The Sun.
London, England, 1852-11-27 00:00:00

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. -At the meeting of the above institution, held on 23rd
'Novell-Aber—James Meadows Rendel,' Esq., president,
in the chair—the paper read was "On the Drainage of
Towns," by Mr. Robert Rawlinson, Assoc. Inst. C. E.
The author, believing the subject of the drainage of
towns to be so comprehensive, that its full and complete
consideration, within the limits of a paper to be read in
one evening, would be impossible, restricted his remarks
to a few general points, likely to induce discussion and
to elicit criticism, on former and present systems.
The historical portion was limited to shewing, that in
the now disinterred ruins of the most ancient cities,
remains, of drains had been found, and the Cloaca
Maxima formed part of the wonders of ancient Rome.

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gecanteeiYrxal health of the population influenced, to an
and. clime existing in every city ; and the increasing.
numbers, as shewn by the census, demonstrated the ne-
cessity for prdviding for the extension of ail large towns.
lii 1841, the population of 117 districts, comprising the
chief towns; was 6,612,958 souls. In 1851, in the same
districts, the number was 7,795,958. Disease had been
rife-in those districts, but it was shewn, that much of it
might have been averted by timely sanitary precautions.
It wai,TOVeVe-r, to the social effect of town drainage
tthhaet
proposedhea d the
modifications,l loading pr in
that' th e" attention of civil engineers would be most
eniaprersalolfy
ad:Leal
must be brought forward and discussed.
The questions ofkrms, dimensions, fall, cost, &c., of
large and small sewers were passed over, with the re-
mark, that they were matters of detail, to be fixed by
the knowledge and experience of the, engineer, contend-
ing, however, that the system most deserving commen-
dation was that which enabled the greatest extent of
directed,
.practice as
unadnedr
sewerage to be well and cheaply accomplished.
The position of the outlet, would be governed by na-
tural local conditions and the' dimensions would
fixed, by the area and the number of houses to

drained.
The material Of construction was a question dependent
entirely on experience and practice ; earthenware pipes
were, however, according to the author's views, the
most economical and effective, for all sewers and drains,
within the capacity of the material.
It was contended that town sewers could not receive
the excessive flood waters, even of the urban portion of
the site ; they should never receive the suburban drain-
age, nor be combined with watercourses ' • they should
be adapted solely to remove the solid and liquid refuse
from the houses ; and that it was safer for the
inhabitants that there should be no sewers at all,
rather than they should be of such dimensions as
to become places of deposit. Pumping could be pro-
fitably adopted in certain situations, where, from the
level, or the effect of tidal influence, the outlet, flow
might be checked. Intercepting sewers at mid-level
were approved. Sewers of minimum dimensions
were advocated, in connexion with pumping, and they
be capable of resisting internal hydraulic pres-
sure, in case of the water rising in them.
The flow through sewers should be constant, and it
was argued, this could only be secured by having small

conduits.
The extraordinary fall of rain at Birmingham, in
July, 1845, when nearly 2 inches of rain fell, in half •
an hour, equivalent to 9.091 gallons per square yard, or
44,000.440 gallons per acre, was used as an argument
against the building of large sewers, below the level of
the cellars, which, to be of service, must be capable of
carrying off the heaviest rain-fall.
It was contended, that the maximum surface water
could not be passed through the sewers, but the natural
surface outlet, should be retained, to assist in carrying
off the flood waters from the streets of large cities ;
though the fact of town sewers not having been origi-
nally intended to receive house drainage, or soil, was
prominently noticed. The want of connexion between
the houses and the sewers, in many parts of the metro-
polis, the absolute disconnexion at Paris, and the pro-
hibitory law, only recently repealed, at Liverpool, being

quoted.
With regard to eathenware pipes, 3 inches diameter
was considered too small for any drain pipes, and 30
inches diameter, too large, for the material of which
they were made.
Pipes of 4 inches diameter would probably be found
the least sectional area, that should be used for house
drains, and 9 inches for streets, and then not at a less
gradient than one in sixty. It was decided, that the
beneficial use of pipe sewers could not be pushed beyond
certain limits ; but the system should not be entirely
condemned, because it had been carried to extremes by
tkose who wanted experience.
The general success of the use of egg-shaped pipe
sewers, at Manchester, was given as an example of the
advantageous adoption of the pipe system.
The various kind of joints were described, and it was
recommended, not to use pipes of larger diameter than
about 15 inches, as larger sizes were apt to be fractured,
from unequal bearing at the joints. The difficulty of
moulding, drying, andburning pipes, increased, probably,
as the squares of the diameters ; if large pipes
were moulded too thin, they were liable to be crushed in
the finished sewer, and if they were moulded of extra
strength, the wet pipes collapsed with their own weight,
in drying, were twisted out of shape in burning, or were
imperfectly vitrified.
Sewers of radiated bricks, moulded for the purpose,
were better and cheaper than large earthen pipes ;
sewer thus constructed, 3 feet in diameter, being cheaper
than one of pottery pipe of. 20 inches diameter ; their
relative capacities being as the squares of their diame-
ters ; and there was no reason why brick sewers should
not be as smooth within and as impervious as any
pottery pipe.
After treating of side junctions, gulley holes, drain
traps, and ventilation, the use of cast iron conduits, in
certain bad soils, was advocated, and as a summary,
adapted t
to rea the
s sm
it was stated, that all sewers should be below the level
lladseowptee4
ofw work
ke t cellars,h ey ha d andto
perform. should be
nisvpeers auciallyd da
naturalshould not form part of any system of town drainage,
and in low districts the sewers should be capable of re-
sisting internal pressure. Free outlets should be pre-
served, whether from intercepting, or low sewers
small drains should be circular, and large ones oval, or
aegngd-sthhaepreedshou ; tlhde
and drains should be impervious to water, and should
present even and smooth surfaces ; the gradient of all
interrupted,large and insewersd the ma
steep ground,
usednd, should buie modified,besuch a
or
blearegxetsrat
faralldi
inns
the
eeury should
ea be ;
all
would resist rapid wear and bursting ; wherever it ' was
practicable the outlet should be very free, and in all
cases complete ventilation must be provided for. All
mention of cesspools was Omitted, as no locality could
be considered as properly drained, in which they
were permitted to exist, except near the outlets, for ul-
timate use, for agricultEral purposes.
The true purpose of Town Sewerage must be considered,
as the removal, with the utmost rapidity, from the vicinity
of dwelling houses, and the sites of cities and towns, all
the refuse, which being liable to decomposition, could be
conveyed away in water ; and the more perfectly this
could be accomplished, the better would be the work,
and the greater the credit due to the Engineer.
The discussion of the Paper was commenced, but was
adjourned until the meeting of Tuesday, November 30th,
when it was announced, that the whole of the evening
would be devoted to it.