The Sun.
London, England, 1864-07-26 00:00:00

SHIPPING-THIS DAY.

LONDON, July 26.—Wind this day at noon—South-
Westerly; moderate breeze and fine weather, but rather
cloudy.

PORTSMOUTH, July 25.—Wind S.W.—Arrived—Strath•
allan, from London for New Zealand, with stem and cut.
water damaged—Her Majesty's ship Narcissus, from the
Cape of Good Hope.

FALMOUTH, July 26.—WindN.W.—Arrived—AmoLgo,
from Porsgrund for New York, leaky.
CLYDE, July 25.—Wind S.W.—Arrived—Kurrechee
from Havannah—D3uglas Castle, from Matanzas—Baca-
phalus, from Quebec.

PLYMOUTH, July 25.—Wind S.W.—Arrived—Betty,
from Akyab—Anna, from Buenos Ayres—Sir Robert Sale,
from London for Sydney.
(BY MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH)
GRAVESEND, Tuesday Morning:

Arrived, July 25—Nordstieomas, from Quebec—Day
break, from Foo-Chow-Foo—Douglas, from Barbadoes.
Sailed, July 26—Concordia, for Boulogne.

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.

TATTERSALLS'—BAST EVENING.
STEWARDS' CLIP.
10 to lon the field (offered)
15 to 1 agst Balornock (taken)
100 to 6 agst Lucky Star (taken and offered)
20 to 1 agst Marigold (taken)

GOODWOOD STAKES.
2to 1 agst Thalestris (wanteded)
11 to 1 agst Blondin (offered)
15 to 1 agst Limosina (taken)

GOODIVOOD CUP.
Claremont Scratched.

An Extraordinary Story.

The Nashville Tines publishes the following roe
markable letter from a young woman, telling how
she pursued and shot a rebel, to avenge the murder
of her lover :—" I had met Peteet, Gordenhire, and
Turner on the road, and told my brother there that
they were searching for Dr. Saddler to kill him.
Sure enough they went to the house where he was,
and, strange to me, after his warning, he permitted
them to come in. They met him apparently per.
fectly friendly, and said they had come to get soma
brandy from Mr. Yelton, which they obtained, and
immediately after drinking they all three drew their
pistols and commenced firing at Saddler. He
drew his, but it was snatched away from
him. He then drew his knife which Was
also taken from him. He then ran round
the house and up a stairway, escaping out of
their sight. They followed, however, and searched
till they found him, and brought him down and
laid him on a bed mortally wounded. He requested
some of his people to send for Dr. Dillin to dress
his wounds. It is strange to me why, but Saddler's
friends had all left the room, when Turner went
up and put his pistol against his temple, and shot
him through the head. They all rejoiced like
demons, and stood by till he made his last struggle.
They then pulled his eyes open, and asked him in Et
loud voice if he were dead. They then took his horse
and saddle and pistols, and robbed him of all his
money, and otherwise insulted and abused his re.
mains. Now for this I resolved to have revenge. Peteet
and Gordenhire being dead, I determined to kill
Turner, and had to seek an early opportunity of doing
it. But I kept that resolution to myself, knowing that
I would be prevented. I went prepared, but never
could get to see him. On Thursday before I killed
him I learned that he was preparing to leave Lou.
isiana, and I determined he should not escape if I
could prevent it. I arose that -morning and fixed
my pistols so that they would be sure to fire, and
determined to hunt him all that day. Then sitting
down I wrote a few lines, so that if I fell my friends
would know where to look for my remains. I took
my knitting as if I were going to spend the day
with a neighbour living on the road toward Turner's.
It rained very severely, making the roads muddy,
so that became fatigued, and concluded to go back
and ride next day, on Saturday. But ma rode my horse
on Saturday and left me to keep house. We had
company on Sunday morning, so that I could not
leave, but the company left about neon, and I started
again in search of Turner. I went to his house,
about 21 miles from pa's. I found no one at home,
and therefore sat down to await his return. After
waiting, perhaps 11 hours, a man came to see Turner
and not finding him, be said he supposed that he and
his wife had gone to Mre Christian's, his sister-in-
law, who lived about one mile distant. I concluded
to go there and see, fearing the man would tell
him I was waiting fur him, and he would escape
me. I found him there, and a number of other
persons, including his wife and her father and
mother. Most of them left when I entered the
house. I asked Mrs Christian if Turner was gone.
She pointed to him at the gate, just leav•
I
tawrteeldvet to run.aeea
looked at the clock, and it was half.past foar p.m.
I then walked out into the yard, and as Turner was
He turned, and saw-
starting, called him to stop.
I was preparing to shoot him.
fine as quickly as pos-
sible;and missed. I fired again I fired at the distance
back of his head, and he fell
hit him in the
I fired an•ain, •
and hit him in
of abilouetst
on his face and knee.
five steps of him,
and stood and
of the shots taking effect. By this
one
tmhoereb,aockpl,yand he fell on his right ride. I fired twice
time I was within
.1 then turned round
and walked
asked
watched
toward atoktill he was dead.
the house, and met Mrs. Chris-
tian
and her sister (his wife) coming out. They
what I did it for ? My response was,
you know what he did the 13th of December last
—murdered a dear friend of mine. I have been de-.
termined to do this deed ever since, and I shall
never regret it. They said no more to me, but come
menced hallooing and blowing a horn. I got my
horse and started home, where I shall stay or leave
when I choose, going where I please, and suing
what I please."

FRANEFORT, July 22.—The Austro-Prussian
proposition, requiring the Prince of Augnstenburg
to give proof of his claims, had 11 votes in the
Diet in its favour to five against it. These latter
were Bavaria, Wnrtembnrg, Saxony, Darmstadt
and the thirteenth body cf States.
Persons in debt may obtain instant protection. against
imprisonment or seizure of their goods, and an entire release
from all debts and liabilities without publicity, by application
to Messrs. Marshall, solicitors of the Court of Bankruptcy,
Charges under £5 payable by easy instalments. Oakes—
(established 1330), 12,1Iatton-garden. City branch -0, Algor-
gate-strect,l3aul;.—ADTT.

rA Civil, WAR IN AMERICA,

(From tia Times Corresponient.)
NEW YORK, July 12.

The " raid" of the Confederates into Maryland—
at whic h all New York laughed last week—if it
ever co odes tended to bestow a thought upon the
ma tter, has grown into a formidable invasion. Even
yet there are a few optimists or incredulous persons
who think that the South is bankrupt, beggared,
dispirited, famished, and demoralised; who insist
that Lee has made a mistake in sending his horse-
men into the rich cornfields of Maryland; that they
will infallibly be cut off with their booty ; and that
Grant will take advantage of their absence to cep•
ture both Petersburg and Richmond. But the bulk
of the public has awakened, though somewhat
tardily, to the conviction that Washington is in im-
minent danger ; that Washington and not Baltimore
is the destination of the Confederate General, and
that it will require the presence of the whole Army
of the Potomac to prevent its capture. The invad-
ing hosts, of which no one knows the numbers,
though they are variously estimated at from 40,000
to 80,000 men, carry everything before them. The
affrighted farmers leave their fields and their cattle
and betake themselves to the great cities for safety.
The great cities are in as much terror as the rural
districts. Washington and even Philadelphia are
sending their valuables to New York, and everybody
who up to Saturday last could get away from Mary-
land and the more exposed districts and cities of
Pennsylvania hurried off as fast as possible. To-day
they have no longer a chance. The Confederates
are within four miles of Baltimore and six of Wash-
ington. They have defeated the army of General
Wallace, who thought to withstand their advance
on the Monocacy, and driven him into Baltimore,.
They have burnt down the house of Mr. Brad-
ford, the " loyal " or anti-Southern Governor of
Maryland, and that of Mr Blair, the chief friend
and adviser of Mr. Lincoln. They have cap-
tured the private despatches of Secretary Stan.
ton, General Grant, and ethers. They have
cat the telegraphic wires connecting with this city,
They have broken up the railroads, destroyed the
bridges, and prevented all communication with the
North except by the byroads and the sea. Conse-
quently, a few chance pedestrians or horsemen who
may be willing to run the risks of capture in the
attempt and passengers by the coast steamers are
the or 4 persons on whom the Northern public can
at !resent rely for information from Maryland and
the Federal capital. It is remarkable under such
cinumstar ces that no spark of patriotic ardour can
fanned into a flame in the hearts of the border and
Sorthern people. As regards Maryland, there is, per-
haps, no room for wonder, for Maryland is Southern
in feeling, in prejudice, in interest, in affection, and
hails the invaders as an army of deliverers. But
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York are dull,
listless, and apathetic. The President calls for
militiamen to defend the national capita], but the
militia either plumply refuse, interpose vexatious
delays, or hsggle for terms. The Federal Govern-
ment is like a man drowning in a river, but though
there are scores of people on the bank, all able to
swim, not one volunteers to save him, though seve-
ral talk to the half-suffocated wretch, and endea-
vour to extort a promise of some advantage to
themselves to repay them for the exertion, and
to indemnify them for the wetting of their clothes.
Governor Curtis, of Pennsylvania, is both alarmed
and indignant, and utterly at a loss to account for
such lukewsrmness,—he will not call it cowardice
on the part of his people. In a proclamation dated
the day before yesterday, and addressed to the
Mayor of Philadelphia and the people of Pennsyl-
vania, he tells them candidly that they are not
responding freely to his and the President's
demands; urges them to come forward " like
zien," and "do their duty ;" accuses them of
stupidity in not understanding the gravity of the
circumstances, and "prays to God to enlighten
" them, that the honour of their commonwealth may
be preserved." But the people make no sign. The
poor attend to their daily work as if nothing were
amiss, and the rich send away their jewels, their
plate, and their greenbacks to safer cities than their
own, some even so far to the north as Boston, and
some still further to Toronto and Montreal, out of
Federal jurisdiction altogether. They seem to
think that Mr. Lincoln has raised and possesses
soldiers enough to defend this country, and reso-
lutely re 'tise to do any fighting. The people of New
-York are scarcely a whit more zealous. The Gover-
nor of the State—who is prosecuting before the
recognised legal tribunals the Federal military
authorities in this city, who have contravened and
set at defiance the laws and constitution, which he,
on assuming office, took a solemn oath to maintain
—does not think it advisable to send to Washington
the militia, on whom he may have to depend, should
the Federal Government force a collision between
the civil and military power; and while he orders
by proclamation that the full complement of militia
shall be raised in the rural districts of his great
State as well as in the cities of New York and
Brooklyn, which have hitherto borne the brunt of
militia service both at home and in Virginia, he
takes care to make it known to all whom it may con-
cern that he requires the men " in every county to
be in a condition to enforce the laws of the State,
support the decisions of the judiciary, to maintain
peace end order, and put down resistance to lawful
authority." The Mayor of New York, Mr Gunther,
in a letter to Major- General Sandford, commanding
the New York militia, breaks similar ground, and
endeavours to persuade that officer that the true
place for the militia is in New York and not
in Washington. In this singular document
be states " that in these times of general and
local peril enlightened self-interest is emphatically
the synonym of patriotism." Taking this curious
aphorism as the basis of his argument, he further-
more states his " grave apprehensions" that the
withdrawal of any considerable number of militia
men from the city at this moment, when the depre-
ciation of the currency is bearing heavily upon the
masses of the people, " might tempt the lawless
and eviledisposed to avail themselves of what might
seem to them a favourable opportunity for arson
and plunder," and for that reason " earnestly pro-
testa against any material reduction" of the local
force. It would almost seem as if the Mayor would
as little regret a popular outbreak, if not too severe,
as the orator who advised a mob not to nail a man's
ears to the pump would have regretted their con-
tempt of his entreaty. The Mayor is well belaboured
by the Republic, and gently reasoned with by
the Democratic journals, for having drawn
so alarming a picture of the state of the city, which,
unless Mr Lincoln be too much occupied with his own
safety at Washington to attend to it, may, perhaps,
be made the pretext of declaring martial law in
this city. It is difficult, is view of public utterances
so significant as these, and of the indifference, not
to say the contempt with which Mr Lincoln's ap-
peals for assistance are everywhere received, to
avoid believing that at last the people are losing
heart in the war, and that if Mr Lincoln cannot
repel invasion and conquer the South by the abun-
dant means already placed at his disposal they are
coming to the conclusion that peace cannot be made
too soon. There is no longer any enthusiasm for
the war, unless it be in the countinghouses of those
who are making
money by it. Even the churches
have lost faith, and
Dr Cheever sees nothing but
ruin in the war, if Air
it. The foreign element,
Linealu to be left to con-
ductflict Germans, which entry so
of the Irish and
so largely info the corn-
in New York, is notoriously op-
position of society
nosed to any further hostilities. A People who a veer
ago spoke freely of the salaiugation
et the South'
ve so changed their opinions as to declare pub-
., not only that the South cannot be eeeque„d
et that the North ought not to strive any
lonspurpose so fatal to firs own liberlonb ,
er
to accomplish a • y
Were the Americans other than they are, viere.
ibi3 to oppreeiete their motives, and to
ie tendency of their actions, as if they
-nehmen, Frenchmen, or other Europeans,
if the hour of triumph of the
Pollee party had come; that the public were pre-
pared to listen if any oae had the courage to speek,
and that it only rea aired a man of mark to take the
lead to secure such an capresaion of the pubic will
ex would speedily revolutionise the policy of the
'•rorth and put an end to a war so deplorable in its
It,' and which
'hetory in its

lick

?0,

traco
worn E

it would 8

conilact, eo unnt

has become, what Mr. Lincoln said in 1861 that it
would become, if the Southern people were wholly
in earnest—not a mere blunder on the part of the
North, bat a positive crime. Bnt the Americans
are not to be comprehended. They do not under-
stand themselves, and do not admit that any one
else can ; so it may happen that all these indica-
tions are uncertain, and that the accident of a day
may again render the North as warlike as it was
three years ago before it had tasted the bitterness
or paid any portion of the penalty of strife.
However this may be, the present symptoms are,
if there be not speedily some sort of compromise
with the South, some little return towards reason
after the furious paroxysm of madness which has
possessed the governing party for the last three
years, that the old question of State rights, the
discussion of which in the matter of slavery pro-
voked the war, will break out in another form
and lead to a conflict of powers--(serious enough of
be entitled to the name of a new rebellion. Governor
Seymour, as will have been noticed in his proclama- 1
tion for calling out the militia, adheres to the prin-
ciple of the sovereignty of the State as equal within
its own sphere to that of the sovereignty of the
Union, and foreshadows the day when it may be tie-
' cessary to vindicate it by force of arms. The great
case which is to test whether the courts of law and
the people are of the opinion of the Governor, that
of the State and people of New York against Gene,.
ral Dix and his military subordinates, came on for
argument before Judge Russell on Saturday. it
was urged on behalf of General Dix that having
acted under the express orders of the President in
arresting the editors of the World and Journal of
Commerce, and in suspending the publication of
those journals, he ought to be discharged from
custody, inasmuch as the President is not only ex
officio Commander-in-Chief of the Federal army. but
that he had been specially empowered by Act of Con.
gress to take such measures for the public 'safety in
time of war as he should deem expedient. It was
contended, on the other hand, on behalf of the State
of New York that the Act of Congress in question
is null and void, as being contrary to the Federal con-
stitution—that it conferred and could confer no such
special authority as that alleged; that the State of
New York is in profound peace and tranquillity, and
therefore exempt from the operation of martial law ;
that the constitution of the State especially pro-
vided against the imprisonment of any citizen with-
out legal process; and against any restriction of the
liberty of the press ; and furthermore, that if it be•
comes the duty of the President in the interest of
the public safety to abrogate temporarily the ordi-
nary jurisdiction of the Courts, it is no less his duty
to proclaim the fact before ; that he had not done so in
this instance, and that for all these reasons the de-
fendants were guilty of the charge laid against
them and liable to the punishment in that case pro-
vided. The judge, fally impressed with the vast
importance of the issue, took time ter consideration
and adjourned the further hearing till the Ist of
August, allowing General Dix and his co-defendants
to be at liberty in the meanwhile on parole. The
case is full of peril if Mr Lincoln be as obstinate as
his letter to General Dix would imply; and may
lead to complications unpleasant at any time, but
especially dangerous at an hour like this, when the
near approach of the Presidential election is letting
loose a flood of passions, in addition to these pro.
dated lay the war, and calling into controversy every
one of the principles by which the American Revos
lotion was justified, and on which the Union itself
was founded.

Mr Fessenden arrived :n New York on Sunday
to consult with the leading bankers and men of
business on the aspects of the money market, the
financial condition of the Government, and the
means to be adopted to bring down the premium on
gold and maintain the credit of the country. He
yesterday met them by appointment, and listened
attentively for several hours to such advice and
hints as they had to give him, and such ex-
positions of the state of affairs as they chose
to make ; but said not a word in reply
which could afford the acutest among them the
least clue to his own opinions and intentions. He
had another long interview with the same gentle-
men to-day, and made an equally good listener as
he did the day before. Having heard all they had
to say he made a speech to them of an hour's dura-
tion, avowing his disinclination to announce any
definite line of financial policy at a time of such
public peril as this, and asking for a loan of fifty
millions of dollars, to be repaid by the Ist of
September. It was understood from his speech
that he will not imitate the example of Mr Chase in
favouring the erection of new national banks, and in
ertieavouring to concentrate in their hands all the
financial affairs of the country to the detriment of
the State banks, which at the outbreak of the.war
vied with each other in sustaining the credit of the
Government. It was also understood that in addi-
tion to the loan of fifty millions, which if he procure
it, will only pay the expenses of the war for about a
fortnight, he will come upon the market for a loan of
two or three hundred millions on the best available
terms, and that if this second loan succeed according
to his wishes he will print off no more greenbacks—
at least for the present. The Republican journals
favour the popular loan, and will call upon the Go-
vernment to offer it to the people in small sums, so
as to enlist the greatest possible numbers of the
working classes, the farmers, the shopkeepers, and
the poorer order of provincial people in the sta.
bility of the Government. The Tribune saes salva-
tion in this course alone and argues that if the
people do not adequately support the Secretary in
this emergency " the war must stop, and be Go-
vernment go down." It was supposed that the in-
vasion of Maryland and the danger of the Federal
capital would have sent up gold to a premium of
200 per cent. to-day; but it has not reached a higher
point than 176, being arrested in its upward ten-
dency, it is thought, by a rumour which is not likely
to be well founded, that General Grant had captured
Petersburg. There are, however, so many rumours
afloat—some of them absurd, some contradictory,
and some so utterly impossible to be true, that the
one helps to neutralise the other, and to keep specu-
lation somewhat less rampant than it might bo—
il no more and no less than the truth were stated,
however unpleasant the truth might happen to be.

JULY 13.

As anticipated, the rumour of the capture of
Petersburg turns out to be false. Nothing is known
positively this morning of the events that have hap-
pened to the north of the defences of Washington
since Monday evening, when a battle was still raging.
It is not known who commands at Washington on
the part of the Federals, though it is supposed to be
Gen. Augur, while it is surmised rather than known
that Gen. Early, and not Lee, commands the Con-
federates. Telegraphic communication with Wash-
ington continues suspended, and the only news that
reaches this city comes from Philadelphia, tainted
more or less by its Federal or Confederate parentage.
To give a tithe of the rumours in circulation would
but perplex and confuse the European reader, and I
therefore refrain from repeating them. Grant, it is
asserted, will not abandon the attempt upon Rich-
mond via Petersburg ; and the loyal people are
told to expect a movement in that direction which
will fully make amends for all that the Confe-
derates may do, or attempt to do, in Maryland and
the district of Colombia.

FATAL AFFRAY BETWEEN SOLDIERS.—At the
Aldershot petty sessions yesterday, before Capt. Newcome
and a full beach of magistrates, George Barlow, private of
the 75th Regiment, was charged with killing and slaying
Thomas Hutchins, a private' of the same regiment, on the
ions L'aturday evening.
p.s,v It appeared from the evidence
that the deceased had been drinking with the prisoner and
some other soldier at the Royal Duke public-house, near
the north camp, when some words ensued between them,
and the uriso.ex struck the deceased with his fist behind the
ear, which' caused him to fall over some rails, and he did not
again speak or breathe. The prisoner, when taken into
cUstody, admitted the charge.' He was committed for trial.

-----
1-1 11 way's Ointment and Pills.—
[ADVERTISEMENT I— - °
trial to these trusty
Tile di.hearterted by ill health need not be inconsolabl,,
tali they have honestly given a fair, is, that they are
medicaments. One grand fact to b„ noted,,
us- both Ointment
Lca -
impotent to do mischief in any case
and Pills are composed of the finest balsams,
v
w.hieb. purify,
regulate, and strengthen the animal eeoz?om., • Every one..
..
may confidently recommend these remedies
disease,
aellieted by bad health; they will free them from
to their friends
desire.
and confer on them the greatest good man
Roth
external and internal maladies have succumbed the persevering. use of liolloway's Ointment :!tat-1
_1:1," i
b_ed.,,T
when the duration of some, and the excruciating I:311W O
others, have defied ordinary measures,

TEE MAIN DRAINAGE WORKS.

Yesterday what may be termed the annual visit of in-
spection to mark the yearly progress in the execution of
this stupendous undertaking was made by tho chairman
and members of the Board of Works, a number of members
of the House of Commons, the Sheriffs, many of the Alder-
men and chief officials of the City, with some of our leading
engineers interested in noting the gradual completion of one
of the greatest, and certainly one of the most important,
engineering works of modern times. Mr Bazalgette, the
engineer to the Board, the gentleman to whose scientific
skill all the plans both for our new main drainage and our
Thames Embankment are due, was, to the regret of all, un-
fortunately prevented by official duties before a Lords' com-
mittee from being present on this occasion. The party
numbered between 500 and 600 strong, and were conveyed
by two steamboats, which started from Hungerford early
in the morning, calling at the various piers down to Wool-
wich for those whose time or business made it more conve-
nient to embark later and lower down the river. The visit
was entirely confined to the northern and southern main
outfall sewers, with their reservoirs, for we are glad to say
the main drainage intercepting sewers are now nearly com-
pleted, and as they extend over the whole of the metrepoli-
tain area, and are 82 miles in length, any other way of in-
specting the works was out of the question.
The whole system of the new intercepting plan of main
drainage may be explained in a very few words. Before
the Board of Works arose our efforts in the way of drainage
were confined to the extremely simple expedient of running
all drains into the Thames; in fact, of making the river
our great main sewer, and how admirably our efforts suc-
ceeded the smell of the Thames in hot weather soon
showed, Bad, however, as this system of drainage was,
there was one thing even worse, which was the method
of effecting it. The first drains and sewers made were
in the old districts of the metropolis—that is,
those districts which lay more or less close to the
river on each side, and therefore the lowest in point of ele-
vation of any in the city. It was hard to drain these parts
at all, and it had to be done by taking the sewers so very
much lower that it was only at dead low water they could
empty themselves. As London grew, every year added
enormously to the extent and danger of the evil till
scarcely any sewers could empty but at dead low tide, when
the water in the river was at its minimum, and when the
returning flood swept all the naueous " flotsam and jet-
sam" back into the heart of the metropolis and kept it
churning baokwards and forwards for another six hours in
the open air. What effect this at last produced we all
know, though what no knows is why it did not bring a pes-
tilence long ago. It is enough, however, to say that the
evil was so severely felt, and the danger so pressing, that
the " intercepting" scheme of main drainage was at last
adopted, is now, we are glad to say, nearly half executed,
and will before this time twelvemonth be entirely corn •
pleted, with the exception of the small length to be laid in
the Thames Embankment. The intercepting plan, as its
name implies, consisting in cutting three great main drains
on both sides of the river, and which, instead of running
due north and south I;ke the present system, run from west
to east. These great main lines inter cept and cut off all the
existing lines of drains from the river, carrying their con-
tents away down to below Barking-creek and Erith
Marshes, where they are poured into gigantic reservoirs
and afterwards, when deodorised, turned into the river at
high tide, and swept away by the ebb almost to sea. Thus,
the sewage is not only turned out free of smell, but turned
out into a body of water nearly 30 times as great as that
into which it used to be poured, and, instead cr sickening
the air at our very doors, becomes lost in the volume of
water which rolls down between the marshes on each side
of the river to far below Gravesend.

On the north side of the Thames, the intercepting
sewers are divided, as we have said, into three distinct
lines, two of which, called respectively the high and
middle level sewers, unite at and pass over the river
Lea; and the third, the low level, after passing through
the Thames Embankment, will eventually join them at the
proposed pumping station at Abbey Mills. Three parallel
sewers, called the northern ontrallrsewer, each 9 feet by 9
feet, are constructed as one work in a concrete embankment,
and are carried by aque.ucts over rivers, roads, and rail-
ways, to the Barking reservoir.

Oa the south side of the Thames there are three lines of
intercepting sewers, which are also known as the high level,
the middle level, and the low level, and these converge to
one point at Deptford pumping station, where the sewage
from the low level is lifted into the upper level sewers, and
their united stream flows thence deep under Greenwich and
Woolwich, through one outfall sewer, 1l feet in diameter,
to the Crossness reservoir and pumping station in Erith
Marshes. Three-fourths of London north of the Thames
are, however, elevated so far above the river that the sewage
can be conveyed by its own gravitation to the level of high
water at Barking, and this is why the sewers aro carried in
an embankment at such a height above the level of the
marshes, and no pumping station is needed at the outfall.
But on the south side the levels are so low that this cannot
bo done, and therefore the outfall sower is under ground,
and a pumping station is placed at its outlet to raise the
sewage into the reservoir.
The high, middle level, and ontfall sewers on both sides
of the Thames are now, with the exception of a few very
minor cuuurutivus and worko, oompleted. The low level
sewer on the south side will be finished this year, but the
short piece of the northern low level sewer cannot be com-
pleted until the Thames embankment is finished. About
one-third of the metropolitan sewage is nowinierceptcd and
discharged at the outfalls, and there can be little doubt that
but for this the river would have been much more offensive
this dry season than it has yet been.
The areas drained by the three levels on the north side
are as follows:

Sgre Miles.
The Northern High Lew: takes the drainage of
Hackney, Homerton, Stoke Newington, Staru.
ford-hill, llornsey, Holloway, Kentish-town,
Hampstead, Highgate, and other localities, the
total area of which is
The Middle Level takes the drainage of Bow,
Mile-end, Bethnal-green, Shoreditch,
liingA-
land, Islington, part of the City, Clerkenwell,
Holborn, Oxford-street, and from Bayswater to
Kensal-green, and other localities, the total area
of which is
The Low Level takes the drainaga of Poplar, Litre-
house, Shadwell, Radcliffe, part of the city of
London, Westminster, Pimlico, Chelsea, Bromp-
ton, Fulham, Hammersmith, and adjoining lo-
calities, the to:,al area being

Total 5Ol

The northern outfall reservoir is situated at the point
where Barking-creek falls into the Thames, a little east of
Woolwich, and 11 miles below London-bridge. This im-
mense work was entirely constructed by Mr Geo. Furness,
under the superintendence of Mr Edmund Cooper, the resi-
dent engineer. The 'contract price for this great under-
ground hall of waters was £154,000. It covers an area of
about 10 acres, and is capable of containing 6,243,000 cubic
feat, or 39,000,000 gallons. Its depth is about 17 feet, and it
is divided into four compertments. Three of these compart-
ments have already been filled with sewage, but the fourth
was yesterday lighted up for inspection. This was the point
which the visitors inspected first, for none were inclined to
linger on the broad plateau of earth which covers the three
other reservoirs now in use, and from the ventilating
shafts leading into which the most nauseous stench came
pouring out in such abundance as to make the visi-
tors almost fancy they were back on the metro-
politan part of the Thames in summer. They were,
therefore, glad enough to descend into the reservoir which
had not been used, and which was open for inspection and
lighted up. It really presented a wonderful sight. In height
and in the general position of its brick columns and the
spring of its arches it was not. unlike the crypt beneath
Guildhall, but the daylight was excluded, and its vast
area was only indicated by little rows of coloured lamps,
which marked the outline of the columns and curve of the
arches, and which, twinkling away in the long, dark,
silent distance till they became minute points of fire and
nothing more, gave to the whole dim interior au aspect
which was at once novel and solemn in the highest degree.
Here and there were little blue points, where the shafts
which communicated with the upper air let in a ghastly
mockery of daylight, but beyond these, which seemed few
and far between, amid the gloom there was nothing but the
coloured lamps and endless vistas of arches, from amid
which voices and echoes of feet come in a forlorn murmur.
The Hall of Eblis seemed for once realised in this prosaic
age, or, as the footsteps of the visitors strayed far and wide
into the silence, called up before the imagination the pic-
ture of such a trans-Lethean Vauxhall as Pluto might reign
over. A long time was spent in inspecting this wonderful
interior, the gloomy beauty of which it is difficult to de-
scribe. In a few weeks it will be used as a reservoir, and
can never again be seen with comfort and never again be
entered at all. When the visitors had at last found their
way to the little nebula of fire which the stars and devices
in lamps at the end of the reservoir proved to be, Mr Cooper
got on a platform and answered questions as to the nature
and difficulty of the work, how the foundations often had
to be carried as low as 28ft, how the penstocks or sluicegates
would let the sewage in at one end and out into the river
at the other. He explained how culverts had been made
leading far out from the reservoir, almost into the bed of the
river, which could be opened at any time when the deposit
from the sewage became more than six or eight inches deep,
the reservoir filled and then emptied so as to flush the de-
posited filth away down the river. Th, opinions of the
most eminent chemists set little or no value on tho much
diluted sewers which finds its way into these reservoirs as
manure. But we should be inclined to think there could be
no second opinion as to the value of the soft block deposit
which set les from the sewage, and for which arrangements
have been made to flush it into the Thames. From the
beautifully paved floor of this reservoir it could be collected
with ease by horse sweeping machines, and its value for
cgricultural purposes might, one would think, at least be
worth a trial. Before the deep excavations for this reservoir
were made the marches were protected from inundation by
the formation in the river of a coffer-clam, a portion of
which still remains to protect the river bank. There arc
16 openings in the side of the outfall sewers through which
the sewage flows into the reservoirs, as regulated by the
eenstocks ; and underneath them are 16 openings, also re-
gulated by penstocks for the outfl dee of the sewage into the
rive: at the time prescribed. The discharge culverts into
the river
in number,
visible only at the time of low water—Lucy
are nine number, and in front of them is a stone-paved

apron, over which the sewage glides, without leaving any
deposit, into the river.

From the inspection of this stupendous work, which
comes close in its magnitude and far surpasses in useful-
ness the great Egyptian rock-hewn temples of antiquity,
the visitors proceeded to Crossness-point, where the southern
pumping station and the southern reservoir are being com-
pleted. The first place examined was the pumping house,
a spacious and handsome building—the chimney of which,
nearly 200 feet high, is travestied into a kind of Campanile
tower by the introduction of ornamental openings and wind
runs in the sides of the square from base to summit. Here
are the boiler-houses and engines. which are all of the most
colossal proportions. The machinery provided is of 500
nominal horse power, consisting of four double acting eon-
densing engines, working two single acting ram-pumps or
sets of plungers. The beams are 40ft long, thefly-wheels 27ft
diameter and 50 tons weight each ; the cylinder is 48in.
diameter and 9ft. stroke; and the plungers (eight to each
engine) are 4min. 6sec. diameter; half of them with 4min.
lOsec. stroke, and the remainder with 2min. 3sec. stroke,
The pump-cases are 12it. diameter; the two delivery•
troughs or outlets from the pumps are each 32ft. long,
llift. wide, and 10ft. high. The 12 boilers are each 61t.
diameter and 30ft. long. The engine-house is about 154 ft.
long, and about 53ft. wide; the boiler•house about 112 ft.
by 64ft. The chimney-shaft, when completed, will be
about 200 ft. high ; the coal sheds extend along one side of
the reservoir for a length of about 530 ft., and are about
48ft. wide. The entire area of the works, including the
reclaimed ground and adjoining land, is about 36 acres. A
telegraphic wire is fixed along the centre of the arch of the
outfall sewer between Deptford and Crossness, so that in
case of accident to the machinery or other works at either
end the fact may be instantly made known and assistance
procured.
After the engine-house, the southern reservoir, close at
hand, was visited. It was not lighted, except by a dim
daylight just enough to enable a good idea to be gained of
its solidity and great extent, It has an area of about six
and a half acres, is 17 feet deep, and is capable of holding
4,340,000 cubic feet, or 27,000,000 gallons, in its four com-
partments, This great work, with all its surrounding
buildings, is being constructed by Mr Webster, at a con-
tract price of £300,000. The engines for pumping are
separately contracted for by Messrs Watt and Co., and are
to cost £44,000.
The drainage from the low-lying districts of Rotherhitho
Bermondsey, Newington, Vauxhall, Wandsworth, Putney,
and other places will be previously pumped at the station at
Deptford Creek from the low-level sewer up to the high-
level sewers, which carry off the drainage of Nunhead,
Dulwich, Norwood, Brixton, and Clapham. From Dept-
ford the united stream will flow through the outfall sewer
to Crossness Pumping Station, where it will be lifted into
the reservoir. The maximum quantity of sewage to be
pumped is estimated at 8,000 cubic feet per minute, and
the lift as varying from 10 to 20 feet. Triple culverts con-
vey the sewage to and from the pumps, and are built over
each other to avoid the expense of separate foundation.
The coarse of the sewage is from the outfall sewer along
the low level culverts to the pumps; thence to the reservoir
along the high level culverts; and thence either to the low
water outlets, or the deep outlet, along the middle level
culverts, into the river, In addition to the sewage which
will accumulate in the reservoir between the periols of dis-
charge, the reservoir will provide for storing rain to an ex-
tent which probably will not be exceeded more than a few
days in the year, when the overflow may take place at a
less favourable time of tide. In order to deliver the sewage
into the river under as favourable conditions as possible, the
deep outlet is constructed with a series of 12 iron pipes, 52
inches in diameter, extending for a considerab:e distance
under the fore shore. About 120 penstocks, or sluices, are
fixed in various places, nearly 160 of the number being in
the reservoir, For about 1,200 feet the river will be em-
banked by a retaining wall of brickwork, built on caisson
foundations and capped with granite ; the wall will be
backed up with concrete, and the reclaimed ground filled in
and levelled. The contracts, both for the buildings and
the engines, are in a forward state, and it is hoped will be
completed by the end of the present year. Cottages will
be erected for a superintendent and a staff of workmen, to
resido at the works, so that constant supervision and attend-
ance may be given.
After all the works had been gone over tbaroughly the
visitors partook of a plain luncheon, at which the healths of
Mr Thwaites, Mr Bazalgette, and other gentlemen to whom
the execution of this great national work is mainly due,
were drunk with great enthusiasm. An early return to
town was then made.