The Sun.
London, England, 1864-08-22 00:00:00

SHIPPING-THIS DAY,

(BY NAGNETrc TELEGRArn.)
Ppeaytilish, war vessel 111.ar
GBAVESEND, Monday Morning„
Arrived, August 22—Ellen and Alert, from Gaerneay—
Alin Law, from Archangel--Lord Clarendon, from Mar-
from Riga; .Edward Thornhill, from
quis de la Victoria,
Mar-
seilles—Strathspey, etnei Vi
la
elSee—ar Sgt
triolam—t h Invercargill—Spanish
Cadiz,

D,nday Morning.
o
Anchored—Jane Anne, from ColomboM —.p „,„k, of -wey.,
mouth, from the west—both for London
--wily, from the-v
west, for the north.
Passed—Mauro Cencorano, brig, from Ba, for Lon-
don—Rase, for Sydney—Stratha Florida, for calcutta_
a,
Eticar Mizeubro, fur Montevideo—Augusta Auror
Janeiro—all from London. ft,r Rio
Course of Exchange,—This Day,

Amsterdam
Ditto
Rotterdam — 12 1 12 1{
Antwerp
Brussels — 25 65 25 721.
Hamburgh
Paris
Ditto
Marseilles .. — 25 65 25 73
Frankfort on Maine —120 k
Vienna
Trieste
Petersburgh — 331 301
Berlin —
Madrid
Cadiz — 48 48b
Leghorn — 25 75 25 80
Milan — 25 80 2:5 85
Genoa
Nap!es .. — 25 80 25 85
Palermo —. 2.5 80 25 85
Messina .... 25 80 25 85
Lisbon
Oporto2
Foreign Gold in Bars (Standard)......per cz , £3L 17 9
Silver in Bars (Standard) 0 5 2

i ValaW

THE CONFEDERATE STATES,

("From the Correspondent of the limes.)
RICHMOND, July 20.

In analysing the material of the Federal and
Conf., sderate rank and file in Virginia, it is easy to
arriv a at an explanation of their attitude, as they
lie id ly facing each other at St. Petersburg—the
Federals willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike ;
the Confederates satisfied to repel attack, but in.
disposed to subject themselves, by assuming the
initiative, to such decimation as they have hitherto
been able, by awaiting Grant's onslaughts, to exact
from him. It is evident that the available resources
of mt in in both sections are drained to the lees. Of
what. elements are these final and champion
armies composed ? It is susceptible of demonstraa
tion that in the Southern army the foreign ele-
ment, liberally estimated, does not exceed 5 per
cent. The rolls of company after company exhibit
not a single name other that of a native-born Ame-
rican- It is squeamishness, because these Southern
armies are undisciplined, to deny to many Of the
men serving in them the title of veterans. It is
doubtful whether in any three years of this cen-
tury the most disciplined and war-experienced
veterans of Europe have seen more or harder fight-
ing than many of these Southerners. There is
with. them no enlistment for 100 days, or one year,
or three years. Not a man but is in "for the war,"
and those who have seen less fighting than their
fellows take their tone from, and are leavened by,
the men of Ball Rua and of the seven days around
Richmond. They are of such stuff as Victor Hugo's
Vieille Garde, who, diminished in number, waxed
greater in heart. Their aim as marksmen is such
as would warm General Hay's heart, and their
practice in these familier Virginian woods would
far surpass that of the best regiment that ever
graduated at Hytlae. It will be conceived what
reciprocity of confidence and attachment ex-
ists between General Lee and them. Turn
next to the Federal army and investigate its ma.
terial, On the roll-call there are probably not
100 names whose owners were present at Bull Run.
There are tumultuous and spasmodic expressions of
confidence in Grant (more audible at New York
than at Petersburg), but what can he and his army
know, or how much can they care, about each other?
Oat of every hundred Federal soldiers the names of
prisoners brought heie to Richmond reveal that 60
are foreigners, who have been either starved, bribed
or hocussed into the ranks. What is to be expected
in the way of daring of self-devotion from a man
wha is tossed upon the wharves of New York from
either Ireland or Germany, and who turns soldier
because he knows not how to get a meal ? Of
what account are soldiers lured into the ranks by
thousand-dollar bounties, or will the rule that
"the hireling fleeth because he is an hireling" be
for the first time reversed upon this continent ? But
large as is the proportion of men who have been
bribed or starved into the Federal shambles, I
believe that no previous army that ever existed
exhibits so large a number of kidnapped, drugged,
and naturally disaffected men. It is, I protest, a
marvel to me, when I reflect on the different morale
of the two armies, that even such success as has
attended Sherman and Grant should have been
realised by the heterogeneous piece of diversified
mosaic, by the tesselated pavement without cement,
to which their armies may be likened. Here are a
few specimen cases which will reveal of what stuff
Grant's army is composed.

There was lately brought to Castle Thunder (one
of the prisons of Richmond) a young chubby-faced
Engiish boy, named James Addy, 18 years of age.
He was a deserter from the Yankees, and his story
is such as I have heard again and again repeated,
bat rarely with such appearance of veracity as in
this case. His father is by him stated to be a
yeoman farmer, living near a Yorkshire village
called Askern, about six miles from Doncaster. At
13 James Addy says that he was appointed mid-
shipman on board her M ijesty's frigate Emerald ;
but alter serving, with intervals of sickness, for
about four years on the coast of Africa, his
health gave way, and he resigned and returned
home. Last winter, accompanied by two friends,
Henry and Thomas Garner, he visited New York,
intending to return in two or three weeks to Eng•
land. The keeper of the house in New York where
they boarded dragged their wine, and put them
while insensible in the guardhouse, The ruffian,
in addition to stealing the money and valuables of
young Addy and his companions, doubtless realised
the bounty money paid by the recruiting officers for
three recruits. They were put into company Aor
33, 47th New York Regiment. They refused to do
duty as soldiers. Addy tried twice to escape before
he succeeded, and says that one of his companions,
Henry Garner, was arrested while trying to escape,
and, as Addy fears, was shot. After many hard-
ships and difficulties Addy succeeded in getting to
Bichmond, and was committed to Castle Thunder,
the prison for deserters. The poor boy says that
he.would die a dozen deaths rather than go back to
the Yankees. The Commissioner appointed by the
Confederate Government to examine Yankee de-

serters has taken pity upon him, and he has been
sent to Wilmington with a view to running the
blockade and getting back to England. It is hard
to see, if this story be true, why Henry Garner's
parents are not entitled to demand from the Wash-
ington Government compensation for the death of
their son (as compensation was exacted for the
murder of Capt. Brabazon from the Chinese Go-
vernment), or, at any rate, the punishment of the
New York lodginghouse keeper, whose name is
known. It must be obvious that this case is one
which admits of verification by reference to the
captain of the Emerald, and courts investigation.
At the risk of wearying your readers, I will men-
tion one other of the many cases which are con-
stantly coming under my notice. Henry Miller,
born of German parents in England, was a private in
her Majesty's 30th Foot (now quartered at Mon-
treal or Toronto), and was discharged, his time
having expired, at Montreal in May last. He
crossed the Canadian frontier, entered the State of
New York, was drugged, and in less than a week
found himself encamped on an island in the Hud-
son river off Sew York. He was sent down to
Grant's army, put into a cavalry regiment, and de-

•
serted with his horse, which he delivered over to

the Confederates, into whose lines in Petersburg
he also piloted a Virginian lady who was cut off by
the Federals. This poor fellow, whose story seems
to me in every respect trustworthy, has to pay for
the ordinary faithlessness of Yankee deserters by a
long incarceration in Castle Thunder. His hatred
of the Yankees exceeds belief. I might prolong this
list by giving the history of many other British
subjects now immured in Castle Thunder as Yan-
kee deserters, who all agree in their tale of wrong,
suffered at the hands of that Power whose unifor m
they have lately worn. Bat the interest of these
narratives consists for your readers in the insight
which they afford into the constituent elements of
that army which "threatens Richmond." General
Lee has lately given clear evidence how far he con-
siders Richmond threatened by dismissing a third
of his army, under Early, to act against Washing.
ton. At any rate, the mention of these cases in
your columns may serve to put all British subjects
who have occasion to visit the North American
continent on their guard, if they do not wish to
final themselves carrying a musket in the Yankee
ranks.

The chronic inaction of the armies before Peters.
burg still continues but we aro promised by the
Northern journals some surprising wove on the part
of Grunt before long. If this prophecy has
any moaning, it may refer to the mining ope-
rations in which Grant is known to be engaged.
no Federal and. couf„d,
,ra,o lines, as they wind
around Petersburg, are in many plac.,.s not more
than 60 yards apart. It is known that the Fede-
rals are running a mine forward at one spot, and
that they are makia7 Rimilar
it is believed Efforts
in other spots. no 811C1283 Which General Grant
mining under the works of VickQa
bad last year in
bur encourages him, presume, to repeat the clic.
g.
ration against Petersburg. lle will hay° a good deal
burrowing to do before he works his way to Rich-
mond. It will he obvious that, even if it were impos,
him by countermining,
Bible far G. Lee to mot
little resu!t would arise front b!ewing into the air
perhaps 100 yards of earthwork; along a line which
runs :or 12 or 15 miles. The indica;•if)TlS 6r3 thal

Gen. Grant will pass the summer and autumn in his
present location, and that the Northern States will
be amused for the next four months by the constant
cry that the "on t o Richmond" is proceeding most
satisfactorily, until President Lincoln is reinducted
on the 4th of November into the Presidential chair
as the presiding genius over operations which at
some unknown future period are to eventuate in the
capture of Richmond. As to Grant with his present
army taking Richmond or Petersburg, the child
born this day will be a stalwart man before he wit-
nesses such an event. If the Northerners are carry-
ing on this war with any other object than the res
election of President Lincoln, they have no hope
unless they put at least 100,000 additional men,not
drugged or kidnapped, but earnest Yankees, into
Grant's ranks. As matters stand, I see no reason
why Lee should not send 20,000 additional men to
reinforce Early, in which case the latter may, after
he has collected and sent south as much lout as he
wants, march to Baltimore, or Philadelphia, or Pitts-
burg, or whither he likes. It is hard to say what
force is requisite to enable Gen. Lee to hold his pre-
sent lines at Petersburg against so loosely coupled
and downhearted an army as now oppose him. In
the words of a Richmond journal," General Grant's
army is at this moment the object rather of pity than
of alarm." These words derive their significance
from the well known want of water under which,
in their present situation, the Federal troops are
suffering. The sewers of Petersburg empty into the
Appomattox, the sewers of Richmond into the James
River, and from these two streams the supply of
water employed by the troops which besiege Peters-
burg is derived. There is said along the whole
length of the Federal lines to be only one fine nas
tural spring of water. It may be conceived what
are the sufferings of troops mainly dependent, under
the vertical sun and exhausting heat of a Virginian
July, upon the hot and foetid water drawn from these
impure sources, and served to them in barrels hauled
by waggons into their lines. It is probable that,
with their wonted spade industry, the Federals will
have sunk many wells, but in the existing long-
continued drought the supply of water thus obtained
cannot be abundant. The Confederates, on the other
hand, have at their command all the wells and
springs which supply the city of Petersburg. It is
universally believed here that the latter end of
August and September will be almost as fatal to
Grant's soldiers, unused to Southern heats, and in
one of the most pestilential spots on the James
River, as were the tearful battles in the month of
May. It is not anticipated that Lee is likely to
waste his men's lives by butting against the strong
fortifications of his opponent. I see little probability
of any change in the situation of these two armies
for many weeks to come. The attempt to starve out
Richmond and force Lee's army to retreat or venture
upon a hazardous attack is an admitted failure.
Both the railroads which feed Richmond from the
South—the lines I mean which communicate with
Weldon and Danville—are again in operation—the
former for 14 days past, the latter since the 17th
inst. It will not be an easy task for Grant's cavalry
materially to interfere with these lines again.
The interest of the war, as it ebbs feebly round
Petersburg, is altogether superseded by the fiercer
excitement which attracts all eyes at this moment
to Georgia, where an immediate battle is expected
between Generals Sherman and Hood (the latter, as
I foreshadowed in my last letter, the successor of
Johnston) within four miles of the city of Atalanta.
The expectation in well-informed quarters here is
that the decisive battle, of which Atlanta is the prize,
will be fought to-day or to-morrow ; but, judging
from previous experience, I should predict that it
will be longer delayed. It is hardly conceivable
that having retreated across 130 miles of most de-
fensible country, and abounding in natural fast.
nesses, General Johnston would have delivered
battle in the plain which surrounds Atlanta against
an enemy in intrenchments. is is because I believe
Sherman to be intrenched, and, therefore, little
likely to take the aggressive, that I doubt the near
proximity of the decisive battle. The importance of
its issue to the Federals cannot be overstated. It is
hardly possible that Sherman, able as he has shown
himself to be, could retreat with a beaten army
over the 130 miles which he has so successfully and
and incomprehensibly been allowed to traverse in
his advance. The result of the fall of Atlanta upon
the Confederate cause could only be the prolonga-
tion of the war. My belief is that the superiority
of morale possessed by Johnston's army over Sher-
man's is almost as marked as the superiority of
Lee's over Grant's ; but it is asserted by Johnston's
partisans in this town that the estimate of the
strength of his army, which is accepted in high
quarters here, is grossly exaggerated. The general,
and I have no doubt the correct, impression is that
there never has been anything like the disparity
between Johnston and Sherman that existed at the
commencement of May between Grant and Lee.
The displacement of General Johnston, and the sub-
stitution in his place of General Hood, is a step
which may lead to momentous consequences. It has
not been without much anxiety that this step has
been resolved on ; and, in addition to much cool
bravery, General Hood has the recommendation of
experience under General Lee, and of the advice of
General Gustavus A. Smith, a very competent offi-
cer, who is Hood's intimate friend, and who, though
shrinking from responsibility himself, is about as
capable an adviser as could be desired.

It is understood that General Bragg has lately
gone to the West, armed with the full confidence
of President Davis, to assist General Hood, and will
thence proceed to the Mississippi River, in order to
promote the passage from the western to the
eastern bank of General Kirby Smith and many of
the men who triumphed last spring over General
Banks. It is obvious that if a considerable portion
of Kirby Smith's army is brought across the Mis-
sissippi, and escapes the Federal gunboats which
patrol the mighty stream, a considerable difference
in the relations of the armies following Sherman
and Hood will be established. My impression is
that General Kirby Smith, if he crosses the Missis-
sippi, will effect his passage not far from Memphis,
and will be apt to attack the bases of General Sher-
man's operations at Nashville and Chattanooga.
Two of the most active and efficient officers in the
Confederate service, Generals Stephen D. Lee and
Forrest, are detained in Northern Mississippi by
the necessity imposed upon them of watching a
large body of Federals who are striving to march
from Memphis to reinforce Sherman before Atlanta,
and who have already received a slight defeat at
Tupelo. It will be remembered that, with less than
4,000 men, Forrest in May last scattered to the
winds a similar force to that which is now advan-
cing through Mississippi under General Wash.
burne, and which, numbering in strength 10,000
men, was then under the command of General
Sturgis. It is difficult for those unacquainted
with this continent to follow not only the operations
of the trunk armies under Lee and Hood, but also the
movements of legs and arms—as for instance of
Early in the neighbourhood of Washington, ofKirby
Smith on the Mississippi, and elsewhere of S. D.
Lee and Forrest. If the map of the once United
States exhibits still the similitude of a seething plain
covered with molten lava, and coursed over by in-
carnate fiends, there are very patent indications
that upon both sides, the supply of combatants is
waning low, and that, unless the most strenuous
efforts are put forth by the Federals, the war can-
net be much longer prolonged. Is the temper of
the Northern people such as to admit of success
attending these efforts ? The answer to this question
can be given better in New York or London than
iu Richmond, encompassed as it is by the prejudices
and embittered by the venom which spring from
fratricidal strife, but upon the correctness of the
answer depends the solution of the problem in
which England is chiefly interested,—will the
approaching autumn bring this weary strife to a
close, or is an oiler winter of trial and privation in
tnrc for the Confeilorate States ? The more: I see of
II:is American war the more inscrutable doer; any
future event except the certainty of plenary inde.
Pcndonce for these much-enduring Southerners
app:Ar to me ; and I must decline to litizArd specu-
lation upon a subject which I am convinced is far
beyond the ken of any man in the Confederate
States.

By advices from Hamburg the price of gold is 425 per mark
and the short exchanv on London is 13.51 per £1 stErlin-i.
Standard gold at the English Mint price is, therefore, about
3-10ths per cent, dearer in London than in -Hamburg.