The Express.
London, England, 1850-01-14 00:00:00

Wit erpre%O.

OUTGOING MAILS.
TM Meet India Mak, ads( Meraiada, Bavassah,
Noma. liondataa, New Oshawa, and Mee" and illardlo9
these fee Madeira, uns.de-Niserserea, New Granada,
Chill. rad Peramill be milker es hr. 17.
TM arils toe Lisboa. Spa* end Gibraltar will be made
up on Jes. 17.
TM moils ter Gibrolter, Malta, Glom, the Isaias Limo*
Mippet Ceylon, India, sad Mina. eta lionthimptes, will
M undo up es the evening of Jan. 19.
The mo rid Mundt'', to the Mediterranean,
Cites. UM, HoetKoog, &c., will be side split
arming et Jan. 94.
TM walla tor British New* Maurine aid the United
Mom will be aide up ea tie ~Jai et 26.
TM wale Mr Modena, the Be.oil wad leseee Apree,will
be wade up es the evening of Yeb. 4.

TO MAllEbrun may ye..
pt
Adveriminiab Webbed Ityy The Rapymb" Taiga ~Mg =i6e
M as Os sake. le Seaver e meet. by Tweeds* se IM 4/ of .

MOW MATS AT LONI3OI
Two DAy—llami, ASWows.A. la
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—Alersis 1ta....—.A hmissa. 3b. 117..

LONDON, MONDAY, JANUARY 14.

Sri ROBS= PEW!. spoke tree enough, when
he said that the time had not yet come when
landlord and tenant should consider their respective
interests and come to some new, fair, and final settle-
ment. The fact is, we are in a state of social and po-
litical war. A very large share of the annual produce
and profit of the country's wealth lies in litigation,
and rival interests are contending to see which shall
have it. The reliance of the protectionist party is not
for **moment in neon, but in numbers and in
clamour. They have great hopes, if not of envying the
i
day by a vote n parliament, of at least manoeuvring
so as to compel a dissolution, and they hope from a
new chapter of circumstances and accidents a renewal
of the old political and commercial monopoly.
The arguments brought forward by so belligerent
a party more resemble those put on placards before
a hastier than those addressed to rational people ;
and the calculations, from whichever side of the
Tweed they come, all savour of the same warlike ex.
aggeration. Thus, agriculturists will put down as
tte sum of their capital the value of implements and
stock and all else in the dearest of years, end coolly
expect to be allowed 10 per cent. now as well as then,
and clueing every year between. Let any owner of
capital in any way of employing it draw up similar
calculations, and it would be easy to show that every
interest in the country was ruined and no capital left
in it.
The most trying evil, certainly, that has tefallen
the agriculturists, is the deterioration in value
of their stock, and of all in which their
original capital was invested. This, however, has
befallen the farmers under the influence of protection,
which was never able to prevent importation from
abroad in years of famine and scarcity, and which in-
deed always rend. red that impartation so exuberant
and overwhelming when it did come, as to have a
lasting effect. In any calculation now, however, all
that agricultural capital is invested in must be taken
at what it ia, not what it was. Free trade
mast have the advantages of a new score, nor be
charged with all the losses which occurred under pro-
tection, nor with the high prices which protection
itself jailed to maintain.
The farmer then must make a large allowance, and
submit to the inevitable lose that has already accrued
to him upon his capital. The landlord must be pre-
pared for a similar sacrifice on his capital, which in
het consists al the natural properties of the la' d, and
must reduce his note in consequence. It will by no
means do for landlord' to pretend, with the Marquis
of Dowlesslam that they have oily just diacavered
that some of their lands were let too cheap, and that
they ere reedy to spend on the land what they
ought to have extorted, in order to charge five per
cent. as it, and so literally rails their tenants' rents.
This is esly worthy of Bens Munchausen.
The proposal of S r Pun, of which Lord
DOWNSHILE'S is a eerie .tare, is, though more ape.
clone, sot infinitely more liberal. Had Mr.
P.thiert, by whom it is understood the right hoc.
baronet is advised, recomn,enoed that the 20 per cent.
should be expended in arefisial manure, and applied
to the current crops, this would have been an icon -
diate boon to the tenant, a useful experiment for
agriculture. and of permanent benefit to the land. And
west tenants want is immediate encouregtmei t to
work through a trials, not perspective relief fur the
time when it shall be over.
What landlords must abandon is the hope of
a permanently high rate of rent-roll, with yearly
tellers. daring • transition state. If present prices hold,
or An in the moderate degree that may be expected,
a permanent reduction mud take place in the scale of
prices of agricultural produce compared with the
averages of the last fifty or the lsat thirty years.
The average price of wheat during the latter period
has been 7e. a beaheL The best authorities estimate
that the price will settle at be. eat. This is a redric-
tioa of nearly 25 per cent. And we may estimate
that all kinds of agricultural produce—meat, seeds,
tallow, and wool—well suffer about a similar depre-
ciation. Nor does this come anything near to the
dap
_initiation of non-agricultural produce—nothing,
indeed, to be compared to it.
Pat out cf calculation all the hopes of high farm-
kg. Let it be supposed that the same race of far-
mers, with their average of ecience, and present
amount of capital, continue to work the land, which
is taking a far worse prospect of agriculture and the
men of England than there is necessity of doing. But
it is necessary to look things in the face, and
at their worst. Then the produce of a farm
which has been 1,0001., will be reduced to 7504 The
proportion of the 1,0001. reserved as rent, has varied
according to the soil and cultivation. If the costs of
the latter and the inevitable outgoings have been
light with reterence to the whole amount of produce,
a large relative proportion has remained for rent.
Thus pasture lands have afforded most rent in pro-
portion to produce. Poor clay lands cost much in
cultivating, and leave least surplus for rent. On
arable lands the avenge proportion of rent to the
gross produce may for the exemplification of our
purpose be taken at a fourth. That would be 250 .
of the 1,000!. Hence, it is evident that the whole
falling off cannot be made up by reduced rent, which
in that case it would extinguish.
Manifestly this neither ought nor need be. On
further inquiry it will be found that a large share of
the cost of cultivation bears an exact proportion to
the price of produce. One-third is part of that pro-
duce itself. Seed, labour, and many items of ex-
pense, may, in fact, be reduced to simple produce,
and cheapen with it.
Let all parties, then, who derive en interest from
land unite in meeting the present case of necessity,
be it great or small, permanent or temporary, be it
removable by fresh science, and outlay, or be it not.
Let the farmer estimate his capital, as the manufac-
turer does his, when he takes stock yearly. Let the
landlord submit to what every owner of every
other kind of property has suffered, a degree of
diminution of income or of profit, to be recompensed
by activity and success.
And finally, let both landlord and farmer put their
shoulders to the same wheel, the wheel of reform and
retrenchment. For the other great item that weighs
upon the agricultural as upon every interest, is taxa-
tion. Taxation, we have no doubt, can be more fairly
equalised. But if we proceed at present to mingle
the question of equalising taxation with the
strife of agricultural and non-agnoultural in
terests, the result will be that the profes-
sional class of politicians will befool both,
and by setting one to fight the other, keep up the ex-
penditure, and consequently the burdens upon both.
All present taxpayers are not too many to enforce
retr, nchment, and if they split, the result will be that
the same amount of taxation must be raised from the
land, as will as from the other property of the coun-
try, in whatever shape, or by whatever name, parlia-
mentary jugglers may please to arrange it or to
style it. The English farmer now pays two rents,
one for his landlord, the other fur the taxman to live
on. Protection promises to enable him to pay both.
Let him not trust protection, which can do no such
thing. Bat let him treat reform, which will cut
down the sewed, or tax-rent, and lighten the land
Tore than any possible number of shillings in cern

A MOVEMENT has begun in the united parishes of
St. Giles-iu-the•Firlds and St. Georg.‘, Bloomsbury,
for a reform in their local administration. A number
of the rate-payers have, in this age of log ry, set them-
es/vas to compare the amount of rating in the united