The Sun.
London, England, 1864-09-20 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 20, 1864.

filo PERSONS SEEKING LANDED
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THE CONFEDERATE STATES.

(From the limes' Special Cot respondent)
RICHMOND, Aug. 16.

It is well remarked by Professor Creasy that" ne
nation is ever so formidable to its neighbours for a
time as one which, after being trained up :to free
institutions, passes suddenly under a despotic ruler.
The energy of Democracy survives for a few gene-
rations, and to it are saperadded the decision
,and
certainty which are the attributes of Government
concentrated in a single hand and directed by a
single mind. Something of this kind has happened
in the Southern States. Whenever and wherever in
this war success has been largely gained by the
South, it has been attributable to the despotic gui-
dance of Southern policy and strategy by the two
most eminent minds of Secessia—President Davis
and Gen. Lee. Wherever and whenever in the
Southern campaigns " the individual has withered,"
Southern success has been feeble and indecisive. In
the Confederate army of Virginia the eminent
moral and intellectnel qualities of General Lee
have stifled jealousy and silenced criticism. He
hasbeen largely successful because he has deservedly
been largely a despot. But over the Confederate
army of the West no General has ever gained suffi-
cient sway to disarm intrigue and hush hostile ani-
madversion. Consequently, the histoire ineclite of
the
,Confederate army of Tennessee, or Northern
Georgia, reveals to the eye which has strength to
pierce behind the curtain a tissue of intrigue, jea-
lousy, self-seeking, and reerimination, such es has
been amply seffieient to account for its want of suc-
cess in the field. Upon Gen. Leo and his homoge-
neous followers the wave of Northern aggression ie
Virginia has dashed as impotently as the German
Ocean upon Flamborongh Head. Neither the vast
numbers of Federal mercenaries who have con,ecu-
tively followed 11PCIellan, Pope, Burnside, Hooker,
or Grant, nor the po3session by the Federal gun-
boats of the many navigable rivers which intersect
the eastern coast of Virginia, have availed to make
any impression upon the steady defenders of Rich-
mond, who derive their morale largely from the
personal character of their commander. It is
doubtful whether since the world began so many
lives have been lost in au endeavour to capture any ,
town as have been sacrificed in the repeated but
hitherto futile " On's to Richmond" of the Federals.
But, on the other hand, much smaller numbers of
Federals have sufficed in the West, under circum-
stances far less favourable to the invading army
than those which prevail in Virginia, to win for the
Washington Government the State of Tennessee and
to overrun one-third of the State of Georgia. Be
the termination of Gen. Sherman's irruption into
Georgia what it may, it cannot be denied that this
war has exhibited no brighter military achievement
than the advance of Sherman and nearly 100,000
men over 138 miles, which divide him from his base,
and which abound in natural Thermopylmi at every
interval of ten miles. It must be remembered how
much easier comparatively has been the task of
Grant than the task of Sherman. Grant, with an
army of about 125,000 men, crossed the Rapidan at
the beginning of May. Simultaneously he was as-
sisted by an army of about 50,000 men under But-
ler, which advanced against Richmond along the
James River. During the first two great collisions
between Grant and Lee, at the battles of the Wil-
derness and Spottsylvania Courthouse, the former
was reinforced to the extent of about 50,000 men.
As he approached Richmond he had the command
of all the tide water rivers in Eastern Virginia. He
established a fresh base without difficulty on the
York River, and a second (from which he now draws
his supplies) on the James River. He has never had
the last uneasiness as to his communications being
cut; he has been able to convey to the front by
water siege guns of any weight. Some estimate of
the ability with which Lee has conducted the cam-
paign may be formed from the fact that Grant, with
all these advantages in his favour, has hitherto
failed ignominiously,and has for the last two months
grown less formidable from week to week and from
day to day, until we have got to regard Richmond
sot
itews moret
and
djeopardytheal
intt
itheaasgnepsLosos
surmounted
re
ns London
ud on rbt
eyEd dGbi
rnyabnsut
hr
tge
hhr
adCsiefuni net runal
Sher-
man. From the time of his leaving Chattanooga,
nearly four months ago, he has received, if I am not
mistaken, no reinforcements. Every inch of hie
advance is by land, over a rugged, desolate, and
a nffno wr
dai tne
gr e dno b y
facilities navigable
for
very defensible country,
water carriage. His communications are kept up
along the most extended and vulnerable line which
has been essayed by any General in this war.
Chattanooga (Sherman's base) is further from At-
lanta than Richmond is from Washington, and yet
no army of Federals advancing from 'Washington
against Richmond has ever succeeded in keeping
open land communications over half the distance
which at this moment separates Sherman from
Chattanooga. When I add that Sherman has re-
ceived no other collateral assistance than what he
has derived from an army of Federals in Northern
Mississippi (about 18,000 strong, at first under the
command of General Sturgis, and now under the
command of General Washburne), which army has
always been easily held in cheek by about 10,000
Confederates nnder General Forrest, your readers
will perceive:that Sherman is deserving of high
credit for having got so far into Georgia and for
having maintained himself there for four months.
But there is.one material difference between the
campaigns of Sherman and Grant which has served
to secure success hitherto to the former and to deny
it to the latter. There is in the Confederacy but one
Robert E. Lee, and but one army thoroughly im-
pregnated with his spirit. Against General Lee and
his army (which has never exceeded 90,000 men all
told) the combined forces of Grant and Butler and
Hunter, numbering altogether not less than 250,000

men at the commencement of the campaign, have
egregiously failed to prevail. The Confederate army
of Tennessee under General Johnston was, at the
commencement of the campaign of 1164, not much
inferior in numbers to the army under Gene-
ral Lee. Lse was opposed, as I have said, by
250,000 Federals. Johnston was opposed by not
more than half that number. Water facilities
abound in Virginia, and were entirely wanting in
Georgia. Yet at this moment Washington is in as
much peril as Richmond, while Atlanta is being
shelled by Sherman. Your readers will gauge by the
light of this statement the difference of Lee's and
Jahnston's capacities, and the difference of material
in the two armies with which they are identified.
The indications still are that in Virginia there
will be more fighting
hereafter between the Conte..
derate army under Early in the Valley and its op-
ponents than between Grant and Lee before Peters-
burg. No doubt Grant's tenacity will be abundantly
displayed by his clinging to hie position at the mouth
of the Appomattox in spite of the unhealthiness of
autumn and the possible peril of Washington. But
it seems probable that Gen. Early, or possibly some
other Confederate General of higher rank (such, for
instance, as Gen. Anderson, the successor of Gen.
Longstrcet) will undertake operations which will
anfix Grant's clutch upon the throat of Petersburg.
It is known that Gen. Anderson and many thousands
of his men are at this moment on their way to join
Gen. Early;or to threaten Washington from another
quarter. It is easy to understand that President
Lincoln's re-election and Grant's maintenance of his
present position are convertible terms. But it is
more probable that the CJafederates in the Valley
will triumph over the opponents and strike fresh
terror into all hearts in Washington and Pennsyl-
vania than that Grant and Lee will lie inactively
facing each other before Petersburg. Much will
depend, as regards the locale of the autumn cam-
paign in Virginia, upon the battle which now seems
imminent between Early and his opponents in the
Valley. It is understood that Gen. Sheridan, the
cavalry leader vho is most after Gen. Grant's heart,
has gone into the Valley to take part in the opera-
tions of the Federals in that quarter.

There is little of interest for any of your renders
(except those concerned in blockade running opera-
tions) in the recent capture, by Admiral Farragut,
of Mobile Bay, There is little likelihood that the
town of Mobile will share the fate of Forts Powell
and Gaines and fall into the enemy's hands. It has
often before been stated that the system of deten•
sive redoubts which girdles Mobile is believed to be
so strong as to defy attack, But the harbour of
Mobile has been of so little use as a port of entry
that its loss to the Confederates in this respect will
be hardly felt. .

To report that an American July and August are
stiflingly, oppressively, exhaustively hot is to utter
nothing but a truism. Bat it is worthy of notice
. _

that the last 20 days are said to have been un.
pardleled in heat within the memory of the oldest
inhabitant. Night and day the mercury of Fahren-
heit has touched 90, and has sometimes gone con.
siderably above that figure. The effect of the in-
tense heat is visible in the universal lassitude and
pallor which are perceptible in every countenance.
Officers and travellers who have lived in Bengal and
Madras agree in reporting that they find the Ame•
mean heat much more oppressive than that of the
East Indies. The American houses are ill adapted
for excluding heat or cold, and there are no punkahs,
The only mitigating circumstance which makes the
summer of 1864 more endurable than its predeces.
sors in Richmond since the commencement of the
war is that we have this year an abundance of ice.
But the pale shadows which flit along the shady
tales of It'ehrnond's streets this day, utterly devoid
of English rosiness and fleshiness, seem better fitted
to reside in the donius exilis Piubniu than to be
denizens of the working, toiling, much enduring
world in which at this moment their lot is cast.

British Association for the Advancement

of Science.

DR LIVINGSTONE'S LAST SIX YEARS'
TRAVELS IN INDIA.
Perhaps no man amongst the many great ones attending
the present scientific congress is more eminently popular
than the great African traveller and missionary Dr Living-
stone. The announcement that he would give an account
of his travels has accordingly been one of the greatest at-
tractions of the present meeting. The theatre was conse-
quently last night crammed, as might be expected, every
part of the house being thronged with that mingled assem-
blage of people of science and fashion which has distin-
guished the present meeting. In fact, to ease the anticipated
pressure here, announcements were made that the lecture
would also be read at the Mineral Water Hospital, the seat
of the geographical section, and that Dr Livingstone would
be present at the conclusion of the reading. Both places of
assemblage were densely crowded.
In both assemblies Dr Livingstone was received with
most enthusiastic applause
and the thanks moved to him
at the close of the lectures was carried with acclamation.
The following is the address :
" In order that the remarks I have to offer may be clearly
understood, it is necessary to call to mind some things
which took place previous to the Zambesi expedition being
sent out; and most of you are no doubt aware that pre-
vious to the discovery of Lake Segami and the well-
watered country in which the Makololo dwell, the idea
prevailed that a large part of the interior of Africa was
composed of vast sandy deserts into which rivers ran and
were lost. In a journey from sea to sea, across the con-
tinent, somewhat north of the lake first discovered, it was
found that there, too, the country was well watered.
Large tracts of fertile soil were covered with forest, and
occupied with a considerable population. We had, then,
the form of the continent revealed to be an elevated pla-
teau, somewhat depressed in the centre, with fissures at the
sides, by which the rivers escaped to the sea; and this great
fact in physical geography can never be referred to without
mentioning the remarkable hypothesis by which the distin-
guished President of the Royal Geographical Society (Sir
R. Murchison) clearly delineated it before it was verified
by actual observation of the altitudes of the country and
a cu
theml t y of collecting facts
from B
everyut h e
into a focus in a
courses of the rivers. It was; published in one of his famous
anniversary addresses ; and he was equally
happy in his last
address in pointing out the ancient geological condition of
the interior of this continent, as probably the oldest in the
world—a fact we, who were on fa spot could but dimly
guess.
way no one else can accomplish. we understand it only
after he has made all plain in hi▪ s study at home. Then fol-
lowed source, seemsantdo have
theconcentrating
the famous travels of Dr Barth and Francis Galion.
The most interesting discoveri▪
es of Lake Zanganyika and
Victoria Nyanza, of Capt. Burton and Capt. Spoke—whose
sad loss we all now so,deeply deplore—and again, of Lakes
Shirwa and Nyassa ; the discoveries of Van der Decken and
several others; but last cf all, the grand discovery of the
main source of the Nile, which every Englishman
must feel
know was accomplished b
proud to by our countrymen Speke
and Grant. In all this exploration, the main object in view
has not been merely to discover oblijecis
of nine days' wonder
—to gaze and be gazed at by as ariana_l would not give
a fis to discover even a tribe with tails I--but, in proceeding
to the west coast to find a
path
to the Sea, whereby lawful
commerce might be introduced to aid missionary efforts, I
was vary much struck by observing the decided influence of
that which is known as Lord Palmerston's policy, existing
several hundreds of miles from the Ocean.
I found piracy
had been abolished, and that the slave trade had been so
far suppressed as to be spoken of as a thing of the past; that
lawful commerce had increased from £20,000 in ivory and
gold dust to between two and three millions—one million of
which was in palm oil—to our own country ; that over
twenty missions had been established, with schools in which
12,000 pupils were
taught; that life and property were
secure on the coast, and comparative peace established in
large portions of the interior; and all this was at a time
when, from reading the speeches of well-informed gentle-
men at home, I had come to the conclusion that our cruisers
had dune nothing but aggravate the evils of the slave trade.
Well, not finding what I wished by going to the west coast,
I came down the Zambesi to the east coast, and there I
found the country sealed up. The same efforts had been
made by our cruisers here as on the west coast, but in con-
sequence of foreigners bang debarred from entering the
country, neither traders nor missionaries had established
themselves. The trade was only in a little ivory and gold
dust and slaves, just so it was on the west coast before Lord
Palmerston's policy came into operation. It seemed to me,
therefore, that as the Portuguese Government professed it-
self willing to aid in opening the country, and we had a
large river, the Zambesi, whi:.ll. being full when I first de-
scended, it seemed a famous inlet to the higher lands and
interior generally. I knew the natives to be almost all fond
of trading, and, when away from the inflaence:of the slave
s trade, friendly and ; the soil fertile, and cotton and other

products widely cultivated. It therefore appeared to me
that if I could open this region to lawful commerce, I should
supplement the efforts of our cruisers in the same way as
has been done by traders and missionaries on the west coast,
and perform a good service to Africa and to England. To
accomplish this was the main object of the Zambesi expedi-
tion, and in speaking of what was done, it is to be under-
stcod that Dr Kirk, Mr Livingstone, and others, composed
it ; and when I speak in the plural number I mean them
and wish to bear testimony to the zeal and untiring energy
with which my companions worked. They were never
daunted by difficulties nor dangers nor hard fare, and, were
their services required in any other capacity, might be re-
lied on to perform their duty. The first discovery we made
was a navigable entrance to the Zambesi, about a degree
west of the Quillimane river, which has always been repre-
sented as the mouth of the Zambesi, in order as some !Lain-
tained, that the men of war might be induced to watch the
false mouth, while slaves were quietly shipped from the real
mouth. This mistake has lately been propagated in a map
by the Colonial Minister of Portugal. On ascending Zam-
besi, we found that the Portuguese authorities, to whom
their Government had kindly commended us, had nearly all
fled down to the sea-coast, and the country was in the hands
of the natives, many of whom, by their brands, we saw had
been slaves. As they were all quite friendly with us, we
proceeded to our work, and ascended the river in a little
steamer, which, having been made of steel plates, a material
never before tried, and with an engine and boiler, the
sweepings of some shop, very soon failed us. Indeed, the
common canoes of the country passed us with ease, and the
people in them looked back, wondering what this puffing,
asthmatic thing could mean. The crocodiles thought it
was a land animal swimming, and rushed at it in hopes of
having a feast. The river, for the first 300 miles, is from
half a mile to three miles wide. During half the year
the water is abundant and deep ; during the other half,
or the dry season, it is very shallow ; but, with pro-
perly-constructed vessels, much might be made of it
during the whole of the ordinary years, We proceeded
as soon as we could to the rapids above Zette, our
intention having originally been to go up as far as
the Great Victoria Falls, and do what we could with the
Makololo, but our steamer could not steam a four-knot cur •
rent. We then turned off to an affluent of the Zambesi,
which flows into it about 100 miles from the sea ; it is called
the Shire, and, as far as we know, was never explored by
any European before. It flows in a valley about 200 miles
long and 20 broad. Ranges of hills shut in the landscape on
both sides, while the river itself winds excessively among
marshes; in one of these we counted 800 elephants, all in
sight at one time. The population was very large, crowds
of natives, armed with bows and poisoned arrows, lined the
banks, and seemed disposed to resent any injury that
might be inflicted. Bnt by care and civility we gave
them no occasion for commencing hostilities, though they
were once just on the point of discharging their arrows.
On a second visit they were more friendly, and the
women and children appeared. We had so far gained
their confidence that we left the steamer at Murchison's
Cataract, Dr Kirk and I proceeding on foot to the N.N.E.,
discovered Lake Shirwa. The lake is not large ; it is said
to have no outlet, and this is probably the case, for its water
is brackish ; it abounds in fish, hippopotami, and leeches.
The scenery around is very beautiful, the mountains on the
east rising to a height of 8,000 or 9,000 feet. We were now
among Manganja, a people who had not been visited by
Europeans, and as I am often asked what sort of folk these
savages are, 1 may answer they were as low as any we ever
met, except bushmen, yet they all cultivated the soil for
their sustenance. They raise large quantities of maize or
Indian corn, and other grain, which grows in a stalk 10 or
l 2 feet high, with grain very much like the hempseed given
to canaries, and called by the Arabs thsra gorg-
Rum); another kind of grain (tennisetum); several kinds of
beans, pumpkins, and melons ; cucumbers, from the seeds
of which a fine oil is extracted ; cassava, from which our
tapioca is made; ground nuts, which yield an oil fit for
cooking; castor oil, with which they anoint their bodies;
and tobacco and Indian hemp for smoking. The labour in
the fields seemed to be performed by the whole family, men,
women, and children being seen in the fields together. Each
family had a patch of cotton, just as our forefathers had
each a patch of land, and this cotton was spun and woven
by the men, while the women malted and ground the corn
and made the beer. Near many of the village furnaces were
created for smelting iron from the ore, and excellent hoes
were made very cheap. All were eager traders, and very
few were hunters, so they can scarcely be called savages,
though without a doubt they were degraded enough. Their
life has always appeared to me to be one of fear. They may
be attacked by other tribes and s sld into slavery; and the
idea this brings is, that they will be taken away, fattened,
and eaten by the whites. The slave trader calls them beasts
and savages, and they believe the slave traders to bs card •
bola, They also live in fear of witchcraft, and suspected
persons are fl-eque,ltly compelled to drink the ordeal water,
which is just about as sensible a means of detecting witches
cc our former mode of ducking in a pond. If the suspected
person vomits, she is innocent; it not, guilty; end yet we
laugh heartily at our forefathers believing that the woman
who sank in the pond was innocent, and guilty if she swam
just as monomaniacs do with their illusions. Cultivating
large tracts of land for grair, a favourite way of using the
produce is to convert it into beer. It is not very intoxi-
cating, but when they consume large quantities they do
become a little elevated. When a family brews a large
quantity, the friends and neighbours are invited to drink,
and bring their hoes with them. They let off the excite-
ment in merrily hoeing their friend's field. At other times
they consume large quantities for the same object as our
regular topers at home. We entered one village and found
the people all tipsy together. On seeing us, the men tried to
induce the women to run away, but the ladies, too, were, as
ropajoatneefhonnocdt
sezdltttusyheesebcviteasiezei
nshkarbleegoeueyrsdnnusoui
we mildly put it, " a little overcome," and laughed at the idea
bringing a large pot of the liquid, with the intention of
if we except the coast tribes, are very much like these, with-
out the drunkenness. Wherever the tzet ze exists the people
animals except the goat, man, and donkey. Its bite does no
harm to man nor to the donkey, though one we took through
d
made no discovery as to the nature of the curious poison in-
jected running.
ot nhotl
district
ioificeofnei
at
wiytigtti
lifting
dleguereei
ae hsndn eioteehrr:i
couldpsl
r oe villagebv ea
wd.
insect oye
plevrtfifooernvrioi
de
last rohfrueaoa
out where
over-fatigue.
topdef
people
etegenerally,
mattersietdu noeleam.ri
dae
Wsbl
y),ti
domestic
eggs, Where the slave trade is unknown, the cattle are the
c they
hTt
question
te es. r MakololoepuutThisr,return the
thhiyse snwshociotl
Scotch
ticcd considered
ny
so traveliudel
answer,irafet
dmw oh,na,tt
"Why
ofheostealing,ysr
should these Makalake, or black fellows, possess cattle, if
they can't defend them 1" Having secured the goodwill of
the people below and adjacent to Murchison's cataracts, we
next proceeded further north, and discovered the Shire flow-
ing in a broad gentle stream out to Lake Nyassa, about 60
mites above the cataracts. The country on each side of the
river and lake rises up in what, from below, seem ranges of
mountains, but when they have been ascended they turn out
to be elevated plateatix, cool and well watered with streams.
To show the difference of temperature, we were drinking the
water of the Shire at 84 degrees, and by one day's march up
the ascent, of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet, we had it at 65
degrees, or 19 degrees lower. It felt as if iced. We had no
trouble with the people. No dues were levied, nor fines de-
manded, though the Manganja were quite independent in
their bearing towards us and strikingly different from what
theyieft
y afterwardsto gaining
the friendships became.
Our
oapfetrhaation differents
were
tribes,confined
nand
imparting what information we could, with a view to induce
them to cultivate cotton for exportation. It has already
e been mentioned that each family had its own cotton patch ;
some of these were of considerable extent; one field, close
to Zedzane Cataract, I lately found to be 630 paces on one
side, and the cotton was of excellent quality, not requiring
replanting oftener than once in three years, and no fear of
injury by frost. After careful examination, I have no hesi-
tation in te-asserting that we have there one of the finest
cotton fields in the world. In remonstrating with the chiefs
against selling their people into slavery, they justified
themselves on the plea that none were sold except crimi-
nals. The crimes may not always be very great, but I
conjecture, from the extreme ugliness of many slaves, that
they are the degraded criminal classes ; and it is not fair
to take the typical negro from among them, any more than
it would be to place "Bill Sykes" or some of .Punch's
garotters as the typical John Bull. For years I had been
looking out for the typical negro, and never felt satisfied
that I had got him, for many of them are the pictures of
the old Assyrians ; others, barring colour, which we soon
forget, closely resemble acquaintances at home. But Mr.
Winwood Read, in his work "Savage Africa," seems
to have lighted right on the head of the idea,
in saving that no typical negro is seen in the portraits and
monuments of the ancient Egyptians. When we had suc-
ceeded in gaining the goodwill of, the people which crowded
the whole Shire valley, the mission under the late Bishop
Mackenzie came into the country. Dr. Kirk hed performed
a journey from the Murchison Cataracts across to Zette,
Portuguese village upon the Zambesi. Slave hunters then
were sent along Dr. Kirk's route by the sanction of the pre-
sent Government, and calling themselves " My children."
The scamps I Tin y joined themselves to another tribe called
Ajawa, then in the act of migrating from the south-east,
and who had been accustomed to take slaves annually down
to Quillimane and other settlements on the coast. Furnish-
ing the Aja wa with arms and ammunition they found it easy
to drive those who were armed only with bows and arrows
before them. When Dr Kirk, and Mr Charles Livingstone
and I went up to show Bishop Mackenzie on to the high-
lands, wo met a party of these Portuguese slaves coming
with 81 captives bound and led towards Zette. The head of
the party we knew perfectly, having had him in our em-
ployment in Zette. No force was employed, for even the
slaves of the Governor knew they were doing wrong, and
fled, leaving the whole of the captives in our hands. Bishop
Mackenzie received theta gladly, and in a fertile country,