The Sun.
London, England, 1855-12-26 00:00:00

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amount of traffic even now to be found on the one
only good road of Western India. All this of course
argues well for the future prospects of the Great
Indian Peninsula Railway.
We have one
.more great trunk line to notice,
which is in some respects of greater importance
than any of the others already described—namely,
the Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway.
If Lord Dalhousie is to be taken as an authority
on railway matters, the Bombay and Barada line.
is one which will confer the greatest benefits upon
the country ; and, after a careftil perusal of the
various minutes and papers connected with the
projected undertaking, we are . bound to acknow-
ledge that his lordship has arrived at a just conclu-
sion respecting it. If concurrent testimony of its
value and importance to the trade of India were
wanting, we might record the fact of the Manchester
Chamber of Commerce having memorialised the
Court of Directors, to the effectithat this railway may
be extended and sanctioned throughout without de-
lay. The intended course of this lino is from Bombay
along the coast to Surat, thence into the province
of Guzerat—called from its fertility " the garden
of India"—to Baroda, Ahmedabad, and the im-
mense cotton districts, whence the name of
" Surats," so well known in the English cotton
market, is derived. From Baroda, the line is to
extend either by Neemuch, and so through Raipoo-
tana to Delhi, or along the Nerbudda and by Jub-.
bulporo to Agra. At ono or other of these points
it will join the Calcutta and North West line. The
whole distance is Upwards of 1,500 miles, but as yet
the formal sanction of Leadenhall-street has only
been received for the section from Surat to Baroda
and Ahmedabad, which will be about 200 miles in
length ; although from the expressed opinion of the•
Governor-General, of the Governor of- Bombay,- of
"Mr. Lumsclen; member of council at that presi-
.dency, the members of the Supreme Council of
India, and of the Manchester Chamber of Com-
merce, we cannot help arriving at the conclusion
that the section along the road from Bombay to
Surat, in length about 200 miles, will- also be
sanctioned and commenced upon forthwith.
In the whole history of Indian railways up to ,
the present time, this stopping short at Surat, and'
not at once sanctioning the lino from Bombay all
the way to Bared a, is almost the only blame that
can be laid upon the Court of East India Direc-
tors.
In his minute upon the subject, Lord Dal-
housie distinctly states—" A railway commencing
at Surat, and connecting the line in Hindostau
with the western coast, would no doubt b 3 a great
advantage in itself ; but it would form no part of ,
the system of railways which the Government has
in contemplation, and would not give to it the
military and political advantages which it aims at
seeming." Further on, in the same paper, when
alluding to the line along the coast being sanctioned
and carried out, he writes :—" If the design of
the Government shall be executed in its integrity,
troops may be brought from England by the
shortest possible route to Bombay, for whichever
of three presidencies they may be intended, and
may be fowarded upon a continuous system of
railways to whatever station they may be destined
to occupy ; so also recruits and invalids may, by
the operation of such a continuous system, be
sent on their way easily, quickly, healthily, and
cheaply."
And, to quote again from the same authority,
" A line stopping short at Surat would not connect
the Bengal lines with those of Bombay, nor with
those dAladras. The break of 200 miles thus in-
tervening would effectually destroy that continuity,
of communication by which the troops of one presi-
dency would be readily made available for use in
the remotest parts of another presidency, so that
the several armies in India should become practi-
cally interchangeable, and the military power of
the Government should be increased tenfold."
In the above paragraph is comprised the pith of
that policy which has hitherto so wisely governed
the councils of India in railway matters.
It should be borne in mind by those interested
in the subject of India being improved by railway
intercommunication, that although a seaport, Surat
is as such entirely shat up during the monsoon or
rainy season, which extends over four months of
the year ; and that, therefore, for the line to stop
short at that town would be to lose fully two-thirds
of the benefits which the railway is likely to confer
upon the interior. But, as we said before, the
Governor-General and all the Indian authorities
being in its favour, we have no doubt whatever of
its immediate sanction by the Court of Directors,
more particularly when we remember that the
Manchester Chamber of CoMmerce has memorialised
for its-being carried out forthwith-. ---To-stn nr the
advantages of the scheme when fully carried out,
we cannot do better than quote once more from the
minutes of Lord Dalhousie, as laid before the house
of Commons last session :

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"I, for my part, am unable to see anything in the
present known condition of Surat, or in the plans which
have been conceived for it, which would enable it to com-
pete with Bombay as a shipping port if a railway existed
to the latter harbour ; we knew that at present Surat is
a port of very inferior quality. During one season of the
year it is wholly inaccessible to shipping. Its situation
must make it at all tim, s more perilous, and by no ex-
ertions of science or art can it ever be rendered com-
parable with the harbour at Bombay. How inferior it
now is, and how little hope there can be of ever making
it a successful harbour, except at an enormous expendi-
ture of time and money, appears to me to be manifest
from Col. Kennoly's own report, which, in support of
his railway scheme, contains two large collateral schemes
for the improvement of Surat, the one of which has for
its object to remove from the town the inundation s
which annually accumulate where there ought to be dry
ground, while the other is designed to remove from the
harbour the ground which annually accumulates where
there ought to he deep water. Looking, then, to these
facts and admissions upon record, I am unable to believe
that Surat will ever be made a good shipping port. I
can as little persuade myself that if a railway should be
formed from Surat to Bombay, goods will leave the line
of railway at Surat in order to be carried thence at a
cheaper rate by sea in country craft to Bombay. Taking
the figures as they are given in these papers, I am unable
to admit the probability that exporters of cotton or
opium or other produce of Guzerat or Central India, which
shall be conveyed on the railway from the place of pro-
duce to Surat, will .sacrifice the greater security, the
greater regularity, the greater rapidity of conveyance
afforded by the railway, and will there transfer their
goods to coasting craft to be carried on them to Bombay,
even though the quoted difference of cost of carriage now
existing should not be lessened by the tariff of the
railway company, which in such case would most pro-
bably be done. Wherefore, seeing no probability
of extraordinary cost in the construction of a line
from Bombay to Surat ; unable to receive the conviction
that Surat will ever be made an eligible shipping port,
and equally unable to believe that goods brought from
the interior, and intended for shipment at Bombay,
would be diverted from the railway to the coasting craft
at Surat by such economy of conveyance as is illegal ;
further, bearing in mind that the certainty of a large
passenger traffic is admitted, I am not prepared to as-
sent to the opinion that a line from Bombay to Surat is
an impolitic or imprudent scheme, even in a commercial
point of view.
And now we have given a short, although doubt-
less an incomplete, history of the different grand
trunk lines of India. Two short railways—or at
least short in comparison to the immense under-
takings we have made mention of—remain to
be noticed. The first of these is the Madras-Railway,
which is destined, in the first place, to connect
that presidency with the south-west—the oppo-
site—coast of India, and also to join the Bom-
bay frontier with Madras. The first of those
branches will proceed via Arcot, seringapatam,
and Trichinopoly, to Coimbatoor, on the Mala-
bar, thus placing in communication all the
most important towns in South India. The lengths
of this line will be about 300 miles, of which 0
have been finished, and for some time past in work-
ing order. We may confidently expect that, three
years hence, the whole of that tract of country
where Wellington and Baird gained so _ many oaf
their Indian laurels, will be intersected with
railway from east to west.
The other branch of this line, which is to joie
the Madras frontier with Bombay, via B elgaum,
Sattara, and Poonah has already boon noticed.
One more of the Indian railways remains to bo
noticed ere we conclude. The last, but certainly
not the least in importance, we have upon our list
is that of Scinde. This line has been formally
li iioned ; its length will be about 120 miles, and
sitasdcestination from Kurrachee—a port destined to
rival Bombay, and oven Calcutta itself—to the In-
dus. Our space will not allow us to enter into
details connected with the undertaking ; suffice it
to say that, in importance to the province in which
it is to work, in a judicious selection of the line,
and in sound conclusions respecting the large and
increasing traffic which will find its way to and
from Kurrachee by this means, the Scinde railway
is second to none in India.
The hasty sketch which this and the two previous
papers have given of railway enterprise in India—
its present status and future prospects--is no doubt
faulty. To the best of his ability the writer has
sought to interest others in what, to him, seems a
question of vital importance to Hindostan. Um-
connected in any way with either Indian railways
or the East India Company—not even a share-
holder in any of t ..e rst and to
.

.-./Z,'" a '47,.(-I_-_-(._--f--g- 4'
-›- li,
not a holder of st 94 in the .ether—,l)o46.oe_ply in.;-1K54,1-..; 4.• --..„
114te
forested in the •Alfare of a country where the bcst.,-4::;).l'.'„'
,filyy3 of his life have been spent. The great want 4-:4-,, flZ;'i*:::.:‘,
--...tn-dia has been declared by the highest authority:', ''''''''-17.' 'jE
1
to be tlkat of internal communication ; and this—,,e4 " ":I`,-:''''w
withou using any figures of speech, be it said—Tt.:l4''
can in o way be so perfectly secured to the count
try as y_4 well-devised, an imperial scheme of .:l "1
railway —a very network of iron roads--through.
out the length and breadth of the land. Unless
we are rea,tly mistaken, this improved means of
transit 'ill serve more than any other agency to
prepare ur Eastern empire for political institutions
for wli -

she is certainly not yet fit. And in this

'e maintain that her advance in the right
been far greater during the last four years
'oughout the previous half c.entury.

INNS OF COURT.

,uncil of Legal Education have issued the fol-
ties for the public examination of the students
IQX* -

inducement for students to propose themselves
ination, studentships shall be founded of 50 gui-
annum each, to continue for a period of three
Ld one such studentship shall be conferred on the
tinguished student at each public examination ;
her, the examiners shall select and certify on
three other students who shall have passed the
t examinations ; and the Inns of Court to which
dents belong may, if desired, dispense with any
of exceeding Jwo, that may remain to be kept
rktudents previously to their being called to the
i•ovided that the examiners shall not be obliged
or grant any studentship or certificate, unless
Lll be of opinion that the examination of the stu-
ey select has been such as entitles them thereto.
ery call to the bar those students who have
public examination, and either obtained a stu-
or a certificate of honour, shall rank in seniority
,other students who shall be called on the same

udents shall be eligible to be called to the bar
11 not either have attended during one whole
lectures of two of the readers, or have satisfac-
issed a public examination.
'OR THE PUBLIC EXAMINATION OF CANDIDATES

ONOURS OR CERTIFICATES, ENTITLING STUDENTS
CALLED TO THE BAR.
:amination will be held in next Hilary Term, to
Student of any, of thelnne of *Court whe its de- --
becoming a candidate forastudentship or

or of obtaining a certificate of fitness for being

the bar, will be admissible.
?student proposing to submit himself for exami-
vill be required to enter his name at the trea-
)ffice of the Inn of Court to which he belongs on
e Tuesday, the let day of January next, and he
;her be required to state in writing whether his
n offering himself for examination is to compete
identship or other honourable distinction ; or
he is merely desirous of obtaining a certificate,
iary to a call to the bar.
xamination will commence on Tuesday, the Bth
anuary next, and will be continued on the Wed-
and Thursday following.
11 take place in the I3enchers' reading•room of
is Inn ; and the doors will be closed 10 minutes
e time appointed for the commencement of the
ation.

examination by printed questions will be con.
in the following order :
day mornirg, the Bth of January, at half-past 9,
stitntional Law and Legal History ; in the after.
it half past 1, on Equity.
nesday morning, the 9th of January, at half-past
,ommon Law ; in the afternoon, at half-past 1, on
w of Real Property, &c.
Thist.sday morning, the 10th of January, at half-past
9, on (Jurisprudence and the Civil Law ; in the after-
noon, t half-past 1, a paper will be given to the stu-
dents including questions bearing upon all the foregoing
subjects of examination.
The'oral examinations will be conducted in the same
order !during the same hours, and on the same subjects
as those a'ready marked out for the examination by
printed questions, except that on Thursday afternoon
there will be no oral examination.
The oral examination of each student will be con•
duc'ed apart from the other students ; and the character
of that examination will vary according as the student
is a candidate for honours or a studentship, or desires
simply to obtain a certificate.
The oral examination and printed questions will be
founded on the books below mentioned ; regard being
had, however, to the particular object with a view to
which the student presents himself for examination.
In determining the question whether a student has
passed the examination in such a manner as to entitle
him to be called to the bar, the examiners will princi-
pally ,have regard to the general knowledge of law and
jurisprudence which he has displayed.
A studeut may present himself at any number of ex•
aminations, until he shall have obtained a certificate.
Any student who shall obtain a certificate may pre•
sent himself a second time for examination as a can-
didate for the studentship, but only at one of the
three examinations immediately succeeding that at
which he shall have obtained such certificate, provided
that if any student so presenting himrolf shall not suc-
ceed in obtaining the studentship his name ehall not ay-
pear in the list.
Students who have kept more than 11 terms shall not
be admitted to an examination for the studentship.
The Reader on Constitutional Law and Legal History
proposes to examine on the following subjects :
He will expect the candidates for honours in the en-
suing examination to have mastered the chapters in
" Hallam's Constitutional History," which contains the
reigns of the House of Stuart, of Queen Anne, and of
George I. and George 11. ; the chapter on treason in
" Forster's Canon Law ;" the chapter in " Stephen's
Blackstone' on the same subject ; the bloory of our
testatn, ntary law, the volumes of " Repin " and " Tin-
dal's Continuation " during the Fame
Ile will also expect them to be well ac piainted with the
State trials during that perior'.
lie will expect the candidates for a pass to answer any
general question on the leading facts in English history,
to be well acquainted with the 11th, 12th, and IGth
chapters of "Hal'asa's Constitutional Ilistery," and with
the trials of Russell, Sydney, and Lord D. larnere.
The Reader on Equity proposes to examine in the
following hooks :-
1. " Smith's Manual of Equity Jurisprudence ;"
" Mitlxl on the Pleadings in the Couit of Chancery."
Introduction :—Cbap. 1, sec. 1 and 2 ; chap. 2, sec. 2,
part 1 (the first three pages) ; chap. 2, sec. 2, part 2
(the first two pages) ; chap. 2, sec 2, part 3 ; chap. 3.
The " Act for the improvement of the Jurisdiction of
Equity," 15 and 16 Vic., clap. 86.
2. The Cases and Notes contained in the first volume
of 66 Whiter and Tudor's Lading Cases," and the Cases
of "Aldrich r. Cooper," and "Rees v. Barrington,"
with the notes to those eases in the second volume.
Candidates for certificates of fitness to be called to the
bar will be expected to be well acquainted with the
books mentioned in the first of the absee classes.
Candidates fur the studentship ur honours will be ex-
amined in the books mentioned in the two classes.

The Reader on the Law of Rtal Property proposes t)
examine in the followirg books and subjects :-
1. " Williams, Real Property ;" " &leen, Powers,"
vol. 1 ; " Butler's Notes to Co. Lit." 191 a, secs. 2,5,
271 b.

2. "Cruise, Dig. tit. xvi.," " Remainders."
3. Title by Non C!aim ; 2d and 3d of William IV.,
chap. 71 ; 3d and 4th of William IV., chap. 27.
4. The law of covenants, in iti relation to real pro-
perty ; "Spencer's Case," 1 "Smith, Lead. Cas. 26, "
,
"Tull; v. Mosehay," 2 Ph. 774.
5. The Law of Settlement, with reference to Ante-
nuptial and Postnuptial Settlements.
Candidates for honours will be examined in all the
foregoing
books
will beelkasmainned S
dillnbiteheotsse.
and 3. mentionedCandidatesinfopra nrtcseLti2fi:
The Reader on Jurisprudence and the Civil Law
propcses to examine candidates for honours in the fol-
lowing books and subjects :
legla.eiTeeneaseleemenetnatisneodf tihne. floor s j testamentsnr
ie R
ande.
Institution
es
Privati of Warnkijnig."
the
,rin law of e
2. " Wheaton's Elements of International Law."
Vol. 2, chap. 3, on Neutral Rights, and chap. 4, on
Treatises.
3. " Lindley's Introduction to the study of Jurispru-
dence." Chap. 3, on the Objects of Rights and Duties.
(The text of Thibault as translated by Lindley, and
the Notes of the Translator in the Appendix.)
Candidates for a pass certificite will be examined in-
1. "Sandars's Institutes of Justinian," book 2.
2. " Wheaton's International Law," vol. 2, chap. 4.
The Reader on Common Law proposes to examine in
the following subjects :
Candidates for a certificate will be examined in-
1. The " Introduction to Blackstone's Commentaries,"
sections 2 and 3.
2. The 4th and 17th sections of the Statute of Frauds,
as commented en and illustrated by Mr. Smith in his
"Lectures on Contracts," 2d ed., pp. 37-78.
3. The-Law of Simple Larceny (which nay be read
from Archbold, " Criminal Pleadings," 12th ed., or any
other recent Treatise on Criminal Law).
4. Candidates for a certificate will also be expected to
answer any question having reference to the ordinary
proceedings in an action at law.
Candidates for the studentship or honours will be
examined in the foregoing subjects, and also in-
5. The undermentioned cases :
"The Six Carpenters' Caso,pe v.
" 8 rep., 146, in connection
with which should be read, " Thar Stanwood," 5
" Pinners Case," 5 rep. 117,
M. and Gr. 760.
with which should be
read, " Sibree v. Tripp," 15 M. and W. 23, and
" Cooper v. Parker," 14 C.B. 118.
" Ashby v. White," 1 Smith L. C., 105, with the
note thereto.
6. "Taylor on Evideace," 2d ed , vol. 1, part 2,
chapters 7 ,
some of the 11.-15. inclusive (of hearsay evidence and
leading exceptions to the rule excluding it).
1337 order of the Council.
RICHARD BETHELL, Chairman.
Council Chamber, Lincoln's Inn, Dec. 4.

CiIISTMAS Girrs TO THE Pooa.—Yesterday morning
upwardslt of 200 poor families were supplied with a good
Christmas dinner of beef and bread, besides coals, at the
Rev. J. B. Brown
's chapel, in the Clayland's-road, Ken-
nington. It was the result of a voluntary subscription
among the congregation, which amounted to between
701. and 801. The recipients were not all connected
with the chapel, but selected from the industrious
poor in the district. Similar distributions of meat,
bread, and coals took place at Clapham, Brixton, and
Newingtcn.