The Sun.
London, England, 1855-08-28 00:00:00

AUSTRIA AND NAPLES.

(Fromm the Daily News of this day.)
An Austrian fleet has cast anchor in the Bay of
Naples. Two Austrian ships of war—one a steamer—
are riding off Castellansare : and four—two of them
steamers—are in the harbour of Naples. This is the
sequel of the remonstrance addressed by the Austrian
Government to the King of Naples, on the error of his
ways, to which we called attention on the lth instant.
The present state of Italy has rendered Austria fidgetty
and apprehensive. Hence it comes that she is increas-
ing her military force in Lombardy and the Venetian
territories, to prevent any rising there, and to be in
readiness to suppress risings in any other Italian State.
And hence it conies that a fleet is sent to tie up the
hands of her crazy protégé, the King of Naples, who
seems beent upon provoking insurrections in his terri-
tories. The friendly controllep of the madman who is
now giving free scope to his fantastic humours in the
kingdom of the Two &eines, have not arrived a mo-
ment too soon. From insulting and maltreating private
individuals—natives and foreigners—his creatures have
proceeded to provoke collisions with Governments ; and
their first insult of this kind has been directed against
the senior attache of the British embassy at Naples, It
will require all the." soft sawder" of Lord John Russell's
friends at Vienna to prevail upon King Bornba to make
such an amends honorable as it will be consistent' with
the dignity of the British Government to accept.
It is not without cause that the Austrian Government
views with anxiety the present aspect of affairs in Italy.
Such politicians as are not in the habit of allowing the
newest novelty to efface all remembrance of preceding
events will recollect what was the state of nubile opinion
in Italy when Pio Nono ascended the Papal throne.
The practical reformers who, at the instigation of
Balbo, Gioberti, and D'Azeglio, had emancipated them-
selves from the secret associations were busily at work,
seeking to effect such ameliorations, social and political,
as were attainable under the existing Governments.
The simultaneous adopti on of a more liberal policy by
the Governments of Piedmont, Rome, - and Tuscany,
imparted a national character to the isolated efforts of
the practical reformers in thest states, and indeed
throughout Italy. The instinct of the people taught
them truly that so long as foreign influence predomi-
nated in Italy nothing could be accomplished, and
hence the idea of an Italian League, or Confederation.
Insurrections in Lombardy and the IsTeaporitan donn-
nions accelerated the march of events. Italy found
itself involved in a war with the foreigner before any
confederation of it.; principal states could be formed,
and whilst hostilities were actually in progress be-
tween Sicily and -Naples. The, only Italian Govern-
ment that stood true to the cause of Italy was that of
Piedmont, which was betrayed and deserted by the other
Princes of the Peninsula, and thwarted and hampered
by the bulk of the extreme lib era's. Austria triumphed,
and the cause of Italian unity and independence was for
the time stricken down.

But this reverse has had, at least, the gond effect of
materially simplifying the politics of the Peninsula.
They who dreamed of a Federal Italy were divided be-
tween the claims of the Pope and of the King of Sar-
dinia to be President of the Confederation. The course
pursued by Pio Nono—in accordance with the views of
the Sacred College of Cardinals—has put the formerout
of the question. The Roman Government, when it
placed itself under the protection of the ultramontane
powers, and declared that the independence and good
gdvernment of Italy was as duet' in the balance when
weighed against the perpetuation of priestly misrule,
taught every Italian that the continuance of the secular
pov-.er of the Popes was incompatible with the liberty
and good government of his country. Again, the false-
hood and chicanery by which the Governments of Rome
Tuscany, Naples, and the minor principalities sacrificed
the cause of Italy lather than run the risk of seeing
Piedmont aggrandieeti, showed,-what had already been
jiroved by the history of the German ic Confederation —4hat
free institutions and national independence are unatt
un-
able under a confederation 'of princes. A federal republic
Under certain social conditions is possible, as we see in Am e-
rica, because all officials, state and federal, are elected by
and responsible to, the people. But in a confederation
of monarchies, either the central Government must be
nominated by the princes, and become their mere instru-
ment, or it must be nominated by the people, arid be
continually thwarted and paralysed by the powers re-
served to themselves by the sovereigns. Lastly, the
miserable failure of the exixerne Liberals in Italy, alter
Piednunit had been driven horn the field, has proved to
'ail the reasonable'-and honest adherents of republican
opinion,, that mere abstract principles, however plau-
sible, and popular enthusiasm, hewever pure and de-
yoted, are unavailing arrainst: the standing armies of the
‘reigner, unless there be somewhere the framework of a
disciplined Italian-army, into which the new levies, of
volunteers. and extempore soldiers May be iecorporated.
These important lessons have been taken to heart by the
flower of the Italian people—the educated middle and
upper claesee—and will not be forgotten when the time
'comes again for asi,ertingltalian unity and independence..
Aud that time will assuredly come. With. the single,)
exception of Piedmont, the most intolerable misrule
pet•vades every Italian state; and the Italians know
that .but for Austria teie misrule:would be impossible.
Ln LninhaulY and the Venetian territories Austria
tyrannises directly ; in- the Te•el Sicilies she upholds
the tottering.- throne of the Bourbons; in the States
(-n.. the Church the near proximity cf her armies
and ,her insidious . counsels encourage the combined
arroreenee and effeminacy of the dominant priesthood ;
awl. in Tuscauy.and the minor dukedoms the nominal
sovereign A are the mere prefects of -Ae rria. -It is inn-
possible to foresee whak form the.first renewal of the
-struggle for liberty and *good governrnentin Italy will
assume, when it will c ;we, or whether it will extend
never the whole of the Peininsula or be confined to a part
of it. But oppressors and oppressed, and foreigners
!oohing on at a distance, are all eqnalleeirripressed with
thee conviction' that-come it meat, and' that erelong.
Ileneeethe sleepless jealousies of Austria. She feels that
the,blo* impending, but knows not 'when or whence
itruay reanh-her. Like other malefactors she startles
at the rustling of every leaf. Now, it is the nomination
te the command of a Sardinian veseel ; no .v
• is flue ratting of au Italian Legion for the service of
Feeg:end in Sit-dude; now it is some word droppd in
tie triglish' Parliament by a minister or by a private
roe!nb,r. Her prying curiosity is unable to detect the
•inetineliete sources of danger; but her incessant suspi-
ciens• goal her to acts of oppression, which will.of Viem-
eelves bring about that armed insurrection against her
alien authority in-Italy, of villioh•the stands in constan
dread.

,SIVEABORG AND STU OLIABLES NAPIER,

(From the, Examiner.)
It is perfectly clear that the destruction of Sweaborg
was eilecied.by means .of mortars, The range of these
powerful instrunteata of destruction- being upwards of
3,000 yards— considerably greater than that of the guns
in the Sweaborg batteries--the assailants carried on
i
their principal operations n' as complete safety 34 if
they had heen practising against the butts at Woolwich.
The craws of the boats had indeed their ears deafened,
and iu some instances their. voices and chests injured, by
the tremendous concussion to which they were exposed
from the constant discharges of their mortars in such
close proximity ; but the Russians had as good a chance
Of bringing-down a sea-gull.as one of their enemies by
a 32-pounder, and the probability of bitting by a shell
so small an object as a mortar-boat, at the range of
nearly two miles, is almost too remote for calculation.
It is clear, then, that without mortars it was not pos.
sible fur Sir Charles Napier to effect what by their aid
alone Admiral Dundas has been ;tibia to accomplish. And
it-is a sienificant lact, to which we have more than once
directed attention, that there was not a single mortar on
beard the Baltic fleet last year.
The charge against Sir Charles Napier is therefore re-
duced to this, that he ought to have taken care not 'to
be unprovided with a.proper supply of this kind of artil-
lery. Bsit, on the other hand, may it not be as-suming
little tooanuch to take for granted that Sir Charles,
when he took the command, knew perfectly well what
.sort of a sea, wyid what sort of a coast, and what sort of
harbours and forts those of the Baltic were ? - We are
far from certain that he knew anything of this. He had
i.)
we believe, (nor much to the discredit of our Adnii-
i,:itt,y). had any of his captains, ever before insvie a cruise
in the Baltic ; and the northern coasts of that sea are
so unlike all others, thaltitwhithdoiftyuteupitersobe understood.nalinspeetron
their pecuilarities .can v
at least as touch the business of Sir
JWaarnseist
Gnoita.h, afilmsio, and
the Admiralty as of Sir Charles
ltic is, and what
sort of ports And harbours
Napielto know what sortiot
of sea
Batatinhes-?
For
as the magnitude -of - the fleet
which ittheenqt
rutal
sl ittsyt,ciats wellhe com
command of an admiral, there can
be no doubt that the Admiralty is primarily responsible ;
information are
and we know that means of obtaining
always open to a Government which an individual can-
not possibly command. Assuming in
were ignorant, there cannot be a
question where
heaviest responsibility should fall. Did Lord Aberdeen'sthe
Government call upon the English consuls and' vice-con-
suls scattered along the coasts of the Baltic for reports
touching the state of the Russian fortresses and defences?.
Did they communicate these reports to Sir Chas. Napier?
Was the Admiralty aware that Sweden always keeps on
foot a large fleet of gun-boats, and looks upon them as
the only vessels available fOr the defence of her northern
coasts ? The Government, is.; is. certain, possessed facili•
ties for obtaining every necessary information of this
kind, and it was plainly their duty to put such into re-
cpsisition. We are no champions of Admiral Napier.
We can perfectly conceive his removal to have been jus
tiaed by other causes than thoie he is most eager himself
to put ferivard ' • we bold his style of - letter• writing to' be
neitaerslignified nor manly ; but the country might not-
to permit the heavy b!aino of having despatched into the
Baltic a force insufficient for the service it was sent to
to di,,charge to be shifted from Sir James Graham's! to
Sir Charles Napier's shoulders. As to 'making requis
tio-ns fur moitais after he had arrived in the Baltic—this
ho appears to have done; but it was then of course too

t t

late to obtain a sufficient supply for the purposes of that
year's campaign.
The true state of the case will probably turn out to be
that the fleet under Sir Charles was originally despatched
to the Baltic less with any really formidable purpose
than merely by way of demonstration. It does not seem
likely that any serious intention was then entertained
of attacking either Cronstadt or. Sweaborg. It was in-
deed Lord Aberdeen's avowed policy to avoid striking
any blow that, might diminish or humble the pride of
Russia. A sort of defensive warfare—not simply defen-
sive in the ordinary acceptation of the word, but defen-
sive in the sense of the measures advocated by Mr. Milner
Gibson—was to be waged in the Baltic and the Black Sea.
A fleet was equipped for the Baltic sufficient to prevent
the Russians from doing any mischief, but not possess-
ing the power to inflict serious injury on their principal
fortresses ; and an army was landed at Gallipoli for the
protection of Constantinople from'a coup de main, but in
that position running the least possible risk of ever
coming into collision with the enemy. Naturally
enough, therefore, when forced by circumstances to as-
inine the offensive, the fleet under Sir Charles Napier,
like the army under Lord Raglan, found itself un pro-
vided with the means indispensably necessary for prose-
cuting a vigorous campaign.

OFFICIAL DESPATCH.

(From a Supplement to Friday's Gazette.)

WAR DEPARTMENT, AUG. 27.

Lord, Panmure has this day received a despatch and
its Enclosures, of which the following are copies, ad-
dressed to his Lordship by General Simpson.
Before Sebastopol, Aug, 14.
My Lord,—Durincr the last few days considerabl3
activity has been exhibited' in the movements of the
enemy, both in the town and on the, north side ; and,
from the information we have received from the coun-
try, as well as the examination of deserters, I have rea-
son to believe that the Russians may attempt to
force In to raise the siege by a vigorous attack
from without. Every precaution is taken on the part of
the Allies, and the ground occupied by the 'Sardinians
above' the village of Tchorgouna, and in its front, has
been made very strong through the energy and skill of
General La Marmora, who is unceasing in his precau-
tion, and shows the utmost disposition to co-operate in
the most agreeable manner with the Allies.
The fire has, if anything, been rather less during the
day, since my last despatch. At times, however, the
enemy open heavily for a short period, causing many
casualties ; and amongst them I regret to have to an-
nounce that of Brevet-Major Hugh Drummond, Scots
Fusilier Guards, who was killed yesterday afternoon by
a fragment of a shell. His loss is deeply felt by all who
knew him, and her Majesty has lost the services of a
most promising officer,

The firing on our side has been directed in a great
measure against the large barracks, dockyard brtildings,
and the town, all of which show visible signs of the ad-
mirable practice of the Royal Artillery.
I further beg to enclose the returns of casualties to the
12th inst.

• I have to apologise to your Lordship for having
omitted to inform you before that I had despatched the
steamer Indiana, on the Bth instant, to Corfu, for the
purpose of conveying the 82d Regiment from that, island
to the Crimea. •

Drafts for the Light Division and 71st Regiment, to
the number of 800 men, the remainder of the Ciirahineers,
and one squadron of the Ist Dragoon Guards have ar-
rived, I have, &e

JAMES SIMPSON, General Commanding.
The Lord Parnure, &c.

Enclosure 1.

NUMERICAL RtTUUN OF CASUALTIES FROM
THE 10TH TO THE 12TH OF AUGUST, 1855, IN-
CLUSIVE:
3d Battalion Grenadier Guards-2 rank and file wounded.
let Battalion Coldatream Guards-1 rank and file
wounded. -
Ist Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards-5 rank and file
killed ; 7 rank and file wounded.
Ist Battalion Ist Regiment of Foot-1 rank and file
killed.
2d Battalion Ist Regiment of Foot-5 rank and file
wounded.
3d Foot-1 rank and - file killed ; 1 rank and file
wounded.
4th Foot-1 rank and file, wounded.
7th Foot-4 rank and file wounded.
. 9th Foot-1 rank and file wounded.
14th Foot-1 rank and file killed ;1 sergeant, 4 rank and
file wounded.
17th Foot-1 rank and file wounded.
18th Foot-1 rank and file wounded.
19th Foot-4 rank and file wounded.
20th Foot-4 rank and file wounded. ,
23d Foot-2 rank-and file wounded.
28th Foot-2 rank and file wounded.
30th Foot-1 rank and file killed ; 1 drummer, 3 rank
and file wounded.
33d Foot-3 rank and file wounded.
34th Foot-1 rank and file wounded.
38th Foot-1 rank and file killed ; 1 rank and file
wounded. •
39th Foot-1 rank and file killed ; 4 rank and file
wounded.
41st Foot-7 rank and file wonnded.
42d Foot-1 rank and file wounded.
4tth Foot-3 rank and file wounded.
47th Foot-2 rank and file killed ; 4 rank and file
wounded.
55th Foot-1 officer wounded.
57th Foot-1 sergeant, 3 rank and file wounded.
63d Foot-1 rank and file wounded.
68th Foot-3 rank and file killed ; 2 rank and file
wounded.
7'2d.Foot-2 rank and file wounded.
77th Foot-2 rank and file wounded.
79th Foot-7 rank and file wounded.
88th Foot-5 rank and file wounded. --
95th Foot-1 rank and file killed; 1 rank and file
wounded..
97th Foot-8 rank and file wounded.
Ist Battalion Rifle Brigade-2 rank and file killed ; 5
rank and file wounded.
2d Battalion Rifle Brigade-2 rank and file wounded.
Royal Artillery-2 rank and file killed ; 5 rank and file
wounded.:
Royal Marine Artillery-1 rank and file wounded.
Total-19 rank and file, killed ; 1 officer, 2 sergeants,
1 drummer, 109 rank and file, wounded.
W. L. PAKENHAM,
Adjutant-General.

Enclosura.2.

NOMINAL RETURN OF OFFICERS WHO HAVE
BEEN WOUNDED FROM THE 10Tii TO THE 12TH
OF AUGUST, 1855, INCLUSIVE.

WOUNDED.
Ana. 10.
55th Foot—Captain F. C. Elton, slightly.
W. L. PAKENHAM,
adjutant•G©neral.

Enclosure 3.

NOMINAL RETURN OF NON-COMMISSIONED
OFFICERS AND PRIVATES KILLED FROM
THE 10TH TO THE 12TH AUGUST, 1855, IN-
CLUSIVE.

KILLED.
AUG. 10.
Ist Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards—Privates Evan
Griffiths, Richard Davis' Thomas KnoWles, John Blink-
horo, end John M'Cabe.
ht Battalion Ist Foot—Private Joseph Teender.
30th Foot—Private Alexander Still.
47th Foot—Privates Andrew Lohan ; john Newman.
68th Foot—Private James Turner.
let Battalion. Rifle Brigade—Private John Barrier.
Royal Artillery—Gunner James Harvey.
Atra. 11.
3d Foot—Private Peter Farrell.
14th Foot—Private Wm. Kennedy.
38th Foot—Private J. Wooding.
39th Foot—Frivato W. Kennedy..
95th Foot—Private Dennis Collins.
let Battalion Rifle Brigade—Private John Jeffereys.
Royal Artillery—Bombardier Edward Wilson.
W. L. PAKENHAI, Adjutant-General.

Enclosure 4.
NOIIINAL RETURN OF NON-COMAIISSIONED
OFFICERS AND PRIVATES WOUNDED FROM
THE 10Ta TO THE 12TH AUGUST, 1855,INCLU-
SIVE.

WOUNDED.
AUG. 10.
31 Battalion Grenadier Guards—Privates James New
bury and William Boeteson,
Ist Battalion Coldstream Guards—Private John Itud.
son, severely.

Ist Battalion Scots Fusilier GUards—Corporal John
Murray, severely ; Privates Daniel M'Cottre:c can, slightly;
,Thotnas Spencer, severely ; George Hatton, slightly ; John
Offord, slightly ; Charles Harton, .severely ; George
Warmer, slightly. ,
2d Battalion Ist Foot—Privates Patrick lit`Laughliu,
slightly ; John Sullivan, slightly ; Richard Sinnott,
slightly ; John Whynd, slightly.
30th Foot—Drummer James White, slightly; Private
Loughran, slightly.

41st Foot—Corporal Henry Putland, slightly; Privates
Benjamin Carter, slightly ; Richard Colgan, slightly ;
Arthur Dawson, -slightly ; James Hughes, slightly; James
McGrath, severely.
421 Foot—Private Robert McNair, slightly.
41th Foot—Privates James Onions, severely; John
necaugitley, slightly ; Thomas McPeake, slightly.
47th Foot— Corporal William Collopy, slightly ; Privates.
William Christopher, slightly; Edward Wall, slightly;
Michael Cotton,

57th Foot—SeKjeant William Bosworth. severely; Pri-
vates John McNamara, severely; John Sheehan, danger-
ously • William Smith, severely.
63, Foot—Private William Rorr, slightly.
68th Foot—Private John Graham, slightly; John Sales,
slightly.
723 Foot—Privates James Reid, severely ; William
Brown, severely.

79th Foot—Privates William Gommell, slightly; Ro-
bert Stewart; keverely; Robert Wallace, severely ; Ed-
ward Bewley, slightly ; James M'Donald, slightly ; James
Logan. slightly ; William Douglas, severely.
Ist Battalion Rifle Brigade- -Privates George Martin,
slightly ; Hugh Hidden, slightly:
'2d Flattalion Rifle Brigade—Private William Ferguson,

THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVE'NIN AUGUST 28, 1855,

2AI Battalion Rifle Brigade—Private Charles Lewis,
dangerously.

*W. L. PAKENITAII, Alj utant-Gen era'.

EnClosuro 5.

A LIST OF CASUALTIES IN THE ROYAL NAVAL
BRIGADE, BEFORE SEBASTOPOL, FOR THE
WEEK ENDING THE 18Tii AUGUST, 1855.
AUGUST 8.
WOUNDED.

Win. Hoskins, caulker, Diamond, slightly ; Daniel
Carney, A.B„ Rodney, mortally. Died on the 10th inst.
HENRY KEPPEL,
Captain Commanding Royal Naval Brigade.