The Sun.
London, England, 1863-01-15 00:00:00

road to that end lay through their commercial ten-
dencies, by opening
up dircet communica-
tions with the interior, and giving them interest in
trading with the white man in the produce of the
soil. With this object he has been prosecuting
his explorations into the hitherto unknown interior.
By prudence, moderation, and firmness, he has
made great advances in humanising the natives,
and has found that notwithstanding that malaria
hovers on the coast, the interior is in most parts
healthy, and that the soil is fertile, Mr. Du
CHAILLU in his interestir g book upon the Gorilla,
describes the country north of the Line as equally
healthy, but naturally objects to the cannibalism
of some of the tribes. On the eastern coast, again,
we have accounts of a fertile country. In fact, the
old myth that the interior of Africa was one vast
desert is now exploded. Ancient geographers
seem to have acted on the principle ascribed to
ADAM in the nomenclature of the human race,
who, when he had exhausted all the names he
could think of, and getting tired of the task, cut it
short by exclaiming, "Let all the rest be called
SMITH." So did they, when they had jotted down
the scanty surveys of the coast, mark the un-
known interior as Sand. Now that the real nature
of the country is known, is it not our duty to turn
the interior of this vast continent to account ?
Already have we made vaet advances in Southern
Africa. The French are doing their best in Algeria.
But the fertile centre, south of the dread Sahara, is
as yet unoccupied. Here is a chance not to be ne-
glected. Vast tracts of land are available for the
cultivation of cotton, many are the spots
on the coast which might be improved by
convict labour. There are rivers to deepen, roads to
make, and land to be cleared. Here is a new field
of enterprise open to the garotters, if not quite so
pleasant it will be at least more useful. Why
should we seek cotton from: Eastern Asia, when it
could be procured from a country so much nearer
home ?

LATEST INTELLIGENCE.

SPAIN.

MADRID, JAN. 14.

The Treasury Bon2s which became due at the
beginning of the present year have been paid by the
Government.

A Bill will shortly be submitted to the Congress
by which the government of the colonies will be
assimilated to the home administration.

It is still believed that a modification of the
Ministry will take place.

FRANCE.

Le Siecle sums up the opinions of the Paris jour-
nals on the opening of the'Chambers, and remarks
that on such occasions the reflections are seldom
lengthened. According to the Opinion Nationale the
speech is merely a retrospect, the testament of a
period which terminates with the opening of the
session. Mexico is simply mentioned with China
and Cochin China as one of those countries where
the affronts offered to the honour of Franco cannot
remain unpunished. No allusion is made to the
length, the issue, the practical object of this costly
expedition. With regard to Italy only the past is
referred to, with not a word as to the future.
The delight of the Constitutionnel knows no bounds
and its expressions of satisfaction have aroused the
indignation of Le Temps, which asks, what would
become of a country where there was only one paper,
and that so optimist as to catch the words fallen from
the throne. La Patric remarks the great reserve
which is apparent in the Imperial speech, especially
in regard to Italy. The Journal des Debats confines
itself to considering the speech in reference to the
situation of the empire, and draws from thence a
pacific tone of mind. The Pays, the France, and
the Nation allude especially to the electoral clues.
tion. La Trance especially extracts the phrase re-
lating to the Pope and Italy. The Nationale dreads
the presentation of new canditates at the elections,
who may appear animated by the same principles
as the others, but turn out eventually to be un-
friendly towards the present state of things. The
Union wishes to impose upon France the oblige-
gation of sustaining the Pope for ever.
The Moniteur publishes a decree which authorises
the Chamber of Commerce of Boulogne-sur-Mer to
establish a general warehouse and a room for public
sales. The galleries of the Louvre were reopened
yesterday to artists and to visitors. The crowds
of all kinds has been so great in the
Boulevards that they have had to place
detachments of sergeants-de-villa in :the centre
of the crossings and at the meeting of the
great public thoroughfares to protect the foot pas-
sengers from injury. The sum of 2,000 francs has
been sent by the order of advocates of the Imperial
Court of France to the office of the Monitsur for the
benefit of the distressed cotton workers of La Seine
Inferieure.

Why should we interfere 'with the produce of
India, required to a great extent by its own inha-
bitants, when the savage wilds of Africa could
produce what we require. And, above all, why
should we be dependent upon a foreign nation for a
staple which is necessary to the existence of our la-
bouring classes P Let the Manchester School preach
as they please. Let reckless Mr. BRIGHT speechify
with all his misapplied eloquence to the contrary.
The distress in Lancashire could have been miti-
gated, if not averted, had those who made fortunes
by its manufacture paid proper attention to procure
a sure supply of cotton. War between England
and America has been threatened on many occa-
sions, in which case even the smuggled cargoes
which have reached our markets would not have
been forthcoming. But with this fact patent to all,
because slave-grown cotton was cheaper than any
other, they refused to go to any expense to pro •
mote a supply for the day of privation.
The blow has now fallen, but, alas ! not
on the heads of those who deserved it, they
have made fortunes by it, but on the unfor-
tunate operatives who had no hand in
the matter. The wrong has been done,
and the punishment has followed; what is past
cannot be recalled, but it should act as a warn-
ing for the future. Our Government will be held
responsible by the nation, if it use not its best en-
deavours to open a new field for TRANSPORTA-
TION, EMIGRATION, and COTTON CULTURE.

BOURSE, Jan. 14.--The market has been again
heavy, and prices show a further slight decline.
Threes, for the Account, being now at 70fr. sc.
The Railway Share Market has been also dull, and
some of the lines a trifle lower. The market closed
as follows :

41 per Cents .. 98 25 Bank Shares 3360
Do. end month....
Credit k oncier 1415
3 per Cents
69 80 Piedmontese Fives.
Do. end month 7O
. Italian Loan 69 95
New 3 per Cents .. Russian
Do, end month.... -... ..... Austrian
Credit M0bi1ier....1127 50 Spanish Threes 52
Do, end ra0nth...,1132 50 Home Debt
DAM

'AYE!.

Cash. Account.
0r1ean5................ ICB2 50 .. 1082 50
Northern .. • . ......... 1017 50 .. 1022 60
New ditto ............ ...
Lyons and Mediterranean 1175 •
Geneva.. .............. 380 • ' 381 25
Southern
Western
11
50
77
545 • • 5,45, —„
Eastern •• • 8 ...... •a • • 627 50 • . 627 ou
Sardinian 365 • • 360
Austrian
Lon, hard
North of Spain
Saragossa
Ditto to Barcelona

England has just cause to be proud of her cha-
rities. They include all ranks and classes of the
afflicted, the ignorant, the incapable, and even the
criminal. They extend their beneficent influence
to the shipwrecked sailor and the desolate stranger
from foreign shores, to the aged who can no longer
help themselves, and the you thfal vagrant who is
being trained to crime. None of them have, how.
ever, a greater or more earnest claim on the sym-
pathy and attention of the- philanthropist than
that class of institutions which devotes itself to
the practical maintenance and education of the
young. It is a task whose importance can hardly
be over estimated, since on the early teaching
and starting of the young in an honest career the
whole of their subsequent life depends. When our
orphan asylums and charitable schools appeal for
help they are therefore asking us to assist in the
formation of honest citizens, to aid in increasing our
thriving commercial classes, instead of adding to
the numbers of our poor, our discontented, or
even our criminal population. It is like sowing
acorns of which the next generation will reap the
advantage. It is work done for posterity, and we
may be sure that no great undertakings, no vast
administrative schemes, will have such a sub-
stantial and enduring claim on their gratitude,
as having added a band of well-informed, well-
trained, industrious men and women to their popu-
lation. The British Orphan Asylum, which held
its annual meeting for receiving reports and elect-
ing directors a few days since, is a well-known and
old-established charity. No class of desolate chil-
dren excites more ready sympathy than orphans
deprived of their natural protectors and lest to de-
pend on strangers for the chance of education and
future livelihood. A well conducted asylum, which
receives such little fatherless ones, clothes, feeds,
and teaches them, assists them in procuring
respectable employment, and gives them an
occasional word of friendly encouragement
in their after life is indeed a haven of refuge. The
number received in this institution is by no means
inconsiderable, 27 children having been admitted
during the past year, 20 by election, and 7 by pur-
chase, making the number of pupils at the Christ-
mas examinations, 134-80 boys and 54 girls. A
recent important change in the establishment has
taken place by its removal from its former locality
at Clapham Rise to the present larger and more
salubrious site at Slough. In connection with this
removal an interesting fact was mentioned at the
meeting which does honour to one of our leading
firms. It was remarked that after due deliberation
on the necessity of the change, the salubrity and
accessibility of Slough, and the suitability
and convenience of the building and grounds
for disposal there, a resolution was unanimously
passed authorising the directors to secure the pre-
mises on the eligible terms offered, and to raise the
necessary amount for their purchase without delay.
Upon this conclusion being arrived at, the treasurer,
R. S. THORNTON, Esq., a gentleman whose name
has for many years been well known and honoured
in connection with this Institution, immediately
offered that kis firm, Messrs. WILLIAms, DEACON,
and Co., the eminent bankers, should at once ad-
vance the money, so as to secure prompt possession
of this desirable property.
This was immediately
done, the sum of £6,
300 advanced by the bank, and
the transfer happily accomplished. Such an act of
generosity is worthy of England's merchant princes,
and reflects honour on both sides. An appeal is made
for further assistance to complete the good work,
by defravieg the cost of the necessary alterations,
&c. Numerous contributions for this purpose have
been already received, among them a donation of
£lOO from her MAJESTY, who has unhappily too
much eanse to feel sympathy with the sorrows of
orphanhood. We cannot doubt that this appeal
will bo warmly and readily responded to, and trust
that the institutiono
iintsayobj econtinueots and too
rflotuhreisphuibnlica
manner worthy f
spirit of its managers,

THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, JANUARY 15, 1863,

THE ROMAN QUESTION.

THE KING'S SPEECH.

DIPLOMATIC NEGOTIATIONS.
PARIS, SAN. 14.

Diplomatic documents have been published here
to-day containing despatches exchanged between
M. Drouyn de Lhuys and the French ambassador
at Rome, relating to representations made by the
latter to the Pope and Cardinal Antonelli upon the
necessity of granting reforms.
Another despatch of M. Drouyn de Lhuys, dated
Dec. 20, states that England had proposed to the
Pope to withdraw to Malta, and mentions that, in
an interview with Monsignor Chigi, M. Drouyn de
Lhuys had expressed a hope that in the event,
which he trusted might never happen, of the Pope
being compelled to leave Italy, his Holiness would
retire to France in preference to England.
Further despatches of M, Drouyn de Lhuys,
dated Dec. 26 and Jan. 1, point out complaint made
by England of armaments going on at Rome, as 600
Austrians and Bavarians had been sent from that
city into the Neapolitan provinces in uniforms much
resembling those worn by French troops.
A despatch of Prince Latour-d'Auvergne states
that, having made inquiries, he believes himself
justified in denying the statement that these 600
Bavarians and Austrians had been sent from Rome.

M. Drouyn de Lhuys in another despatch replies
to the complaint made by England that the pre-
sence of the ex-King of Naples, Francis 11., en-
courages brigandage in Naples, by expressing his
regret that Francis 11, persisted in remaining at
Rome. He adds, that the French Government has
not hesitated to express its opinion upon this sub-
ject to :the ex-King, but the English Cabinet will
understand that France cannot use the authority
she possesses in Rome to bring about the compul-
sory removal of the ex-King, which she desires to
effect by persuasion only.
A despatch of Prince Latour d'Auvergne, of Dec.
27, states that Mr. Odo Russell during the Christ-
mas fetes renewed his proposal to the Pope to leave
Rome, expressing regret that the offer of England
had not been accepted, and adding that he had rea-
son to believe his Holiness would very shortly find
himself necessitated to profit by it.
A despatch of M. de Sartiges, the French Ambas-
sador at Turin, to M. Drouyn de Lhuys, upon the
25thIDecember, states that he has had an interview
with Signor Pasolini respecting the declaration of
the Opinione, that no agreement was possible be-
tween France denying Rome to the Italians, and
Italy unalterably bent upon requiring Rome.
Signor Pasolini replied that no journal was en-
titled to speak in the name of Italy, and observed
that for the present the question of Rome must be
laid aside, although the new ministry partook the
opinion of the country that Rome was the natural
capital of Italy. The programme of the present
cabinet only differed from that of its predecessor in
abstaining from making fresh overtures to the French
Government, which believed itself unable to nego-
tiate upon the basis of Rome for the Italians.
M. de Sartiges replied that such words were a
veritable non possumus.

Signor Pasolini thought this interpretation too
stringent, adding that when the ministers believed
it possible they would resume negotiations with the
Government of the Emperor. Both he and Signor
Farini expressed their determination to go hand-in-
hand with the French Government.

One fact may be considered as certain, that a
pause has been produced in the progress of the
Roman question.

Opening of the Prussian Chambers.

BERLIN, JAN. 14.
The Prussian Chambers were opened to-day in
the name of the Ring by the President of the Coun-
cil, Herr von Bismark-Schonhausen.

The speech from the throne commenced by ex-
pressing the desire of his Majesty that a durable
understanding may be arrived at in the questions
which had remained unsolved in the preceding ses-
sion. This understanding would be obtained as soon
as the constitution shall be taken as the basis for
the position of the representative of the people, and
when the legislative authorities mutually respect
their constitutional rights.
The speech proceeded to state that the financial
condition of the country was perfectly satisfactory,
the revenue having exceeded the estimated income
of the past year, and covering expenditures, even
including all extraordinary outlay.

The Government will lay before the Chambers a
communication in reference to the revenue and ex-
penditure of 1862, and will ask for the sanction of
those expenses incurred without their previous con.
currence.

The Government will also submit the modified
budget for 1863 and the budget for 1864, and will
further propose an alteration in the law on military
service of the 3d of September, 1814. The minis-
ters are unanimous in abiding by the project of re-
organisation of the army, and desire that it should
be forthwith determined by the legal settlement of
the expenditure.

The speech then stated that on the anniversary of
the appeal made by the King of Prussia to the people
in 1813, a bill will be submitted to the Cham-
bers for granting assistance to such survivors of that
glorious period as are in need.

The Government is firmly resolved not to post-
pone the advantage of the commercial treaty with
France longer than the continuance of the present
Zollverein treaties.

The speech also announced bills upon questions
of local interest and special legal reforms, and then
continued :

" Our relations with foreign powers are gene-
rally satisfactory. The expectations that a regular
constitutional Government should be established in
Electoral Hesse has been only temporarily dis-
turbed. The proposals made in the Federal Diet,
in consequence of certain identical notes, owe their
bearing in point of principle upon the position of
Prussia in her relations to the Federal Diet less to
their actual contents than to their interpretation of
Federal treaties. Prussia is also convinced that the
Federal constitution of 1515 no longer corresponds
to the altered conditions of the present day; but
the Government of the King is above all inspired
with the duty of conscientiously respecting existing
treaties, and is determined to make thorough re-
ciprocity in the observance of the obligation a pre-
liminary condition for their continuance."

A BENEVOLENT GIFT.—Some time ago a lady,
Mrs. Mary Hartley, of Exeter, zealously collected
upwards of £3OO to pay the cost of a lifeboat, which she
afterwards handed to the National Lifeboat Institution.
The society decided to call the boat after Mrs, Hartley, and
to place it on a dangerous point at the mouth of the Tay,
near Dundee. It is satisfactory to find that during a gale
of wind and a heavy surf, a few days since, the Mary
Hartley lifeboat was the means of saving the crew of throe
men from the Ketch Keuha, of Berwick, which had sunk
on Abertay sand bank, at the mouth of the Tay, and after-
wards became a total wreck. We may here add a list of
the lives saved from shipwreck by some of the lifeboats of
the National Lifeboat Institution during the past quarter :
—Lifeboat at Whitby saved 12 men; Hauxley, 4; Thorpe-
nes,, 8; Rye, and other boats, 18 men and vessel; Teign-
mouth, 2 ; Plymouth, lifeboat and steam tug, 6 men and
vessel; Padstow, 4; Bude Haven, 3; Brampcon, 20;
Porthcawl, 10 ; Cardigan, 3 ; Southport, 4 ; Lytham, 32
men and one vessel ; Kirkcudbright, 3 men and vessel;
Thurso, 3 ; and Buddon Ness (Dundee), 8 men and one
vessel—making a total of 136 men and 5 vessels saved.
Altogether 358 lives were saved by the lifeboats of the in-
stitution during the year which has just closed.
A WORD ABOUT Mol33.—The secret of the un-
premeditated character of a mob's movements, which
changes quickly from rage to laughter, and back again,
lies in the loss of individual responsibility felt by those who
compose it. Each member yields to the licence of conceal-
ment, and follows the last whim ; sometimes his neigh-
bour's, sometimes his own. A quick definite proposal is
caught in a moment. One is ready for anything, having
nothing ready himself. A gentleman, once, being mobbed,
and in danger, cried out, " A guinea for whoever will take
my side." 6' Hero you are, sir," cried a fellow. " Hit him
boys," retorted the briber; "hit him boys I he's a traitor."
" Hurrah I" shouted the mob, and let their intended vic-
tim off, to thrash the substitute thus cleverly supplied. A
grin, a wink, will turn a mob, if delivered at some happy
pause; but woo betide the man who loses his temper, or
attempts to argue with such an audience. It is bad eough
to be proved wrong when you ate alone, and have to think
of the consequences of a rejoinder, but when you are lost
in a crowd, and are only_a voice—conviction is intolerable.
Unanswerable logic must be bonneted at once, if sternly
and correctly urged.---Once a Neck,