The Sun.
London, England, 1855-11-21 00:00:00

LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 21, 1855.

PUBLICATIONS.

Now ready, in 2 vols., with Portrait, 215., bound,
THE LIFE of JEANNE D'ALBERT,
QUEEN of NAVATtRE,om numerous origival sources, in-
cluding M. Documents in the llibliotheque Imperial e and the
Archives Espagnoles de Slmancas.

By MISS FREER,
Author of " The Life of Marguerite D'Angonleme."
Burst and Blacke.t, rablishers, successors to Henry Colburn,

ADAPTED FOR THE LARGEST ESTABLISHMENTS AND FOR PRIVATE

FAMILIES.
Now Ready, Ninth Edition, Bvo , with upwards of Sixty 'ultra-

-Voris, 12s.
FRANCATELLI'S kODERN COOK.
A. Practical Guide to the Culinary Art in all its Branches,
adapted as well fur the largest cstablishments as for the use of private
families,

London : Richard Bentley, Publisher in Ordinary to her Majesty.

THE CABINET EDITJONT OF MR. I RESCOT E'S NEW WORK
This day is published, 2 vols. crown Bvo., with Plates, 125.,
lIISTORY of the REIGN of PHILIP 11.
of SPAIN.
'By WILLIAM HIRELING PRESCOTT.
Mr. Bentley has published uniform Editions with the above of Mr.
Preseott's other HISTORICAL WORKS.
London : Richard Bentley, Publisher in Ord'nary to her Majesty.

NEW NOVEL BY THE AUTHORESS OF "THE WIFE'S
SISTER."
To-morrow, in 3 vols ,
fALVERN ; or, The Three Marriages.
By Mrs. HURBACK (Niece of Miss .inaten),

Authoress of " May and December," &c.
Charles J. Skeet, 10, King William street, Charing-cross.

NEW SERIAL WORK BY It. CEIARL 68 DICKENS.
Uniform w;th " Dombey and Son," " David Copperileld," " Bleak
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On the Thirtieth of November will be Published, to be completed in
Twenty Monthly Parts, Price One Shilling each, the First Monthly
Part of a New Work of Fiction, called
LITTLE DORR I T.
By CHARLES DICKENS.
With Illustrations by 11Astor K. BaowNE.
Bradbury and Evans, 11, Bouverle-Strect.

p OST OFFICE LONDON DIRECTORY, 1856,
Now publ shing.
Kelly and Co., 19, 20, and 21, Old Boswell-court, Temple-bar, and
all booksellers.

In post BTo., sewed, price One Shilling,
THE CURABILITY of CONSUMPTION ;
being a Series of Papers, presenting the most prominent and
Important Practical Points in the Treatment of the Disease.
By FRANCIS 11. RAMA DGE, M.D.,
Fellow of the College of Physicias, late Senior Physician to the
Royal Infirmary for Diseases of the Chest, &c.
Also, by the same Author, Price 10s. 6d.,
A TREATISE on AS HIM& and on DISEASES of the HEART.
London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.

The Third E lition.—Just published, price 55., by pact, tree, ss. 6d.
ON TRUE & FALSE SPERMATORRIICEA,
with the View of distinguishing the Imaginary from the
Real sufferers under this disease, and Correcting of wide-spread
Errors in relation to their Treatment and Cure. From the German
of Dr. PICXFORD. With an Introduction by the Editor, containing
a complete exposure of the system of terrorism and extortion pursued
by the advertising quacks of the metropolis towards those who are
credulous enough to seek their aid.

Plekioid is known to English readers by his frequent practi-
;al contributions to German medical literature. This is the first
;ime, he informs ns, that he has addressed himself to the non-medi-
sal reader. Wo trust this may not be the last, if he shall letect any
other equally dagrant evil which it may be in his sower to e,or-
rect." --:London Medical Gazette. "The tribe of Quiet Sympathisers,'
and 'Medical Friends,' are mercilessly exposed ; and If this book
could find its way into the hands of those who suffer from the com-
plaint of which it treats, we are satisfied that many hundreds would
be saved much needless suffering of body and mind, and what is of
less importance, though it is that which the quacks most prize—
:l-inch money.. ....This volume is welt qualified to put an end to the
empirical system of treating Spermatorrhma, and to place the treat-
ment-upon a more rational and physiological basis. It is, therefore,
likely to do much good."
London: H. Balliere, 219, Regent-street.

MEXICAN and
COMpAsouTH AMERICAN
T.
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HYDE CLARKE, Secretary.
17, Gracechurch•street, 20th N0v.,1855.

ARMY and NAVY PENSIONERS'
EMPLOY MENT SOCIETY,

22, Parliament•street.
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The Society continues to find S.rvants and Employe; of every
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QALOMONS, MAYOR.--The First Court of
Mayor and Aldermen, held in the Inner Chamber of the Guild-
hall of the City of London, on Tuesday, the 20th day of November,
1855, and in the 19th year of the reign of Victoria, of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen, Ste ,
Reaolved,—That the thanks of this Court be presented to Sir
Francis Graham Moon, Baronet, late Lord Mayor of this City, for the
promptitude with which he convened this Court, and for the courtesy
and ability with which he presided ow r its deliberations —for the
irn,artial and benevolent discharge of his duties as a magistrate --
for the attention given, and the munificence manifested, by him to
the various charities of this great metropolis—for the graceful hospi-
tality with which he entertained the di4inguishei foreigners and
other illustrious guests at the Mansion House—for the dignity and
propriety with which ho upheld the honour of his high office on the
occasion of the visit to this City of her Majesty's faithful and august
friend and ally till Emperor of the French, accompanied by her
majesty the Empress—and for his general desire to uphold the high
privileges of Ws office, and to support the rights of his fellow-citizens.
Nor can this Court fail to congratulate him upon the distinguished
honours conferred upon him by her Most Gracious Majesty.
This Court hopes that h's life may be spared for many years to
enjoy such honours, and that on his retirement front the office of
Lord Mayor his service to his fellow-citizens may be increased and
prolonged.
MERENVETHER.

A RGYLL ROOMS.—LAIIRENT'S CASINO
ca. NOW OPEN for the winter season. The following
Music will be performed by his celebrated Band during
he week : March aux Flambeaux. Waltzes—The Lily
of the Valley (D'Albert), Zephir Lufte (Gung'l), Fenella (Tinney),
Ethel Newcome (Laurent), La Saltane (Bosislo). Quadrilles—Le
Rol du Pastel “Amotte), Les Ilugenots (Laurent), Palermo (D'Al-
;:ert), Bride of Lammermoor (Tinney), II Trovatoro (Tutton).
Polkas—Des Ilulands (Lamotte), Italie (14 aviolo), The Lillian (D'Al-
bert), Des Coucous (Bougeuet), The Zouaves (Laurent). Galops—
The Imperial Guards (Laurent), The Hecla (Streather). Schottische
—La Guirlande de Metre (11o3quet), La Varsoviana (Laurent). Prin-
cipal Cornet a Piston, M. Boulcours.—Doors open at 8. Admission
One Shilling.

TO LOVERS OF FISH.--100 GENUINE
YARMOUTH BLOATERS for 65., package included.
THESE HIGHLY ESTEEMED DELICACIES AND CHEAP

ARTICLE OF FOOD
forwarded to all parts, on receipt of penny postage stamps or P. 0.0.
(preferred). Send full and plain direction, county, and near,st sta-
tion.—Address THOS. LETTIS, jun., Fish Curer, Gt. Yarmouth.
•' This is the third season Mr. Lettis has supplied us with Yar-
mouth bloaters, and we find the quality excellent.—J. Brashowe,
house steward. Blenheim Palace.—Oct. 20, 1854."
" Mr. Lettis,—As soon as you send out your genuine bloaters, I
shall be glad to have a supply as usual ; those I had last year gave
great satisfaction.— X . F. Courroux, Ambassador's Court, St. James's
Palace.—Oct. I, 1855."

APPETITE AND DIGESTION IMPROVED.
LEA and PERRINS' WORCESTERSHIRE
SAUCE imparts the most exquisite relish to Steaks, Chops,
and all Roast Meat Gravies, Fish, Game, Soup, Curries, and Salad,
and by its tonic and invigorating properties enables the stomach to
,erfectlydigest the food.

The dailyuseof this aromatic and delicious Sauce is the best safe,
g uard to health.

Sold by the proprietors, Lea and Perrins, 19, Fenchurch-street,
London, and 68, Broad-street, Worcester; also by Messrs. Barclay
and Sons, Messrs. Crosse and Blackwell, and other oilmen and raer-
hants, London ; and generally by the principal dealers in sauce.
N.B.—To guard against imitations, see that the names of "LEA
and PERRINS" are upon the label and patent cap of the bottle.

JOZEATJ'S COPAHINE, or SACCIIARATED
C A.PSULES.—Copaiba and Cubebs are, doubtless, the best
remedies, but these drugs are of a repulsive taste and odour, an)
occasion colicky pains, nausea, and gastric disturbance. SI. JOZEAII
has succeeded in rendering these valuable therapeutic agents perfectly
innocuous, by Increasing in his Copahine all their curative pro-
perties. This important preparation has been adopted by the Paris
Academy of Medicine, after more than 1,000 trials in the Paris
and different London hospitals, viz , St. Thomas's, Guy's, and Bar-
tholomew s, under the care of Messrs. Lloyd, Poland, and Legros
Clerk. (See " Lancet " Nov. 6, and Dec. 10, 1852, a copy of which
will be forwarded on application.) The Copahine, which is in the
form of a pretty pink sugar plum, effects a cure in about six days,
either in recent or chronic diseases. One hundred capsules, 48. 6d. ;
50, 2s. 9d.—To be had of the Inventor, G. Jozeau, sole French
Chemist, 49, Haymarket, London, and all the most important
chemists.

RUSSIAN WARFARE.—The Russians themselves cer-
taisly
have no reason to be desirous of prolonging a con-
test in which they have experienced nothing but defeat
since it was begun. Prince Gortschakoff comforts his
army by telling them that they are no worse off in eva-
cuating Sebastopol than, the Russians were in deserting
Moscow after the battle of Borodino,.and that in both
cases they had the pleasure of destroying their own cities,
and presenting a smouldering heap of ashes and stones
to their conquerors. The Russian mode of warfare is
something like duelling among the Japanese, when each
party rips open his own bowels, instead of performing
that act of destruction upon his antagonist. Thus far
Russia has destroyed her fleet in the Black Sea, burnt
Sebastopol, and sacrificed a hundred thousand, or more,
of her men ; and as Prince: Gortschakoff appears to
think that it is a feather in his cap to destroy his towns
and ships, if the war should continue much longer, he
may yet have the pleasure of seeing St. Petersburg un-
der water—for it would be easier to drown than to burn
it—and Moscow again in flames, after Odessa and all
the smaller cities have been laid in ashes.

Spirit of the Public Jommals.

(Front the Morning Post of this day. )

We have already, more than onco, directed the.
attention of our readers to the source of reinforce-
ment for our army in the 'Crimea• derivable from
our Indian army. We shall not at present again
s
ssaviowtaat
enehanftedeirvgi
rovmvvneyutoaei
srhi
cgrnaul
leittiii
ltrniotm.
addition atatkwgofihirEteyiegToetotuhi hdhidsur mights
ateteoosdrl
opv
thousands
might
abrrgorosni eesvtobotehbbbeauf,sserertstlinaovtrstnll
nnuoehi
heaoele irregular.
strength
shown
.ifvleettnwonoleherfytt,riitrtoyhahobiteilhumearoaofivaeutipnnueleltrer
pcorpslsrwtedtsoihuitoslicrs
oaentosswnuaso whichattori defvkttidominionseemr
ndm:iamine
;nko arightilbusnuhugt-.
)
d
would
diudtniee'
Crimean
nldreasfsptositerinrret
naturally
eotol
hldoyaei
enough object to any more regiments being removed,
to which we answer, that we would not renzovssone
Infantry,as
thousand
eoo uui
shl should
ill nhdo India
in
eent
first-ratew almosteeanct
iy I.rt immediatelycondition,wNo
single regiment, nor, indeed, a single manpivho
e andn te ofaveragingtnthe
Queen'son one
these regiments available for the Crimea might be
commenced at once, by giving those regiments
reghu replaced. There
which have been five or six years in India second
battalions, in this fashion. Les the first battalion—
seven hundred or eight hundred strong, consisting
of picked officers and picked men, of under fourteen
years' service, or thirty-two years -of age—proceed
at once, via Egypt, to the Crimea, Awing the resi-_
due,' with the colours, band, mess, and other attri-
butes of head-quarters, to form the second battalion,
which should remain in India, and be immediately
recruited up to its full establishment by the officers
of the regiment now-in England ; indeed, with a
little diligence, recruits, sufficient to make up the
second battalion to its establishment, might be for-
warded to India in the very ships which would
convey the first battalions to Suez. Thus, the regi-
ment and its prestige would remain in India. The
natives would never think of calculating about its
being a few hundreds short of its establishment, or
a disproportion of recruits—it would be almost as
formidable an instrument in the hands of the Go-
vernor-General as before, and, in six months, com-
pletely so, for military life in India is so essentially
of an exclusively military character that the re-
cruit moulds much more rapidly into a soldier than
in an English barrack. To be available for the
spring, the regiments near the several points of
embarkation—Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, Manga-
lore, and Kurrachee might be selected—and the
forty-third, sixty-fourth, seventy-fourth, and
eighty-third would at once give a formidable bri-
gade,
which would be ready to embark long before
transports could be procured for them, whilst their
growing second battalions would continue to re-
present them in India. These regiments are in first-
rate order ; in one of them, the eighty-third, whilst
the average ago of the men is twenty-eight years
and four months, their stature reaches the enor-
mous average of five feet eight inches and three-
quarters, and it may be imagined what a body of
giants the picked men of that regiment would form.
This process might be rapidly extended to the
other regiments in succession, and would ultimately
result in adding twenty-two battalions of picked
and seasoned soldiers to our force opposed to Rus-
sia, without materially weakening that employed
in India. It would be, hoWever, desirable that the
recruits who replace the Crimean battalions should,
as far as possible, be quartered in healthy situa-
tions, such as Bangalore, the Neilgherries, Poona,
Kurrachee, &c. If it was not considered admissible
that this system should be extended to too many
regiments at once, provisional battalions might be
forthwith by calling on other corps for two hun-
dred or two hundred and fifty men each to go
with their own officers, and return to their regi-
ments when their services were no longer required.
Every four regiments would thus contribute a
battalion to the war, and each might almost im-
mediately be recruited up to its full establishment,
its efficiency in the meantime having hardly been
affected at all, or the body of men already in the
Crimea might be gradually reinforced from India
until it grew into the first battalion, and the pro-
visional battalion became a brigade. And, be it re-
membered, that these mek, suddenly bibught from
comparatively useless inactivity into the field where
their services are most urgently required, would be
soldiers seasoned and trained in the very best school,
and under the most favourable circumstances. It
was the opinion of the late Sir Charles Naper, than
whom none understood better what a soldier should
be, that no troops were so fit to perform
any ser-
vice, however arduous, 'as those which had been
five or six years in India, even though they had
not been engaged with an enemy, so exclusively
military was the life they led, and so secluded from
the pleasures and the duties, the ties and the trials,
of civil life. Nor must it be forgotten that the pro-
motion, so confined amongst the officers, is but due
to the men of Meeanee, Ferozeshali' Sobraon, Ali-
wal, Chilianwallah' Mooltan, and Goojerat—men
still subalterns, who s ere lighting and winning our
battles in the East before many who are now be-
coming captains had gone to school—men, who
have claims which we say with shame have not been
sufficiently recognised, still more men who, when
called upon, will amps, repay, by their services,
the tardy promotion they have so impatiently seen
extended to the young and inexperienced, though
a cruel fate has denied it to these stalwart fighters.
In fact, India has been to our army, ever since the
peace of 1815, what Algeria has been to the French
—the nursery of cur soldiers—who earnestly and
resolutely make their profession the pursuit of their
lives. Many of them men of slender means, the
sons of naval and military officers, and clergymen
and professional men, in whose families the
pro-
fession of arms has become almost hereditary,
make up their minds to remain all their lives in
India, and, when their regiment returns to Eng-
land, exchange into one which remains iu the East,
where the superior pay and allowances enable them
to live in a degree of comfort which the scale of
pay apportioned to the English officer does not
admit of in Europe, and where they have a better
chance of seeing service than existed anywhere else,
until the present war broke out its. the Crimea.
And thus has been bred a race of hardy and prac-
tised soldiers, thoroughly acquainted with their
men, devoted to their profession and inured to war;
for, even the regiments which have not been en-
gaged in India, have been employed against the
Kaffirs, or in China or Burmah. But, in fact, the
Indian army being of the nature of an army of
occupation, liable to be called on to act at any no-
tice, or no notice at all, makes soldiers naturally
without fighting. It has, however, had a good deal
of fighting during the last twelve years ; and one
result of this has been to bring forward pre-emi-
nently the characteristics of its individual officers,
of whom we have already seen examples in Penne-
father, Markham, and Adams ; but the war calls
for more. We hear complaints of the want of
leaders, of Generals too old, of Brigadiers yet un-
tried ; but in those of her Majesty's regiments at
this present time serving in the East Indies, there'
are men, yet in the prime of life, of acknowledged
ability and experienced in warfare, whe
have
tested under every circumstance of difficulty
_and
been
danger, and proved their capacity to command by
their conduct in the field ; and any one conversant
agreewit h
h u
ourwi t armys in
that India
a material accession of strength
would accrue to any army which, by t e arrange-
ment we have above suggested, should be enabled
to number among its chiefs such men as Franks,
will weare confident,
h
bael and Case, together
Longden, Heaney, Carmic2
with many others, whose names will readily sug-
s our reador s as are ac-
Havelock, Congreve, Lugard, Bates, Fenwick,
gest themselves to such o
I
ac-
quainted with the history of our army in the East
Indies.

[ADVERTISEMENT.] —We have read with much pleasure Du
Barry's report on the cure of Indigestion (Dyspepsia), Flatu-
lency, Constipation, Nervous, Bilious, and Liver Complaints,
Cough, Asthma, Consumption, and Debility, without medi-
cine, by Du Barry's Food. The following are a few extracts
which appear to merit the attention of many :—Cure No.
47,121.—" Miss Elizabeth Jacobs, of Nazing Vicarage, Wal-
tham-cross, Herta ; a cure of extreme nervousness, indiges-
tion, gatherings, low spirits, and nervous fancies." Cure No.
48,314.—" Miss Elizabeth Yeoman, Gateacre, near Liverpool;
a cure of ten years' dyspepsia and all the horrors of nervous
irritability. Cure 51,415.—Oystermouth, Swansea, 24th
August, 1853.—Bilious headaches of frequent occurrence'
which my wife had been subject to for many years, have been
removed by Du Barry's salutary Revalenta Arabica Food.—
E. J. BUTLER. Cure 51 416. Gower, near Swansea,
August 21, 1853. Thirty years dreadful suffering from
rheumatism has been removed by Du Barry's delicious Reva-
lenta Arabica Food, in five weeks time.—WiLmin Gym._
In canisters, 11b. 2s. 9d.; 21b. 4s. 6d.; 51b. lls. ; 121 b. 22x.
The 121 b., carriage free, on receipt of Post-office order. Barry
Du Barry & Co., 77, Regent-street, London; also at 182,
Piccadilly; 60, Gracechurch-street; 330, and 451, Strandi
.
4, Cheapside ; 60 and 68, Cornhill ; 49, Bishopsgate-street;
55, Charring-cross; 54, Upper Baker-street; 63 and 150
Oxford-street ; 89, High-street, Camden-town ; 18, Pall:
mall; 7, Pall-mall-East ; 132, New Bond-street ; 24, Mot.
comb-street ; 13, King William-street, City ; 30, Conduit.
street; 21, Cockspur-street ; 95, Famingdon-street ; 67, St.
Paul's Churchyard; 6, Edward4troete

TIT& WHEAT CROP OF 1855.

The following letter has been addressed to.a contem-
porary :—"Sir,—My last letter on this subject has been
much canvassed, and I am bound to say that the weight
of opinion among the corn factors is rather against my
estimate of the crop--more, however, as I anticipated,
in regard' to the incr2ased breadth than the acreable
prcciuce. The question of scarcity is thus shown to arise
on a matter of fact, which would have been settled by
this time had we possessed a system of agricultural
statistic'.

IMy estimate of the produce of.wheat per acre was one-
tenth below an average. Mr. Sturge asks how my own
crops yield. I have tested them in Kent and in Wig-
tonshirea-the south-east of England and the south-west
of Scotland—by thrashing over 50 acres, and in Kent,
on light land, I have 26 bushels an acre, arid 06 bushels,
on heavy land, in Wigtonshire. In both cases, although
the crop was generally much laid, the sample (white
wheat) is of fine quality, 641 b. and 601 b. weight. This
shows a full average, and my information from experi-
enced farmers in some other quarters is to a similar
effect. In certain districts, again, there are failures to a
considerable extent, as was stated in my former letter,
but in others there is a counterbalancing increase. It is
within ray knowledge that one of the statistical divisions
of a Scotch county returns, from 2,074 acres of wheat,
7,611 bushels more this year than it did last year from
the same brea, ith. Over that district the crop is reckoned
better this year by nearly four bushels an acre. That Is,
no doubt, an uncommon case, yet being not matter of
opinion, but of fact, it is worthy of note. And, if freeing
our minds from the late excitement in the corn trade, we
look back calmly to the reports from all quarters during
harvest, we shail find that the gloomy view now pre-
valent was not held then. Ou the 18th of August the
Agricultural Gazette published reports from corre-
spondents in all parts of the country, 122 of whom de-
scribe the crop at or above an average, while 45 con-
sider it below an average. Nearly six weeks later, on
the 24th of September, the Mark Lane Express gave
a similar table of reports from its correspondents in
36 different English counties, 69 of whom describe
the crop at or above an average, and 20 below an
average. We have thus, from two different sousce,e
of information and extending over a period of several
weeks, a body of evidence from the wheat growers them-
selves, showing a proportion of three to one in favour of
an average yield. Generally, the crop has been more
laid than usual ; the yield, therefore, is not in corres-
pondence with the bulk, the weight is in many cases de-
ficient, buf, making due allowance for this, I believe the
deficiency on the whole will be covered by an estimate
of 1-10th beloW an average crop.
My estimate of one fourth increase of breadth under
wheat, not over last year, but over an average breadth,
is of course more open to criticism. I offered it as an
individual opinion only, and I will state the grounds
of that opinion. But let me first correct an oversight
in taking the proposed increase from the barley crop
alone, instead of from all crops grown by the farmer,
including oats and green crops, as well as barley. It is
objected to this that rotations are so strictly observed
as to render so large an appropriation of the land to
wheat impossible. I am of a different opinion. Drain-
age, better cultivation, and a very general use of arti-
ficial manures., have given the farmer a power of draw-
ing on his land which his predecessor, without these ad-
vantages, could not have risked. It is a plain fact that
a second corn crop in succession may now be taken any-
where on well cultivated laud with the aid of a proper
dressing of guano. There is nothing impossible, nothing
even difficult in the matter. It is the cheapest and rea-
diest mode in which a farmer can turn over his capital
with advantage. It is not a system to be indefinitely
prolonged, but it may undoubtedly be resorted to for a
special object without detriment to any one. Now, what
were the circumstances of last autumn and spring ? We
had rising prices, and were cut off from our main sources
of foreign supply by war with Russia and bad crops in
America. There was every conceivable motive to increase
the breadth of wheat and an unusually favourable seed
time. Landlords in general were pleased that their te-
nants, who had had hard times enough in the transition
period, should have a chance at last. Tenants no doubt
might be subject to penalties, but fancy the position of
A landlord who, in a time of scarcity and high prices,
should prosecute his tenant for growing too much corn !
There was no need to break up more grass land, only to
alter the proportions of the land tinder tillage to the
demands of the market.
Nor weuld an alteration to the extent of one-fourth
involve any such serious disproportion or disturbance in
the system of management as men unaccustomed to the
details of fanning seem to imagine. It appears from the
Agricultural Statistical Tables published last summer,
that in England and Wales (estimating the totals for the
whole country in the same proportion as the 11 counties
in which statistics were collected) there are 570,000
farmers, occupying on the average 64 acres each. Of
these 64 acres 26 are under tillage, 20 in grass, meadow,
and down, and 18 in houses, gardens, roads, fences,
commons; plantation, and waste. Of the 2G acres under
tillage there are 6i acres of wheat as the average extent
for each farmer in England. Now the influence of high
prices is universal. Every grower of wheat feels the
same impulse to avail himself of the opportunity!; and it
seems marvellous stretch to imagine that each man
should lay an extra field to wheat. Two acres on the
average would do more than make up the increased
breadth claimed by me. This increase is not one-fortieth
of the entire surface of England, and not even one-
seventeenth part of the land which is regularly under
tillage.
England enjoys a better c'imate for the production of
wheat than Scotian(' or Ireland. Here, accordingly, it
is grown in a much larger proportion than oats and bar-
ley. While the breadth of wheat in England is nearly
equal to that of both oats and barley, in Ireland and
Scotland it forms but one-sixth of these grains. The
soil and climate of England are thus shown to be very
generally suitable for wheat, and I should therefore ex-
pect the main increase in breadth to take place in Eng-
land. But we have not yet any comparative data by
which the fact of such an increase may he shown. In
Ireland, ho .never, the statistical returns afford a cornpa-
rieon with previous yenrs, and, so far as they may be
accented as a guide, they justify my estimate. From
1849 to 1853 there was there an annually decreasing
breadth el wheat, following exactly a similar decrease in
price, till at the lowest point in 1853 it had fallen to one-
half the breadth sown in 1349. Tnen came a reaction
nearly as sudden. The price of wheat, which at the pre-
vious seed-time was only 325.2 d., had risen in the autumn
of 1853 to 635., and the natural consequence was an
immediate great increase in the cultivation of this now
remunerative crop, to such an extent that in two years
there was an addition of one-third to the breadth under
wheat in Ireland. It may be that Irish farmers are
more volatile than their English neighbours. My expe-
rience of the English farmers as a class, ie, that they
are much like other people, and both capable and willing
to avail themselves of thefavourable opportunity which
a high price and good seed-time placed within their reach.
Is it to be believed that that which stimulates production
in all other commodities—scarcity and high prices—is to
be unfelt by them alone ; or that a rise of 100 per cent.
in price, without any increase in the charge for the raw
material or the cost of productiou, should not stimulate
every effort to increase the supply ?
I trust I have now made it evident that the opinion
I ventured to give was not formed without due con-
sideration. The excellence and general abundance
of the potato crop, notwithstanding partial disease, will
help to make up any deficiency of the inferior corns, and
the potato crop still forms a large item in the national
food. In Scotland the breadth of land under wheat and
potatoes is nearly equal, while in Ireland the extent of
potatoes is double that of wheat.
But while adhering to my previous estimate as to the
produce of our own crops, there can be no doubt that
prices are materially affected by the quantity said to
have been exported to snake good the defective harvests
of our European neighbours. So much does this idea
prevail, that it has been recommended at some of the
late open air meetings to prohibit the export of corn. I
need not stop to argue the fallacy of such a remedy,
even if the export had been far greater than it is. But I
am enabled to show that the export of wheat is not a
new trade, and though it has increased considerably this
year over last, it is a mere fraction of the whole con-
sumption of the country, and, as will be seen from the
figures subjoined, is much more than counterbalanced
by the increased importation at the same period of this
year. The total quantity of wheat and wheat flour,
British and foreign, exported from the United Kingdom
during the 10 weeks after harvest (12th of September to
14th of November) iu each of the last two years is as
follows :

1854 1855
Qrs. Qrs.
62,588 117,983
The total quantity imported in the same time was :-
1854 1855
Qrs. Qrs.
217,501 412,305
Deduct exports ... 62,588 117,983

Excess of imports ... 154,913 294,322

Thus, while the imports in both years greatly
exceed the exports, it is peculiarly gratifying to
find that, after all the noise that has been made
about it, we have a balance of imports in favour of this
season amounting to 139,409 quarters, which is consider-
ably more than the whole quantity exported. Verily,
there would be little wisdom in meddling with the prin-
ciple of free trade, which has made us the entreat of the
world, and which brings us much more than it takes
away.
The increased rate of freight from America by so ranch
enhances the price of corn to a country like this, which
always needs foreign supply. Though the imports into
this country since last harvest are nearly double those of
1854, they still fall short of 1852 and 1853. The late
harvest in America has hardly begun to tell Upon us
yet, and other countries besides ourselves are also in that
market ; for it is not a deficient home crop so much as
a continental scarcity and increased cost of transit that '
keeps up present prices. These are high enough to
stimulate the enterprise of the merchant seeking supplies
from abroad, while, to the mere speculator, a word of
caution as to the possible hazard of his adventure may tend
to lessen that ignorant competition which at times runs
up prices far beyond their natural level. A steady mar.

• ket and high prices will bring out supplies from all quar-
ters, but a market running np from week to week, with
no new circumstance to account for it, leads sellers both
at home and abroad to withhold supplies in the fear of
losing the highest figure, and thus adds an artificial to a
natural scarcity. And as for the argument of econo-
mists, that high price checks consumption and is the
natural and desirable concomitant of scarcity, that pain-
ful safeguard has been some time ago attained in the
experience of every labourer's family in the kingdom,
and there can be no doubt whatever that it will tell ma-
terially on the rate of consumption.
With all our Government institutions it is very un-
fortunate that not one of them can supply information so
precise and reliable as to guide the country in its
supply of food ; but let us at least avail ourselves of
such facts as we can get through their intervention. It
is, indeed, objected to the Gazette returns of sales of
British wheat (which I adduced in confirmation of my
estimate of this crop) that greater diligence has been
used this year than heretofore by the returning officers,
and that reliance cannot, therefore, be placed on the re-
turns as a criterion of cornparisor. On inquiry, I find
that to some extent this is true, but it is believed that
the addition forms no large proportion of the whole, and
that it cannot be held to affect the result in a very ma-
terial degree. The difference, whatever it may be, is
most likely compensated by the improved circumstances
of the farmer, which enable him this year to hold for a
higher price. But, granting that it has added 10 per
cent. to the quantity returned, we shall find that, even
after making this large allowance, the sales confirm my
estimate. The following are, the deliveries of wheat from
the farmers, by the Gazette returns, for the 10 weeks
(from the 15th of September to 17th of November) after
harvest, in each of the last four years :-
1852. 1853. 1854. 1855.
Qrs. Qrs. Qrs. Qre.
1,073,559 887,429 1,252,184 1,334,527
Now, after deducting 10 per cent. from the last return,
we still find the deliveries of this year equal to last, one-
, fourth greater than 1853, and one-tenth greater than
1852, when wheat was selling at 3Sa. a quarter.
While the deliveries of our own wheat are this year
equal to last, how stands the foreign supply from the'
quarter we are most likely to get it—America The
following is the account of shipments from the United
States to this country in flour and wheat, calculated in
quarters, for the months of September and October :-
1854. 1855.
Qv. Qrs.
3,707 199,197
Looking to these facts, and the diminished consump-
tion caused by high prices—while admitting the scarcity
on the continent and the partial failure in some localities
at home--I would venture to advise the English far-
mer not to miss the present prices, but to sell as he gets
his crop ready. He cannot be far wrong with 80s. or
90s. a quarter, and he has the market comparatively to
himself at present. It is just possible that, by the
months of May and June, America, which has already
made a good beginning, may pour into our markets the
surplus of an abundant crop, as she has done before
when prices were far less tempting than they are now.
JAMES CAIRD.
6, Sergeants'-inn, Temple, Nov. 20.

METROPOLITAN COMMISSION OF
SEWERS.

A special Court of Sewers was held yesterday at the
Court-house, Greek-street ; Mr. It. Jebb in the chair.
The Court having ordered that the combined system of
back drainage should be adopted in respect to certain
houses in Tyte's-alley, Limehouse, Mr. Roe, the engi-
neer, reported that some of the occupiers had applied
for leave to adopt the separate system ; and he informed
the Court that two of the owners had already done so,
and that the owner of No. 5 had also asked permission
to do the same. Mr. Hawes moved that the request of
the applicant ha complied with. Mr. Pascal seconded
the motion. The proposition gave rise to a discussion,
and Mr. Ward moved as an amendment, to the effect
that the original order of the Court be adhered to in re-
spect of the houses in question so far as was practic-
able without disturbing the works already done at the
houses Nos. 4 and G. Ho said that the expense of drain-
ing those houses by the combined back drainage sys-
tem would be 51. each, but by allowing the present ap-
plication it would be increased to 71. for each house.
Several members gave their opinions upon the rela-
tive merits of the separate and the combined system
of drainage, and ultimately the amendment was
aAre,ed to, there being 5 for and 4 against it. The
chairman withheld his vote on being informed by Mr. Roe
that the house No. 5 would fall in with the combined
drainage of Nos. 2 and 3. In the course of some obser-
vations which followed, Mr. Thwaites said that the
Court had already decided and recorded that wherever
it could be done the combined system of drainage should
be adopted. In answer to questions, the chairman said
that before Lord Ebrington s act pas.,ed the law did not
enable the commissioners to compel persons to adopt
the system of combined back drainage ; but that act did
net confer on them the power to do so, and the general
feeling of the Court appeared to be that where separate
'drainage was desirable, in that case they should proceed
under the old law, and that where combined drainage
was desirable they should resort to Lord Ebring,ten's
act. Mr. Ward then gave notice that at the next Court
he should hring the subject distinctly forward, with the
view of coining to a final decision upon it. On the mo-
tion of Mr. Thwaites a return was ordered of the debts
of each separate commission transferred to the Consoli-
dated Commis-ion in 1849, showing the amount of in-
terest paid on the said debts in and since 1819 ; debts
pail off and expired since 1849 ; moneys borrowed on
security of rates since 1840 ; the total nteable value of
property assessed in each district of the former separate
commissions ; of the present rateable value of property
assessed to the present rates in each district ; and the
amount collected in each district under the several rates
levied since 1849. A return was also ordered of the
Parliamentary, legal, and engineering expenses incurred
in the year 1853 in opposing the great London draining
scheme. The following is the financial statement of the
commission : —Balaece in hand on the 16th November,
34.7011. ld. ; cheques drawn, but not presented,
4601. 7s. 31. ; available balance, 34,2411. Os. 101.;
amount of deposit account, 60,0001. ; total balance,
94,2411. 0 101. After the transaction of some further
business of a routine character the Court adjourned.

UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE.

OXFORD, Nov. 20.
CLASSICAL HONOURS.

The Examining Masten in the School of "Literis
Hurnaniorihus" have this evening issued the following
Class List :

CLASS
Willi ►m W. CapeP, Queen's College.
Horace Davey, University College.
Richard F. Huntley, Balliol College.
George Miller, Exeter College.
William L. Newman, Balliol College.
John W. Nutt, Corpus Christi College.
James B. Peile, Oriel College.
James G. Shepard, Balliol College.

CLASS 11. -
Henry L. Bennett, Corpus Christi College.
John G. Cordery, Balliol College.
Henry S. Cunningham, Trinity College.
Radcliffe Henry E. Delme, Queen's Cullege,
George R. Dunbar, New College.
Henry D. Gordon, New College.
Samuel C. Hamerton, University College.
James 13. H. Hawkins, Merton College.
Alfred B. Rocke, Christ Church.
Samuel Thornton, Queen's College.
Thomas H. Thornton, St. John's College.
Charles A. Turner, Exeter College.
CLASS 111.
George Bennett, New College.
William M. Bramston, Balliol College.
Augustus I. Chetwode, Balliol College.
Lionel D. Darner, Trinity College.
Charles H. Everett, Balliol College.
John F. Gosling, Balliol College.
Charles Griffith, Wadham College.
Edward Hawkins, Balliol College.
James P. Hicks, Lincoln College.
Thomas H. T. Hopkins, Magdalen College.
Alfred G. L'Estrange, Exeter College.
Walter Summers, Worcester College.
Jackson Taylor, Oriel College.
Henry Wright, Balliol College.
CLASS IV.
Clemens L. Coldwell, Pembroke College.
Matthew T. Cully, University College. Cl
e
John M. Fazakarley, University "fe; •
Warren Livingstone, WorcesteiliCooilcleogne.ge.
Frederick B. Montgomerie, i 3
George W. Price,
Magdalen bd.
.
e
James B. Richey, Exeter Colleg
William Walker,
Wadham
m College.College.
Douglas A Williams, Wadham Hall.
William T. Wilson, Mary
W E. JELF
T. CHAFFERS
W. C. LAKE Examines.
H. L. MANSELL

BURGLARY AT GREAT BARDFIELD. —On Saturday
morning,
about one o'clock, the dwelling of Mr. Heze-
kiah Smith, of Besslyn House, between Great and Little
Bardfield, was broken into by three men, who appear to
have entered by one of the sash windows below. They
took from the kitchen a double-barrelled gun, which was
loaded, and also a single gun ; with these and a bludgeon
they presented themselves in Mr. and Mrs. Smith's bed-
room, where, pointing the loaded gun, they declared
that money they wanted and money they would have.
They then ransacked the house, and took away a quan-
tity of plate, a silver watch, the double-barrelled gun,
two 51. notes of the Saffron Walden Bank, and abouth
30/. in gold, silver, and copper. Before quittingrot_
broke
premises they visited the wine cellar, which they
open with a plough coulter, afterwards found thne-r.n:ajide
then decamped, leaving the single-barrelled
outer premises. After their departure they_gufir.edc the
gun off, which was distinctly heßid•—•4B" It‘r"'