The Sun.
London, England, 1864-01-29 00:00:00

Liverpool Cotton Market—This Day.

Sales of the week 31,201 bales, including 3,120
on speculation and 44,920 for exportation. Actual
export, 4,690 bales. Quotations—Middling Orleans,
271; Uplands, 27; Mobile, 271; fair Egyptians,
27f (Surats, 13 to 24i); ditto Bhallerah, 23;
stock, 253,900 bales; week's imports, 15,296.
To-day's market opens quiet and unchanged ; pro-
bable sales about 3,000 bales.

Horrible Occurrence with the Lions at the
Agricultural Hall, Islington,

At about half-past ten o'clock yesterday morning the
employes at the Agricultural Hall, Islington, were thrown
into a great state of consternation by hearing, in conjunc-
tion with the sudden roaring of the lions which form part of
the exhibition now taking place at that establishment. loud
screams proceeding from the part where the animals are
kept. An impression at first prevailed that some of the
animals had escaped. On investigation, however, it was
found that a man named Thomas Greaves, who has within
the last two or three days commenced his duties as a new
keeper and feeder of the animals, was drawn up close to the
cage of some of the lions. Some of the employes imme-
diately seized the long iron rods with a species of hoe at
the end, by which the cage is cleansed, and rushed to the
spot. One of the larger lions had the unfortunate man's right
hand in his mouth, whilst another had seized him by the
the bars of the cage nearly up to the armpit. Having no
thick part of the forearm, and dragged the limbs through
hot irons, the men at once set to werk belabouring the lions
over the skulls and eyes in order to make them loose their
hold. These proceedings at the outset only tended to in-
crease the ferocity of the animals,who, with loud yells,
commenced tearing the flesh from their poor victim's arm
otn
and hand with their claws. It Was not until the brutes
were nearly blinded with the blows inflicted upon them
that they were induced to relinquish their gripe. Mr.
Greaves was .drawn away with great difficulty, and fell
faintingte
ea t
on into
who had rescued him. He
was secretary's office in Barford-
t inan e
the
insensible arms etcof
h the
condition,
and deluged with blood.
sr
c conveyed
Dr. Thomas, of Cloudesley-street, and another medical
gentleman in the neighbourhood, were sent for and attended
in a few minutes; and in consequence of Greaves's exhausted
state, administered brandy and other stimulants. It was
then discovered that the hand was bitten completely through
and the flesh was torn off the arm, in most t parts to the bare
bone, very nearly from the shoulder to the wrist. Dr.
Thomas and his medical colleague, whose name did not
transpire, having placed the mutilated limb in bandages,
had the poor fellow placed in a cab, and personally accom-
panied him to St. Bartholomew's hospital, where, on exa-
mination by the surgeons of that institution, and after a
conference, it was understood that, in consequence of the
frightfully mutilated state of the arm and hand, amputation
would be absolutely necessary, and it was to take place so
soon as the sufferer should have sufficiently rallied from the
first shock to the system caused by the sad occurrence. The
report last evening was that he remained in too low a state
from loss of blood to undergo the operation, and is in a very
precarious state.
The circumstances under which the occurrence took place
are rather extraordinary, and, should death ensue, will no
doubt lead to a rigid investigation. It appears that this
collection of lions and lionesses with Which
Mr. Crockett
performs nightly at the Agricultural Hall, were, until re-
cently, the property of Mr.
Sanger, but they have been
purchased by Mr. Howe, with the intention, it is stated, so
soon as their present engagement at the Agricultural Hall
is terminated, to proceed with Crockett to America.
The man who has been in the habit of feeding and tending
the animals, and with whom they are as familiar and docile
as Crockett himself, has, it appears, in consequence of a
question of three or four shillings per week salary, been dis-
charged at the end of the present engagement ; and Greaves,
who had undertaken to supply his place at the requisite
price, had within the last day or two (it is stated he has
only been two days so engaged) commenced to feed and
initiate himself with the lions, so that they should know
him. He has even, it is stated, had the courab 0.
e to go once
into their den and feed them. At the time of the occurrence
he was engaged pushing some
its
between the bars,
either for the purpose of keeping it n the cage or of attract-
ing their attention and further familiarising himself to
them. Whilst doing this one lion. suddenly made a spring
upon his hand, and, fastening its fangs into it, drew him by
the arm inward. The roar and excitement of the first ani-
mal attracting the attention of the second, it sprang upon
the arm and mutilatal in the mauler described. It is
stated that the lions have been mote than usually savage
since the death of the large lioness, vhich took place during
the late frost.
During the afternoon Mr. Crockett and the lions went
through their usual exhibition during what is called the
morning performance, but nothing out of the ordinary way
transpired, only that the two lions who had been beaten
looked heavy and more gloomy than the others. It is now
felt to be desirable that red• hot irons should always be
kept at hand, as, had they been so, the animals would have
been made to let go their hold of the unfortunate men
instantly.

POLICE INTELLIGENCE—This Day.

MARLBOROUGH-STREET.

EXTRAORDINARY DELUSION.—A man who refused his
name and address was charged before Mr. Knox with break-
ing a pane of glass, of the value of £B, in the shop window
of Messrs. Swaine and Adeney, whip makers to the Royal
family, 185, Piccadilly, and also with breaking a pane of
glass, of the value of £5, in the window of Mr. Leuchars,
dressing-case maker, 38, Piccadilly.
On the prisoner being placed at the bar and asked his
name, he replied, " I am George Albert Charles Prince of
Wales."

Edward Borley, assistantto Messrs. Swaine and Adeney,
said—Yesterday afternoon the prisoner broke two of our
windows with two bricks.

Mr. Knox—Prisoner, do you wish to say anything ?

Prisoner—My explanation is, that on the previous even-
ing I told them to take the boards out of their window
about the Prince of Wales (the letters of appointment), as
I had never sanctioned the things to be given out. As
they refused to remove the boards I broke the window. I
have given notice to all the members of Parliament as to
my claim, and I am now waitin:,- for an -answer f►om Pal-
merston, Grey, or some of them, to know whether I am to
have the money and the Princedom, or Edward.

Mr. Knox—Who is Edward ?
Prisoner—The Prince of Wales.
Mr. Knox—What is the value of the glass ?
Borley—B.

Inspector 'Wilson, of the C Division—There is a second
charge against him for breaking a pane of glass at Mr.
Leuehars'.

Edward Metck, a shopman to Mr. Leuchars, said—Yes-
terday afternoon the prisoner, while in custody of a con-
stable, threw a stone at our window and broke it. The value
of the glass is £5.
Prisoner— I have nothing more to say than that it will
be paid.

Brosnan, 185 C—The prisoner, on nay taking him into
custody, wantod to know by what authority they placed
the boards in the window. He admitted breaking Messrs.
Swaine and Adeney's window, and while on the way to the
station he broke a window at Mr. Leucbars'.
Mr. Knot —I will remand the prisoner for a week.
Remanded.

It subsequently transpired that the man's name is

Hosier.

Thackeray's Kindness to Young Literary

Men.

With many more—some his personal friends,
some his literary associates, and others who knew
him only through his works—l was an unbidden
mourner at Thackeray's funeral. The day and hour
appointed for the burial were announced in all the
papers; and this seemed to me to be a general in-
vitation to all who loved him and held him in re-
spect. I was glad to think that there would be no
impertinence in my going to pay a last tribute of
respect to a great man who, unknown to all the
world but myself, had been to me in bygone days a
kind friend—those trying days before I had made
my mark on the "World of London." It seems but
yesterday that I stood hesitating at Thackeray's door
with a long-kept letter of introduction in my hand.
I had possessed that letter for years, but had never
presented it. And even now that I was at the
door my courage failed me. What pretence had I
for intruding myself upon his notice ? I was but
a poor scribbler, and no doubt there were scores of
them pestering him. The audacity of my conduct
appeared all the greater when I remembered that.
I had come with a manuscript in my pocket, and
that it was my intention to ask him to read it and
give his opinion upon it. If the door-bell had
not rung readily when I gently pulled the
handle, I am sure I should have turned and run
away, as Rogers did, frightened by his own knock
at the door of Dr. Johnson, or at least wheeled round
like Do Quincey when on his first pilgrimage to the
home of Wordsworth. But now the bell was rung,
and there was no retreating. A man-servant
speedily answered the summons and took away my
last chance by owning that Mr. Thackeray was at
home. The servant took my letter and went up-stairs,
leaving me to wait in the hall. Two objects that I
saw there remain to this hour indelibly impressed
upon my mind's eye, I can see them before me now,
and if I were an artist I could draw them accurately.
They were a hat and a pair of cloth gloves—
Thackeray's hat and glovos. It was just such a hat,
and they were just such gloves as I should have
expected Thackeray to wear; not dandified things,
but the hat and gloves of a man who bestowed little
thought upon such matters, and who probably would
not find out that they were old and worn until some
one told him it was time to get new ones. I remem-
ber that the hat, which seemed a very large one,
had a deep band of black cloth upon it, and the
gloves were also black. I dare say the smart young
porter who had just gone up-stairs with my letter
thought that hat and those gloves common, shabby
things enongh ; but to me they were more than
mere hat and gloves, for I had never seen their
owner, and I was picturing the man from what he
wore.

The servant came down presently and asked me
to step upstairs. t followed him nervously, and
was introduced into a large, comfortably furnished
study. Thackeray was seated at one of the win-
dows with his back towards me, absorbed in work.
He did not notice my entrance for a minute or so,
and seemed to be finishing a sentence—a sentence,
perhaps, of the next number of the " Virginians,"
to which I looked forward with so much interest.
At last he turned round in his chair, and with a
pleasant smile said—
Good morning, Mr. -; but I must tell you candidly
that I can't make out the signature attached to this letter.
I mentioned the name, and he recognised it at
once, and held out his hand to me, but still appa-
rently going on with his work.
I am very busy this morning making up for lost time ;
but come to the fire, and I'll talk to you. Take a seat.

I went up beside him, and saw him at his work.
The table was covered, not with books and papers,
as I had imagined, but with pencils and compasses,
and bits of chalk and India ink, and little square
blocks of boxwood. He was drawing, not writing,
and he was engaged at this moment upon an initial
letter, which I recognised next month in print. I
noticed now that there were no signs of the author
about the room—no blotting-pads, inkstands, or
pens—only the appliances of the draughtsman.
Going on with his work, he asked me many ques-
tions, and chatted about books and drawings—more
about drawings than books; and I was agreeably
surprised and considerably set at my ease by his
mentioning a little book of my own writing—a
trifling thing which it did not seem probable he
should have seen or heard of. He asked me if I
had done the drawings for it. I said "No," and
mentioned the name of the artist. After some more
pleasant chat of the same kind, still going on with
his drawing, he suddenly put down his pencil, and
turning round in his chair, said—
Well ; and how can Ibe of any service to you ? _ _

I was now quite at my ease with him, and freely
explained what particular views I had, and produced
the manuscript. He took it from me, glanced at the
title, read a few lines apparently with attention,
and then said hurriedly
I like your subject and I like your first sentence. I will
read the paper, and if I can forward your views I will.

I thanked him, and bade him good morning, and
he rose and offered me his hand as it I had been an
old friend. Within a month from that day the ob-
ject at which I aimed was accomplished through his
recommendation and kind offices; and the good news
wall conveyed to me in a hearty, generous letter
written with his own hand. Through that kindly
lift I speedily found myself several steps higher o❑
the hill of Parnassus. But I had then no more
claim to that helping hand than any unknown
aspirant who may be at this moment walking up
to London to find a market for a book or a play.—
London Society.

FIGURATIVE NAMES OF ENGLISH WILD
FLOWERS.—SUPERSTITION AND PLANTS.—S aper-
stitions, resemblances, qualities, and coincidences having
their share in the names of plants, of course the passions
must mingle in the work, and especially the greatest of
them all, Love. Artemis, one of the names of Diana, gives
its classical name to Artemisia abrotanum, a plant which is
called southernwcod, because it comes from the south ; Old
man, from its hoary appearance and tonic qualities; and
Boy or lad's love, from its being worn in posies by young
men, and perhaps because its leaves wither rapidly. Viola
tricolor rivals the ground-ivy in the number of its quaint
names and curious sobriquets, In French it is called pen-
sees, menues, pensees, whence the English names pansy
or paunce, idle thoughts. Combining three colours in one
flower, it is called Herb Trinity, and " Three faces
under one hood." Hanging its head and half
hiding its face coquettishly, and from some resemblances in
the corolla, it has been supposed to say, "Jump up and kiss
me," " Kiss me at the garden gate," " Cuddle me to you."
It has besides other amatory names, such as " Love in
idleness," "Tittle my fancy," " Pink of my John." Viola
tricolor is also called heart's-ease, from being confounded
with plants yielding seeds of cardiac qualities. Much con-
fusion has arisen from the vague and fluctuating use of the
French names Giroflee, Oeillet, and Violette. They were
once all three applied to flowers of the pink tribe, but now
Giroflee has passed over to the Crucifers and become gilli-
flower (Dianthus caryophyllus) ; Oeillet has been restricted
to the Sweet 'William ; and Violette has been appro-
priated to the genus to which the pansy belongs. English
young ladies sometimes send pansies in their letters
to their lovers, when suffering from absence or parental re-
buffs. I have known botanists learned in structural and
systematic plant lore, who did not understand the amorous
challenge conveyed to them by post in the modest form of a
few pansies enclosed in an envelope. Sedum telephium is called
Livelong or Liblong, and Midsummer men, in reference to
a use made of it on Midsummer's-eve. A young girl will
set up two plants of it upon a plate or trencher, ono for
herself, and another for her lover. If the botanical re-
presentative of her lover lives and turns to her, she con-
cludes that her lover will be faithful and constant, and
the contrary if it withers or turns from her plant—a mode
of divining the future which is founded on ignorance of the
fact that the growth of plants is towards the light.—Dickens's
"All the Year Round."
THE ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN OF KING CHARLES
11. were popularly believed to be legion, but he
acknowledged only (1) James Stuart, son of a young lady in
Jersey, who took holy orders and died a Catholic priest ;
(2) James, Duke of Monmouth, sun of Lucy Walters, ext.).
cuted for treason by his uncle's command ; (3) Mary,
daughter of the same lady, married first to William Sars-
field,
an Irish gentleman, and afterwards to William Fan-
shaw ; (4) Charles Fitzroy, Duke of Southampton, (5)
Henry Fitzroy, Duko of Grafton, (6) George Fitzroy, Duke
of Northumberland, and (7) Anne, Countess of Sussex—
all children of Barbara Villiers, the fierce Duchess of Cleve-
land; (5) Charles Beaucleik, Duke of St. Alha.n's, and (9)
James Ucaucierk, cone of Nell G wynne ; (10) Charles Len-
nox, Duke of Richmond, son of Louise Querouaillo, Duchess
of Portsmouth; (11) Mary Tudor, married to the heir of
Lord Derwentwater, daughter of Mary Davis; (12) Charles
Fitzeharles, and (13)
of Catherine Pegge; cud
and a girl who died young, children
(14) Charlotte Boyle, alias Fitz-
roy, wife of Sir Robert Pesten, Bert., afterwards Earl of
Yarmouth, daughter of Elizabeth, Viscountess Shannon.
Three of these founded dukedoms which still exist—Graf-
ton, Richmond, and St. Albans—and other families trace
their rise to connection with the children of the last popular
Stuart.

LAW INTELLIGENCE—(This Day).

COURT OF CHANCERY.

(Before the Lords Justices Knight Bruce and Turner )'

BROUN V. KEI iNEDY.

Their Lordships gave judgment in this ease, which was
an appeal from the Master of thu Rolls. It will be re-
collected Mr. Kennedy undertook, as advocate for Mrs.
Broun (then Mrs. Swinfen) the management of the long
and costly litigation which arose out of the disputed will of
Mrs. Broun's late husband, Samuel Swinfen, By the ex-
ertions of Mr. Kennedy that will was established in favour
of Mrs. Broun. In order to attend to the matter more care-
fully Mr Kennedy had been obliged in a great measure to
give up his ordinary business, and in consequence had
suffered considerable loss. It did not appear that he ever
received any recompense for his services. The effect of the
will was to vest the Swinfen Hall estates in Mrs. Broun in
fee simple, Mr. Kennedy succeeded in obtaining from
Mrs. Bromn a deed of gift, whereby she settled upon him
the reversion in fee of the Swinfen Hall estates, as a recom-
pense for his exertions in her behalf. Mrs. Broun and her
husband filed a bill for the purpose of having this deed de-
livered up to be cancelled, on the ground that it had been
obtained by tha exercise of improper influence. The Master
of the Rolls directed the deed to be delivered up and can.
celled. From this decision Mr. Kennedy appealed.
Their Lordships ordered the appeal to be dismissed with
costs.

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.

TATTERSALLS'.-LAST EVENING.

There was scarcely a feature of the afternoon's transac-
tions calculated to redeem the tone of business from that of
utter flatness. There were few members present, and even
those who did put in an appearance came more in expecta-
tion of arriving at something definite on the Chester Cup
movements than with any decided intention of betting on
that or any other event. The great spring handicap was,
however, but slightly touched upon, the only bets booked
being 100 to 6 about Anfield, 20 "fifties" about Bliadown„
and 1,000 to 40 about M uezzin. In the City in the morning
500 to 10 each was accepted about Mail Train and Liston
for the City and Suburban ; but at the Corner the race was
not ev en mentioned. For the Derby Scottish Chief would
have been backed to money at 11 to 1; but the layers were
not disposed to accommodate one or two who displayed
considerable eagerness to "get on" Mr. Merry's crack..
Coastguard was again in renewed force, 14 to 1, or two
points less than on Monday last, having been taken froely.
Forager was anything but firm, and Birch Broom wr,s not
so fondly inquired after as in the early part of the 'week,
Closing prices :

TWO THOUSAND.
stolon the field (offered)
CHESTER CUP.
100 to 6 agst Anfield (taken)
20 to 1 agst Blackdown (taken)
1000 to 40 agst Muezzin (taken)

THE DERBY.
11 to 1 agst Scottish Chief (wanted)
14 to 1 agst Coast Guard (taken)
17 to 1 agst Forager (taken)
30 to 1 agst Coup d'Etat (taken)
30 to 1 agst Birch Broom (taken)
1000 to 30 aget Ackworth (taken)
1000 to 15 agst King John (taken)

RACING FIXTU
FEBI

'RES FOR 1864.
RIIIRT.

Birmingham
Harrow
Chelmsford l7

Lincoln Spring 23
Hungerford

MA
Nottingham Spring 1
Derby Spring 3
Liverpool
Shrewsbury
Doncaster Spring

Warwick .. 16
Durham
Northampton 29
Cat terick

Ar
Croxton-park 1
Edinburgh Spring 2
Abergavenny b
Thirsk 5
M
Chester
York Spring
Salisbury l2
Bath
JI,
Ascot
Hampton l5
Newton
Odiham
Bibury
Stockbridge

'RIL.

Epsom Spring
Newmarket Craven
Newmarket First Spring 25

Manchester
Harpenden 2O
Epsom 2

Chelmsford.. 2B
New Forest Hunt 2B
Newcastle-on-Tyne
Worcest:r (Summer)
Ipswich ..

SHIPPING—This Day.

(Br MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH.)
GRAVESEND, Friday Morning.

Arrived, Jan, 29—Hygeria, from Nulonica; Rose, from.
Messina; Staddor, from Relsinborg ; Neptune, from Cron-
stadt ; Sunnside Fly and Steepner, from A.arhuus ; Princess
of Wales, from Genoa; Anne Marie, from Petersburg ;
Courier, from Horsens; Mantrura, from St, George; Ellen
Mqry, from Riga.
Sailed—Seine and Tamiee, steamer, for Paris ; Castor,
steamer, for Hamburg.

DEAL, Friday Morning.
Passed—Dumonine, for Demerara ; City of Glasgow, for
Greenock; Nell Gwynn, for Calcutta—all from London;
Electric, barque, west, for London ; Antigua, from Shields,
for Alexandria.
Sailed—Nicolontas and Birchgrove, with nearly all ilia
outward bound, the rest preparing.
A large ship is on shore—the main near Jarstown. Fur.
ther part iculars at present unknown.

Bank of England Return,•--Last Evening,

An Account, pursuant to the Act 7th and Bth Victoria
cap. 32, for the week ending on Wednesday, the 27th day
of Jan., 1864 :

ISSUE DEPARTMENT.

THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA,

white men. "Scoundrels!" he said, "you have been
deluded by the noisy Abolitionists. You ought to
be glad to pay for the privilege of fighting, instead
of squabbling about money. You are a race of slaves.
A few years ago your fathers worshipped snakes
and crocodiles in Africa. Yonr features partake of
a beastly character. Your religious exercises in this
camp are a mixture of barbarism and Christianity.
Your features cannot be improved. Your yellow
faces are evidence of rascality. You should get
rid of this bad blood. My advice to you—the
lightest of you must marry the blackest woman,"
and so on. It is possible that negro soldiers may
not object to being addressed in this ruffianly style,
but it is evident that they do object to receiving
less pay than Irishmen and Germans, and very
doubtful, if this cause of dissatisfaction be not re-
moved, whether the existing black armies of the
Federal Government will not very speedily be
diminished by other chances than those of the
hospital and the battle-field.
The condition of the second class—that of colo-
nised negroes—and of freedmen or fugitives set to
work by the lessees of the Federal Government on
the abandoned auger and cotton plantations on the
Mississippi is even more important in its bearings
on the future history of the American negro. The
Lumbers of this class are not exactly known; but
they are great enough to have compelled Mr. Lin-
coln, in a special Message: to Congress, to confess
his inability to deeel with so difficult a problem as
their subsisteiee. Upon one part of the subject some
painful "(iisclosnres have just been made by a wite-
n:as whose animus no Abolitionist can complain of,
and whose opportunities and capacity for foaming a
correct judgment are not to be denied. Mr. Yeat-
man, President of the WC,-aiern Sanitary Commis-
sion, charged with "che duty of reporting to the
Federal GoVernment en the condition of the freed
Africans who have escaped from Southern slavery
and been employed to cultivate for Northern account
the abandoned plantations between Cairo and
Natchez, states that there are about 25,000 of these
unfortunates in his district. He visited 21 farms,
plantations, and camps, in which the negroes were
either employed by Northern taskmasters, who had
leased the estates from the Federal Government, or
were huddled together for such protection and sup-
port as the Federal authorities could afford them.
Mr. Yeatman's report is uniformly unfavourable.
Within the city of Memphis the white employers of
their labour offered them 10 dols. a month for work
worth 45 dols.; and if they did not accept it they were
left to starve. The coloured firemen or stokers on
board a steamer plying on the Mississippi at
Memphis receive 45 dols, a month, and were afraid
to go ashore lest they should be seized by Federal
agents and forced to work for less than a quarter of
that sum. "The poor slaver says Mr. Yeatman,
" was promised freedom ; but how is it with him ?
He is seized in the street, and ordered to go and help
to unload a steamboat, or sent to work in the
trenches, or to labour for some quarter-master, or to
chop wood for the Government. He labours for
months (for his mere rations) and at last is only paid
with promises, unless perchance it may be with
kicks, cuff; and curses, Under such circumstances he
feels that he has exchanged one master for many.
These continued abuses sadden and depress him,
and he sighs to return to his former home and owner
who at least fed, clothed, and sheltered him." Mr.
Yeatman relates many facts in corroboration, all of
the same character, and at all of the plantations,
showing that the white lessees strive invariably to
get the utmost positive amount of work out of the
negro for the smallest possible amount of wages; that
if a negro becomes ill his pay immediately ceases, and
he is turned adrift to starve, which was not the case
when he was in a state of slavery. He furthermore
proves by a variety of instances that the truck sys-
tem in its most odious form has been introduced,
and that the free black labourer is forced to buy from
his white employer every article he requires at ex-
orbitant prices, which are deducted from his wages
—shoes worth a dollar a pair, at two dollars and a
half ; calico, worth 24c. a,"yard, at 75c. ; and other
articles in the like proportion. At a place called
Young's Bend Mr. Yeatman saw an encampment of
coloured men, women, and children to the number of
2,100, under the charge of a coloured regiment. He
describes them as living in miserable huts, tents, and
hovels, amid more squalid suffering and destitution

(From the Times Correspondent.)
NEW YORK, Jan. 15.

While.gold is rising in price to pay for the luxu-
ries which Americans cannot produce, and which
they are largely importing from Europe, while the
active operations of war languish, or appear to
languish, to be unexpectedly resumed in all pro-
bability at no distant day by a combined onslaught
of Generals Lee and Longstreet upon the position
of General Grant in Tennessee, the war of faction
gathers strength in preparation for the Presidential
election of November next. The forces of the De-
mocratic party are to assemble at Chicago on the
4th of July to build their "platform," and to nomi-
e;ate their candidate. Where the Republicans are
to assemble is not yet determined. Mr. Lincoln's
friends will support him because he issued the pro-
clamation of emancipation; and General M'Clellan's
friends, and those of any other candidate that the
Democrats may think it more desirable to bring
forward, will support their nominee because of his
opposition to the Abolitionst policy. It is solely
with a view to electioneering that at this moment
the fervid orators of abolition, black and white, lay
and clerical, male and female, are more than unus-
ually loud in the assertion that there is no hope of
peace, no safety for the Republic, no chance even
of the union of any considerable number of States,
except in the vigorous prosecution of negro emanci-
pation. Not only must the slaves of " rebels" be
set free by the sword, but the slaves of " loyal "
men must be liberated by the purse of the Federal
Government. If there really is to be, what some
ardent Republicans deny and some prude?' , ones
doubt, another Presidential election 1.1 the old
method of the ballot-box, the stru p b
~gte stween the
Democrats and Republicans v:111 be fought at the
polls to this issue. Pend fag the preparations for
the conflict, it is well 'co consider what progress the.
emancipation proi;tamation has already made, and
what effect it 'wag had upon the white Lace and what
upon they t;tack, in order that impartial Europe, so
deeply Lnterested in the result, as well as the Ame-
ric7.as themselves, may know whether Mr, Lincoln
'caul the theorists and idealogues who have his mind
and conduct in their keeping, are statesmen and

philanthropists, or fools and dreamers who would
deliberately ruin a great nation for the sake of an
abstraction, and consign the dark skinned objects
of their solicitude to the chances of gradual decay
and demoralisation, if not to violent extermination,
rather than suffer them to live in a state of involun-
tary servitude. It is but a few days more than a
,twelvemonth since the peoclamation:was issued, and
ample time and opportunity have been afforded to
atudy the results, both physical aryl moral, of an act
that Mr. Wendell Phillips, Mr. Sumner, Mr. Victor
lingo, and a few English abolitionists, consider only
eecond in grandeur and sublimity to the birth of
Christ ; but which the whole people of the Southern,
and more than one-half of the people of the North-
ern States, deem to be an act of cruelty to the black,
as well as of suicidal folly to the white race.
Considering its political effect upon the white
aaeople of the Federal and the Confederate States
it will scarcely be denied that it has divided the
North and exasperated the South. It has drawn a
'broad line of derearcatioa between Northern parties
.cud embittered the strife by the introduction of a
principle of social and political equality between
-white men and black, for the reception of which
white men are not prepared, and which the tuajo-
eity in the North will resist both actively and pas-
sively, and on any and every occasion. It is equally
eiear that it has had all the effect upon the South-
,: an mind of an attempt to stirr up a servile insurrec-
tion, and that so long as it continuas to be avowed
and acted upon the South can neither offer terms of
peace nor accept them.
But extreme philanthropists who believe that all
great humanitarian measures must work some
degree of evil end eufftring, who assert that the
blessing in this case very far transcends the bale, and
that the white race will become reconciled to the fact
f:f emancipation and: ad its consequences as soon as
it becomes persuaded by the lapse of time and the
Yorce of circumstances that the fact is irrevocable,
roust excuse the practical millions if these latter
es: what effect the measure has had upon the pee-
which it was more particularly intended to
The questicn cannot yet be thoroughly
nswered, but very conshierable light has already
.-31 and will for the future be thrown upon it. In
ea first place, the proclamation was addressed tc
::.early four millions of slaves in the South, and ac-
cording to the census of 1560 to 429,401 slaves in
the box der States of Delaware, Maryland, Ken-
tucky, and Missanri, inclusive of inch as belonged
" loyal" owners. As in the last mentioned States,
the slaves of Unionists were almost as numerous as
the slaves of sympathisers with the Confederacy, it
'.:1.-cty be estimated in round numbers that 4,200,000
of the black race Were invited by Mr. Lincoln to
seek the protection of the Federal armies, and thus
secure their freedom, if uot their subsistence. It
is not pretended by any Abolitionist, however en-
thusiastic, that as many as a million of negroes of
both sexes and all ages have availed themselves of
the opportunity. Neither is it to be believed that
as many even as half a million have done so.
Taking the lower estimate as nearly correct, there
remain at least 3,700,000 negroes in the South to
whom the proclamation has been a dead letter,

than he ever before witnessed. The sickness and
deaths among them were most frightful. During
the summer from 30 to 40 died in a day, and as
many as 75 on an average daily during the latter
half of August. At Natchez another camp of about
2,000 people was in the same condition; and hun-
dreds of freedmen had escaped from it to return to
their former masters. The camp originally con-
tained 4,000 persons, bat had been reduced by
deaths and voluntary withdrawal to the smaller
number; death, however, and not desertion, being
the prime agent of diminution, as might be seen by
the graves stretched along the river for miles be-
tween Milliken% Bend and Da Soto. In conclusion
Mr. Yeatman states as the result of his experience,
that the negroes who cannot obtain work are dying
off, and that those who do obtain it are in a state of
involuntary servitude (1. e., slavery) far worse than
that from which they have escaped.
This is a deplorable picture. But perhaps one
equally hideous is to be exhibited in the condition
of the fugitives and freedmen who, with their wives
and families, have thronged into the national capi-
tal to ask the aid of that paternal Government
which loved them so much as to emancipate them
from bondage, and from which they expect not
only a barren blessing, but bread. There is no em-
ployment for a tithe of them in Washington, and
they are huddled together like vermin in camps and
hospitals beyond the boundaries of the city,—men,
women, and children indiscriminately, where they
are fed at the expense of the Government. Small-
pox has broken out among them, and in so virulent
a form that they die off at the rate of hundreds in
a day. It is no uncommon thing to see the poor
creatures lying in the snow in the public streets
in the last agonies of death, and still more common
to see them wandering about with the unhealed
and still prurient marks of the disease visible all
over their hands and faces. So prevalent is the
disease that the life of the President himself was
nearly sacrificed a month ago, and within the last
week one member of the Senate and one member of
the House of Representatives have fallen victims to it.
In consequence of the dread of contagion the New
Year's reception at the White House was more than
usually scanty, such persons as were compelled to
pay their respects to the President hurrying into the
rooms and out into the open air as fast as possible,
and without even exchanging the compliments cus-
tomary on the occasion. Some timid persons sacri-
ficed their courtesy to their fear, and shook hands
with Mr. Lincoln without taking off their gloves;
while others, instead of the usually boisterous salu-
tation of American good-will, were content with
holding out the tip of the forefinger for a hurried
touch and an equally hurried " Happy new year to
you, Mr. President !" Nobody will go to Washing-
ton who can stop away, and those whom business or
duty calls within its infected precincts take care to
be vaccinated before they go. It is calculated that
there are at least 10,000 cases of small-pox in the
city and neighbourhood, all among or derived from
the negroes, and great fears are entertained that the
disease will spread to Baltimore, Philadelphia, and
New York. The. Government knows not what to do.
The emancipation proclamation has brought the
black swarm to Washington, and Mr. Lincoln can-
not be guilty of the inhumanity of refusing them
admittance, and food, if they cannot find work, and
has not yet been able to devise the means for main•
taining them in idleness, co:nfort, cleanliness, and
health in their city of refuge. The case is all but
hopeless. The only remedy appears to be that which
fate is supplying—the death of the unhappy fugi-
tives. This is but a sad result of a great phiian-
thropie effort ; but it ought to teach the professional
and pulpit philanthropists caution, if it, teach them
nothing else.
There remains only to be considered the condition
of the negroes who have emigrated to the Northern
cities in search of employment. The case may be
summed up in a few words. There were no vacancies
in the labour market which they were competent to
supply. Formerly the negroes found occupation in
the North as waiters, barbers, porters, and white-
washers. But now the Irish and Germans have
nearly driven them out of all these tr4des, except

and who, perhaps, have never even so much as
heard of it. Oa inquiring what has become of the

half million who have thus escaped from slavery
into freedom it is found that a large number—
Mr. Lincoln in his Message says 100,000—have
procured employment, either as teamsters, waggoners,
and servants, in the Federal armies, or as soldiers
regularly drilled and equipped, but commanded by
white officers; that another aggregation of possibly
100,000 and upwards, inclusive of women and chil-
dren, have been colonised at Fortress Monroe, or set
to work on abandoned plantations on the banks of
ti)e Mississippi and elsewhere, under Federal mili-
tary supervision ; that large numbers hove congre-
alted in the Federal capital; and that the remain-
der, with their wives and families, have spread
themselves over the North and West in search of
agricultural and other employment.
Dividing them iota these four classes, let us see
what freedom has done for them. As teamsters and
soldiers they receive a somewhat lower rate of pay
than their white competitors, but in other respects
the Government does what it can to make their con-
dition comfortable. But the negroes by no means
snake good soldiers. The fact is openly admitted by
ail who have come into contact with them. So much
doubt bangs over their bravery, and their power to
restrain either their rage or their fear, when excited
'Err the perils of battle, that they are systematically
placed in positions of the greatest danger, in order
to test alike their discipline and their valour. It is
considered desirable to " make the experiment on
the vile body," and to thrust the negroes under
hotter fire than it would be thought humane or
Christian to drive a white regiment into—all for
the sake of ascertaining the military value of what
was once thought mere refuse. And the white
soldiers, so far from looking upon these desperate
adventures as acts of barbarity, applaud them, with
as little sympathy for the sufferings of the negroes
as the monkey felt for the anguish of the cat
when he thrust her pa Ws within the burning
bars of the grate to get out the chestnut for the use
Df the superior animal. In default of white volun-
teeiS for the work of Southern extermination the
lid of the black is thankfully accepted. If 50,000
)Iced men could be enrolled for the war in the State
„New York they Would diminish the liability of
7imite men in a coase a
fiption to the same amount ;
ad would be received with satisfaction both by
iemocrats and by Republicans, though for different
,cll3. It should, however, be remembered, in
nating the real value of negro armies, that no
to advocate that they' should
oy n'-'7O generals, or led even by
,en ant, ^i'•-:l captains. Hitherto all the
4 o,:ca them have been white men,
i,;te. men of the lowest and most b•

9Tapit

'2ZS appoine.

ottcn whiLc _ _ _.rutal
laracter. As a specimen of the class, Col. Mont-
g Itnery, famous for his wanton destruction of towns
and villages in Florida and South Carolina, will
serve as well or better than any other• This person
addressed his negro troops a few days ago on the
enormity of the offence of which they had dared to
be guilty, in demanding the slme amount of pay SS

the last mentioned ; and there is nothing else to
which the poor negro can turn his hand, or at which,
if he could, he would be allowed to work in the
same room, workshop, or factory as the white.
What is he to do under such circumstances ? Mr.
Frederick Douglass, the orator, and foremost man
of the race, stated in an eloquent lecture on Tues-
day evening last at the Cooper Institute, that, so far
from immigrating from the South to compete with
white men in the labour market, the Southern
negroes would remain where they were, and that
the great bulk of the Northern negroes would join
them as soon as emancipation was complete, by the
crushing out of the " rebellion," and the parcelling
out of the plantations of the "rebels" among new
owners. This may or may not prove to be a true
prediction, but it will be a long time before it can
be realised, if ever ; and it may happen that the
Southern people, forbidden to:use the labour of the
negroes in the way to which they have been accus-
tomed; may visit upon the unhappy black race the
penalty which both North and South, East and
West, have inflicted upon that red race which they
could not enslave, and with which they would not
amalgamate.

THE StTN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, JANUARY , 1864.

SUBMARINE ORDNANCE.

(From the Mechanics' Magazine.)

concluded by announcing five donations to the amount of
£92, and four annual subscriptions amounting to £26.
Messrs. GIFFORD, senior and junior, expressed the thanks
of the parishioners for the valuable address of her ladyship,
and the farmers present willingly consented to aid the cause
by free carriage of materials. _ _

Three hearty cheers were given for her ladyship before
the meeting broke up.—Bury and Norwich, Post,

On the 20th day of June, 1862, the 110-pounder Arm-
strong gun, belonging to the Stork gunboat, was placed on
a platform, made up of a gun slide with a few sleepers un-
derneath, erected on the beach near the Excellent gunnery
ship. The gun was loaded from time to time, during many
weeks, with service charges and service shot. This was
effected when the tide was out. The powder was enclosed
is a pig's bladder, in order to preclude the action of the sea
water on it. As the tide rose, the gun became submerged ;
finally, when the depth of water equalled some 6ft, the
powder was ignited by means of a Bickford fuse, and the
gun discharged at a butt, also submerged, distant 25ft
from the muzzle. It has been generally supposed that a
gun flied under such exceptional conditions would burst
without further ceremony. :No such event took place.
The explosion is described as having been very mode-
rate. The same term cannot be applied to the effect
produced on the butt by the projectile. Once more we re-
peat the words of the official report, promising that during
the first few rounds—only one could be fired each tido—the
projectile consisted of the ordinary Armstrong segment
shell, charged sometimes with sand, sometimes with 121bs.
of powder. These missiles proved at first to be very ineffi-
cacious, the resistance of the water apparently breaking
them up shortly after quitting the gun. On July 11, care
was taken to exclude the water from the bore of the gun, by
covering the muzzle with an old drum head and canvas well
luted with white lead. The result obtained was decisive.
The shell was empty. It "struck the butt 2ft. below the
point aimed at, cutting through a pile 131 in. thick, and was
picked up Mt. from the opposite side." So much for the
shell practice for the present. The next round but one con-
sisted of a " solid shot, 171bs. charge. Shot struck 6in. to
the left of the point aimed at 4ft 6in. below the surface of
the water, and passed through a butt consisting of 13in.
piles, with sin. oak plank bolted on in front. Shot could
not he found, having probably sunk to a considerable depth
in the soft mud."

Once it was fairly demonstrated that a gun could be fired
under water, and yet retain its integrity of parts undisturbed,
the experiments were continued with a vigour very credit-
able to all engaged in their prosecution. In order to form
a strictly correct estimate of the effects which might be
produced in actual wafare, the hulk Griper was placed in a
convenient position on the mud, and a 110 pounder was, as
before, laid on a suitable platform, 20ft from the ship's side,
measuring from the muzzle. The gun was laid horizontally,
and trained on a spot under the hulk's quarter " where the
side fell in rapidly, making an angle from the vertical of
42 deg." In this way every opportunity was afforded
for glancing, to the shot. It would be a mere waste
of time to recapitulate all the results obtained; let it
suffice to give ona or two extracts from the report. At
the first round, the gun was loaded with a flat .fronted
110-lb projectile and a 14-lb charge, fired when the water
had attained a height of 6ft above the axis--" Shot struck
the ship's side about the spot on which the aim was directed,
penetrated the outer planking of bin sound oak, cut through
an Bin timber (sound), penetrated the inner lining of 4in
fir (not sound), and struck a large oak rider 18in square,
into which is penetrated tin ; total penetration, through
sound wood, 21in. Ship's side shaken to a considerable
extend round fracture, into which the water poured with
great violence, filling the ship immediately.
The third round demonstrated a singular fact. Above
water, the fiat-fronted projectile has always proved most
efficient in punching armour plates. In submarine opera-
tions, however, the conical projectile displays a consider-
able superiority. The third charge consisted of a solid

. _
projectile, with a conoidal-shaped head. This shot pene-
trated both sides of the hulk, cutting through two oak
timbers, 12in of oak planking, and the upper part of a
knee bin thick, waking a total penetration through sound
wood of 33in. We must add that the hull, being full of
water, there were about 4.5 ft of water between the sides
penetrated, adding materially to the resistance overcome by
the shot.
We have seen that the flrat attempts at the use of shell

under water were scarcely successful. The lessons so
learned seem to havo served a very good purpose ; for we
find that on the 16th Sept. the first live shell fired at the
Griper penetrated the side and burst in passing through,
entirely destroying the side for the space of sft by Sin,
making an open fracture 2ft by 2ft Sin. A large beam of
11-in oak in the wake of the shot was penetrated and broken
in half, the portion struck being blown to the opposite side
of the ship. The result obtained from the next round was
even more conclusive—a large portion of the ship's side be-
ing totally destroyed, the deck above the fracture blown up,
and the beam broken.
So far, the submarine gun had only wood to deal
with. With a view to making the whole series of ex-

periments complete, a target, Bft by 4ft, composed of six
A-in thickness of boiler plate bolted together, making a total
thickness of 3in, was secured to the side of the Griper. In
the two first rounds, flat-headed 1101 b shot were employed.
The great resistance offered by the water to these projectiles
so far reduced their velocity, that they were unable to
penetrate the armour, although they shattered it consider-
ably. In the third round the conoidal missile was used.
The official report states that "'this shot broke in all the
plates, driving the fragments through the side into the
ship, making an irregular fracture in the target 12in by 9in,
ehelf-piece broken, and ship's side destroyed to a consider-
able extent."
Even six thicknesses of j-in boiler plate, feeble as they
are in resisting shot, far exceed in invulnerability any

plates or backing ever met with in the bottoms of
our frigates. We are therefore led inevitably to
the conclusion, that a single shot fired under water
from a heavy rifled gun, is capable of making such a
fracture far below the water line, that no earthly means
could keep one of our iron plated ships an hour above water.
A. couple of patents have, we believe, been already taken
nut for the arrangement of certain air tight chambers on
the level of the lower deck, within which guns may be
loaded, and subsequently discharged through submerged
ports. We are by no means certain that any very compli-
cated expedients of the kind are necessary. Four or five
broadside guns might be placed within small submarine
chambers cut off by water tight bulkheads from the rest of
the ship. On going into action these guns might be loaded,
suitable ports opened from above, and the cells, so to speak,
in the ship, filled with water. On running alongside an
enemy, the guns might be discharged with fatal effect by
means of electricity, the ports closed subsequently, and the
cells pumped dry ready for the next action. Even without
any such expedients, may it not be found that power-
ful guns fired from the main deck can take such
effect below water, as to render it advisable to leave the
armour above water unassailed ? The question is of the
last importance, when we couple it with the facts which we
have just detailed. It has, unfortunately, scarcely been
dwelt on as yet, although we have reason to believe that it
will ultimately become one of the points on which our naval
success or failure will principally depend. Our ships aro
already overloaded with mail above water; it remains to bo
seen how they will carry an additional burden below.

M LOST DoG.—I saw him last, three mornings
ago, leisurely straying round the garden with the
strap of the baby's shoe hanging out of his mouth, and with
a knowing wag of his tail, as much as to show me how he
was enjoying himself. I remonstrated with him on the shoe
question, and ho seemed somewhat touched for a moment •
but suddenly catching sight of a predatory cat on the wall,
he galloped off without further parley. I watched the cat
scuttle up a tree; I heard Pincher growling angrily at its
base ; the noise of the milkman's boots scrunching the gravel
attracted his attention. He darted off and was lost to me
for ever. There was a fiendish grin on the housemaid's face
when she announced to me that Pincher wasn't nowhere to
be found- Visions of henceforth unworried stocking-heels,
unsnapped-at uncles, rose before that damsel's mind as she
broke the news ; and she smiled as she said they'd looked
everywhere they had, and nothin' wasn't to be seen. I was
not crushed by the intelligence. I knew my dog's exten-
sive visiting list, and thought that finding he had over-
stayed his time, he had probably accepted the friendly hos-
pitality of half a kennel, and was then engaged in baying
the moon, and conducing to the sleeplessness of a neighbour-
hood unaccustomed to his vocal powers. But, as I lay in
bed in the morning, I missed the various little dramas—
the principal characters played by Pincher and the trades-
people—of which I had long been the silent audience.
The butcher's boy—a fierce and beefy youth, who openly
defied the dog, and waved him off with hurlings of his
basket and threatenings of his feet; accompanied by growls
of "GU out, yer beast I"—now entered silently ; the baker's
apprentice. a mild and farinaceous lad—who proferred to
Pincher the raspings of black loaves, and usually en-
deavoured to propitiate his enemy by addressing him as
" Poor fellow !"—now entered silently ; the fishmonger—
who generally made one wild scuttle from the garden-gate
to the kitchen-entrance, and upon whose track Pincher
usually hung as the wolves hung upon Mazeppa's—now
walked slowly up the path, and whistled. Then I knew
that Pincher was gone indeed I—Dickens's "All the Year

Round."
A NARROW ESCAPE FOR SHEFFIELD.—This was
not the first time the Sheffielders endeavoured to undermine
the crowning- greatness of their own speciality; for when,
in 1750, a bill was introduced into Parliament with the
object of encouraging the importation of American iron, the
tanners of that city petitioned against it, alleging that Eng:.
lish iron would be undersold, forges would bo discontinued,
and consequently timber for fuel would remain uncut, and
thus the tanners would be in want of bark for th,) purposes
of their trade. Had the prayer of those short-sighted
townsmen been listened to, Sheffield would have lost her
lead in the manufacture of tools ; and she would not have
been able to boast, as she may do now, that instead of de-
pending for her supply of steel upon the Styrian forges, she
now largely exports her cast-steel for the use of Austria
smiths.— Once a Week.