The Sun.
London, England, 1864-10-07 00:00:00

STATE OF TRADE.

Human Bones Found at Pompeii.

In a paper addressed to the Academy of Sciences M. de
Luca adverts to the process successfully adopted at Pom-
peii for obtaining casts of the persons who lost their lives
at the time of the eruption which caused the destruction of
that city. 'We will merely remind our readers that as
that eruption consisted of stones and ashes, the fugi-
tives. after falling down in a state of suffocation, were
covered by the ashes, which settled on all the mi-
nutest folds of their garments and every part of
their body. This coating of ashes hardened in
course of time, and the flesh wasting away under it, left a
hollow mould, into which the explerers of the present day,
when they are fortunate enough to discover it in time, pour
liquid plaster, and thus obtain an exact cast of the body.
The number of casts thus taken is four, and M. de Luca
has presented the Academy with their reductions in plaster
executed by a clever artist employed at Pompeii. In a
chemical point of view tho bones found at Pompei
do not all present exactly the same composition, but
contain all the principles to be met with in the bones of the
present period. Oh being heated in a stove at a tempera-
ture of from 100 to 120 degrees, they lose atout 9 per cent.
of their weight, which represents the moisture contained in
them. At a red heat, and protected from the air, the bones
become black, and lose 16 per cent. more ; if calcined in the
open air, the loss is 20 per cent. The coal contained in
a closed crucible disappears in the shape of car-
bonic acid. The total quantity of the latter varies be-
tween 4 and 9 per cent. In testing the bones with concen-
trated sulphuric acid for the purpose of ascertaining the
quantity of carbonic acid aforesaid, the glass tube in which
the operation is performed exhibits signs of corrosion,
which is owing to a certain amount of fluoride of calcium
contained in all these bones. M. de Luca states that, when
found, they are somewhat soft, and after being treated with
weak acids, their organic matter, cartilage for instance, re-
mains in a gelatinous state, preserving all the time their
primitive shapes.

Daring the last few days there has been a rather
firmer tore in the markets for foreign and colonial
produce. The public sales of tea have proceeded
with rather more animation, at steady prices.
Sugars have been in more request, while a fair
amount of business has been done in coffee and
cocoa. Rice, however, has remained inactive, and
the dealings in tallow have been very restricted ,
for both present and forward delivery.
FATAL ACCIDENT ON TILE MIDLAND RAILWAY.—
A fatal accident occurred on the Midland Railway at Col- I
lingham, near Newark, on Tuesday last. A man about 60 1
years of age got on to the line, and although every means
were used to induce him to get out of the way he took no
heed whatever and was run over and killed on the spot, the
injuries he received being frightful. An inquest was held
on Wednesday before Mr Coroner Newton, and a verdict of
accidentally killed was returned by the jury.
SUICIDE OF A BANK MANAGER.—An inquest was
held on the body of the manager of the Berkeley Bank,
named Mr H. Williams, at Berkeley on Tuesday. The de-
ceased had during the latter part of lest week exhibited un-
questionable
signs of mental derangement, and being missed
by his friends, they went in search of him on Friday mot n-
ing. They succeeded in tracing his footsteps to the banks
of the Severn, and at length found his body lying face
downward in the mud of the foreshore, the tide being at the
time out. Some money of his own, which he had been in '
the habit of keeping in the bank, was found upon him; and
it appeared that he had visited the bank for the purpose of
getting the money on the Thursday night, methodically
leaving a cheque for the amount in the till. The jury re-
turned an open verdict, accompanied with the expression of
opinion that at the time of his death deceased was of un-
sound mind.
How COALMINE EXPLOSIONS ARE CAUSED.—
An inquest was held at Ashton-under-Lyne, yesterday,
touching the death of Alfred Jacques, a collier, who died
on the 25th ult. from the effects of burns which he received
on the 25th of July, from an explosion at Lord's Fields
Colliery, Ashton-under-Lyne, belonging to Messrs. Gar-
forth, of Dukinfielct. The deceased had never been able to
tell how the accident happened. Thomas Price, the wag.
goner for the deceased, stated that the deceased and him-
self had worked three nigh', shifts, and were about to
commence work at seven o'clock on the morning of the
25th of July, in a cut from ono level to another. The
men had told them that there was foul air in the cut, and
they turned a ventilator which
,had been placed at the
Gad of the working. Whilst witness was turning
the ventilator, the deceasei came to him and lighted his
pipe, and an explosion immediately took place. Samuel
Crossley, the foreman, explained that the effect of turning
the ventilator would be to draw the foul air upon the men
in a cloud. The witness said the underlooker never told
him there was sulphur, nor did he get a copy of the rules.
When ho got to work on Monday morning there was no
board marked "fire," or any writing on spades. He did
not know that it was a general rule that the workmen were
not to commence work until an inspection had been made
by the foreman. He did not know he was doing wrong
in turning the ventilator. John Harrison, the under-
looker, gave evidence that the deceased bad worked tbur or
five years at the pit, and well knew the regulations.
After considerable discussion, a verdict of accidental death
as returned, th4iry, however, recommending that more
conspicuous eignele should be used.

Sheridan pursued Early beyond Strasburg, and
again routed him at Fisher's Hill, capturing 16
guns. The pursuit continues.
No fighting has taken place at Petersburg.
The Confederate p. ire tee on Lake Erie have been
captured.

COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE.
NEW YORK, SEPT. 24 (Morning).

It was clear from the concentration of a large force of con-
stabulary at Goold's Cross Station that the people in
authority were well aware that that was the place selected
by Coburn's friends for those concerned in the fight to take
their departure for the " trysting place," The ground
selected was within a short distance of the "Rock of
Cashel," a secludcl place. On the arrival of the train at
Goold's Cross Station there was no one to be found who
could give any information about Coburn, and the absence
of any of the reporters from the London sporting journals
clearly proved that there was not the slightest chance of
the fight taking place. One hundred of the constabulary
were drawn up under arms round the station, and after
the sergeants had taken stock of the passengers who had
left the train they retired to take shelter behind the nearest
wall from the bitter wind which was blowing. Those who
had come down to see the fight, and who had not aban-
doned the hope that the " mill" would come off, pushed on
for Cashel on outside cars in the piercing cold, and on
arriving at the " City of the Kings" they found that every
bed in the hotels had been engaged, principally by the
friends and backers of Cobura, several of whom had
come over from Liverpool. It Ras positively stated that Co-
burn was in the neighbourhood, but strange to say his own
agent did not know where to find him or Cusick, his trainer
and backer. On Tuesday morning Coburn's friends and
several members of the Dublin press proceeded from Cashel
to Goold's Cross, a distance of five miles. The constabulary
were more numerous than on the day previous, and the men
looked exhausted after their long term of duly in weather
severely cold. On the approach of every train constables
were placed behind walls, and distributed along the plat-
form, and horse police were in readiness to dash off at a
moment's notice, to bring skirmishers in to aid in prevent-
ing a fight that was never to take place. Military men and
others who had come long distances to be present at the
pugilistic encounter were loud in their complaints at the
manner in which the principals, or those acting
for them backed out of their engagements. Much
amusement to the knowing ones was occasioned on
the arrival of the train which left town at half-past seven
o'clock, by the constabulary arresting a man named Ryan,
from Thurlcs, whom they mistook for Mace. Nothing
could be more comic than the bewilderment expressed
on the face of Mr Ryan, who is a jolly-looking farmer, on
being taken captive. He insisted that he was himself, and
not Jem Mace, but he would not be believed by the sub-
inspectors and sergeants, who took him into the booking-
office and interrogated him with the most laughable solem-
nity, and it was not until two military gentlemen pledged
themselves that Mr Ryan was not Jem Mace that ho was
allowed to go at large. While this scene was being enacted
Jos Coburn, it is stated, escaped from a house in the vici-
nity of the station, where he had been " lying up," and.
which the police searched shortly after he had got away.
Mace, however, did not appear dining the day, nor any of
the pugilistic corps, and as all those who appeared to be in
the " secret" returned to town by the midday trains. It
appears that shortly before 2 o'clock Coburn, accompanied
by his trainer, Cusick, and his second, J. Mackesy, sue •
ceeded in getting to a spot about a mile behind the Goold's
Cross station, named Ballack. Here, in the presence of Chas.
Westhall, of the Spot ring Life, and Mr James, of the Ncto
York Clipper, Cusick formed the outline of the square which
is miscalled the ring by planting four upright poles in the
ground. Within the square Coburn pitched his cap, and
then followed it himself. Mace not putting in an appearance,
Coburn claimed the £l,OOO stakes, on the ground that the
articles specify that the men were to be on the spot named
for the contest between 12 and 2 o'clock, and Mace had
failed to keep the engagement."

In a letter to the Sporting Life, dated London, Tuesday
evening, Mace says—" I am greatly disappointed at not
being permitted to fight Coburn. I have, for the sake cf
my backers, taken every pains in training, and to-day I
was never more fit or better in my life, as my trainer
Milner, will certify. I do not consider myself well.
treated, and Mr Brunton, who never found a shilling of
my money, has taken everything to himself, and asserts
that he was solely responsible in getting gerftlemen to find
me the amount required. Mr Brunton suddenly left mo
in Dublin on Monday with no explanation. Coburn had
every opportunity if he wished to meet me, and would
only through his representative, choose one referee, a
Mr Bowling, of whom I know nothing, and who is also
said to be a brother-in-law of Coburn. lam most dis-
appointed, and how on earth could it be supposed that I
should fight, with a man for referee of whose position I
know nothing, and who was a hundred miles away even
when proposed ? I wished any representative of the
press to act, and Milner even asked Coburn's friend, Mr
Edwin James, of the New York Clipper, when Mr Smith
was objected to, if he (Slr James) would stand, Lut he
would not. Now, as to the money business. Every shilling
that has been Amin' me has come from sportsmen who put
their names down, I trust owing to my public reputation.
Coburn's party placed an insurmountable obstacle against
our fighting, and as I have reason to suppose that Coburn
was not even training, and evaded his engagement with
no intention of fighting, I consider myself entitled t) the
stakes."

German Politics in Norfolk,

NORWICH, OCt. 6.

The annual meeting of the North Walsham Agri-
cultural Society was held last evening at that town,
and the chair at the dinner was occupied by Lord
Suffield, who was supported by Sir T. F. Buxton
(the Liberal candidate for Lynn), Sir H. Robinson,
Colonel Coke, M.P., Mr C. Buxton, M.P., Mr E.
Howes, M,P., Baron Bunsen (son of the late Cheva-
lier Bunsen, Prussian Ambassador), the Hon. F.
Walpole (the Conservative candidate for Lynn),
Mr J. G. Hoare, the Hon. and Rev. J. Harbord,
Colonel COKE, M.P., in responding for the army,
said no country had so small an army as Eogland,
but no country had one so efficient. The introduc-
tion of breech-loading rifles into the service, which
would shortly take place, would, he believed, make
the British army still more formidable.
Mr. C. BUXTON, M,P., replied for " The Volun•
teers,'' who had also been associated with the toast
of the army. The hon. gentleman said we had all
looked upon the American war with the deepest re.
Bret, but it had shown us one thing, viz., the great
value a volunteer army would be in case of an in-
vasion. In America there were very few trained
soldiers at the outbreak of the war, and almost all
who were engaged in it were hurried quickly to the
field, very few of the men having had anything like
the training which our Volunteers have had, and
very few of the officers having had the means which
our Volunteer officers had enjoyed of studying the
theory of military movements. Yet we saw that at
the first great battle of Bull Run both sides fought
with wonderful courage, stubbornness, and energy,
conducting their movements on a colossal scale. We
also saw from what was going on in America, that
war was more and more giving the advantage to the
defence against the attack. This seemed to be the
result of those arms of precision now in use. With
them, if men did but stand on the defensive and
did not attempt to rush out, they could stand
against any amount of force. (Hear, hear.) In both
of these respects we had an encouraging example
set us as to what the volunteers of England might
do for England if her shores should be invaded, and
therefore we could look upon the volunteer force
with the greatest satisfaction. (Cheers.)
The PRESIDENT proposed the " County Mem-
bers." (Cheers.)
Colonel COKE, M.P., in reply, said be thought
the absence of any great political excitement was
in a great measure owing to Lord Palmerston,
who smoothed down little difficulties and stilled
unquiet spirits in a manner p culiarly his
own. (Laughter.) With regard to taxes,
without alluding to any particular tax, he re-
gretted that there was no chance of any change
belling place which was likely to materially affect
the farmers. Great expenditure had been neces-
sarily incurred in connection with our national de-
fences, and these were made the heavier from the
improvements introduced into the science of gun-
nery, for a new ship was no sooner constructed to
resist artillery than some gun was invented which
necessitated the construction of a different class of
vessel. (Laughter.)
Mr. E. How Es, M.P., also responded, andtouched
upon the question of cottage accommodation, in
which, he said, every one—landlord, tenant, and
labourer—was interested ; at the same time, it was
a landlord's question, since its solution depended
principally upon an expenditure of money and at-
tention. Although his property was small, yet he
was afraid it would take some years before all the
cottages on it could be brought into a state which
would be satialactoty to himself, and he feared many
other landlords must feel themselves in the same
position, Intimately connected with the question
of cottage accommodation was the subject of the
condition of the labourer, which depended not
only upon his home, but upon his general
treatment, and this mainly rested with the agricul-
turists, who had the immense advantage over the
commercial class of being individually- acquainted
with their workpeople, and who were all the more
bound to accord them liberal, but at the same time
firm treatment. (Hear, hear.)
Sir F. BUXTON proposed " The Strangers," asso-
ciating with the toast the name of Baron Bunsen.
(Cheers.)

Baron BUNSEN, in responding, said that if any of
those whom he was addressing were to visit him at
home on the Rhine, although he should cot be able
to show them much among the surrounding farms
which would be new to them, they would all be
p'elsed to see the increasing use of those imple-
ments and appliances, and those habits which had
transformed the shallow, though not unfruitful, soil
of Norfolk into the very garden of England. He
had asked himself whether, appearing before them
as a German under the present circumstances,
they would not think it very mean of him if he
did not stand up in defence of his coun-
try. (Hear.) He should therefore state his opinions,
and he should be glad if they would kindly and for..
bearingiy forgive him the sins of his countrymen,
and excuse him in what he was about to say, from
friendship,what they would condemn in others. He
wished his voice were loud enough and his argue
:Lents weighty enough to impress them with the
strong conviction he entertained, contrary to that
of the majority of Englishmen—namely, that the
Schleswig-Holsteiners had been at war in the right,
that the Danes were in the wrong, and that the
Germans were bound by every consideration of
self-respect and national duty to separate and save
the Schleswig-Holsteiners from the oppression of
the Danes. He would say at the outset that they,
the Liberal, the National party of Germans, en-
tirely dieagreed,as much as Englishmen did, with the
cause of Schleswig-Holstein having been taken up
by Austria and Prussia alone, to the exclusion of
the rest of Germany and the Schleswig-Holsteiners
themselves—those Pon-ers having carried on the
war alone, in defiance of the interests of those who
had a strong interest in it. Bat was the cause itself
less sacred for this ? They were all grieved that the
Schleswig-Hoisteiners had been prevented from
fighting the cause of their own liberation, which
they had,fought for two good years in 1848, 1849,
and 1850, at a fearful expense of treasure and blood,
but should they not rejoice in their deliverance,
and be glad to see the arrival of the day when a
complete and lasting separation would be pro-
nounced of them from the other parts of what used
to be one united kingdom ? He found it much
easier to talk of these things in conversation when
objections were raised one after the other, and
when one tried to arrive at the truth on both sides,
by testing the arguments employed. Many
of his friends at college were Schleswig-
Holsteiners, and this was the origin with
him, as with many others, of the side he took on
the subject. The Schleswig-Holsteiners were a
people closely allied to and were still of that stock
which came over to England and were called Anglo-
Saxon. They were small in number for the great
wealth of their country. They gave their sons the
.best education they could, and consequently a very
disproportionate number of young Schleswig-Hol-
steiners were met with at the German universities,
and it was there that many Germans had gained
the love they had for that particular country, and
for the cause they bad so unflinchingly advocated.
What the Schleswig-Holsteiners told them then,
and told them now, W 2.9 that Schleswig-Holstein
was one country by right and therefore should not
be divided; that the law of succession in their
country was different from the law of succession in
the kingdom of Denmark ; and that whenever it
should happen that there was an absence of heirs
male to their KingeDakes, the throne should go to
the other branch of the royal family—the AUPS-
tenburgs. This was as simple a statement es he
could give. Did his hearers consider it particularly
difflault to understand ? To him it seemed very
61Mpie, and he caned never quite sec why such emi-
nent statesmen had publicly pronounced it on diffe.e
rent occasions to be totally unintelligible. The
question might be considered simple to understand,
and yet merely the production of a busybody set of
men in the Duchies, who wanted to get up new
pretensions to the throne, in order to break off two
of the provinces from the rest of the kingdom. That
was another view of the enhject, and to it he might
oppose a number of dusty parchments, were it not
that do so would, he feared, exhaust tt.E, patience of
his audience. He would ask a few borne questions,
which sometimes, he dare say, presented themselves

to English minds. How was it that if the view he
took of the matter was false, there had not
been during the last 13 years of undisturbed Danish
rule in the Duchies—a rule that was tolerably, some
said intolerably, strict—one single newsc aper in the
Duchies which advocated the Danish view ? How
was it also that during that time the Duchies had
failed by any devices of the electoral law to obtain
anything like a majority in either of the Parlia-
ments ? How was it, likewise, at the present mo-
ment, as one by one the political refugees returned
to their country from almost every town and village
in Germany, where they had been earning their
livelihood as well as they could during the last 13
years, they were received by all classes of the people
with every mark of respect, while the Danes, on the
contrary, according to their own reports, had at all
times been received with feelings so expressed that
they could only with difficulty be restrained from
taking a most unworthy vengeance? He would
assume, for the sake of argument, that his hearers
would go so far with him as to wish well to the
SchleswigsHolsteiners, and that they should have
their due as they once wished to have. If
they went thus far, there doubtless remained in
their minds a whole string of objections. They
might say, supposing it had been a war of
deliverance from the Duchies, yet the result had been
obtained only by sheer numbers, and not by any
bravery of the troops employed. They might also
say that the war had been carried on mercilessly
towards the Danes—(hear, hear) ; that it had been
carried on very harshly towards the Schleswig-
Holsteiners themselves; and, finally, that the King
of Prussia, after having once entered the country,
was going to keep it for himself. (Hear, hear.)
To every one of these accusations he (Baron Bunsen)
offered the most unqualified contradiction. As to
sheer numbers, he would say what the Germans
felt about that much-abused army. They were all,
of whatever political creed, proud of possessing
young soldiers who, when suddenly called out in
the midst of a winter of great and unusual
severity, had left their comfortable homes and
proved themselves superior to all difficulties they
encountered, and who had marched day after
day through snow and sleet, and bivouacked
many consecutive nights on the bare ice,
totally unsheltered from the merciless winds.
The Germans were proud of an army which, after
an uninterrupted peace of about 50 years, had
been able to show that steadiness in its marches
and that self-reliance which was only to be ex-
pected in the third or fourth year of a campaign.
They thought that if such were the calibre of
their men and officers they could look with very
different eyes than before towards their western
neighbour. He spoke from experience ; because,
during the months he had spent on the Rhine this
summer, he had often heard the question asked,
"If the French were to oppose the Fatherland ?"
and the feeling was now one of much greater con-
fidence in their army and in their weapons—those
breech-loaders and rifled cannon—which were the
astonishment of the world, who, he would ask,
should rejoice at this result more than the Eng-
lish ? (Hear, hear.) In his opinion it was the
English who ought most to rejoice at any increase
of strength to Germany outwardly and inwardly,
because, whatever might happen, Germany and
England together would have to keep the peace of
the world. (Hear, hear.) It was Germany and
England standing together that were the real pro-
tectors of peace and the promoters of civilisation
and progress. (Hear, hear,) As to the question
of merciless treatment towards the Danes, he
knew that his hearers would hardly accept the cons
tradiction on his part, because they had never had
any accounts which did not speak of it. But he
world ask them, had they ever done anything in
the case of that English general who commanded
the bombardment of Sweaborg ? Did they call him
a barbarian who had ordered Kagosima to be set
on fire, or did they set him outside the pale of civi-
lisation who in 1807 felt constrained by good and
weighty reasons to destroy the Danish fleet of war,
the English admiral at the same time co-operating
and destroying numberless trading vessels, thus
ruining no end of small traders ? War at
the best was a most horrible thing. (dear,
hear.) When Englishmen read of constant
vexations which took place in an enemy's pro-
vince occupied by troops, let them not forget
that these things were mutual. The soldiers who
were obliged by their discipline to stand still when
they were hooted and dogged by the populace some-
times lost that self-command which they usually
possessed; but, from all the cases where he had
been able to collect facts, he could say honestly that,
in his opinion, it would be impossible to prove in-
stances which could bring home to the German
soldiers and generals the infamous taint of cruelty.
With regard to the levies made for the cost of war,
the money had mostly been spent in the country, E 0
that the country was rather better off then before.
(Laughter.) The inhabitants of SchleewigsHolstein
considered themselves, in fact, very cheaply delivered
from their oppressors, and if any Schleswig-Hol-
steiner was asked how he liked the result, he would
say that he and his fellow-countrymen would be
delighted to pay the expense, because they would
otherwise have had to expend much more money
and an indefinite amount of blood, which they were
ready to have shed, but which they had been spared.
He next came to the question of the course taken by
the King of Prussia. Some of those present might
be :aware that he was a member of his present
Majesty's loyal but very strenuous Opposition. If
he were a diplomatist, he hoped ho should not have
had applied to him the old definition of a diplomatist,
according to which it was his duty to lie abroad in
his country's service—(laughter)—but he was not a
diplomatist, and therefore he was free to say simply '
the truth. But he could speak with positive cern
tainty when he said that the King of Prussia had
never for a moment listened to the shameful and
abominable idea of annexing the Duchies of Schles-
wig and Holstein ; and although the matter was
not yet at an end, he was certain that his Majesty
never would annex the Duchies. He had firm hopes
in spite of all the difficulties which beset the ques-
tion, that in a few weeks—at least in a few months
—the man, who, in his view, was the rightful Duke
of Schleswig-Holstein, viz., the Hereditary Prince
of Augustenburg, would be proclaimed the duke.
He had the advantage, when a young man, of
being at college with this future Duke of Schles-
wig-Holstein; and he was convinced, knowing his
character, that his cis onld be a model Sate in the
north of Germany. "It is my hope," said the baron,
who spoke excellent Eng:ish, " that we shall there
have a second edition of your English constitutional
rule. Now, I must really jump across from the
green and glorious fields of Schleswig-Holstein to
the green and glorious fields of E ist Norfolk, and
I wish all your enterprises every kind of success
and happiness." (Cheers.)
Mr C, BUXTON, gave " The Successful Ex-
hibitors," and availed himself of the opportunity of
submitting what he considered a simple and satis-
factory mode of preventing injury to the tenant
farmer from the preservation of game. It was not
pheasants and partridges which were injurious to
the farmer—his greatest enemies were rabbits and
hares. An average of the number of hares and rab-
bits killed on an estate should be taken for five or
ten years, and then there should be a regular agree-
ment, as in any other matter of business, that the
number up to the average number should belong to
the landlord, and that all hares and rabbits killed
beyond that number should be handed over to the
farmer. The hon. member also touched upon the
question of middle class education, and said that,
generally speaking, the education given to the sons
of farmers was very bad indeed. He had had an
opportunity of examining a middle class school the
other day, and if he found the little rascals in the
ragged school in Shoreditch half so defective as
were the pupils in this highly endowed middle class
school he should be of opinion that the master should
be at once dismissed. The hon. member commended
the scheme adopted by Lord Fortescuc and others in
D_vonshirea with a considerable amount of success,
by which central collegiate schools were established
by companies, and an excellent education was se-
cured to the sons of agricultnriets. (Cheers.)
Other toasts and speeches followed.

FORTIFICATIONS AT MILFORD.—It is expected
that important and extensive works will shortly be com-
menced at the Stack, Milford, in order to render that rock a
valuable addition to the defences of the Pembrokeshire
coast. From the commanding position of the Stack, a
better site for a fort could not to selected.