The Sun.
London, England, 1863-03-18 00:00:00

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THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 18, 1863.

SYMPATHY WITH POLAND.

A large and influential meeting was held yesterday at the
Guildhall, for the purpose of expressing sympathy with the
Poles in the struggle in which they are now engaged for
the recovery of their nationality,
The following is a copy of the resolutions submitted to
the meeting :

" 1. That the Poles, after having long exhibited, under
circumsta ces of the most cruel provocation, a calm and
dignified demeanour in the firm but peaceable vindication
of their rights, which entitled them to the respect and ad-
miration of all civilized nations, have been forced into their
present insurrection by acts of continued and intolerable
insult and oppression on the part of Russia, and by the ab-
solute necessity of taking up arms in self-defence, and to
preserve their national existence from being exterminated,
and their lives from being barbarously sacrificed in the com-
pulsory service of their oppressor."
"2. That the powers of Europe assembled at Vienna in
1815, when, yielding to the political necessities of the time,
they felt themselves compelled to give a reluctant sanction
to the partition of Poland, affixed to that sanction the
strongest stipulations which they could devise for securing
to every part of Poland thus partitioned the blessings of
just and free government, and most especially the preser-
vation of its national character as part of the great Polish
nation."

"3 That the experience of nearly fifty years has proved
incontestably that the Russian Government either cannot,
or will not, observe those stipulations on which alone rests
its title to any share in partitioned Poland."

"4. That Russia, by the violation of her engagements to
Europe on behalf of Poland, and by the system of confis-
cation, exile, and massacre, which she has substituted in
their place, has forfeited all right to the possession of
Poland; and by the condition of normal discontent which
she has thus created in the breast of an oppressed and
gallant people, exposes the peace of Europe to a constant
danger, which it is the interest of all to avert."

"5. That this meeting would, therefore, call upon the
British Government, with such concurrence from other
Powers as can be obtained, to make a solemn declaration
of the withdrawal of their sanction to the dominion by
Russia over any part of Poland."

" 6. That the deep interest which is taken by the people
of England in the righteous and heroic struggle in which
the Polish nation is now engaged, for the recovery of its
independence, imposes on this meeting the duty of giving
the best effect they can to the preceding resolutions, and
with this view, that a petition embodying such resolutions
be presented to the two Houses of Parliament."

In the absence of the Lord Mayor, who was unable to
preside from a severe attack of bronchitis, Alderman and
Sheriff Lawrence occupied the chair.

The Chairman read the following letter from the Marquis
Townshend

15, Park-lane, March 17, 1863.
My dear Lord,—l regret to say lam prevented attend-
ing the meeting to be held this day at the Guildhall, by
a sharp attack of bronchitis, and do not expect to
be well enough to leave my room for some days. I can
assure you, my lord, that with the great interest I take in
the cause of Poland, I feel it to be a severe disappointment
to me not to be present to-day. I must be allowed to thank
your lordship, in my own name as President of the Polish
Association, as also on the part of those noblemen and
gentlemen who attended at my house to draw up reso-
lutions, for the promptitude and kindness you showed, and
the evident interest you took in giving us the Guildhall for
this meeting, and of presiding on the occasion.—l beg to
remain, very faithfully yours,

TOWNSHEND.

-•
The Right Hon. the L .rd Mayor.
Letters of apology were also read from Mr. Western
Wood, M.P., Sir Rowland Hill, Mr. J. Hall, Mr. Edward
Romilly (who sent a cheque for £2O), &c., &c.
• n the platform we observed the following noblemen and
gentlemen:—Prince Azen Jahr ; the Earl of Shaftesbury,
K.G.; the Earl of Harrowby, K.G.; the Earl of Zetland ;
Lord Charles Fitzroy ; Lord Truro ; Lord Ebury ; Colonel
Wilson Patten, M.P. ; Alderman Sidney, M.P. ; Viscount
Raynham, M.P. ; Sir Harry Verney, Bart., M.P. ; H. D
Seymour, Esq., DI.P. ; R. W. Crawford, Esq., M.P. ; Col.
Stuart, M.P.; W. Tite, Esq., M.P.; Hon, G. Denman, M.P.;
Colonel Pinney, M.P.; Thomas Alcock, Esq., M.P.; Sir
Robert Clifton, Bart., M.P. ; Sir Georgeßowyer, Bart.,
M.P, ; Hon. Arthur Kinnaird, M.P. ; M. Thomas
Bass, Esq., M.P. ; W. G. Duff, Esq., M.P.; H. Lewis,Esq.;
lat.P.; Sir F. Goldsmid, Bart., M.P.; 3. Abel Smith, Esq.,
M.P.; 3. Pope Hennessy, Esq., ALP.; Colonel Gray, M.P.,
Sir Henry A. Hoare, Bart. , Henry Fawcett, Esq. ; Sir R.
G. M'Donnell, K.C. B.; Lieut.-Col. Townshend Wilson ; T.
Chisholm Anstey, Esq. ; David Urquhart, Esq.; Col. H.
Salway ; H. H. Lindsay, Esq. ; G. Mitchell, Esq. ; G.
Moore, Esq. ; R. W. Grey, Esq. ; F. Young, jun., Esq. ;
F. Goldsmid, Esq.; Rev. Dr.Worthngton; E. Beales, Esq.;
IV. Gresham, Esq., High Bailiff of Southwark ; Jervoise
Smith, Esq.; Rev. J. F. Rowsell, M.A. ; Dr. Challis ; F.
de Meschim, LL.D. ; Hon. Henry Ryder; Hon. Her-
bert ; Admiral King, C. 8.; Deputy Rathbone ; 3.
Richardson, Esq., J. Young, Esq., C. Warton, Esq.
R. Stapleton, Esq., and W. Brass, Esq., Com-
mon Councilmen; Colonel Graham; Rev. R. Graves;
T. Colley Grattan, Esq. ; J. Sheppard, Esq. ; Benjamin
Scott, Esq., Chamberlain of the City of London; Alder-
men Gibbons, Humphreys, and Abbiss ; Dr. R. Fisher, &c.
The CHAIRMAN expressed his regret at the absence of
the Lord Mayor, and said the object for which they had
met that day had his deepest sympathy. They were met
that day to express an opinion on the gallant struggle at
present going on for freedom in Poland. That nation was
engaged in a contest with despotism such as seldom or ever
had been heard of in modern times, and he hoped an opi-
nion would go forth that day which would be heard in
every part of Europe, and which would plainly show that
the sympathy of England was with every nation which
made an effort to secure that which was the ancient right
of all—their freedom. (Cheers.)
The Earl of HARROWBY, in coming forward to move the
first resolution, said the question they had met there to-day
was not one simply of right and wrong, but it was to con-
sider that which was believed to be a great breach
of international agreement. They all knew the issue
of the struggle in 1831, and bow ineffectual it was, but he
could not help thinking that if a little more encouragement
had been given to that gallant effort the result would have
been different to what it was. (Cheers.) At that time
Europe was weakened by dissensions, and it was well
known that such a circumstance was always Russia's op-
portunity, and an act of unexampled tyranny was perpe-
trated. They had all heard of one of the greatest outrages
that had ever been perpetrated; he meant the conscription,
or rather he should say proscription, in which people were
violently taken from their beds, and not for the purpose of
serving their country. The misery of such a proceeding
had roused the slumbering embers of freedom in Poland,
and a struggle had begun which he hoped would end in
a successful result. They were there not to do what they
would like, for that was impossible; but they could at
the present moment throw the whole of the moral
weight of opinion in England into the scale, and toll Rus-
sia that, as far as the treaty of Vienna goes, and it was
under that that Russia maintained its hold of Poland, it
had violated its engagements, and therefore the Poles were
free—(cheers)—and that every country would look upon
them as a nation holding no allegiance to a Sovereign who
had betrayed his trust. He had great pleasure in moving
the first resolution. (Cheers.)
The Hon. Mr.DENAIAN, in seconding it, said the conduct I
of Russia, with respect to Poland, was viewed with detes-
tation by the whole of civilised Europe, and nothing could
be stronger than the opinion that had been expressed by
the Prime Minister, who had said that, of all the violations
of treaties the world had ever seen none had been greater
than that of Russia in the case of Poland. (Cheers,) In
everything Russia had broken her obligations to Poland.
Russia had stipulated that education should be carefully at-
tended to, that all public documents should be published in
Poland; but in place of that nothing of the kind had been done,
but a system of confiscation, exile, and massacre had been in-
stituted. (Shame.) Did the Poles rise without provoca-
tion, (No, no.) He felt the noble lord who had alluded
to the conscription had rightly termed it a proscription, and
by that despotic and savage act Russia had forfeited all
right to the possession of Poland. (Cheers.) He con-
tended that Russia never possessed any right to Poland,
and therefore it was too mild a term to clay that Russia had
violated her engagement, when she never possessed the
slightest right to that country. (Cheers.) The resolution
said the peace of Europe was in constant danger from the
conduct of Russia, and he did not think there was one pre-
sent who did tv,:t believeit was for the interest of all that that
d geraletheorautlion to
d he prevented—(cheers)—but
evc nptlaeolee in
Russia
btuhta he edbaenligeevredwuonntlidl
some
never bo averted. If they were to let it go forth
to-day that they never were to go to war for Poland they
would be neglecting their duty. (Immense cheering.) He
did not wish the meeting to misunderstand him; he did not
counsel England to go to war with Russia, because he felt
ttwhhoaeutrletdow
the
ee
lot
gh latestreart
emhf e:aiunrsf byfor
rf
her\vwhat
which their object could be at -
tai ned .
would
g t(
0C hpeoelrasn. )d
for He
a h felt t y
ew
aalahe
it
rsettpihtrlheoyaactie
ievdei_ng( se
hoefe
rtah)i_s
adna
yd
hall to-day. (Cheers.) hoapdpredsosneed cinounthtrayt

Mr. CRAWFORD, M.P., supported the resolution. He
said he felt certain his eolleagues in the representation of
the City fully approved of the object of the meeting, and he
would not detain the meeting further than by saying that
he fully concurred in the sentiments expressed in the resolu-
tion, and that he hoped that the voice of London expressed
that day would go forth and make itself heard to the utter-
most parts of Europe. (Cheers.)

The resolution was then put to the meeting, and car4ed
amidst loud cheering.

Sir H, HOAUE moved the second resolution. He skid

that sooner than the domination of Russia should be re
stored in Poland, sooner than the present noble struggle
should be extinguished and put down, the citizens of Lon-
don would not hesitate to go to war on behalf of suffering
and outraged Poland. (Cheers.)
Mr. POPE HENNESSY said their object that day was not
merely to give a barren expression of sympathy with
Poland, but to strengthen the hands of the Government in a
very difficult position. The meeting was not one of child's
play, on the contrary, they were met to make a solemn pro-
test against one of the must shameless violations of obliga-
tions the world had ever known. He felt the opinions ex-
pressed that day would go forth to Russia, and the Auto-
crat would learn that he could not with impunity attempt
to crush out a nation's freedom. (Cheers.) He had great
pleasure in seconding the resolution.
Mr. H. FAWCETT supported the resolution. He urged
in very forcible terms the necesssity of compelling the Go-
vernment to give practical expression to the feelings of the
citizens of London on the gallant struggle now being made
by the Poles for freedom, and at the same time to make
it known that Englishmen would not tamely sit down and
witness a nation's liberty trampled out by the greatest
tyranny that ever ground down a civilised country.
Mr. H. SEYMOUR, M.P„ moved the third resolution,
and suggested that an international subscription should be
at once commenced, for the purpose of giving aid to Poland,
and that the Lord Mayor be solicited to communicate with
the Prefect of the Seine to receive subscriptions, and then
again would be seen the glorious spectacle of two of the
greatest and most powerful countries in the world united
in their exertions to give freedom and liberty to one of the
bravest countries in the world.
Mr. E, BEALES seconded the resolution, remarking that
the best evidence that the feeling for Poland was still alive
was the enthusiastic meeting of that day. He concluded
by proposing the adoption of the following address :
Poles I—We heartily wish you success in your present
most righteous struggle to recover and establish the inde-
pendence of your country.
We shall truly rejoice to see Poland resume her honoured
and most necessary place amongst the free nations of Europe.
Her partition was Europe's greatest scandal, and has been
Europe's greatest misfortune.
Poles I—You not long since attracted to yourselves the
respect and admiration of all good men by your firm, dig-
nified, and peaceful vindication of your national rights,
after a century of partition and oppression, and in the
face of the most sanguinary excesses and cruel provoca-
tions on the part of your oppressors.
You have now confirmed that respect and admiration by
your devoted heroism in the field of battle, when, goaded and
tortured by renewed and intolerable persecution and insults,
you determined, although almost helpless and unarmed, to
have recourse to the last right and refuge of the oppressed,
that of resisting force by force—determined rather to die
as martyrs in the holy attempt to break your fetters for
ever, than live to be torn from your country and your
homes, and endure the infamy of a forced service in the
ranks of your tyrants, and thus be made at once their vic-
tims yourselves and their instruments in enslaving others,
You have further confirmed that respect and admiration
by trusting to yourselves alone in this great struggle, look-
ing for strength, not to the ald of Courts and Cabinets, or
the intervention of diplomacy, but to the concord of your
own citizens, the community of your own sacrifices, and
the principles which you have publicly proclaimed, provid-
ing for the interests of all, and respecting the rights of all,
combining the grant of land to the peasant with indemnity
to the proprietor.
Nothing can be more just and righteous than your up-
rising; nothing more unjust, unrighteous, and detestable
than the cowardly and savage ferocity of your barbarous
foe, steeped in innocent blood—revelling in the slaughter of
women and infants, of the aged, the peaceful, and the in-
firm ; and we gladly believe that thousands of Rut sians
themselves equally with us abhor such abominable warfare.
The enthusiastic sympathy of every honest and generous
soul is wi4h you.
Our hearts bound with joy at every victory you achieve.
We invoke the blessing of the Most High, the God of Hosts,
upon your arms and upor your cause--the case is all that is
dear to the patriot and the Christian—the cause of justice
and virtue, of liberty and civilisation.
We are zealously endeavouring to de all we can to help
and aid you. -
May the hour be nigh at hand that shall terminate the
agony of your conflict in the glories of its triumph ; when
Poland's long night of bondage and of suffering shall be at
an end ; when the last fetter shall have fallen from her
limbs, and the day of her recovered freedom shall dawn upon
her in full effulgence; and when Great Britain shall rejoic-
ingly hail in her Sarmatian sister, independent and power-
ful, free and loving freedom, one of the' best and surest
guarantees for the peace, the liberty, and the welfare of
Europe.
Loud cries of " Shaftesbury," being raised,

The Earl of SHAFTESBURY, who was warmly cheered,
Came forward and said, in support of the resolution—My
good friends, it seems very presumptuous that I should
come forward to address a large body of the citizens of Lon-
don, and I assure you if you had not done me the honour
of calling me by name in this way, nothing should have in-
duced me to take the step I now do, however gratifying it
may be on such an occasion as this to meet a large body of
my fellow-citizens in this the centre of liberty, of commerce,
and of civilisation. (Cheers.) And now, my good friends,
what need is there of lengthened speeches, of argumenta-
tion, or appeals to your feelings and judgment. Is there a
man in England who has a heart for what is great, true,
and noble who does not indeed feel the deepest and most
unalterable sympathy with the people, the patriots of
Poland ? I will not call this, as I have seen it somewhere
called, a rebellion of the Polish people, because a rebellion
seems to pre-suppose that the party who shall put it
down has something of right on its side. This is a
great and glorious insurrection of a wronged and
abused people driven to despair by cruelties un-
precedented in history, by a refinement of cruelty
unparalleled in the antecedent periods of war. Where, I
ask you, if you ransack the records of past ages, will you
find anything like that vile and ever accursed conscription
conceived by the Emperor of Russia, and carried out against
a gallant and defenceless people ? (Cheers.) I look upon it
as equal in cruelty to anything perpetrated by Nadir Shah,
and equal in refinement even to the worst deeds of the vile
Emperor Tiberius. Rebellion, indeed I When have the
Polish people ever acknowledged the right of their oppres-
sors ? When has Europe simultaneously confessed that
Poland was justly held in subjugation? Why, look at the
conscience of half Europe. What was the language of
Maria Theresa when she signed that vile partition, the
source of such woes to Europe and to Poland elhe signed
it under a protest that all Europe in future times would
look upon it as the greatest political crime that ever was
perpetrated. What was the conscience of the Emperor
Francis? Did not be on his death-bed declare that the
partition of Poland, though the work of his ancestor, rested
upon his conscience, and that he was ready to surrender
his share of that vile partition so that it might go to the re-
construction of Poland, but not to be annexed to the empire
of Russia? What is the conscience now of the reigning
governor of Austria ? Is not the reigning Sovereign of
Austria much d sposed to follow in the steps of his ances-
tor and predecessor Maria Theresa ? What says all France ?
What says the British people ? Are we then, looking to the
origin of this, to be detained with arguments upon the con-
ditions of the treaty of Vienna? The right of the Polish
people is long antecedent to the treaty of Vienna. The claim
of the Poles rests upon the inalienable rights of man—(loud
cheers)—upon the inalienable rights of being a nation. It
is indefeasible, and can never be wiped out. It dated from
before the partition, and will exist to the end of time.
(Cheers) I trust the time is not far distant when we
shall recognise Poland as readmitted into the family
of nations, and date her progress from the time when she
starts again, with all the newness, all the life, all the joy,
all the freedom of a long-oppressed but regenerated nation.
(Cheers.) It seems as if the hand of Providence were. being
signalised on the present occasion. It seems as if the time
were at hand when the wrongs of Poland were to cease,
and she were again to stand erect amongst the families of
Europe. The whole of the rising has been marked by great
sagacity, by much judgment, and by true rectitude of feel.
ing. Mark the letter of that good,that great man Langiewicz,
who appears to be another Garibaldi raised up for this par-
ticular occasion—(cheers)—mark the prudence of that man.
He receives from his old friend and coadjutor, his old com-
mander, Garibaldi—a letter tendering his service. What
is his reply ? Langiewiez, in the name of the Polish nation,
says : " I love you. I thank you for your generous and
noble offer ; but come not here. Our movements must not
have anything of a revolutionary character. Let the Poles
work out their destiny. The patriots of Poland will do the
work. We want your sympathy. We are net in want of your
active co-operation." Let us, therefore, come forward with
our expression of sympathy; but let us come forward sim-
ultaneously with our language of denunciation. Let us tell
the Emperor of Russia and all his myrmidons that they
perpetrated acts of cruelty, violence, and savagery quite un-
paralleled in the wars of the nations of India; worse than
the crud ties perpetrated by the six nations and all the Red
Indians on the continent of America. Let us tell them
that by their conduct to men, women,
and to children—
by their cruelties to a defenceless population—not in
maintaining long-established rights, or a recognised
claim to domination, but to uphold the vilest and most
brutal crime that ever was perpetrated by nation against
nation—they are now disgracing themselves in the eyes
of the world, and violatir g every precept and
principle of Christianity. (Cheers.) Let us, on the
other hand, tell the Poles that they have our deep and
heartfelt sympathy; that they have our fullest admira-
tion ; that we shall watch them with love and attention,
and do everything we can to excite the sympathy of Europe,
and rouse the moral feelings of all mankind in their behalf
Let me here impress upon you that public opinion is now
very different to what it was in times past. Nations now,
by an electric influence, can think and act together. Public
opinion, and especially the public opinion of a great, free,
Powerful, and liberal nation such as this, has a domination
and a force which few despots can resist. Let that public
opinion be firm, consistent, and constant. Let it be brought
to bear in diplomacy, in the Houses of Legislature, and in
the language of Cabinets. Let it be brought to bear in re-
peated public meetings in this hall and in every great hall
in England. Let every human being in this country ex-

press what he feels on this great question. Be assured that
public opinion so expressed, so maintained, and so brought
io bear on the despots of the continent, will produce a deep
and lasting effect. It is not necessary in these days to say
—" I give an opinion, and 1 am prepared to follow it by a
blow." The time is not come for saying that. Be assured
of this, that if you, as Englishmen, with the great power
you possess, not only from your institutions, but from the
use you have made of them—if you, by perpetually beating
on the same string, by perpetually calling upon the Govern-
ment and your representatives to urge your claims—by per-
petually meeting in great congregations such as this, give
assent by your voices and cheers to the sentiments delivered
by the speakers, you will assuredly, by this display of public
opinion, by this manifestation of your enthusiasm, truth,
vigour, and energy, produce that which no threat of war, no
mere wordsof intimidation could overproduce; you will bring
them to reflect that if they persist in this course they will
stand before the world as a great and hideous example of a
despotic power founded in cruelty, and maintained by the
misery of so large a portion of the human race. (Cheers.)
Come forward, then, with your expressions of sympathy.
Tell the Poles what you feel, what you admire, and what
you counsel them to do. Tell them the secrets of your in-
most hearts. Tell them you are not indifferent to their
sufferings; that not an hour shall pass in which you shall
not be thinking how to benefit them; and tell them, last
and best of all, that there shall be, from every one of you,
unceasing prayers to the throne of grace. May God defend
the right ! (Cheers.)
Mr. JONES seconded the address, and proposed that it
should be written on vellum, signed by the Chairman, and
transmitted to Langiewiez, the present Dictator of Poland.
Both resolution and address were then put to the meet-
ing by the Chairman, and were carried unanimously.
On the motion of Earl ZETLAND, seconded by Lord
Titnno, thanks were voted to Alderman and Sheriff Law-
rence, and to Alderman Dakin, for having presided at the
meeting, and to the Lord Mayor for granting the use of the
hall.

Sir HARRY VERNEY, in supporting the resolution, read
the following letter from Miss Nightingale :

" If there is a fund for the sick and wounded in the
Polish insurrection, would you kindly pay this little sum
into it (X 10). (Cheers.) It makes my heart burn to hear
of that noble nation again struggling for freedom. God
prosper her, bless her efforts, and bring her safely to port."
Mr. Alderman DARIN returned thanks, after which three
cheers for Langiewicz and the Polish cause, and three
cheers for Miss Nightingale. The meeting then separated,

THE POLISH INSURRECTION.

-•-•••••.---•• .-a>---

VIENNA, March 14.

There are various indications that the Polish
question is about to enter into a new phase. Prince
Metternich, the Austrian Ambassador at the French
Court, arrived here this morning, and it is under-
stood that he came at the express request of Count
Rechberg, who is desirous of attaining a clearer in-
sight into the intentions of the Emperor Napoleon in
respect to Poland. It has been' hinted to me that
a territorial indemnification for the Polish province
of Galicia has recently been offered to Austria, and
something of the kind must have occurred, as the
Emperor Francis Joseph a few days ago observed
that the idea of bartering provinces was repugnant
to his feelings. As Prince Metternich is on a very
friendly footing with the Emperor of the French,
he may perhaps persuade himself that his Majesty
has no interested motives for his present policy in
regard to Poland, but he will hardly be able to con-
vince his Government that the French monarch is
less disingenuous now than he was two or three
years ago. A copy of the circular addressed by Lord
Russell to the eight Powers who signed the treaties
of 1815 has been received here, and it appears
to produce a disagreeable impression on the Im-
perial Government. For several reasons, Austria
wishes to let bygones be bygones ; but I doubt
not that eventually she will agree to take part
in a European Congress for the settlement of the
Polish question on the basis of the treaties of
1815. It would, however, be bad policy to urge
her overmuch, as there is a powerful party in the
State which aims at the restoration of the Holy
Alliance, and a return to the ancient regime. During
the last day or two there have been sinister rumours
in circulation, but I neither can nor will believe the
Emperor lends a willing ear to the suggestions of
certain nobles who are renowned for their reaction-
ary principles and tendencies. From St. Peters-
burg I learn that Prince Gortschakofrs reply to the
despatch of M. Drouyn de Lhuys was unsatisfac-
tory, and that his answer to Lord Russell's note of
the 2d inst. will be equally so. The Polish ques-
tion being now fairly before the public, it may be
well that it should know what the Empress Maria
Theresa thought of the first partition of Poland,
which took place in 1772. The illustrious lady thus
wrote to Prince Kaunitz, her Chancellor, in the
above mentioned year :
" When my claim to my various countries was disputed,
and I knew not where 1 could in peace and quiet be con-
fined, I relied on my right and the help of God. But in
this matter (the partition of Poland) we are about to com-
mit an atrocious wrong, and to act in contradiction to com-
mon sense. I must confess that I feel very anxious and
that I am ashamed to show my face. Only consider, Prince,
what an example we shall give to the world if we sacrifice
our honour and reputation for the sake of a miserable bit
of Poland or of Moldavia and Wallachia. As I well see
that I stand alone, and am no longer en viguer, I let things
go their own way, though not without very great regret."
When the document relative to the partition of
Poland was laid before the Empress, she wrote on
it the following remarkable words :

" It is assented to, because so many great and learned men
wish it. But when I have long been dead people will see
what will arise from such a violation of everything that has
hitherto been held sacred and just."

When Gen. Langiewicz issued his manifesto, he
marched in three columns from Goszcza, and a few
hours after he had disappeared large bodies of Rus-
sian troops advanced towards that place. A few
days aga an Austrian subject visited Langiewicz in
his headquarters, and his account of what he saw
and heard is extremely interesting. All the men
under the immediate command of the Polish Dic-
tator appear to be in excellent health and spirits.
In general they are in the prime of life, but several
grey-bearded patriots of the year 1831 were in the
camp at Goszcza. Langiewicz is a small, spare man,
appears to be about 30 years of age; his hair is
brown, his eyes large, dark, and well-formed;
his demeanour quiet and reserved. He was some-
what lame, but the Austrian had no opportunity,
of inquiring whether his lameness arose from a re-
cent wound. Langiewicz is very devout, and he
advises his men to keep their consciences in good
order, as there is hardly a moment in the day in
which they are not exposed to danger. In the
camp of Goszcza were Jiezieranski, Czieszewski,and
other distinguished partisans, and a young lady
named Pustoviytov, who is dressed as a man, and
fights like one. By a Constantinople telegram we
learn that 6,000 Russian weapons, which were in-
tended for the Servians, have found their way into
Poland. The insurrection is spreading in Lithu-
ania and Minsk, and 20,000 Russian soldiers
who were on their way to the kingdom of Poland
were suddenly sent from Wilna to the provinces on
the left bank of the Bog. About 150 vorsts to the
east of the great fortress of Brzesc, in Lithuania, is
a town called Pinsk, which for a short time was in
the hands of the insurgents. After having appro-
priated to themselves 60,000 silver roubles, which
were the property of the State, the insurgents with
drew from the place and retired to the woods. The
insurrection is now spread over 35,000 square
English miles, an area half as large as the empire of
Austria. Not long since the official Warsaw Gazette
told us that the students in the Polytechnical School
at Pulawi behaved perfectly well ; but we now learn
that 30 beadles have been appointed, whose duty it
is to keep the young men in order. We are further
informed that these official mountainers of order are
armed with cavalry sabres. It is here rumoured
that the peasants in Finland are beginning to dis-
play a desire to get rid of the heavy yoke of Russia.
About a fortnight ago four young Poles were shot
at Plock, and after they had been thrown into a
grave which had previously been prepared one of
them was heard to murmur, "Jesus and Mary, be
with me." As considerable bodies of insurgents are
within a few English miles of Warsaw desertions
from that city are very frequent. Last week the
insurgents hanged 12 peasants who had betrayed
eight of their comrades to the Russians.

The political ferment is very great in Galicia,