The Sun.
London, England, 1864-09-23 00:00:00

trigues of France, after the revolution, had a like
evil infieunce ; but the restoration of European in-
dependence after the fall oi Napoleon brought back
the sense of national rights, and it was little to be

doubt that it will. Female education was
specially dwelt upon in the interview with the
minister. The memorial presented to the univer-
sity authorities has been signed by above 000
teachers, and there can be little doubt of its favour-
able reception. Nothing could be more incorrect
than the representations made in some quarters that
the discussion alluded to was for obtaining degrees
to female pupils. Such a notion never was enter.
tained by any of those who attended the meeting.
Indeed it was excluded by the known fact that no
degrees are given at the local examinations by the
universities; and the only object of Mr. Hastings
and those who supported him was to have those
examinations opened to females. The importance
of these to persons who desire to follow the line of
governesses and schoolmistresses, or indeed the
humbler line of housekeepers, or even nurserymaids,
is manifest ; and it was stated at the meeting, on
the authority of our colleague, Mr Harris, chairman
of the Society of Arts, that women who, having
passed the examination of the Society, have
obtained first-class ceatificates, had been able at once
to obtain situations as housekeepers in large es-
tablishments, instead of having to work their way
up through different degrees of domestic service.
At a time when great exertions are making by
public-spirited persons, ladies especially, to give
increased facilities of female employment, surely
this discussion in the association has been most op-
portune. But we have always been zealous in our
efforts to encourage women of a higher class in their
endeavours to better their condition by cultivating
letters ; and here at York we are naturally re•
minded of one intimately connected with the county
where she was born (the daughter of a highly re-
spected clergyman), and esteemed by distinguished
families—the Stricklands, Swans, Ramsdens, Head.
lams,—Miss Eyre, whose works, " Queen's Pardon"
and "Family History," have been well received, and
as will be in a few days found in the pages of Mr.
Cassell's Quiver another is about to appear, " A
Lady's Walks in the South of France," giving a
most interesting account of the inhabitants, the
working classes especially of the countries near the
Pyrenees. To patronise those who thus supply their
wants by labour is an appointed duty to the mem-
bers of our association. The accident which gave
rise to the resignation of our colleague, Mr. Lowe,
is much to be regretted. He seems to have thought
a point of honour required that step, but when a
committee had fully proved that there was no
foundation whatever for any charges against him,
it is unfortunate that he should not have resumed
his place in the department where his labours have
been so useful to the interests of education. The
revised code has on the whole given satisfaction. The
system of examination has both diminished the
expense to the State, and made the payment depend
on the result of the instruction, and those sal.:
receive the benefit who are unable to bear the ex.
pense themselves. The whole subject will be
considered in our education department, and
it is only to be regretted that Mr. Lowe's
absence from the country must prevent his at-
tendance. Intimately connected with the interests of
education is the great refocus of the Post-office,
which has of late years been effected by Sir Row-
land dill ; and it is most gratifying to find that his
merit and that of his plan has been recognised by
the Government and Parliament since our last con-
gress. In this material respect he differs from an
inventors. So little was he under the influence of
sanguine expectations that he greatly underrated
the success of his plan, and overrated its cost. He
foretold that the number of letters would increase
fivefold ; they increased between eight and nine
fold. He feared there would be a loss to the
revenue of £300,000, a cost which he considered
the advantages of the change well worth. But
there has been no loss at all ; on the contrary, the
nett revenue increased by above £lOO,OOO. The
enabling poor persons to correspond with their
friends has greatly encouraged their learning to
write, besides the unspeakable comfort afforded by
this free intercourse. But the cheap and easy con-
veyance by buck post is of the utmost benefit to all
literary men and to the readers also. This advan-
tage is entil sly due to the new system. The Post-
office savings banks is another and most important
benefit to the working classes, which can only be
said to have been carried to its full extent by that
system, though without owing its origin to it. We
cannot leave the subject of the Post Office without
remarking the superiority of great over ordinary
men in the history of its changes. Mr Pitt stood
by Mr Palmer in his introduction of mail conches,
when all the authorities of the Post Office were
against him. The great Duke of Wellington almost
alone perceived the merits of Sir R. Hill's plans,
when others, Sir Robert Peel included, either op-
posed or coldly supported him. That he is destined
to effect further improvements there can be little
doubt, and we can only wish him the full restore•
tion of his health that such improvements may be
brought forward. The subject of the patent laws
is sure to come under discussion with report of the
commission upon it, under our colleagues Lords
Stanley and Overstone. Though the Government
have ably and successfully given encouragement to
the fine arts, in their application to manufac.
tures, they have shown little favour to discoveries
in science and their application to the useful arts.
Since last congress our most distinguished colleague
Sir D. Brewster's grand improvement of light-
houses,
the result of his optical discoveries, has
failed to obtain due protection from the Board of
Trade. It is to be hoped that it may not share the
fate of Sir W. S. II irrie's lightning rod, which has
saved life and property to a great amount, but was
resisted for 15 years by the Admiralty and the
Treasury. To the stillness of party already men-
tioned may possib'y be referred those opinions which
have of late been ventilated upon the important
subjects of foreign or international and of colonial
policy—opinions which, though in some points
sound, and in all respects well deserving attention,
are yet in material particulars unfounded and re-
quire to be guarded against. It has been said not
only that great care should be taken never to en-
gage in the disputes of continental states, but that
the rule should be laid down of absolute and entire
isolation, and that we have no more reason ever to
mix ourselves in those disputes than if we belonged
to another world. That the greatest mischief has
resulted from a rash and needless interference to
preserve the balance of power is undeniable. But
that no violent usurpation, no seizure of one
power's dominions by another, no extinction of one
state and its absorption in another, can justify our
interposition, it is impossible to maintain, unless we
are prepared to see such an augmentation of some
one state's force as shall reduce all others to sub-
servience under it, while a timely help given to a
weak state, and alliances formed with others, may
serve to secure us against the dangers that might
arise from the grasping propensities of conquerors
unopposed. The love of maintaining national in-
dependence, and the natural and just abhorrence
of manifest wrong, may even be gratified, if the
opportunity arise of acting in concert with others
to resist the wrong-doer, and this where no obliga-
tions of treaty bind us. It is not correct to repre•
sent this as a sacrifice to the desire of national in•
fluence, or as a mere indulgence in feelings. It is
useful as the means of preventing aggression,end up-
holding the general law of national indeewpeern, theden real
ce,for
when we speak of the balance of power,
meaning of the phrase and of the principle is the
maintenance of the existing order of things, the
established distribution of dominion, and the pre-
vention of change by lawless violence. It is never
honourable—nay, hardly even safe—for a great
nation to stand by and witness, unmoved, acts of
inexcusable aggression to the violation of all national
rights, acts such as the oppression of an unoffending
The greatest crime in modern ages was
the partition
artition of Poland, contrived by him whom
unreflecting men have called great, but whose trea-
cheries and cruelties
Fvwereeewricitk of
ft example Prussia ; lie w
before
s
our days, the aceond
joined by his willing aceomplice,
aCnadtheereieneet,eweahneesee
usurpation of the Russian throne
of her husband's murderers was as scandalous es
her life was profligate. Maria Theresa was drawn
into the plot, and ever after repented of her weak-
ness. The acquiescence of the other Powers covered
them with disgrace, and the subversion of all public
principle, fatal to national morale, was felt in its
consequences in after times. The wars and the in.

expected that there should follow such an outrage
upon them, such a violation of all public principle
as we have just witnessed, and by those who had
been most humiliated in the late wars. Once more
Prussia has been the aggressor. Seized with the
desire for military distinction, as if to obliterate the
memory of her prostration under France, she joined
the German mobs in their war frenzy, and sought

renown in trampling on the weak, and truckling to
the strong, made herself the tool of the Muscovite
in a course unprecedented even by Russia❑ oppres-

sion and Polish suffering, and was backed by Aus-
tria on no conceivable principle, and on any calcu-

lation of interest unintelligible, if it be not some

dream of gaining German influence to counterpoise
her difficulties in Italy and her worse embarrass-
ments in Hungary. But from all her profligate
aggression Prussia has gained not the shadow
of glory, though she has grasped the substance
of plunder ; and for England to stand by and wit-
ness unmoved the massacre and pillage of the gal-
lant Danes would have been shameful. Si e must

feel the indignation which all Europe felt, and had
she not given vent to the feeling she was disgraced.
The indignation felt and expressed was against the
rulers of Prussia, not certainly against the people,

who have almost as much reason to complain of
those rulers as the Danes themselves. That England

should have been unable to interfere for their pro-
tection, and for punishing the wrongdoer, was a

misfortune not a fault, The outcry that she was

humbled is as groundless as it would be to say that
any one who saw a murder committed by a gang of
armed ruffians was humbled if he did not stay their
hands. Oar Government would have been much to
blame had it either encouraged the Danes to resist

by the promise of help which it knew could not be
given, or withheld its testimony to their valour and
to the injustice they had suffered. Bat no such blame

was ever incurred. The expression of national sen-
timent was distinct and strong ; promise of help
there was none given. The only expression that
could be so construed was the declaration that Den-
mark would not stand alone ; a declaration coupled
with the statement that France and Russia viewed

the aggression of Germany in the same light with
ourselves. The declaration was thus the mere state.

ment of a fact, and no one could for an instan

imagine that we should single-handed rush into war
with two-thirds of Europe. There have certainly
been times when England would have made effot is
to induce those who thought with her to act with
her in resisting wrong ; would by subsidies or by

offering to join in warfare have engaged in offensive

._ ..
alliances. But at no time would she make war alone

and unsupported ; and the only difference between
our present position and that of former periods is,
the greater determination to avoid the evils of war
and to calculate the risks of being involved in it.
It its another matter to regard the abstinence of
our neighbours from a timely interposition.

Franc© owes much to the wisdom of her present
Government and its determination against what-

assuring him that it would be rejected, he said " We can
but fail, and then we retreat upon your lesser plan." My
fears proved well founded. We were defeated chiefly by
the influence of professional men with the members of our
committee. The plan was for the appointment of a joint
committee of the two houses, seven Commoners and five
Lords sitting, with the assistance of a professional judge to
rule, or at least to advise them, in matters of law, the com-
mittee to examine the whole case and report upon it to both
houses, the report to be conclusive upon all the facts, but
all else to be in,the discretion of each house. The last ses-
sion was productive of an important measure, propounded
by that steady friend of the working classes, whose zeal for
their benefit and their improvement is hardly surpassed by
his unrivalled eloquence, so often employed in diffusing
useful truths, as well as in supporting wise schemes of
policy. The great commercial treaty with France, his
work and that of the able and enlightened First Minister
of France, might be justly commemorated. But here at
York, where the gratitude of the working classes has
been expressed to him in so remarkable a manner, it
is fitter to dwell upon the important benefit extended
to these classes by their access to government annuities,
free from all risk, and without hazards to which lift socie-
ties are subject. At our last congress, at Edinburgh, a
resolution was passed recommending to the council to ob-
tain a Parliamentary inquiry into the condition of provident
societies for the working classes, and the propriety of Go-
vernment security being afforded to them for annuities in
old age or sickness. The council referred the subject to a
committee, and in the meanwhile Mr Gladstone, by his bill,
anticipated the resolution of the committee. The council
presented a petition stiongly urging the reasons in favour
of the bill, which after considerable opposition from in-
surance and annuity companies, was finally passed, An
attempt ,was made in the Lords to carry a bill for shorten-
ing the period of limitation in simple contract debts, and
for extending equitable jurisdiction to the county courts,
and in so far the measure would have been most beneficial.
But it was coupled with a provision abolishing the power
of arrest for small debts, and as this would have at once
extinguished those most useful courts, and abolished all
local jurisdiction, the bill was strenuously opposed, and
could not have passed either house. These courts have
been of inestimable service. The causes before them have
increased, so as now to be in their number, and the amount
of the sums sued for, in the proportion of three to two,
comparing the years 1563 and 1865, and double the number
and amount at the establishment of the local judicature
seven years before. In 1863 the number of plaints was
above 800,000, and the sums sued for nearly £2,000,000.
The increase has been regular, and the judgments have
given such satisfaction that from the 260,000 last year in
contested suits, there were no more than 15 appeals. There
were above 170,000 judgments by consent, only 30,000
executions, and between 8,000 and 0,000 imprisonments, so
that of 800,000 suits in all about but seven per cent. the
matter was settled by payment or compromise. In the
supreme courts the same year the number of causes was
100,000, and the necessity of execution and imprisonment
for wane of settlement was not seven, but 23 per cent.
It was unfortunate that the excellent provisions in the bill
were lost with the rest, but it is to be lisped they are only
postponed, it was too late in the session to present another
bill, The continued withholding of a Department for Judi-
cial Affairs, after repeated promises in answer to motions of
our distinguished colleague, the ex-Chancellor of Ireland
(Mr Napier), is greatly to be lamented, on account of the
County Courts Bill, as well as others. Had such a depart-
ment existed the bill, reduced to its fit dimensions, must
have passed, as well as those further amendments in the law
of evidence and judicial procedure which late experience has
shown to be desirable, and which it is to be hoped will en-
gage the attention of our department of jurisprudence. The
exertions of our colleague Lord Clanricarde have at length
succeeded in extending to Ireland the system of judicial
statistics. Ho expects the return for the year to show a
great diminution in the real amount of litigation before the
superior courts, notwithstanding all attempts to increase
its nominal amount; for be justly observes that in so agri-
cultural a country the sessions are to the bulk of the people
the most important tribunal, An iecptiry in the Commons
upon the health of towns as aff,eted by sewerage has led to
a report of great importance, and the subject will be taken
up in our sanitary department. It appears clearly that the
process for cleansing towns has led to the greatest impurity
in streams, and the report shows incontestably that all
sewage may be conveyed into the country at a nioderate
cost, and even with a profit, by the farmers who purchase
the manure. At a time when the supply at guano is found
less than the demand for it, nothing can be more valuable
to agriculture than the process recommended by the report
as so beneficial to the health of towns. There can be little
doubt that the conclusion in the report will be strongly
recommended by our department, with the support of the
evidence brought before it. As the promoters of social
science travel more than others, we have an interest in the
subject frequently broached in both houses during the
session— the security of railway passengers. Consider-
ing the extraordinary powers given to the companies, the
Legislature has a good right to require that, in return, they
should a opt whatever may tend to the safety of the travel-
ler; and there can be no doubt that the easy communica-
tion of each compartment with the guard can be effected at
a moderate expense. No subject has more engaged the at-
tention of our association in all its branches than the treat-
ment of convicts. At our first congress, in 1857, papers were
read on the Irish system ; and it formed next year the main
topic of the very able and interesting address by Lord Car-
lisle, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, as presiding over one of
the departments. We have at this meeting deeply to lament
his absence from ill health, which every friend of the
country must hopo may have a short continuance. At the
Dublin Congress most of our members had an opportunity
of fully inspecting Sir W. Crofton's proceedings, and all
formed a decided opnaion in his favour. Last year, some
alarm was excited by the opposition in high quarters (coun-
tenanced by the Home Office) to its introduction into
this country; but this was allayed by the reports of com-
mittees in both houses; and though similar attempts were
afterwards made in the same quarters, there is happily an
end of all doubt upon the matter by the Penal Servitude
Act of last session, which places the principle so strenuously
maintained by us beyond the reach of further disturbance.
The opposition of the Home-office is abandoned ; the act
enforces the most important of the recommendations in the
report of the commission and of 'Lord Carnarvon's commit-
tee, and that office has shown a praiseworthy disposition to
give up its former prejudices and fairly and firmly to execute
the act, in the regulations issued under its provisions. The
controversy of years thus comes to an end, and convict treat-
ment is brought into agreement with the intentions of the
Legislature in 1853, or, in other words, the Irish system.
On this we may congratulate our worthy colleague, the Re-
corder of Birmingham (Mr Hill), who first among us
broached this subject inlBs7,having madehimself acquainted
with the system upon the spot. Unfortunately, he is not here,
but he has sent an able and most instructive pager, which will
be read in the Jurisprudence Department, and of which ad-
vantage is now taken in this address. The treatment of con-
victs with the constant purpose of reforming them, deviating
neither into indulgence on the one hand nor unnecessary
harshness on the other, their supervision after their release,
both to protect the community against the danger of their re -
lease and themselves agair et unjust suspicion and consequent
prosecution, and to afford them some aid in obtaining em-
ployment under the all but overwhelming disadvantages
with which they return to society, to use Mr Hill's words,
are the principles now accepted—the principles of the Irish
system, Its success is proved by the experience of 11 years.
It has been approved by the most eminent jurists of the
continent, and condemned by none. At their head must be
place] our learned colleague, Professor Holtzendorff, of
Berlin, who joined us in the examination of Sir W. Crof-
ton's premises, at the Dublin congress. Next, we have the
approval of Professor Mittermaier, of Heidelberg ; M. Dan-
sus de Pontes has described it in the Revue des Deux
llondes ; and Mr Van da Brugger, Minister of Justice in
Holland, adopts it. M. Massongy, a French judge, who has
long studied the subject, pronounces strongly in Sir W.
Crofton's favour ; and M. Cavour had begun to act upon
the Irish system just before his lamented death. Professor
Mittermaier's valuable Treatise on Capital Punishment,
translated, with valuable ac ditions, by an English lawyer,
Mr Macrae Moir, is about to appear, but may bo too late for
this congress. On the subject of capital punishment dis-
cussion is certain in our Jurisprudence Department, and
a respectable society under INIr Gurney has been
p?inoc-
cupiedreachedinus.cirxeuelatdinegubtinftohremacition, part of which has
isbe atnteendeddift.werietnheedieffifcuelutyinon,
;ibuutesotniononoef totalt thereabolition
can
the' necessity of an exe-
cution of capital sentences- without suspicion thatindi-
vidual caprice or popular interference exercises any in-
fluence, and such suspicion is sure to exist as long as there
are no judicial assessors to the Home Office in determining
questions of respite and reprieve. The establishment of a
department of justice would afford great facilities for such
teen arrangement.cleee
refreshment
housesc t passed
a
between
tthe hours the end
n ot feo
thet
onesession n
n d
four in the morning has had in London a most happy
effect in abating the nuisance which made some streets
impassable, and it is to be hoped that this success may
encourage the supporters of other measures connected
with temperance and moral habits. Men may differ widely
as to the measures fit to be taken. But that something
must be done there cannot be a doubt, when it
is admitted
on all hands how great a proportion of the offences tried
in our courts proceed from intoxication, and when the
saying of the Recorder of Birmingham passed into a
proverb, that let him go in what path ho will in his laboure
of philanthropy the drink demon starts up and stops the
way. This subject must be fully taken up by our Sanitary
Department, but also indeed by the Departmont of Juris-
prudence, and then will come into discussion .the Permis-
sive Bill of Mr Lawson, which met with so indifferent a
reception in the Commons—partly no doubt from a feeling,
in favour of the working classes, grounded on most incor-
rect views of their beat interests. Tb at bill has beeh warmly
supported by there classes themselves both in Cumberland
and in this county. In connection with this subject, and in
rr ference to the comfort of the working classes, mention
must be made of the cooking depots established in London,
and of which notice was taken in the Club Institute at its
yearly meeting. It appears that the endeavours of the in-
stitute had been attended with success during the year,
a great number of clubs having been formed in various
parts of the country to the incalculable benefit of the la-
bouring people, the comfort of their homes, and the pro-

ever may interrupt her rapid progress in the arts o
peace. But there seems little reason to doubt tha
her interference at the early part of the late pro,
ceedings would have been effectual to prevent the
acts of violence which are universally condemned,
and effectual without the least risk of hostilities.
The measures which this country hag taken for ob-
taining the concurrence of foreign powers in the
great act of abolishing the slave trade form no ex-
ception to the general principle, as besides the para-
mount claims of humanity and justice, we had not
a very remote interest in the concurrence of other
states ; and happily our efforts proved successful in
all but one instance, that of the Spanish share in
this execrable traffic, as it is called, but properly
this great crime. Spain received a large sum for the
supposed expenses of her joining us, and for many
years postponed performing her contract. At length
she made a law professing to abolish, but which only
protected her governors and other persons employed
in Cuba, and these, with one or two honourable ex-
ceptions, took bribes from the slave-traders in the
most open manner, inasmuch that one governor re-
ceived no less than £lOO,OOO for permitting them to
import negroes. Brazil has, since the Portuguese
party ceased to rule, pursued a very different course;
and although we were under the necessity of pass-
ing en act in 1845, somewhat violently interfering
with the Brazil commerce, at a time when the Por-
tuguese protected the traffic—an act so strong that
its author, Lord Aberdeen, pledged himself to the
government et P.io to have it repealed as soon as
the traffic ceased—that event has now been for above
ten years completely an accomplished fact, the guilty
commerce having entirely ceased through the efforts
of the Government, with the hearty concurrence of
the legislature and of the community. The Aber-
deen Act ought, therefore, to be at once repealed,
and our amicable relations with Brazil, which that
act alone interrupts, would be restored, to the great
benefit of our trade, which is of great value, with
that country. In the present state of easy come
munication between different countries, some
of which are only separated from others
by a river or a line of boundary, the laws
of one state are easily evaded by individuals re-
moving to another, and thus the criminal law especially is
rendered ineffectual by the escape of offenders. Hence the
necessity of extradition treaties is apparent, and it would be
of great importance that they should be entered into by all
nations. The difficulty, and the only difficulty, exists in
the different proof required in different countries to give the
magistrate the power of arresting; and for some time this
occasioned great discontent in France, because it was said
that e.caped culprits were surrendered to the English offs •
cers, but the English magistrates hardly gave up any to the
French. A treaty with Prussia gave ris,i to a bill in the
late session, but it was withdrawn on finding that persons
tried in their absence were required by the treaty to be sur-
rendered in this country when sentence had been passed upon
them for not appearing to take their trial. Now, by universe 1
consent, no extradition of persons charged with political
offences can ever be thought of, and yet such offences might
be the ground of sentence in absence. Nothing could have
been easier than to frame the law for carrying the treaty
into effect, so as to free it from this objection. Mention has
been made of the views now entertained upon colonial policy.
Men alarmed at the expense of colonies, and especially at the
cost of their defence,and assuming that thf ir commerce would
remain secured in all circureet ances, have broached the ori_
nion that we ought to get rid of all such establishments as only
a burden, and rely upon a continuancy of their trade, and
of the beneficial intercourse subsisting through colonial pro-
prietors residing in the mother-country. It is unnecessary
here to point out the errors of these opinions, but one prin-
ciple may be laid down without any hesitation, that as all
colonies have a tendency by their growth to reach a state
in which they may assert their independence, we ought so
to regulate our intercourse with them as to maintain a
friendly feeling on both sides, and make the amicable inter-
course lasting in the event of a separation, The excessive
national vanity of the Americans, breaking out in jealousy
and hostile feelings towards this country, may seem to make
continued amity hardly possible after independence has be-
come established ; but it is to be hoped that sentiments so
unamiable, and so utterly groundless, may die out if they
should not be cured by reflection. There are few subjects
more interesting to the promoters of social science than the
course of legislation upon the rights of private property
what is called private bills in Parliament. The great, the
transcendental powers bestowed by these bills require that
their discussion and enactment should be guarded with the
utmost care. This becomes the more necessary that the
parties to a bill—those who promote and those who oppose—
may,by collusion,obtain powers affecting third parties not re-
presented, and especially the public. There are instances
without number of provisions inserted, setting at defiance all
established principles of the law, and only discovered when
some party sought to take advantage of them. But the
amount of private business is a serious grievance to the mem-
bers of both houses, especially of the Commons, and the ex-
pense to parties is enormous ; besides that the inquiries
before committees aro not the best calculated to attain the end
of all such quasi judicial investigation—'he ascertainment
of truth. A very important committee has lately examined
the subject, and on the reports presented by its chairman,
Colonel Wilson Patten, certain improvements have been
adopted, which it is hoped on trial may prove beneficial.
But to the great evil of all, both in delay and in
expense, no remedy has been applied—the double inquiry
rendered necessary by each house having to go through the
whole provisions of each bill. Now, it is manifest that this
could easily and safely be avoided, and the whole inquiry
Le improved without the least infraction of the privileges of
Parliament. With the aid and powerful support of the
great man whose irreparable loss we daily and hourly de-
plore, whether in peace or in war, on all subjects of policy,
foreign and domestic—the Duke of Wellington—l brought
forward this plan, which we had worked out in concert 30
years ago ; and in the committee of 1844 on the standing
orders, where I proposed those which were afterwards una-
nimously adopted, which are the orders now in farce, and
were soon after reluctantly passed by the Commons, he said
it would b better to propose our great plan, and on my

motion of education, as well as innocent amusement in the
evening of the labourer's day. The success of the cooking
depots was appropriately dwelt upon at the general meet-
ing, and accounts were received from our colleague, Mr B.
Jerrold, who had taken great pains with their establish-
ment. The first of them was at Glasgow, and an excellent
one was set up in Edinburgh by Miss Catharine Sinclair.
It appeared that at the central depot, in New-cut, Lam-
beth, 1,500 working men daily dine—that for an excellent
meal of roast beef, vegetables, and soup only 6d. is paid ;
and the establishment is self-supporting, inasmuch as after

every expanse is paid there is a net profit of 20 per cent. on
the capital. The promoters of social science, friends of the
working classes, can desire nothing more than the multi-
plication of such establishments, of which steps have been
taken to form 18 or 20 in London, and it is devoutly to be

hoped that the like steps may be taken in the provinces.
The importance has more than once been considered at our
congress of introducing into this country the decimal and
metrical system now sr, universally prevailicg on the Conti-
nent ; and its importance is regarded not merely with a view
to facility of accounts in our extended commercial dealings
with foreign countries, but also with regard to its advan-
tages in education. It appears by Mr Chaawiek's state-
ment, from his communication with numberless teachers
in various parts of the country, that the result is to obtain
a saving equal to between a third and a half of the time
taken to teach pupils arithmetic. As this is reckoned
three quarters of an hour daily, the benefit of the saving to
the working classes is manifest, even on the half time sys-
tem, now it is to be hoped generally adopted. The Weights
and Measures Bill, moved by our colleague Lord Fortescue,
though opposed in the Lords, was carried by a very con-
siderable majority, and the Act is passed. It is only per-
missive and confined in its extent ; but it is a step in the
right direction, and will inevitably be made general, and be
universally adopted. But with all the care taken for the
working classes, for promoting their comfort and furthering
their improvement, shall nothing be done, even when we
find them improved, to increase their weight in the cora •
munity, by extending their influence on public affairs—ina
word, by lowering the elective franchise and admitting a
larger number to concur in the choice of our representa-
tives? Every oue must remark how constant the occur-
rence is of the poll having a very different result from the
_ _

show of hands. Can nothing be done to bring them nearer

together ? Is it impossible so to arrange that the person
returned by the show of hands should sit unless the poll
exceeded by a certain proportion the first return? This
would give the voters a very decided preponderance, but
without denying the existence of the mare numerous class.
But whatever difference of opinion may prevail upon the

extension of the franchise there can be none upon the evil
effects of corruption and the absolute necessity of freeing
the community from that which is injurious to its most
important interests—above all, to its morals. The desire
to have a seat in Parliament is such that all risk of
costs is willingly encountered, and the punishment of
fine or imprisonment without hard labour is not suffi lent
to deter the candidate or his agent, who yet would not

expose themselves to the risk of the treadmill. The
slave trade flourished under the pecuniary penalties of fine
and forfeitures, but when it was made felony the crime en-
tirely ceased. Men would run the risk of losing ship and
cargo, because the profits of a successful voyage made them
whole after a forfeiture; but the risk of transportation they
would, not run, and the crime ceased at once and for ever to
disgrace the country. So would bribery at elections were
the treadmill the punishment, and a public prosecutor ap-
pointed, as has become necessary on every account, unless
we desire to see our criminal law continue to be most imper-

.. -
fcctly administered. The bill for awarding this punishment
was introduced into the House of Lords so late in the see

lion that when Sir Fitzroy Kelly took it up in the House
of Commons, with the important addition of requiring a
declaration to be mado by every member, on taking his seat,
that he believed no illegal expense had been incurred by him
or his agents (a provision which could not well be intro-
duced iu the Lords), it was found impossible to pass the bill
before the prorogation. The prospect of immoJiate disso-
lution being no longer in view, the postponement of the
measure till next session was less to be regretted. The
effect of the declaration proposed by our distinguished col-
league, Sir John Pakingten, would be very great; for, as
the Lord Chief Justice Cockburn observed when he intended
himself to move such a provision, no man of the least re-
gard for his character could make it when he knew what
sums he had expended himself, or by his agents, in corrup-
tion. If the Commons really wish to prevent bribery, as
we are bound to admit they do, notwithstanding all rumours
to the contrary, they will take care to pass a bill with this
provision. It is satisfactory to find, as the Lords' committee
did upon municipal elections, that the persons guilty of
corruption at these as well as parliamentary elections, are,
generally speaking, of the most ienorant classes—those who
never read at all. But whatever may lately have been done
by the legislature, or left undone, for the working classes,
it is clear that they possess the power of doing much for
themselves, 'and that happily they are resolved on pro-
viding for their own advancement in all respects, for
bettering their condition, and for acquiring the time and
the means for their moral improvement. This is by the co-
operative plan, now so universally adopted, and which since
our last congress has made such steady progress. The
yearly report of that excellent and most able officer, Mr
Tidd Pratt, has been made, and is most cheering. It shows
that there are in England and Wales 454 co-operative so-
cieties, and though of these 74 have made no returns, either
from neglect or from having been too recently established,
of the other 381 the number of members is 108,588, of whom
22,732 were admitted in 1863, only 11,358 having been
withdrawn. The amount paid for goods was £2,370,153,
the sums received for goods £2,626,741, leaving a profit of
£.213,`403. The whole expense for wages, rent, repairs, &c.
was £176,544. The account which we have received since
Mr Tidd Pratt's report (which comes down to December,
1863) shows a very considerable increase during the present
year, in numbers, capital, and transactions. The profits are
divided in proportion to the shares held by each member;
and it is most satisfactory to find that the sums withdrawn
were tar less in 1863 than in 1862, the relief from distress,
which caused the withdrawing of these sums, having been
much less considerable in consequence of the improvement
of trade. The principle in almost all cases is, "No trust,
no debt"—and the only exceptions are when from sickness
or other infirmity individuals are assisted by others, and
repay the small sums thus advanced. The whole manage-
ment of these concerns is in the hands of the workmen
themselves, and the gains aro for the moat part accumulated
so as to form a small capital, which is generally employed
in the productive branches of co-operation. But the great
bulk of these societies are the stores, for the purchase and
sale of the goods consumed by the members. The profits are
thus earned in proportion to consumption, and a most
pleasing part of their appropriation in very many instances
is the provision made for education, by the purchase of
books and journals, and the support of reading-rooms. But
a most important step has been lately taken, which in its
consequences promotes co-operation in a degree almost in-
calculable—the establishment of wholesale stores, the
purchase and sale by general agency, For this great
improvement we are indebted to Mr Greenwood, of Roch-
dale, who having observed the failure of former attempts to
establish such an agency, devised the plan, which after being
submitted to a conference, held in March, 1863, of delegates
from almost all the societies in Lancashire and Yorkshire,
was adopted by their unanimous concurrence, and is now in
active operation. An office is established in Manchester,
and the whole expense, including the purchase and sale of
the goods, is defrayed by a small contribution from the
members of the societies in connection with the office. All
the goods required by the societies are bought of the great
dealers, and sent by them at the cost of the receivers. The
goods are thus of the best quality and at the lowest prices.
The societies are of course required to confine their pur-
chases to the central agency, which, buying perhaps for 158
stores, catrafford to charge a very small commission from
each. Mr Greenwood'a estimate was grounded on the actual
consumption of 3,500 persons of the Rochdale Pioneers, and
this made the amount consumed by 40,000 persons equal to
£524,000 a quarter of groceries. lie reckons on 2s 6d for
each member in these counties, which would yield £5,000,
a sum amply sufficient for all the expenses of the central
establishment and agency. Great as the step has been there
is besides a remarkable increase in the number of co-opera-
tive societies and of their members. Instead of 332 societies
with 90,000 members in 1862, we have now, for 1863, 454,
with 108,000 members, and the sums paid for goods have
risen from £2,300,000, with a profit of £145,000, to
£2,600,000 with £213,000 profit by the comparison of the
last two years. But since December, when Mr Tidd
Pratt's accounts were made up, we have received returns
for August, which show that the increase has gone on this
year more quickly. It is impossible to doubt that much
is due to the unremitting and powerful exertions of Mr
Pitman, and to the journal so ably conducted by him—
the Co•operafor, But he has been indefatigable in his la-
bours,having gone round the country to deliver lectures on
what may truly be called self-help to working-men; teach-
ing them the uses of co-operation, and having ever in view
the paramount duty of exciting men to work out their own
improvement by helping themselves. It is to be hoped that
we shall have the great benefit of his presence at this con-
gress, and among various subjects to be discussed at our
section of Social Economy there is one which his experience
and his intimate aoquaintanco with the working classes
renders him peculiarly fit to handle—the proper distribu-
tion of profits in concerns of productive industry. Some
have contended that the distribution should follow no rule,
but the apportionment to each person according to his
wages ; others that it should depend entirely on the capital
employed ; while between these two extremes it may be
hoped that a middle course might be found, so as to give a
share both to the labour of the workman and the capital by
which it, is put in motion. The extension of co operation
to farm labour has been continued since last year, as we
shall find from Mr Gurdon's statements. The incalculable
benefits of co-operation to the comfort and independence of
the working classes aro even surpassed by the advantage
which the community derives from the reconcilement to
each other of the different bodies that compose it. There
no loogcr prevail the feuds which most of us remember to
have set against each other the master and the workman,
the middle and the humbler classes. We shall soon outlive
all strikes of men and combinations of their employers in
sell defence; and the time will never more return which
brought a special assize to this great county for the hie' of
outrages not only upon property hut life; and although
doubtless ate progress of the people in education and moral

improvement has mainly served to bring them into mutual burgh assemblage, and grievous it was both to his friend!
amity by the great progress of co-operative industry. To and the world. To say anything of his other merits would
this is the whole happiness as well as improvement of the be superfluous, but we here may commemorate the oligs'
people due— tions under which he laid the promoters of improvement its
6' Reason's whole pleasure, all the joys of sense, our jurisprudence. Beset on all sides by the adversaries to
Life in these words—health, peace, and competence, change in the law, by those with whom he concurred
But health consists in temperance alone,
views of general policy, by the alarmist of every class,
And peace, oh virtue, peace is all thine own."
But if from surveying the progress of Social Science at by the judges themselves, he resisted all attempts to tarn
him from the right path; and even when he had for a re?_
home we turn our eye to foreign countries, the view is by no
went, under the pressure of party connection, opposed t-11._!
after means so gratifying. There has not been that advance in
first proposal of local courts, his opposition was marked by
constitutional systems which we were happy to comme-
a candour suited to his great sagacity, and he soon te'
morale at our last congress, and in some states the changes
gave that important measure his powerful suPP°.
have been for the worse. There appears a determination in
Certainly with any other Conservative Chancellor it nave''
the two great powers of Germany to resist all constitutional
would have been carried ; and the great change in the Ills
improvements as tending to revolution, and in their own
of evidence, the examination of parties, opposed by 0
dominions everything is withheld from the people which it :7
Liberal Chancellor, as well as the other ju egos, found 12
is safe to withhold. In the smaller principalities the love
him a cordial supporter. His irreparable loss leads uft)
.1-11
of foreign war has suspended all internal reform. The
connection with the topic now handled, to reflect with flatly'
a
kingdom of Italy is making very useful changes in its ad-
faction on the peace which he enjoyed in his latter days, allk
ministrative syste:u, adopting an improved taxation. and
the lively interest he took in religious study. The bo!,
establishing such an effective peace as may relieve its Testy
southern provinces from the banditti, whom the exiled which he read without intermission was the New T 7.,
meat, It formed for many months the subject of his dafli
family, protected by the Roman Pontiff, continues to en-
perusal ; and he left in writing his important testimony
courage and support. It is certain that as long as France we
maintains an army atßotne the tranquillity of Naples may the comfort which he derived from the Gospel truths.
last matter of a secular kind which occupied his attentlf
be secured by orders from Paris. The sufferings of Poland
under Russian oppression have been already adverted to ; was the Edinburgh Congress and its proceedings, the
and, reprehensible as the Imperial proceedings have been day before he retired to that rest for which he often sate'
we are bound to admit as an exception the Emperor's conduct was anxious and prepared :
towards the working classes in his own country. He has Soul of the past I companion of the dead I
Where is thy home, and whither art thou fled?
firmly and tsuecessfully persisted in the great measure of serf Back to its heavenly source thy being goes,
emancipation, and his merit has been the more remarkable Swift as the comet wheels to where he rose;
because he had to contend with the universal opposition of Faith lured thine eye to deathless hopes sublunet
the landowners. In France some important changes have Beyond the realms of nature and of time.
Old
been wrought in the law and in the constitution of the pro- Various points in the address were loudly applauded,
vincial councils, It is proposed to restrict the imprisonment at the close his lordship was enthusiastically cheered.
of debtors to cases where there has been fraud or gross ex-
travagance and carelessness ; and a code of bankrupt laws
is preparing, somewhat on the model of our own; the great
errors of which committed recently it is to be hoped will
be avoided. There have been material improvements in
the departments of public instruction, the most useful of
which is the giving prizes to any persons who have left
school and been employed in labour, but retain the know-
ledge they had acquired, it being a common charge against
poor schools that the pupils soon forgot all they had learned.
A very useful association has for two years been established
for international instruction by the exertions of M, E.
Rendu, the good effects of which are to be seen in the school
of St. Germain_en-Lay's. But no exertion has been given
to popular influence in any way whatever; and there have
been prosecutions, that more especially of our distinguished
colleague, M. Gamier Pages, and his friends, the judgment
in which, if upon appeal found to be sanctioned by law,
shows the absolute necessity of that law being repealed,
unless the marvellous discovery of a courtly duke be con-
sidered as founded on fact, that the French are incapable of
more liberty than they at present- enjoy, granted them by
the Imperial Government. It is pleasing to observe the late
elections and their consequences in a very small country
having the inestimable benefit of a free constitution, as well
as most wise and able rulers, the Belgian kingdom, where
the greatest progress has also been made in all branches of
industry. The elections have been in favour of the Liberal
party, and have frustrated all the attempts of the bigoted
adherents of Rome, yet without the least scope being given
to intolerance, as is shown at the Catholic Congress of Ma-
lines, attended by men of the most distinguished station, and
addressed in some of their speeches upon subjects which no
one would have ventured to approach at Berlin, Vienna, or
Paris. A most excellent practice has been introduced by
our Foreign Office, of requiring the secretaries of legation at
different courts to make a yearly report of the changes in
commercial, and generally the economic, measures during
the year. The volumecontaining these reports for 1863 has
appeared, and it contains a body of most important informa-
tion. One head may be referred to as an example. The report
of Mr Layton upon Switzerland gives an account of a most
admirable institution for the education of female servants,
which has been attended with perfect success, and shows
how that problem may be solved which the late Prince
Consort was so anxious about, and which Mrs Baines, it is
to be hoped, will enable our Department of Economy to dis-
cuss with the advantage of her great experience and know-
ledge of the subject. That this country will ever be ready to
benefit by the experience of other nations no one can doubt.
We should be worse than spoilt children were we to justify
the taunts occasionally thrown out by foreigners. We
should be like those princes in despotic States, one of whom
asked the bishop, his tutor, when reading the French his-
tory with him, and that it was said the king died in such a
year, " What," said the prince, "do kings die then ?"
"Sometimes," was the bishop's courtly and cautious an-
swer. The Americans indulge in the taunt at our expense;
we are unable to retaliate; for theirnational vanity, amount-
ing to disease, is coupled with so rational a regard to their
interest that they are the first to adopt, and often to con-
tinue, the improvements of other countries. And now what
a scene of misery and of crime does their recent history and
present condition present to the friends of social science,
more horrid than any case known in modern, let us say
Christian times ; and with this sad peculiarity, that the
whole people, instead of merely permitting, as in other
cases, the crimes of their rulers, are themselves the active
and willing agents in the work of merciless slaughter—of
such wholesale bloodshed as never before disgraced the
name of man. " Qum eat ista tam infesta ira, quam per tot
acies, fusus sanguis ezpleri non potuerit ? Addi hue popu-
lationem agrorum ; incendia villarum ac ruinas omnia ferro
ignique vastata, hiacene ira expleri non potuit ? (Liv. vii.
30) How the blame for ate three horrors should be distri-
buted, it boots not to inquire. Some good men have been
deceived by the notion that slavery is the cause of the war
--duped by the pretext that the North fights to free the
slave, whereas their emancipation edict was a mere belli•
gerent measure, and an after-thought ; they (as Bishop
Wilberforce said) caring no more for the freedom ot
the black than they do for that of the white. But it
has been reserved for the later act of the tragedy to see that
goVernment, when destitute of other troops, drive herds of
the unhappy negroes to slaughter, with no more remorse
than sportsmen feel in clearing a preserve. Yet certain
though it be that the North did not make war to free the
slave. and that this could not have entered into their consi-
deration when they began the contest for preventing the
secession, it is no less certain that the maintenance oi slavery
—their detestable institution—was partly the object of the
South in fighting for their independence ; and the friend of
humanity, although feeling that we are not entitled to re-
quire a more sudden emancipation than we ourselves effected
in our colonies, may yet earnestly hope that out of this
cruel contest and its countless evils, the mercy of an all-
ruling Providence may draw the good, contemplated by
neither party, of giving freedom to the slave. But whatever
difference of opinion may prevail regarding the origin of
this frightful chit war, there can be none as to the daty im-
posed on other nations of not taking part with either belli-
gerent; and in this coentry individuals were most properly
warned by proclamation against enlisting in either army,
the enforcement of the Foreign Enlistment Act being held
out as certain. Every British subject is liable to its penal-
ties who so enlist, and that which is now a misdemeanour
was formerly a felony, at one time punishable with death.
All who serve in the army of either party are guilty, and
may bo prosecuted in the Court of Queen's Bench as if
their enlistment had been in an English county. Therefore
the North makes war upon the South by troops composed
in part of persons liable to prosecution-for the offence ot
enlisting, and it was one of the gravest charges upon
George 111. that he employed German mercenaries against
the independence of America, though these Germans were
guilty of no offence in hiring themselves to the service.
The poor Irish who thus self themselves break the law
of their own country in order to perpetuate in America all
the crimes of civil war. We are now in York, the birth-
place, it is commonly believed, of the first Christian
Emperor, Constantine, who declared the Gospel the
religion of the State. It is lamentable to think that to
this capital there has penetrated the unbelief which is one
of the great misfortunes of the present day, prevailing
much more on the Continent than in these islands, by the
elaborate and subtle efforts of its victims, yet somewhat to
be deplored among ourselves. The friends of religion very
justly complain of the mode and manner of these attacks,
that they are not plain and open; but covert and insidious,
casting doubts and raising suspicions, without such a direct
assault as the religion itself might meet and repel; nay
sometimes proceedings from persons who avow their be-
lief, but would reduce the subject of it to such dimensions
as left it unstable and incapable of defence. There are,
however, more open assailants ; and it is strange to find
that while a body directing these are actually distributing
tracts, conducting a periodical work, and holding meetings
for debate, both in the southern counties and even as far
north as Edinburgh, there should be found at the same time
propagators of spiritual visions, in which, as extremes often-
times meet, those are prone to believe who have faith in
, nothing else. Although some of the most zealous of those
subject to these delusions fancy that true religion gains by
them as affording proofs of another world's existence, it is
certain that the bulk of those who believe in spiritualism,
in communications from remote regions of the earth, and
even from beyond the grave, aro utter disbelievers in all
religion natural and revealed, unhappy persons in whom
the works of the Creator which surround them fail to raise
a thought of the almighty power. wisdom, and goodness,
and to whom the revealed will of God is addressed in vain.
It becomes us to regard such opinions with pity, as far as
they are sincere, abstaining from all expression of vitupe-
i ration, difficult as it may be to avoid blaming those who,
by propagating such delusions, would unsettle men's faith
in one system without even affecting to put anything in
its place, But we of the association hold fast by our
own opinions, handed down with the sanction of the
names most venerated in all the walks of all the sciences,
held indeed by the most respected and beloved
and deeply lamented of our own body. Death
has since cur last congress visited us with irreparable losses,
of which may well be noticed that of our excellent Profes-
sor Pillow, one of the most able, learned, and pious of men,
and that of Sir W. Brown, whose munificence, almost un-
exampled in wodern times, bestowed upon the working
classes in Liverpool their rich library and the great struc-
ture for their meetings—the friend of all sects, bestowing
his generosity alike to them without any distinction, though
every one knew how firmly held were his own principles of
religion as well as policy, though tempered by forbearance
towards whoever differed with him on either. The loss of
Lord Lyndhurst also bad us at the very close of our Edin