The Sun.
London, England, 1864-01-01 00:00:00

SPIRIT OP THE PUBLIC JOURNALS.

liEATING'S COUGH LOZENGES.—Statistics
show that 50,00') persons annually fall victims to Pul-
monary Disorders. including consumption, diseases of the
chest, and the respiratory organs. Prevention is at .11 times
better than cure; be, therefore, prepared during the wet and
wintry season with a supply of KEATING'S COUGH
I,‘ ;ZENG ES. which possess the virtue f averting, as well as
of curing a cough or cold ; they are good alike for the young
or for the aged—they soothe bronchial irritation ; and for im-
proving the voice, the preacher, statesman, singer, and actor
have long patronised them.
" St. Paul's Cathedral, 30th November, 1F49.
" Sir,—l have much pleasure in recommending y our lozenges
to those who may be distressed with hoarseness. They have
afforded me relief on several occasions when scarcely able to
sing from the effects of catarrh. I think they would be very
useful to clergymen, barristers, and public orators.
"I am, Sir, yours faithfully,
" TtiomAs FRANCIS, Vicar Choral.

‘ItTo Mr. Keating."
repared and sold in boxes, is 14d, and tins, 2s 9d, 4s Gd,
and 10s Gd each. by Thomas KeatiT.,, chemist, &c., 79, St.
Paul's Churchyard, London. Retail by all druggists and
ate nt medicine vendors in the world.

PosT.—Political economists tell us that the num-
bers of the inhabitants of a country must, under the
ordinary conditions belonging to human life, de-
pend mainly on the quantities of food within their
reach. Tne consequences of population pressing on
the means of subsistence have often been pointed out
and acutely felt during the Irish famine, and now
also in the cotton districts. Yet this theory of food
determining the number of human beings which
may be supported within a given area would only
partly account for that stream of emigration of the
Anglo-Saxon race which since the time of Raleigh
to the present day has continued to flow to other
lands where great communities now live and flourish
in every quarter of the globe attached to the British
Crown, displaying the peculiar characteristics of
their ancestors. In spite, however, of exhausting
wars, bad seasons, emigration, and other circum-
stances, the people of these realms have significantly
increased during the last century ; and although
the land has retained its ancient boundaries, it has
been better cultivated than formerly ; its produce
in some degree has kept pace with the public re-
quirements, and the industrial energies of the people
have enabled them to command the superabundant
supplies to be had in other quarters. Immense
progress undoubtedly has been made in the cultiva-
tion of the soil, and in the development of the best
breeds of our domestic animals. Cau the same as-
sertion be made respecting the mode in which we
have managed our sea and river fisheries, which, if
properly regulated, might furnish almost inexhans•
tible supplies of good, wholesome food to every class
of the community? We fear not. Interested parties
persisted in thinking that there wets as good fish
in the sea, and as many of them, too, as ever were
caught ; proprietors of salmon rivers—either forget-
ful or ignorant of the habits of the king of fresh
waters—pursued what they termed an " economi•
cal," but, in reality, an exhaustive plan of
taking fish, and what are called free waters
were infested night and day with the nets and
other engines of destruction of the poacher.
These facts became so evident of late years that
everybody acquainted with them declared that
something must be done, and accordingly Parlia.
ment facilitated the adoption by Scotch proprietors
of arrangements about gaps, close time, nets, weirs,
and the rights of the owners of upper waters, which
have resulted in a steady increase in the supply of
salmon ; and on the west coast of Scotland the great
herring fishery there has had all the advantages
which the visits of Commissioners and gunboats
could give it in the maintenance of close time and
the prohibition of trawl nets, even those that sweep
inshore. Two years ago the Inspectors of Salmon
Fisheries in England and Wales began their exami-
nation of the chief rivers to which salmon resort,
and their annual reports are replete with vaniable
information, and contain useful hints about the
management of salmon property, which, if adopted
by those chiefly interested, cannot fail to produce
some improvement in the condition of our rivers.
Commissioners appointed by Parliament are now
busily engaged in taking the evidence of the fisher-
me❑ residing at the principal stations along the
English coast, in order to attempt a solution of the
dlffieult problem whether the use of trawl-nets is
injurious or otherwise to our sea fisheries, and dur-
ing the last session Sir Robert Peel's Salmon Act
for Ireland was passed, which, by means of a com-
promise, proposed to reconcile conflicting interests I
and commissioners are now at work in that country
inspecting the obstructions that had gradually accu-
mulcted in tidal waters, and ordering the demoli-
tion of many of them, on the ground of their being
impediments to navigation. In reviewing, then,
the efforts of Parliament to increase the supplies of
food to belfound in British seas and rivers, it cannot
be justly said that it has been inattentive to the
wishes of the public when it complained of the
errors that were being committed in the suicidal
methods which were adopted in the management of
those streams especially frequented by the sal-
inonide ; and, strange to say, most of the late im-
provements effected therein have been simply returns
to the rules and traditions of our ancestors, as
practised centuries ago. It is satisfactory
to know that we shall, in all human
probability, have for the future continually
increasing quantities of this magnificent fish and
its congeners, and it may not be out of place to re-
mind owners of rivers that they should cultivate
salmon in preference to all other species of the finny
tribes, as its numbers can be limited only by the
extent of the breeding grounds to which it has ac-
cess. It attains its rapid growth in the sea, and
invariably returns, after a certain time, to the same
river whence it sprung, either for its own pleasure
or for other natural purposes. With reference to
our sea fisheries, there is little doubt that much dif-
ference of opinion prevails as to their present condi-
tion, Tho fact, however, is certain that the supply
is not equal to the demand, Turbot, soles, cod, and
all► the commoner sorts and shell-fish, oysters espe-
cially, are both dearer and scarcer than they used
to be. Probably an increased consumption for this
article of food, stimulated by railways, may partly
account for the diminution in this supply, and the
enhanced price of sea fish may lead to destructive
methods of capture. From ascertained facts con-
nected with the natural history of our river fish,
especially salmon, trout, and grayling, it is found
that they deposit their ova on shallow gravelly beds,
and their fecundation depends mainly on their re-
ceiving the influences of the light and heat of the
sun, and those of a running stream. Arguing then
from analogy, it seems reasonable to suppose that
the fish of the sea deposit their spawn in those sandy
bays which abound off every coast where they can
conceal them from the depredations of their enemies,
and at such a moderate depth that the heat of the
sun can reach and vivify them. There is abundant
evidence to be had in favour of the probability of
this supposition, and should it turn out to be founded
on fact, it may tend to modify the use of trawl-nets,
which certainly rake the bottom, and perhaps ulti-
mately to prohibit their working with a certain dis-
tance of the shore. Unfortunately it is difficult,
for obvious reasons, to ascertain accurately the
habits of the denizens of the salt water, but surely
enough is known ort hem to discontinue the practice
of catching sprats (which may be the young of her-
ring) in such quantities, that beforo the establish-