The Sun.
London, England, 1863-03-18 00:00:00

PIIE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 18, 1863.

gentleman had not fairly and elearly stated the facts to the
house; but, as he knew them, he could assert that, so far
from Lord Llanover being actuated by spite or malice to-
wards Mr. Herbert, he had to his own knowledge expressed
his intention to give him a commission in the militia, and
plate him in the commission of the peace as soon as ho had
become of age. There was no reason why Lord Llanover
should have more spite or malice towards Mr, Herbert, as
such, than as Mr. Jones. But the fact was that when Mr.
Jones wrote to the clerk of the peace to have his name
gazetted as Herbert, nobody beyond the circle of his own
family was aware of such an intention. (Hear.)
Sir G. GREY said he did not wish to enter into the
personal question which had been brought too promi-
nently under notice by the hon. and learned gentleman ;
nor did he care to discuss the legal points ef the question.
It was true that Mr. Herbert of Llanarth had some
time ago, with the concurrence of several noble families,
applied for a Royal license to change his name from Jones
to Herbert; and if Mr. Herbert of Clytha had pursued the
same course his application would have been granted. Not
many weeks ago he had received an application to have a
gentleman's name changed from Jones to St. Paul, but he
could not comply with every application for changing a
name from mere caprice. (Hear.) There would be no end of
confusion and litigation if a man had one name to-day and
took another to-morrow ; and he apprehended in the case of
a legacy a person so changing his name would run the risk
of losing it. The question was one of fact and usage, rather
than of law, and whenever there was any good and proper
grounds given for the change of name, the Royal licence
was granted. (Hear, hear.) In consequence of the nume-
rous applications for change of name some 200 years ago, it
became necessary to refer them to the College of Arms, but
Sir R. Peel had very wisely and properly deoided that
where the parties were not actuated by caprice, no refer-
ence should be made to the College of Arms. The returns
he was prepared to give were the number of applications
made, and the number of licences granted, from which could
be ascertained the number• of refusals. He would have no
objection at the same time to give the hon. and learned gen-
tleman a return ef the fees which had been paid, and he
trusted this would be sufficient for all purposes, and satisfy
the hon. and learned gentleman.
Mr. ROEBUBK asked when the usage referred to began.
He denied that it was a matter of usage, and asserted that it
was a matter of law, giving an instance in the case of one of
the sons of the late Dr. Pye Smith, an eminent divine, who
took the Christian name of Pye and made it a part of the
surname. He asked the right hon. gentleman the Home
Secretary if rules had not been drawn up for the guidance
of the Home office in these matters, and if he would pro-
duce them.
The SOLICITOR •GENERA.L said that to the best of
his knowledge and belief there was no law on the subject.
Anyone was at liberty to change his name, but the public
were not bound to recognise it. It was like calling
" spirits from the vasty deep," but would they come? The
Lord Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench lately stated, in
stn application for change of name, that they did not
acknowledge the applicant's legal right to do it. It was
neither reasonable or proper that persons in office should
accede to every capricious assumption of the names of fa-
milies to which the persons had no right, either from pro-
perty or connections.
The original motion was withdrawn, and that proposed
by the Home Secretary was substituted and agreed to.
THE THAMES EMBANKMENT (SOUTH SIDE)
BILL.
Mr. COWPER rose to ask leave to introduce a bill for
the embankment of part of the river Thames, on the south
side thereof, in the parish of St. Mary, Lambeth, and for
other purposes. The right hon. gentleman said this new
work would extend from Westminster-bridge to the gas
works near Vauxhall-bridge, and it would be a convenient
thoroughfare between those two places. The river Thames
was the great feature of the metropolis. London owed its
origin to it and its commercial prosperity, and it was now
not merely the capital of the British empire, but of the
civilised world, at large. The river, though greatly used for
commercial purposes, had been much neglected in all other
respects, for they had allowed the mud to continue along
the banks and to disseminate its effluvium far and wide. On
the Middlesex side of the river there was a mile and a half
of embankment, from Chelsea to the Houses of Parliament,
and by the act of last cession there would be another mile
and a half, from Westminster to Blackfriare-bridge. On the
south side there was a short embankment near Bankside,
and another bit near; Bishop's-walk. Those were portions
of ancient embankments, but high tides flowed over and
put the inhabitants to great inconvenience, so much so
that an embankment was urgently required for the south
side. A thoroughfare was also much required from West-
minster to Vauxhall and Nine Elms station. The
proposed embankment would be a beautiful road, and
command a full view of the Houses of Parliament, and
it would remove portions of the mud bank. The con-
struction of the works would be given to the Metropolitan
Board of Works, and the cost would be made the second
charge upon the Metropolitan Improvement Funds ; the
cost of the northern embankment and the new street to the
Mansion-house being the first charge. The bill contained no
provision for raising a fund or a tax, but simply gave the
Metropolitan Board power to expend moneys. The bill was
founded, in part, upon the recommendations of the Royal
Commissioners, but it did not propose to carry out all of
them, as the whole would be too expensive to be dealt with
at present. (Hear, hear.)
Mr. W. WILLIAMS was sorry to hear that there was
no intention to carry this embankment lower down than
Westminster-bridge, and this bill would remedy only a part
of the evils which existed on the Surrey side of the rives.
Recently the houses had been flooded, and great damage
done to a large quantity of valuable property, and yet the
right hon. gentleman was not going to provide a remedy
for the future against these disastrous consequences. He
did not feel satisfied with the bill, and hoped the embank-
ment would be carried to Blackfriars-bridge. (Hear, hear.)
Mr. CUBITT said the northern embankment was con-
sidered and decided upon not so much for the sake of the
embankment as that it would provide a great public neces-
sity, a new thoroughfare, and also enable the new sewer to
be made without interfering with the traffic of the Strand
and Fleet-street. No such necessity existing on the south
side of the river as to the continuation of the embankment
to Blackfriars-bridge. The hon. gentleman must recollect
that there was not a yard of ground on the Surrey side
which was not occupied by trades of great importance, and
the house could not interfere with them without inflicting
enormous damage on the inhabitants generally, and being
called upon to pay large compensations. He thought those
persons who occupied the river side were bound to raise
their walls so as to keep back the water, and prevent the
flooding of the houses ; and the public ought not to be re-
quired to pay the expense of it. But there were few places
where the water overflowed on the south side. The new
road which the bill sought to construct would be a great
public convenience along the side of the river.
Leave was then given to introduce the bill, and it was
subsequently read a first time.
SCOTCH LEGISLATION.
On the motion of Sir J. OGILVY, leave was given to
introduce the following bills :
A bill to amend the Law with respect to Statute Labour
Roads and Bridges within Burghs in Scotland : and
A bill to provide for the Transfer of the Mangementof the
Statute Labour tioads and Bridges within Burghs in Scot
land.

THAMES EMBANKMENT (NORTH SIDE) BILL.
On the motion of Mr. CO WPER the following commit-
tee wee nominated on this bill:—Mr. Cowper, Mr.W. Cubitt,
Mr. Bramston, Mr. Tite, Mr. W. Wood, Mr. Ay rton, and
five members to be nominated by the committee of selection ;
power to send for persons, papers, and records; five to be
the quorum.
THE CASE OF JESSIE isPLAUCHLAN.
On the motion of Mr. STIRLING, an adress was agreed
to for copies of several documents relating to the case of
Jessie M'Lauchlan, convicted of murder at Glasgow in Sep-
tember, 1862.
SALE OF GAS ACT AMENDMENT.
Mr. BRUCE obtained leave to bring in a bill amending
the act for regulating measures used in sales of gas, and the
bill was subsequently read a first time.
WRITS (PROHIBITION) BILL.
On the motion of Mr. BOUVERIE, the order of the day
for the second reading of this bill was discharged, in order
to permit the introduction of another bill on the same sub-
ject by the hon. member.

SUP PLY.
The report of supply was brought up, and the several re-
solutions passed in committee were agreed to.
CONSOLIDATED FUND (L 10,000,000) BILL.
This bill was passed through committee.
POST OFFICE SAVINGS BANKS BILL.
On the order of the day for the third reading of this bill,
Mr. HUBBARD took occasion to complain of the inser-
tion in the bill of the clause which enabled the Chancellor
of the Exchequer to convert investments made in the 2i per
cents, into terminable annuities. A provision of the kind
had an important bearing upon the taxation of the country,
and it ought to have been made the subject of a specific
measure instead of being added as a sort of supplemental
enactment to a bill with which it had no direct connection.
The CHANCELLOR of the EXCHEQUER said it was
quite true that a provisionof the kind did throw an increased
annual charge upon the Consolidated Fund, but then it was
for the purpose of effecting a general ultimate reduction in
its amount. As to the objection that the provision was not
introduced in proper parliamentary form, all he had to say
was, that be was only giving extension to a principle in full
and daily operation. Scarcely a day passed that persons did
not go to the National Debt-office, in the Old Jewry, to pur-
chase terminable annuities of the Government, giving, in
exchange the corresponding value in perpetual annuities.
The bill was then read a third time and passed.
HARES (IRELAND) BILL.
This bill, as amended, was considered.
The house adjourned at 20 minutes after 8 o'clock.

Importing Tea without colour on the leaf pre-
vents the Chinese passing off inferior leaves as in the usual
kinds. Horniman's Tea is uncoloured, therefore, alwaye
good alike. Sold in packets by 2,280 agents.
The Nationalities states that an amnesty will
shortly be published in favour of those officers and men Of
the Italian army who were found among the Garibaldians
at Aspromonte,

Royal National Lifeboat Institution,

Yesterday the annual general meeting of the
friends and supporters of this institution was held
at the London Tavern, the Right Hon. Lord
Lovaine, M.P., P.C., in the chair. The meeting
was influentially and most numerously attended.
The CHAIRMAN expressed the pleasure he felt in
taking the chair at the annual meeting of so valu-
able an institution as the National Lifeboat Society.
It was a society whose philanthropic objects came
home to the heart of every Englishman. (Hear,
hear.) The clear and important facts which were
detailed in its annual report could not fail to elicit
the admiration of every one. (Hear, hear.) After
some further appropriate remarks, his lordship then
called on
Richard Lewis, Dq., to read the annual report.
The report began by expressing the deep sense
the committee of management of the institution felt
of the confidence which had been placed in them
by the British public, as evinced by the continued
liberal support extended to it. The report referred
to the gratifying fact that his Royal Highness the
Prince of Wales had become a Vice-Patron of the
Royal National Lifeboat Institution, and a liberal
contributor to its fonds—a post which for twelve
years had been worthily occupied by the late la-
mented Prince Consort. During the past year the
institution had placed fourteen new lifeboats on
the coast, namely, at Blakeney, Kirkcudbright,
Kingstown, Poolbeg, Howth, Withernsea, Thorpe
New Brighton, Appledore, Guernsey, Porthlevcn,
Ty nemouth, Fleetwood, and Newhaven; six of
this number occupying new stations, and the re-
mainder replacing worn-out or inferior boats. Other
lifeboats were in course of construction for Bude-
haven, Swansea, and other places. Transporting
carriages and substantial boat-houses had been pro-
vided for all the lifeboats. Six lifeboats had also
been built for the Portuguese Government, by the
Messrs. Forrestt, on the institution's plan, and one
for the Colonial Government of New Zealand. The
institution had now 121 lifeboats on the coasts of
the United Kingdom. Of the 14 new boats placed
on the coats during the past year, no less than eight
had been the special gifts of individuals, and ano-
ther, that at Thorpe, in Suffolk, was presented to
the society by the town of Ipswich. The lifeboats
of the institution, during the year 1862, had saved
358 persons from wrecked ships, nearly the whole
of them under ciccumstances of imminent peril,
when no other description of b•at could have per-
formed the service. For these services the institu-
tion had granted rewards amounting to £915188.1d.
On these and quarterly exercise, the lifiboats had
been manned by upwards of 6,000 persons, and hap-
pily with one single exception, without loss of life.
Taking into account a considerable series of years,
the average number of shipwrecks on our coasts is
1,000, and the loss of life therefrom amounts to 800
persons. The gales of the past year were unusually
heavy, and the result was chat the number of ship-
wrecks was 1,490, acompanied by a loss of 644
lives. It was for the British public to decide
whether they were satisfied with the sufficiency of
the means for saving life from shipwreck now in
use on our coasts. During the past year 4,081 lives
had been saved from slipwreck on our coast. As
usual, ships, ships' beats, and smacks had saved
more lives in that perin!, than the lifeboats and the
rocket and mortar apparatus. That apparent dis-
crepancy was capable easy explanation. When a
disaster took place in British waters, it generally
happened that either asaip or smack was fortunately
at hand to render assistance to the crews of the dis-
tressed vessels. Such lelp was seldom attended
with any very great danger (although
sometimes it was so), and the men were fre-
quently brought ashore before any tidings at all
had reached the lifeboat station. But the great
value of the service rendered by lifeboats
could only be appreciated by considering that they
were mostly performed on occasions when no other
craft could be launched from the shore with safety.
The total number of persons saved from shipwreck,
from the establishment of the institution in 1824 to
the end of the year 1862, either by its lifeboats or
by special exertions, for which it has granted re-
wards, is 12,854. How inadequately words express
the aggregate amount of misery which the saving
of so many thousands of lives must have prevented.
During the past year 13 silver medals, 14 votes of
thanks inscribed on vellum, and £1,125 Bs. ld. had
been granted by the institution for saving the lives
of 574 persons by lifeboats, shoreboats, and other
means, on the coasts and outlying banks of the
United Kingdom. Einoe the formation of the insti-
tution it had expended on lifeboat establishments
the sum of £67,780, and had voted 82 gold and 718
silver medals for saving life, besides pecuniary
awards, amounting together to £16,478. The com-
mittee expressed their deep acknowledgments to the
Board of Trade, the coast guard, the local commit-
tees, the railway and steam-packet companies, for
their continued valuable and zealous co-operation.
The total receipts of the institution during the year
1862, amounted to £14,825 ss. ld.; of that sum
£2,715 was given by tenevolent individuals to defray
the cost of 10 lifeboats. The committee gratefully
acknowledge the receipt of the following special
contributions from foreign countries :—.£loo from
the President of the United States of America, in
testimony of his sense of the important labours of
the institution to American shipwrecked seamen ;
£5O from the Maritime Insurance Company of Fin-
land, as an expression of their gratitude on becom-
ing acquainted with the blessed results which had
attended the efforts of the Lifeboat Society, the
company being convinced that the institution had
been the means of saving many a Finland life from
certain death; £251 15s. from China, collected at
Hong Kong and Shanghae by the kind exertions
of the committee's respected colleague, W. H. Har-

ton, Esq., during his visit to those dependencies,
assisted by Messrs. Gilman and Co., and others. The
committee had likewise to express their best thanks
to Hugh Taylor, Esq., of Backworth Hall, for his
zealous exertions in coilecting £350 towards the cost
of the Tynemouth lifeboat and rocket-house. The
following legacies had been left to the institution
since the last report :—Mrs. Ann Cutto, of Old
Kent•road, London, £l,OOO free of duty; T. A.
Venables, Esq., of Worcester, £500; Mr. John
Jolly, farmer, of Enstone, Oxford, £2lO ; Mr.
Thomas Robinson, commercial traveller, of Cheat-
ham, Manchester, £210; Dr. C. T. West, of King-
ston-upon-Hull, £lOO ; William Lupton, Esq., of
Salford, 1.100; Miss Alice Gedge, of Great Yar-
mouth, £100; Miss Sarah Tagg, of Eccleshall, £6O;
and E. E. Vidal, Esq., of Brighton, £5. The ex-
penditure of the institution during the same period
was £12,177 175., of which sum £5,269 6s. were
expended on additional lifeboats, transporting car-
riages, host-houses, and necessary gear ; and
£3,977 Os. 4d. on the necessary expenses of repairs,
painting, refitting, and inspection ; £1,094 6s. ld.
in rewards for services to shipwrecked crews; and
£2,242 9s. 10d. for coxswains' salaries,, and quar-

terly practice of the boats' crews. The items of
receipt and expenditure were detailed in the finan-
cial statement annexed to the report and audited as
usual by a public accountant. From it it was seen
that the committee had incurred further liabilities
amounting to £3,100 6s. for various lifeboat estab-
lishments, &e. It has already been observed that
358 shipwrecked sailors have been snatched from a
watery grave during the past year, by the lifeboats
of the institution. No less than 62 lives were thus
rescued during the fearful gales of January last.
No society had a stronger claim for general sym-
pathy and support than the National Lifeboat In-
stitution, whose lifeboats, under Divine Providence,
had so often preserved to an otherwise desolate
home a husband, father, or brother. Phe committee
therefore appealed with confidence to the country
at large, to assist them to maintain in a state of
thorough efficiency the 124 lifeboat establishments
of the institution.

The report having been moved and unanimously
adopted, resolutions in furtherance of the objects of
the institution were proposed and seconded by S.
Cave, Esq., M.P., Rev. G. Ainslie, Admiral Sir G.
Sartorius, Montague Gore, Esq., Admiral M'Hardy,
Henry Paull, Rsq., M.P., Thomas Baring, Esq.,
M.P., F.R.S., Admiral Washington, F.R.S., J. E.
Johnson, Esq., and I. R. Wilson, Esq. Various
other resolutions pledging the meeting to renewed
exertions on behalf of this truly benevolent and na-
tional institution having been passed, and the usual
complimentary vote of thanks been given to the
chairman, and the same having been acknowledged,
the proceedings, which were of a very interesting
character, terminated.

THE CONFEDERATE STATES,

(From the Special Correspondent of the Times.)
AUGUSTA, GEORGIA, Jan, 26.
It is impossible to travel through the interior of
the more remote States of the South without mar-
velling at the profound ignorance which could ever
have induced the Washington Cabinet to conceive
that it was possible to reduce the South into sub-
mission. It is difficult to pace the quiet streets of
such towns as Salisbury in North Carolina, Columbia
and Charleston in South Carolina, and Augusta in
Georgia, without asking whether it is possible that
for nearly two years the most devastating war of
history can have raged upon this continent, so little
conscious do these interior cities appear of its ra-
vages and privations. That these so-called priva-
tions exist every where I am far from denying ; but
to what do they amount ? The universal story
which greets me is that which I have just heard
from a citizen of this town. His words were—" I
have got so much accustomed to drink milk in the
morning and evening, and water at dinner, and I
find my health so much better from the absence of
either coffee or spirits, that I doubt whether I shall
resume their use when coffee is again 20 cents a
pound and whisky 12 cents a gallon." There is one
great fact which we in England, no less than in
the Northern States, have been apt to overlook
throughout this mighty struggle. • Compare the in-
exorable demands and exactions of such a climate
as that of the Free States with the slia.ht require-
ments of these favoured and genial provinces
of the sun, and mark the difference between them.
In the North the demand for fuel is necessarily
enormous, and its absence for one fortnight dur-
ing eight out of every twelve months would be
the death of thousands, and would necessitate
immediate peace. The cost of fuel in the city of
New York alone is estimated at from 30,000,000
dols. to 40,000,000 dols, annually. The clothing
must be much thicker and warmer, the houses more
substantial, the food more nourishing and supply-
ing a larger amount of calorie, the blankets and bed
furniture double or treble in quantity and in cost.
These are the augmentations of the burdens of civi-
lized life which are imposed upon England and the
larger portion of France, and in a still higher de-
gree upon the free States of the old Union. But
contrast with them the mild demands of the climate
of six or seven out of the ten States now in rebel-
lion, and the difficulty of starving and stinting into
submission men whose wants are so icfinitesimal
becomes at once apparent. Much less animal food,
to begin with, is necessary. There are not 10 days
in the year upon which Georgia, Louisiana, Missis-
sippi, Florida, and Texas, a wood fire is not prefer-
able to a coal fire. In all the Southern States
except Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri, wood
supplies sufficient heat to make houses comfortable.
Imagine Boston, New York, and Chicago warmed
only by wood ! Such is the abundance of timber in
all these Southern States that no man possessed of
a slave, an axe, and a horse and cart, need ever
want it. In Charleston, Columbia, and the town
from which I am now writing, and also, I believe,
in the cities of North Carolina, gas is generated
Ifrom resin and wood ; not such brilliant gas as is
derived from Cumberland coal, but sufficient for all
purposes ; and a great stride is thus taken in ad-
vance of the Cimmerian darkness of the streets of
Richmond upon which the New York Herald has
so long loved to dwell. As I sit during the coldest
month of the year writing beside an open window,
with no fire in the room, it is easy to believe the
statement of old residents here that there are not
more than from 60 to 80 days in the year when it
is requisite to have a fire for your comfort.
The conditions of high civilisation are more labo-
rious and oppressive as imposed upon Russia and
the Northern States than those to which any other

!mighty nation, ancient or modern, has been sub-
jected. Again and again has this circumstance been
dinned into the heedless ears of the North ; by no
one more ably than by Mr. Elwood Fisher, in a
warning lecture which he delivered 14 years ago at
Cincinnati, from which the following words are
borrowed :
" The seats of ancient science and of the arts flourished

in the mild climate of the Mediterranean shore, in Southern
Burope, Africa, and Asia. In America the ruins of her un-
recorded civilisation are to be found in the climate of the
tropics. The genius of England has carried civilisation to a
northern latitude, and that of America has extended it, if
not higher in latitude, to a still/more rigorous climate than
that of England. The wants of such a climate are great
and imperious. Hence we see the fearful struggle of
Northern labour for subsistence, and the high rate of mor-
tality to which it is exposed, notwithstanding the immense
aid it has derived from modern machinery and invention.
But take from that labour the custom and subject it to the
competition of the South, where so little is required for
subsistence, and that little so much cheaper, and the result
would be far more ruinous to the present system of the
North than to that of the South."
But if astonishment is felt here at the faot that

the North should ever have thought it possible to
starve the South into terms, it must be admitted
that similar instances of ignorance in regard to

these Southern provinces are almost universal in
New York and New England. It is a favourite
topic with Northern writers to ridicule the igno-
rance of Englishmen about American affairs. It is
safe to assert that if England is ignorant of the
South she owes her ignorance to the fact that her

information about it has been derived exclusively
from Northern sources. It will scarcely be
credited hereafter that in the summer of 1860 a
partisan tale, of which thousands of copies were
sold, should have appeared, in which 68 Repub-
lican members of Congress publicly attached their
names as endorsers, in which a certain Mr. Helper
undertook to show that the Sosth was at its last
gasp—an opinion which he supported by such asser-
tions as the following :

" The annual hay crop of the Free States is worth con-
siderably more in dollars and cents than all the cotton, to-
bacco, rice, hemp, hay, and sugar annually produced in the
Slave States."

Did it ever occur to Mr. Helper to inquire whe-
ther the value of this mighty hay crop was absolute
and intrinsic, or derived only from the rigorous
climate of the North, and from the fact that north
of the Potomac and Ohio rivers cattle have to be
artificially fed for months and months during the
winter ? When we find that, in addition to all the
cotton, tobacco, rice, hemp, and sugar which the
Southern States produce, they also keep 3,000,000
head of cattle more than the Northern Status, the
value of Mr. Helper's hay crop becomes very appa-
rent. The truth is that the mild and genial climate
of the South, the possibility of leaving cattle almost
without shelter or food for 12 months in every year,
the slight demand for fuel or blankets or woollen
clothing, the rich products of that mightest of
fertilizers, the sun—form an aggregate of elements
of wealth which are incalculable, and which more
than co'interact the possession of the sea and of
superior numbers, in whict. the North has so long
and confidentially reposed its trust. Well may Mr-
Cairnes, in his recent work, exclaim :

"Marvellous as has been the progress of the Northern
States of the Union, it is, I am persuaded, nothing com-
pared with that in store for the South, as soon as she shall
quietly remodel her institutions in the spirit of freedom."
Has Mr. Cairnes ever considered how much of
the marvellous prosperity of the Northern States is
due to the wealth produced in the South by that
very slave labour against which his whole book is a
protest ? I would venture to refer him to a speech
delivered in the Senate of the United States on
the 30th of January, 1860, by Mr. Hunter, of
Virginia, which is full of striking truths, but from
which I have only space to make the following
extract :
" I say that it is a moderate estimate to suppose that
there are from three or four million human beings in the
North-Eastern States who owo their livelihood and subsist-
ence to the commerce of the South, and who but for this
commerce would be forced either to emigrate or to starve.
In regard to the number who are thus sustained in the North-
Western States I have no means of estimating. I only know
that the Southern market for their produce is of immense
value. I know too that to that market must be credited the
supplies which they furnish to those three or four million
people who are sustained by the Southern custom in the
manufacturing and navigating States of the North-East."
It has always seemed to me that there is much
error in the popular comparisons with which we are
so familiar in England in regard to the wealth and
progress of the two great sections of the old Union.
It is always assumed that density of population,
large cities, and fine edifices are the incontestable
evidences of wealth, and that the absence of large
and fine cities and a more sparse population are the
incontestable evidences of poverty. In regard to

population it is notorious that the increase of the
native white population in the South has been more
steady and rapid than in the North. For instance,
between the years 1820 and 1840 thenatural increase
of the white population in the North, deducting al-
together foreign emigrants and their offspring, was
at the rate of 60 per cent., whereas during the same
period the natural increase of the native white race
in the South was at the rate of 65 per cent. It may
be noticed that the total population of the city of
Boston in 1825 was 43,298, and in 1845 the native
population was but 41,076; or, in other words, the
population of Boston, apart from the immigration
added to it, actually decreased in 20 years. From
this it is apparent that the superior number of the
population of the Northern States is attributable
solely to the immense addition it has gained from
immigrants. There are two obvious reasons why this
immigration does not flow towards the South—the
first being the existence of slavery; the second, the
semi-tropical climate of the Southern States. But
to quote this numerical superiority of the Northern
population thus acquired as an incontestable evi-
dence of wealth and progress is at best a fallacious
argument. The second argument employed to ele-
vate the North at the expense of the South is to
point at the rich and populous Northern cities, with
their marble edifices and costly buildings. Mr.
Cairnes remarks:—
" In free communities property becomes fixed in edifices,
machinery, and improvements of the soil, In slave com-
munities there is scarcely any property but slaves, and they
are easily movable. The freeman embellishes his home ;
the slaveholder has no tie to bind him to soils which he has
exhausted."
Has Mr. Cairnes ever asked himself how tar the
costly cities and soiid homes of the N ,rtherber are
attributable to the rigour of his climate; bow tar
the indifferent and flimsy houses of the Southerner
are attributable to the fact that he lives almost
always in the open air, and requires nothing but a
home which is little more than a verandah ? Again,
as regards exhaustion of the soil and the transfer-
ence by the slaveowner of his negroes to new plan-
tations, is not the agriculture of the free States fully
as exhaustive as in Secessia ? In New England the
soil is worn out ; it is rapidly wearing out in the
State of New York. What is the yield of the
Gennessee Valley to-day as compared with its yield
20 years ago ? So long as Illinois, lowa, and half-
a-dczen other States offer their virgin soil to the
agriculturist there will be little improvement of
lands in the East and New York. So long as the
rich bottoms of the Mississippi and Arkansas and
Texas are open to the slaveowner, there will be con-

stant migrations thither from the Carolinas and the
East. But there is no reason to think that when, at
some distant day, the rich soils of both sections are
exhausted, there is not quite as good a chance of the
slaveowner turning back towards the rising sun
and improving the worn-out lands as there is with
regard to the free agriculturist.
The main question is, in which of the two sec-

tions are the necessaries of life more cheaply and
easily obtainable ? Is the Northerner or the
Southerner wealthier ou the average of individuals ?
Nobody who has studied the question will hesitate
for a moment in his answer. This is not the place
to enter into elaborate statistics, but it will not re-
quire many words to show that, in addition to the
much smaller requirements which the Southern
climate necessitates, the average property of a free
white person in the North is about one-third of the
average property of a free white person in the
South. The free population of Virginia in 1840
was 790,810. Her property in 1847 was about
600,000,000 dols. The population of the State of
New York in 1840 was 2,428,921, and in 1847 her
property was assessed at 632,699,993 dols. The
average property of a white person in Virginia is
758 dols. ;in New York it is only 260 dols. Of
coarse, in the estimate of Virginia's wealth slaves
are included as property, and, according to the laws
of Virginia,the slave represents cash, and is as avail-
able for the purposes of property as houses or land.
But even if the value of all the slaves in Virginia
were struck out from the schedule of her wealth,

the white people of that State would remain
wealthier on an average than those of Massachu-

setts or New York. In 1840 Virginia possessed
nearly 2,000,000 hogs ; New York, with thrice the
whir() population, possessed far less. The stock of
cattle in New York at the same time was less than
2,0;10,000, that of Virginia more than 1,000,000,
the proportion of Virginia being far the highest.

In sheep alone the proportion of New York is
slightly higher than that of Virginia, In poultry
Virginia has, proportionately, double the number of
New York. In a comparison between the State of
Virginia and the wealthiest of the Western States
--that of Ohio—the superiority of Virginia is
still more apparent. Taking the same year (1840),
Ohio, with about double the white population of
Virginia, had about the same number of hogs. In
cattle, sheep, and poultry Ohio compares less fa-
vourably with Virginia than New York, yet Virgi-
nia is not an exporter of animal food, while the
pork exports of Cincinnati and the beef exports of
Cleveland are famous all over the world. It has
been well said that in determining the relative com-
fort of two civilised communities in much the same
climate there is no better criterion than the quan-
tity of animal food they respectively consume; yet
of these two States that one which is in the warmer
climate consumes the greater proportion.
This comparision between the two sections might
be indefinitely extended, and with still more start-
ling results, if I could command space to exhibit the
records of pauperism and crime in Massachusetts
and New York on the one hand, and in Virginia
and South Carolina on the other. The conclusion is
so irresistible that, before the war, Virginia, South
Carolina, and Georgia were, perhaps, the wealthiest
communities, on an average of individuals, in the
world, while crime and pauperism were conse-
quently rater in their midst than in any other
Anglo-Saxon community. To such facts as these
the North, intoxicated by her own rapid acquisition
of wealth, principally at the expense of these
Southern provinces, has remained wilfully blind.
She is learning by the bitter experiences of this
war, and by the appalling prospect which lies
plainly within her view, the truth of that tale to
which she has SD often lent a heedless and incredu-
lous ear.

Unquestionably, if the spectacle which I have
seen to-day could by anticipation have been fore-
seen by President Lincoln and Mr. Seward two
years ago they would never have hardened their
hearts and refused to let the South go. When
upon the 13th of April, 1861, Fort Sumter surren-
dered to Gen. Beauregard and the Confederates, not
onesingle pound of gunpowder was anywhere manu-
factured in the Confederacy. A rigorous blockade
of the seaports of the South was immediately com-
menced, through which the principal ingredient of
gunpowder (saltpetre) had to be largely sucked in.
At this juncture it seemed advisable to President
Davis to intrust to Col. Raines, formerly an officer
of the United States' army, the responsibility of
planning and building a large Government mill for
the manufacture of gunpowder. For this post Col.
Raines possessed eminent qualifications. He had
been Professor of Chymistry at West Point, and,
for some years, since leaving the army, he had been
at the head of some large ironworks at Newburg, on
the Hudson. Augusta, in Georgia, was selected as
the site of the intended mill, and never, both as re-
gards the person and the situation pitched upon,
was happier sagacity evinced by the President.
Following, so far as he was acquainted with it, the
plan upon which the gunpowder-mill at Waltham
Abbey, belonging to the English Government, is
built, Col. Raines proceeded to construct the works
necessary for his purpose; and the success which
has attended his efforts has been such as could never
have been believed before the pressure of war and
privation had awakened Southern ingenuity and
enterprise. The result is that, at the cost of about
£20,000, one of the most peneet gunpowder-mills
in the world has been produced, which turns
eut 5,0001 b. of powder a-day, and could produce
double that quantity, if worked day and night, and
much more if worked under the exigency of a
pressing demand. The cost of this powder, in spite
of the costliness of the saltpetre which hasibeen
introduced through the blockade, is about 4e. a-
pound, which is believed to be about the same as its
cost in England. The mill has now been constantly
at work for many months, and consequently more
powder than the Confederacy is likely to require

for years to come has already been produced. There
is another Government powder-mill, at Columbia,
in South Carolina, working, I believe, to supply
the wants (not vary large as yet) of the Confederate
navy. But all the gunpo order issued for the service
of the Ccnfederate armies of Virginia and the West,
and also for the defence of Charleston and Vicks-
burg, has come out of the mill at Augusta, and it
was stated to me by an Ordnance officer in Charles-
that the powder which he had recently received
then and tested was very nearly, if not entirely,
up to the standard of the finest English manufac-
ture.

The extreme deliberation with which the Confe-
derate Government has engaged in many large and
costly undertakings requiring long time for their
completion, and much ingenuity in their design, is
the best earnest of the quietness and confidence with
which they have from the very commencement
looked at their independence as at a thing which
they could not fail to attain. These Government
powder-mills at Columbia and Augusta are by no
me,ins the sole achievements of the Confederates at
home in support of their soldiers in the field. It
may be noticed that in the North, although the
necessity for the erection of a Government powder-
mill has often been represented to theWer Depart-
ment at West‘ington, no such mill has ever been
erected. It heti been touted that private interests
have been too strongiy represented in Congress to
ad:nit of the withdrawal of the Government pa-
tronage from the two great private firms in Con-
necticut and Delaware, between which it is,
I beeeve, divided. In hundreds of matters
that necessity, which was thought by the North cer-
tain to crush the Southern power of resistance, has
but developed an energy for which the world, and
especially England, wes very little prepared. We
have been taught for years past that these Southerners
were an effete and effeminate race, slothful ant' un-
enterprising, wholly dependent upon the North,
which has been elevated at the expense of the South
into colossal proportions of strength and ingenuity.
The truth is becoming more and more manifest.
The South, satisfied with the rapidity of its acqui-
sition of wealth sufficient to enrich itself and the
North also, has been contented to let the North
manufacture every article which it consumed, and
for such articles has paid double and treble prices
rather than insist on the introduction of better and
cheaper articles from Europe. Long might this
Southern vassalage to the North have continued
had the North been shrewd enough to avoid open
war with their brethren. If when the Southern
States seceded, upon the election of President Lin-
coln, an offensive and defensive alliance between
the two independent sections had been formed, the
rent in the old Union would in ten years hardly
have been perceptible, Trade would have flowed
in its old channels, New York and Philadelphia
would have remained the factors of the Cotton
States, capital would have continued to accumulate
in Northern cities, to be profitauly employed in
loans to the lavish owners of Southern planta-
tions. Now, by reason of this sea of blood
which divides the two sections, the Federals have
established direct trade between Europe and the
South ; and never has so magnificent a field been
thrown open to European commerce as these rich
and magnificent provinces which the Federals have
so long farmed. Offering with the one hand rag?'
material at priceless ♦alue, they are disposed to
take with the other every manufacture which
European ingenuity and capital can supply, to an
extent of which we have as yet but little concep-
tion in England. This is abundant evidence that
France is already aware, and prepared fully to take
advantage of the magnificent opening for trade
which is about to be offered to the competition of
the world. If England fails to make similar efforts
to avail herself of this rich harvest, she will lose an
opportunity compared with which the fabled profits
whi.,h have been more than once anticipated from
ego extension of commercial facilities with Cnina
are poor and contemptible. It cannot but be apps'
rent that the nation which is first to rush in and
11:; the vacuum, now on the eve of being thrown
open, will possess great advantages wink a view to
the estabdintnent of future trade.

But, although it is impossible that many more
months can eldpse before direcr trade between
Europe and the South is established, there is au in-
terim still inevitable, which must be bridged over
before the North is compelled to forego the advee"
tages she has so long enjoyed. There are inces-
sant rumours of the imminence of another battle at
Fredericksburg, though it is hardly necessary to
apprise English readers that there is little danger
to be apprehended from an attack by a demoralised
and dispirited army against troops which have never
experienced defeat, and which have the advantage
of the experience and ability of such a leader as
Gen. Lee. For the last two months there hive been
constant reports of a Yankee inroad upon North
Carolina, which is still deferred, and with regard
to which it is impossible to say where it may fall.
It seems not improbable that so long as the boiste-
rous weather, which during the winter months is
kardly ever intermitted upon the North Caroline
coast, shall continue to prevail, the attack which
has so long been threatened will continue to be de'
ferred. In the belief that Vicksburg is more certain
to see the resumption of immediate hostilities, and
under the impression that much less is known in
Europe with regard to that remote and inaccessible
point, I have determined to direct my steps thither•

COUNTRY MARKETS.

J`

MARKET HARBOROUGH-TUESDAY.

White wheat, 49s to 525; red, 44s to 47s per 36 stone.
Malting barley at 34s to 38s per qr. ; grinding, 28s to 316
per 30 st, Oats, old, 28s to 31s; new, 21s to 25s per 24
st. ; beans, 36s to 40s per qr.

LEEDS—TUESDAY.
Last Friday's rates were maintained for wheat, but
the trade was quiet. No change in other articles,

?