The Northern Daily Times.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1856-02-12 00:00:00

NORTHERN Tiiiii.-LIVtiI,POOLA TUESDAY, 1.-Qq,'.IIUARY 12, MM.

discussed the case sufficiently for me. lam quite satisfied
to lay the, American pretensions before the world on the
argument between Lord Clarendon and Mr. Buchanan.
The annals of American diplomacy do not exhibit
a specimen of stronger, clearer, argument than
that presented in the ast despatch of Mr. Ba-
lt is conclusive. It had its effect. 'What

chanan
effen

t ? It silenced his adversary ; and although he may
remain in the position of .a man " convinced against his
will," it is hardly to be imagined that he was not convinced
by that argument. Sir; before I proceed further—and I
do not phrpose to address the Senate at length—let us look
at the'position which Viscount Palmerston and his friends
in England have occupied since they have been _known to
us as public men. I need go back no further to illustrate
their character as statesmen than to the period which Lord
Clarendon points out in his discussion with Mr. Buchanan
as the period when she first commenced the assertion of her
claims on the Central American coast, to wit, the years of
1838, 1839, and 1840, instead of which, Mr. Buchanan
aids 1841. I have no doubt that on the files of the
Foreign Office there are to be found what Lord
Clarendon states in his letter to Mr. Buchanan,
declarations and assertions of title in portions
of Central America made by Great Britain in
1838, 1839, and 1840. Her design was then
formed and fixed ; and simultaneously with that, the same
men who, with all the sagacity which is so highly charac.
teristic of them, were grasping territory on the Mosqhito
coast, were directing their attention to the East as well as to
the West. It was during that very period that they com-
menced and prosecuted their cruel and unjust wars against
Affghanistan. It was during that very period, too, sir,
that they carried on their wars against the Beloochees, and
the people of Calm!. It was at that very period that thh
seized the fortification and city of Aden, which controls the
Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, through which the waters of
the Red Sea run into the Arabian and the Indian Ocean,
controlling, by the single key of commerce, all the
treasures which, flow to or from that great gulf by the
coast of Arabia Felix, the Arabian Desert, Beloochistan,
and the countries beyond the Indus ; and, sir, on

mo dime omni s—under what

pretext were those seizures made at Aden, among the Aff-
ghans, the Beloochees. and the people of Cabul? Was there
a reasonable pretext of right on the part of Great Britain,
for instance, when she took and seized the fortification that
commanded the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb P Sir, I will not
read from an American work to disclose the character of
British aggressions, lest I should be charged by Englishmen
with having taken an unfair authority against them, but I
will read a few sentences from a British work, and an able
one, Blackwood's Magazine for the year 1843, which show
the grounds and miserable pretexts upon which they seized
this town and fortification of Aden. On page 484 of the
fifty-third volume of Blackwood, for the year 1843, you
find the whole subject discussed. The writer says:—

The process by which we obtained this footing in Arabia
was strictly in accordance with the maxims of policy adopted by
the then rulers of British India, and which they were at the
same time engaged in carrying out on a far more extended
scale in Affghanistan. In both cases—perhaps from a bene-
volent anxiety to accommodate our diplomacy to the primitive
ideas of those with whom we had to deal—
The good old rule
Snfficeth them, the simple plan
That they should take who have the power,
And they should keep who can
was assumed as the basis of our proceedings; and though the
brilliant success, which, for a time attended our philanthropic
exertions in the cause of good order and civilization beyond the
Indus, so completely threw into the shade minor glories of
Aden, that this latter achievement attracted scarcely any public
attention at the time :of its occurrence, its merits are quite
sufficient to entitle it to a more detailed notice than it has
hitherto received in the pages of Maga.

The author then proceeds to show the modus operandi by
which Great Britain has extended ber power and her pro-
tectorates over the world, until she now rules more than one
hundred and thirty millions of people on the globe. I
recommend to every man who wishes to understand this
sul)ject, to the perusal of this article. After showing the
utter want of all just pretext for attacking the Arabs at
Aden, the writer concludes, among other observations, by
saying many things which could wish to read, but lam
compelled to condense what I have to say, and therefore I
shall only read a few more sentences. After informing us
that all his statements are taken from the of dial accounts
published by order of the government, he says :
In whatever point of view we co

ransaction, we
careely be denied that it reflects little credit on
the national character for even-handed justice and fair dealing.
Even if the tact and savoir faire, which Captain Haines must
be admitted to have displayed in an eminent degree in the
execution of his instructions, had succeeded in intimidating
the Arabs into surrendering the place without`resistance, such
a proceeding would have amounted to nothing more or less
than the appropriation of the territory of a tribe not strong
enough to defend themselves, simply because i t was situated

language when I refer to it. Oar own minister, Mr. Law-
rence, was told by Lord Palmerston to rely on the Chatfield
statement, which positively alleges the validity of
those treaties; and Lord Palmerston himself, in his letter
to Castillon, relies on the validity of those treaties through-
out, and the acts of the British Parliament in 1817 and in
1819, and the treaties of the British government in 1814

and in 1826 had recognised the same treaties ; and then,
when pressed hard in the argument by our minister in
Loneon, he tells us that the same treaties were abrcgated by
a war with Spain, which terminated even so far back as
1809, and that they have been a dead letter ever since !
Mr. President, I could go on and consume the time of the

nate by pointing out other inconsistencies in the argu-
ments and statemer ti of the British Ministry as monstrous
as this, bat 1 forbear. I only wish now, before I have done,
to call the attention of the Senate to one other subject in
this connection. Lard Clarendon contends with Mr
Buchanan that the principle on which the Ame-
rican and British governments have always here-
tofore acted, that by a revolution the territorial
rights of the mother country, as in our case and in the case
of the Spanish American colonies, devolve on the revolted
colonies when they have successfully maintained their in-
dependence ; and that they become virtually the heirs of
the rights they have asserted by the declaration and main-
tenance of their independence, is not to be now upheld. He
is driven so hard in the argument that ho denies that pro-
position ; and what is the effect of the denial ? To give
his government, instead of a usufruct, an unlimited right of
sovereignty and dominion in Belize. It is further to deny
the right of Nicaragua and the Central American States to
the rights which Spain had in the country before the revo-
lution of the Spanish American republics. We all know,
as men,who have read something of the law of nations, how
little credit is to be giv,en to such doctrines as his lordship
contends for. Bat I desire now to present still further conclus-
ive evidence of the territorial rights of Nicaragua. It would
be a little too much for me to suppose that the British
Foreign Office did not contain a copy of the treaty which I
am about to read to you. On the 25th day of July, 1850,
Mr. Marcoleta, the Minister of Nicaragua conclud-d with
Spain a treaty which gave toNicaragua all the rights which
Spain ever held in the whole country between the Pacific
and the Caribbean Sea.

Mr. Cass : What is the date of that treaty ?
Mr. CLAYTON : The 25th of July, 1850 • and if gentle.
men wish to know how I obtained it, I will that I had
it from Mr. Marcoleta himself; and I now present it before
the Senate in his own handwriting in Spanish, with an
English translation. As I know of no other method of
putting it on record, I will read that part of the treaty
which cedes the whole territory to Nicaragua, so that Sen.
ators may judge of the candour of any British Minister who
shall hereafter overlook this treaty, and contend that Nicar-
agua has not the territorial rights which Spain had, because
they had not devolved on her by the revolution. Here is
the paper :

Extract'of a treaty between Spain and .Nicaragua, signed on
the 25th day of July, 1850, by the Marguis:of Pidal, Sec-
retary of State. of her Catholic .Afojesty, and Mr Marcoleta,
Minister Plenipotentiary from Nicaragua ; Ratified on
the 21st of March, 1851.
ARTICULO PRIMER°. ARTICLE FIRST.
Su Majestad Catolica, usando Her Catholic Majesty, malting
de la facultad que le compete use of the faculties belonging to
por el decreto de las Cortes Gene- her, from the decree of the Cortes
rates del reino, del 4de Diciem- General of the kingdom, of the
bre, de 1836, renuncia pars 4th of December, 1836, renounces
slempre, del mado matt formally for ever, for herself and for her
solemne. por si y eus sucesores successors, the sovereignty,
la soberania, derechos y acciones rights, and actions which be.
que la corresponden sobre el long to her over the American
territorio Americano situado territory situated between the
entre el mrr Atlantico y el Atlantic• an i Pacific seas, with
Pacifico, con sus iSlas adyacentes the adjacent islands, known be-
conocido antes bazo la denomi. fore under the name of the
nation de Provinciaj de Nicara- Province of Nicaragua, now the
gua,` hoy Republica del mismo republic of the same name, and
nombre, y sobre los drmas terii- over the other territories which
torsos que se hablesen incorpo- had been incorporated in the
rado a dicha republics. said republic.
_ • ARTICLE ISECOND.

ARTICULO SECUNDO. r In consequence. Her Catholic
En consecuencia, su I)l,.jestad Majesty recognises as a free, in-
Catollea reconoce como nacion dependent nation the republic of
litre, soberana e independiente Nicaragua, together with all the
ala republica de Nicaragua con • territories which belong to her
todos los territorios que la per- from sea to sea, and the terri-
tenecen demar a mar, o pie en torte; which may, la the future,
lo sucesior la pertenecieren. belong to her.

And now, sir, I dismiss the subject of this letter of
Lord John Russell with this single remark. In a note
of Mr. Buchanan to Mr. Marcy, of the 16th February,
1855, he says :

From a conversation which I casually had with Lord
Aberdeen, on the day before the vote against his ministry
in the House of Commons, I was confirmed in the belief that
the Central American question would have been settled bad he
remained in power a few weeks longer.

The letter of Lord Russell of course expressed the senti-
ments of Lord Aberdeen, who was the Premier at the time
it was written ; and we therefore know that the question
would have been settled on the principles stated in that
letter, without any attempt to confine the treaty to a pros-
pective operation, if Viscount Palmerston had not, most
unfortunately for all parties, then come into power to renew
his rapacious policy, in utter disregard of treaty obligations.
While he remains at the head of the British government, it
is impossible this question can ever be settled amicably
between the two nations.

Mr. Cass moved the postponement of the question until
Monday. (" Agreed, agreed.")
Mr. Clayton : I am perfectly willing that the motion
shall be postponed to Monday next, as gentlemen desire it;
but I wish to have the letter printed; and I hope that by
unanimous consent an oiler will be made for printing it, so
that we may have the letter before us while we are speaking
upon it. I move that the letter be ordered to be printed.
and that five hundred copies, in addition to the usual
number, be printed for the use of the Senate.
The motion was agreed to.

The subject was again taken up in the Senate on the
28th; but the papers now to hand do not furnish a full
report ; the telegraphic account states that Mr. Cass used
strong language denunciatory of the positions assumed
by the British Government relative to the Protectorate in
Central America, characterising its pretensions in setting
up a king over the Mosquito Indians as mere mockery, under
which England alone exercised real sovereignty. This
statement was corroborated by Mr. Clayton, who read
Cexotnrsaucltswafrsotmhe documents
rntoor
ofsh oxrwostqhuaitto dthaeußritishVilcees
gave titles to land in his own name.

Mr. Collomer gave his views relative to the construction
of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, and coltended that there
could be no possible pretext for the present assumption of
England, that the occupation she agreed not to exercise was
only prospective, and had no reference to the occupation
which she then held. He, however, thought the time for
legislative action bad not arrived, inasmuch as the Presi-
dent, in his annual message, expressed hopes that there
might still be an amicable adjustment of the controversies
between this government and Great Britain.
Mr. Seward obtained the floor, when the subject was
postponed, and the Senate adjourned until the following
Thursday.

Lord Cowley and suite arrived at Dover, from Paris,
yesterday afternoon.
A Quicx. VOYAGF.—Tho Spirit of the Deep of Liver-
pool, Hewitt, from Croton, has arrived in the Downs,
having made the voyage hence to Calcutta, China, and
London, in seven months and twenty days, exclusive of
detention in port.

A letter from St. Petersburg of the 29th ult. says, that
the government does not at all relax in the precautions to
meet the eventualities of war. On the previous day the
nobility had given a grand banquet to Prince Gortschakoff.
As the Prince was the first to utter words of peace to his
sovereign, this demonstration is regarded as a proof that
the nobles share in the pacific sentiments entertained by the
Czar.

ELECTION INTELLIGENCE.—Mr. Adam Black, the Whir..
candidate, was on Friday returned for Edinburgh by Whig
majority of 643 over his opponent, Mr. Brown Douglas, the
numbers being for Mr. Black 2,439, and Mr. Brown Doug-
las 1,796. At the close of the poll at Rochester, on Friday,
the numbers were, for Mr. Martin (liberal) 547, Mr. Bod-
kin 489 ; majority 58. At Cambridge Mr. Denman retired
from the contest on Friday evening, at which time the poll
stood as follows :—Walpole 886, Denman 419.
HERR REICIIARDT.—The numerous Liverpool friends
and admirers of this talented artiste will be glad to hear
that he is engaged as first tenor for the Italian opera
season at Edinburgh, where he is a great favourite. On
Monday evening, he made his first appearance as "Jean
of Leyden," in Meyerbeer's opera of the Propitete, and
according to the Edinburgh papers, his performance of
that most difficult character was all that could be desired
—both vocally and histrionically. Now that Mario's voice
is nearly gone, and Tamberlik about leaving Europe for
the Brazils, Herr Reichardt will hold the highest rank in
his profession. We hope to see him at Covent Garden
next season.

FIRST EXHIBITION OF THE IMAM SCIIOOL OF FINE
ARTS.—The private view of this exhibition took place on
Saturday last, in the Academy Exhibition Rooms, Old Post-
ofrice-place. Amongst the company were the following:—
The Earl of Sefton and friends ; Major-general the Hon.
Sir E. Cast; Hon. Joseph Canard; Rear-admiral J. P.
Grenfell; J. J. Blackburne, Es.q,; the. Mayor; Aldermen
Bennett, Bold, Parker; Councillors A. Shand, Hornby,
Picton, Crosthwaite, Littledale, Nicholson, Sheil, J. G.
Livingston, Tobin, M•Guffie, Finne, Kitchen ; Rev. J. B.
Macnaught, J. Tobin, A.M., C. Wray, A.M., John Stewart,
A.Ni., &C., &c. ; W. B. Rathbone, Esq. ; Charles Langton,
Esq. ; John Moss, Esq ;
E. Moss, Esq. ; W. Clare, Esq.;
John L. Clare, Esq. ; E. Arnaud, Esq. ; R. Horsfall, Esq.,
J. Aiken, Esq. ; R. Livingston, Esq.; J. HEyworth, Esq.;
John Miller, Esq.; R. Bright, Esq.; John Pilkington, Fsq.;
G. Rae, Esq. ; D. Rae, Esq. ; H. Aikin, Esq. ; G. Aike,
Esq. ; B. Aickle, Esq. ; S. J. Arnold, Esq. ; James Lister,
EA.; 3. B. Neilson, Esq.; C. Pemberton, Esq ; R. J. King,
Esq. ; 3. King, Eq. ; \V. King, Esq.; R. Swainson, Esq ;
W. Pearce, Esq.; J. Atkinson, Esq. ; J. Penlington, Esq.
E. Cropper, E.q.; S. 11. Thompson,.E,q.; J. L. Ifausburg,
Esq. ; Dr. Dickenson ; Dr. Sheridan Muspratt ; G. B.
Leonard, Esq. ; J. Crossley, Esq. ; S. J. Winstar.loy, Esq. .
W. D. M'Andrew, Esq.; W. Shuttlewortb, Esq. ; Joseph
Evans, Esq.; Josiah Evans, Esq.; &c., &c,