The Sun.
London, England, 1855-04-12 00:00:00

Turkey is,'therefore, fully justified in demanding
that the guarantee or protectorate of the Great

Powers which is to be substituted for that o:

Russia shall be clearly defined, so that it may
not authorise any interference with the internal
state and administration of the Principalities,
but restrict itself to preventing the destruction of
their privileges, or any attempt against the exist-
ing institutions, the sovereign rights of the Porte.
On the Second Point, respecting the naviga-
tion of the Danube, it was the usurpation of
Russia that created the existing complications,
and care must be taken not to substitute one

usurpation for another. The perfect freedom a

commerce is what is required, and that must not
be restricted either by undue regard for quaran-
tine or other equally untenable pretexts.
On the Third Point—the chief difficulty--we
have already pointed out how inconsistent with
the independence, and safety, and, we might have
added, the very existence of the Ottoman Empire,
have been some of the plans put forward. How
could fortifications to rival those of Sebastopol--
to act as an equivalent to that " standing menace"
to Constantinople and to Europe—be constructed
flu Turkish territory in Europe and Asia by

Powers which, although now the friends and allies
of Turkey, may hereafter became her enemies,
without destroying her security ? The free navi-
gation of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, at any
time and under any circumstances, is equally

inconsistent with the safety of the Turkish
Empire. By all means let the preponderance of
Russia in the Euxine be terminated. Let her
naval power be limited within reasonable bounds,
and the forts, not essential for defence, but useful
only as a means of overawing her neighbours, be
demolished ; but let not Turkey be so deeply in-
jured by those who designate themselves and
desire to be considered as her very good friends
and Allies.

On the Fourth Point the claims put forward
by Russia, to interfere with the internal Govern-
ment of the Christian subjects of the Porte, it
was that the Western Powers took up arms.
They protested against what would be directly
subversive of the independence of the Porte.
They must now take care that they do not sanc-
tion or connive at anything calculated to
infringe on that independence, or calculated to
render its future position worse than if it
had, in the first instance, submitted to
the unaccountable demands so arrogantly put for-
ward by Prince MENSCHIKOET, and which it has
made so many energetic efforts to defeat.

Once more, then, we say, the only prospect of
peace is that which may be opened by the un-
qualified destruction of Sebastopol, whether by
the military and naval forces now arrayed beneath
its walls and in front of its harbour, or by the
assent of the Russian Plenipotentiary. That is
the only solution of the problem, and that must
lie unanimously demanded by the People and Par-
liament of Great Britain.

Neither. his Highness MAHMOUD PASHA,
nor his friend the lion. ROBERT Cunzox—in
those eccentric opinions of theirs, in regard to the
treatment of criminals, to which we on Tuesday
made particular reference—appears to have borne
in mind, for an instant, the double object kept in
view in this matter by the British Administration.
Both the English traveller and the Turkish gover-
nor seem to have altogether overlooked that ra-
ther important consideration.. It is one, how-
ever, we take it, especially entitled to the remem-
brance of every individual who undertakes to
examine, even in the most superficial manner, the
principles and practice, the purpose of all the
theories, the aim of all the endeavours, of this
important branch in our complex system of juris-
prudence.

It should be constantly borne in recollection,
we maintain, by every one who may venture t•
scrutinise the Criminal Code of Great Britain, by
every one who may presume to weigh that code in
the balance of impartial judgment, that as we have
here already expressed it, the object kept through-
out steadily in view by our legislators is one of a
twofold character. Briefly let us call it, at once,
the double object of—" reclamation" by disci-

Aline, and " expiation" by punishment. It has
been instinctively felt throughout by every man

'amongst us that any system would be incomplete
which aimed at the effectual treatment of crime
by the executive, otherwise than by an equal

attention to those two inseparable require-

ments. The moral principle upon which we
have thus acted, so to speak almost instinctively,
in the hope of somehow extra.cting at least a

small proportion of good out of an enormous and

unavoidable mass of evil, has had about it, curi-
ously enough, a very appreciable resemblance to
the scientific principle which not long since led
an eminent optician to the exquisite discovery of
the stereoscope. Viewing crime from these two
points of view, we are enabled to see it, as it is,
in its entirety. Otherwise it continues to us but
as a painted picture, instead of becoming to us,
as it ought, a veritable reality, capable of being
appreciateild by the full sense. Scrutinised in this
way through the medium of the duplex but har-
monious legislative stereoscope—examined simul-
taneously with an eye to expiation, by punish-
ment, and with an eye to reclamation by discipline
—crime, we repeat, can be thus literally seen in
its complete and sub3tantial reality, and (so be-
held, not guessed at, as heretofore, but actually
~een, and, in a measure, comprehended) may at
!ength be wholesomely subjected to corrective
treatment by the State, with something like a
reasonable prospect of bringing about, together
with the vindication of the outraged majesty of
the law, the individual improvement of offenders,
Lad the diffusion of some general advantage
throughout the population.

It is something of itself, wa opine, to have so
employed a portion of our febon multitude upon
Public Works, as for example in our dockyards

land arsenals, that the value of the convict labour
thus brought into systematic application for the
national benefit within the compass of the financial
year last past has been estimated at a no less con-
siderable sum total than just J8,920t. ster;ing.
It is something also, we conceive, for the country
to have already made elaborate provision at
Parkhurst alone for reclaiming at one and the
same time as many as 620 juventile.clelinquents.
There are in these and other kindred items in our
annual aecJunt of the Convict Prisons of England,
subjects upon which, even in the hearing of the
Vizir of Yanina, we might go so far as to offer i
I the public at large our earnest had deliberate i
felicitations. Nay, for our own part, we -cannot
hut deem .
relating to the conimuui it reasonable to congratulate the whole I.
to the undi
blush, appear itog there
tehfeozr fellow-countrymm upon matters
congratul
seems in a mannern
for such .important subject upon which
Wondermruilglyht not, at the first
be any
Tor reasonable
satisfactorys oor..ab lethinking groundsto
ffeorvoremnvi within no"utal lb.
ation3.
ecc
aso
tuma
beb 1
eia phawarerl: ev 1
ii that from
.1)0,7 convictsbei
for 1854-5
to 10, "..
6 Yeaz at our home 1
cost so enormous, a cost which be
at annual I
was not less than 171,639/.65.3d. for
and 7 1853-41'
1 actually as much as 218,961/.155.. 9d, I, It literally'