The Sun.
London, England, 1855-10-10 00:00:00

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heir estimate so nearTi r on a.par with the proved
Mettray. It must, ho';vever, ba remembered that,
all much to learn on 'oh a subject; and I do not fort
thp opinion of Capt. Macoaochie, it is easier to
adult than juvenile ; denders. I will own that I
a'.ways regarded this • riew as paradoxical. Still it atayliel %1:4
confirmed by experien and may explain away the diftl
culty which now prevents my yielding a complete assent
to the estimate on wh tub I have been commenting. Gen.
tlemen, it has been tosrmised that the tests on which the
authorities rely forth a reformation of the candidate for a
licence are of an unsatisfactorynature. It is said—l know
not + what authority--that too much weight is given to
the opinion which may be entertained of a convict by the
chapiein. It is assuased that the chaplain will be very
mud! guided by what ;he may suppose to be the depth and
sineity of religious impressions made upon the heart of
the prisoner; and, reasoning on such presumption, it is
arguo that the life of a prisoner, subjected as his actions
are to minute regulation and constant supervision, affords •
no teigts by, which it could be ascertained how far such im-
pressions are genuine :and of a permanent character. If,
gentlemen, the premises; are well founded, I shall be com-
pelled to concur in the, conclusion at which the objectors
have arrived, at least until more freedom of action is
allowed to prisoners than they at present enjoy. But is
my good fortune to know several of the able and exemplary
men Who fill the office of gaol chaplain ; and judging of the
body by those of its me:mbers with whom I am acquainted,
I hold them as little disposed to depend on such fallacious
tests as the most jealous objector can himself be. It
is so obvious' that the fate of the prisoner should not
depend upon a vague general opinion, but should be founded
on an accumulation of facts day by day recorded, that
I should require strong evidence against the authorities
of any prison before I could be led to believe that they
had fallen into an error so glaring. Doubtless, gentle-
NM, a punctual attention to religious observances, where
the prisoner has an option to fulfil or neglect them must
not be omitted in the account. But there is danger in
giving any very great weight to manifestations of this
kind, inasmuch as even when they are based in sincerity
the prisoner is tempted to exaggeration in their display;
so that, what is. pure in its inception becomes corrupt '
through the hope of temporal advantage. This danger is
felt so strongly at Mettray that a provision is made against
it which perhaps will startle those to whom the treat-
ment of prisoners. and its difficulties is &novel study. The
conductors, when they have confidence in the individual,
are well pleased to see him begin to join in the sacrament of
the Lord's Supper, having ftound by experience that after
this event an improvement is generally visible in his moral
conduct. But as such an effect can only be produced when
the communicant is acting from pure motives and on settled
resolutions, not only is it provided that no secular benefit
shall accrue to him from taking part in this communion,
but, as an admonition not to approach the table in a rash or
presumptuous spirit, every fault he may commit for the
week following receives punishment ofdoubleseverity. Yet,
gentlemen, although it has not been given to us to search
the heart of the prisoner, and to distinguish by any sure
criterion between those manifestations of his spiritual con-
dition which are sincere and those which are merely spe-
cious, still we are not left without tests on which we may
safely rely. "By their fruits ye shall know them" is one
the value of which the highest authority has taught us to
prize. We may rejoice that it is of easy application to that
quality which, of all others, it is most essential should be
ac luired by the prisoner to insure him against relapse. I
mean industry. We can measure the quantity of labour
and estimate its value, especially if it be of the simpler
kinds, with some approach to accuracy. Let, then, se ec
count be opened with each prisoner, placing to his credit
.11.2 value of his labour—the real value, if productive labour
can be found; an assumed value, or rather a value upon
an assumed scale, if his labour be not of a productive kind.
Let h;m clearly understand that each day's labour will tell
upon his liberation. If large in quantity and good in
quality, it will materially advance him on his way. On
the other hand, if deficient in either of these attributes
his progress will be retarded. But a distant future, how.
ever bright—and no brighter prospect can open to the eyes
of a prisoner than that of liberty—will not suffice without
some hope of benefit nearer at hand. Let the prisoner,
then, be allowed to expend a part of his earnings in the
improvement of his diet. By acting on these principles
we shall have provided for training him in habits of
industry. But, although industry will, when he leaves
his prison, furnish him with the means of honest =tin-
t mance, yet, unless he has learnt the art of self-
gsvernmeut, ho will not be effectually protected against
the temptations to fall back into evil courses by which
Lo will be assailed. Let him then be informed that
every subtraction from the fund created by his labour for
the indulgence of his palate will, like indolence, retard the
hour of freedom. Thus he will be taught economy. Gen-
tlemen, other habits are very desirable, but these are essen-
tial ; and, having explained how they may be induced, I
must not dwell on the means of reformation at greater
length. Those among you who desire to give full scope to
your inquiries upon this interesting subject, to learn into
how man' ramifications reformatory science of necessity
runs—how its difficulties are to be overcome and how con-
tending claims are to be adjusted—must consult the works
of Captain Maconochie. The principle that the convict
should be detained until by industry and good conduct he
has earned his right to be free was first enunciated by Arch;
bishop Whately ; but it was developed into a system, and
thus rendered capable of practical application, by Captain
Sfaconochie. May his services even yet, late though it be,
obtain for him some recognition from his country, before
the day shall arrive when earthly recompence will avail
him nothing !

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IT N
-11 F

STATE OF TRADE.

MANCHESTER, Oct. 9.—We have again to report a flat
market, and all kinds of cloth are difficult of sale. At
the same time home manufacturers are every day ex-
hausting old contracts, which have hitherto kept them
from pressing goods upon the market unduly, and are
becoming free sellers. The advices from the United
states sneak of a weaker cotton-market, and this adds
somewhat to the depression of prices here. In 39-inch
shirtings the transactions have been very limited, and
where business has been transacted makers of these'
4-nods have had to submit to a reduction of about 31.
.ier piece on the rates of last Tuesday. Most kinds of
doth have participated more or less in the depression,
Ind lon, cloths and T clotiss hard been purchaseable on
asier terms, as also jacconets and some kinds of
printers. Fine 27-;neh printing cloths, suitable to the
linerican trade, are rerhops, nearly the only exception
o the downward progr cs of values, the limited make
t these goods in proportion to the present demand keep-
-g than moderately steady. Manufacturers of most
sinds of printers rir. less disposed to take a gloomy view
f the present position of the market than others, and
.ence these fabrics, fur which souse good contracts exist,
re e.euerally rather firmer than others. In both 40-inch
end 4i shirtings stocks are somewhat accumulating,
mi hence they have given way more than other goods.
the present selling- price is within a shade of the lowest
rates during the present year. The demand for yarns
t;a,3 been on a very small scale, and prices may be
quoted at about id. per lb. under laA Tuesday's rates.
The difficulty of procuring discounts is a serious obstacle
to business.

LEEDS, Oct. 2.—The c 1,411 markets to-day have been
of a quiet character, and the amount of lusiness done
has been rather below than above an average. Heavy
goods are in chitf demand, tut these and other sea-
sonable fabrics are purchased in only small quantities.
The manufacturers are still, all things considered, well
English
o ,maaanyuddist foreign
iosnpro prevail.bwab(ml:
employed, and a fair trade for the remainder of the year
iis confidently expected. Some anxiety has been mani-
fested with regard to the disturbed state of the money
market, and, while it is impossible to tell what may be
the indirect effect of that state upon the woollen trade,
it may be safely asserted that the direct influence will
not be serious. The woollen trade throughout the year
has been characterised by much caution on the part of
both manufacturers and merchants as well as of dealers.
The stooks on hand are not so large as they have
some•
times been at this season of the year, and there is no
doubt that the home trade is in a sound and healthy
remain steady, but the demand for the former is not
held fat
ioDhowncearset:
prices of both
pricesowagover for the season.
condition. The
thatqu i t ea s
rather o
_a sc
_t active vr
ee a swo
loweri it
l wsfacesai
scale
es maorofen tnh
The York hi
a ur ay last, and
the those obtained
at the September fair at the same place) were as follows:
_Ewe wool, 13s. Gd.; Lincolnshire (one-third to one.
half hog), 14s. 6d. to 15s locks and cotta, 105. to 115.
thhee pricesit w
realisedas
Gd. per stone. From 200 *; to 300 sheets were shown, and
all but one lot was sold.

TkIE FATAL BOILER EXPLOSION AT

WALKER IRON WORKS.

WALKER-ON-THE-TYNE, Tuesday Afternoon. The
explosion which took place at Messrs. Losh, Wilson, and
Bells' iron works yesterday forenoon has down to noon
to-day been the cause of death to seven persons - their
names are Joshua Jenkins, John James, Abraham
Dixon, Martin Brodrick, Thomas Griffith, Patrick Don-
nelly, and John Porter, who died this morning. Two
men are lying ill at Newcastle Infirmary, but the other
injured persons who were conveyed to their homes are
likely to recover. The boiler that exploded was one of
two employed to work an engine which was engaged to
about in every
drive some blast furnaces in the rolling mill upon the
.vorks. The engine was in charge of a man named Ball
at the time the boiler exploded, and was standing to
allow alterations to be made in some straps. In ex-
ploding it lifted the other boiler from its seat, and broke
direction,some pipes,cumber of persons. The boiler
in explodng was rent asunder, and was hurled through
anwdhsiccalhdsecadtatered hot water
the roof of the mill. It came in contact with two large
chi.eneys' which fell, with their furnaces, and buried
tour of the deceased persons amidst hot bricks and
,uolten metal. It then alighted upon an elevation, and
as Abraham Dixon was running out of a shed where be
nad been working, it dropped upon him and crushed
him to death. One of the ends fell through the roof of
an adjacent alkali works, and took three fingers from
the hand of a boy. The other portion, which weighed
ionrtkopeo
five hundred-weight and a half, fell into a yard amongst
some
w
Ple, but did no harm. Four persons were
hurled
the Tyne by the force of the explosion, but
sustained only slight injuries, and many of the work-
people had marvellous escape. '
The inquest will be opened to-day, and some formal
evidence will be taken, when it will be adjourned te.giv!
time for further inquiries as to the cause of the :Widen
and the lamentable los: of life. .. .