The Sun.
London, England, 1852-08-31 00:00:00

THEATRE ROYAL, YORK.

The citizens of York are indebted to the enterprise of
Mr. Caple, the respected lessee of the theatre. The en-
gagement of Mr. W. Harrison, Miss Louisa Pyne, with
Mr. Stretton, Mr. H. Horncastie, Mr. 0. Summers, sill
Miss Pyne, has; this week, given the lovers of genuine
music a treat rarely afforded in a provincial theatre.
Some of the most popular and approved operas have
been produced, with a strength of company end a full-
ness of manner lie tie inferior to the London boards. La
Sonnambula, Maritana The Barber of Seville, and the
Beggar's Opera have been the principal attractions.
" The Houses" (in technical phrase) have not been
crowded, but, in the main,
have been highly respectable,
and, as we hope, highly remunerative both to artiste
and manager. A detailed criticism of the several per-
formances would be altogether out of place, inasmuch as
the professional reputation of Mr. Harrison and Miss L.
Pyne is national. Last night (Friday) was for the be-
nefit of Mr. Harrison, on which occasion the theatre was
nearly crammed from floor to ceiling. Mr. Harrison's
execution of Count Almaviva, in The Barber of Seville,
and Captain Macheath, in The Beggar's Opera, was
equally creditable to him as an actor and singer. His
bye-play is always irresistible in its dignity and pro-
priety. Occasionally Miss Lousia Pyne raised the rap-
ture of the house to enthusiasm by her brilliant execu-
tion of acme of the most brilliant pieces of music known
to musical authorities. Nothing could exceed this lady's
execution, last night, of Rode's celebrated air, with varia-
tions. According to the testimony of the moat refined
and critical tastes, it stamps her as the first singer on
the British stage. By the way, we observe that Miss
Louisa Pyne takes her benefit this evening, on which
occasion the well-known opera of Lucia di Lammermoor
will be performed. As this is the last night of the en-
gagement of these distinguished artistes, apart from the
claims Miss Pyne possesses upon the patronage of all
lovers of music, we hope to see the house a bumper. A
considerable time must elapse before the citizens can
again have an opportunity of enjoying so exquisite a
treat, and we hope they will avail themselves of it.—
Yorkshire Paper.
THE

NEWCASTLE ARCLUEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE.
a
ON-TYNE, SATURDAY,—Yesterday was
devoted to an
excursion to Wark worth and Alnwick,
combining solid archmolog
sure derived from
etour itcharl
oiungs thr uac
dentioli
gwh
ti
ft
uh tehoeu ph lter ay-l.
At half-past twelve
ttheir survey of warhkwarchmologists, having completed
princely residence of t oexth, departed for Alnwick, the
were :admen ny the
Duivera.august ptfitron, where they
land. They went into the coaL:a-
rauehest of Northumber-
now occupied as the family yardlof the grand keep,
Mr. Hartshorne obligingly . residence,
dence, where the Rev.
poi
characteris-
tics of the architecture, theand
dnt out the
styles and ages presented by evidences of different
the
sketch of the fortunes of the masonry, giving also a
castle in the hands of its
various lines of possessors.
At half-past two o'clock the Noble Duke's
were summoned to luncheon. and a s visitors
um
was served in the library. The banquet sumptuous repast
Talbot de Malahide called on the guests
, Lord
to led
bumper to the health of the Duke of Northumberlandpge
a
The call having been duly honoured, the partybro.e
up, and the archaeologists proceeded to Hulme Abbey,
the examination of which completed the business
of
the day.
At half-past five o'clock the excursionists set out on
their return, and arrived at Newcastle shortly after
seven.
This day was allotted to the inspection of Durham
Cathedral, where we have the most perfect and beautiful
example of that Norman style which the early church
builders borrowed from, or rather founded upon, the
architecture of classical Rome.
At half•past eleven the arcbmologists repaired to
Bishop Cosin's Library, in Place-green, where Mr.
Raine read a paper of notes on the cathedral, explain-
ing the peculiarities of the architecture, and assigning
to all parts of the building their several dates. At two
o'clock they repaired to the castle, in the great ball of
which a sumptuous luncheon was offered by the Warden
of the University. The cloth having been removed,
The WARDEN of the University rose and expressed
the gratification it afforded him to see so learned and
enthusiastic a body of archaeologists visiting Durham.
He begged to give as a toast, "Prosperity to the
Archaeological Institute."—(Cheers.)
Lord TALBOT DE MALAHIDE acknowledged the com-
pliment, and assured the Dean that he was highly de-
lighted with all he had seen in the north of England,
and especially what he had witnessed to-day in the city
of Durham. The members of the Institute were per-
forming a pilgrimage to ancient shrines, as in former
days the Canterbury pilgrims of Chaucer visited the
shrine of St. Thomas it Beckett; though he much doubted
if they ever did so with feelings of devotional reverence
equal to those experienced by every archaeologist on
visiting the shrine of St. Cuthbert.—(Cheers.)
The Earl of CARLISLE then rose, and said he thought
that, in justice to themselves, such a company as the
present should not separate without discharging an ob-
vious debt of gratitude. Yesterday they had been re-
galed at Alnwick amidst the ancient vestiges and in the
living presence of an illustrious representative of feudal
grandeur; they were now met in the no leas princely
precincts of a see whose occupants were equally famed
for their piety and their learning —(Cheers.) llt4 knew
they would all join in heartfelt wishes that the academi-
cal institution, so happily established in that city, might
long be preserved on its present hallowed site, and that
cathedral and university might flourish together to the
latest ages.—(Loud cheers.) In the midst of stirring
life and jarring interests, with tho multitudinous din of
busy men around, still might it flourish alike in solemn
seclusion on its wood-environed and tower-crowned
hill. Let them therefore drink with unanimous applause
the health of the venerable Warden, and success to the
universi ty.—(Cheers.)
The Venerable Archdeacon THORPE responded to the
toast, and expressed a hope that the university might
be the means of promoting the development of science
and education. For himself and those connected with it,
they were desirous of doing all in their power to insure
its prosperity. They recollected with gratitude that it
was by the munificence of the bishop, aided by the dean
and chapter, that the university has been established on
its present site. He should therefore conclude by pro-
posing " The health of the Dean and Chapter."
The Rev. Dr. TOWNSEND acknowledged the toast. It
was delightful to reflect that such an institute as the
present afforded neutral ground on which men of all
grades and opinions in politics and religion could meet.
—(Cheers.) He called on them to drink " The health
of the Rev. Mr. Raine," who had so ably illustrated the
history of their cathedral.—(Cheers.)
The Rev. Mr. RAINE returned than kshe .
Established
" T
The Earl of CARLISLE gave
Church," to whose ministrations the country owed so
deep a debt of gratitude, and which was s instru
religthihntal in
of on and
diffusing amongst millions the blessing
the light of saving truth.
owledged the toast. In
The Bishop of EXETER coke
of his connexion with
looking back to the long period
reflect without emotion
' the Establishment, he could not
the 1 t Venerable
that it was to a Bishop of Durham,
first e
Bishop Barrington, that he owed his adoption into
its clergy.—(Cheers.)
The company then broke up. hour of pleasant
An
; ors who occupied it
sauntering yet remained to the vis.t
in examining the buildings of the old castle. At four
o'clock the train started on its return to Newcastle, whi-
ther it safely conducted the members.

NT

_______—_ _ .
GRAND ERUPTION OF NOU _ iETIVA.
We learn from Malta, that on the night of the 20th of
Aug
anniversaryust, durin the celebration of the centinajs, or every
hundredth
of Saint Agata, the patron saint
of the town of Catania, Mount Etna became suddenly
convulsed, and a magnificent eruption took place, which
has not been surpassed by any within the past 40 year;,
and fears were entertained that, from the northerly direc-
tion which the lava took, the neighbouring villages
of
Zafarana and Giarre have very seriously suffered, if not
perhaps have been utterly destroyed.
ui
signs o ,
Mrs. fe
the
ee
of
fesaa , Englishafterwards party from Malta, visiting Catania
for h fta and the mountain,
and
irsni,staecacidinentthaleliyr
journey, notwithstanding the a
p
ascendingit ages,
at
thed time,who, con-
s
thraaprpye happened
theto 1) e
advice
o t.
the
premonitoryt
Captain
Hallett,
approaching event, thus narrates what was witnessed:
The party consisted of c
Hallett, two Misses Sankey, the Ron. Li R.N.
eutenant Finch
of the 68th Light Infantry, and Lieutenant Ravenhill, of
the Royal Engineers, accompanied by their muleteers,
and the usual Sicilian guides. They took their departure
late at night from Nicolosi, s° as to insure reaching the
summit of the mountain by daybreak, in order to enjoythe grandeur of the scene at
that
they proceeded the wind rose ptl tarticulhara ho.
ur
ga_A,..9
so vi 6
fearing some mishap, recommendaodlethnemy
to t
retracethe I°'
their
steps, bat the intrepid part baulked in
y, unwilling to be bail .
their intentions, persisted in proceeding. Soon after
wards the windincreased, and-the mountain hegianft:
shake like a giant arising from his slumber.
Aimiules
sudden, when the party was in a narrow Paso,to,d were
riders, male and female conductors 1(11%4 and lay
precipitated to the ground by an
awfusvbilst at a spot
rolling over among cinders and hundred yards distant
called Colossi, scar" one huL2dprened, and burst
from the party, the mountain
wind keeping pace,
out with terrific violence, tolich should roar the
and apparently struggling,
rojecting block of lava, the
loudest. Crawling under
10D, they huddled together
formation of a formereer,a_Ec
noy
i cold blast, and clouds
for protection from tb.i, pie.
tne eruption commenced at about
of acutely sbarp duss•t;sued in widely-spread sheets from
2 A.m. The fiwne- 1 the most fearful eruption took
but by
far
the summit, b
t of the cone, at a spot called the Crater
place at the f!)0
explosion caused the mountain to heave
Colossi. Thu; ...
d the liquid lava flowed over from the boil-
ing end forming a grand junclion, from which huge
time
thrown up amidst fire and smoke. Fortu-
masses
lowly fo werer
tho party, the wind blew from them towards
the crater, or they must have been inevitably suffocated
by the sulphureous fumes, and as it was, each poment
threatened to be their last. After daybreak, when an-
other terrific explosion and outbreak shook the lofty
mountain to its very centro, the party left their retreat
and made their way with difficulty back to Nicolosi.
For several days previously torrents of rain bad de-
scended, and passengers from Messina, by the French
steamer which arrived at Malta on the
morning of the
25th, report that the volcano was still in activity
the night of the 24th, and no doubt dreadful during
ravages
will result.

Mont LATE NEWS I—On Thursday it was an-
nounced in The Sun that M. de Persigny had arrived in
London. On the following Sunday, the Observer stated that
he was expected! He has since returned to Paris.
RAIN IN INDIA.—MAHADULESHWAE.—We have
from the Hills, under date 3d instant, that from the 17th to
the 25th June, there had been one incessant down pour of
rain day and night. O. n the latter date the sun's rays were
for a few seconds visible. On the 23d no less than 11.83
inches of rain had fallen. The quantity gauged during the
month was upwards of two yards.... Bombay Times.

SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS.
CHRONICLE.—The most plausible ground for a
discriminating tax on incomes, imposed so as to favour
temporary and
exempt, if precarious returns, is that which Mr.
Mill suggested to the committee when he proposed to P
ta savingslizi n
explained more clearly the fiscal inequality
i involved in
the popularpclsa6nibejef' aealpi g whatever. No witness
foryears' purchase ought, at its assessment. As he clearly showed, an income worth
ten eexvepriar,itniodniv,tdouahlaivneccon-
tributed to the Exchequer one-half of the sum due in
respect of an equal annual revenue worth twenty years'
purchase. Au equal assessment of 5 per cent. on the
capitalized value would evidently produce an aggregate
sum of 1,0001. in one case, and of 6001. in the other. Bat
according to the popular plan, the allowance would be
made twice over. The income of 10 years' duration
would be assessed at one-half the annual amount of the
other, so as to pay 254 a year for ten years, or 2504;
while the income of twice the value would be rated at
501 a-year, and taxed for twenty years.
producing 1,0001. " This, I conceive," -added
the witness, "is not consistent with the principle
of paying in proportion to means, which is the
principle on which the tax is at present
levied." Mr. Mill, however, advocates an entirely dif-
ferent -standard of taxation. "I do not conceive," he
says, "that the tax should be in proportion to the means
only, but that it should take into consideration the
means, and also the wants." Holders of precarious in-
comes are liable to burdens from which the owners of
hereditary property are comparatively exempt, since
they have to provide out of their annual receipts, by
saving or by insurance, for the future wants of them-
selves and their families. On this ground, if on any,
professional men and traders must rest their claim to
the comparative fiscal exemption which they cannot
show to be consistent with strict arithmetical equality.
The eminent economist whom we have quoted would
carry out his principle with perfect consistency, by
relieving from the Income-tax any annual saving
which even the riches t landowner or millionaire may
make from his revenue. There is no doubt that habits
of economy in individuals directly tend to increase
the general wealth of the country. Of all private
vices, the practices of the miser approximate most nearly
to the character of public benefits; but it is not on
grounds of national expediency, or with the view of
tavouring accumulation, that the claims of the profes-
sional and trading
Classes have generally been urged.
The rights and hardships of individuals supply more
plausible and popular arguments than any economical
Lewes easpasateg eh. irsot,b4ao of public woalth. It in
not because the interest of the community may be pro-
moted by fostering habits of private forethought and
self-denial, but because traders and professional men
have strong personal motives for saving, that it is pro-
posed to distinguish between the sums which they re-
spectively devote to expenditure and to accumulation.
As a class, hereditary proprietors wish merely to main-
tain their position, while those who are engaged in the
active pursuits of industry desire, not only to secure a
livelihood, but at the same time to advance themselves
in the world. It is not till we descend to the lowest
and most numerous section of the community that
we again find, in the economy of the unskilled
labourer, an equality between income and expendi-
ture- Where there is any possibility of saving, the
personal outlay of every individual may be assumed
to represent with sufficient accuracy his own estimate of
his available income. Mr. Mill considers that this dis-
posable portion of a taxpayer's revenue forms the mea-
sure of his ability to contribute to the public necessities.
manignuhatlheexseppenpdliietdu;rea,
d fromhe
calls
awhatevertteet sources
to
t
If possible, he would assess the impost according to the
the interest on savings would, in he
the next year, either
should be remembered, however, that
on tahetaneh set
pay its share of income-tax,beneltacocpulate at coohfmanecpticoatuothtmneadr:
interest, to the eventual
eendditurtehtellaElxchequer. It
masodfiatlileisn
gwedrierefcotrimy erulypodnefeexnpd sameou ground,
expe-
rience has shown that they can only be productfve wien
they are levied on articles of general and necessary con-
sumption. Mr. Mill recognises the difficulty, or
rather the impossibility, of procuring an accurate
return of men's private expenditure, and he proposes
to take an average of the probable savings from all
temporary and precarious incomes. But it is not
easy prin-
ciple, from the proposal for capitalz'n incomes
g as the
to understand how his scheme differs, -
basis of taxation, which he so clearly sees to in-
volve an arithmetical error. In reply to his suggestion
of the ulterior benefit arising to the State from the
future interest on accumulations, a member of the Com.
mittee pertinently remarked, that the owner of savings
would pay a larger contribution hereafter only because
he would be richer. It is no part of a financier's duty
to alter the comparative positions either of classes or of
individuals. A freeholder and a professional man, who
each receive 1,000/. a year, are evidently unequal in
wealth, and in ability to contribute to the public re-
venue; but any artificial deduction from their respective
means ought to leave their relative conditions unchanged.
The enjoyment derived by the landowner from his pro-
perty may be represented by an expenditure equal to
the whole of his income. The physician or the lawyer,
on the other hand, will fix his outlay at 700/. or 800 L,
devoting the remainder to investments, or to premiums
on insurance. But it is difficult to understand why
the t njoyment or advantage of becoming richer should
be left out of consideration in the estimate a man's
resources. If an income-tax enforces a certain diminu-
tion in the comforts which the landowner has heretofore
procured with 1,0001., a proportional sacrifice will he
made in the establishment which has hitherto cost 7001.;
but why is the professional man still entitled to lay by,
the same sum as before ? The advantage of his posi-
tion consisted in the power of spending, coupled with
that of saving. His neighbour had the same right of
choice, but preferred to exercise it differently. The one
was rich enough for his wants—the other, having no
patrimony to tall back upon, reasonably wished to be
richer. 'No income-tax that is ever likely to be imposed
would make it impossible for him to save; but, for the
purposes of fiscal equality, the means of accumulation
ought to suffer as much as those of personal enjoy-
ment. The individual case which we have selected
illustrates the nature of the claim of the en-
tire professional and trading dais to a partial ex-
emption in favour of that permanent and certain income
which, in the case of each several holder, is undoubt-
edly temporary and precarious, We have repeatedly
shown that a distinctive impost would raise the propor-
tionate value of the incomes assessed under schedule
D, as compared with thoee which arise from property.
The instance'of the medical or legal earner of 1,000/.
shows how this result would be produced. The practi-
tioner, whose wealth consists in his skill and connec-
tion, naturally wishes for the securer tenure enjoyed by
the capitalist, and he devotes a portion of his income to
the attainment of this object. But if, in his pursuit of
wealth, he succeeds more rapidly through legislative
interference than he would have done otherwise, he
forms one of a favoured class, and he must assign some
reason to justify the privilege. The tendency of the in-
dustrious classes to accumulate wealth is, no doubt, be-
neficial to the country at large ; but no individual, and
which regulate the yherentcornigdhi
one of
distribution of wealth, o
a ordinary inherent
which is the percentage levied by the State. Every
shilling which is earned is precisely the same in vs,"
with a shilling received in the shape of rent or of
o,
divi-
dends; and a new tax ought to diminish the valaThe
both classes of receipts in an exactly equal degree. The
lawyer, who formerly spent 700/, and f.
inviilleeome.ta;
will on the imposition of a 3 per cent.
291 Z ; while
conditions
which
maintain his family on 679/, and My zilainish his ex-
his neighbour the squire is forced t;)fathe
professional
penditure by 301. The accumulations
of the tax,
man, both before and after the impositionincome of the land-
amounted to three-tenths of tiled explained the prieci-
, owner; and no economist has ,r 1 entitled to lay by,
ple on which the former
wermeeifice, the same amount
without a larger proportion.
as before. The desire to provide for children, or for
.s
no i
a the hhes degree natural
the wants of old age. _I.
part oifg th et business of the
laudable; bat 'that persons who received no pa-
' State to take care
~„„ an inheritance behind them. All
trimony shall Jeces7, do is to provide that no fiscal in-
- equality !Ai money less easy than any other applies-
ot diseeswgwe. Mr. Mill's view, however, is intelligi-
tion °Sinalca° sible, and, having the sanction of his anal°.
ble and 1-- a serious consideration; but it is time
3 deserves
nth I • journalists should cease to repeat the gress
that public
fallacy of co
a
.
e ntrastin precarious with permanent in-
comes, as if it were proposed to subject them to an
equally permanent tax. The sovereign, we are told,
which is received in rent, represents 30 other sovereigns;
whilst that which is received in fees represents nothing
but itself. Our contemporaries forget to tell their readers
that, on the same assumption, the sevenpence paid by
the landowner represents 30 other sevenpences, while
the sevenpence exacted from the physician •
is paid once
for all. Careless and voluntary fallacies such as this
only postpone the serious discussion of
the '
question
which they encumber and confuse,

DEATH IN THE POT.
From the last report of the Analytical Sanitary Com-
mission, published in the Lancet, as records of the results
of microscopical and chemical analyses of the solids
and fluids consumed by all classes of the public, it ap-
pears, with regard to vinegar and its adulterations, that
oat of 28 samples, purchased at the houses of various
retailers, in different parts of the town, and the
t
produc-
tions of almost every maker of nay note by
hyor
acid
entire metropolis and its suburbs are supplied,wonloinfour
out of the above number were free from sulpuricut
power-
ful ful and corrosive mineral acid; that t 7
ell of vitro'; that 24 were adulterated it
a small quantity only; that in three it
it
t wasiin very con-
Woeho contained
in
considerable amount; that 12
7 taint that
it in
contained
was present in im-
d
m
sidorable amount; and that in
ben
publishes, as usual,
the,oramqeusanoftittyh.e
pTahrteiesrepseoiritand the makers of the
rainltcrated articles, together
makers (unfortunately onlyo four) and vendors of the
pure article. The fact f
the t
the names of the
vinegars of these four
3 t
selling
be entirely free from sulphuric
acid or oil of vitro' is
d to
regarded as most important, inns-
ic(io,nvincingly that the use of that
makers being found
even in small quantities, is
highly objectionableu
rethe preservation of vinegar, and
much as it
not necessary to ins.
shows that its addition is made rather for the purpose of
pparcnt strength. The report concludes
increasing
its al" letter from Mr. Fktcher, surgeon, conclude
by publishing .
proves most convincingly
Brornsgrov ,
by a very simple process, sufficient vine-
gare showing how families might manufacture
for themselves, ..,
table, or for the purpose of pickling,
nby_uss using
le and water and a fungus kno a
suaar, truant, and
Ives independent of
l'gar plant, and bus make themselves
dishonestv manufacturers.
for the

The Hon. C. A. Murray, British Consul. General
in Egypt, contradicts the report that he has resigned that
post, declares that he has left Egypt on leave of absence, and
is proceeding to the United States on private business.