Jackal—Philip Gouchy, engineer, to the Hector—
Richard E, Denison, engineer, to the Gladiator—William
Roberts, engineer, to the Indus—John A. Kitt, assist.
engineer, to the Gladiator—John Runnel!, assist. engineer,
to the Indus—James Oldfield, engineer, to the Indus—
D. A, Campbell, John Leicester, George Metcalf, and Geo.
R. Bisssker, first class assist. engineers, to tho Marlborough,
for disposal—Christepher Lund, first class assist. engineer,
to the Pembroke—Robert Dixon, first class assist. engineer,
to the Blenheim—Edward L. Carte, Edward J. Whatmore,
Robert W. Allison, Henry G. Haywood, and George Fur-
kis, second class assist. engineers, to the Marlborough, for
disposal—Thomas Wilmott, second class assist, engineer,
to the Pembroke—James Stocks, second class assist.
end i-
neer, to the Blenheim—Bryant G. Little, acting second
class assist, engineer, to the Majestic, for the tenders—John
T. Maggs, acting second class assist. engineer, to the
Marlborough, for disposal—George J. H. Hogg and Wal-
ter S. Chambre, master's assistants, to the Victory, as
supernumeraries—and Francis J. Palmer, master's assistant,
to the Prince Consort,

Lord Colville has been appointed Honorary Lieutenant
in the Royal Naval Reserve.

THE ARMY.

The Field-Marshal Commanding-in-Chief will hold a
levee at l o'clock to-morrow.
Tho following General Regimental Order has bean
issued :

" Horse Guards, S.W., April 11.

" In announcing to the corps the lamented death of Col.
Charles Bingham, Deputy-Adjt.-Gen., Royal Artillery,
the Field -Marshal Commanding-in-Chief considers it due
to the memory of an officer who so ably, uprightly, and zml-
ously fulfilled the duties of a position of special trust and
responsibility, to record the sense his Royal Highness en-
tertains of the important and valuable services rendered
by Colonel Bingham to that position. This can be but
imperfectly conveyed in the limits of a general order, and
those to whom Col, Bingham was known will understand
how inadequate also must be the expression of his Royal
'riolinees's regret at the loss of an officer of such tried
- . .
',v disposition, and sterling worth of character,
ability, kint4, --id Marshal Commanding-in Chief, in
and for whom the r entertained the greatest re-.
common with the entire corps,

_ .
spect and esteem.
—"-hness the
"By command of Field Marshal his Royal h..b.
Duke of Cambridge, K,G., Colonel of the Royal Artillery.
"L. GA.RDINER, Assist.-Adjt.-Gen,"
A circular, signed by General H, D. Ross and dated
Horse Guards, April 1864, states that,—
" The desire of paying a tribute of respect to the late
Col. Charles Bingham, Deputy-Adjutant-General, Royal
Artillery, having been generally expressed, a committee
composed of the following officers has been formed, under
the special sanction of his Royal Highness the Colonel of
the regiment, in order to afford to their brother officers an
opportunity of giving united effect to what is believed to be
the spontaneous wish of the corps :—President, General Sir
Hew D. Ross, G.C,B. Members—Major-General Sir R.
J. Dacres, K.C.8., Major-General J. Bloomfield, Colonel
G. Gambier, C. 8,, Colonel H. L. Gardiner. Captain
Forbes, secretary.

" The committee, having mot on the 11th of April, 1864,
resolved to submit for the consideration of their brother
officers that the high opinion of Colonel Bingham expressed
by the Field Marshal Commanding-in-Chief, in the General
Regimental Order of this date, should be responded to by
the regiment.

"To the superior abilities and untiring diligence ad-
verted to in that order Colonel Bingham united a kindness
of heart and integrity of character, also recognised by his
Royal Highness, that gained him the constant goodwill of
his brother officers, and in putting forward a proposal for a
regimental memorial the committee believe that they are
but meeting the desire of each individual officer to pay a
suitable mark of personal respect to late Deputy-Adjutant.
General of the corps.

" Leaving for future consideration the mode in which
this feeling shall find expression, the committee propose to
invite commanding-officers to take such measures as they
may think best for collecting subscriptions, not exceeding
one day's pay, fiom each officer to apply to such memorial,
or in such a manner as the committee, with his Royal
Highness's sanction, shall hereafter determine to be most
consonant with the wishes of Colonel Bingham's family
and friends, and with the universal esteem entertained for
him by the corps.

"An account will be opened with Messrs. Cox and Co.,
who will receive any additional subscriptions beyond the
day's pay that officers may wish to contribute."
The hired transport Velocipade, 83 days out, has arrived
at Woolwich, with time-expii ed men and their families,
from the Falkland Islands. There were two deaths, namely,
one woman and one child, and two births on board during
the voyage home. The men have been relieved by a de-
tachment of the Woolwich division of the Royal Marine
Light Infantry.

Persons in debt may obtain instant protection against
imprisonment or seizure of their goods, and an entire release
from all debts and without publicity, by application
to Messrs. Marshall, solic tors of the Court of Bankruptcy.
Charges under £5 payable by easy instalments. Offices—
(established 1830), 12,1Iatton-garden. City branch-0, Moor-
gate-street, Bank—ADVT.

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TIMES.—We have been in the habit of comment-
ing with freedom, hut we trust not with licence, on
the policy pursued by the Government of our great
ally, the Emperor of the French. We have con-
stantly expressed our regret when we have seen him
forego the greatest and most glorious opportunity.
As having no wish whatever for any dynastic change
we lamented to see the elements of permanent and
solid popularity squandered for the sake of momen-
tary glitter and renown, and the resources of a great
country employed to add to a military glory of
which she has already sufficient, instead of being
employed in developing the industry and accumu-
lating the wealth which her climate, her geographi-
cal position, her soil, and the intelligence of her
people all combine to furnish. We have charac-
terised the policy of the Emperor as rather contra-
dictory than ambiguous, now apparently devoted
to the prosecution of war, and again entirely ab-
sorbed by the occupations of peace. Considering the
vast influence which France exerts over the desti-
nies of the world, we watch this perpetually recur-
ring conflict with the keenest interest, according as
the good or the evil (principle gains the mastery.
To-day we have to notice what we must accept as evi-
dence of a solid victory for the cause of peace. The
event is in itself remarkable enough. On the 6th of
Prairial, in the seventh year of the French Republic
—that is, on May 25, 1799—the Directory imposed
a surcharge, or additional tax, on every mortgage
registration stamp of the tenth part of a franc. This
impost, yielding about 26,000,000 francs, or a little
more than a million sterling, was imposed for a sin-
gle year ; but, alas ! how short-lived is man, and
what tremendous vitality, denied to frames of flesh
and blood, is inherent in the very nature of a tax!
The East has seen kingdoms and monarchies suc-
ceed each other without working any considerable
change in the position of the ryot or the zemindar,
and Greece, after her successful revolution, still
groans under that most intolerable of all iniquities,
the Turkish Land Tax. Even so it proved with
this innocent decime. Brought into existence only
for a year, it has outlived the Consulate, sur-
vived the Empire, witnessed the brief glories of the
first Restoration, the terrible drama of the Hundred
Days, the reigns of the brothers of Louis XVI., the
Republican Monarchy of the House of Orleans, the
Republic itself, and the restoration of the Empire.
Yet even this most vivacious tax, which seemed des-
tined to endure through every vicissitude of war,
peace, and revolution, has fallen at last, at the
mature age of sixty-five years, under the happy in
thence of the preterit Emperor. We do not feel
that we know enough of the real state of the revenue
of France to offer any very highflown congratula-
tion on the present event. The taking off a tax is
by no means necessarily equivalent to a correspond-
ing reduction of charge, and it may possibly be that
the sum thus apparently remitted to the taxpayer
is destined to appear again in a less intelligible
form. The reduction, however, is said to be occa-
sioned by a generous emulation existing between
the Emperor of the French and our own Chancellor
of the Exchequer. The spectacle that England has
lately afforded of a great nation which, having re-
duced its tariff to the utmost simplicity, is applyinc,
the resources economised in time of peace towards'
paying off the burdens incurred in time of war, has,
we are told, excited the emulation of the French
Government, and prompted them to this salutary
change. No one can doubt that the repeal of so
burdensome a tax must be highly beneficial to
French industry. At any rate, the money is better
employed than in the expensive folly of warlike
armaments or remote expeditions. The money
returns to the community to increase its resources,
instead of being dissipated in pandering to its vanity
or its ambition. It is a good beginning, and it
only rests with the Government of France to erect
a glorious superstructure on the foundation so
happily laid. The money that is retrenched from
military and naval armaments, although its destina-
tion is obscure, is the truest life of commerce and the
strongest nerve of industry. Such remissions enable
a nation to bear fresh burdens until taxes which are
the terror and dread of one generation are scarcely
felt at all by its successor. Let France calmly con-
sider what she has gained by her lavish expendi-
ture; of blood and treasure during the sixty-five
years over which this tax has been levied. Frauce
has carried her victorious standards to nearly every
capital in Europe; she has given by far the most
splendid examples of enterprise and endurance that
modern history affords; she has fought the greatest
battles, gained the most glorious victories, con-
ducted the grandest sieges, and performed the
longest marches which history records. She has
impoverished and reduced to the lowest state of
misery every country in turn on which devolved
the grievous burden of feeding her victorious bat-
talions. History has no parallel to the miseries she
has suffered and inflicted, epic has nothing grander
than her exploits, tragedy nothing sadder than her
reverses. We have endeavoured to describe the
sacrifices sho has made—unrivalled, unequalled, un-
approached in the annals of the world. What has
resulted from them? What has France to show as
the product of all her victories and all her glories ?
At first she fought for opinion, and fought so long
that she herselt became the victim to the very des-
potism which she designed to extirpate. Then she
fought for Empire, and with so much success that
she taught the vanquished nations her own arts of
conquest, and brought them back upon her in an
irresistible flood which carried all before it. With
commerce ruined, with crippled manufactures, with
the manhood of a whole generation offered up to the
Moloch of aggressive war, she found herself after
20 years restricted within tne same nerrow limits as
those from which she went forth to conquer and to
slay. Since then, merely to keep up Ma military
spirit of her population, she has buried in the sands
of Algeria hundreds of thousands of men whose
arms might have cleared her forests, drained her
marshes, and embanked her rivers, but whose bones
are bleaching in the inhospitable deserts which it
was her glorious folly to conquer and to annex.
Is it not enough ? 19 it not time that a nation
so richly endowed with all the qualities and talents
which decorate and adorn civil life should rest from
these vain and exhausting labours, and exchange
the pursuit of ambition for the search after happi-
ness ? To France alone of all nations of the earth
this choice is absolutely free and unconstrained.
England must watch the proceedings of other na-
tions, and endeavour to keep her fleet on a scale
which may be sufficient to counteract the force of
their comhined navies. Every other country must
proportion its force to the military power of France.
Prance alone is mistress of her own armaments.
reduce them without fear of invasion or in-
She ca._ -not increase them without disturbing
suit ; she ca.—
•,-,e whole world. We trust that
the equilibrium of
;n taxation will increase
the taste for reduction .
As it has grown
among our neighbourea Amu..,-
the surest gua-
upon what it feeds on, and becomes
_nuirc°r the
ed e
rantee of peace. When France has as,'
same tastes the world may sleep .2
at esee,
greatest of its dangers have passed away.
. .

POST.—As we have already stated, Garibaldi in
all probability, though the final decision is not yet
taken, leaves London to-morrow, and England early
in the ensuing week. He returns to Caprera in the
Duke of Sutherland's yacht, and the noble duke will
accompany his distinguished guest. The letters we
published yesterday have sufficieOlY and satisfac-
torily accounted for the interruption of arrange-
ments in which the country at large was inicyested ;
and the statements made in both Houses of Parlia-
ment, by Lord Palmerston and by Lord Clarendon,
have entirely dissipated the wholly unfounded and
manifestly absurd rumours which attributed the
unexpected determination of the General's visit to
foreign interference. The plain and simple truth is
that Garibaldi has done what we most of us have,
at some period of our lives, been compelled, however
reluctantly, to eo. He has yielded to the advice of
his eminent medical adviser; but it is due to Mr.
Fergusson to say that, though he has only acted as
we hope every surgeon in a like case would have
acted, the firmness and professional decision he has
displayed redound very much to his honour. It
would have been a cause of deep grief to the friends
and admirers of Garibaldi, not only here but
throughout the world, if his health, regard for
which was understood to be the main object of the
visit he has paid us, had suffered from the continued
excitement a prolonged tour iu the provinces would
have committed him to. The General himself, as
we can readily understand, was most desirous to
gratify the English people, and to acknowledge in
pers9n their spontaneous and hearty welcome. But
he has wisely allowed his best friends to think for
and in their care for a life that is the precious pos-
session of the country he delivered, those friends
have courageously witnessed to the strength and
sincerity of their friendship. It was suggested that,
after an interval of repose, the General might pro-
ceed to a few of the pi incipal towns from which he
had accepted invitations; but the selection would
have been attended with considerable difficulty ;
and there can be no doubt that, on the whole, it
was most expedient to make the mutual secrifice
complete. The reception that awaited Garibaldi in
the country was one which he would have been
delighted to receive, and which the people of Eng-
land ware, as their disappointment abundantly
testifies, exceedingly eager to offer to him. Still,
in the midst of universal regret, it will, we believe,
be confessed that the pleasure which embraced a
risk it was painful to contemplate would have been
too dearly purchased, With reference to the little
ebullition of factious malevolence and narrow-minded
suspicion which for some hours excited the astonish-
ment and indignation of this metropolis, much as
Englishmen must deplore the absence of self-respect
it evidenced, and offensive as it was to make the
name of our honoured guest the pretext for political

vituperation, the incident has brought out one fact,
at least, which might otherwise have escaped Pub'
licity. We know now, almost directly from his owa
lips, that the Emperor of the French has seen this
great demonstration as we ourselves have OEOI At;
He thinks our reception of Garibaldi has done
honour as a n.ation, and he admires tte feelings it Ilse
expressed. No one who at all accurately appre-
ciated the Empex or's character could have doubtu
that these were the sentiments he entertained, /911
we are nevertheless
ticated in his ow.l words. There can be /I,l°
personal estrangemect between great men, au,'
glad to have them authen.
the English people wo,
in the esteem of NapoLoon if they had not don,
ald have sunk considerablYa
homage to Garibaldi. So far, therefore, and,
has come out of the evil th.
for the rest, although Alazz'.ni:).' name has, contrary
d
At was intended; um',
to the advice of the Turin journal which is suPP°.se
to represent the opinions of the Party of Action,
been irrelevantly interpolated in a welcome giveile
expressly to Garibaldi, we rejoice to know that th
great body of the Italian residents in this country
have readily obeyed the injunctions their'
illustrious
chief caused to be conveyed to them before he Igudeds.
They have well comprehended their obligati bet
to Garibaldi and to England, and we owe them oar
thanks for contributing, by the attitude they i°°
up, to the freedom and cordiality of our hospitalityWe have done what we could, in our own wait t.;
make Garibaldi feel at home with us; and y 0"
that our guest is on the eve of departure, we fji,
also in our own way, taking thought for him 'll
matter which he appears not to have himself Corr
sidered. Garibaldi is a poor man ; and though 11
poverty is honourable to him we must be pervoitte,'
to think that one who has devoted his life to all
cause deserves, at least, to be placed out of the reac_
of all pecuniary anxieties. That is how we look
such a case in this country. Therefore, hovil3F
resolved to present to the General some tort*
monial of our respect and admiration, it has been'
as we think, well determined to make it
substantial and abiding memorial of the qui,.
pathy of the English people. The meerwb
at Stafford House has laid the foundation of a sub-
scription which will, we cannot doubt, be raised t°
a sum England need not be ashamed to offer as an
expression of her sense of the services of General
Garibaldi has rendered not to Italy alone, but to
every nation that breathes the air cf freedom'
There has been no segregation of classes or parties
in the reception and entertainment cf the Italia°e
patriot ; and the same rule will, we trust, bt,
observed in what is the sequel and the seal ,0
our hospitality. The half-million of people Wu°.
greeted Garibaldi when he entered London taus*
admit that the Duke of Sutherland has nobly re-
presented their welcome; and as he, too, he;
initiated this subscription, they will understao",
that it is open to all who honour a disinteresteo
soldier and a good man. The object aPPr°c:
itself. Unhappily we cannot entertain the 1301);
that Garibaldi's visit to this country he s tend"
to re-establish his health. It seems, indeed, td
have been forgotten that he was an invalid, 0,7
he has suffered more, we fear, than he will admit
from the exertion that has been imposed DP°
him. But though the General returns to Carer!
without having attained the chief end of his visits
he will not, we venture to believe, regret that he
undertook the voyage, which has made him better
acquainted with a people who fervently desire
that his life and strength may be preserved for
the service of the country he raised from tba
depths of oppression to the independent and Pre.
mising position it now occupies.