The Sun.
London, England, 1864-10-20 00:00:00

THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 20, 1864.

tanley, M. P., and his Constituents,

KING'S LYNN, OCt. 19.
After another prolonged silence—at any rate as
between himself and his constituents—Lord Stan.
ley, M.P., met the electors and non-electors of this
borough to-day, in the Townhall, and addressed
them at length upon public affairs. The Mayor (Mr.
W. Burkitt) presided, and introduced the noble lord
to the meeting which was, at first, thinly attended.
Lord STANLEY, M.P., who was received with
cheers, said—Mr. Mayor and gentlemen, I have
come here for the purpose of addressing to you a
few words on the present state of public affairs, in
accordance with a promise made long ago, and at
the request of many here present, whom I may
reckon among my friends. I say this that
I may not seem to occupy your time unneces.
sarily, and I suppose I need offer no excuse for
not having stood before you in this roam either last
autumn or the autumn before. One reason and jus-
tification of my not doing so is that the last three
years, however dreadful in the history of Europe
and America, have been years of singular peace and
calm as regards the people of these islands. It is
not difficult to see to what peace has been owing.
Great commercial prosperity, the general absence
of distress among the people, with one notable ex.
ception, while in that case the distress had been re•
lieved and alleviated with a care and success never
witnessed before on so large a scale—the well.
founded belief that any measure really called for by
public opinion will be passed, and that so far our
constitution answers the purpose for which it was
framed; the removal in the last 30 years of nearly
all the grievances which in the days of the old
Reform Bill stirred men's minds; stirring events
abroad, drawing off attention from home a ffairs,
and, perhaps, also a kind of political scep-
ticism, encouraged, if not created, by a Govern-
ment which is practically absolute in France, and
by the crisis through which the great Western Re-
public is passing, are the causes of the state of
things which exists now, which has greatly per-
plexed politicians of the old school, and which has
disgusted those who confound agitation with pro.
gress. Some of these causes no doubt are temporary,
and others are permanent in their character. Ido
not expect the absolute calm of the last four or five
years to continue; neither do I believe we shall re.
turn to the somewhat feverish and excited condition
of the public mind which prevailed, with few inter-
missions, from 1830 to the time of the Crimean war.
Now, I do not regret this. It is quite right to ascer-
tain from time to time that your house is in good order,
the foundation safe, and the roof watertight ; but a
man may do that without passing his life in examin-
ing every crack in the plaster, or testing the sound.
ness of every plank and beam; or, to put it in an-
other way, those are healthiest men who are
always thinking about their health ; and as it
is with individuals, so it is with States. Political
institutions are a means, not an end ; and if peace
is kept, if life and property are protected at home,
if the revenue is fairly collected and economically
spent, and if individual freedom is left to every man,
as far as is consistent with the rights of others, to
do the best he cau for himself and his enterprises, I
believe the State has discharged the principal
functions which it can with advantage undertake.
I think in our time it is one of the duties of a man
of sense, whether he cal's himself a Liberal or a
Conservative, to watch that the State does not, as
all Continental Governments, without an exception,
do, extend its control far beyond these which are
its legitimate and natural occupations. Now,
let me say, after this preface, that I do not
mean to ask you to follow me in what is called
a review of the session. What is done is done,
and neither praise nor fault-finding can mend it.
We may, then, leave the past alone ; our busi-
ness is with the present and the future. There is
only one past debate to which I shall refer, and I
notice it because it seems likely, in a great degree,
to influence the present policy of the Government,
We had a discussion last July on the conduct of
foreign affairs. The ostensible object of that debate
was to take the sense of the house as to whether the
Danish negeciatiwas had been mismanaged, and the
object with which many members—l among the
rest—went into it was, to obtain from Parliament
a distinct and decided expression of opinion in favour
of a policy of non-intervention in Continental dis

putes. In that we parfe6tly succeeded, The feeling
upon that point came nearer to unanimity than I
eve: recollect to have been the case in Parliament
upon any occasion equally important. I believe
the feeling of the c)untry went the same way,
and unless I greatly mistake it, the debate of 1864
will mark the beginning of a new era in the his.

tory of British diplomacy. Only do not let us fee'

two confident that the victory is gained. Welcome
everybody's reason, with very few exceptions, in
favour of a policy of peace. But cases are likely to
arise which the feelings and political passions of

many men will be on the other side, and caution
and care will still be necessary lest what has been
gained in 1864 should be lost in future years. Now,
perhaps I ought to correct myself in speaking of a
policy of nou-intervention. Ido not mean that

England should not have given advica nor express
an opinion upon questions not affic' ing her own in-
terests, but I say that that should be done without
menace, or the semblance of menace; it should be done
in such a way as not to hold out hopes or threats that
force is intended to be used. (Ceeers,) Inasmuch,
too, as advice tendered under such circumstances
is unfortunately apt to be received with no great
respect, I think it ought only to be given on rare and

important occasions, when there is a reasonable

hope that the parties concerned will be willing to ac-
cept it, and when the national conscience. and feeling

require protest on the part of our Government. Now,
there are at this time four leading questions in fo.
reign affairs which are likely to occupy attention for
some time to come. First, there is the American war,

as to which I think the duty of absolute neutrality
is plain, so much so that for my part I do not wish
to violate that neutrality even to the extent of ex-
pressing sympathy with one side or the other. I
speak of it simply as an observer, and if I were to
venture a prediction, which is always hazardous, I
should say that I see no prospect of its early close.
When two nations are worked up to a pitch of
mutual hatred, in which their own icsses cease to

affect them if they only can inflict a greater loss upon
the enemy, nothing will separate them except the
utter exhaustion of one or the other. The time for

that has not yet come. Neither party, as I believe,
is half-beaten yet, and considering the determina.
tion which the North has shown, I think it likely,
as I did three years ago, that with its enormous su-
periority of force it will occupy and overrun in the
end the whole territory of the South. The North may
succeed so far as to gratify its feeling of revenge
and its desire for supremacy ; but when it havdone

that its political difficulties will begin. I cannot
realise the manner is which a republican commu-

nity of 20,000,000 is to hold, consistently with its

own principles of government, or indeed with any
principles of government, another community of

6,000,000 or 7,000,000 utterly disaffected to its own
rule. (Hear, bear.) That is the real perplexity of

the Amerie,iu future, As to the drain of men and

money, Ido not attach much weight to that. The

overflow of Europe will fill up all gaps in the
population, and although I should be myself equally

sorry to be a creditor either of the North or of the

South, yet a country with the gigantic natural re-

sources of America cannot be permanently ruined.
All we can do—all we ought to do, is to let them
fight it out. We are not in any way responsible
for the war ; we did not make it or advise it ; and
wa know for certain that any offtr of English
mediation would be repelled as an insult, and would
probably be ascribed to interested motives, although
our coutern in the question, as the thing has turned
i out, s really more one of humanity than self.inte-
rest. I doubt, if we take into recount the state of
the Cotton markets in 18(10, and set orn.ainst the cot-
ten famine the opening, of now markets elsewhere
and the gain to India, whether wo have been on the
whole serious losers by the wa
r• (Hear.) There is,
next, the question of Italy ; and as to that I think
we see our Way morre clearly than we did two or
three years since. the Italian people have nude-
niably shown moderation and good sense under ecn.
s!derable difficulties, and they have their reward;
for I think it is impossible to c'oubt that Rome, or
at least the Roman territory, will pass into other

hands at no very distant date. The whole arrange-
ment with France comes to this—that the Pope
may hold his own if he can, his debts
being paid for him, and time to ing given
him, to organise an army of his own. Now,
even if the Italian Government were inclined
to observe that treaty strictly—and probably they
will observe it only in the letter—they cannot pre-
vent a rising in Rome itself, and they cannot pre-
vent the pouring in over the extended frontier of
money, arms, and volunteers; and then the question
remains, whether any army which the Pope can
maintain on his own account, supported as he may
be indirectly by Austria and Spain, but not assisted
by any European State, will suffice to put down a
rising. I do not think that we in England can
easily understand the extrema importance which
the Italians attach to the possession of what is an
unhealthy and decaying town, possessing no peons
liar military and commercial advantages, and with
nothing to recommend it except its historical name.
But if they think it worth while on that account to
quarrel with the bulk of their clergy (who form in
Italy a powerful class), and their adherents, and to
incur the of the Catholic Po wers,l think the
choice will be in their own hands; at all events they
will not have to wait a considerably long time.
It is impossible that they can long maintain an army
upon its present footing ; they are at this moment
spending 50 per cent. above their income, and the
alternative before them is plain—either to disarm
in part, and to adopt permanently a policy of peace,
or to involve themselves in a fresh war with Austria,
the issue of which would be exceedingly doubtful.
For my own part, accepting Italy as a fact, and
wishing well to its people and Government, I hope
they will adopt the former and not the latter course.
Most States desire to extend their frontiers, but it
is a bad bargain to do that at the cost of national
bankruptcy ; and if to accomplish this object, thpy
have to call in foreign aid, they might be expected
to pay for it as they did before, and that would, I
think, be a transaction not very edifying on the
score of political morality, and not very conducive
to the maintenance of political tranquillity in Eu-
rope. (Hear, hear.) There is another part of Europe
in which we shall probably see great changes before
long—l mean Germany. It is clear that the clumsy
scheme of a German confederation has in practice
broken down, and it is equally clear that the mutual
rivalry of Austria and Prussia, to say nothing of
the jealousy of foreign States, will make it impos-
sible for all Germany to be united for any purpose
or in any manner as a single community. The only
remaining alternative is that the smaller States
should unite among themselves for mutual protec-
tion, in which case they would be dependent upon
France to a great extent ; or that, according to
their geographical position and their political ten-
dencies, they should connect themselves, some with
Austria and some with Prussia, so as to be, for
diplomatic and military purposes, practically an-
nexed to those countries. The latter alternative is,
in my opinion, the more likely to be the result wit-
nessed, and in that case I sincerely hope England
will not interfere, even by her voice, to prevent it.
The existence of these petty German sovereignties
is useless ; they multiply, as we have seen, the risks
of war; they serve, as far as I can eee, no politi-
cal purpose, and the sooner they disappear from
the map of Europe the better, in my judg-
ment. (Hear, hear.) The fourth question of which
I spoke is that of the East. It does not press at
this moment, so I shall only touch it in passing. I
believe the breaking up of the Turkish empire to be
only a question of time, and probably not a very
long time. The Turks have played their part in
history; they have had their day, and that day is
over; and I confese• I do not understand, except it
be from the influence of old diplomatic traditions,
the determination of our older statesmen to stand
by the Turkish rule, whether right or wrong. I
think we are making for ourselves enemies of races
which will very soon become in Eastern countries
dominant races, and I think we are keeping back
countries by whose improvement we, as the great
traders of the ,world, shall.be the great gainers, and
that we are doing this for no, earthly advantage,
either present or prospective. I admit that Enga
land has an interest, and a very strong one, in the
neutrality of Egypt, and some interest also, although
to a less extent, in Constantinople not falling into
the hands of a great European Power ; but Ouse
two points set aside, I can conceive no injury arising
to Great Britain from any transfer of power which
might affect the Turkish Empire, and although this
is not a practical question at the present moment,l
have a very strong idea that, before long, it will
become so. Now, in regard to Colonial matters,
apart from the question of the African settlement,
and that of defence, which I shall deal with as
matters of finance, there is only one subject which
need interest us greatly at home—l mean the rela-
tions amongst themselves of the colonies composing
the two great groups, Australian and American. In
British North America there is a strong movement
in progress in favour of federation, or rather of
union, in some shape. In Australia I believe
the same feeling exists, but not so deeply, and
though it has not assumed a practical form, I think
that tendency ought to be encouraged in both one
and the other case. (Hear, hear.) We know that
those countries, must before long be independent
States. We have no interest except in their strength
and wellabeing, We see in America the peril of
a Federal Union hastily and loosely arranged
between States, each jealous of its separate
and sovereign power. We have settled the relations
of the colonies to the mother country, it is now our
work to help them to settle their relations with ore
another; by so doing we shall strengthen the Bri-
tish Empire whilst they remain with us, and obtain
more willing and more powerful allies when they
cease to be in a position of dependence. Now Ido
not know if it is worth while to mention that un

lucky quarrel which has sprung up between the
home and colonial authorities of Australia on the

subject of transportation. (Hear, hear.) The case is

this, we continue to send a certain number of con-
victs to Western Australia, as we have an undoubted
right to do, and the West Australians themselves
do not complain. But when the sentences of the
convicts are expired, they migrate to the other
colonies, and introduce there a dangerous and de-
praved_ population. Against this the Australians

complain, and say, as fthink with perfect truth,
that if you turn these men loose upon any part of
the Continent they are sure to find their way to
every other. Now there is some irritation, 1 am

afraid I must say a great deal of irritation, upon the
subject, and I think not unreasonably. I mention
it because I think it ida matter in which it is mere

folly for England to stand upon her legal rights.
We know that before long the -Western Australians
themselves will object, as the other colonists have
done, to receive our felons, and when that happens
we must discontinue to send them. It is only,
therefore, a question of sending them for a few
years. Under these circumstances I think it would
be wise for the English Uovernment to yield at
once and declare that transportation to Western
Australia shall cease. (Hear.) They will have to
make that concession before long, and it is surely
wiser and better to do so when they can do it freely
and whilst we can de so with a good grace. (Cheers.)
And now, gentlemen, coming nearer home, let me
say a few words upon matters which touch us
more closely. In days of external and internal

peace financial questions are naturally those which
take the lead. And in respect to finance, our posi-
tion is so thoroughly sound and satitlictory
that our only fear is that it may be too good

,o last. ((Mein.) We have tided over the great

cotton famine without lobs or injury, and in It way

which no one could have expected. We have a
trade increaming more rapidly than that of any

European county. We are, as a Government,
living within our income, which is more than can
be said of any Continental State at the present time.
(lIplr.) In fintinCe no!hing succeeds like succeEs—
every Eurplu3 that you hive given you is an oppor-
tunity of creating a surplus for futuro years by the

_ ...
removal of inconvenient and obnoxious taxes ; and

I do not see anything, short of a foreign war or of
some great national disaster at home, why the pro.
gress which we are now making should not cons
tinue. (Hear, hear.) I find no fault with the ge.
neral course of our fiscal policy of the last few years.
At the same time that it is easy to be liberal when
there is plenty to
give away, it is not difficult to

reduce burthens when the country is growing in
wealth every day. I think also, though this is
rather a matter of speculative criticism than of prep
sent importance, that in discussing these questions
we are very apt to make the mistake of attributing
too much to legislation and too little to the natural
progress of the country. (Hear.) Thirty millions
of the most hardworking people in the world, and
in a country where the leading idea of 99 men out
of a 100 is to increase their fortune and improve
their position, enjoying the advantage of a general
peace in Europe, and with vast colonies extending
and increasing every year—such a population can
hardly help growing richer under any system of
finance that is not absolutely bad. What, however,
is by the way our business, is to consider, not the
past, but our present and future position. First,
let us look to the side of expenditure. Have we
any prospect of being able to return to the figures
of that golden age of economists, the years from
1835 to 1840 ? I fear we must dismiss that as an
idle hope. Everything is more costly now than it
was then. We see it and we feel it in private life.
Europe is more heavily armed ; parts of it are
more disposed for war, and however little we
may be inclined to meddle, still a certain amount
of defensive preparation is a matter not of choice
but of necessity. (Hear, hear.) You will never
again, I think, see the national accounts showing
a figure on either side of less than sixty millions;
but there are certain items in which I believe re-
ductions, and not inconsiderable reductions, can be
made. (Applause.) Ido not pretend to minute
acquaintance with the working of the dockyards ;
but there is an extraordinary concurrence of testi-
mony on the part of every person to whom I have
spoken (and I have discussed the matter with en-
gineers and sailors, and with others who ought to
be acquainted with the subject, again and again)—
there say, an almost unanimity of testimony
that the work there done, though it is good work
when it is done, is costly in a very extraordinary
degree—(hear, hear)—and that, I think, is only,
what might be expected. In establishments of such
vast magnitude you cannot have the master's eye
everywhere. You have nobody personally inte-
rested in forcing a strict and minute economy.
Dockyard men h.ve votes—(laughter)—and I em
afraid there is a good deal of political jobbery re-
maining ; and, apart from that, nothing leads to
waste, even among perfectly honest men, more than
the knowledge that your- employers' purse is one
that you cannot exhaust. Now, I fear our enor-
mous wealth is making us rather too careless in
these matters. I think, also, it is a question
whether, in the utter uncertainty which at present
exists as to the best ship and the best gun, we
ought to go on building iron clads at the present
rate. On the whole, though 'speak with diffidence,
yet I believe in a year or two we ought to be able
to knock off from the navy estimates from a million
to a million and a half, and that without doing any
injury to the service. (Applause.) As to the mili-
tary services, the case is somewhat different. I
believe that, upon the whole, we get money's worth
for our money; and I do not grudge any expendi.
Lure which may be found necessary in providing
improved barracks, or in providing more efficient
arms. But there is the question to consider whether
we are not making a mistake, in scattering our mill.
tart' forces too much over the world,and keeping up
garrisons at various points which are at once burden-
some in peace and too small to be effective in war.
(Hear.) I say nothing as to Malta or Gibraltar; those
are great Imperial fortresses, and must be held in
strength. So, again, such places as Hong Kong, or
Bermuda, or Aden, cannot be left without defence

I Australia is virtually self-protected ; India pays its
own troops ; but Ceylon and Mauritius might be
made, I think, to do the same; and at the Cape,
vhere till lately we kept up an army rather than a
garrison, the settlers are now, or ought to be,
strong enough and numerous enough to hold their
own against any ordinary native attack. So again
in New Zealand—where we must all be glad to see
that that most costly and annoying Maori war is
over—l think it is time to tell the colonists from
, henceforth, "You are now stronger than the native
tribes; you are stronger in numbers ; you have the
) advantage of wealth, of discipline, of civilisation
they have had a lesson ; if you do not meddle with
them they are not likely to disturb you again ; and,
therefore, take notice, from this time we shall leave
you to fight your own battlee." (Hear, hear.) I
think in such a colonial policy as I suggest there
is groundwork laid for a saving of expense which
would not be inconsiderable. There is another
matter which Parliament must shortly deal with—
our relations with the African coast. There has
been a waste of money in that, the most pestilen-
tial climate which exists, of which, I believe, few
persons are fully aware, and the risk is even greater
than the loss. Take the thing called the Cape Coast
protectorate. That may at any time involve you
in war—it last year actually did involve you in war
—with some barbarous chief like the King of
Ashantee, in a country where men die like rotten
sheep, and never see the face of an enemy. And
what is the return for all that ? I suspect uncom-
monly little. The whole subject of these African
settlements and of the African squadron wants in-
quiry, and I am glad to learn that it is about to be
taken up in the course of next session by an inde-
pendent member. My own idea- is, hold on to
Places where you either have, or where you can
develops an important traffic, if, by abandoning
them you would sacrifice that traffic; but do not
go inland, hold nothing except where you can
reach by water; keep clear of protectorates and
alliances, and recollect that though civilised
Africa may be a very noble idea with those who are
willing to undertake it, still England ought to be
just before she is generous, and we have plenty of
t hn a
et
coowfl work
ye
at
with
perplexity,idtoh renearergard o home. o me. (Applause.) There is
o
which we arc in a posi-
tionl mean Canada. In the
event of a rupture with the ljuited States—l hope
it is most improbable, but in their present temper
nothing is impossible—Canada is our vulnerable
point. It is the most indefensible country in the
world—a long narrow strip, with no depth of coun-
try that is habitable to fall back upon, and with a
sparse population who have had no experience of
war. And yet the case is not one in which we can
honourably say to the Canadians—" Defend your-
selves—it is not our affair." If they were to be
brought into a war in consequence of a quarrel be-
tween England and the United States—a war which
they had done nothing to bring about, and as to
which they had not even a voice—we could not in

honour or duty abandon them. All we can do is to

call on them, so long as they retain their connection
with us, to do more towards their own defence than
they have as yet done, and to make our assistance

conditional upon their doing that. That we can do,
and we can avoid sending troops into the interior,
where they are neither numerous enough to be of
use, nor in a position where, if attacked, they could
retire with honour. Canada I look upon as an ex-
ceptional case. With regard to the other colonial
garrisons, I think they will bear a considerable re-

duction, although no doubt that must be gradually
and cautiously done. As to the civil expenditure I
have nothing to say—or rather, I must frankly tea
you, I do not look for ward in regard of that to any
saving of importance. The days of sinecures and
jobs are very nearly over; there are very few offices
which, even by the strictest revision, you could do
away with, and there are many heads of expense
which we must expect, as populatio❑ grows, to be-
come heavier rather than lighter. I hold it, there•
fore, as certain that any economical reform of im-
portance must take place io the military and naval
depirtments. I think we are as a nation—we have
Inca of late—somewhat too apathetic in these
mutters ; but some movement has been made
in that direction, and, taking into contempla-
tion our prospects for the next throe or four
years, I see on the whole nothing extravagantly
sanguine in looking forward to a reduction of at
least two millions, and possibly of more. Now to
that we have to add the natural increase of the re.
venue to an extent, including recovery from duties
reduced, of about a million and a quarter yearly.
lam taking a very moderate estimate. It has been
more than that—it has been more than a million

-----
and a half during the last three Sears; and when

one remembers that those years, however prosperous
in other respec►s, have been the years of the cotton

'amine, I think it is not unreasonable to suppose

that a similar increase will continue. (Hear, hear.)
Of course I am arguing on the assumption that our
course of prosperity is not interrupted by any great
European war in which we should be involved;
but that, I think, is the only thing seriously to
fear, and, if I am right, we may with reasonable
economy look forward to a relief from taxation in
the next four years to the extent of six or seven
millions. (Applause.) Now that anticipation
makes it clear to my mind that, whatever else we
may find to fight about in the House of Commons,
financial questions will not lead to any very serious
Parliamentary struggles. Of course some may
think that one tax should have precedence, and
some may prefer another; but with reasonable
patience, every strong claim may be satisfied. Of
course it would bo idle to attempt to frame budgets
for future years ; but I may indicate briefly a few
of what I consider to be leading principles. The
worst tax, beyond exception, that we have, is that
on fire insurances- (Applause.) It yields altogether
about a million and a half, and I doubt if there is
any other part of our taxation of equal amount that
is liable to equally grave objections. You, by your
Town Council, have petitioned against it ; and I
think you have done wisely, It is a discouragement
to prudence ; it is an encouragement to gambling
speculation—for a man who prefers betting on his
luck rather than insuring is in effect a gambler; it
cripples a great and profitable business which, if
not taxed, would rise to dimensions far exceeding
the present ; and if it is—what persons speaking
in its defence have called it—a tax upon property,
it is a tax imposed upon property in the most capri-
cious and arbitrary way. It spares the great pro-
prietor who can afford to be his own insurer; it
spares the man who has his property scattered
over a great multitude of different investments;
it falls heaviest upon those who are not rich enough
to meet the loss—who cannot afford to be their own
insurers. (Hear, hear.) At the same time, I do
not say that it is necessary to sweep away that
tax altogether. It is the excessive amount that
makes the hardship. A tax of 38. is injurious
where a tax of 61 would be harmless. If it were
reduced to that amount the exemption accorded
long ago to agricultural stock might in that case,
I think, fairly be done away with, and that very
small charge be imposed upon all alike. At that
rate, which would ba only one-sixth of the pre.
sent, you would still retain a quarter of a million
from the tax ; and, in a few years, from the in-
crease of the practice of insurance, I believe it
would yield three times as much, (Hear, hear.)
Now, next in order, I think, is the income tax
—(hear, hear)—and with regard to that I think
we ought to consider our position carefully. The
popular thing, of course, is to say, " Sweep it off
altogether." (Laughter.) I should like to think
that fairly possible; but I doubt whether it could
be done consistently with justice. (Hear, hear.)
I think, if you were to do so, the effect would
be, unless many other taxes were removed at the
same time, to destroy the balance between direct
and indirect taxation, and therefore to throw a
heavier proportion of the burden upon those classes
who do not at present contribute to the income
tax. I think that 31, or even 4d. in the pound
—that is 11 to nearly 1 per cent—is not a very
heavy burden, and that where the total propor-
tion of the tax to income is so small, those in-
equalities which, as I believe, are inherent and
inevitable in any income tax, will cease to be prac-
tically felt. I think, also, there is an advantage
in having the machinery ready at hand, and not
having to create it afresh, in the event of any
national exigency. I think, therefore, if we
could get down that tax to half of its present
rate, we might fairly be content, and we ought not
fo'r the present to attempt to go further. In ens-

toms duties the reductions of the last few years have left
very little that is urgent to do, Tea, sugar, wine, all have
been dealt with. The duty on spirits, I suppose, hi the
interest of niorality,no one would be very anxious to reduce,
unless it could be shown that it was evaded by smuggling.
All the remaining duties are unimportant, except that on
tobacco. That is a duty which I think may wait for a
while. No doubt it is excessive in amount, and so it en-
courages fraud. No doubt also it falls in a heavier propor-
tion on the poorer than on the richer consumer. And it is
a duty which, by means of increased consumption, would
recover itself very rapidly if reduced. At the same time the
article is not one of necessity—it is not one of which it is
desirable to stimulate the consumption indefinitely; and I
think, on the whole, it need not be considered, at least until
the two questions of income tax and insurance are dealt
with. (Hear, hear.) As to the duties on corn, on fruit, on
timber, and one or two more, yielding altogether something
over a million, they are in general too small a percentage
upon the cost of the articles to be very injurious to trade, at
the same time the amount raised by them is not very large.
The policy of late years has been that of simplifying our
tariff, and I think at no very distant date you will see those
duties disappear. (Applause.) Now allow me to say one
word as to a tax which has been very much discussed of late
—I mean the excise on malt. I have requests from some of
you, though not very many, to support the total abolition
of that tax, and throughout the eastern counties there has
been, I know, a considerable movement in that direction. I
must tell you frankly I think that is a thing which Parlia-
ment will not do, and which in my judgment it is very
doubtful whether it ought to do. (Applause.) Consider how
the question stands. You would lose by a total repeal of
the malt tax six millions, or nearly so, at .one blow;
and if my estimate of our present and future financial con-
dition is correct, you would thereby cut yourselves off
from the possibility of dealing with any other tax, or of
relieving any other interest for several years to come,
(Hear, hear.) But there is more than that; the loss does
not end with that one tax. You would be obviously dimi,
nishing to a great extent the return from spirits, Probably,
also, cheap beer would du something to lessen the consump-
tion of tea. It is a very moderate estimate to allow for a
loss in this indirect way of two or three millions more; and
I do not see, looking at it from another point of view, how
the duty on tea is to be permanently retained if beer is to be
wholly exempt. One is as much a poor man's luxury as
the other, and certainly tea is, on the whcle, the more
harmless of the two. (Laughter and applause.) 1 hold,
therefore, that the country gentlemen will act with less
than their usual prudence and good sense if they commit
themselves to a movement for a total repeal. Reduction is
another matter, and I dare say we may sea in the course of
time £1,000,000 or £2,000,000 taken off that duty ; but in
that case, as in that of the tobacco duties, I do not think
the claim for remission is very urgent, and certainly I do
not think it ought to cone before the income tax and the
fire insurance duty. On these questions of finance the
general principle which we have to follow I think is clear. i

I think we ought to divide such surpluses as we may have
as fairly as may be between remissions of direct and indi-
rect taxation. If we hold to that rule Id 3 not apprehend

any very serious differences of opinion. There is, I know,
a school of financiers who desire to sweep away all indirect
taxation whatever, making up the deficiency by direct taxes

on property. Now, my objection to that doctrine is, that
in the first place it is utterly impracticable—the public will
not have it ; and in the next place, it is utterly unjust. You
would be exempting in practice three-fourths of the nation
from all taxes, and throwing the whole of the burden upon
the remaining fourth. If these ideas should make any

progress in the public wind, I might have a great deal
more to say about them, but at present they are in the
_ _

will hardly
nature of speculation only, and I think they will long
remain so. (Hear, hear.) Now there is one question of
great itnt.ortance at all times, but on which you
expect me to enter into details to-day-1
mean that which relates to the extension of the
franchise. It is useless to discuss that matter until we

know whether anything is likely to be done or attempted in
that direction by the present Cabinet. How that may be I
do not know, and possibly they themselves do not. But I do
know this, that while a small measure would not satisfy that

party from whom the demand for action proceeds, a large

measure cannJt be carried out except with a state of popular

feeling very different from that which exists at present. It

is quite idle to think that whero the whole question in dia-

pute is the transfer of power from one class to anothei, you
can settle the matter, after a little friendly discussion, in a
way which will satisfy everybody. Any man who expects
that will be disappointed. There are many persons here wh')

remember 1832. At that time the whole middle and lower

classes, with the exception of a small minority, were on ono
side, and on the other there were only a few hundred per-
dons interested in the maintenance of the rotten boroughs,
Yet you all remember that the bill of 1533 was not carried

without a struggle which agitated the country from one end
to the other. It is not now the upper, it is the middle class

—the owners of the grater part of the property of the coun-
try, and by far the most powerful class in it, which exercises
political supremacy at the present day, They are not likely
to part with it of heir own free will, at least, if they do, it
will be a new fact in the history of the country, and I see
no such movement on the part cf the working classes which
would be likely to overbear the resistance which might he

expected. I do not think the Conservative party have any-
thing to reproach themselves with on that subject. They
were expected by Parliament and the public to make, in
1858-9, some proposal which should be in the nature of a
• _

-
_
compromise. They made it, _failed, and withdrew from
power. Their successors made a similar attempt—they
failed also, and they have stayed where they were. (Cheers
and laughter.) Now my opinions on this question aro those
which I held in 1859, but if it is to be dealt with at all, it
cannot be settled without a dissolution of Parliament ; and
therefore any persone who wish to have from me a detailed

explanation of what I should or what I should not support
will bs perfectly sure to have his opportunity. (Hear, hear.)
But it does not follow, even if the whole question be left un-
touched, that Parliament need be idle. We have a vast
mass of miscellaneous work on hand, quite sufficient to oc-
cupy our attention for many years to come. Our law—after
modern reforms perhaps the most cumbrous and complicated
in Europe—requires to be consolidated and simplified. That
is a process involving, no doubt, labour at the hands of per-
sons to whom Parliament may entrust it ; but otherwise
the task is not especially difficult. We have that extra-
ordinary system of purchased commissions in the army
which I firmly expect to see done away with, at least so far
as regards the higher grades. (Hear, hear.) We have the
question of parish or union rating for poor law purposes,
and connected with it is that intricate problem, the law of
settlement. We know that the administration of our public
charities is faulty, and I cannot conceive a better investment
of time and labour than would be a Parliamentary inquiry
into at least the chief of them, with a view to utilise the
vast funds at their disposal. (Hear, hear.) We have a
licensing system which satisfies nobody, and the reform of
which was: recommended by a committee of the House
of Commons ten years since. In Ireland and Scotland the
laws which regulate marriage are in a state only fit for a
barbarous country. (Hear, hear.) It cannot be said that
what is called the private legislation of Parliament is in a
condition altogether satisfactory, although, as I frankly ad-
mit, it is easier to say that then suggest a remedy. (Hear.)
Then, our patent laws want amending, if the privilege of
granting patents is to be retained—and that itself is a ques-
tion for very serious discussion. A commission has been
issued—upon which I have the honour to sit—to inquire into
the laws relating to capital punishment; and, whatever
opinions may exist as to the limits within which such pun-
ishment shall be inflicted, I think almost every one agrees as
to the inconvenience of having cases tried over again in pri-
vate at the Home-office after they have been publicly tried
by a judge and jury. (Hear.) Well, I might go on almost
indefinitely with a list of questions which require to be dealt
with or discussed ; bat those I have mentioned are enough
as a sample. You see there is plenty of work which you
may put upon us, and I only wish that you (the constituen-
cies) would look a little more sharply after us, and make sure
that we do its (Laughter and cheers.) Idleness is not
Conservatism. (Hear, hear.) Economy and administrative
improvement are quite as much the interests of those classes
whose principles and associations make them conservative
as of any other; and if, as I believe, the country does not
desire organic change, it little wishes for a state of utter
lethargy and stagnation. Regulated activity disarms agi-
tation; apathy and neglect create it, (Cheers.) Now, gen-
tlemen, you will be glad to hear that I am drawing to a close
of what has necessarily been a very long survey. (Cheers.)
I am not fond of long speeches; my only excuse must be
that the ground to be gone over is extensive, and that in
view of an election, and probably of a contest, I did not wish
any voter in this town to say that he had been deluded or
left in the dark as to the opinions of his representative.
(Cheers.) There are two classes of subjects which I have
left untouche : those relating to India, which I fear I
could hardly make interesting, and perhaps not intelligible
to gentlemen who only hear of them for the first time; and
questions of an ecclesiastical character, with regard to
which, although there may be a good deal of talk, it does
not seem to me that Parliament is disposed to take any ac-
tive step, But ore these, as, indeed, any other matter within
my power, I shall be glad to answer any questions that may
be put to me. ( dear, hear.) Party politics, as you know,
I do not deal in upon these occasions. (Cheers.) In the
House of Commons, if a man wishes to do anything, it is
almost inevitable that he must act with a political party, but
there has never been a time in my memory when party spirit
had so little life in it. The reason I believe is, that between
moderate Conservatives and moderate Liberals the differences
are slight, and those who represent extreme opinions on
either side were never fewer, and never exercised less in-
fluence than at present. (Hear.) There way be an extreme
Tory party, though I never saw one, nor do I know what its
views are. There is, no doubt, a democratic party, but it
numbers but a small minority of the House of Commons.
All between represent shades of opinion which impercepti-
bly merge into one another, the most reasonable one in my
opinion being generally found near the middle. (Hear,
hear, and laughter.) That is a state of things which is em-
barassing to many people ; but as far as I can see, it is not
injurious to the country. It may be that those who are now
in what is called Opposition may be called upon to take
their turn of power. If they are, I hope and believe that
they will use it wisely. But one advantage I am afraid they
will not have. I greatly doubt whether they will be treated
with as much patience and as much forbearance as during
the last five years has been exhibited by them to their
rivals. (Cheers.) But whoever may administer affairs, it is
opinion which governs. Opinion is the stream, and politi-
cians, with all respect to them, are the straws which float
upon it. It is opinion which governs, and I believe that
opinion in England was never more moderate than now in
regard to home affairs, and never more resolute as to the
maintenance of peace abroad, never more willing to deal
with practical and proved abuses, but never less inclined to
undervalue the merits of the system under which we live.
(Cheers.) And now once more let me apologise for this lone
address—let me thank you for the kindness of your recep-
tion, and let me express a hope that the political tie which
now connects us may long remain unbroken. (Cheers.)
Broken by my fault I hope it may not be—broken by my
choice I assure you it never shall be. (Loud cheers.)
Thanks to the Mayor, and three cheers for the noble lord
closed the meeting.
Naval and Military Intelligence.

Field Marshal the Duke of Cambridge, having concluded
his annual visit of inspection of the garrison and defences of
Portsmouth for the present year, embarked on board her
Majesty's steamer Sprightly, Commander G. Allen, at the
Sallyport stairs of the garrison yesterday morning, under a
Royal salute from the guns on the Ring's Bastion of the
town fortifications, the Royal standard being at the same
time lowered from the garrison flagstaff, and hois'ed at the
maintopmast head of the Sprightly. Major-Gen. Lord W.
Paulec, C. 8., commanding Portsmouth and the South-
West Military District—Lieut.-Gen. Sir Richard Airey,
Quartermaster-Gen.—Col. Clifton, Aide-de•Camp to the
Duke—Col. Gambier, ILA., Deputy-Adjt.-Gen. of Artil-
lery—Col. Gordon, R,E., commanding Royal Engineers
in the South-West District—and Capt. St. John M.Paulet,
Aide-de-Camp to MajornGen. Lord W. Paulet, accom-
panied his Royal Highness on board the Sprightly, which
immediately afterwards left for Hyde, Isle of Wight, and
Southampton Water, it being the duke's intention on leav-
ing Portsmouth to land in the first instance at Feyde and
tali(' carriage across the island to Sandown and inspect the
several forts which have been recently erected there along
the shores of the bay. On returning from Sandown his
Royal Highness and the officers with him re-embarked on
board the Sprightly, which proceeded to Southampton
Water, where they disembarked at the landing place of the
Royal Victoria Military Hospital at Netley, and proceeded
to inspect that establishment, From Netley his Royal
Highness returned via Southampton to London. In the
course of the inspection at Portsmouth on Tuesday after-
noon,the Duke of Cambridge lunched with Col. Benn and
the officers of the Royal Artillery at Fort Brockhurst,which,
with Forts Eisen, Rowner, Grange, Gomer, Brown-down
Monckton, and Blockhouse, form the eight detached
forts in front of the Gosport lines, awl are the most im-
portant works of the kind yet completed in the kingdom.
From Fort Brockhurst, the Duke proceeded with Colonel
Mackirdy, the senior officer of the Gosport District, to the
new barracks, occupied by the 69th Regiment, which was
drawn up in line, and inspected by the Field-Marshal, who
was highly pleased with the regiment. He afterwards visited
the recreation rooms now building for the troops, and the
canteen, which has lately been opened under the new regu-
lations, and is found to answer well. On the same evening
his Royal Highness was entertained at dinner by the Lieut.
Governor of Portsmouth, Major-General Lord William
Paulet, C. 8., at Government-house, to which the following
gentlemen were invited :—The Mayor of Portsmouth ;
Lieut.-Gen. Sir Richard Airey, K.C.8., Quartermaster-
Gen. ; Rear-Admiral George Elliot ; Col. Mackirdy, com-
manding 69th Regiment; Col. Gordon, C. 8., commanding
; Col. Gambier, C,8., D.A.G., R.A. ; Col. Stuart,
C. 8., commanding 21st Fusiliers ; Col. Elliot, commanding
R.A,; Col, Benn, R.A.; Col. Murray, commanding 87th
Fusiliers; Col. Ayles, Commandant R.M.L.I. ; Cal. Tato
Commandant R.M.A. ; Col. Clifton, A.D.C.; Lieut..• Col,
Carey, commanding 26th Cameronians ; Lieut. Col, Shute,
commanding 64th Regiment; Capt. Scott. R.N., Victory.
The Imperial Russian screw corvette Rynda, 11 guns,
Capt. Basargine, anchored at the Motherbank, off Ryde,
Isle of Wight, yesterday morning from Pernambuco, bound
for the Baltic.

Yesterday morning her Majesty's steamship Achilles left
Sheerness harbour for Portsmouth. While the vessel was
preparing for sea, a hawser broke and struck a man named
John Dorgin on the head, and seriously wounded James
Barling, leading man of riggers in Sheerness dockyard ; and
John Callan), also a rigger. The men were taken to the
surgery in the dockyard, where Dorgin expired almost im-
mediately. The other two men had their wounds dressed
by Assist.-Surg. Skene, and afterwards were well enough to
walk to their own homes. The unfortunate man Dorgin
has left a wife and six children, one child now lying deed.
Vice-Admiral Henry Francis Greville, U. 8., died on
Tuesday last, after a long illness, at his country seat in
Berkshire, aged 70. He was the eecond son of Lieut. Col,
Henry F. Greville. He entered the navy in 1806 on board
the Renown, Capt. Durham, and next joined the Arethusa.
In this ship, as midshipman, ho took part in the active ope-
rations on the north coast of Spain, where in a boat affair
1- = was shot through the leg. He afterwards joined the
Volage, C❑pt. P. Hornby, and he subsequently saw service
on the Boulogne and North American stations. In 1817 ho
held the office of private secretary to Lord Combermero.
After holding various employments and comm Ands he was
in 1851 appointed to the command of the Trafalgar, 120, on
the M, diterranean station, in which ship he served during
the war with Russia, For his gallant services during the
war in the East he was made a Companion of the Bath, and
an officer of the Legion of Honour by Napoleon III.; he
was also decorated by the Sultan with the Medjidie of the
3d class, The deceased officer's commissions bore date as
follows :—Lieut., Jan. 4, 1811—commander, July 19, 1822
—capt., Aug. 27, 1832—rear-admiral, May 19, 1856-- vice-
admiral, April 1, 1863,

Lieut, D. M‘Mahon, Ist battalion Military Train, has in-

vented and brought into complete working order a most
useful species of packsaddle, adapted to the capacity of horses
and mules of various sizes and burdens. By a simple con-
trivance of turning an inverted screw in the upper part of
the framework, the saddle is brought to fit the back of any
ordinary horse or mule, and is enlarged or rendered suitable
to smaller animals as required. The invention was yesterday
exhibited at Woolwich, and was fully tested in presence of
a number of officers appointed to investigate its capabilities
preparatory to its being despatched to Aldershot.by order of
the Field-Marshal Commanding in Chief of the Forces,
who has directed the Lieut. Gen. commanding the division
on that station to afford the invention a proper trial, and
to report the result. Lieut. M'Mahon states that, from his
experience during the Crimean and Chinese campaigns, he
is aware that many hundreds of animals were lost to the
service from the pack-saddles torturing the animals' backs,
and that ill-fitting saddles rendered the transport of stores
on a campaign in an enemy's country most difficult and un-
safe. He also states that, from the many specimens he has
seen of packsaddles used by foreign Governments, there is
nothing in use so serviceable as that now invented. It can
be unscrewed and packed in less than half the space re-
quired for transporting the one now in use, and can be ex-
panded or contracted at will.

The following appointments have been made at the Ad-
miralty :—Lieut. Herbert F. Crohan to the Excellent ; R.
Mungle, surgeon, additional to the Duncan; Nicholas L.
Gedge, clerk to the Excellent, for the Royal Sovereign;
Archibald G. Douglas, master's assistant, to the Dasher ;
and Alfred B. Scott, master's assistant, to the Victory.

RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE.

COCKERMOUTH AND WORKINGTON.

It appears that recent negotiations between the
directors of this company and the directors of the
Whitehaven Junction Railway Company have re-
sulted in a provisional agreement to lease the
Cockermouth line to the Whitehaven Junction Com.
pany in perpetuity, on terms equivalent to a dividend
of 10 per cent. per annum on the ordinary capital
of the Cockermouth Company.