The Sun.
London, England, 1864-11-14 00:00:00

The Blur

rally add their opinion, that this vast amount of
manure should be so dealt with as to produce the
greatest possible relief for the heavily-tared rate-
payers of the metropolis, and to secure for the nation
the largest addition to the home supplies of food.

LATEST INTELLIGENCE.

FRANCE.

Marshal Canrobert arrived at Valence, from
Lyons, the day before yesterday, and reviewed the
troops in garrison there. Rain fell in torrents the
whole of the time.
BOURSE, Nov. 12.—The upward movement has
continued, with a good amount of business doing.
Threes, for the Ac3ount, are now at 65f. 25c., and
Mobilier at 9021. 50c Railway Market firm, with
an improvement on some of the lines. The market
closed as follows :-
41 per Cents 91 90
Do. end
3 per Cents
Do. end mouth 65 20
Credit MobiliOr 9)5
Do. end month 9Ol 25
Bank Shares .3595
Credit }oneier ....1185
Roman

At Edinburgh the experiment is made, in a mea-
sure, for the sewage is applied to the coil, but it is
given away to the farmers, free of all charge, so
that the profit to be derived from its sale at the stan-
dard price of guano is altogether lost. Even follow•
ing this method, the populace are indirectly gainers,

since £3O per annum is obtained for the
grass grown on land not previously worth 2.2. 6d.
per acre, representing, of course, an immensely in-

Italian Loan 65 70
Do, end month 65 70
Ditto Threes ..
N,hv Mexican 50 75
Russian
A.ustrian
3vani,h Threes 47 25
Home Debt
Deferred

;ceased value in the produce, and consequent benefit
to the consumer; but there is no reason why the

utilisation of the metropolitan sewage should not
be made to answer both ends, and to lighten the
ratepayers of a little of their load. The mo de of
application followed at EdiLburgh is the same es
on Mr. LAWES'S grounds at Rugby, where the
sewage is poured in large quantities from open
carriers over grass exclusively, as much as 20,000
tons per acre being applied annually by the Edin-
burgh arrangements, and 6,000 tons by Mr. LANES.
The other plan consists of moderate dressings,
applied by hose and jet to all descriptions
of crops, and this appears to be by far
the most satisfactory, as the excessive application of
sewage has been found by Mr SOMES to destroy the
finer grasses, and that the grass grown by means
of these large dressings is not good for milk, and
will not feed bullocks when used alone. Oa the
contrary, from the experiments made by the Earl
of ESSEI at Cashiobury, Mr MILES, M.P., near
Bristol, and Mr Alderman MECHI at Tiptree Hall,
it appears that the more moderate application of
sewage by hose and jet produces nothing but bene.
ficent results. The committee append to their re-
port a very valuable and interesting letter from
Baron LIEBIG on the matter, in which that great
master of practical chemistry explains very clearly
the action of sewage, and shows how necessary it is
t 3 guard against the mistakes which ignorance might
commit. He shows how sewage, from its deficiency
i❑ certain constituents is apt, after greatly stimu-
lating the soil, to impoverish it, unless, like
stable manure, it contains all the elements neces-
sary to the soil. Sewage contains ammonia, po-
, testi, and phosphoric acid, but the latter in much
smaller proportions, so that in a soil R hich is
rich in phosphoric acid sewage will have a good
effect, since the soil itself supplies what is want-

RAIL WAYS.

____
Cash. Account.
Orleans •,. .... 840 .. 842 50
Northern .... .......... 9SO .. 955
Lyons and Mediterranean 885 .. 885
Southern ........587 50 .. 500
Western ........ 505 , _
Eastern
Sardinian 320 .. 317 50
Austrian ........ 452 50 .. 453 75
Low bard ...... 513 75 .. 5,3 75
North of Spain ........ 370 .. 368 75
Saragossa .............. 450 .. 450
Ditto to Barcelona .... 180 .. 175

THE ITALIAN PARLIAMENT.

TURIN, Nov. 12.

General Della Marmora addressed the Chamber
of Deputies to-day, He said he did not wish to
deliver a speech, but to make some declarations.
Before the Convention was concluded General Della
Marmora was opposed to it, fearing it would dis-
turb the already cemented union of the Italian pro-
vinces, and occasion the renewal of conflicts at
home. " This," he said, " I pointed out to M.
Drouyn de L'iuys and the Emperor." The Minister
continued :
" On returning to Italy I was led, contrary to
my intentions, to accept cffice under a difficult state
of things ; then, finding a treaty signed, I threw
aside ell apprehension, and prepared myself to
support it in concert with my colleagues. I observed,
contrary to my previous impressions, that there
was no real danger of discord, no risk of a renewal
of disturbances. I saw also that everybody in
Italy regarded the engagements of September as
serious, and the sentiments manifested by Parlia-
ment on the occasion of the recent exchange of de-
spatches with France prove the loyalty with which
the Convention is regarded. We have, therefore,
been able to say that the Ministry will have the
strength to execute the treaty—strength derived
from your union and the moral support of the coun-
try. The question of the transfer of the capital is
a delicate one for me, a Turinese. Turin militarily
cannot be the capital, but the public mind should
have been prepared for the news of its fall. I
regret the suspicion which has been cast upon the
views of France. I have been able• to approach
the Emperor several times, and have found him
disposed ever since 1852 to occupy himself at some
time with Italian affairs. He permitted, notwith-
standing certain opposition, that Italian affairs
should be discussed at the Congress of Paris.
You remember Plomb'eres and the glorious Italian
war ? The King having had an interview with
the Emperor at Valleggia, the result was that the
former only accepted the preliminaries of the peace
of Villafranca as far as he himself was concerned.
Upon Count Cavour's death the Emperor
generously recognised the Kingdom of Italy, thus
rendering possible its recognition by the other
Powers. Ia 1862 he sent his squadron to compli-
ment the Ktng at Naples. Perhaps the Emperor
had once doubts, as some of us have had, of the
possibility of Italian unity, but now I am convinced
he thinks our unity irrevocable. We will not take
one step backwards ; we will go forward prudently
and slowly, but without intermission, The Roman
question remains perfectly clear in all men's minds.
As regards the mode of solution, it is not undesirable
to have time before us. I have great confidence in
the Ealperor, who has entirely devoted himself to
the Roman question. I believe also that he will
assist us for Venice ; I speak as a private person.
Same solution may become possible with respect to
Venice. I believe the mind of the Emperor of
Austria may be brought to fresh resolutions with
this object.
General Della Marmora said, in conclusion :
"I renew the expression of my wish that you
should approve the treaty." (Great applause.)
Signor Musolino then spoke at great length
against the Convention, which he considered fatal.
He proposed to fortify Turin.

tiny ; but "as in each successive crop a certain
quantity of phosphoric acid is abstracted, the
total quintity in the soil is, by continual appli-
cation of sewage, gradually diminishing every
year, and a time must arrive when the phospho-
ric acid is insufficient for further crops, and
sewage ceases to produce its former effects."
There are therefore two things to be done;
first, to make the fact clearly understood
that sewage, if used exclusively, will answer
only for the time, and secondly, that for each crop
the composition of sewage ought to be corrected
according to the nature of the soil. Baron LIEBIG
expresses himself most emphatically regarding the
benefit to be derived from the proper application of
sewage, and it is his earnest conviction of this that
makes him so anxious that no blunder in its employ-
ment should prejudice the former against its use.
[he course recommended by the committee of the
Common Council is undoubtedly the proper one to
pursue, for the question is a national one, and should
be carried out in a thorough and comprehensive
\manner, superior to all local rejudices or d.ffi3ulties,
and this can only be done by the agency of a duly
qualified representative of metropolitan interests.

rHE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 14, 1864.

Marshes,

REEXAMINATION OF THE ACCUSED.
On Saturday the prisoner, Ferdinand Edward Karl Kohl,
was brought up before John Gurney Fly, Esq., and a full
bench of magistrates, when several witnesses were called
whose examinations had been previously taken,either at the

The Murder at Boulogne.

De at:

och.

The death of Mr M'Culloch on Friday last is the
loss of a valuable public servant and a distin-
guished man of letters. He had been for some
time past subject to attacks on the chest of a
dangerous tendency, and his last seizure a few
days since proved fatal. From its commencement
he gradually declined in strength, but retained all
his faculties till his last moments.
Mr M'Culloch was born in Wigtonshire on the Ist
of March, 1789, and he was, therefore, in his 76th
year. His father possessed a small freehold estate
in that county, and was of the class of small pro-
prietors in the English border counties denominated
"statesmen"—cultivators of their own acres. The
son received from his ma'ernal grandfather, a Scotch
minister, his early education ; that is, ho was
" grounded" in his mother tongue, with some ele-
mentary instruction i❑ the dead languages after
the then Scotch fashion. On leaving school Mr

inquest or at Stratford police-court.
Joseph Gurstcn identified the deceased's boots, which were
muddy up to the ankles.
Inspector Goode, of the Thames police, who, with a man
named Jones, found the murdered man's head in a rat-
hole, added that when he saw the place where the head was
buried it looked as if it had been pressed down with the feet
to make it look the same as the rest,
Henry Z ulch said he had identified deceased's head before
the coroner, and on the day ho was missing prisoner came
to his house about twelve or half-past, and told him he had
been up to London with deceased and asked him to wait,
and when he came out of the sugar-house, where he went
for work, he was gone. Deceased slept at witness's house
after he left Mrs Warren's, but hod his meals at Kohl's.
Henry Lees, the witness who saw the accused and de-
ceased walking together on the day he was missed,along the
river bank near where the body was found, in answer to a
question by the prisoner, raid he was positive it was the
deceased man he saw walking with him, and not the pri-
soner's cousin " Bill."
Wm. Hudson also corroborated Lee's evidence as to seeing
deceased and prisoner between 10 and a quarter past 10 on
Thursday, the 3d inst., walking along the river wall between
the Oil II orks and where the body was found. They passed
him, deceased walking on the right side of the prisoner. He
knew them from seeing them twice in the mar.hes, where
he had been at work for the previous ten days. He particle-
larly noticed them, because he heard them speaking in a
language he did not understand.
Mary Ann Wade, a lodger in Kohl's house, proved see-
ing Kohl and deceased go out together about half past 9 on
the Thursday morning. Kohl came home by himself about
one, and his clothes being all mud she said to him, " Good
gracious, Charley, where have 3on been to in the mud ?"
Me made no reply, but went into the yard and brushed it
off. The back of his coat, his elbows, and his trousers were
all in a mess with mud. Ho went out, and returned about
half-past three, when he said he was going to Germany, Did
not observe any particular difference in Kohl's appearance
till the evening, when he looked pale, and his eyes sunk in
his head. When asked if he was going to Germany he said,
" Yes, and if John (deceased) was not home in two hours ho
should break his boxes open." They had proposed to go
together, and Kohl's wife remarked, " If you wait two hours
you will be too le.to for the ship." She had Leen getting
ready to go all day. Was in the habit of lending Kohl her
chopper, and fetched it out of his kitchen on Friday morn-
ing, the 4th ins},, and then she found that it had been
painted red at the upper end where the handle fits in.
The chopper was produced; it is a hammer and hatchet,
and a formidable weapon.
Eliza Whitmore said—l live at No 4, Hoy-street, and
on Thursday, the 8d inst., I saw the prisoner and the
young German go out together about half-past nine. Kohl
came home about one o'clock by himself.
The Chairman—Did you see him come in ?
Witness—No. I saw him brushing his coat in the garden,
He went out again shortly after one, and I went downstairs
and saw his wife, and said, " Kohl has missed John ; it is
very strange that should be, as you were all going to Ger-
many together," She said, " It js."i Kohl came ,in a little
before three, and I asked him if he had found John, and he
said no. I asked him if ho meant .o go to Germany if John
did not come back, and I said I thought ho meant to give
him the slip, because he had no money, but Kohl said, " 0
yes he had, because I saw £1 108 in his hand this morning;
as we were going along he showed it to me." I asked him
again if he meant to go to Germany, and ho said yes; and
if John is not back in two hours I will open his boxes." His
wife said if they waited so long they would be too late.
Kohl took a small pcker from the kitchen and went upstairs.
He said to some one come up and see. Kohl's wife's cousin
went up. and when he (the prisoner) came down again he
said "John will never come back, as all his thinks are
gone." Kohl went out again, and did not come back again
till five o'clock, and he then looked very bad.
Mr Superintendent Howie said that he did not propose
to offer any further evidence at present, and would there-
fore ask for a remand.
The prisoner, who did not seem to understand one-half of
the proceedings, but who questioned the witnesses with
some degree of shrewdness, was then removed, the inquiry
having lasted upwards of four hours.

APCulloch. was placed i❑ the duce of a writer to
the Signet, but he did not pursue the profession

of the law. He settled in Edinburgh and at-
tended the public clasces of the University for
two years, but did not graduate or study for any

profession. Early in 1817 an accidental corm
munication of Mr M'Cullcc%'s to the Scotsman
(then first established) led to his connection with
that journal, and for some time he was the editor.
In the following year he commenced a series of
contributions to the Edinburgh Review, and also
gave lectures on political economy. In 1820 Mr.
M'Culloch quitted Edinburgh for London, con-
tinuing his contributions to the Scotsman for some
years, but contributing also to other periodical works
and giving lectures on political economy. In 1828
he was appointed professor of that science in Uni-
versity College, London ; but the chair being unen-
dewed, the number of students attending his lec-
tures was insufficient for his remuneration, and he
resigned the professorship. In 1838 the Whig Go•
vernment appointed him Controller of the London
Stationery-office, at a salary of £l,OOO per annum,
and he continued the head of this department till
his death. When he undertook its administration
the Stationery..office was an Augean stable. The
long and habitual waste of paper in the con-
sumption of the public offices and in printing was
fabulous. Mr M'Culloch accomplished a large
annual saving, far exceeding the cost of the depart•
ment he presided over. By his stern economy and
hatred of "jobs" he of course created enemies ; but
his judicious savings and integrity were undisputed,
and are matters of record in Parliamentary reports
and returns.
Mr M‘Culloch's more lasting and meritorious re-
putation,however,was gained by his literary labours.
They were the result of forty years of study and
experience. Statesmen had attended his lectures in
London, and his contributions to periodical works
had been various and diffuse, But he now began
to realise his acquirements. In 1837 Mr Charles
Knight published, in two Bvo volumes, his" Statism
tical Account of the British Empire." This valuable
work was subsequently republished by Messrs Long-
man in successive editions much enlarged. The
latter publishers brought out his " Dictionary of
Commerce and Commercial Navigation"—a standard
work annually reprinted and revised. These two
works may be considered his staple productions,
and they were reprinted in the United States and
translated in several European countries. His mis-
cellaneous works were numerous, and all more or
less valuable contributions to political and econo-
mical science. In 1828 he edited for Messrs Long-
man, in four vols. Bvo, the best edition of Smith's
" Wealth of Nations," with a life of the author, an
introductory discourse, notes, and supplemental
dissertations. In 1853 he published a volume of
" Treatises and Essays on Economical Po-
licy," comprising sketches of Quesnay, Adam
Smith, and Ricardo. This work was partly
a republication of articles contributed by the
author to the " Encyclot Delia Britannica," but
all were carefully revised and in part re-
written, some essays appearing for the first
time. In the same year appeared his volume on the
"Principles of Political Economy," lastly corrected
and revised. In 1855 he published his treatise on the
" Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and
the Funding System." In 1858 he also published
a valuable work on the " Succession to Property
vacant by Death ; including inquiries into the in.
fluence of primogeniture, entails, and compulsory
partition upon the public interests."
Mr M'Culloch collected a library on his own
special subjects of great value. It contained not
only almost every known English work on political
economy and statistics, but every foreign publication
on those subjects, and it comprised every pamphlet,
known or anonymous. In 1855 he published a
bibliographical volume on the literature of political
economy, a catalogue of his best books, with histo-
rical, critical, and biographical notices ; and only
two years since he completed and privately printed
a more extended and valuable catalogue raisonne.
Of the latter volume a very few copies were pre-
sented to personal and literary friends. The motto
on the title-page of this volume was from Barrow :
" The reading of books, what is it-but conversing
with the wisest men of all ages and all countries,
who thereby communicate to us their most delibe-
rate thoughts, choicest notions, and best inventions,
couched in good expression, and digested in exact
method ? '
The genius of Mr M'Culloch was not inventive.
lle sifted and recast the labours of others. Statistics
rather than the principles of political economy wen
hisforte ; but his works were generally lucid and
sound. He occasionally indulged in paradox, but
in this error he only followed Malthus, Whately,
and Senior. There are unsolved problems in poli-
tical science, and men of genius in advance of their
generation, groping in the dark, must sometimes
lose their way. Mr M'Culloch was an original mem-
ber of the Political Economy Club. and he assisted
Lord 0 verstono in the publication of his lordship's
miscellaneous tracts on political economy. In social
lite he was hospitable, genial, and warm-hearted,
and he was esteemed by a large circle of friends
I who will deeply lament his loss.
Ist.

FURTHER AND LATEST PARTICULARS,
On Saturday morning Mr Superintendent Howie, of the
K division, and the other officers engaged in the case made
further inquiry, and have discovered the name of the pawn-
broker who received the deceased's clothes after the murder,
and the garments will be produced at the adjourned inquest
on Thursday evening next.
A number of constables proceeded to the reed field and
made further search, but nothin g alditional could be found.
Sergeant Clarke, of the detective force, when he found the
chopper which was produced before the Ilford magistrates,
('discovered that a new handle had been recently placed in

the iron part, and the wooden handle found in the teed fi.ild
by Sergeant Bridgland, 65 K, on Thursday, was the original
one, which has since been identified by Mrs Warren, the
landlady. The police have also ascertained the place where
the red paint was purchased, and from information given
to the officers late on Saturday evening, evidence will be
adduced to show that the prisoner pledged the missing
clothes of the deceased, and some articles of jewellery
belonging to the deceased. The key belonging to the de-
ceased's boxes has been discovered by Sergeant Clarke, and
the duplicates have likewise been found.
Yesterday (Sunday) morning several thousand persons
visited the scene of the murder, and a considerable number
proceed from the metropolis in carts and other vehicles to
the river side, where the police were engaged in searchiig
the mud and bank of the Thames at low water. The traffic)
through the field was so great yesterday that the lofty reeds
were trodden down and hundreds carried away by the per-
sons visiting the place.
A great number of persons visited the BA and Anchor
Tavern yesterday and made application to see the body of
the murdered man, but Mr Joyce, the landlord, refused, as
the police had given strict orders for the body to be kept
locked up. After the completion of the post-mortem exa-

- .
mination on Friday evening the stomach and intestines
were sealed up for analysis by order el the coroner (Mr C.
C. Lewis). The clothes worn by the deceased and the
accused (Kohl) have been forwarded to Dr Letheby, the
professor of chemistry of the London Hospital, who has been
instructed to analyse the marks and stains.
At the conclusion of the examination of the prisoner on
Saturday afternoon, at the Sessions-house, Ilford, the pri-
soner asked permission to see his wife, which waa granted
by the chairman of the bench of magistrates. He was re•
moved from the dock by Inspector Nightingale into one of
the rooms of the gaol, where his wife was introduced to
him. The meeting was a very brief one, and, after a few
minutes' conversation, he shook hands and parted with
her in tears. It was stated that the prisoner desired several
witnesses to be summoned by the police for the defence, and
be gave instructions for the engagement of a solicitor.
On Saturday morning several artists were engaged in
making sketches of the road, field, and adjacent parts by
the side of the Thames.

The Impartial de Boulogne gives additional particulars
respecting the above crime in its number of Saturday la-
It seems that the accused Leducq persisted until Thursday
afternoon in the story ho at first told, viz , that the two
children did not belong to him ; that they bad been entrusted
to him by a woman at Folkestone to deliver to some one
who would be in waiting for them at Boulogne; and that
upon meeting in the latter place with a person who claimed
them, he had given them up. On the day referred to, how-
ever, he was visited at the House of Detention by M. 0 tizouf,
the commissary of police. A photograph of the two child-
ren found drowned had been taken, and during M. Ouzours
visit it was accidentally seen by Leducq. "At the sight
of this photograph,' says the _lmpartial de Boulogne
he turned pale, and became excited in the most extraordi-
nary manner; tears flowed down his checks, and he ex-
claimed, My poor children I' A few minutes afterwards
he made a more explicit confession, but which is still in-
complete. The following is a eummary of his declarations,
according to information which we have every reason to
believe correct :—Leducq resided at 4, Biggin-street, Dover.
His mistress, who was of English origin, was named Anne
Campbell, and was 32 years of age. He had by her the
two children drowned; the elder, Henry, was born in
January, 187,0, and was therefore nearly five years old;
his robust constitution alone induced the belief that he
was older• The other, Arthur, was born on the Bth Oct.,
1861; he had only just attained his third year. Leducq
had been without a situation for about two or three
months ; his concubine kept a greengrocer's shop,:but she
is said to have led an irregular life, and had abandoned the
two children exclusively to his charge. He was plunged is
the deepest misery, and did not know where to get bread.
There is no doubt that he was recently unfortunate at Dover;
pawnbrokers' tickets for men's and women's clothing
pledged in the town were found upon him ; the most recent
was dated the sth November. At that date he received 1.5 s
for a pledge. Unable to procure work, he resolved to quit
England with his children, but he had no intention of
destroying them at that period. He left Dover on
Sundry. An employe of the South Eastern per-
fectly recollects seeing him walking on the quay at
Folkestone with his two children ; he appeared very much
absorbed. Having landed at Boulogne at half•past 4, he
remained about en hour and a half in the baggage room,
and even pieced his children near the fire, as they com-
plained of cold. When he left ho asked himself what he
should do. Should he abandon them in the street? Oc
should he get rid of them and perish with them ? He re-
solved that it would be better to put them and himself out
of misery. With this view ho crossed the bridge, walked
along the quay, and then entered the road leading to the
cement works. There he placed tho carpetbag and the box
which he carried upon the ground, seized the children by
the waist with each hand, and threw himself into the stream
with them; but he had not the courage to remain there,
got out, and went away. Such is said to be the sutstanee
of Leducq'e confeeeien."

"We regret to have to announce the death," says
the Malta Observer," on the 29th October, of Mgr. Publio
de Conti Sant, late Archbishop of Rhodes and Bishop of
Malta, at the age of 85. Ho was created Bishop of Larada
in paltibus in the year 1818, and on the death of Mgr.
Caruana in 1847 was raised to the highest ecclesiastical
post in Malta, which ho continued to oceupy until 1857,
when he retired into private life. The late prelate was
greatly beloved by his flock for his Christian piety, and his
death has cast a deep gloom over the city."
THE CONEDERATE PRISONERS IN CANADA.—Mr
G. N. Sanders, the well known Confederate agent, writes to
the Montreal Evening Herald, stating that " So soon as
the fact of Young's demonstration upon Vermont shall be
known at Richmond, there is no doubt that that Govern-
ment will take immediate steps to make their responsibility
and approval of the enterprise publicly and officially known,
and will assuredly communicate the fact of their responsi-
bility and of their approval to the Canadian and United
States authorities."
SPAIN AND PERU.—The Epoca says—" In order
to remove the doubts raised by the conduct of Senor Barred a,
Minister in Peru, we now state, upon excellent information,
that the fact of Senor Barreda not having earlier arrived in
Spain arises from the instructions of his government to
effect an arrangement, if pcssible, and to sign a treaty at
London or Paris with the Spanish representatives at those
Courts, which would afterwards be submitted to the Spanish
Government. To this end he would solicit the good offices
of the English and French Cabinets. Tho Spanish Govern-
ment has naturally made it the first of all conditions for an
honourable and acceptable settlement of the pending diffi-
culty that the Peruvian representative should come to
' Madrid."

It is reported that Mr. Vioiog's tenure of the
Princess's Theatre will shortly expire. Rumour says that
among the conditions of the agreement under which Mr
Vining holds the theatre from Mr Webster, the leaseholder,
was a stipulation that no play by Mr Boucicault should be
acted. This was broken by the production of " The Streets
of London," and Mr Waster claims the penalty, and Mr
Vining has to leave.
Miss Herbert takes the St. Jtmes's from Boxing
Night with Mr and Mrs Frank Matthews in her company.
Mr William Brough is writing the burlesque.
ST. JAMES'S HALL.—On Saturday afternoon the
"Wizard of the North" invited the following schools to
witness his ninth matinie, numbering over 750 boys and
girls :—St Betelph, Aldgate ; St John's Band of Hope,
Emmanuel Hospital, Bishopsgste Ward, and the Merchant
Seamen's Orphan. The juveniles seemed to enjoy the treat
provided for them by Professor Anderson. The Commer-
cial Travellers' School at Planer have accepted the invita-
tion for Saturday next,