The Sun.
London, England, 1855-11-06 00:00:00

THE UNITED STATES.

NEW YORK, Oct. 23.—The Herald of this morn-
ing closes a characteristic article on the elections

in the following language :
"As for the election, there is plenty of time yet to
speculate upon its probabilities, the results of which, in
any event, will require a regular and definite reconstruc-
tion of parties in 1856. We have never had se many
parties and factions and mixed principles and politicians
at work, and never a smaller promise of any great
achievement, than in this forthcoming election. Let us
c,msole ourselves as with a quack panacea—that if it
does not cure the patient it won't kill him."

This picture is just. There has probably never
been an election where so many divers interests
were jumbled together. First, there are the Bards,
or National Democrats, disowned by the Adminis-
tration altogether, but in favour with the Soutb,
with whom they harmonise on the question of
slavery. Then there are the Softs, or Administra-
tive section of the Democracy, whose views in regard
to slavery meet with less favour in the South. The
Old Whigs also have come to life again, and are to-
day to nominate their candidates. The Republicans
to whom the Whigs surrendered only a month since,
have selected their candidates from both Whigs and
Democrats, and have planted themselves only on
the issue of the extension or non-extension of
slavery. The Temperance party and the Anti
Liquor party had each its list of candidates ; and,
last of all, the formidable Know-Nothings—so
that, in the midst of the confusion, it is very diffi-
cult to forsee the result. Whatever it may he, it
will have a great influence upon the national Presi -
dential nominations next year.
The elections in Kanzas have resulted as was pre-
dicted. The pro-slavery ballot on the 2d returned
General Whitfield to represent the territory in
Washington ; and the anti-slavery election of the
9th has chosen Governor Reeder to represent the
same constituency in the same place. Consequently,
Congress will now be called upon to settle this
question. The latter party have also elected dele-
crates for the purpose of forming a State Constitu-
tion which will probably be completed, with a
clause prohibiting slavery, before Governor Reeder
leaves for Washington. This is a bombshell that
promises to blow most of the other business of the
session quite out of sight.
The Mormons also still give some trouble.
Brigham Young, their chief and head, husband of
70 wives, and whose concubines are scattered
throughout the settlement, has given out that no
soldier shall be quartered among them. With
many lamentations over the fall of faithful sisters,
he has declared his purpose that the tempter shall
enter their Paradise no more. The newspapers
say, with how much truth I cannot say, that the
President wishes Colonel Steptoe to return to Utah
as Governor, and that he refuses to do so unless
supported by a sufficient number of Government
troops.

Tile payment of the last 3,000,000 drawn for by
Santa Anna's Government under the Gadsden
treaty has been made a question of in Washington.
Each party naturally wishes the money. I am not
aware whether the question is yet decided. Gene-
ral Alvarez has been chosen President of the Re-
public by a decided majority, and it is said that his
entrance into the capital will be resisted by force.
A rumour was prevalent in Mexico that the revo-
lutionary Generals intended to claim the protecto-
rate of the United States. The American Minister
had issued the following denial :
" Legation, United States, Mexico, Sept. 22.
"The rumour which has disturbed the sympathies of
the two opposing political elements of Mexico, now in
fearful strife for the sovereignty of the republic, and
which seems to have received embodiment in a secret
treaty of alliance and protectorate, published and repub-
lished in several of the journals of the capital, demands
some notice from the undersigned. Though its first an-
nunciation, and through a foreign periodical, was suffi-

cient to have created distrust, endorsed as it was with a
repudiation from a liberal press, yet it was not until it 3
f:,.blication was detected, and the source and desigu
whenc7, it emanated were expo;ed, that the charac`.ec
which the report merited was given to it by the opposing
journals. This devolves tie slroz-cren obligation on this
19gation, whose duty—and which has been most ETC; edly
observed.—was to preserve a neutrality between the two
contending Powers for the legitimate supremacy, to
deny most unequivocally that any propositions for an
alliance and a protectorate between the two republics
have ever been entertained, or even meditated, by the .
Government of the United States.

" The diplomatic relations between the United States
and the Government which has so recently abdicated
were suspended before that event, and there has been no
Opportunity for legalizing their renewal, as is well known
and understood by this community. With the chiefs
of the different departments and States pronouncing for
the plan of Ayutla, and which seems now to have
achieved a triumph, there has been no communication,
by either messenger or in writing, as to what intimate
relations that revolution, in its consummation, desired
to maintain with the United States, as it was well knowla
to each and to all that the American Minister accredited
at Mexico could only hold an intercourse and treat with
the legitimate sovereignty in a government de facto. It
is due, however, to th ise chiefs, and to many respected
and distinguished members of the party they now re-
present, and with whom I have been in the enjoyment
of social, but not frequent, intercourse during my brief
residence at this capltil, that there never was an inti-
mation that even a close alliance, involving a protec-
torate or annexation, could either be sought or was
in any degree desired. On the contrary, one and all
manifested great sensibility on the denationality of their
country ; and the opinion was common on both sides
that even the possible necessity of such a result to the
present revolution must be regarded with distrust
by both Republics. This legation cannot, however,
testify as much for some who profess loyalty to the Cor.
servative power, and who have made suggestions favour-
able to an American protectorate ; but always with the
melancholy and distressing conviction that Mexico,
after 30 years of internal convulsions, presented the
struggles of a people incapable of self-government ; and
that to rescue Mexico from anarchy there was now a
necessity to seek protection under the wings of a neigh-
bouring Republic, that had so signally demonstrated its
capacity to consu►nmate its 'Declaration of Independence'
in tranquillity and advancement.
"As the diplomacy of the American country, whose
high trusts are in the keeping of this Legation, is truth,
neither veiled nor disguised, it has felt the imperative
obligation to speak it through a free and public press,
that the United States shall not be mistaken or misre-
presented on an occasion when the responsibility of
maintaining her integrity and honour abroad devolves
on the undersigned.

"JAMES GADSDEN."

--.•
There was a large fall in the stock-market yes-
terday. Erie declined 13, New York Central 24,
and other stocks in proportion. The recent news
from Europe, and the great and continued ship-
ment of gold to France, have disturbed the mar-
ket and left it for the moment in the hands of
speculators. The shipment of specie continues,
made principally either as remittances by parties
haying draughts to mature, or on speculation for a
suspension in France. Well-informed business
men also assure me that other and secret influences
outside of the currents of trade have been felt for
some time in the American financial world draw-
ing the specie towards Europe. The official
weekly bank statement of to-day exhibits an im-
proved condition on the returns of last week.
The specie reserve has increased 1,321,945 dols.,
and the deposits 1,236,745 dols. This would
probably restore confidence, were it not for
the caases which I have indicated above. This
great shipment of specie ($900,000 by the Union
and $700,000 already known by to-morrows
steamer), and when the rates of foreign exchange
admits no profit on the operation, check the return
of confidence. The export of breadstuffs is for the
time being light. During the week just closed the
exports from this port alone amounted to over
$2,000,000 (400,0001.) There are plenty of orders
yet unfilled, but the market has advanced beyond
their limits. There is, however, a great abundance
of breadstuffs in the interior and on the way to New
York. The total exports of breadstuffs and provi-
sions up to June 30 were returned at $36,696,131,
being $29,205,109 less' than in the year before.
Since then our new crop has come in, and, under
the influence of the short crop in France, our mer-
chants look for an advance over last year.
Mademoiselle Rachel closed her performances in
New York last week. Pecuniarily it is represented
as very successful to all concerned. The Italian
Opera troupe of this season comprises no performers
of European celebrity, except Madame La Grange.
Miss Louisa Pyne and the London Harrison troupe
are singing in English opera at Niblo's, to full
houses. Among the novelties is an American opera,
founded on Washington Irving's story of Rip Yan
Winkle, the libretto by Mr. Howard Wainwright,
which has met with great success.

THE KING OP' PRUSSIA AND THE
THIRD GUARANTEE.

A letter from Vienna, of the Ist, in the Consti-
utionnel, says.:—
" When after the fall of Sebastopol, the greater por-
ion of the press of Europe declared the question of the
.bird guarantee to be virtually decided, I took care to
state that such was not the opinion of the French and
English Cabinets, both of which, as well before as after
that great achievement, were determined that the prin-
ciple of limiting the Russian naval forces in the Euxine
should obtain the firm support of all Europe, and
should constitute one of the principal conditions of
peace. I have reason to believe that a recent note
of the French Government was couched in that sense ;
and I therefore consider it a useful act to show that
the determination of the Western powers relative to
the third guarantee is perfectly in conformity with the
principles and practice of the rights of nations, and can
be justified by precedents borrowed from the diplomatic
annals of Russia het self. A singular saying is attributed
to the King of Prussia relative to that guarantee, when
General Wedel returned to Berlin to lay before his so-
vereign the progress of the negotiations entered into last
winter with the Court of the Tuileries. The object in
view then was to conclude between Prussia and the
Western Powers arrangements analogous to those of the
treaty of Dec. 2, in order to allow the Court of Prussia
to take part in the conferences of Vienna. M. Drouyn
de l'Auys insisted, above all, that Prussia should sub-
scribe to the interpretation of the four guarantees, as set
down in the memorandum of Dec. 23. General iVedel,
not venturing to take on himself to adhere to that de-
mand, returned to Berlin, to lay the matter before his
sovereign. King Frederick William merely said in re-
ply:—' They want me to strike a deadly blow with my own
hand at royalty, in asking me to impose on the Ems
perm- of Russia, in the application of the third guarantee,
conditions altogether incompatible with the dignity of
his crown rni with the plenitude of his sovereignty.'
Afterwar Is, Prussia somewhat modified that declaration,
but the partisans of Russia do not cease to maintain that
every limitation of the naval force of that power would
be an interference with the rights of sovereignty of the
Czar. It was the same argunun% which the Russian
plenipotentiaries brought forward at the conference of
Vienna in the memorable sitting of Apra 17, and which
was rejected in the most absolute man, er by M. Drouyn
de If my information is correct, the fallowing
was the language employed on that occasion by the
French statesman in answer to Prince Goetscht,k :
---` According to your account, Monsieur le Princs,
we are only seated round teis table to le trn on
e hat condition; Russia will be glad to sign pr a e with
us. Ido not accept either the part which you would
thus reserve to your own Government or that which
you would attribute to the Western Powtre. Do we
ask any of you ? Not at all. It is you who, seeing
your flag driven from the Black Sea, of which we are
the absolute masters, come to ask our permission to re
turn there, for we only require four French vessels of
war an I an equal number of English and Turkish ones,
to keep the Black Sea in a permanent state of blockade
and to exclude you even from it. And because we will
only consent to admit your flag there under guarantees
demanded for the general interest of Europe, you ex-
claim and say that we wish to attack the dignity of your
Government. Of two things one—either assert your
dignity by boldly opposing your flag to ours in the
Black Sea, or frankly accept the legal consequences of
defeat.' It was impossible to better replace the ques-
tion on its true ground, than M. Drouyn de l'lluys did,
by making it to turn solely and exclusively on the prin-
ciple of the right to which according to the axiom qui
sun jure utitu;', nemini facit injuriam, the question of
dignity, admittingit to be involved, always remains subore
dinate in international relations. Ido not think that
there could be imposed on a sovereign and independent
state a condition of peace more d( grl ding or more dan-
gerous than that which Nies insisted on by Russia by
means of the treaty of Adrianople, by stipulating in ler
own favour the power of m aching an army at any
time across any part of the Turkish territory with-
out the authorisation of the Porte. When formerly the
Congress of Vienna determined to throw open all the
navigable rivers which separate or traverse various
states, Holland for the Rhine, and the Italian states for
the Po, did all they could to evade the enactments of
Art. 109 *of the final act of the Congress of Vienna,
which referred to the matter. But the other European
states, Russia included, held firm, and insisted on the
stipulations in question being carried strictly out, as
such a line of conduct was evidently for the publio
good. There is a striking analogy between what the
Allies of the 2d of December, in the interest of the
political balance of power, now demand from Russia as
the third guarantee, and what the Congress of Vienna
realised fur the interest of general commerce as regards
the navigation of the rivers. It is that principle on
which the Allies now act, and which they hope to have
confirmed as the public law of Europe."

CLERICAL MORTALITY.—During the past week the
Rev. Gerard Many, Rector of Mawgan, in Cornwall,
has died, and a strange fatality appears to attach to this
living. There have been three rectors within the space
of eight years, all cut off by premature and sudden death
The father of the late incumbent was thrown from his
carriage in the year 1847, and killed on the spot. Hit
successor, the Rev. Mr. Crockford, a fine healty looking
young man, died very suddenly, in 1851, at the age o.
36. The late incumbent, who died a few days ago after
a very short illness, was only in his 24th year.