The Sun.
London, England, 1864-09-08 00:00:00

GOLD CURRENCY FOR INDIA.

E (Front the Illechanies' Jfagazine.)
We believe wo are correct in stating that it is the inten-
tion of the Government to comply with the prayer of the
memorials of the Chambers of Commerce of Bengal, Bom-
bay,and Madras, and to allow a the introduction of the
British sovereign as current coin into the three presidencies
of India. There can be no doubt of the advisability of
this step, which seems also from a recently arrived
telegram from Calcutta, to have obtained the con-
currence of Sir Charles Trevelyan, the able Finance
Minister of Bengal. Tho inconveniences which have
so long been experienced from the exclusive use of silver
as a legal medium for the transaction of commerce
between India and Great Britain, and between India and
the Australias, have of late increased to such an extent as to
have become intolerable. The trade between those countrie
has indeed been crippled by the restriction, to a very largo
extent, and this without contingent advantage in any form
whatever. The matter, therefore, becomes a home ques-
tion, and one in which English manufacturers, and English
engineers especially, are interested. The gigantic works
in the form of railways, canals, bridges, and tramways for
the transit of cotton, which are at present in progress or in
prospective in British India, render it essential that every
facility should be given to those who are engaged or likely
to be engaged in carrying out those works. As things are
managed now, this is far from being the case. Obstacles
to the execution of large undertakings in India continually
arise from the impossibility of transmitting large sums of
money in the form of silver coin, for the payment of officials
and workpeeple engaged on them. The absurdity of confin-
ing legal disbursements to the media of rupees, annes,and pica,
may be conceived by supposing a similar enactment to existin
our own country in reference to the florin and its subordinate
silver and bronze coins. In a vast territory like India,
however, without the means which we possess of effecting
the rapid and safe conveyance of specie from place to place,
and without the advantages of the perfect system of bank-
ing in existence here, it is plain that our own annoyances
arising from the absence of gold coin would be small in-
deed as compared with those of the inhabitants of India.
It is not internally alone that the evil is felt in that coun-
try, but externally, and indirectly this latter fact is of yet
more serious consequence. Owing to the exclusion of gold,
from the Indian currency, the trade with Australia, t,r
example, is chiefly carried on in a fashion which affects
most detrimentally the commercial interests of both colo-
nies. The gold of Australia is sent to England, where it is
employed in the purchase of silver, which silver is sent to
India burdened with the charge of the double voyage, and
with the additional interest which has accrued during
the long period occupied by it I The cotton and other
exports of India are necessarily charged with the extra ex.
pense arising from this circuitous mode of payment. Can
anything bo imagined more absurd and injurious to trade
than such an arrangement? A yet worse feature, perhaps,
is, that this Australian gold is held firmly in the cellars of,
the Bank of England till the demand for silver is mad e
from India, when Europe is ransacked for the purpose isf
obtaining it in sufficient quantities. Then the banks of
England and France simultaneously, or consecutively as:it
may happen, raise their rates of discount to mitigate the
drain ; and by doing so derange more or less every branch
of business in the two countries. Now, if gold were placed
on the same footing of legality as silver, it is evident that
these complications would no longer exist. Australian gold
would then find its way direct to India, and be received
unhesitatingly in payment for cotton and other products,
which, after exportation to England for manufacture would
bo sent to Australia for the use and advantage of its Euro-
pean population.

This is a sample of the good which must inevitably at-
tend the legalisation of gold as an adjunct to the currency
of India, and it is easy for our readers to see that the bene-
ficial influence of such a proceeding must of necessity per-
meate through the channels of commerce and trade, and
act and re-act advantageously for all engaged in their pro-
secution.

As a further reason in favour of making gold a legal
tender throughout the Presidencies of India, it may be stated
that a positive deficiency of the supply of silver is impend-
ing. It is in the month of November that the great annual
demand for produce from the interior of India invariably
manifests itself, and unless there existed available equiva-
lents for its purchase, the economical system of Europe will
be more seriously disturbed than in previous years it has
been from a like cause. Increased means of communication
with remote provinces has had its natural effect, that of in-
creasing the exports from them, and every year this process
is going on. How highly essential then to meet the grow-
ing supplies with enlarged facilities of purchase.
Many other arguments might Le adduced in support of
the proposed change, bat they properly belong to the finan-
cier and the statistician. Our own purpose in introducing
the subject to these columns is to demonstrate the fact that
to the manufacturers of this country generally it is one (sf
vital consequence—much more so indeed than at the fivet
blush it might seem to be—and that they and we therefore
have a strong interest in it. Gold comprises mach value in
little compass, whereas the converse holds good of silver,
and there is no doubt that the people of India will estee m it
in the same relation to the inferior of the two precious mt Asia
that the people of all ether nations do. It is portable, et Lsily
secured, and has many claims beside its intrinsic wort) a to
superiority over silver. We shall look anxiously for the
promuluation of an Order in Council which will set at rest
any doubt as to the intentions of the Government, and
make the sovereign and half sovereign of Great Britain as
free to circulate in Bengal, Madras, and Bombay as they
aro in the British islands.

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.—At the last sitting a
note was received from M. Guerin-Meneville, with a few
specimens of the cocoon of a new species of wild silkworm,
a native of the Correntine missions on the right bank of the.
Uruguay in 31 deg. S. let. It feeds on the leaves of th 0
Espinello, a plant which is supposed to be the lifinwea Far-
nesiana in a wild state. Its cocoons are all open, and such
is their immense abundance, that the trees are literally
covered with them to the height of Biz feet from the grow nd.
sspuunilthe cocoon is orange-coloured, but
and rain bleaches it. Lts silk is ex-
tremelyl ,Vhen
exposure recentlyto the
pure and fine. M. Meneville gives it the name of
Boinbyx Fauvetyi, from the discoverer M. Fauvety. M.
Guerin-Meneville further announces that a Body,:
Atlas, the first ever hatched in France, is now visible
at the laboratory of the Imperial farm at Vincennes. This
unique specimen proceeds from one of the 16 cocoons sent
from Mussoreo, a small town situated on the table-land of
the Himayala, by Captain Hutton. A paper was received
from M. Pouchet in answer to M. Coste's last rejoinder on.
the subject of animalcules. He denies that it is the kysti
sticking to the surface of plants that produces bristly ani-
malcules in vegetable maceration, M. Pouchet having ob-
tained some from even animal matter abstracted from the
deepest organs. Ho states that the museum of Rouen pos-
sesses a maceration of a tape-worm taken from a dog, and
which, after having been preserved in alcohol for more than
a year, has produced an innumerable number of large bristly
infusoria. His having mistaken enkysted microzoaria for
spontaneous eggs is not, he says, a new reproach, which he
refuted six years ago. As to infusoria passing through
filters, M. Pouchet has shown it to be mathematically im-
possible ; why, then, has not M. Coste mentioned the
species and dimensions ?—M. Turnbull wrote to inform the
Academy that he had succeeded in finding the deat and
dumb subjects he proposed to treat by his new method
under the supervision of a Commission appointed by the
Academy, and begged that a day might be appointed by the
said Commission (composed of MM. Flourens, Milne
Edwards, and Cl. Bernard) to verify their present state.
TILE COTTON TRADE AND THE DISTRESS IN
PRESTON,—Within the past few days a " downward
tendency" has manifested itself in the cotton trade of Pres-
ton, and it is apprehended that from the present until next
spring there will be a decrease rather than an increase in
the employment of the operatives. Two or three mills
which have been worked during the whole of the cotton
famine will in a week or two or either wholly or partially
closed, and it is ,understood that others will shortly be in
the same position. Last week a large number of operatives
were thrown off full time; and this week there has been •
similar change for the worse. The cotton trade report
issued yesterday shows that at present 13,278 operatives of
the 27,800 in the town are working full time ; that 1,188 aro
employed at the rate of five days per week ; 689, four ;
3,088, three; 112, two; and that 9,069 are entirely out of
work. Last week the figures were—Full time, 13,703;
fiveloye days,d, 8968. T
1,053 ; four, 601; three, 3,095 ; two, 4 ; unem-
ployed, wonty-one out of 87 mills in the tows
are closed.—At the meeting of the Preston Board of
Guardians, on Tuesday, it was stated that in the entire
union there aro this week 2,041 cases, comprising 4,893

persons, who have been relieved at a cost of £274 Ils.
As compared with last week, these figures show an in-
crease of 10 cases, a decrease of 28 persons, and an increase
in the expenditure of £1 Gs lid. At present the Guar-
dians have in their service 240 able-bodied men. In the va-
rious workhouses of the union there are 919 inmates. A.
proposition was recently made that the operations of the
Relief Committee should be suspended, but the committee
considered that there was too much &stress in the town to
warrant the adoption of such a step. The roport of the com-
mittee, issued on Tuesday, shows that they have now on
their books 1,296 cases, comprising 4,910 persons. As
compared with last week, these returns show an increase of
13 cases and nearly 100 perms.

31. R. ALFRED 'MELLON'S CONCERTS
EVERY EVENING, at Eight.
11,OYA.L rrA.LIAN OPERA HOUSE, COVENT-GARDEN.
Didlle. C. Patti, Madame Parepa, and Mdlle. Krebs ; Mr.
I.4evy, Mr. Patey, and M. Arban. The Faust Selection ; the
'Pastoral Symphony. Orchestra of One Hundred Performers,
and the Band of the Coldstream Guards.
Conductor, Mr. ALFRED MELLON.
Promenade, Amphitheatre Stalls, and
Boxe Amphitheatre, Ond
ne
Shilling ; Dress Circle, 2s. ed. ; Private s, £1 is. a
20s. ed.
the VERDI NIGHT will be re-
To-morrow (FRIDAY),
peat:A.
On Saturday next, VOLUNTEER NIGHT ; Santley.
On Thursday next, a SPOHR NIGHT.

ROYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE-.
Sole Lessee and Manager, Mr. Geo. Vining.
THIS EVENING, BORN TO GOOD LUCK. Paddy
O'Rairerty, Mr. Dominick Murray
After which, THE STREETS OF LONDON. Messrs.
'Vining', J. W. Ray, D. Fi her. D. Murray, J. Nelson, 11.
FGrre.ter. H. Mellon ; Mrs. Henry Marston, Miss Emma
nne.
13at nett, and Miss Gwy

ADELP L--
NEW THEATRE-R 0 YAL,
Sole Proprietor and Manager, Mr. B. Webster.
THIS EVENING, MY WIFE'S MAID. Mr. J. L. Toole
and Slrs. Alfied Mellon.
Atter which, THE HEN AND CHICKENS. Messrs. Bil-
Dogton, Phillips, Eburne; Mrs. Stiving„ Miss H. Simms.
Followed by A WOMAN OF BUSINESS. Messrs. J. L.
Toole, Billington, and Mrs. Stirling.
To conclude with THE ACTOR'S RETREAT. Messrs.
j. L. Toole, P. Bedford, It. Phillips, and Miss WOolgar.
Commence at 7.

ROYAL ST. JAMES'S TH.E.ATI3.E.
Manager, Mr. Benjamin Webster.
EMINENT TALENT AND COMEDY.
This popular Theatre will OPEN for the Winter Season on
MONDAY, Sept.l2, with (second time) 31
of r. ArthurHOW WILL
's
highly-Successful and original Co Bernard's
GET OUT OF IT, and F. C. Bernard's Laughable
T
Travestie of FAUST AND MARGUERITE. Those cele-
brated artists Mr. and Mrs. hares Mathews are re-engaged.
Mrs. Stirling, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Matthews, Mr. F. Robin-
son, Mr. Ashley, Mr. J. Clark,, Mr. Chainberlain, Mr. John-
son,
Mr. H. Monta, "Scenic Artists, Mr. Gates and
o.ue, Miss (...ottorei., Miss Fanny Joseph
INliss Patti Josephs, c. So.
hi,,s pupii. Acting Manager, Mr. J. liirdoch. Musical Con-
ductor, Mr. Wallenstiene. Stage Director, Mr. F. Webster.

/:MespecOtfully call attention to their large and well-
eds stock of JUVENILE CLOTHING. The newest
4arics are combined with the latest and most fashionable
-4--si,ns, and the best workmanship. E. MOSES and SON
—o.7:particular attention to this important branch of their
Lusiness, and they can with confidence affirm that the prices
,ar.., such as must satisfy the most economical. This depart-
went isoistinct part of the premises, which will be found
3, great convenience for ladies and children,

S E S

AND SON

EMOSES AND SON
• respectfully invite public attention to their large and
well-assorted

S II M'Arli-a----STOCK.

EMOSES AND SON'S
. "SANDRINGHAM" WRAPPER
lutrodnCed by them) is the newest and most fashlontble
style of Overcoats for the season.

EMOSES AND SON'S
• BEADY-MADE and BESPOKE CLOTIIINfi for
all classes and all ages.

1,1 MOSES AND SON'S
.L.:;• CELEBRATED " INDISPENSABLE" SUIT,
from 30s.

E MOSES AND SON'S
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for all classes and all ages.

_________
E MOSES AND SON'S
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for all c asses and all ages.

"V MOSES AND SON'S
2a • BOOTS and SIMES,
for all classes and all ages.

MOSES OUTFITS.
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for all classes, all ages, and all climates.

iIIMOSES AND SON'S
• LONDON HOUSES,
j 54, 155, 15g, 157, Minories ; 83, 84, 85, 86. 87, 88, 89, Aldgate ;
506, 507. 508, New Oxford--street; 1,2, 3, Hart-street;
137, 138, Tottenham-court-road ; 288, Euston-road

MOSES AND SON'S
COUNTRY ESTABLISHMENT,
Bridge-street, Bradford, Yorkshire.

MOSES AND SON'S
E• Establishments are closed every Friday evening at
sunset until Saturday evening at sunset, when business is re-
sumed until ii o'clock.
Awl articles are marked the lowest prices in plain figures.
Any article not appr,,ved of will be exchanged, or the money
re' turned.
List of Prices with Rules for Self-measurement, Fashion
Card, and our new pamphlet, " The Tercentenary ; or, The
Three Hundredth Birthday of William Shakspeare," gratis
^tic! post free.

&f I 0 LS . —The LILLESHALL COMPANY'S
COALS.
Direct from their own Collieries.
•

Marquis'
Top 225. „ Deep 216. „
Well screened and delivered within five miles of their De-
' pots, Westbourne Park-road, VT., and 17, south Wharf,
Paddington, W., and Maiden-lane, N.
Best Coke
Terms cash.

JOHN SCOTT, Sole Lgent

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HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE.
Tins DA:.—Morning, sh. 5S n.—Afternoon, Oh. 13m.
10-golutow.-Moniing, 6h. 40m.—Afternoon, 7h. 10m.

leka,
-
t •

LOXDON, THURSDAY, SEPT. 8, 1861.

"It is not linen you're wearing out,
But human crea.ure'©

It is well known that there is no grea+er mistake
of its kind than en over-haste to get rich. From
the days of the Psalmist, when he uttered the pro-
phetic warning that " It is but lost labour that ye
rise up early, and so late take rest, and eat the
bread of carefulness," we have been witnessing the
truth of this sage advice. Many men have sacri-
ficed their health, and not a few sink into un-
timely graves, in consequence of the fatal tenacity
with which they clung to their engagements, and
devoted themselves to the pursuit of gain. Sad as
it is to mark the havoc thus caused by the over zeal
and undue efforts of independent individuals, it is
ten times more dreadful to notice the misery
brought upon those who work for others by the
want of care and the absence of caution that attend
pronounced against
the doom
their ways. It was
the first man that he should labour for his mEti.ote.
nance, but in the curse was contained a blessing.
It has truly been said that Work was the boon
which GOD vouchsafed to our first parent when
he turned him out of Paradise, and the five them.
and years that have passed sicce have given dis-
appointment no better remedy." This is true ; for
it may often be noticed that those whose position
exempts them from the active and immediate necess
laity for exertion sink under the trials that others of
humbler circumstances are enabled to surmount.
To be of service, however, work must be confined
within due limits. No toil that is too much pro-
longed, or conducted under trying circumstances,
can be otherwise than injurious to the health, and
by depressing the system must in the end defeat its
own object. It is a scandal to our community.that
Use wealth which makes the country the emporium
of the world is, in some measure, the cause of the
evil. It is a cruel thing to trade on the strength
and spirits of the poor ; their health is their capia
tal, and when that is expended they are forlorn
indeed. The evil results of over-work have been
sketched by a master-hand, and the words so for-
cibly uttered, in a burst of honest indignation, are
still familiar in our ears, though for many a year
he who penned them has been called away from
this scene—

May it nut be slid that row is the ac-
cepted time, and that they who neglect
the opportunity and disregard the warnings
SO plentifully given to them will have much to
answer for when the day of final reckoning comes.
It is, at all events, desirable from time to time to
call attention to the subject, for the sake of those
who may be ignorant of the extent and nature of
the evils that surround the unhappy beings who,