The Sun.
London, England, 1864-12-02 00:00:00

that fear or doubt has led them to that expression.
Daring the whole term of the war no such senti.

But the principle on which railway success

depends was altogether opposed to the spirit in
which India was governed ; and even now, although

meets have emanated from the Federals. We have
heard of their fierce resolves to exterminate, to lay
waste, to destroy on all sides, but never has there

he authorities are roused to energy about the rail-

ways, they continue to manifest a singular indif-
ference to the prosecution of the waterworks. Yet

been the shadow of a promise, the ghost of a desire
put forward as to the advisability of peace and the
blessings of a reconciliation. It is impossible not
to recognise all this as we peruse the manifesto,

a very little experience has shown that the returns
of such works are most profitable and that with
very trifling delay. The recent meeting of the
shareholders of the East India Irrigation and Canal
Company showed the shareholders a favourable
state of things, and the particulars given in the
report afford some indication of what may be
gained from thus administering to the wants of so
vast and popubus a country. They have 178 miles
of canal and irrigation works in hand, from SJOII,-
kasa to the Pennair, and the cost of these 178
miles averages between £3,000 and £4,000 a mile.
These works are designed to irrigate a very large
tract of country at the rate of four reels an acre,
so that, reckoning four reels per 300,000 acres, the
irrigation of the first crop would be worth £120,000.
There would besides be the second crop to be
taken into calculation, so that the shareholders very
reasonably anticipate large annual returns. This
is one of those fortunate concerns in which both
sides are benefited. The ryot reaps far more ad.
vantage from the irrigation of his land than the
promoters of the waterworks do by large dividends.
Irrigation of course greatly increases the produce of
the land, and while this is important with regard
to cereal produce, it is likewise of some consequence
in its effect on the cotton crop, which has been
proved by actual experiment to be nearly doubled
in value on irrigated lands. Though India has by
no means done all she might have done in the
matter of cotton supply, her interest in the question
is not yet over, and therefore this additional re-
commendation of her waterworks is not without
weight, The traffic returns are also expected to
be large, though in this the railway will prove
a formidable competitor. Still there must
always be cumbrous cargoes whose convey -
ance by rail would be costly and inconvenient
to the sender, and which, for many reasons, he
might prefer sending by water. Even in this coun-
try, with all our network of railways, our canals
are not idle, and therefore in a poor and dilatory
country like India there is no doubt that as a means
of traffic they will be in active demand. With
regard to irrigation, it seems a pity that the two
benefits should not be combined. In waiting for
larger and more costly works, pipes might be laid
down by the side of the railway lines which could
convey water to a great distance. On the principle
of our gas and sewer pipes, the much-needed water
could be carried as far as the railway went with
very little additional expense. It is to be hoped
that some enterprising company will take this means
of adding so largely to the benefits conferred upon
the wild and barren districts by the extension of
railways. So long as works of this kind prove pro-
fitable there is no fear that capitalists will not come
forward to assist in developing them, But it must be
rememb3red that preliminary expenses are always
heavy, and that the risks of floods, cyclones, &c.,
are great. The recent hurricane has necessarily
done some damage, though as yet it seems not much
has been heard of. The want of labour is another
difficulty, adding very seriously to the expense.
Under these circumstances, when private indivi-
duals are undertaking the works which ought pro-
perly to have been done by Government long years
si❑ce, it is the least which can be expected that
every unnecessary obstacle should be cleared out of
the way. and that every facility should be given to
the prosecutors of such schemes. We trust the
local government will recognise this obligation, and
that before very long we may see railway lines and
water system carried throughout the whole country,
which will then start cn the race of progress with
a fair chance of success.

and it is something to say that the Southern cause
is always rendered more interesting when any de-

scatches or communications are made by its oppo-
nents, whereas the North never puts itself forward
in any prominent manner without compromising

itself fearfully both as to taste and temper. We
meet with a stern and well satisfied declaration of

security on the part of the Confederates that their
subjugation is quite impossible, and that the world
must now see that eight millions of people, in so
vast a territory, and animated with one spirit to
encounter every sacrifice of ease, health, property,
and life itself rather than be degraded from the
condition of free and independent States, into
which they were born, can never be conquered.
How true this is, and how ardently it is to be desired
that more prescience to recognise the fact of such
an important truth was apparent among the na-
tions, and more especially was discernible in Great
Britain ! A bold and yet eloquent appeal is made
to the opposite party in this declaration. It asks
whether enough has not been expended upon this
fruitless contest, and whether they wish to make
the continent, once boasted to possess such solid
and sterling advantages, the " theatre of the most
causeless and prodigal effusion of blood that the
world has ever seen, or a virtual relapse into the

barbarism of the ruder ages, and of the destruction

of constitutional freedom by the lawlessness o
usurped power. At any rate the Confederates de,
serve to stand acquitted before the tribunal of the
world, as they profess it is their aspiration to do,
for provoking and continuing an unnecessary and
sanguinary contest. They have explained their
measures in plain terms, and. in so doing have
alike reflected honour on their cause and credit
on themselves. After dwelling upon the terms
employed in this manifesto it is impossible not to
feel convinced that it is the expression of opinion
on the part of men who are determined to hold
fast to their own views, and not to swerve to the
right or left, however tried or tempted they may
be. The answer of Earl RUSSELL to this earnest
and eloquent address is as cold and stiff as can
well be penned. No one can accuse his lordship
of being entrapped into any sympathy with an
heroic cause nobly sustained, or of having suffered
himself to speak the words of hope, or utter the
language of promise. To be forearmed he begins
by acknowledging the receipt of the manifesto of
the " so-called " Confederate States of North
America. This is perfectly ridiculous, and it is
keeping up the farce of a neutrality to the bor-
ders of folly, for it would not compromise the
most unwilling Minister of the ungracious Go-
vernment to acknowledge certain events that have
taken place, and to concede to the truth of cir-
cumstances that all competent persons must observe
for themselves. It would be quite impossible to
imagine a more curt reply to a declaration that
is in some parts almost impassioned in its fervent
utterance. We are informed that her MAJESTY'S
Government has continued since 1861 to enter-
.
tain sentiments of friendship equally for the North
and Sbuth States. If this be true, it is also to
be added that the exhibition of these sentiments
has not been apparent in the same degree in the
two cases, for on one side no restraint has been put
on the practice of friendly, officious, and covert.
assistance; while on the other the most acute ob-
server could not discover any traces of amity or
proofs of good-will. The Confederate States may
well declare that England has dissembled her love
for them pretty forcibly, and has thus caused the
other nations to believe in her indifference, if not
her want of appreciation of the merits of their
cause. Of course Earl RUSSELL could not finish
without again announcing that her MAJESTY'S
Government is maintaining, and will always main-
tain, a "strict neutrality." This is an inevitable
result of the Foreign Secretary's putting pen to
paper or rising to utter a sentence on the subject
of America. Perhaps he is afraid that by hie
acts we should not learn this all-important thing,
and certainly he has some cause for entertaining
such a notion. It is, however, glaringly false to
assert, as does the noble Earl, that by so doing
they best consult the interests of peace. Peace
would have come about long ago had our Govern■
went had the wit, the wisdom, or the courage to
recognise the South, and thus pet their protest
in against a cruel and devastating war. This ge-
neration will not see the end of the real conse-
quences of this fatal error. All the misery of the
starving thousands of Lancashire would have been
averted, and the page of history would have lost
some of its darkest records if the great American
Republic had closed its warfare at an earlier period.
As it is, it is playing into the hands of despots, and
putting words into the mouths of the haters of free-
dom to decry and denounce free institutions and
independent Governments. The Manifesto of the
Confederate States deserved a better answer than
that which it received from the noble Lord, but
such as it is, it is no worse than we might have
expected.

a.m. to-day.

Cash

Notes

Treasury balance
Current accounts

Commercial bills

Advances ..

41 per Cents 93 25
Do. end
3 per Cents
Do, end month..., 65 20
C edit Mobilier 895 25
Do. end month 895
Bank Shares 3440
Credit P °lacier 1235
Roman 75

BAIL

Everybody knows that one of the chief wants of
India is water, notwithstanding its numerous and
extensive rivers. A plentiful supply of good, pure,
and wholesome water, at a low price, would go far
to diminish the unhealthiness and mortality of the
large towns, both among Europeans and natives.
Added to this important consideration, there is
another reason for desiring the extension of canals
and waterworks throughout the country, which is
the frequency of famine in the more remote and
drier districts. Famines of fearful character are no
uncommon things, and until very lately the defi-
ciency of the means of communication between the
different parts of the Empire, made the relief of
the distressed localities a matter of great difficulty.
Often, in the inevitable delay, many thousands
perished; and, indeed, it was almost impossible to
convey sufficient quantities of food for the starving
multitudes. It is certainly a great reproach to
England that she should have had her foot planted
in India for more than a century, by far the greater
portion of which she has exercised supreme domi-
nion, that these two great wants—the means of
communication and the supply of water—two of
the first necessities of any State, should be still as
pn:esing. Very little has been done towards sup
plying thein, and it is only within the last few
Sears that say steps have beer 4 taken in either.
The mutiny of 1857 was in many respects a blessing
for India, by breaking the spell of the "Company,"
and by drawing the attention of enterprising, un-
prejudiced, and intelligent men in this country to
the great neglect of our duties towards that im-
portant dependency of our Crown. Since then
things have moved on
faster,
system is becoming rapidly developed. andthe
No railway
on eat
this day requires to learn the vast advantages which
the construction of railwaysi l el fe r
thator it:
country like India. They are s: manifest
only surprising the most supine or prejudiced
ruler could have willingly withheld them.

rHE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 2, 1864.'

LATEST INTELLIGENCE.

[REUTER'S TELEGRAMS.]

SPAIN.

MADRID, DEC. 1.
The Queen has pardoned the inmates of the Mi-
itary School of Segovia, who had been condemned
for mutiny to serve as soldiers of the panal class.

ITALY.
THE ITALIAN PARLIAMENT.
TURIN, DEC. 1.

In to-day's sitting of the Senate, Signor Darando
spoke in favour of the Convention, and Signor
Sacco and Parete opposed it. General Della Mar.
mora made a speech in refutation of the arguments
and assertions of Signor Pareto.

JAPAN.
SHANGHAE, OCT. 25.
(By telegraph from Suez.)

Advices from Japan state that trade is flourish
ing at Yeddo. The Daimios have agreed (tele-
graphed Cogalla) to reside there.
Prince Nangato is said to decline (telegraphed
time) payment of the indemnity.
A strong feeling prevails against him, and his
palace has been levelled to the ground.

AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.

*MELBOURNE, OCT. 26.

The first instalment of cow-
The Argus says :—"
victs whose time has expired have been reshipped
to England.

Advices from New Zealand announce that Mr
Fox's Ministry have tendered their resignation, but
the Governor declined to accept it.

200 Maori prisoners have escaped and are now
..,
fomenting rebellion.

A native rising is threatened in Sauranga
(? Tanranga).
* The above telegrams have been very indistinctly,
transmitted, rendering the reading of several pas-
sages uncertain.

THE BOMBAY MAIL.

SOU rHAMPTON, DEC. 2.

The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation
Company's steamer Etlora, with the heavy portion
of the above mails, passed the Needles at 10.35

INDIA AND CHINA MAILS.

MARSIELLES, DEC. 2.

The Messageries Imperiales steamer Pehue, with
the above mails, arrived here at 8 a.m. to day. She
brings 99 passengers and 1,800 packages of mer-
chandise.

THE BANK OF FRANCE.
PARIS, Deo. 1.

The return of the Bank of France for the week
ending to•dap shows the following changes as com-
pared with the previous return :

INCREASE.

Francs.
.. 19 millions.
.. 9 4-5 millions.
.. 6 1-5 millions.
.. 12 millions.

DECREASE.

.. 7 1-6 millions
.. I million.
3 30 P.M.

The Bourse continues firm.

L.I

RE.

Rentes for the new account were quoted 65f. 50c.
BOURSE, Deo. I.—The market continues firm,
with a furthtr slight advance. Threes, for the pre-
sent settlement, are now at 65f 25c. Mobilier have
improved to 900 fr. The It tilway Market also shows
many of the lines. The market olosed, ao
follows :

Italian Loan 65 25
Do. end month 65 25
Ditto Threes, 4O
New Mexican
Russian
Austrian
Spanish Threes 4l
Elome Debt
Deferred

Cash. Account.
848 75 .. 846 25
985 .. 985 --
870 870
577 50 .. 576 25
503 75 ..
480 .. 478 75
308 75 .. 308 75
443 75 .. 443 75
515 .. 506 25
366 25 366 25
420 .. 423 25

Orleans
Northern
Lyons and Mediterranean
Southern
Western
Eastern ....
Sardinian
Austrian
Lon' bard
North of Spain
Saragossa..
Ditto to Barcelona

Lord Ingestre, MX, on Public Affairs.

In responding to the toast of the "County members," at
the annual dinner in connection with the Stone cattle show,
on Tuesday evening, Lord Ingestre ventured to assume that
the repeal of the malt tax would be a subject which would
invite the attention of the coining Parliament. There had
been a great desire throughout the country for the repeal of
the malt tax, and he thought no man could venture to ignore
the strong expressiors of public opinion which had been
made on such an important question. At the same time if
they got the malt tax repealed they might get some other
tax which would be more burdensome upon them. There
might be a way found of meeting- the difficulty, but he did
not think the repeal of .he tax would be any great boon to
the agriculturist. Anetber subject likely to occupy the
attention of Parliament in the next session was the Ameri-
eau war. (Hear, hear.) He thought they ought to have
full
selves they could positively express them•
point. Some were for a recogni-
tion of the South, but he could say, without pledging
himself in favour of recognition, that his sympathies were T
-T
heartily with the South. information
onso
impa beforertau t a
—e believed it had been usual,
where a people had been struggling for independence, and
had set up a government, for the European Powers to re-
cognise that Government. He travelled in the States just
before the war broke out, and lie was convinced that if the
war which he foresaw did occur it would be impossible for
the North and South to be again united. All he said on
the subject when he returned to this country had come
to pass. The North and South fell out, nominally on the
subject of slavery, but really to see which should have
the upper hand on that groat continent of America.
WhateVer might be the result of the discussion, the honest
English feeling of the Douse would come out, and he
thought an effort would be made to stop a war which was
unparalleled in its horrors, and which was a disgrace to
humanity. It reflected upon us as a nation, when we
recollected that those who were engaged in that war
were our own flesh and blood, spoke the same language,
and worshipped in the same way, and we ought to
exert ourselves in every way—not from a commercial
sense, but from a high moral sense—to bring about a re-
conciliation between the combatants. (Hear.) He .was
told that another question which was likely to have promi-
nence in the next Parliament was that of Reform, and that
an out-and-out Reform Bill would probably be introduced
by Government. He did not know what was intended to
be done. The Conservative party attempted a Reform Bill
and some said it was a shocking bad one. He did not say
so, but thought that those who differed from them (the
Conservatives) in political opinions, were determined
that they should not have fair play. He could only
say that he would not treat any measure the present
Government brought forward in the same way as the
measure introduced by Lord Derby's Administration was
treated. There was no doubt there was a great desire for
reform in the country, and he thought the conduct of the
Lancashire operatives through their distress deserved
great consideration. On the other hand there wore many
people mho would not take the trouble to obtain or exer-
cise the suffrage, and he wanted to see people really care
for the franchise, instead of reform being a mere ignorant
cry got up by demagogues, who wished to excite the
passions of the people, and to gain an ascendancy which
would be hurtful. In any measure of reform introduced
he considered that one thing should be done with the
freemen—men who could not read or write, but, got drunk,
and did not understand any political principle whatever,
and who swept off those who did care for the franchiee.
Ho did not wish to disfranchise these freemen, but he did
say that the power given to them often did great harm to
the borough franchise, becituse they looked upon the
franchise as a matter of trade, and it interfered with their
industry. Ho would say to those freemen "If you do
not educate yourelf up to your proper position your
votes shall be taken from you, and given to better men, who
deserved the franchise." He also believed there would be
in the next session a great fight as to whether the Church
and State should continue, and he could only say he hoped
that the time was far distant when the Queen would cease
to be the head of the Church. (Hear, hear.) Though every
freedom should be given to those who differed from them in
religion, yet he thought the Church of England should con-
tinue to bo the religion of this eotlntry, (Hear, hear.)

The Master of Marton. 3 vols. Hurst and
Blackett.
The author of" Contarini Fleming" entitled that
very enthralling biography a "psychological ro-
mance," being a history of the experiences of the soul

of its hero rather than a chronicle of his material
adventures. Somewhat of this character is the

story of the Master of Marton, more especially as

relates to its fair heroine Janet Brande. The pecua
liarities of her temperament and the gradual des
velopment of her character are very thoughtfully
and naturally portrayed and evidence the ability of
the writer. The incidents of the story are somewhat
improbable, and we cannot but think the episode
(for it is little more) of Janet's marriage, alto°
gether a mistake. The similarity in the early
history of both hero and heroine is also improbable
and quite utinecessary. With these drawbacks
we may award a very cordial commendation to the
history of Janet Brande from the lonely days of
her impulsive, isolated girlhood to the happier epoch
of her matured excellence. Here is a glitipse of

Janet as the impetuous, restless pupil of a very de

mare and matter-of-faot duenna, who condemns her
to a life of indefatigable and uninteresting hemmicg
of handkerchiefs and marking of the same, and other
kindred and equally attractive occupations.