The Sun.
London, England, 1852-08-25 00:00:00

THE PEERAGE.

Sir,—The remarkable statement made in your valu-
able journal on Saturday last, under the above heading,
has attracted attention. I have carefully checked it, and
find it correct, save as to the earldom of liaddington
and the baronies of Belhaven and Bayning. In the two
former cases, upon the demise of the present peers,
without mail issue, their British peerages respectively
will become extinct, but both Lords Haddington and
Belhaven have heirs presumptive living who will inherit
the Scottish honours. With regard to the barony of
Bayning, his Lordship is blessed with a son and heir
born in the year 1844. The baronies of Aston, Nugent,
and Rancliffe, which your correspondent enumerates
amongst those that will become extinct, have already
become so, Lord Ashton having died in 1845, and Lords
Nugent and Rancliffe in 1850.
.However it is quite
plain that within a very few years indeed thirty peer-
ages have become extinct, and that there are now no
less than fifty, for which there are no heirs, either ap-
parent or presumptive, the_ great majority, if nut all, of
which will also become extinct.
August 23, 1852.

ROYAL YACHT SQUADRON REGATTA.
COWES, AUG. 24.—The match for the Royal Yacht
Squadron Cup, so unfortunately interrupted on Satur-
day, was started afresh yesterday, but, as will be seen,
with a result no less unsatisfactory than would have been
the ease had the yachts continued their course on the
day of the first attempt. Yesterday morning, before
able
the
hour of starting•
ten o'clock, there was a ebreeze from N.N.E., but it died away soon before the
hour fixed on arrived.
owevThe vessels whic
en h were destined
to take part were, her, started at t, westward.
6he did not start the second time.
ttAhhees
They were the same as on Saturday, with the exception
of the Gloriana;
yachtsUSgCloU lead,tO lying tguhnadbterhr:aws: Arrowtffe distance of
sooncAryomar
aso
Claymore
ikeaad
nad slight
m
a quarter of a mile; these two shortly afterwards stand-
ing over to the north shore. The Lavrock and Alarm
were at this time the two sternmost. Off Leap-bank,
the Musquito bade adieu to the Claymore, and drew on
the Arrow, the latter showing signs of wishing to get
into closer company with her little rival. All the yachts
now got well over to the north shore, to shun the tide.
There the Aurora got a breeze, and again took a nice
lead. The Musquito and Arrow, now in close company,
were followed by the Claymore about a mile astern.
There was no great change in their positions for upwards
of an hour, and on passing Hurst Castle the time for the i
four leading yachts stood thus:—
12h. 10m. 455.
Aurora 12 13 0
Musquito • ... •-• ••• 12 15 50
Caymore ••• ••• ••• 12 19 55
A breeze here sprung up, and the two leading yachts
first catching it, they stood over to the Needles in good
style, rounding about one o'clock. The Arrow here
took the lead, which she kept all along the back of the
Wight, till off White Nose, where the Musquito, then
about three miles astern, having passed the Aurora, got
roundi is
she
he ewada
tsho
bef
etNchaeal
mbA,
eradru,odawnk,
dot
phateletlha
otmt el
Musquito,
as :Id. eustisitleol I, however, first got
,offroOnnsbinogrnoop, wherewith
bwhatoat awt icn dhr
Cowes
wtese
ato
was,lo.ll, the
atshsee d s
ehoeor and
n,
dgunr ur
onedtei
ndgt he
he
o flag_
Ar-
row six minutes later.
So unsatisfactory a regatta as regards sailing has
seldom been known here. With the exception of the
first day, Tuesday, not one vessel has had anything like
a wind to try her. The Arrow, as will be remembered,
on that day got a wind to herself, which enabled her to
get over the course a long time a-head of either of her
opponents. In the other two matches it has been little
better than drifting all the distance.

proved, FORGERY
s s2ecu
THE CHARGE OF 1 AGAINST A HULL
Soucirrou.—Yesterday William Cooper Robinson, the
in the shape
soli-
citor charged with having forged the signature of a respect-
able inhabitant of that town to an 1. 0. U. for I,oooL,an
who was remanded on Saturday last, was again brought d
eo'dijeedhsectohugld be obtained
be-
fore the magistrate at the Mansion-house. It was
in evidence that Mr. Prickett, whose name has been, with-
out his knowledge, attached to the I. 0. U., had, as mort-
gagee, given the prisoner authority to sell the property, the
deeds of which the prisoner had proposed to. deposit a
city for ftoermtphoerlaorayn
from London. Mr. Hindes, who appeared for Robinson, hav-
ing argued at considerable length that an I. 0. U. was a do-
geufarifnoteoel., utnhteil it
h.
do-
cument not acknowledged by the law, but only permitted as
evidence of a debt upon an actual transaction having been
corroboratively proved, and therefore, as no money had been
obtained in this case, that the charge would not lie, the ma-
gistrates decided to commit the prisoner to the borough ses-
sions, and stated that they would allow bail, himself in 2001.,
and two sureties in 501. each.
THE CROPS IN THE EAST RIDING AND NORTH
Liscor,N.—A personal inspection of nea.rly t.he whole of this
district during some days travelling on its highways and by..
ways, backed by information obtained from the best sources
in all quarters, brings us, we are happy to say, to the con-
clusion that, without any doubt, the complaints that have
been rife in many other parts of the kingdom of the bad
condition and scanty promises of the grain crop do not apply
to this range of country. Exaggerated and over-sanguine
expectations. have in many instances, it is true, been much
qualified by recent changes, and where in some cases seven
quarters an acre have teen estimated, the growers are now
content to reckon fivc• but, on the whole, the prosent will
be
a good and heavy' crop', and other sorts of grain look
well and promising. The harvest is, generally, progressing
rapidly.
CITY OF R
LONDON.
.EGISTR ATION..---Mr. T.
"INlChristie, the r •
will commence vimn'g barpster,. has given notice thatY.
he
bers to serve in his
registration this year of voters for. A, lern-
day; the 16th of Parliament for the city of
London on 1 hurs-
- neat month.

THE INCOME, AND PROPERTY 2'.41;
There is no doubt that' the correct prilaciP4M.
taxation is, that every one should contribute to the
yearly expenditure of the country in e fix€d ProPoie
non to the amount of property in his Pcs'essi9.y
n
dUring that year. That is the position very correctly
laid down by Mr. William Fear, in his evidence,
just published, before the Select Committee on the
Income and Property Tax. A moment's reflection
ill be sufficient to show thet it is in the highest
degree unjust to exact the same sum iu the way of
taxation from two men, one of whom derives an
income from an estate in fee or from money in the
funds, and the other whose income is a profes-
sional one or a short annuity. Let the tax be levied
on the veue of the property, no matter what that
property may be—land in fee or for a term of years,
houses, a post in Somerset-house or in the Treasury,
skill in healing human disorders, or in
playing on the
fi idle. We care not from what source the value may
proceed, so it is value. Let each man contribute in pro-
portion to the amount of that value in his possession.
Now, what better test of the value of property can
be taken than the price it will fetch in market overt? .
It is easy enough to ascertain the value of each man's
interest in real and personal estate ; it is also a suffi-
ciently simple task to determine the capitalised value
of any income derived from skill or industry. As
the best illustration of our meaning, and at the same
time as the severest comment upon the present iniqui-
tous method of levying the income-tax, we would
submit the following
figures to the consideration of
our readers. They will serve to show the sums for
which such annuities rents, estates, and securities as
are there set forth would sell. It is really difficult
to see, with such calculations as the following before
us, why we should not all be taxed according to our
real, and not our imaginary means. We COPY
the assessment from the reported proceedings of
the Select Committee on the Income and Property
Tax :

" A has 10001, a year in Long Annuities
B has 1,0001. a year in Consols at par 33,333
C has 1,000/. a year from land worth 30
years' purchase ••• 30,000
" D has 1,0001. a year from land, during his
life ... ••• ••• ..• ..• ... 16,667
" E has the reversion of rents, of 1,0001. a
year, after the death of D 16,666
"F h houses returning, in current rents,
1,000/, a year 16,000'
A professional income is, probably, much inferior in
value even to the lowest interest in the above assess•
went. As is very properly stated in the report of the
Committee, the highest possible point at which an
income of this sort can be estimated is to place it
among life annuities. As we all know it is, in point
of fact, something much inferior. There are the
contingencies of ill health end fashion. The fashion-
able physician of to-day is the nobody of to-morrow.
The barrister who has sunk a considerable capital in
subsistence, education, and protracted preparation for
his profession, and had already begun to realize some
fruits from all his anxieties, toil, and self-denial, finds
himself suddenly thrown back upon the world, not
from any fault of his own, but because changes have
been introduced into the administration of the law.
Then there must be taken into account the deductions
made for life insurance, aril other similar provisions
against sickness and death. How can any assessment
be fair and equitable which not only strikes at the
realized property of two soen, but then proceeds
to levy a further toll upon the transitory income
of one, while the other goes free for the simple
reason that he has none which can be affected
by such an impost ? Dr. Chambers or Sir Benjamin
Brodie buy lands and estates like their neigh-
bours, and are subjected to similar taxation in every
respect. The same thing happens if they invest in
the funds. Their investments are realized values.
Any 11. they receive from their patients is a simple
11. ; nothing more. Any l/. from their landed es-
tate or from the funds represents 301. besides itself,
and yet seven-pence in the pound is deducted from
each. Seven-pence is deduced from the 311., and
seven -pence from the 1/. ; any. this is justice !
What we have said of coarse applies strictly to
professional incomes, but it mill also bear upon all
incomes derived from trade, manufactures, and com-
merce. First, the capital invested must make a suit-
able return ; then in good years an insurance must
be paid against bad years ; Ihen the merchant or
manufacturer is entitled to wages for his own solici-
tude and superintendence ; then he must insure
against the dropping in of his own life ; finally, there
is the net profit from the busbies?, whatever that may
be. The Chancellors of the Exchequer, however from
Mr. Pitt's time downwards, have refused to
take notice of this analysis of an income.
They consider the unstable and transitory income
we have just described to be precisely identical
with that of the landowner or fundholder. No
allowance is made for the vicissitudes of commerce in
the case of the mercantile man, any more than the
changes of fashion or the failure of health in the case
of his professional fellow taxpayer. All must dance
according to the same tune, and march in the same
step, whether Mr. Pitt or Sir Robert Peel, Sir Chas.
Wood or Mr. Disraeli, be the fiscal fugleman. As it
was in the year 1798, so it is in the year 1852 ; but
so will it not be much longer. The anomalies we
have named, which constitute :ndeed the gross and
crying iniquity of the tax according to its present
method of assessment, are not the only ones which
might be signalised. We see it set forth in the very
interesting evidence given before this Committee, that
the whole of the tax is paid by about 350,000 persons,
to annual incomes of 501., there would be four
times as many taxpayers. Thus, every taxpayer
pays not only for himself but for three others,
which is an arrangement of much the same cha-
racter as the one proposed during
every English
the sharp pinch
and that if the operation of the tax descended
of the Irish famine namely, that
family should be required to receive—gratuitously,
of course—two Irishmen as parlour boarders. It is
bad enough to have to Pay taxes for oneself,but
it is cruel to have to pay for others. The minority.
is fleeced that the majority may go free. will
venture, at this point, to
quote a few lines from
report :—" The farmers occupying large farms pay
their own tax and also the tax that the farmers on
rents of 2991. a year or less in England, and 4191.
a-year or less in Scotland, ought to pay. The Person
who has 1601. a-year from a trade or
profession
taxed, while the owner of 1491. a-year from land 01r
money in the funds is exempt ; the landowners of
England and Scotland, in fact, pay for the protection
of the property of the landowners of Ireland,
who are
resident there or on the continent."
If there be any thing which could
add to our
s
aggravation in the midst of this injustice,fere th
the full conviction that to wish sincerely
remedy is to discover it. We find that a very
simple method of assessment has been
,proposed_
_by a number of competent actuaries, and has
re-
ceived the approbation of the committee. It is,
that the tax should be assessed "at one
is, uniform
rate upon all kinds of property—that ' upon the
which
on a
present capitalized value of industrial isicomee.i
are called inherent property, as well asl
exter-
nal property, whether personal or real. Even Mr.
John Mill, who takes a somewhat more di
view of the question, inasmuch as he
achuitf
the contri-
butors, not only the comparative means o
butors, but also their comparative
wants, and who
holds that equality of taxation consists
is
dernanding
their
from all contributors an equal sacrifice of
enjoy-
ments, is driven to admit that he would tax permanent
and temporary incomes according to a differentie si into his
argumentscursive
There is not, in point of fact, a sing
t which is
against an equaliz ition of the asses of
worth a moment's attention, except
thteer of this sort,
providing a suitable remedy.
In a alat Europe stood
we care not if all the philosopher's ino_
I intellect to
against us. It needs no great stretch
perceive that the incotne-tax, as at present under-
stood,
e worst class,
-11
stood, is a graduated property-tab of the
another word
and a graduated property-tax is bu
for spoliation—it is the last resort of revolutionary
_
bankruptcy.
finance when revolution is on the eve 0f

MONT BLANC.
“ A
Extract from a letter, dated Chamouni, August 19:-
11u unsuccessful attempt to ascend Mont Blanc was
wea-
madethe yesterday by a party of five travellers. The r
bas been generally very unfavourable, but Monday
and Tuesday were so very fine that the gentlemen pre-
thing but
pared for the ascent. The guides prognosticated a
change.
The party, however, would not attend to their
advice, but insisted on starting about ten o'clock yest‘r-
°ay morning. About three o'clock in the afternoon it
came on to rain. They crossed the Glaciers des
Boissons in safety, and reached the Grands Mulets
about half-past five o'clock. Here they passed a
miserable r'ight, and returned this morning in
a bed. The weather has been,
rather a cre.tiallen proce„ion, reaching the village
at the same time, any-
about noon. Chamouni is crowded with visitors, and the
tourists have
greatest difficulty is experionced in getting anything like
a torrent, and
pleasant. The road between the village and
Sailenches has become very dangerous from the storms.
Several of the bridges have been carried away by the
tin( nco
torrents, regular carriag® communication has been re-
peatedly stopped, and the nerves of the lady
been put to some very serious trials. A char-a-banc
Was overturned last week near Les Ouches, in conse-
one Young I:,dy was much hurt; but the people still con-
tinue to pour in, and the Sardinian Government has ro-
of the road having been, cut up by
organized all the guides under the old regulations, broken
in 1848."
___-....---.....--.

arnstelintabline tetshtie-
the
purwohoarskeinofg,
adspoalitical trohoeni
rial
regardto be
tpor
hisese resented to
SIR GEoRGE GuEr.--The
irig
pennyprincipalt ozairni
ptthioencsofnonr county of Northumberland aremcoalrlekcot-f
George
in-
tegrity. The Right non. Baronet is at present upon a visit to
Lord Panniure in the north ; and we believe that his present
intentions are, not to offer himself as a candidate for Parlia-
mentary honours, but to seek the quiet of the country, and
in all likelihood to make a tour on the Continent, for the
.
establishimof his health, which ii not strong.—Leeds
Are, eat
• curl. personal Sir

EUROPEAN I?ACIi,,W IN THE UNITED.
STATES.

-
(FROM AN AMERICAN COE.REPONDtNT.)
The preclominqnc,,, of the Anglo-Saxon race in
numerical, as well es in intellectual capaeiiy,
in that part of North America comprised within
the area of the Republic of the United
States has been generally admitted, or, in-
deed, scarcely denied, until within as very recent
period. It now seems to have become important to
political derna -:•ormes in their anxiety to wield
b,
influence with the numerous classes of the American
population, principally from Ireland and Ger-
many, who have swellsd the ranks of emigrants to
those shores within the last quarter of a century, to
mnrepresent and exaggerate the proportion of the
Celtic and modern German element in the aggregate
numbers of the American nation. An Irish--Arneri-
can writer of this stamp, I observe, is quoted as an
authority in the last January number of the London
Quarterly I?eview,
and en thot account deserves at-
tention, for the purpose of correcting his gross mis-
representations.
In the article referred to (on " Highland Destitu-
tion and Irish Emigration") the Quarterly says :
" But what will be the influence of the Irish exodus upon
the destinies of the great American Republic? The
population of the United States is probably the most
mixed and heterogenous on the face of the earth.
Toe Slavonic element, which is entirely antipathic,
is almost the only European one unrepresented
there. The native German, the Anglo-Saxon, the
.Milcsian, and the Gaelic sub-varieties of the Celtic
race—to say nothing of the African—have all contri-
buted largely to the composition of that strange people.
But, if auy reliance can be placed on the accur..cy
of the following table, which seems to have been con-
structed with groat care by a Mr. William E. Ribinson,
and read before a learned and statistical assemblage at
Clinton, in New York, the Celtic blood even now predo-
minates. The gross population of the Union was, in
1350, a little above 23,000,000, which (says Mr. Robin-
son) may be thus appropriated :
Irish barn 3,000,000
Irish by blood ... ... 4,500,000
German by blood or birth 5,500,000
Anglo-Saxon by blood or birth ... 3,500,000
French, or other Celts, by blood or birth 3,000,000
Coloured, free or slave 3,500,000

Total...

... 23,000,000

" According to this table (the Quarterly gravely re-
marks), more than half the white population in the
United States are Celts; more than a third Irish Celts;
a seventh actually of Irish birth. This
more than
increasing predominance of a race of so strongly-
marked a character, and of qualities so opposed to those
of the AnglceSaxon, may well give rise to consider-
able anxiety on the other side of the Atlantic, and to
interesting speculation here. If the Irish, enabled by
their numbers to congregate together there as in the old
country, and thus to withdraw themselves in a great
measure from the influences of a new scene and a supe-
rior race, shall retain their national features unchanged
or only slightly modified, they may affect greatly 'the
aggregate character and the political and social proceed-
ings of the Union. The stern and resistless energies of
the Anglo-Saxon may, and probably will, still enable him
to retain the supremacy, but even then the destinies and
the nature of the America people, as a whole, must be
affected by this inordinate in nfusion of Irish blood."
As I shall be able to show that the reviewer reasons
upon false premises, founded upon the misrepresenta-
tions of the Irish lecturer " before a learned and
statistical assemblage at Clinton, in New York "
(which assemblage, by the way, was principally
composed of young men and plain country people at
the commencement of Hamilton College, a minor
institution in central New York), I think he may
dismiss his apprehensions as to the effects which
an Irish Celtic emigration in large numVers
may produce on the character of this Anglo-Saxon
Republic in its social or political relations. If I
were, however, to admit the facts stated, such is my
confidence in the predominance of the Anglo• Saxon
intellect, and governing powers and influence over
the other races with which the people of this vigo-
rous stock comes in contact, that I should still
believe in the permanency of Anglo-Saxon insti-
tutions, government, and social superiority, as much
in America as in Great Britain. All experience on
both sides of the Atlantic serves to confirm the
soundness of this opinion. In the United States it
is well known that the only influence the Celtic race,
when banded together, has exercised upon our poli-
tics has been in the use which has been made of them
by demagogues (generally of other races, and most
frequently Anglo. Saxon) to hold the balance of
.power between contending parties, and thus to
elevate aspiring individuals to office and power. A
transfer to the American continent of the entire
Celtic population of Ireland need not, therefore,
create any feelings of apprehension among those
who are anxious for the perpetuity of Anglo-Saxon
rule and predominance. Indeed, most of the Irish
and other emigrants who settle among us seem to
consider this result as a necessary consequence, and
to acquiesce in it with a readiness which shows that
they appreciate Anglo-American institutions, man-
ners, and customs, as the best calculated for the
adoption and use of a free and republican people.
I propose, however, to show the erroneous cha-
racter of the statement respecting the elements of
the population of the United States, as quoted by
the Quarterly Review. This I shall do very briefly,
but I trust satisfactorily, by two statements ; first,
by answering the inquiry which may be made, what
was the character, as to races, of the population
which composed the thirteen British colonies which
declared their independence in 1776; and, secondly,
in giving the numbers and character of the emigrants
from Europe to the United States since the Ameri-
can Revolution, with an estimate of the probable
numbers of the descendants of those emigrants, thus
added to the population.
The British colonies in America, forming the
original 13 States, it is well known, were settled by
emigrants, a large proportion of whom were natives
of Great Britain. No considerable emigration of
Celtic Irish, or other people of Celtic origin, took
place until after the
Ncommencement of the pre-
sent century. The England States, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, i3ov Eelaware, Maryland Vir-
ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
were mainly settled by Englishmen. New York,
the only Dutch colony, passed '
under British domi-
nion, with a small
population, partly Dutch and
partly English, in 1674. The Dutch records of
1673 say They, and as many of the Dutch
nation as are yet residing under this Government,
are calculated to amount, women and children in-
cluded, to about 6,000." In 1698 the total number
of inhabitants in the colony was 18,067, and in
1723, the whites had increased to 34,393,
wa534,393 and the
blacks to 6,171 :—total, 40,564. This unde r the
English Government. A few Dutch, Germans,
Poles, settled in New Jersey ; a few Swedes and
in
Delaware, many Germans in Pennsylvania, where
they afterwards became one-third of the popula-
tion ; and some French Protestants, called Hugue-
nots, in New York, New Jersey, and South Caro-
lina. Besides the small Polish colony in New
Jersey, referred to above, another branch of the
Slavonic race was represented by a colony of a fesi
Moravians and Bohemians in Pennsylvania.
With the exception of a few Scotch Highlanders
who settled in North and South Carolina and Geor-
gia, I believe no Celtic colony is to be found among
the settlements in the British North American
colonies of either the 17th or 18th centuries. Settle-
ments of Lowland Scotch and Scotch-Irish from
the north of Ireland were made in Pennsylvania and
the Carolinas, and a small number of Irish Protes-
tants settled in the town of Londonderry in New
Hampshire. The very considerable numbers of
Irish Protestants from Ulster and other parts of
Ireland (of Lowland Scotch and not of Celtic
origin) who have, from time to time, emigrated to
the United States, have led to much confusion and
error in investigating the elements of American
population. But minute inquiries into the progresa
of the colonies will satisfy impartial obseraers that
no considerable Celtic element existed in the
population of America previous to the United
States census of 1790. The Welch, considered by
some as Celts, but who, in truth, are the descend-
ants of the Cymri, furnished a small proportion of the
early emigrants to British America. They have doubt-
less mixed more with their English neighbours on
their native island than have the Scotch and Irish ;
and of the emigrants to America, particularly to
New England, it was often difficult to distinguish
between the Welch and English who came over
together in the early colonial history. There were,
however, a few Welch colonies in the United States
in the last century, where the emigrants retained
their language, manners, and customs. Such is the
county of Cambria, in Pennsylvania, and some smaller
settlements in New York and other States. It is ro" p
bably fair to estimate the Welch element in the -pre"
sent population of the United States at 500,000.
In giving a view to the various races who contri-
buted to form the population of the colonies, I should
mention that a few Jews were among the number,
principally commercial adventurers in the Atlantic
cities-and towns; but the greatest proportion of the
Jewish race now found there is of recent emigration.
We see, then, that the following European races
made up the population of the British Colonies pre-
vious to the American Revolution—viz., Anglo-
Saxon, Lowland Scotch, Scotch-Irish, Welch, High;
land Scotch, Germans, Dutch, French (Buff""t"
Moravians, Poles, Swedes, and Jews. To these may
be added a few Flemish or Belgians
with the Dutch to New York and New Jersey._
who came ovsr.
in
the commencement of the revolutionarybesgroesti.
1775, the population of the 13 colonies
boaooo blacks.
mated at 2,000,000 of whites, and 6_o Celtic origin
There were a few Irish Catholicsgentlemenoi
who accompanied the English
afewof Lord
families of
Bal-
timore's colony to Maryland, and
the old families of
like origin are to be found atuatnhge
other States ; but
to affect a
New England and some
jowl
their numbers were too sidTble
calculation likethe present.
general inquiry and

•,„ r

Tie same remark tcyiii anis ,t,q the Irish Celtic ser-
vaute, and labourezi'zwho tactompanied the Anglo-
Saxon, Welch, and Scotch emigrants in the 17th and
18th centuries in the middle and southern colonies.

I now proceed to examine, very briefly, the effect
of emigration from Europe to the United States, for
a period of 60 years—viz., from 1790 to 1850, upon
the present population of Americo. The following is
the result of estimates and returns made up at the
Census-office at Washington bearing upon this sub-
ject of emigration :
/MNIGRANTS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES INTO THE

From 1790 to 1810
From 1810 to 1820
From 1820 to 1830
From 1830 to 1840
From 1840 to 1850

120,000
114,000
••• 203,979
... 778.500
... 1,543,850