The Sun.
London, England, 1855-09-14 00:00:00

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Now thy brows are cold
We see thee, what thou art, and know
Thy likeness to the wise below,
Thy kindred with the great of old."
What we want in the teaching of the young is, not so much
the mere results as the methods, and, above all, the history
of science. How and by what stops it has advanced; with
what large admixture of error every caw truth has been at
first surrounded ; by what patient watchings and careful
reasonings, by what chance suggestions and hapPy thoughts,
by what docility of mind and faith in the fullness of Na-
ture's meanings—in short, by what kinds of power and
virtue, the west men—aye, and the lesser men of science

have each contributed their quota to her progress—this is
what we ought to teach, if wo desire to see education well
eonducted to the great ends in view. It is not merely for
the sake of investing the abstractions of science with some-
thing of a living and human interest that we should recall
from biographies and other sources of information thr
meagre page of the general historian. It is for something
more than this. It is both that -they may be more en-
coura,ged to observe nature, end that they may better un-
derstand how to do so with effect. It is that they
may cultivate that temper of mind to which she
;oust loves to reveal her secrets. And as regards those
whose own opportunities of observation may be small,
it is that they may better appreciate the labours of others
:and may be en 'bled to recognise, in the midst, per-
haps, of much ext:avagance, the tokens of real genius, and.
in the midst of much error the g.d,len sands of truth.
It is one of the many observations of Sir C. Lyell, which
Irave a much wider application than that to which they
were specially directed, that the mistake of looking too ex-
clusively to the grand results of geological change, and of
referring them too readily to sudden agencies of tremens
done activity and power tended to check the advance or
that science, by discouraging habits of watchfulness over
those operations which are contemporary with ourselves,
and the secret of whose pawer is to be found in the lapse
of time. An effect precisely analogous is produced on the
prege.ese of science as a whole by a similar method of re-
garding it; and even when the history of that progress ir,
attended to at all there is a natural disposition to loot.
back to a few great names among the number of its chief
promoters as beings who, by dint only of some unapproach-
:able superiority of intellect, have taught us all We know.
It is true, indeed, there have been a few such men, just
as there have been periods of sudden geological operations,
which have 'upheaved at once stupendous and enduring.
monuments. But even in respect to those great men, iswill often be found that at least one great secret of their
power has lain in virtues which might be more cetumo
than unfortunately they are found to be. That openness
and simplicity of mind which is over ready to entertain e
New idea, and not the lees willing that it may be suggested
by some common p•n,l familiar thing, is one of the surest
:accompaniments of genius. But it is clearly separable
from extraordinary intellectual power, although, where
both are found together, the great results produced are too
often attributed to the more brilliant faculty alone. Pro-
fessor Whewell, in his most interesting history of the in-
.lnctive sciences, while deprecating the degree of attention
width has been paid to the well-known story respectin_.
the origin of Newton's 'zhoughts on gravitation, has never-
th,less stated, with his usual clearness and precision, the
essential truth which the traditions of science have done
well to cherish. Those who have been competent to jailge
of the calibre of Newton's mind, of its powers of pure ab-
stract reasoning, have with one voice assigned it the
highest place in the records of human intellect. Doubt
less it was those powers which enabled him to prove
what otherwise would have remained conjecture. But it.
is not the less important to observe that the suggestion
on which those powers were called to work was
one eminently characteristic of a mind where sim-
plicity and greatness were indeed synonymous. That
the celestial motions, about which so many wonderful
facts were then already known, and which had been re-
ferred to so many mysterious and imaginary forces, should
he indeed identical in kind with the motions which took
place close beside him, and that the same rules should be
applicable to each,—this was an idea in which, to use Dr.
Whewell's words, " Newton had no forerunner." We do
not need to compare the relative importance of those
qualities of mind which are indicated in the first concep-
tion of such an idea, and of those other faculties which
could alone crown it with demonstration, and add it to the
uinhe r of established truths. For the attainment by a
single individual of results so grand and so complete as
those which were reached by Newton each was necessary to
the other. But characteristics which wore in him united
have not the less had their separate value when divided in
other men ; and it cannot be too often repeated that habit
of wakeful observation on the commonest phenomena of
nature are often alone enough to yield a rich harvest to the
man of science and to crown his labours with an immortal
name. This has been a result of continual recurrence in

the progress of knowledge. It is the expression and evi-
lance of a truth of equal importance in the moral and the
physical world, that the common things which surround
us in our daily life, and many of which we do not really see
only because we see them too often and too familiarly, are
governed by principles of infinite interest and value, and
whose range of application is as wide as the universe of God.
And this brings use to say a word on the value of instruc.
tion in physical science, not merely with a view to its owl-
advancement, but as in itself a means of mental training
and an instrument for the highest purposes of education.
It is in this latter point of view that its claims seem to be
least admitted or understood. We may bear an exceptios
made in favour of the exact sciences, which involve the ap-
plication of mathematical knowledge, since this has been
long recognised as requiring the highest intellectual exer-
tion ' • but with regard to other sciences how often do we
hear them condemned as affording " mere information,'
and as tending in no sensible degree to strengthen and in-
vigorate the mental powers ! But, again I say, this woult
entirely depend on how science is to be taught—whether by
a mere cramming of facts from manuals, or explaining hoe
and by whom former problems have been solved—what and
how vast are other problems yet waiting for and capable of
solution. Anti even whore the researches of physical
science can do little more than guide conjecture, or illus-
trate merely what it cannot prove, how grand are the
questions which it excites us to ask, and on which it ena-
bles us to gather some amount of evidence ! In geology,
is it true, or is not true, that " we can see no trace of a
beginning—no symptom of an end ?" To what extent anti
in what sense aro we yet entitled to say that there has been
advance in organisation as there has been advance in time?
In tlysiology, what is the meaning of that great law of
adherence to type and pattern, standing behind, as it were,
awl in reserve of that other law by which organic struc-
tures are specially adapted to special modes of life? What
is the relation between these two laws ;
,and can any light.
he cast upon it, derived from the history of extinct fortns,
or from the conditions to which we find that existing forms
are subject ? In vegetable physiology, do the same or
similar laws prevail, or can we trace others, such as those
on the relations between structure, .form and colour, of
which clear indications have already been established, in
communications lately made to this association by Dr.
M'C'osh and Dr. Dickie, of Belfast? In chemistry, how
is it that some of the most powerful actions escape ow
finest analyses ? In medicine, what is the action of spe-
cifics ; anti are there no more discoveries to be made such
as rewarded the observations of Jenner, in the almost
total extinction of a fearful and frequent scourge ? It is
in reference to such great questions, and ten thousand
others equally interesting and important, that the pursuits
of science call forth the highest activities of the mind, and
exercise every power of thought and reasoning with which
it has ueen endowed. Indeed it may fairly be questioned
whether those sciences which are called exact are neees-
eerily the best preparation for the actual business of the
world. It is the rare exception; and not the rule, when
exact and perfect demonstration becomes applicable to the
affairs of life. In general, men have to balance between a
thousand probabilities, and to take into account a thousand
conflicting tendencies. Surely there can be no training
better than that which teaches us by what careful inductive
and
reasoning—by what separation between permanent
accidental causes—by what constant
reference
.from the
present to the past, and from the past backagaul
present, our existing knowledge has been obtained to the
in the
paths of physical research. It is true, indeed, that where
men's passions and prejudices are much concerned no
Amount of teaching will ever induce them to follow or
attend to the best methods of arriving at the truth. But
even where there are no such disturbing causes, Where
moderate and candid men are expressing their sincere con-
victions, how constantly do we hear them ascribing effects
to causes which the slightest habit of correct reasoning
would have been sufficient to dismiss ! In questions of
great social or
political as well as of philosophical imP° r-
twice the want of such habit is often roostpainfully ap-
parent, m and serves in no small degree to retardthe progress
of tsankind. The necessity of considering
with reference to fundamental all questions
principles or laws, and these
again with reference to the disturbing causes which delay
or suspend their operation, the mode of weighing evidence,
and the degree of value to be attached to ttp:l which is of
a matey negative kind—these are things of which we are
perpetually reminded in the pursuits of science, and these
surely are no useless lessons, whether in religions, social,
or political affairs. And then there is another considers-
, *ion of no small importance. As science has now come to

NEW SP7kI!Eli,
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Alp her r----s *Am she hes,4 •Ws it
) back upon them er reflected light, so also hes shtenoW -1 s
reached a degree of development which casts some rats
forwaril on question% of higher import than'those which
she can fully answer. It is in vain that we try au araw
doliuite lives between the physical and the metaphysiitel.
between the secular and the religious. There is a felt Tee
lation between , the laws which obtain in. each—such,
deed, as we might expect to find in provinces of sr naiveval
empire.: The eetisequence is that in every speculation on
those higher questions on' which men will end must *peen
late, In every syetern't,f. philosophy, Whether ancient-or
modern, they draw Aot,Merely their illustrations, but net
a few of their caneltialoita,:front science or from that which
passes by the name. If,,therefore,- her discoveries, and,
above all, her methods and litivlailitory be but partially and
superficially understood, the poptilar Mind will be a pin--
petual prey to the most sPecioni forms Of bitor. But that
history toadies caution. It is full of warning as welhas
of example. In being a history of the progress of know-
ledge, it is -a history alsd of the obstructions which know-
ledge has' eecountered and an index' of 'those to wbfch
she' is still etpeied. The-irillhOrke Of opinions rt)aci
theories preconceived,--of rash ••oon.clUtions, and of false
analogies--lias been, and still is, a perpetual source of
danger. mall is this the °ate that we soon learn to
receive with extreme caution the inferences drawn by men
of science from the facts they may bring to light, wher-
ever these inferences touch upon other departments of
knoeledge. The relation in which a new fact or law stands
to others is seldom at once rightly understood. It is enly
through fighting, and controversies of every kind that it
gradually finds its place, and becomes not .unfroquently
instrument in defence of truths which at first it was 195.
posed to sap and undermine. I do not mean to say that
the full meaning of the discoveries of Science is always
brought to light. Far from it— It would be more true to
say that their ultimate meaning is never reached ; and that
fur every question which science answers she propounds
i
another which is beyond her powers to solve. Bet n this
we may see the strongest of all arguments against our en.
tertaining any fear of science as regards the interests of
religion it is sometimes proudly asked who shall set
bounds to science, or to the
widening circle of her horizon ?
But why should we try to do se when it is enough to ob-
serve that the horizon, however it may be enlarged, is an
horizon still—a circle beyond which, however wide it be,
there shine, like fixed stars without a parallax, eternal
problems in which the march of science- never shows any
change of place. If there be one fact of which science re-
im_winniiltsjoisisitinnio,ereLipiegrpeustutoalelsyktqlinaneeatinnoutaliewr,hiticihs thwaet
hwaeyheanvee
powers enabling us to answer. What better lesson of
humility than this—what better indication of the reason-
ableness of looking to a state in which this discrepancy
shall be done away, and when we shall "know, even as we
are known :" But, gentlemen, I have already detained yon
too long, and occupied your time far leas profit daly than it
would have been occupied by many who are present on
this occasion. The hospita!ity of this great city will afford
you, I trust, a pleasant, and your own exertions will secure
a profitable, meeting. You may well engage in its busi-
ness and discussions with a sense of the high interest and
value of your pursuits, not leas int meeting in themselves,
not less conducive to the progress and happiness of man-
kind, not less tanking the noblest faculties of tho mind,
than those which engross the attention of jurists, of sol-
diers, or of stitesmen when their motives are the purest
and their objects are the best.

I PRICE 4D. STAMPED 5D-
_

we may have sometimes overstrained our language, and
have thereby given such vantage-grOundlo prejudice that
it gas been enabled to assume the .fOrm of just elejection:
We cannot too earnestly disclaim the idea that the know-
ledge of physical laws can ever of itself form the ground.,
work of any active influence in morals or religion. Any
such idea would only betray our ie'nerance of some of the
deepest principles of our nature. But this does not affect
the estimate which we may justly put on an early training
in the principles of physiaal research. That estimate may
be not the less a 'high ono because it does not assign to
science what belongs to other thiegs. There is one aspect
iu which we do not require to plead the cause of science
at an element in education, and on that therefore I shah
not dwell—l mean that in which certaiu applied sciences
are recognised as the essential bases of professional train-
ing, as, for example, when the engineer is trained in the
principles of mechanics and hydrostatics, or the physician
in those of chemistry. Of course, with every new appli-
cation of the sciences to the arta of life this direct influ-
ence will extend. But what we desire, and ought to aim
.t, is something more. It is that abstract science, with
special reference to its departmental application, should
be mere recognised as an essential element in every liberal
education. We desire this on two.grounds mainly—first,
that it will contribute more than anything else to the
further advancement of science itself; and, secondly, we
believe that it would be an instrument of vital benefit in
culture and strengthening of the mental powers. But,
es regards both these great objects, we must remember
that much will depend on the manner in which elemen-
tary instruction in science is conducted,—on the concep-
tion, in fact, which we en, ertaiu of what science really
is. Nothing can he easier than so to teach science as to
feed every mentsl vice or weakness which obstructs the
progress of knowledge, or blinds men to every evidence
ef new truths in self-satisfied contemplation of the few.
i:hey . have already ascertained. May we not illus.
trate this by the effect which has not seldom been pro-
duced by the scientific education of professions ? 'lt is true,
indeed, that professional men have often enlarged the field
of science by the discovery of new and important trnths
some of the strongest-armed pioneers of science have been
of this class. But how have their discoveries been too often
received by their professional brethren ? IL -ve many of them
heva been assailed by every weapon in the extensive
errnoury cf prejudice and bigotry ! How many of them
have had their name recognised only after it had been
written on the grave! and over whom we might well re-
peat the noble lines

JOAN BULL'S VIEW OF TIIB " BELEA-
GUERED CITY."

There is in some divisions a considerable accumulation
of stores in advance. Rum fora month, forage fur three
weeks, and several days' supply of meat, but fuel is
brought up de die in diem by-a most thriftless process.
It is no unusual thing to see a string of fine Spanish
nodes and ponies, each of which has cost a good round
sum, coming from Kasatch or Belaklava with a couple
of stout boughs lashed to each side of their pack caddies,
:.he ends trailing on the ground, and the drivers urging
iliem at full speed. The pr per load of wood for a mule
is 2001 h. Judging by the loads I have seen weighed
;hey actually carry less than 1001 b., and at the Fame
time the c4etly pack saddles are ruined, and the animals
dstressed and injured by this clumsy mode of carriage.
How the money is flyiog ! If Mr. John could bat get
op on one of the hill tops here, and after gladdening his
heart with the sight of his fine fleet flsating grandly on
the water outside the " beleaguered city," rejoicing
over his brave sorts whose a bite tents stud the brown
steppe row after row, and rubbing his lands with de-
light at the thunder of his batteries, just wipe his
glasses and look at the less glorious and exciting por•
• ions of the scene, he would have some uneasy tingliegs
ut his breeches' pocket, depend on it. " Where are
all these horses going to !" " Oh, they're Spanish
horses. We cart for the artil:ery, and they're going
to be sold as unfit for service." " Why, Lord bless me !
is only a few months since I paid 30,000/, for that eery '
lot, and they've done nothing I hear but stand at their
picket ropes ever since. They cost me, I'm sure, carriage
and ail, 1001. a-piece. What do you thick I'd get for
them ?" " Well, sir, to tell you the truth, I don't think
14 how they'll fetch mere than 101. a head, if so much."
In fact, for the old gentleman's peace of mind, 1 would
not advise him to be too inquisitive, and a visit to the
tamp, although he would see it in a most flourishing and
healthy aspect, might injure his nerves irremediably.
" Who are those fellows in that secluded valley, hunting
tmong the vines for some grapes, while their horses wan-
.er through the neglected gardens " They belong to
Division A, or B, or C, or D see the letter branded on
tee her-ee' flanks. They are Turks, Elamitos, Affghane,
dwellers in Mesopotamia, Kurds, Parthiane, Canaanites,
:reeks, for whose services in the Land Transport Corps
you, John, pay daily the *nal of 3s. per man, and they
ought now to be carry ieg up provisions ?or your soldiere,
John ; but, being philosophers of tke Epicurean school,
they prefer the pursuit of the grape and the insou.cianct
of the siesta to tramping over dusty roach; or urging the r
madtareer d iwn stony ravines on thy inueli hew•lacked
quadruped e." " And those miles of mules and carts all
.long the plain, emeroingfrona rat ices, ascending hills, and
that vast erre v of drivers in quaint attire, the (tonnages-
t:on of the floating vagabondaoe of the world, the flotsam
end jetsam of the social life of every nation, civil
end berbaroue, on earth— to whom de they belong, and
vho pays them and for them I" " Even you, me, dear-sir,
end very handsomely too, I can assure you." " And
'hose ships in Balaklava ?" "Yours again, stir e but
don't be uneasy, things are really better there new ;
occasionally the authorities root out a great demurrager,
end send her off bopping after she his lain perdu some
etonths doing nothing. There was the Weimer Castle
he other day, a fine Indiaman, sir, sent off at last—lay
:a Balaklava since last February, doing nothing—coul-
ee-table lodgings for a few of the authorities ; but we
won't talk of these things ane more, for really the ar-
-angements are now much better." " Who are those
officers in blue, with grey, yellow, and red facings--men
f reek apparently, with stars and crowns and lace on
heir collars ?" "They are of the Land Transport
erns captains and quartermasters of brigade."
" Hallo ! is there a theatrical company here ? Who're
queer-looking chaps with the huntsmen in Der
Preischutz caps and tonics, smoking short pipes, and
driving their carts like so many Jehus!" "Well, we.
have the Z--nave Theatre arid the Sailors' Theatre, bet
t'ieee men belittle to Colonel 111.4Mureio, and certainly'
hey have let their bats get cruelly out of shape ; it
was a neat thing, and looked well while the r .settee
'vero clean, but now —" " And who are the
eentlemen in grey, with black braid and swords
Ind pouch-belts and telescopes—some new rifler-Nee,
eh ?—capital dress for sharpshooters:" " Why, dear
use, sir, don't you know those are harmless civilians,
who never was and never wish to shoot any one or
to be shot at either ? They are civil engineers and eiviee
:inns helongino to your recently formed Army Works
Corps." " Hallo, here's another—what's he ? a felt
helmet with a spike in it. and bra-at binding—a red frock
with black braid—a big hor-e—a cavalry man, eh ?"
" Well, Le's one of the Mounted Staff Corps, and he
sets as tnuiih as an ensign in the line for being ready to
oo anywhere when he's wanted." " Who's that
Trunken fellow—an old soldier is the odd uniform, with -
medals on his breast ?" "Hush ! he's the last one left
-f the Ambulance Cords. They cost a lot of money, and
did some good, but Ikl‘Merilo won't have them now,
unless he gets his own way with them, and—" "I
eg your pardon, but who is that foreign officer with a
white bourtious and a brilliant staff of Generals—with
the blue and diver stripe down his trousers I mean, and
gold braid on his waistcoat, and a red and white cap ;
it must be Pelissier ?" "That I why that's M. Sayer,
chef de nos hetteties de cuisine, and it you go and speak
to him you'll find he'll talk to you for several hours
about the way your meat is wasted ; and so I wit4llloYos
good morning, sir, and every success in trade and am.
memo to enable you to pay all the gentlemen 702 have
seen to-day, and a speedy entry, into Sebastopol."