The Sun.
London, England, 1855-04-16 00:00:00

NCI, APRIL 16, 1855 w

The members of the court-martiai re-assembled this
morning on board the flag-ship Victory, in Portsmouth
harbour, pursuant to adjournment from the previous
afternoon. Rear-Admiral Martin presided, the other
members of the court consisting of Lord G. Paulet, of
the Bellerophon ; Capt. E. Ayres, St. George ; Capt.
Gordon, Victory ; Capt. Harris, Illustrious ; Capt.
Wilcox, Odin • Capt. Caldwell, the Duke of Wellington ;
Capt. Elliot, St. Vincent ; Capt Seymour, Pembroke ;
Captain Farquhar, Malacca ; and Captain Crispin, Royal
yacht.
On the opening of the court,
The President inquired of Lieutenant Royer if he was
prepared with his defence ?
Lieutenant Royer said that he 19113; but that many of
the certificates that he bad received were burnt in the
Tiger. He had, however, obtained a few from officers
under whom he bad served, whilst others had been sent
to him without application on his part, which he would
lay before the court.
Lieutenant Royer then said—After a continuous servi-
tude in the Royal Navy ottending over 25 years, I find
myself placed in the painful position of a prisoner, in con-
sequence of being the surviving officer of her Majesty's
late bilip Tiger. The charges for which lam now on my
trial involve, first, the stranding of the ship whilst I was
officer of the watch ; and second, my conduct after she
got on shore, with regard to the manner in which I
carried out my duty as first lieutenant in our endeavours
to get her off as well as in her subsequent surrender.
In answer to the first part of these charges, I have only
to state that whilst officer of tite watch on the occasion
of her stranding, I took every precaution in my power
for her safe conduct by having the leads constently hove
from the chains, easing and stopping her for the purpose
of ascertaining thecorrectness of the soundings. I re-
ported to the captain when I thought it most necessary,
and although the speed of the ship during my watch
was not above 5 knots, I was most careful to, run no risk
of shoaling the water too suddenly. The look-outs
were frequently visited by myself, as I walked on the
bridge and paddle-boxes, and, notwithstanding its being
daylight during the watch, I purposely kept two men on
the look-out, instead of following the usual order of placing
a mastheadman at the masthead, it being so very foggy.
and although I was usually relieved at five a.m., with
the captain's knowledge, according to the custom of the
ship, to enable- me to attend to my duties as first lieu-
tenant, yet as the captain had left orders that the ship
was to be steered N. by W. (nothing to the north) until
we struck 10 fathoms, I remained on the quarter-deck
until they were obtained, when the officer who had re-
lieved me reported to the captain, and whilst he was' be-
low in the cabin the water shoaled to seven fathoms,
when I at once ordered the engines to be eased, and I
can show by the evidence of the cabin-door sentry (Alfred
Parker) that I reported to the captain at this time. Mr.
Wilkinson, on returning to the deck, found the master
and myself standing near the ladder, when he repeated
the orders he had just received from the captain, and
then passed on to the bridge. It was then that I went
down to report the soundings to the captain. On my
return from the cabin, knowing the orders which the
captain had given to t'ie officer of the watch, I was not
alarmed at finding the water still shoaling, which it
continued to do rapidly, from 5 to 21 fathoms, and be=
fore any ord€ks could be given she had struck. I amid
respectfully call the attention of this bon, court to the
evidence of Baker and Gill, who state that they eaw
the land but did not report it to me, neither did any
one else, therefore Blearing me of any imputation of
carelessness or neglect on so important a point. On the
second portion of the charges for which I stand before
this hon. court, viz., that of my conduct subsequent to
the stranding of the ship, as regards my exertions in our
endeavour to get her off, I would respectfully remark
that, on the morning in question, I acted strictly in
accordance with the captain's orders, carrying out to the
utmost the wishes he expressed. In toe evidence of
Lieutenant Stone he has stated that the captain asked
me whether the kedge-anchor was laid out in the best
position, and that my answer was in a disrespectful
manner ; but by the answer of the officers whom I shall
call, I shall prove to have treated the captain at all
times with the utmost respect. This hon. court will
easily imagine the numerous duties to which I had to
direct my attention on this unfortunate occasion,
such as lightening the ship, attending at the
fire in the store-room, seeing the anchor and cable
ready for laying out, and many other occupations,
at the same moment. I was superintending these
duties as directed by my captain, who himself
c;:rried on her defence, nt,d, therefore, reele :tfully put
it to the Jo 121:it nt (.1' tnie hon. whether, tin ;or
those circumstances, I could be considered the respon-
sible agent ? With regard to the latter part of the
charge, as to my conduct during her subsequent sur-
render, I have briefly to state that as the captain retained

the command of the ship until he had ordered the Rus-
sian ensign to he hoisted, and an officer to land with a
flag of truce to announce our surrender, I consider thst
any effort on my part to aid the escape of the ship's
company, had it been practicable (our flag being struck),
would have been a breach of honour, nor could it have
been &me with due regard to the safety of the wounded,
or ourselves, considering the enormous force of the
enemy which by this time had collected. Had any loss
of life arisen from my taking such a course, I should
ever have considered myself most culpable. With your
permission I will now put. in my certificates.
The first certificate was from Captain Burnack Pop-
ham;of the Pelican, which stated that Lieut. Royer had
served under him on the west coast of Africa, and during
the whole period his conduct was that of a most able
and highly-iutelligent officer.
The next was from Captain Craigie, of the Scout, who
spoke of Lieut. Royer 's services in the most flattering
terms.
Lieut. Royer, from the Scout, went to the Melville,
from the captain of which vessel he received a certificate
to the same effect.
A certificate to the same effect was read from Captain
Grey, of the Belvidere.
He also read letters from the first lieutenant_ of the
Favourite, and from officers in other ships, all stating.
that Captain Giffard and Lieut. Royer were on the strict-
est terms of friendship.
The President—Do you call any witnesses
Lieut. Royer said he proposed to call a few for the
purpose of contradicting the evidence given by Baker
and Gi 1, who would state that they never beard land
reported to him on the morning of the 12th of May; and
from their position at the time, if auy such observations
had been made to him, they must have heardthem.
The following witnesses werethen called by Lieutenant
Royer, in his defence :
Alfred Parker, sentry at the cabin door on the I2th of
May, sworn.
Lieutenant Royer—Did I come down to the captain
to make a report when the Tiger was lost ? Yes.
Did you hear what passed Yes. The first lieutenant
reported soundings.
Have you any recollection of what they were ? I
think they were seven.
The President —How often did Lieutenant Royer
come down ? Twice.
Captain Crispin--Did you hear what the captain said
to Lieutenant Royer ? No, I did not ; the captain spoke
very slow.
Captain Caldwell—At what time was that ? About
two bells.
About what time was the last time ? Directly the
ship struck.
What interval of time was there between the first and
second time of Lieutenant Royer going to the captain ?
About three-quarters of an hour, as near as I can re-
collect.
J. H. Scudamora sworn:
Lieut. Royer—Do you remember my coming on deck
on the morning of the 12th of May I—Yes, about 5.40.
What were you on board the Tiger at the time oc, the
wreck ?—Acting second master.,
How long were you in the Dragon and Tiger, to the
be-t of your recollection I.—About four years.
What is your opinion of my general demeanour to-
Wards my captain during that period ?—Respectful
in
every way.
Dr. Doraville sworn.
Lieut. Royer—How long were you with Capt. Giffard
and myself in the Tiger? --Three yearn and eight months.
What is your opinion of my genera' demeanour towards
Capt. Giffard during that period ?—lnvariably respectful.
Mr.. Wilkinson, mate, sworn.
Lieut. Royer—How long were you with Capt. Giffard
and myself in the Tiger and Dragon ?—I think four years.
What is your opinion of my general demeanour to-
wer is Captain Giffard during that period?—lt was
always most respectful.
Lieutenant Royer said, he would call no further wit-
nesses, unless it was the desire of the court that he
I should do so.
The President—You must exercise your own discre-
tion as to that.
Lieut. Royer—Then I.will call nofurther witnesses.
The President—ls the master prepared with his de-
fence ?
Mr. Eddington said he should be prepared with, it in a
few minutes
After a short pause,
Mr. Eddington said he was prepared, but he wished to
state that all the certificates he had obtained during his
service had been destroyed by, the fire on board the
Tiger, with the exception of one )which had been left be-
hind in England. That was from Capt. Hastings, with
whom he had sailed, and which he should hereafter lay
before the court.
Mr. Eddington then read the following document in
answer to the charge of losing the ship :—" Mr. President
and members of this honourable court, it is with deep
regret that I new find myself arraigned before you on a
charge of losing my ship, the circumstances attending
which loss have been fully brought before you. In de-
fence of my conduct as master and pilot of the Tiger, I
have briefly to state that on the 11th of May, 1854, we
left the admiral at noon ' • we were in lat. 44.39 N., and
long. 32 53, Cape Aix S.E. by E. 4 E. true, and distant
30 miles. At eight o'clock p.m. Captain Giffard sent
for me, and, after looking at the chart, considered with
myself that a north-west course (nothing to the north-
wart]) would take us to the edge of the Odessa bank, on
which there is five fathoms ; his orders, however, being
that when the ship got so near to it as to be In ten
fathoms, he was to be called. I had previously to this
voyage been twice into Odessa. We proceeded on the
given course at the rate ranging from eight to nine knots,
stopping occasionally to get soundings. I myself being
on deck the whole of the middle watch, excepting a few
minutes while I reported soundings, as well as during
the morning watch, until the ship struck. At about
twenty minutes past five, in the morning watch, Mr.
Wilkinson, the officer of that watch, who had just
before relieved Lieutenant Royer, reported to him
16 fathoms, and then went below, to acquaint the cap-
tain of the depth of water. I remained on the quarter-
deck, near the standard compass, to hear the captain's
reply. Mr. Wilkinson returned with orders that she was
to go on the same course at 44 knots, or less, until we
got 5 fathoms, and then she. was to be steered west; my
opinion that ,we were by the reckoning some 15 or 16
miles to the eastward of Odessa, and when the 5 fathoms
was obtained, by steering west we should deepen our
• water, and find ouralves in the bay of Odessa.
ralt is too
well known that from this time the water gdually
shoaled to 7, and almost immediately to 5 fathoms, the
ship taking the ground on the steep beach under the
high land, about four miles to the southward of
Odessa. I fear 'much that this honourable court
may be under the impression that I showed a want
of judgment in running the ship at such a spee ith the ob-
d through
so dense a fog; but as I was not acquainted w
ject of our service on that occasion, further than the cap-
tain was anxiottis to be off Odessa s early in the morn-
ing as possible, I was induced to retard her course
but little, consistent with the fety of
of thethe l ship, a
alitny.
d
trusting much to my previous ksanowlege oc
It be ben stated before ,this hon. court by the leads-
men and look-outnian of the morning watch
that they
reported the land to me, which they did not,least so
that I could hear them, and which statement has also
been shown to be incorrect from the fact that no land
could be seen in the, direction which they state, or at the
distance which we were from it, when they say they
win g contradicted each other in
saw it, as well as their
the description of the land. J. will now conclude this de-
fence by stating candidly to this boo.
court
th that I beli
westward
was kn a
four own to
by the current which, after her stranSlieg,
have let her paddle-box boat away fro,: tlse ship in r
knots
south-westerly direction at a rate of nearly
ticu'arl,
and to which cause, operating upon her pas• y
during the morning watch, whilst she was eases; and
stopped for the purpose of attending soundings, I atti:-
bute her running ashore. lam a master of fourteen,
years' standing, and.during that time I have served and
been in charge of her Majesty's ships Harlequin, Bril-
liant, Penelope, Devastation, Dragon, and Tiger, and
have never before had the misfortune to cause the least
injury to one of them. During the above period of 14
years I have at all times obtained the confidence of my
captains, in the proof of which 1j now submit to this hon.
court the only remaining certificate in my possession,
which happened to be lodged in England, and thereby
saved from being lost in the Tiger. I would add, that
in proof of Captain Giffard's opinion of me, I have
served with him in three different sihps. I new leave
my case in the hands of this hon. court, who I am sure
will bear in mind the anxiety Which I have suffered
during the last eleven months, and I trust, from what
the court have observed at this trial as to my conduct,
that they will acquit me of blame in the loss of the
Tiger..
Lieut. Royer was called as a witness by Mr. Edding-
ton, and he said—l have no hesitation in expressing the
opinion that on all points connected with the navigation
of the ship in which we served, Mr. Eddington was un-
remitting in his attention to his duties as master of the
ship, and I think him quite equal to all the duties ; and
I know that Captain Giffard was satisfied with the cor-
rectness of his observations and attention.
Several other witnesses were then called, who spoke
most highly of his skill as a master, and as to his integ-
rity as an officer.
The court was then cleared, and remained closed for
four hours, On its re-opening, •
L. Greetham, Esq., the deputy judge advocate, read
the finding of the court, which was to the following
effeets—" That the said ship Tiger was run on shore
in cotlsequence of having been rashly conducted as
she approached the coast of Odessa, and that after
the ship had been run on shore, the measures resorted
to get her afloat were very injudicious ; but in respect
to the surrender of the Tiger to the enemy, that :
as the ship was aground, without any hope being enter-
tained of floating her off, and as she was exposed to the
enemy's guns, which had set her on fire, and upon
which the guns of the ship could not be brought to bear.
no blame can be imputed in consequence of such surren-
der. The Court is further of opinion no blame is imput-
able to Lieut. Royer, since he acted under the imme-
diate direction of his captain, and the Court doth adjudi-
cate him to be acquitted. The Court is further of opinion
that Mr. Francis Eddington is blameable for the want
of caution which was exhibited by him in approaching
,the shore near Odessa, but in consideration of his pre-
vious good character and long sery doth adjudge him
to be only severely reprimanded ; and the said Lieut,
Royer is hereby acquitted, and the said Francis Edding-
ton be and is hereby severely reprimanded."
The court then broke up,
We Cannot close this subject without doing an act of
hare justice to L. Greetham, El., the deputy jut d e ad-
vocate for the uniform courtesy he showed to the repre-
sentatives of the press, and for his earnest desire to give
them every assistance and accommodation in his power.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN.
SlR,—Pending, the investigation of the merits of Sir
B. Hall's bill, for the amendment of our Metropolit in
and Local Legislation, permit me, through the medium
of your valuable journal, to direct public attention to
one important fact, which appears altogether to have
escaped more general notice. The bill in question con-
veys the power, under certain limitations, to make and
collect rates, for carrying into effect all measures pro-
posed by its enactments. But in no clause is it either
stated or defined upon what basis this proposed rate
should be assessed, nor what standard should be fol-
lowed in its collection. The power to make and collect
any rate, either for the purposes of the Beard 'of Health
or otherwise, is no trifling consideration or authority
to be demanded, and of itself necessarily involves a
large amount of responsibility, both -in its delegation
and in its administration —since such a rate must be over
and above all poor rates; paving rates, sewers, police, or
any other now existing rate, at present chargeable upon
all houses, lands, and properties throughout the king-
dom. It should, therefore, be borne in mind, and I sub-
mit it should now be first decided, what hereafter shall
constitute the true and correct data of parochial assess-
ment. The present assessment of the whole metropolis
to the poor's-rate, &c., is most notoriously dtf-sctive—
( Vide Magistrates' Returns)—for while such parishes as
St. Martin's, St. Clement's, Covent Gardet', St James's,
Bethnal:Green, Chelsea, &c., are, by that document,
declared to be assessed upon comparatively a correct
valuation, and to the utmost amount at which such
parishes should be chargeable, such other parishes, as
St. Mary-le-Strand, St. George, Hanover-square, St.
Pancras, Marylebone, &c., ars also declared to be assessed
upon arbi:rary and ideal amounts, and in sums
varying from 52 per cent, downwards below their
actual net annual value, upon which the first-named
parishes are assessed. Therefore, in order to obtain
something like uniformity in the county rate (but in the
county rate alone) the magistrates in session have been
compelled to add even in hundreds of thousands of
pounds a proportionate sum to the assessment of those
last-named parishes, and to almost every other parish in
the county but those previously excepted, in order to
equalise the assessment to the county itself.
Nor does the house tax, fsunded upon income-tax
returns (whereon the actual fact is too often sought to be
evaded), supply a basis of assessment one jot more certain
or even more approximately correct than the former. I
therefore take the liberty of suggesting that the proper
time has now arrived when the Legislature should be
loudly called upon to declare, and correctly to define,
that which hereafter shall 'constitute the true and cor-
rect data of parochial assessment, and determine that
standard, after which all rates universally shall be made
and collected. To accomplish this great desideratum
nothing further is requisite than, through the bill which
hereafter shall regulate all metropolitan legislation, to
declare that the provisions of the fith and 7tti Wm. IV.,
commonly called "The Parochial Assessment Act,"
shall be made compulsory of adoption upon all parishes,
and that the enactments as 'regards valuation, essess-
ment, &c., shalt be - administered upon both (like the
Metropolitan Buildings Act), since the act alluded to,
and now so almost univevally evaded, decleees "that
no rate shall he valid or be of any force which is not made
upon the net annual value of all the several hereditament; I
rated" thereunto. Such a provision, simple as it would be)
would, in fact, place the saddle upon tee resht horse
and thus it would bring the wealthy parish of St. George,
Hanover-square, and many other.; of the like kind, as
far as their own quota is concerned, into contrileition of
their fair share toward the relief of the poor, which in this
one instance is about is. 6d. or 2s. in the pound per
annum ; while some of the smaller parishes in the City
pay as much as Bs. 6d. in the pound per annum to ac-
, eomplish the same object.
Therefore, in one homogeneous scheme of parochial
jurisprudence, let the Legislature be called upon now to
interpose, and by statutory enactment to do away with all
such existing anomalies as th, se—viz., that the house tax
be collected upon one standard of assessment, the poor
rate upon another, the police and county rates upon
another, and so on through the catalogue. Let the
Legislature now declare that which hereafter shall and
ought to be, and all will be well ; and in the alteration
which will be hereby accomplished, the additional im-
post of a rate for the Board of Health will scarcely be
felt. Otherwise, let undue pressure remain, let the de-
finition of one correct standard assessment rest un-
touched, and evil upon evil will be perpetuated, the
enactments and proceedings of the Board'of Health will
become a mere mockery of and departure from all prin-
ciple, a public delusion as to its real purpose, and a snare
to the pockets of all unsuspecting and by far too willing
ratepayers ; and that though called a Bill of Health, it
will in reality be found to have "no health in it."
RernaininK, Sir, your most obedient
PsßOervant,
• " RATA,"

Bedford-row, April 10, 1855.

SPORTING INTELLIGENCE.

THE HOO RACES, SATURDAY.
Stewards—The Earl of Verulam, Lord Dacre, Sir
rhomas Sebright, Bart., and John Crawley, Esq.
Tbe'Farmers' Plate of 40 sovs, given by the Hunt ; the
second to receive 5 sovs. , One mile and a half.
Mr. Nightingall's Alpha (lateßlack Spot), by Arundel,
12st (Nightingall, jun.) 1
Mr. Sworder's b.m. by Auckland, 125t...(N1r. Prime) 2
Mr. Diver's 'Virago, Bst 'lib (car. lOst 71b) ...(Owner) 3
The following also ran :—Mr. Purratt's ch mare, I.,:te-
Boat, Imperial, Rebel, Chevydown, Mallard, Resolute.
Betting-2 to 1 agst Auckland mare, •sto 2 agst
Alpha, 5 to 1 agst any other.
Won easily by a length, bad third.
The Claret Stakes of 15 sovs each, 10 ft., with 25 added.
Three-yr-olds and upwards. The winner to be sold
for 200 cove, &c. About a mile and half. 9 subs.
Mr. Ewbank'sNell Gwynne, by lago, (Mrs, 9st 71b
Boynton) 1
Mr. Daley's Black Swan, 5 yrs, list 51b, carried list
71b
Mr. J. M. Stanley's Catspaw, 5 yrs, llst 51b
(C-Iptain Little) 3
Mr. Steven's ;Coisette, 5 yrs, list 51b (Mr. Perceval) 4
B-tting-7 to 4 "agst Nell Gwynne, 2 to 1 agst Black
Swan, 4 to 1 agst Ca.tspaw ; Noisette opened at oto 4,
but at the close 100 to 6 was offered against her.
Won cleverly by half a length, a neck between the
second and third, bad fourth.
The winner was bought in for 210 sovs.
The Hunters' Stakes of 10 sovs each, with 25 added.
list 7113 each. 'One mile and a half. 7 subs. ,
Mr. Prime'- Chief IVlagistra e, list 71b (Owner) 1
Mr. J. G. Leigh's Viscount, list Percival) 2
Mr T. Leigh's The Student, 11st 71b (Owner) 2.
Betting-5 to 2on Viscount.
Won. in a ranter by two lengths, three lengths be-
tween the second and third.
On returning to scale Mr. J. G. Leigh objected to. the
winner, on the ground that he was not properly qualified
according to the published conditions. Tbe objection,
however, was eventually overruled.
The Sating Stakes of 5 sovs each, with 25 added, for
three-yr-olds and upwards. Optional selling weights,
Itc. Half-a-mile. 12 subs..
Mr. Sworder's Phosdra, by Pompey, 3 yrs, (501.), 7st
111 b (var. Bst 91b) (Lord Cardross) 1
Mr. Oldacre's Break a' Day Boy, 5 yrs, (501.) 9st 13tb
(LVlr. Boynton) 2
Mr. Hobson's Minos, aged, list 91b (Owner) 3
The following also ran :—Blackie, Benno Johnny.
Betting-5 to 4 agst Break o' Day Boy-7 to 4 agst
Phaedra. .

Won by it head—two lengths between the second-and
third—bad fourth—Bonno Johnny beaten off.
The winner was bought in for 64 sovs.
The Scurry Stakes of 5 sovs each for all horses, list 71b
each. The winner to be sold for 40 sovs. Half-a-

mile. 14 subs.
Mr. Sworder's Leybourne, by Epirus, list 71b
(Mr. Hobson) 1
Mr. Oldacre's Break o' Day Boy, list 7.1 b (Mr. Percival) 2
Beti..;ng-5 to 4 on Leybourne; who nude all the
running, and won by a length.
The winm.:4 was bought in for 62 sovs.
The handicap' for beaten horses in the Farmers' Plate
was won by Mr. .g.rcher's Rebel, aged, 9st 71b (Nightin-
gall) ; beating Mr. Diver's Virago, lOst 4113 (Mr.
Boynton) second, and Mr. Chennell's Resolute, 9st 71b
(Mr. Lott) third.
LATEST BETTING.
THE DERBY.
Wild Dayrell was backed on the course several times
during this afternoon at 1.5 to 1.,
The weather was delightti.nly fine, and the attendance
—which comprised the leadili‘cr aristocracy and gentry
of the neighbourhood—very niacierous. Never, indeed,
did the truly picturesque park of Lord Dacre present a
more gay and animated appearance. The sport was
interesting, and speculation on the va:ious events of the
day tolerably brisk.

THE HON. FRANCIS VILLIERS, M.P.
In sporting circles the abrupt departure of ti2e above
gentleman for the Continent is the sole topic of cOnver-
sation, as so many of its members are his victims. We
would not willingly aggravate the feelings of the Jersey
family by any allusion to the painful indiscretion of one
of its memberS, but deeming, as we do, that high birth
and liberal education are no excuse for crime, but, on the
contrary, an aggravation of ir, we think it only right to
lay before our readers such particulars as have reached
us, guarant eiog, as we are enabled to do, their authen-
ticity. Mr. Villiers' expenditure Las lung been lulown
to exceed the lucerne of the youngt.r son of a nobleman,
and the rate. of interest at which he was accustomed
to raise the funds for keeping up his position on
the turf varied from sixty to eighty per cent. per
annum. In the securities which he was accustomed to
give the money-lender of the great metropolis he
was joined by many friends, who, confident of his
honour, did not hesitate to accommodate him with their
names. But we regret to add, that we fear, in too
many instances, those names were not genuine, ae,t par-
ties who oely ineetined they %v.-re 1 aide for certain
sums, are now called, unen f r trehe the t. 'iotn• •
them, we understand, ant ng whom are the Marciels
Bath, Lord Glasgow, and L Ciilderi, have disavowed
their signatures, and legal measures will be immediately
adopted to try the question. Many of the leading book-
makers of the Ring, who employ their spare capital in
the discount of bills of exchange, are heavy sufferers,
as the position of Mr. Villiers was such as almost to
guarantee them from any loss fur their advances. Such,
however, is not the case, and for many a long year to
come we fear the name of Francis Villiers will be re-
tained in their memory. Mr. Villiers has resigned his
Simwarcishivand his seat, ,s hie!, !aor‘., will he far
more vi,o-thily by Mr. .n Q C„
ahois a cam:lit:Au fur it. Lie hoc,. member is at, pre-
sent supposed to be in Sweden, whe:c the cxtraditional
treaty for giving up of delinquents does not exist. The
amount of liabilitioe exceecla 120,0001.--Era.