The Sun.
London, England, 1852-04-27 00:00:00

A POWERFUL MICROSCOPE.

A Gorman named Hasert, residing in Cincinnati, has
mauntactured a microscope which has a magnifying
power of 600. The Cincinnati Times, speaking of its
extraordinary powers,-says that the dust which, by con-
tact with the wings of a butterfly, adheres to the finger,
was shown to be a number of feathers; on these little
feathers are observed longitudinal and transverse lines,
but this has bean, so far, the utmost that has been seen.
This new micrsseope, however, shows that between each
pair of longitudinal lines there era five or six rows of
scares, like those of a fish, and appear to hay the same
form in all the feathers, differing only in size. A
dust particle, taken from the back of the body
of a sphinx, which is the largest of these feathers
shown, measuring one fifteenth of . an inch in
length, and one two-hundredth of an inch in breadth,
had 104 longitudinal lines. Between each pair of lines
six rows of scales were visible, making the number of
these little scales, laterally, 624; the number of scales
longitudinally, downwards, would be 2,228; therefore,
the entire number of these scalos on - this little -feather
amount to one million four hundred thousand, which
gives the number of fourteen thousand millions .to one
square inch. On a very minute particle of dust from
the wing of a jimes, measuring only one five-hundredth
of an inch in length, and one-thousandth of an inch in
width, the number of scales is found to be 84,000, which
gives the enormous sum of 42,000,000,000 to one square
inch. We observed, also, large sizes of the oat and
common house flea, the eye of a fly, and the wing of a
small bug, the latter presenting the most brilliant co-
lours and beautiful shawl pattern we ever beheld, with
a magnificent border, elaborately ornamented.

caslon of the
TENturd, BATT]
cult THE BERKELEY BUNT.
of the
the pi"gh Hotel, RDA.l.—A,„diuner. took place at
Cheltenham, last evening, on the oc.
Bpresentationee to Earl Fitzhardinge, by mem-
bersof the subscribers'
ie.
iece of plate, subscribed for in
diorict,
of a
aclitenitzdlltint and other sportsmen of this
Lord's generosity
testimony
appreciation of the Noble
and noble stud for nantaining a pack of foz• hounds
ham country. The huntingohair the Berkeley and Chef ten-
ford, of Woller's Hal_, z was taken by Mr. C. E. Han-
right, and Sir Charlles ahlreFitzhardinge sitting on his
the members of the Berrtall on his left. Most of
sent. The Duke of
Beauforte e Hunt were pre.
excusing himself on sooon sent an apology,
his health. After the usual •of the state of
had been given, the chairman, in
ii:troductory toasts
scribers, presented the testimonial tneEnaraim
ye of the sub-
It is a massive piece of silver plate, intended to
repre-
sent an incident in the history of the Berkeleyto
Earl Fitzhardinge, having acknowledged the te' family'
enteri:d into acme remarks on the duties of stillionial,
of foxhounds, and traced his own ardent love of master
faster
chase to his peru.3al, when a boy, of s -. ,° the
omervide s poem
of The Came, from which he quoted large! He
be-
came niiiiter of hounds at 2 age. 1 years of Y-
He bud a
liberal allowance, but not enough to keep two whippers-
in, and therefore he became first whipper-in himself.'
But he had great difficulties to encounter. The first of
these was want of experience, so that in giving his health
atter dinner his friends used to name it as •‘ The pack
and the puppy." Then his was not a regular pack of
hounds. He was obliged to take what he could get—
the refuse of other kennels—those whosecapital sentence
had been commuted to transportation, so teat he looked
upon his kennel as a sort-of penal settlement to which
the reprobates of all other packs guilty of serious
offences had been drafted. He had mute hounds, and
babblers, and shirkers, and hounds so slack that they
would_not hunt onyttling, and other hounds so wild that
,they would hunt everything. He was, however, not to
be daunted, or his fire essay might have pat him clowil,
46 Lordallip thtl4 gave -tut amuslng account of his -EKss
.4111 lean SI 4)IOWoRt Woods, cis gig .;441i gi OPt

LONDON,

1808, when his hounds, instead of fox hunting, gave
chase to a cur, and afterwards worried a flock of sheep,
and after that another cur. But, though so untrained,
there was good stuff in them, and they were the an-
cestors of his present pack, which wore acknwledged to
be good hounds. The past season was admitted to be
one of the worst ever known, but his hounds had been
out 108 days, and had killed 112 foxes. But his Lord-
ship added, the formation of a pack of foxhounds was
not solely confined to the sports of the field; there were
a great many friendships formed and cemented in the
hunting field, and charmingly interwoven with the other
relations of life. After some further remarks his Lord-
ship resumed his seat, and other toasts followed, the
party sitting late.

SEABORNE MAILS.
Dir signifies that the mails are sent front the deneral Post-offfee
by the night—and Si by the morning—dispatch.]

When made up is Frem what whoa
PLACES. leneralPost-oelce I port dis-
due.
London: l patched.
America (by Brit. pkt.)N April SO Liverpool April 26
&merles. (by U.S. pkt.) NiM4y 4 .. ..ILiverpool • • April 24
America (by U.S. pkt.) 51 April 21 Mouthampt. May 7
Africa (West coast).. N 14th or the month Plynsoath May 3
Alexandria* • ....... N 19th & 30th of me. Dover .. April 28
Belgian • . N Daily .. !Dover
Brazil.. . .. M 9th of the month Southampt. May 16
Buenos Ayres •• 9th of the month :Southampt. May 16
California(viaChagree)M ld St 17th of montb Southampt. May S
Cape of Good Elope N 14th at month IPlymouth•• May 3
Constantinople* .... Ith 1 7th 27th of moiDover .. April 30
Central America .. M !2d & 17th of men. 18outhampt. May S
Channel tales N Mon., Wed., & Fri. 844uthamPt. Ta. Th.Elat
Chili . 51 17th of the month Southampt. May 5
Trance M& N Twice daily Dover •• Twiertdally
Greene* 1717th 17th27th of mo Dover April 30
Elamburgh Ni Tuesday & Friday London .. Toes. Sat.
Wednes. & Sattir. London ..
Elonduras . 57117th of the month Southampt. Arrived
Ireland! .. M& N Twice daily.. liolyhead •. Twicevlalll
India(via Southamp.) htlOth of the month,Southrusapt. May 20
India (via Marseilles) N eth&24th efmonth Dover .. May 1
Mediterranean (via
Southarrnfon) 5140th of the month Southampt. May 20
Kediterianean (via
Marseilles) N Stitt 24th ofmonth Dover .. May 1
Mexico M 2d of the month.. iSouthampt. May
2
Madeira • • M 9th of the month Southampt. May 16
Malta* 7th,17th,19th,27th _
& 30th of month Dover April 1
Naples* .. N sth 15th 25th ofme Dover .• May 2
Papal States* .. N sth 15th 25th of mo Dover .. May 2
Peninsular.. •• .. 7t111.7th 27th et mo,Southatnet. May 6 •
Porn 111'17th of the month 'Soathampt, Stay 5
Tuscany* N sth 15th 25th ofmoDever .. !May 2
West Indies 17th of the mouth ISouthampt. !May 20

Tus- cany* N sth 15th 35th of mo'
West Indies M,l7th of the mouth
West Indies (except
Savanna & Sasses) M 2d of the month ..,
• The mails to those a ountrl as thus mar]
French packet via Marseilles

!Sonthazapt.iMay 5
ked (*) are conveyed b

IMPERIAL PARLIANIENT.
HOUSE OF LORDS. April 26.
Lord REDESDALE presided in the absence of the Lord
Chancellor.
MASTERS IN CHANCERY.
Lord CAMPBELL, in explanation .of what had
fallen from him the other evening, which he was sorry
to find had been misunderstood by the Masters in
Chancery, disclaimed any intention of having spoken
slightingly of the persons in question, his observation
had been meant merely to apply to the office, and not
to those who held it.
THE MILITIA BILL.
Lord PORTMAN presented a petition from Kings-
bridge against calling out the militia, in the prayer of
which hi• Lordship said that he fully concurred.
Sr. ALBANS DISFRANCHISEMENT BILL.
On the motion for going into Committee,
Lord REDESDALE, in compliance with the resolu-
tion of the House passed on Friday night, directed coun-
sel to be called to the bar.
Lord VERUL A.AI said that since the passing of this
resolution he bad communicated with the Mayor of St.
Albans, and had been informed by that officer that the
inhabitants of St. Albans had thought it unnecessary to
take up the time of their Lordships by appearing by
counsel Against the Bill.
The Bill then passed through Committee.
The Earl of HARR,OWBY, in the absence of the
Earl of Shaftesbury, postponed the motion standing in
his name on the sanitary condition of the metropolis.
Their Lordships then adjourned.

HOUSE OF COMMONS, April 26.
The SPEAKER took the Chair at Four u'olock.
PRIVATE BUSINESS.

The following Billa were read a third time and
passed:—
Forth and Clyde Navigation.
London and Southampton Road through Bishop'a

Waltham.
Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway (No. 1).
Shr-ffield Bridges and Streets.
York and North Midland, and East and West Yorkshire
Junction RAil ways.
The Bury (Sussex) Road Bill and the Deptford Gas
Bill, as amended, were considerfd and agreed to.
The Manchester and Salford Edo° pion Bell was read
a second time on the xnoti..n of Mr. RHO raER fON.
PETITIONS.

Mr. MITCHELL presented a petition from Bridport
against the eiilitia Bill.
Mr. GEORGE DUNCAN presented a petition from
a place in Scotland against the Maynooth grant.
Mr. C. BRUCE presented a petition from a place in
Scotland against the abolition of university tests.
Mr. BAILLIE presented a petition from Inverness
against the Meynooth grant.
Mr. BIM-MERTON presented seven petitions from
various pieces in the kingdom against the Militia Bill.
Alderman THOMPSON presented a petition from
Westmoreland aCsinst the grant to Maynooth.
Sir G. STRICKLAND presented a petition from
Preitan against the Militia Bill.

Mr. COWAN presented several petitions from Edin-
burgh and otter places in Scotland against any endow-
ment to May nooth; also petitions from Edinburgh and
other places in Scotland against Sunday labJur iu the
Post-office.

Mr. W. J. FOX presented a petition from Oldham
against the Militia Btil. _ . _

A.NEY presented several petitions in favour
of the I, galizeion of industrial partnerships.
Mr. COBDEN presented petitions from Hilirax and
other places in Yorkshire against the Militia Bill.
Mr. J. ELLIS presented a petition from LAcester to
the same effect.

Mr. KE0k;11 presented a petition from Halifax
against the Charitable Trusts all.
Sir DE L A.CY EVANS presented a petition from
the metropolis in favour of retaining the Crystal Palace.
Mr. HASTIE presented petitions from Scotland
against the Pndow rn en t to M4ynooth and the Militia Bill.
Lord SEYMOUR, presented a petition from Totnes
to the same effect.

Mr. G. THOMPSON presented a similar petition
from Chelsea and Brumptoa.
Sir R. H. INGLIS presented a petition from the Church
of England Lay Association, praying that no minister
be appointed to a church in %Vales who is unao
quain:ed with the Welsh language.
Sir G. PECHELL presented a petition from
Brighton, praying that original jurisdiction be given to
County Courts in cases of equity.
Mr. HILI_iYARD presented a petition from White-
haven against the Militia Bill.
Mr. HENLEY presented a petition from Oxfordshire
in favour of the establishment of county financial boards.
Mr. MANGLES presented a petition from Guildford
against the Militia Bill, and that thanks be given to
Mr. Cobden and other Hon. Members who had distin-
guished themselves in opposing the meciure.
The SPEAKER—I have to inform the Hon. Member
that the petition cannot be received.—(Laughter.)
The petition was consequently wi hdrawn.
Mr. MONSELL presented several petitions from Ire-
land against the Cearitable Trusts Bill.

Mr. G. HUDSON presented a petition from Sunder-
land against the Militia Bill.
Mr. BRIG HT presented a considerable number of
petitions from various parts of the country against the
Militia Bill.

Sir B. HALL presented similar petitions from Mary.
labone and lannonntb.

Mr. M. GIBSON presented s similar petition from
Worsley.

MILITIA BILL.

Mr. M. GIBSON asked the Secretary for the Home
Department if he would have any objection to print
and circulate copies of the 42d Geo. 111,, and the other
Acts amending the same, which were incorporated or re-
ferred to in the measure now before the House, in
order that Members and the public might know the
nature of that measure.

Mr. WALPOLE said the Hon. Member was per-
fectly at liberty to make a motion on the stibjAct if he
pleased. The Acts he referred to were to be found in
the statutes at large.—(A laugh.)
THE REV. MR. BENNETT. _ _

Colonel BOYD gave notice that to-morrow be would
ask the Chancellor of the Exchequer whether he was
prepared to state to the House what steps had been taken
by the Government towards instituting the promised
inquiry respecting the appointment of the Ret-Mr :-Ben-
nett to the living of Frorne.
MILL CIA. BILL.
Colonel SIBTHORP gave notice of an amendment to
the Militia Bill for abolishing the qualification formerly
required for officers in the militia, and also for altering
the mode of their appointment.
THE LATE ARCHBISHOP MURRAY.
. • .

Sir W. VERNER had obtained permission to ask
the, Noble Lord the Member for the city of London a
question, of which he had given the Noble Lord notice.
The House was probably aware, that on a recent occa-
sion a sermon bad been preached in Dublin in comme-
moration of the late Archbishop Murray, and the priest
who preached the sermon is reported to have
said that the deceased prelate was solicited by the Go-
vernment of the day to accept a distinguished post in
the Privy Council as a reward for his unblemished life,
and the high reputation which be held for wisdom. The
deceased prelate, however, declined the offer, and he
wished now to ask the Noble Lord the Member for the
city of London, if he was aware of any such offer ever
having been made by the late Government?—(Hear.)
Lord JOHN RUSSELL—Sir, I have no hesitation
in stating that the fact asserted by the Rev. Gentleman,
and now repeated by the Hon. Baronet, is substantially,
correct; but I should have hesitated making that admis-
sion had I not been called upon formally to avow it.—
(Hear.) It was proposed to the late Archbishop to take a
seat at the Privy Council in Ireland, and the Archbishop
had declined to accept it.—(Hear, hear.) Sir, I can
only say that it give me great satisfaction to make
that proposal, which
I did through Lord Besborough,
and I much regretted at the time that it was net accepted
by a prelate whose character I esteem and whose memory
I revere.—(Hear, hear.)
Mr. EW ART wished
LEGAL EDUCATION.
to ask the Attorney-General
whether any farther proceedings had taken place, on the
part of the Inns of Court, in
promotion of the question of
egal education.

7"Tha.AZTOENEY-GENERAL..wIa . uob obliged to
1110441, goiltkliail igaroailksisitulif

Eta ing, for the information of the public, a few facts
upon a matter of some interest.--(Elear.) The benchers
ef the four Inns of Court had, for a considerable time,
devoted the most anxious attention to the subject of legal
ed _motion, and they had at length unanimously ageed upon
a plan which they believed would be highly beneficial
to the profession and the public.—(Hear, hear.) Pro-
fes torships or readerships were to be established in the
different societies to be liberally endowed, and lectures
were to be given, and private classes to be formed for
the purpose of instructing students before they were
callei to the bar.—(Hear, hear.) It would be
necessary hereafter for a student to obtain a certifi-
cate of having attended a course of three lectures,
or to be in a position to prove that he
had satisfactorily passed a public examination, and,
for the purpose of encouraging the students to sub-
mit themselves to these examinations, testimonials were
to be given to those who were found to be the most
proficient.—(Hear.) Ile need not enter into any mi-
nute details of the proposed change in the system, and
he hoped that the explanation he bad given would oon-
vince the Hoe. Gentleman and the public that the
benchers of the Inns of Court ware evinciag a laudable
desire to promote legal education.
LOSS OF THE BIRKENHEAD.
Mr. DRUMMOND wished to ask a question on the
subject of this ill-fated vessel, and in order to make his
question intelligible to the House it would be necessary
tor him to mention ;that her Majesty had the power of
grantieg compensation to the amount of 801. To illustrate
his meaning the Hon. Member slated that an officer
on board the Birkenhead was the son of a very poor
clergyman, who had totally lost everything he possessed,
to this amount of 3001, and it was quite impossible for
him and his friends to make the same good.—(Hear.)
The question he wished to ask the Secretary at War
was, whether there was any ground for hope that the
Qaeen's Ministers would recommend to her Majesty to
grant any compensation, by promotion or otherwise, to
toe officers who survived in the Birkenhead, for their
heroic conduct and total loss of their property in that
miserable ehipwreck?
Major BERESFORD was happy to have this oppor-
his approbation and that of those who
acted with w
to the conduct displayed
_ by the men
and officers who were present at the loss of this unfor-
tunate vessel, more especially as the troops on board
taucn
were not old soldiers, but recent and raw levies, who
oifthgi ni
were going to join their regiments; and it showed that
that discipline 80 effective on the field could
be acquired with a long period of drill.—(llear, hear.)
The question of the Honourable Member seemed to re-
solve itself into two parts, one as regarded promotion,
and one as regards compensation. As regarded the
question of compensation, he had only to ssy that the
War• office would be at all times ready to distribute com-
pensation upon the most liberal principle, according
to the regulations contained in her Majesty's warrant.
All these wasters, however, were usually brought before
a board of officers; and although, in the majority of in-
stances, the animism compensation was' restricted to
801., yet in sPechil cases like this the board had power
to go beyond
- -at sum if the circumstances required
it.—(Elear, hello
lie could only say that any funds
placed at his deposit for the purpose should be most
cheerfully distibuted. With regard to the queetion
of promotion, it did not rest with the War-office, but
was vested in tie hands of the Commander-in-Chief,
who had always evinced a desire to recommend for her
Majesty's considoration all officers who distinguished
themselves on occasions like that referred to by the
Honourable Memher, and in four, case's of ship-
wreck where officers bad distinguished themselves
in saving life or otherwise they bad received regimental
promotion, or had been appointed to staff situations,—
(Hear, hear,) In conclusion, he had only to mention
tnat a subscription hid been entered into for the reliet
of the widows and orphans of thoee who perished in
the Birkenhead, and as the name of the highest person-
age in the land stood at the head of the list he could
only hope that when the proper time arrived the gene-
rosity of the House would be invoked with success In the
same direction,--(Hear, hear.)
GENERAL BOARD OF HEALTH BILL,
Sir GEORGE PECHELL said this Bill stood for
committal to-nigw
ht, it was number six on the paper, and
he wished to knowhether the Noble ',Ord at the heed
of the Woods and Works intended to bring it on, as he
intended to make some objections to its chose.?
Lord JOHN MANNERS said it certainly was his
intention to bring it on, and if the House gave him an
opportunity he should go into Committee on the Bill.
MILITIA BILL.—ADJOCIINED DEBATE.
Mr. HODGES said, before the adjourned debate was
resumed, he wished to make some explanation es to a
statement which he made on Friday, and which sp.
peered to excite some merriment. The statement
was that five hundred men devilled from a
militia regiment to which he belonge4 and he
certainly fell into a considerable error, for he had
received this morning a letter from the adjutant of the
regiment, from which be learnt that the number
amounted to 881.—( A laugh.) Thd battalion consisted
of 800 men, and during the time it was in existence
2,044 men had volunteered to join the regular army.
kr. MOFFAT r, in resuming the debate upon this
Bill, admitted that it was of too great importance to be
mixed up with party questions, or to give rise to cried-
nation on one side or re-crimination on the other. The
question was one of the most vital that could be brought
before the House. They were not to consider whether they
should have one or another Militia Bill, but whether the
defences of the country were in an efficient state.—
(Hear, Now, had they sufficient facts before
them to justify passing such a Bill It was said
that, people out of doors bad been lulled; into a no-
tion of security as to the defences of the country; but
that was not to be wondered at when it was known that
for forty yeses thirteen millions had been spent
annually in maintaining them.—(Cries of " Hear,
hear.") The letter of the Duke of Wellington had been
referred to as a reason for the present,Bitl, but the
proposition of that distinguished personage was to enrol,
not to embody, 80,000 of the militia. Where did the
danger of enenvasion come frem? Was it from Prussia.
Ausiris, Raseia, or Spain. He thought no one would
venture to show that an invasion was; to be apprehended
'rote those quarters. There could be no doubt that
France was the country meant, but if so it was much
better to speak out if any real danger was appreheuded,
instead of disturbing the economical arrangements of the
country—if danger did really menace them,, they
ought to increase the navy and make" it more
efficient. Our mercantile marine alone was a safe-
guard almost against invasion by the united navies
of the world. Our steam marine was nearly twenty
to one, as compared with that of France.
We had no less than 1,300 steamers, large and small,
which, in case of war breakieg out, might be made most
efficient. He did not think any case had been
made out for embodying the militia, and en-
tailing a cost estimated at so large a sum
upon the country. When the militia was called out in
1804, the expense incurred amounted to no less a sum
than 6,000,0001 In his opinion volunteer forces would
ba far more «fdicient and less expensive, and would besides
not disturb society, as the present measure proposed to 00.
He had such entire confidence in the maritime superiority
of this country, that be saw no neoessil for the Bill,
which he should now oppose, believing it would be in-
effective, mischievous, and vexatious.
Lord SEYMOUR believed it was the opinion of the
majority of the House that some measure was neces-
sary for increasing our national defences.—(Load
cries of " Hear, hear.") Two Governments would not
have introduced a Militia Bill without having been
convinced of the exi,tence of such a necessity.
Now, be asked himself this question —lf the
present Bill was rejected what chance had they of say
other being introduced and passed?—(Hear,) Clearly
no Government would venture to propose auy measure
either for a compulsory or voluntary militia. Le this
Bill they had both the voluntary and cumpuhory principle,
and those who were in favour of either ought
to support it.—(Hear, hear.) All the high autho-
rities on the subject had admitted that such a
Bill was necessary, apd he was astonished to find parties
in the House not only anxious to defeat the Bill,
but also to defeat the Government.—(Hear, hear.)
Was this Bill to be defeated because the Noble Lord
(Lord J. Russell) was opposed to it—because he thought
a local and not a general measure was necessary. He
thought that neither he nor any independent Mem-
ber of the House ought to take the responsibility on
themselves of throwing out the measure. He should
vote for the second reading on the understanding that he
should be at liberty to move amendments in Committee.
General REID thought he should commit a great
breach of his public duty if he remained silent on
so important a subject. As a military man, he looked
upon the measure with very little satisfaction;
but as the Government bad stated that they bad pro-
posed it after consulting the highest military sue
thorities, he should not refuse his sup-
port to the Bill, though he gave that support reluctantly.
He thought this kind of force would be a method of
providing for the safety of the countg whiah would be
most acceptable to all parties, because it would not be a
permanent burden on the resources of the country.
Mr. ELLICE did not consider this, so much a Militia
Bill as a Bill for raising a subsidiary force by voluntary
enlistment. Now, considering that employment was easy
to be obtained all over the country, he was afraid that,
supposing this principle of voluntary enlistment were
adopted, there would be au unfortunate competition be-
tween the two services ; and as the regular army found
it rather difficult to obtain recruits, he did not think
there would be much chance of obtaining a suffi-
cient number of men for the militia service. He
was not willing to argue the question as to the
neoessity of some increase in the military de-
fences of the country, but if we were to have
such an inorase, then it certainly ought to be
effected in the most economical manner possible. He
bad had some considerable experience of militisexpenses,
and he remembered that this country bad paid
six or seven millions for not one day's effi-
cient service. It occurred to him that a great
saving might be made by an alteration in the
military arrangements of our (felonies. For. instance,
in Cauecla we bad been keeping double the
Dumber of troops there for many years than were
really needed. Tbere were thirteen or fourteen stations
over which our troops were scattered, serving more its
police in some oases than anything else. We had also
5.000,000/. or 6,000,0001. worth of ordnance stores
there, and a large proportion of our artillery
which, so far from being of service, had probably only
had the effect of causing observations to be made with
respect to our fears of a foreign attack which would
not otherwise have been: sr • hear,)
At one time he had intended to propose a Committee
of Inquiry to ascertain what were our existing means of
defence, for really it appeared to him that-the House
had no settled information upon this. point.—(Hear
hear.) The Rouse had no established military
authority to guide thews, and, in facts it
seemed to him that, the House • was now
lelitdsool liggefeY ibilt4l.l4