The Express.
London, England, 1861-09-06 00:00:00

LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 6, 1881.

THE ERIFISH ASSOCIATION FOE THE

ADvascurmzzir or SCIE.Veg.

(PROD Oct OWN isporrric..)
KANCHLITEkt THCISDAT.
This morning the cations sections met at the
Royal limitation, the Free Trade Hadh Owes's Oakes,
the lifellAUlC, luetitutiou, and the Swedenborgian
SECTION F.—ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND
STATISTIC&

This section met in the Amens bly Room rat the Free
Trade Hall. Lord Montautn, one of the vice-presidents
of the section, took the chair, in the absence of Professor
Newmarch, the president, from inner, and in consequence
the Manguml address of the president was not delivered.
Mr. T. BAILEY, M.P., read a paper on the cotton trade,
of which the following is an abstract :—A century ago the
population of Manchester was lee than :i0,0111.1, while now
it is:140,000; and as a centre of business it influence, and
emitribates to the welfare and primperity of at hoist three
times that number of human beings. Manufacturing
population began slimly to afford by hand labour profit to
those who entered upon it. " Manchester cotton " had ob.
tained a celebrity in Europe, but in reality there goods were
mixed fabrics sold under that designation, for at the time
referred to lodian Timeline, white and printed, the pure
production of cotton alone, were iu great repute. Almost
simultaneously Watt gave available, power to the steam.
engine i Hargrporea, Arkwright. and themptnn, invented
Trar spinning machines; the powor-loom was the result of
Dr. Cartwrightss genius ; the fly-shuttle came from Kay, of
Bury ; Ileathente's genius contributed the wouderful me.
chaniom by which lace was essentially taken from hand
labour by the novel power of water or steam, and
Ninon originated calico printing iu the vicinity of London.
Supplies of raw cuttou Mal been procured from the
Levaut, *oil free, the British East and West hales ; but,
by a singular ciiimidence, whilst Crompton was engaged
with Lis invention and maturin„; the spinning mule at the
llall in the wood sitar ifolton, Seabrook, an Acglestiesou in
South Carolina, conceived the possibility of successfully

growing cotton in the States of America. He attempted
and succeeded. He obtained his experimental iota]
films the Bahama Islaeds, and availing himself of the negro
labour left as the kgicy of Great ltritaie he introduced
into hi. country an soieultund industry, which has ocly
beta surpassed by the trade dependeut upon it in this colts-
try. With the auxiliaries already mentioned, the people of
Mouchesder awl the neighbourhood commenced the miter
which has resulted in the wearing increase of their num-
bers and of their wealth. Yet there were difficulties to be
stusuounted. The roads of Lancashire had not been
much changed from those formed by our 'tomes eon'
queries. The Duke of Bral4ewater coustructed • uinalo

obtained in China, in the ERA Indies, or in
Southern Germany. On whom must we depend for
emancipation of our industry! The governing power has an
intense interest in the employment and prosperity of the
labouring classes. Capitalists generally help themselves,
but the labourer is a dependent being. (loverament must
net its colonial bowie in order. Land grants for beneficial
shotikl be free, facilities afforded fur emigration,
joningftWorks promoted, and prosperity will follow in the
train. Capitalists, merchants, and manufacturers whose
investments are largely embarked in the cotton trade, have
duties devolving upon them, and they ought not to assume
that the commerce of their country, the labourers, and
the markets are creations for their sole benefit, for with
their advantages and privileges the duties which they owe
their country cannot be dispensed with. These bodies are
known to have large investments in foreign railways, in the
cultivation of auger and other products, and in many
dubious securities, but in the cultivation of the staple
raw nuderial of their own pursuits they have not ventured
to embark. last year the cotton trade contnbuted to
capital and labour fifty millions pounds sterling ; and in the
lest fifty years the aggregate reward has been one thousand
millions. Surely from these treasures might be spared
some pittance of capital to free the negro and to ensure still
greater pro-perity to industry. Supposing the government
of our country to be willing to make all the preliminary
arr.ingenicats which will contribute to the security and
profit of capital invested in cotton-growing, the clear duty
of the class referred to will be to enter upon investments
with no niggard hand, and for their encouragement it may
be stated that very recently an extensive Louisiana cotton
planter Lae asserted that he could grow cotton
at 3d. per lb. which Is now worth 9d. per lb. in
Liverpool, soil of course ho has had to buy his labourers sad
addataala to amain Nem. The confessed profit isl2oo
per cent. ; but in all sobriety of judgment cotton-growing
would afford 101) per cent. of recompense. Upon this
subject the warning voice has been long and often heard,
and the present embarrassment in cotton supplies has been
anticipated. Having, therefore, been forewarned, may this
great and world-benefiting industry be forearmed.
Mr. Alderman Nttt then read a piper;containing an
account of the prices of printing cloth and upland cotton
from 1812 to 1844.
_

A discussion followed, professedly on the two papers,
but which wholly related to the former.
Colonel ritKE.s, M. P., said it was a mistake to suppose
tbs. them was any difficulty with regard to landed tenure
in helm. The cultivator, as long as he paid the laud tax,
had a right to cultivate his lend as he liked, and recently
the tax had been fixed for a period of thirty years. It must
be remembered that government could not produce cot-
ton ; it must be produced by the cultivator, and it was a
guotion of price with him. Tf he could cultivate sugar or
soy oth, r product with greeter profit than cotton he would
certainly do so. No doubt cotton could be produced in India
in any ipiantity ; but it was a question of price. queens-
land had been spoken of ; but it was a desert. There were
only some 20,000 or 311,000 inhabitauts. It could also be
grown to a great extent on the West Coast of Africa, and
there was a society called the African Aid Society, which
was prornoticg the cultivation of cotton in that distriA.
Mr. H. Ashworth, Mr. Malcolm Rook Mr. K Ashworth,
Mr. Greg/ion, and Mr. Napier also joined in the discussion,
which turned principally upon the aubject of land tenure in
India. At the conclusion, a vote of thanks, on the motion
of Colonel Sykes, was given to Mr. Barley and Mr. Alder.
nun Neelcl fur their papers.
A paper was then read by Dr. STRANI; on the altered con-
dition of the embroidery manufacture of Scotland and
helmet since 1157.

Mr. MERRY ASHWORTH mad a raper on the connexion of
the improvements to cotton bleaching with improvement* in
in the condition of the f.etory population.
Profewiee Rot:rm. M.A., read a paper on prices in Eng-
land from lAtt to 1620, end the effect of the American the-
coerrive upon them during that period.
SELTION E.—GEOGRAPHY AND ETHNOLOGY.

Mr. J. CRAWFORD, FILM., was the president of this
section, and opened the proceedinp by teadioun intereet-
inz paper on the COODOXiOI2 between ethnology and phyeical
geo,„•raphy.
Os the motion of Sir JOHN RICHARDSON, thanks were
given to Ur. Crawford for his raper, witha request that it
be printed.

3h. Spornswone resnl a paper commumiait,tl by Major-
General &r 11. C. RawLipson, K.C.8., being notes on the
Direct Overland Telegraph from Constantinople to Kur-
_ _

Mr. JAS111:111 RA AT reed a paper on a proposed ship canal
Worms East and West Loch Tsrbeit, au Argllshire, and
one fruin L. K. Dew, of Christiania, on the Ethnology of
Fiumark.

SECTION D.-ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY.

This section was presided over by Professor BANNwros.
Professor Ow= read a paper on the vertebral column of
the coinotim mole: He sueo read a paper on some subjects
of interest, including new varieties and species of animals
brought together by M. du Chaillu from the interior of the
Gabuon, Equatorial Africa.
Mr. J. Gwrx Jarreave, F.H.8., exhibited specimens of
the Spluenotrocbus borealis of Fleming, (non Zetlaud.
Dr. Oult.vut reed a report of the Dredging Cotum.ttee on
the north and east coasts of Scotland.
Papers were also read by Dr. Thomas Alcock, on the
Anatomical Characters of Cypne; by Mr. M. T. Mute's,
F.L.S., on the relation between Pinnate and Pelmets
Leaves ; and Dr. Dickie, report ou the Flora of the North
of Ireland.
SUB-SECTION OF PHYSIOLOGY.
PRP:NIDE/IT. DR. NHARPEY.

Dr. Kum, Sackedle-street, read • paper on Chloroform
sod its safe atbuirlistration." In corroboration of oertaio
physiological views discussed at a previous meeting of the
association at Oxford fie to the general subject of asphyxia
sod syncope, the author described the best mode of apply-
ing chloroform so that it shall be free front danger or risk.
The few accidents that have occurred (not wore than one in
sit thBlisand or eight thousand cases) have been, not from
heart diastole, but from a peculiar epileptic or tetanic fixture
of the respiratory muscles, which baa been overlooked, but
DOW being watched, no danger can arise. Chloroform has
been given 30,000 times in the harassing agilely of child.
birth without a single accident ; and 20,000 times in
the Crimean war with a similar immuity from
danger. Chloroform exists in the blood as a vapour,
and is probably not dissolvill in that fluid, so
that it more readily escapes than ether. Various new applies.
twos of chloroform were described, especiplly in surgery
and midwifery. The other chief facie in the memoir had
reference to a new propiwation of the author, that respira-
tory action has its esrl;eat point of departure not from the
diaphnigm, but from certain fibres in the glotisopharyngval
nerve distributed to the windpipe or larynx. "He
breathed into taan's nostrils the breath of life" is literally
true, and baa a very important bearing on chloroform. As
restoratives, artificial respiration with common air is
reediest, and indeed best. Oxygen, nitrogen, or hydrogen,
will act so restoratives, but only for an instant. They
will destroy natural leemateeia if persisted io, just as car-
bouic oxide aloes. Greatdelieney in required in using a small
coluniu of air. If cue uses 11 large isijiinin of air, or so to
speak, a large tube the site of u probang (we are now speak-
ing of the eel ions accidents in the human subject), we will
have emphysema ; but a better, because smaller, inatru.
meet, and one got more readily, is a No. 10 gutta.pneha
catheter. Amy lane escapee froni the eysteta in such owes
quicker thin, eidorofoi M, mud ether tllll4l very apikkly. The
more volatile the cartio-hydrogen may be, the quicker it
escapes, and the quicker we get rid of its dangerous effects
when they maser. Of course there are several carbo-
hydrogen., whieh all act much in the same manner—acetone,
turpentine, aldehyde, " Dutch liquid," Ka ; but we haws
none no usual and valuable ea chloroform, and chiefly
perhaps from its agreeable odour and the quickness with
which it operates.
Papers were also read by Mr. George Robinson, M.D.,
"tin the connexion between the functions of respiration
and digestiou ;" by Mr. Edward Smith, MD., F.H.S., end
J. It. Milner, Fag., "On the influence of prison dietary and
punisionenta upon the bodily function of prisoners;" by
Professor H. Muller, "On the estates= and arrangement of
the fovea centralist retina in the eyes of animals; by Mr.
Jobe Davy, M.D. F.H.8., "On the action of hem OD
animal matter."
SECTION C.-01101.00Y.
In this 'iodine an opening address was delivered by the
President, Sir H. I. Nereid..l, and paper,, were mid by
Mr. F. W. Hinny on the " Geology of Micerliester," and
by Mr. W. Pengelley "On the recent encroachments
of the sea on the shored of Torbay."

A TOURIsT NISSINO ON BEN NEVIS.—On Mon-
day last, a party consisting of seem gentlemen left the
Mountaineer steamer at Fort William, and started for the
summit of Ben Nevis • little before 3 o'clock p m., under
the care of Duncan as guide. The afternoon was
fair, and the mist kid nearly cleared awry from the summit
as they approached it. One of the party, however, •
young- gentleman from London, had found the labour of
ascending imich greater than ho anticipated, and began to
lag behind wh. n the ascent became more difficult. The
guide encouraged him to proceed for about a mile after he
thought of turning, but at length he declared that he
could not ascend a step further. He was then about
• thousand feet below the summit, and lower
than the region of Mist. It was then agreed that lie
should be left beside the spring Nevis till the party re-
turned. The party reached the summit in safety under
the excellent management of WM Rhin, the guide, whom
they all agreed wage moat trustworthy guide : but on their
return the gentleman left behind was nowhere to be found.
They searched and shouted all the way down, but in vain.
They expected at last to tied him at the Caledonian Hotel,
at Fort William, where he bad previously engaged a bed
for the right, lint to their dismay he had not arrived on
their return. Next morning several guides went is search
of him, but when our informant left on the afternoon of
Tumday he had not been hellfl of. The only safety of
travellers on ascending these mountains is to abide by their
guide. We believe that the search for the missing gentle.
man is still being prosecuted.—Xerfli Britiola Mail.