The Sun.
London, England, 1864-10-22 00:00:00

actual body of the population. For this purpose

will not be so satisfactory to divide the Canadians
into persons of French, English, Scottish, Irish, and
German descent, as into the three great social and
political sections—first, of Fcfinch Canadians;
second, of united empire loyalists and British Cana-

dians ; and third, of recent immigrants and their
descendants. Every Canadian falls under one or
other of these divisions, and if it should appear that
for solid reasons of their own, independently of
those entertained by others, each of these elemen-
tary parts of Canadian nationality clings to the
British Crown as the surest guarantee of its liberty
and advancement, it may be accepted as a fact that
Canadian loyalty is not a thing of light account,
and that Federal America would enter upon a very
dangerous career if it attacked such a people, sups
ported as they would be, in case of emergency, by

the purse and strength of the British Empire.
The total population of Canada by the last census
amounted to 2,596,755 souls—nearly as many as
the gallant race who,under the leadership of Wash-
ington, established the independence of the thirteen
colonies. Of these 883,945, or slightly upwards of
one-third, are of French descent. They represent
the oldest settlers in the country, speak the French
language, are of the Roman Catholic faith, and are
governed by their own laws, which are not those of
the "Code Napoleon," but those which existed in
France prior to the Revolution. The French Cana-
dians are in effect Frenchmen of the ancien regime,
over whose heads the storm of the great Revolution
did not burst, and who, with the exception that
they have no great feudal chiefs and barons among
them, like their European ancestors, maintain in
the New World a state of society very similar to
that which existed in the Old in the days of Louis
XIV. They are docile, frugal, and affectionate,
ardently attached to their laws, religion, and lan-
guage, and very much, if not entirely, and©r the
political control of the clergy. Were it possible to
constitute themselves into a separate provinee or
colony, under the protectorate of France, they would
no doubt be highly satisfied. At one time they had
such an aspiration, but it has passed away. It re-
ceives no encouragement from the clergy, who know
it to be an idle dream that never can be realised.
The clergy know, moreover, that they have a well-
endowed Church, that they enjoy the utmost liberty
of worship, that the laws which the people inhe-
rited from their ancestors are guaranteed by the
British Crown, and that as long as they retain a
connection of which all the advantages are on one
side, and that their own, no power in the world can
do the French Canadians an injury. On the other
hand, the clergy look with fear as well as dislike
upon the Americans. They are not at heart Repub.
licans (neither Frenchmen nor Roman Catholic
priests of any nationality incline naturally to that
form of Government), and habitually warn their
youth from the pulpit against " the demoralising
influence and infidel tendencies of the neighbouring
Republic)" (einfluence demoralisatrice de la Repub-
lique voisine et sex tendances infideles). They would
have nothing to hope, but everything to fear, from
the conquest of the country by the Americans; and
though their loyalty to the Imperial Government
does not at present take any active form or assume

any warm expression, the least aggression upon
Canada on the part of the Federal Government would
convert •every priest in Lower Canada, from the
Archbishops down to the humblest cure de paroisse
into a zealous and effective recruiting officer for the
defence of the soil and the honour of the British flag.
If in such a war of aggression on the part of the
American Union, or what is likely to remain of it►
Great Britain and France should happen to be allies,
it would not require the exhortations of the clergy
to convert every French Canadian capable of bear-
ing arms into a soldier, and to fan the present small
flime of military ardour into a conflagration that
would trouble the Americans to extinguish, were
they twice as obdurate as they have shown them-
selves in their war against the South. _

The "United Empire Loyalists," or "U.
Loyalists," as they were often called, were Vir-
ginians, Pennsylvanians, Carolinians, Georgians,
New Englanders, New Yorkers, and others, who at
the outbreak of the American Revolution considered,
through good and evil repute, that it was the sacred
duty of the colonists to maintain their connexion with
the mother country, and who were conscientiously of
°Pinion that General Washington was a traitor and
a rebel. They Effirund that all who aided and abetted
hire were guilty of his crimes, and when rebellion
triumphed they forbook their homes, their property,
and their native land, and took refuge in Canada ill-
poverty and misery, rather than be false to their al-
legiance or lend even so little as their silent actin-les-
Cfnee to a Government whose principles they con.
demncd, and whose practice they did not di em to be
less injurious and treasonable because it was success-
fill. The descendants of the6e People form the bulk of
the native born Canadians of the Angle- Sax,n race.
How many of them remain true to the traditions of
i
their ancestors it is mpssible to ascertain. The last
census estimates the total number o. f English speak-
ing CALladiali4 L9rri in the two Pr4VllleeB at 1)037,170

persons. The people who share the sentiments
of the United Empire Loyalists, whatever their num-
ber may be, are the intellectual aristocracy among
this million, and give the tone to society and opi-
nion. They are the leaven that has helped to leaven
the whole lump, to maintain that lose ;or "home,"
as they always call Great Britain, which so distin.
guishes the Canadian from the American, and to
convert by their example the lip-loyalty of less
earnest thinkers into a heart loyalty that only rea
quires the imminency of danger to prove itself to the
world a passion as well as a sentiment. This power-
ful body has not the theological or ethnological rea•
sons for disliking the Americans and repudiating
their copartnership which animate the French Cana•
diens, but has motives of its own which are equally
powerful to sustain and strengthen its British alle-
giance, and make it grateful to that beneficent Go•
veonment, under the auspices of which Canada en•
joys a greater amount of rational and well secured
liberty than has fallen to the lot of any other people,
the mother country not excepted, and with far less
to pay for the inestimable blessing than any nation
under the sun.
The third constituent of the Canadian population
is the recent, or comparatively recent, immigration
of Englishmen, Scotchmen, Irishmen, or Germans,
of whom the Scotch form the large majority, and
the Germans an insignificant minority. Their numa
bers by the last census were 585,640 persons. As
these people in leaving their homes had, like Adam
and Eve in " Paradise Lost," " the world before them
where to choose their place of rest," and might, had
they been so disposed, have settled in the Federal
States, which offered many superior advantages of
soil and climate, it is to be presumed that in making
choice of a poorer country they had reasons for
the preference, of which a love of the land of their
birth and their early associations, admiration of its
institutions, and a determination never to renounce
their allegiance may not have been the least power-
ful. This class is with slight exception loyal. Even
the Irish cease in any considerable ❑umbers to be
disaffected towards the Sassenach, and chime in
with the sentiment prevalent around them
as soon as they have been a year or two in
Canada. Possibly it is the entente cordzale which
subsists between the Irish Roman Catholic and
the French-Canadian hierarchy which imbues the
Canadianslrishman with a loyalty to English rule
that he never felt in his own country. But, what-
ever be the reason of the anomaly, the fact exists.
There is not even a semblance of a Fenian Brother•
hood on the northern shores of the St. Lawrence,
nor any feeling on the part of the Irish which, in
the event of a war bet% een Great Britain and the
United States, would lead as many as 100 Irishmen
to lend their right arms to the Americans rather
than to the Candian side of the quarrel. The most
popular and influential Irishman in Canada, the
Hon. T. D'Arcy Macgee, is a member of the Fee
sent Administration, and a devoted loyalist: In an
earlier day he was in favour of severing the con•
nexion between Great Britain and Ireland. Later
in life he tried what American institutions were
worth, and not appreciating them very highly be-
took himself to Canada, where he found the liberty
he sought—liberty without license or mob law, and
resting on the solid basis of Imperial supremacy.
It was no sentimentalism that converted such a man
from his first opinions, and that makes him as firm
a friend to the British connexion as the most self-
sacrificing " U. E. Loyalist" that ever fled from the
land of Washington to preserve the allegiance of
England.
Most probably, if the great American civil war
had not broken forth, the small Canadian party

hat once believed annexation to the United States

to be dfsirable on social, political, and commercial
grounds, might by this time have become large, it
not paramount. But the war has cured it of its
admiration for institutions that failed on the first
severe test applied to them. An immense debt—
a fearful and, apparently, never ending slaughter,
and an illogical attempt to coerce a brave people
that have as much right to establish an indepen-
dent government, if they can, as George Wash-
ington and the men of his day had to sever their
connexion with England, have opened their eyes
to many vices of an ultra-democracy, which in
calmer terms they refused either to see or to ac-
knowledge. There are two, perhaps three, news-
papers in Canada that take the sfde of the North in
its present struggle. There is not one, even of the
humblest and obscurest kind, that favours the idea
of annexation to the States, or that expresses any

feeling towards the British Government but one of
regret that neither Government nor people seem to
be thoroughly aware how magnificent a colony Ca-
nada is, and may yet become under Imperial pro.
tection.

The loyalty of the Canadians being conceded, the
Br tish Government and people have a right to ask
how it, is that in this time of peril on the American
continent, when the Federal States swarm with sol*
diers that are to be counted by the hundred thou-
sand, and when there is at least a possibility that
Groat Britain may be dragged into a quarrel with
tho Federal Government, the Canadians have done
so little towards their own defence, and why they
have not at this moment, including volunteers and

militia, an available force of 80,000 or 100,000 men
The little State of Maine, their next door neighbour,
has furnished upwards of 40,000 soldiers to the
armies of Mr Lincoln ; and Canada, with a popula-
tion five times that of Maine, and with a militia force
amounting on paper to upwards of 400,000 able•

bodied men, fiads it difficult to raise 20,000 volun•
teers, and takes no effectual steps to call out even a
tithe of its militia, or to make that body a reality
instead of a sham. What are the reasons of this

apathy? Is it that Canada has been so long accus.
tomed to rely upon the military and naval strength
of Great Britain that she has not acquired the art of
walking without crutches ? Does she imagine that
it is always to be her happy lot to be supported by
the power of the greatest nat'on in the world, with-
out taking any share of the burden of self-defence
either in men or in money P An indignant denial is
always given by the Canadians to these questions.
They assert that in the hour of danger they have
never been found wanting in their duty or slack
in their exertions ; that in the year of 1812 they did
noble service against the Yankees ; that in the affair
of the Trent they felt so keenly the insult to the

British flag that they would have accepted all
the eonsequences of a war with America for the vin-
dication of British honour, and would have raised a
quarter of a million of men, or double the number
if necessary, to repel any invasion that in such a
war the Americans would have hurled Either against
the upper or the Lower Province. They also insist
that if war against Great Britain were to rise oat
of the present struggle between North and South,
there would be a levee en masse of the whole popu•
lation to act in concert with any British force that
might be sent to direct the defences of the colony.
These assertions are doubtless true. No one can
be many days among the Canadians without feeling
that they are a brave people, with as much fight in
them as the Americans, either of the North or the
South, and that in the hour of conflict they would
do their whole duty to their old and their new
country without flinching, and without the induce-
ment of bribe or bounty money, or any other than
pure love of the cause, But the mistake which the
Canadians have made, and in which they still ap-
pear to be nursing themselves, is that war is im.
probable, and that the Americans are likely to have
too much work on their hands in cutting each
other's throats during the next dozen or 20 years to
have either men ur time to spare for the wicked in-
vasion of a colony that has done no injury, and that
sincerely desires to be at peace with them and with
all mankind. They do not take into account that
the Americans are not a reasonable people towards
Great Britain, that they believe the " old country"
to be effete and decrepit, and so rapidly tottering

,o its fall as to need only a blow from America to

leave the throne of the world vacant, without any
competitor but the United States to step into the
s'vercignty of civilisation and dictate the policy
of Christendom. " Why," they argue, " should we
raise and maintain a large forco to guard against
an imaginary danger ? We are a sparsely dis-
tributed and a poor people. We have an im•
mcnse line of frontier, which it would be im-
possible for us to garrison at all points, so as
to defeat a bold and audacious enemy if he sud.
dtul,y attacked us. Besides, the raising of such a

for cc, if we were able to afford the cost either in men
ar,d money, would be a standing menace to a quar-
relsome neighbour, and challenge the aggression we
would rather avoid. Moreover, the very example of
the Americans show us what we could do if our
blood were up, They had but a small army when
the civil war commenced. Now they have a very
largo one. We also, under the pressure of danger,
and stirred by feelings of patriotism, would sing
the tocsin and carry the fiery cross through our
towns and villages if the Yankees attacked us, and
in a few weeks get together an army of volunteers
sufficient to cope with an amount of invaders that
could be driven against us. Nor would Great Britain
abandon us in any such contest. Our security is
the security of England. We are, to all intents and
purposes, one people with the people at home, and
if the imperial Government were in such an emer•
geney to forsake us, the sun of British glory would
set for ever, and England would descend by her
own act into the rank of a thirdsrate Power, invit-
ing by pusillanimity the aggression which she would
have shown herself unable or unwilling to repel."
It is in this manner that Canadians, both of the
Upper and Lower Provinces, are accustomed to
speak, though it must be admitted that a change has
lately come over the minds of their leading politi-
cians, and that a feeling of misgiving has been en-
gendered among all classes as to the worldly wisdom
of such views. They are venerable and not to be dis-
puted axioms, which declare that Heaven helps those
who help themselves, and that the best way to prey
serve peace is to be strong enough to compel your
enemy to keep it, and the events of the last four
years on the American side of the St. Lawrence are
fast teaching the Canadians the impolicy of remain-
ing quiescent and apathetic while the shock of war
resounds so close upon their borders, and while an
unscrupulous and greeey people openly assert that,
sooner or later, they will extend their frontiers to
the North Pole, and expel every vestige of a Euro-
pean Government from the American continent.
'What tha Canadians have done, and propose to do
under the impulse of this growing sentiment, and
how far they are ready to yield to the not unnatural
demand of the British Government that they should
show their faith by their works, and their loyalty of
spirit by their chivalry of action, must be reserved
for a future communication.

Death from Alleged Violence in the Green

Park.

Yesterday afternoon Mr Langham, the deputy coroner
for Westminster, resumed the inquiry at the Westminster
Hospital regarding the death from violence of Geo. King,
a gas inspector, in the employ of the Chartered Gas Com-
pany.

Mr E. Draper, solicitor, attended to watch the case for
the family of the deceased.
It will be recollected that this case was adjourned by the
Coroner in order to see whether the publication of the facts,
so for as ascertained, might not lead to the discovery of ad-
ditional evidence. On the afternoon of the 30th of Sept.,
the deceased man parted in Piccadilly from a man in the
same employ, named William Cazely, to go home across
the Green-park, It was then 4 o'clock. He was then sober,
but complained that ho was `• queer" from the effect of
blowing down gas pipes. At 20 minutes to
.5 o'clock he
was found by a police-officer named M'Farlane lying on the
grass in the park. He rose, as the officer approached, but
fell heavily, and appeared to be at the point of death. He
was therefore carried to St. George's Hospital, where the
surgeons considered him to be insensible from drink, and
upon his recovering a little he was taken away to the police
station and was locked up, as he'could not give his address.
The next morning he was bailed out and taken by his
friends—one of whom
.remarked—" There has been foul
play here"—to Westminster Hospital, where he was stripped
and examined. Dreadful bruises, apparently from kicks and
blows, were found on his head, face, hands, arms, abdomen,
back, and chest, while the skin had been knocked or kicked
from his legs in some places. His skull was dreadfully frac-
tured, and a sinus was ruptured. He died on the following
Wednesday. The inexplicable part of the case, however,
was that the surgeons of St. George's Hospital stated that
they saw no injuries on the deceased's head or hands (they
did not examine his body) when he was brought in by the
police. A witness named Holland, however, said that
he noticed a bruise on the head, and it was stated that it
was very dark in the hospital. The surgeons of that hospi-
tal suggested that the injuries might have been self-in-
flicted, by falls over furniture, &c., at the police station,
This the police denied, and it indeed hardly seemed possible,
but the inspectors went further, and said that the deceased
appeared to have no injuries when he was bailed out on the
Saturday morning. Mrs King's evidence disposed of this
suggestion, for she proved that she said to the police at the
moment. " You have murdered my husband while he was
in your hands."

The Coroner, upon taking his seat, said that he proposed
the jury should visit the police station in King-street, Par-
liament-street, in a cell of which the deceased was confined.

The jury accordingly proceeded to inspect the cell it. ques-
tion. It was a small room 10ft long by 61t wide. A fixed
bench 2ft in width ran round two sides of it in such a man-
ner as to render the space of the floor available for walking
or falling violently upon very small indeed. All the edges of
the bench were planed off, and there was hardly au angle in
the cell upon which a person could fall so as to hurt him-
self. The floor was asphalted and covered thickly with saw-
dust. It was remarked by a juror that if a man desired to
commit suicide by dashing himself about in such a cell ho
could not possibly do so.

Mr John Matthews, woollendraper, said that on the 30th
of September he was going across the Green-park, between
4 and 5 o'clock in the afternoon, when, just past the gate,
near Stafford-house, he saw a man on the gravel path en-
deavouring to rise. He did not observe at the moment
whether any ono was near, but a crowd gathered immedi-
ately afterwards. In endeavouring to rise the man fell back
again on his side. Ho seemed to strike his forehead against
the ground. He rose immediately, staggered back, and fell
on the back of his head. It was a most fearful fall, and he
lay as if dead. Ho ran forward and lifted him up, and sent
a boy for assistance. A policeman came and the deceased
was lifted on the grass wholly insensible. A gentleman
smelt his breath, and said he had not been drinking. Ile
had not staggered like a drunken man, but like a person
giddy, or in a fit. The witness observed that there was a
bruise on the forehead, and an injury at the back of the
head. He would not be surprised to hear that the dreadful
fall had fractured the deceased's skull, He did not fall
against the railings. The railings were a yard away from
him. He might have fallen against them before the witness
saw him. He became aware of the death of the man from
reading the accounts in the newspapers, and seeing the
coroner's remarks stating that the case was ono of great
mystery, and that it was desirable that all who knew any-
thing about the matter should come forward. He attended
to-day voluntarily. _

By Mr Draper—The noise of the fall was a dull heavy
one, There was no sound of crashing, &c, I saw no sentry
near the spot or in the crowd.

Thome; Chambers, waiter at the Argyll-rooms, Wind-
mill-street, said he knew deceased by sight for one or two
years past. On the day of the occurrence he saw him in
Windmill-street, and asked him to get a dry meter for a
shop he was about to open. The deceased then went into
dining rooms in the same street, for his inspector. Witness
then had a few minutes' conversation with him. He was
sober then, as he always was. Deceased walked away to-
wards Piccadily, in company with a person named Castel!.
The Green Park was about three-quarters of a mile distant
Henry Davy, a gasman, said he met deceased at 3 o'clock
on the Friday in question, and he was then quite sober.
W. H. Beveridge, 28, New Peter-street, said he was a
gasman. On the Saturday morning he was sent for to bail
deceased out of King-street police station. lie could scarcely
stand, and he seemed as if he could not see. He walked right
away from the witness. He could not speak a word. He
was brought towards witness, and upon taking his hat off
to brush away the sawdust witness saw a dreadful bruise
across his forehead, which was much discoloured. His hand
was also bruised. Ile was shivering and insensible, and the
inspector said he was cold and ought to have some tea,
When the bail was settled witness took him to a public-
house opposite. The witness had to carry him up the steps.
When some brandy had been given him, or rather poured
into his mouth, witness had to carry him to Westminster
Hospital, No injury eould have been inflicted on him from
the time of his leaving the station to the moment of his
being carried into the hospital.

Inspector Thomas Kepple, A division, said that he knew
nothing of the case ; but having read the evidence of the
witness Cazely as to the sobriety of deceased on the day
in question, ho saw it to be at variance with a statement
ho had made to witness. He reported the fact to the
superintendent, who directed h ra to attend at the inquest.
On the 4th of October Cazely said to witness, in the
house of the latter, that the deceased was too drunk to do
some work at a private house in Piccadilly on the after-
noon of the occurrence, and that ho (Cazely) took the tools
out of his hands and directed him to go home. Cazely said
that the owner of the house was very particular, so he went
and did the work himself, He said that he had given de-
ceased money, and he must have got beer ut dinner, and
also when he was sent to a shop for some piping. Cazely
had made a similar admission to witness Davy. Davy
told this witness at the Argyll-moms that Cazely said the
deceased was a little bit gone.

William Cazoly (or Castel]) said that he had heard the
statement 3f last witness, and ho must contradict a great
part of it. Ibe told tho inspector all about the deceased,
and said to him that the deceased being knocked up through
blowing down gaspipes, the witness gave 2d. at dinner-
time to get beer. WLen they went to the door at 102,
Piccadilly, he said to the witness, "You aro queer from the
effects of the gas, and, as the gentleman is particular, you
had better go home." The witness took the tools from him
and did the work hivabelf, The witheoe never told the

inspec`orlhe was drunk; he said the deceased could not
have been drunk, for ho had not had anything to drink.
Gas has at times a stupefying effect. The witness was once
suddenly deprived of consciousness by it while at work in
the Kingsland-road. He rushed out into the garden and
fell, and it was some time before he was brought round, It
made him quite foolish and stupid.

Inspector Green proved that the police cell viewed by the
jury was in the same state as when the deceased occupied it.
Mr Jones, medical officer of St. George's Hospital, re-
called, said he had seen the police cell in question. It was
in a better state than he expected to find it. He would say
that it was possible that the deceased might have received
the injuries in the cell, but it was not probable. He
had examined the deceased when he was brought into
the hospital on the Friday night, and :saw no bruises.
There was ample light, and at a subsequent period the gas
was alight. He was still of opinion that there was no lesion
of the brain when deceased was brought in. The eyes were
sensitive to light. The skull might have received the frac-
ture from the fall mentioned, but the rupture of the sinus
was an enormous one, and that could not have taken place
or the blood have issued from it at that time. Ho did live
afterwards for five days with the rupture, but ho was then
wholly unconscious. Me had heard Cazely's statement as
to the effects of gas, but in that case and in others known
to witness insensibility- took place at the instant. The
deceased remained conscious for a long time.
By Mr Draper—The witness treated deceased for intoxi-
cation, but did not use the stomach pump. He could not
say whether the fall was or was not the cause of death.

Mr St. Aubyn Hawke!), house surgeon to the Westmin-
ster Hospital, said that the fall spoken of was one that might
have produced a fracture of the skull, but he was led to sup-
pose that it did not on account of the peculiar spot from
which the deceased's fracture commenced. It began midway
between the occipital protuberance and the ear, that was to
say in a hollow; if the fall on the back of the head had done
the mischief, the fracture would have been produced else-
where. No blow struck on any other part of the head
would produce a fracture in the spot mentioned. There
were 14 distinct and separate bruises on the head externally
—three on the forehead, seven on the top of the head, and
four at the back of the head, one of the latter being behind
the left ear. All had been inflicted within a few hours of
the time of witness's first seeing him. He could not tell
the exact number of hours, but the bruises were just
getting dark in colour. The blow behind the ear had
produced the fracture of the skull and the rupture of the
sinus; but the clot of blood could not have formed on the
brain when Mr Jones saw the deceased, or ho must have
noticed the symptoms. Consequently, witness was led to
believe that the rupture of the sinus was only completed
after reaction had set in. The deceased had experienced
reaction before leaving St. George's, for he partly roused
himself up, and witness believed that if the fissure of the
skull then existed the blood would instantly have flowed
from the rupture, which was not the case. It was utterly
impossible that the deceased could have inflicted the injuries
on.himself in the police-station. Falling down the flight of
steps into the park could not have produced the injuries on
the deceased.

Mr Freeman, house-surgeon at St George's Hospital, said
that ho examined the deceased when he was brought in from
the Green Park, and there were no bruises or grazing on
his head. Ho agreed entirely with Mr Hawkin as to the
time at which the rupture of the sinus must have occurred.
Mr Matthews, recalled, said that in the park he noticed a
bruise and also a graze on deceased's forehead and head,
Mr Freeman said that he would state positively that there
were nore that he could find. If there were as many as
stated by Mr Hawken ho must have seen them, His im-
pression was that deceased was suffering from the effects of
intoxication.

, The Coroner said that tho case was far from being cleared
up. The medical evidence especially had rendered it im-
possible to arrive at any conclusion) and ho should there-
fore adjourn for further evidence.

The court was accJrdingly adjourned.

Cotton Cultivation in India,

(From the Madras Times.)

Mr Brown, of Aujarakaudy, whose practical knowledge
of the subject we are now discussing few individuals, un-
connected with officialdom, will be prepared to question,
attributes the ruin of cotton cultivation in this country to
the selfish and oppressive system of Government, pursued
for so many years by the late East India Company; and in a
recently-published pamphlet upon " The Supply of Cotton
from India"--to the pages of which w e are indebted for
much of the information condensed in this brief article—he
very succinctly sets forth the reasons and adduces the facts
which warrant the conclusion to which he arrives. That
conclusion is, to use his own words, that " a Sit kar proclama-
tion should be put forth in the most authoritative manner,
and personally circulated by the Collector of the provinces,
suspending for five years the tax on all land that in the yearly
rotation of crops may be cultivated with cotton, leaving the
tax on all other land untouched." No measure short of this
will, in the opinion of Mr Brown, " directly reach the
grower ; nor will any other secure his receiving the price
he ought to get for his cotton, for no other will enable him
to hold his cotton, and save him from being obliged to take
the Bunniah's price for it, in oriiPT to pay his money land
tax." The proposition is not a new one. Mr Brown urged
its adoption 25 years ago, and, in a powerfully written letter
to Government, dated August 10, 1562, again 'pressed its
consideration upon our local rulers. These authorities
condemned it as being not only " opposed to sound policy,"
but liable also to render " every experiment un-
satisfactory and inconclusive." Other objections of greater
force have been brought against it, which our space will not
allow us to enter upon more fully; and the fact that the
Home Government have already more than once expressly
prohibited its trial is perhaps quite sufficient to render any
further efforts to obtain even its experimental adoption fu-
tile. In remembering, however, the acknowledged inability
of the Government to aid thenative cultivator in his attempts
to compete with the slaveowner of America, we should bear
in mind that ample evidence has ken afforded of the ease
with which the cotton plant can be naturalised in this coup•
try. It can be and has been grown in every climate ranging
from that which is rainless to tracts where the annual rain-
fall is from 120 to 110 inches ; and it thrives not only in that
rich black earth which has become identified with its name

—" cotton soil" but also in the ordinary red clay-which
principally constitues the rest of the agricultural soil of In-
dia. Let us now for a moment turn our eyes from India to
Turkey. There, also, for many years the cotton trade was
comparatively annihilated by American competition. But
immediately the prospect of a failure of the cotton supply
from the United States presented itself, what did the
Turkish Government do ? It abolished for five
years all taxes upon cotton-growing land, and set
apart money for the construction of roads. And what
has been the result of a step so (according to
our Government's views) " opposed to sound policy ? "
Let the following extract from a short article in the follow.
ing Smyrna Mail, (republished in our issue of the 22d ultimo)
bear witness :—" It is estimated that all Turkey will pro•
duce this year 500,000 to 600,000 bales of cotton (without
Egypt) ; and should the present high prices continue it will
give the startling result that Turkey will receive nearly one
quarter of the value of the whole American crop of cotton
sent to England four years ago; thus proving that cir-
cumstances may be such as to permanently enrich a coun-
try, if the Government fosters and protects its resources."
And not only in Turkey is cotton cultivation making
such significant strides onwards. In Italy it is being
carried on with marked and increasing success. In
Sardinia, in Elba, and even in parts of Piedmont, we read
and hear of its rapid progress. But it is only to poor mis-
ruled India, with its unblushing, obstinate, and incapable
State Secretary, and its meek, helpless, and timid local Go.
vernments, that the retributive embarrassments of slave-
driving America have failed to prove an opportunity for
stimulating the industry of the many, instead of pandering
to the passion of the gambling, grasping, speculating few,

Vacancies, Promotions, and Appointments

in the Civil Service.

HOME-OFFICE.---Vacancy—The Lord Lieutenancy of
Nottinghamshire has became vacant by the death of the
pule of Newcastle, K,G.
CoLomer,oFricE.—Appointment—M! Henry Corne-
lius Ilenderickson Kortright has been appointed to be
lieutenant-governor of the Island of Tobago,
WAR-OFFlCE.—Appointment—Lieut.-Col, A. A. Fisher,
C. 8., has been appointed to be principal of the Surveying.
and. Topographical Schools at the Royal Engineer Esta-
blishment in the room of Lieut.-Colonel Scott, appointed
to the charge of the South Kensington Museum.
THE POn-OEFlCE.—Promotions—Mesers T. H. Rey-
nolds and George Thyer have been promoted from the 3d
to the 2d class, circulation department, London.
CUSTOMS.—Appointment—Mr J. Gallon has been
appointed an out-door officer, Newcastle—Promotions—Mr
James Voller has been promoted from the sth to the 4th
class of out-door officers, London. Mr John Bruce has been
promoted from the 3d to the 2d class of clerks for general
business, Liverpool. Mr C. M'Allister has been promoted
from the 4th to the 3d class of clerks for general business,
Liverpool. Mr W. C. Burcher has been promoted from the
sth to the 4th class of clerks for general business, Liverpool.
INLAND REVENUE.—Stamp and Tax Branch—Appoint-
ment—Mr T. S, Harris has been appointed surveyor of
taxes at Winiborne, vice Mr Borckhardt, deceased. Pro-
motions—Mr 11. C. Elliot, first class clerk in the ware-
house department, has been promoted to be chief clerk:
Mr 11. Dowsett and Mr J. Duncan, clerks of the first class,
Mr E. Sandys and Mr J, IL Rutin, clerks of the third
class, have been promoted to be clerks of the second class,
Messrs John Finlay, Charles Harris, William Cumming,
and William Hitchin have been promoted to be superin-
tendents, Messrs Bennett, Lee, Pilcher, Beard, Walsh,
Falehaw, and Ballantine have retired from the service.
Excrsr: BRANCH.—Appointments.—Mr James Fairlie,
cjbt7ooeollehnllneen.ccttaLeipAouripn,cr:lail.wshr:eatreaseford collection, has been appointed collector
of Sheffield collection. Mr William Coles, collector, Truro
supervisor,
beenter e
collector
0 ap tpho,
Newark,
cut
we
rid,,
rc,
uykor:l
onl collector ces
collection,
tol
district,
generali
cos
tft
iroi Hereford
t. e,r,
Lincolnex
tf e
rr dco
col-
lection, has Charles
has been appointed surveyor of Port district, Lon-
don, east, collection. Mr James Lennooe, officer, Cork, sth
division, Cork collection, has been appointed F;ecvnil clerk,

Londonderry collection. Mr William Duberley Steenton,
officer, Campden ride, Worcester collection, has been ap-
pointed officer of Cork, sth division, Cork collection. Mr
Martin O'Donohoe, officer, Banbury, Ist ride, Oxford col-
lection, has been appointed officer of Campden ride, Wor-
cester collection. Mr Alfred Thomas Lewis, officer, Mona-
ghan ride, Newry collection, has been appointed officer of
Banbury, last ride, Oxford collection. Mr Robert Burch,
officer, officiating in London, south division, London,
south collection, has been appointed officer of Strabane
ride, Londonderry collection. Mr John S. Houston,
officer, Ravenglass ride, Carlow collection, has been
appointed to officiate in London, south division, London,
south collection. Mr James Ross, officer, Appleby ride,
Carlisle collection,has been appointed officer of Ravenglass
ride, Carlisle collection. Mr Alexander lanes, officer (late
of Uxbridge ride), officiating in London, south division,
London, south collection, has been appointed officer of
Appleby ride, Carlisle collection. Mr Thomas Baker
Coombe, officer, Greenock, Ist division Greenock collection,
has been appointed officer of London, south division, Lon-
don, south collection, Mr John Nevin, officer officiating in
London, south division, London, south collection, has been
appointed officer of Wheaton Aston Ride, Stafford collec-
tion. Mr Thomas Preacher, officer, Ballina, lst ride, Sligo
collection, has been appointed officer of Greenock, Ist divi-
sion, Greenock collection.

lllELAND.—Appointment.—Capt. Robert Williams has
been appointed controller of the household of his Excellency
the new Lord Lieutenant. Colonel Wodehouse has been
appointed master of the horse. Mr Edmond Wodehouse
has been appointed private secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant.
COLONIAL—The East Indies, appointments, &o.—Lieu-
tenant J. Forsyth, officiating conservator of forests in the
central provinces, has been vested with the powers of a sub.
magistrate of the first class. Mr J. Watts has been ap-
pointed:to be an hon, magistrate in the Jubbulpore district,
central provinces, and has been vested with the powers of a
sub •magistrate, Ist class, Mr G. M. Jones, collector of
customs at Saugor, in the central provinces, has been ap-
pointed to be a collector of customs of the second grade, in
succession to tar Melville, retired, The Hon, A. Eden has
been appointed to be a member of the council of the Lieu-
tenant-Governor of Bengal, for making laws and regula-
tions. Dr. J. P. Walker has been appointed to be professor
of hygiene in the Medical College. Mr D. W. M. Testro
has been appointed to be assistant to the magistrate and
collector of Bograh, and to exercise the powers of a sub-
magistrate of the second class. Mr E. H. Harrison has
been posted to the Benarns division, N. W. P. Mr W. M.
Young has been posted to the Rohilcund division, N.W.P.
Mr W. C. Plowden has been appointed to be secretary to
the Sudder Board of Revenue. Mr D. C. Macnabb has
been appointed to officiate as deputy-commissioner of Urn-
ritsur. Mr H. E. Perkins, assistant-commissioner ,has
been transferred from the Sealkote to the Goodaspore dis-
trict, and posted to Dalhousie. Mr E. G. Ricketts has been
appointed to be 3d class deputy-collector and magistrate,
vice Sadaseva Pillay, resigned, to continue in charge of the
salt department in Tanjore, Madras Presidency. Mr E. B.
Foord, acting civil and sessions judge of Chicacole, has
been appointed to act as collector and magistrate and agent
to'the Governor of Fort St. George, in Ganjam. Mr H.
Morris, sub-collector and joint magistrate of Nellore, has
been appointed to act as civil and sessions judge of the
zillah of Chicacole. The Hon. J. C. St. Clair, head assis-
tant to the collector and magistrate of Bellary, has been
appointed to act as sub-collector and joint magistrate of
Nelloro. Civil Service Gazette.

The Twin Swindlers Convicted at

Sandwich.

Thomas Croker, alias Thomas Hanbuty, aged 26 years,
and Samuel Croker, alias Samuel Hanbury, aged 2G years,
said to be twin brothers, who, it will be remembered, have
been travelling various parts of the provinces and London,
swindling every one with whom they came in contact, were
brought before J. Deedes, Esq., recorder, at the quarter
sessions held at the Guildhall, Sandwich, on Thursday.
Two distinct charges were brought against them. The pri-
soners were committed for trial from Ramsgate, which town
they vieited during the busiest part of the season, and took
up their abode at the head hotel, where two letters, ad-
dressed to "Thomas Hanbury, Esq., F,R.5.," had been
waiting their arrival some days. They represented them-
selves as sons of a widow lady named Hanbury, who was a
frequent guest at the hotel, and stated that they should
•

require apartments for six weeks, before which time had
expired they expected their mother would be there. Every
confidence was put in them ; they dined sumptuously every
day, and that the landlord was honoured by the attendance
of two distinguished guests appeared undeniable; their
bearing was gentlemanly, and every day's post brought in-
numerable letters addressed to the " F.R.S." Numerous
friends, said to be influential gentlemen, well " got up,"
were entertained at dinner by " The Hanburys," and to
these the greatest attention and c3urtesy were paid by the
unwary landlord and his domestics. Time wore on, and every
day the landlord's bill for lodg'ngs, and payments on behalf
of his distinguished patrons, were largely increased. Re-
peated applications for a settlement were made to the twins,
and then the everlasting and accepted excuses " that they
had had replies from their mother (Mrs Hanbury), and that
she might be expected soon to join them, or that she had
promised to send them £200," were tendered. One fine'
morning, the twins having then been nine weeks at their
abode, finding that the applications of the landlord for
payment grew stronger and more frequent, signed a
cheque for over £lOO in their assumed name, and
left word that the 3 were off for a drive and would return in
the evening. A drive they certainly did take and would not
have driven back to Ramsgate but for the assistance of a
Canterbury detective, who, on their arrival in that city,
held a warrant for the apprehension of the scoundrels. Their
apprehension was effected in the first place by the vigilance
of a tradesman named Franklin, carrying on business in
High-street, Ramsgate, a person who, it afterwards turned
out, had not been forgotten, The twins had during their
sojourn called at Mr Franklin's and made a trifling pur-
chase for which they tendered cash. Afterwards their
presence in the shop was more frequent, and goods to the
value of £6 18s were ordered at various times in the name
of " Hanbury," and were sent addressed to them at the
hotel, They also, in order to throw Mr Franklin off his
guard, stated that they were cousins of Lord Edward Howard,
and handed a number of pamphlets (being extracts of reports
of the speeches of that gentleman in the House of Commons
on the American question) with a verbal request that he,
Mr Franklin, would give them publicity by enclosing them
in parcels to his customers. These representations, together
with the fact that they were staying at the Albion, led Mr
Franklin to supply the goods, In executing one order for
two shirts there was a query as to whether they could be
done before the time the twins had to leave for town, and in
the event of their not being done by such time Mr Franklin
had to for war I them parcelled and addressed to Thomas
Hanbury, Esq., F.R.S., 1, Cambridge-square, Hyde-park,
London. The goods, however, were ready in time, and were
sent to the Albion. Some days elapsed and frequent pro-
mises were made to settle, but at length Mr Franklin, smell-
ing the rat, called upon the twine, who, undaunted, signed
"Thomas Hanbury and Samuel Hanbury" to a cheque for
£6 18s. upon the London City Bank. This cheque was
at once forwarded to London and presented, but instead of
cash being tendered ,the cheque was returned with the
words "No account" written across it. The Ramsgate po-
lice were at once informed of this circumstance, and a war-
rant was issued for the apprehension of the thieves, who, as
we have before stated, had that day gone over to Canter-
bury. The telegraph was brought into requisition, and the
proper parties were soon in the hands of the police. The
whole of the above facts were stated in evidence on Thurs-
day, the charges against the prisoners being obtaining goods
by false pretences from Mr Franklin, and with unlawfully
and that they did wilfully conspire, combine, confederate,
and agree together to cheat and defraud one Edward R. H.
Wright, landlord of the Royal Hotel, Ramsgate. Prisoners
in defence said they left London for Ramsgate for the pur-
pose of getting hold of several parties belonging to London
who had absconded in their debt, and who they understood
were in the neighbourhood of Ramsgate. Their reason for
adopting the name of Hanbury was that the parties they
meant chancing to be about might not be aware of their
presence. They did not intend to defraud Mr Franklin, but
would have paid every farthing of his claim if they had got
their money from the parties of whom they were in quest.
The Recorder said the conduct of the prisoners would not
warrant him saying a word in their favour, and as they
had been found guilty on both indictments they would be
imprisoned for 12 months each with hard labour.

RETURN OF COOLIES.—A West Indian paper has
the following statement :—" The ship Ganges loft George..
town, Demerara, on the 2d inst. (September), with return
emigrants-423 far Calcutta, and 24 for Madras. These
people took away with them 60,109 dols. 6c. in cash, savings
from their earnings, besides jewels, it is said, of great
value. Whatever may be the benefit of the coolie to the
colony as a labourer—and there can be no denying that it
is very considerable—this system of return passages is a
great drawback to it. Not only is the country subject
periodically to be deprived of a large amount of seasoned
labour (and the Ganges batch is equal to the labour staff of
a first-rate estate), but is also on such occasions drained of
heavy sums of hard cash, which in the hands of other
labourers would be spent in the colony. It is really very
difficult to understand upon what principle the Imperial
Government persists in demanding for the Indian immi-
grant the right to a return passage to his own country,
when every batch of these people who do return prove by
the loads of money they take with them how capable they
are of providing themselves with return passages when they
feel the inclination to revisit their country."
[AnvErerfsEmEyr.]-11olloway's Pills.—Bilious com-
plaints and irregularities of the system, produced by de-
praved and over-abundant bile, can always be corrected by
a few doses of these inestirnaffie Pills, which are everywhere
admired for their rare combination of mildness and power;
for though they conquer with case and rapidity the most
obstinate disease, they never weaken the stomach or neces-
sitate any interruption of ordinary duties or amusements,
On the contrary, they increase the appetite, strengthen the
organs of digestion, give increased energy and life to all the
animal functions, and fit both hands and brain for fresh
exertions. The sick and enfeebled can easily discover what,
a happy revolution these Pills have the power to effect in
the Lumen eystew.