The Express.
London, England, 1850-11-13 00:00:00

Punuc breratromom AND Wonsan..

The Art. 9 of the constitution ordered the introduction
into edocation of liberty and competition, under certain con-
ditions of capacity and motility, and tin ler the surveillance
of the stmt. Two measures led the way for this
radical Deform; the first is the abolition of the
certificate of stn lies; the second, the transitory law
concerning tbo nomination and revocation of primary
teachers. One of there measures has put an end to Enp.
espreesed complaints; the other, &stet unanimous reports
from the meets, has borne the best fruits. The Important
law of !larch 15, 1850, rendered neoemary a consider-
able reformation of the anminiatration, and new re-
gulations. Several menthe have been spent in this
double work. The Stet question is nearly fished.
Divers decrees prodiund by this cout.cil of state have
provided for those elementary regt.lations vr, ich
were most pigmies. Other projects are in course of study.
Everything tends to show that, in general, the clauses of
the new law will realise the hopes of the government and the
Assembly. The administration of worship has obtained from
the holy See, after tardy negotiations, a measure which had
lone been desired, the election of three Monied bishcprica,
and the appointment of three prelates for Martinique, Ouo-
deloupe, and the Isle of Reunion. (Cheers.) In the same
mandatory the Sovereign Pontiff proclaimed these new cardi-
nals granted to the church of France, in grateful return for
the benefits done by our country, and as a mark of esteem
for the French episcopate.
WAR.
_ .

The effective strength of our military forcee,which amounted
in June,lB49, to 451,000 men and 1..754 horses, only amounts
now to 396.030 men and 87 400 horse.; soon it will be con-
fined within the li.nits assigned by the budget, and will
be kept therein if political circumstances ',omit
The organisstien will only be &Rai ire after the adop-
tion of the projects of, law on the cadres (skeletons of
bstialions) submitted last June. Several trials are y-t being
made or in course of study for the purpose of increasing the
welfare of the soldier, diminishing the number of non
voleurs in the corps, arid modifying administrative control.
I again call your attention to the projects of law which are
presented to you, end which may improve the position of the
officers, commiumneri and nen nommissioned, and soldier.
Algeria had suffered much from the political events of
1848 ; the notable diminution of our troops did not prevent
our brave army from facing every danger. &meta taken
after prodigies of valour; Boa Cede subjected; these acts
consolidate our dominion and allow us to pursue the
work of pacification. In the province of Constan-
tine a column explored in May and June the court
try conquereu between Setif and Bougie ; the Beni
Inim-1 were destroyed by the bravo though unfortunate
General Barrel, and in a few days the Beni ?derail followed
the same fate. In the south, the district of the Aeries was
visited by our troops; the subjection of the Nemenicha
ensured to our markets an important provision, and
the new organisstion of these countries a way into the
in•erior of Africa.
The tranquility of the province of Algiers permits of
the continuation of the works already begun; the
Nnth, have suffered much from famine; the military autho-
rities, however, assisted by all the means in their power.
Quiet has been maintained in the province of Oran, and
everywhere,thanks to the intelligence of the officers of our
Arabian filoes, the natives appreciate daily the
lassies of our administration. The week of cola-
ailing continues; the 42 agricultural colonies distri-
buted in our three provinces may, in time, form
floe establishments. A European population of
115,000 souls, spread in 133 towns or villages, 11,000 colonists
having built, in value, to an amount of 14 millions, 'bow
progress which I hope will not came. Our means of commu-
nication comprises an extent of 6,350 kilometres. Our tele.
graphic lines are composed of 64 poets, and will be completed
by 30 other projected ones.
Sanitary measures are improving the health of the popula-
tion ; nearly 8,000 hectares of marshes have been dried up.
At the seme time the productive sower of the loud has been
Increased by the formation of 250,000 yards of canal, and
75,000 small streams for irrigation. 110,000 yards of aque-
ducts, or pipes, bring the water to our towns. Finally, neer
900 OolifiCES of every kind have been retied to this day.
The important works of the port of Algiers are being
actively continued. The administration has succeeded in
obtaining information of a considerable quantity of mineral
strata which will soon contribute to the wealth of Algeria
and the metropolis. The cultivati in of tobacco, of mulberry
trees, of cochineal, of cotton, and of madder, are assuming
great developments; the wool trade already amounts to 36
millions, that of skin t 024 millions. Finally, immense works of
defence, barracks for 40,000 men, and hospitals for 5,000 sick,
guarantee the safety el our conquest and the welfare of our
army, to whose incessant fatigues we owe the greater pert
of the works of which we have just spoken. The state will
neglect nothing to arrive at prosperity for this colony.
MARIXIL

The navy has been maintaineoiOn a respectable footing in
spite of the reduction commanded by the budget. The
foreigner have done homage to the fine orgaaisation of our
fleet assembled at Cherbourg. Nevenhelem our force only
consists of 195 Is ins ead of 235, which we had in acti-
vity in 1848. It employs 22,561 men, instead of 29,331,
who are inecribed on the lista of the same year. The
present effective force barely suffices to protect French
In• crest in divers parts of the globe. The spirit of oar
sailors is excellent, and their devotion beyond proof. The
workmen of our armnal, enlightened by experience, have
resumed those works with activity, and we can notice
some of the most important of them, so, for
instance, at Cherbourg the dyke basin, new earenal,
the Fort dee Flamands and the sinking of the in-
ternal basin. At Toulon, the curing and cleans-
sing of the roads—one fith part of which is done. At Oberon
the building of the Bayard fort, for protecting the roads,
of the island of Aix. At Fort Vendres, all that is neeemary
to offer a sale refuge for the fleet. At Marseilles, the new
basin. . _ _

In anticipation of the inquiry that is now pending,
the administration has been obliged to postpone all
radical reform in the divers branches of an administration
so oomph!: as that of the navy. Nevertheless, by a decree
of the 16th of Jan., 1860, the Council of Admiralty has been
eonstituted so as to ensure to all the marine corps the
guarantees given to the officers of our fleet. The penal
system in the navy has been submitted to a revision. This
important work was required by naval as well as legal men,
and it wil be submitted to yon very soon. The ordonnance
upon sea service will shortly receive modifications, which
will be so much progression in the immovable principles of
discipline.
In the West Indian colonies, after disasters, of which the
result has not been so fatal as might have been rkpectei,
seeing the gravity of the social transformation which they
have undergone, peace is re-established, end the government
firmly resolved to maintain it by an energetic administration
which it will conciliate with the pacification of divisions of
Caste.

Tie sensible decrease of productions is an ineontestible
fact, but it may be partly explained by the effect of the
seasons and the straightened positions of proprietors, with-
out any other reasons for concluding that unfavourable results
will follow from the emancipation of labour. Nothing has
been neglected tn improve the situation—materially and mo
rally—ofousoolonies. Organisation,policy, j ustice,adminlstra-
lion, banks, colonisation, all three lave been submitted to
the examination of eminint 111110, and will become the
object of several successive laws.
02T colony of the M union, free from trouble', would not
have seen her prosperity decrease were it not for two
hurricanes which, laid it waste.

On the western coast of Africa our trade is marked by pro.
gum its which our establishment of Senegal, Gone, and our
countries about the Equator bars a share.
At Tahiti the mdateasaos of oar protectorate pro.
serves in Oceania • point of rest for our minions,
as well as for our military and mercantile matins.
FOZZION AITAIIIS.

Siam my lest stowage oar foreign ',Ailey has had great
enema in Italy. Oar arum have overturned at Rome that
turbul, at demagagic party which, throughout the 'Adieu
peninsula had sempromise4l the muse of real liberty, and
our brave soldiers ham had the conspicuous honour of re-
placing Pius IX. on the throne of St. Peter. The spirit of
party will nat. massed is obscuring this memorable fact,
whir& will Militates' page for Prunes.
The moshast sad ot est stores has besa I. Meows(' the
liMd sad pinnate* Minikes it the MI father.
TM pentilelal pourer mean the e
OD of the
premiers emtslaed in the emirs prem. et P 49. Boma
dike opal' laws have already be sad thoes
idiot should onapists the drlcensik sf Os sibirlatic•

and military organitalion of the states of the etiurch w not be delayed. It is nut melees to sty that our army, shit at,
cessary tr the main•rnar co of 'order at Rom,, 73
eery to our political influence; aud, after bay inp
i•self by l'e eour•ge, has caused itself to be neoured by di
dirciplioe and mud ration.

On ell the points where our diplomas. hag had to fete
it ku nobly maintained the dianaty of France, and our 41.,
have never ,URbt our assistance in vain.

It is thus, that, in concert with England, we In" teat
forces into the Levant, in or&r to evince our ley .1 syw
pathy for the independence nt the Pore, who thou tht
that
Russia and Austris would infringe on it by rb.M•fidirt,
virtue of ancient treaties, the extradition of :ht Hone••
and Polish refugees on the Turkish territory. 0 volt eo
the wisdom that thee, powers have altowa in the Remit.
tions, the integrity of the rights of the Ottoman empire hei
been pr‘ served. . .

In Zirecee, so soon as we learned the Itordile m^ curet (in
noise dehit ) by which Englaird support ,d h. r chits, •s
with cur good offices. France ernid sot restris
indifferent to the tate oft nation to the in.:. pftd.,,,
sf
which she bad contsituted ; she did not lir ritato to ,a,,),;
mediation. Beita of the difficulties which emu durirß the
rego.istioas, we succeeded in softening toe e..rt :it .tt ;ay,
posed on the government of Athens, and our tehtieni wit
Greet Britain mumed iameriiately their act.:st4mq.
cSs
raster,

In Spain we have seen with pleasure. the ties who,
unite the two countries drawn closer by t; e atonal .yri,
prhy of the two government'. Thus, ro wren on the
g•nernment learned the criminal attack c irtori 4 by vireo.
tutees ag►inst Cuba we cent additional t, r-ts to the ;!Itt o
of the An. ill; s, wi h instructions to smite ita ; tf,ts to
of the Spanish authorities to prevent the need:int bibliallir

Derint irk continws to excite oar most lively eu'i.i.„4.
Thin ancient ally, who has suffered so much 'rum
to France at the time of our disasters, has not vet, suite of
the bravery of its army, subdued the insurrection wt.ch tats
broken out in the duchy of Holstein.
The armistice of the 18th July, 1849, had bri rri•now•
ledged by the int, rim of Frankfort, who had char.:id I'iu.s4
to treat on behalf of Germany. After laborvus mucus
a treaty was signed on 2nd July. und-r tt • med „.i,„
of Ergland, between Denmark and Prussia. Teas trims,
ratified at first by din cabinet of Berlin and i.s
shout to b, by Austria and the po tea r,.prt— ',all it the
assembly of Fr.nkfort. Whilst thme nevai t.io •
en
going on in Germany the powers frieeuir to I 1 re.
mark opei.ed conferences lot London. with a view
of supporting the integrity of the st t. e tte
Xing of Denmark such as it had beta guetantrr. by Wu.
the. If the measures of the allied powers haver 01 yet rut.
carded in putting an end to the struggle in the 'nth nt
Germany, they have at least obtained the ha,py r. telt of
lessening the prop nips' of the war, which n • lout/ r .1{43
but between the sing of Denmark and the prorinc, t which
have not submitted. We are still °Wetting with the Being
of Denmark, in order that he may manure by invitu'unts
the rights of the duehiss; on the uteri. lee.', we
aBord him all the suppert be hat the right
to require from us, in virtue of male. and
ancie,,t friendship. In the midst of the ptaicd vow,
lions which divide Oltinany, we hive observed the str:,:terr
new rslity. 8) long as the Interests of Fr.mcc nud the
equilibria's of Europe shall not be compromised, we stoat
oontinue a policy which evidems oar respect the
prod, are of our neighbours.
. .

Immediately after the vote of the National Assembly upon
the subsidy of Montevideo, the government reettuied it
Buenos Ayres the pending argetittions The object tete to
introduce into the treaties concluded in 1849 the me I•ties.
+ions judged indispeneeble to guarantee efiveciouely the
lad. pendencr of the Oriental Republic, to pt,tect French
interests upon the Urtiguay, and to guard tinkle the national
honour. We b •pe to terminate usefully and konourably
she getable ccnipliewiont which have so long interrupted
good elation • b tweets France and the repuhltin of Li P.a•a.
Ont oommerei el and maritime relations wito ilftigo coult-
er!. s are being consolidated at.d devel ped.
The Rogiish government hos eztenried de far to, from the
let of January, 18.50, to the French flog to nene tit el the
provisions of the new act of navigation of June 26, I/49.
It hes quite recently euppressrd the dill:ens...Lel un:tea for
the exportation of coah.

Werhope that the negotiations now pendinc foe the now
treaty of navigation and asainteree with Gres- Britain lila
'filth proximately to an arrangement conforaaabL to the
in , f the two countries.

------------------------- Belgium on the 7,h of Nov.,
1849, has been in •igour scarcely a year, ace elreatly the
tao 601111ltiel hare reaped from it the tux: cdvanlagww

Some difficulties of detail relative to the widitilnal /I...jeka
of the convention with Chili, sanctioned by the i.e of
March 16, 1850, retard the execution of it, but a:11 be
soon removed.

A new convention was signed at F. ill on the 3.1 rat last
August barmen France and liolivis, which wit', be tubaliqed
to the legislative sanction after the approbati,:o of the
golivian government.
The nsgatiations actively prosecuted with the cah:net of
Turin for the renewal of the convention of Augus. 28, 1843,
have been Put terminated by • treaty of commerce anf h3Vi•
gaiters.
T • abase too long tolerated of literary and artistic piracy
is the subject of numerous negotiations. The er stir pert of
the cabinets to watch proposals of international e mina-meat
have hewn made. in order to pat an end to this souse, rare ac-
cepted them at least is principle. Already 6 irlime 45 sigeed
• h France, for the recipr.:eal guarantee of hi. tar, ..no ar-
tistic property, a conven inn which will give more t tf:ct to
the treaties of 1843 and 1846.

I can, therefore, say, without prratamption, tee on, nof
France in Europe is worthy and honourable. lq every
quarter when her voice makes itself heard, aim counsels
peace, protects ord.r, and the good right; everywhere also
she is listzned to.