The Northern Daily Times.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1853-11-04 00:00:00

THE NORTHERN DAILY TIMES.

► D.R. NEWMAN'S LECTURE.

On last evening, Dr. Newman delivered, in the Concert
Hall, Lord Nelson-street, the last of his series of lectures
on the Tartar races. The hall, though not over-crowded,
was exceedingly full; and on the platform were the Very
Rev. Canon's Walmsley and Toole, Revs. J. Walsh, Maine,
W. Gillett, JP.Doherty, H. Gibbon, and J. Nugent ; R.
Sheil, M. Cullen, T. Cullen, P. Leonard, M. A ungier, J.
Gibson, J. Yates, Jun., J. B. ASpinall, J. Livingston, and
D. Powell, Esqrs.
The Rev. G. Gillow took the chair, and in introducing
the Rev. Lecturer, apologised for the absence of the Right
Rev. Dr. Goss, who would have been present to preside on
the occasion, were it not for sudden indisposition.
Dr. Newman then came forward and was greeted with the
most enthusiastic and continued applause. Having thanked
the assembly for their kind reception of him, he said that
he was about to continue his remarks on the history of the
Turks. He said he had first considered them in their origin
as Tartars, and then he had spoken of them as having come,
in the course of ages, from the remote and wild regions in
which they first were, into the country which they now inha-
bited. He had spoken of them, however, only in their ex-
ternal character, but he would now wish to consider them
rather in their inward significance. And they were worthy
of such consideration; for so it was that there was no nation,
no race, that cast so black a shadow upon Asiatic history as
the Turks did. If we looked at other wild.and savage nations
—the Goths and Lombards—the Franks and early Anglo-
Saxons, and even the Magyars of Hungary—all were con-
verted. The Saracens, though they were not converted and
had the will to do all manner of harm to the Christians, yet
they had not the power ; for after a few centuries they
dwind!ed away, and came to nothing. Even the Tartars,
though they had the will and the power, after their
invasions and raids, turned back again or dispersed, no one
knew how or whither ; but, miserable to say, such was not
tha case with the Turks. They in their youth, in their
manhood, and now in their old age, and while declining
from inanition, were ever the same—the most anti-chris-
tian of all races and peoples. In his last lecture he stopped
"at the year 1041, and he now mentioned that date, because
it was the time when the Sultan Alp Ghazan turned his
face to the west, and came down through Persia, upon Con-
stantinople; and in doing so, opened the gates of christen-
dom to the numerous tribes of his followers. In vain was
Constantinople respited—in vain was Europe saved for a
time ; for so it was, that at the very moment it seemed that
their dreadful invaders were about to be finally overthrown
and become extinct, up rose the greatest of their race—
great in a Human point of view—the glorious and brilliant
face of the Ottoman, who at present possessed Constanti-
nople. There was a remarkable parallel and contrast
between the history of the two races of the Turks
—the Seljukians and Ottomans. The Seljukians, as
the Ottomans, came down in great power, headed by
their three great Sultans, and all but took Con-
stantinople. They came to the very borders—to
the Bosphorus—but impediments rose in their way, and they
were repulsed. So again was it with the Ottomans. They
came to the Bosphorus—crossed it, and though not at the
first attempt, took Constantinople. That was at once the
parallel and the contrast between the history of these two
races ; and the impediments which came in their way—first
in the one race and then in the other—were respectively two
warriors, Zhengis and Timour. As Zhengis came down
against the Seljukians, so in like manner did Timour come
down against the Ottomans; and though the attack of the
one was not greater than that of the other, yet Zhengis suc-
ceeded and Timour failed. These two great monarchs were
mere blind instruments of fate—that was to say, they were
instruments in the hands of the Almighty, but it was as if
they were mere elements of mischief, for they knew not
what they were doing. They were merely prompted to go
forward in their career of rapine and of havoc, by the
instincts wtihin them of cruelty and ambition, and of all the
bad passions which actuate the human breast. They thus
rushed forward, opposing every obstacle, for they conceived
that in overcoming them was mansfested certain power; and
so they opposed the Turks though they knew nothing
of them. But there was another enemy which the
Turks had of a very different character. This other
was no enemy in the moral order of things—he was
the great power throned, as he had ever been throned
since the first days of Christianity in the west. They
were opposed not only by barbarian forces in the East,
but they were opposed by the Vicar of Christ in the West ;
and his opposition was of a very different kind, indeed, from
that which was exerted against them by Zhengis or Timour.
He resisted continuously for upwards of 700 years the power
of the Turks, and as continually protested against his inva-
sion of Christendom. For two centuries he succeeded, but
after that in vain were his efforts—in vain were his protests
—in vain were his attempts to rouse the princes of Christen-
dom to unite against the fierce barbarian who was coming
against them. He tried, and he failed ; and that was the
reason why it was that Zhengis succeeded in opposing the
Salukian Turks, ;and why it was, on the other hand, that
Timour, though he conquered in a most remark-
able way the Ottomans for a time, yet was unable finally
to beat them. Because, in the first place, with the fierce

barbarian Zhengis co-operated the princes of Christendom,
but with respect to the Ottoman, they did not co-operate.
But the Holy see was unsuccessful in the opposition.which it
so steadily made to the:Turks ; yet, if perseverance had a
claim on success, the Popes certainly deserved it ; for their
conduct in this matter, through a long series of ages, was
quite peculiar, quite unique in the history of the Church.
This wonderful phenomenon, as he might call it—this per-
severance of the Holy See through such a length of time,
and under such different circumstances, showed not only
great consistency in policy, but extreme sagacity. That
was a quality which even the enemies of the Catholic Church
were not slow in allowing to the Popes—the power of seeing
the value of things. Not setting their mind on trifles, but
seeing the Feat point where the issue lay—that was the
quality which more than any other was given to the See
of Rome ; and in this ease, the event showed the soundness
of their judgment, and the great reason for the opposition
which they made to the great enemy of civilisation. If truth
were opposed to the most barbarous ignorance—if tender-
ness were opposed to hardness of heart—if pride were op-
posed to humility, and depravity to virtue, then he should
sayithat no other course should be taken by him, who was the
great champion of religion, than to oppose the whole race of
the Turks, be they what they might. He had described
the Tartars, their utter fierceness, their recklessness, and
their remorseless inhumanity ; but whatever was shocking
and wicked in the Tartars, in the case of the Turks it was
put upon system—it was methodised by law—it was sanc-
tified by religion, and it was propagated by the sword. Such
they had been from the beginning to the end, and therefore
there was cause sufficient that the Holy See should oppose
them. He did not deny that the Turks had great qualities
—he had in a previous lecture described them; but there
was a passage in the holy prophecies, describing the enemy
of truth coming against the chosen people, " a garden of
pleasure before it, a desolate wilderness; neither is there
any one that can escape it," which he might accommodate
to the social, or political, or religious aspect of affairs which
the Turks gave rise to. He could allude, if the allusion.
might not be puzzling and dangerous, how their deeds had
branded them in the natural judgment of all men, as the
most flagitious and detestable of races. He might enlarge
upon their savage cruelty, which had depopulated all coun-
tries with which they had come in contact. He might re-
mind his hearers how it was almost acknowledged
as a canon in their political proceedings, by all writers
who had treated of them and their histories, that
on a Sultan coming to the throne, it was an almost
invariable rule for him to put to death his brothers and
his nearest of kin who were likely to be a rival to his power.
He might tell how it was they surrounded themselves, and
the great men after their fashion, with a multitude of slaves,
who, torn from their homes, were the living monuments of
the violation of the most sacred of human ties and christian
precepts. He might tell that absolute despotism with the
Sultans was not a name, but a power and a fact ; and how
it was that he multiplied that despotism, by giving his
representatives in every province the same power as himself.
And he might tell them how all travellers related that that
despotic power in the governors of his provinces was no
name but a reality, so that they shed blood as water, and
counted the life of a man as of equal importance as that of
a reptile. He might allude to one circumstance, probably
fresh in the recollections of members present, of the dreadful
massacre in the Island of Scio—how it was that when the
Greeks of that island rose in insurrection, the Turks swept its
one end to the other, slaughtered the men and boys, and
carried off into an infamous captivity the women and children;
and how it was that when the corn was sown there were
100,000 men in the island, when it came to be reaped there were
only 19,000 ! But he would pass these topics of their cruelty
and persecution, and view them in a spirit which was more
conformable with the words which he had quoted, and which
would appeal more to the hearts, the understanding, and the
judgment of all Christians of whatever sort. He would appeal
to something which would quite justify the policy of the See
of Rome in its contests with that unhappy race. The Ca-
tholic Church was at first a wanderer upon the earth. She
had no settled.voting place; but no sooner was the hand of
persecution taken off from her, and she occupied something
like an interest in the soil, her first object, her first work
was to look tenderly on it and its cultivators. He would
not tell them, for they must be clear and fresh in their re-
collection, the stories they had in ecclesiastical history of
the enfranchisement of the slaves and the amelioration of
the condition of the serf by the Church. They would recol-
lect how the Benedictine monks, when the barbarians had
laid waste the face of Italy, came forth and made the "de-
sert bloom as the garden," and the stream, as before, fer-
tilise the land. This had been the conduct of the Church in
all times towards the earth—ever tender, ever loving, ever
thoughtful of that great mother, on whose breast we
feed in life, and in whose arms we repose in death.
(Loud applause.) Not so, however, with the Turk. He
troated her not with reverence, not with love, but as a
paramour. He thought the earth not deserving of respect,
and he desired to have no sacred tie to bind him to her.
What title, then, had he to the earth, more than the pirate
to the sea; over which he roamed in his vessel ? The Turk
rode over the land in which he lived for a thousand years,
' trampling- it beneath his horse's hoofs, making it for them a
course ; but what title did that give him to it ? Who had
made it his by no sacred tie, by no holy power ? What
title had the indolent Othman, smoking in his voluptuous
palace, thinking of nothing save his plasures, and how to

grind down the wretched acrriculturist, what right had he to
be the successor of Alexander and the Ptolemies ? What
right had he to be the possessor of such a land as Egypt, as
Palestine, as Asia Minor, for which every one acquainted
with ancient history felt a tenderness for its many noble
reminiscences, that glorious land which was famed before
history began, for its wealth and magnificence ?
It was as pious in the early christian times as it was in the
pagan. It was the country alluded to in the acts of the
Apostles, the country to which St. Paul went. It was the
country where St. John lived, and where the seven cities
were to which he wrote his Epistles. It was the country to
which St. Peter addressed his first Epistle. It had produced
some of the greatest saints—St: Polycarp, St. Gregory, St.
Basil, and other saints had come from it. For centuries it
had a most brilliant history. It was a land said to abound
with all the gifts of nature, in the precious metals, in iron,
and in marbles, rich in pastures and lands fitted for tillage.
Such is the laud in history and by nature in former times;
and he would now read some passages from modern travellers
to show what its present condition was,and the state to which
it was reduced by the domination of the Turks. Dr. New-
man then read passages from several travellers, showing the
state of ruin into which the cities and lands throughout the
Turkish dominions had fallen. When ruin came upon a
city they substituted no new buildings in the place of those
which had fallen into decay. That desolation was no acci-
dent, for it so happened, that it followed immediately upon
the first possession of the country by the Turks, and when
the Turks were driven back by the crusaders it began to re-
cover. It then came into the possession of a Greak emperor,
who was, what very rarely happened among the emperors of
that day, an enlightened man, and who set about improve-
ing the country. He saw that the thing to be done was to
turn attention to the material improvement of the face of
the land, and he farmed a large portion of it himself, which
he turned to the revenue of the state. He found parts of
the land suited for pasture;and parts for tillage, and his
breeds of horses and sheep became celebrated. A
very curious fact was related of him, which ap-
peared almost incredible, that he was able to present his
empress with a crown of diamonds and pearls, made out of
the proceeds of the eggs of his poultry. He was successful
in getting the nobles to follow his example, and instead of
looking down upon the agricultural classes and oppressing
them, they began to consider farming an honourable em-
ployment. Immediately, therefore, after the Turkish domi-
nation was removed the country began to improve. But no
sooner had the Turks again llboome possessors of it than the
signs of decay again began to manifest themselves, and con-
tinued increasing up to the present period of her history.
Nor was that wretchedness peculiar to her dominions m
Asia Minor, but wherever the sway of the Turk extended,
there the same rain presented itself. Chateaubriand, when
travelling through the Morea, about 40 years ago, stated
that wherever he went he beheld the remains of villages,
which had been destroyed by fire and sword—whole districts
deserted, and often 15 leagues of country without a habita-
tion. The great island of Crete, which, before the Chris-
tian era, was said to have had a hundred cities, many of
which were densely populated, now contained only obscure
villages. The people there formerly exported corn, and
now they had to import it. Cyprus, which was capablo of
holding a million of inhabitants, and did hold them at one
time, the climate of which was said to be a perpetual spring,
now held.only 30,000 people. Now cross over to the CO2-
tinent of Asia. There it was said that even the Tullis
themselves were dying out. Places which a century past
numbered 400,000 souls, were now stated to have dwindle?.
to 50,000. Moussoul had lost half its inhabitants. Bogdan
-had fallen from 120,000 to 20,000, and Balsora from 100,000
to 8,000. In Egypt there was the same decay. In Alison's
work upon population, it was stated that in the 15th cen-
tury Egypt, after all her revolutions, was comparatively rich
and populous, but since the era of the Turkish conquest the
tyranny of the Pachas had put a stop to industry, commerce,
and the arts. Then go into Africa—look at Barbary,
and there it would be also seen that wherever the Turks had
srpead their reign there was desolation. -What had these
wanderers of the desert, far as they were from the very type
in which they were constructed, what had they to do with
those rich countries which iu the days of the Romans were
so celebrated ? Robertson, the historian, stated that the
fertile granary which sustained the Roman empire in corn,
lay now almost entirely uncultivated, and that the province
which an ancient writer called the beauty of the earth was
now the retreat of pirates and banditti. Cross over again
into. Europe and the feature was the same. Those provinces
of which the Russians had now taken poesession, and which
were at present the subject of so much interest had popu-
lations which were daily diminishing, while only the most
insignificant portions of the land was tilled. The whole
population of the empire did not exceed a fifth part of what
it had been in ancient times. Here the lecturer said he was
tempted to exclaim how different was that country from that
in which was planted the chair of state, (Loud applause).
He should be ashamed to compare Italy with Asia Minor,
the dominion of the Turk with that of the Chrsstian prince,
except that so much had been said of late in disparagement
of the government of Italy. Upon that subject he should
State merely facts. He did not mean to say that there had
been perfection in agriculture, science, or art introduced into
Italy, but he would apply himself to the great and broad
fact which served as a guage and a test of the state of that
country, He naa notning to do with degrading any particu-
lar kind. of Government, but he would take as a result the
cultivation of Italy at the present day, and place it side by
side with the condition of the Turkish dominions. The
reverend lecturer then quoted from .Alison's History of
Europe several extracts to show how advanced was the
position of agricultural cultivation in Italy, and how
the numbers of the rural population were increasing,
and their comforts improving. Alison was not a
writer, who had any especial leaning towards the papal
government, but rather contrary. Thus the beautiful
country of Asia Minor was laid waste by barbarians, and
had it been possible that Italy had fallen into their hands,
she would have shared the same fate. The reverend
lecturer then proceeded to detail the history of the Ottoman
Turks, from the fall of the Seljukian race, under the Sultan
Solyinan, who was mentioned in Tasso's " Jerusalem
delivered," and the sudden rise of Othman, the founder of
the race, at first a soldier of fortune in the pay of the last
Seljukian monarch. The success of the great Ottoman
race went on most brilliantly for about 270 years, up to
the middle of the sixteenth century after which it declined
for nearly an equal period, up to the present day, when
Turkish power seemed to be going out, expiring. It
was a marvellous and memorable course of building, 270
years of greatness, and 270 years of decline. During the
course of their prosperity, they were governed by ten
sovereigns, who were all in these generations, great men;
it was difficult to say which of them was the greatest
according to the standard of human greatness. Their
reigns were of remarkable length, the average of each being
twenty-six years, which in a line of military monarchs, was
very great. For the 279 years which followed, there were
twenty-one sovereigns, whose reigns were only upon an
average, half the length, which was in itself a remarkable
sign of their decline. Of these twenty-one sovereigns, five
had been strangled, three deposed, three died of excess,
and of the remaining ten, only four had attained the usual
age of man, and the present sultan was described by a
traveller as the most sickly, pale, inanimate, and unmanly
youth. Many of the sovereigns had the same names.
There were four Mahomets, four Mustaphas, four
Amuraths, three Selines, three Achmets, three
Othmans, two Mahmouds, two Soleymans, and two,
Bajazets. It might be asked what was Europe doing,
while the Turks were gaining so great a power
and dominion ? What was the Holy See about ? The
cause was to be found partly in the hostility with which the
Greek empsre, whose seat was then at Constantinople, re-
garded the rest of Europe, and particularly the Roman
States, having ever declared a preference for the turban to
the tiara, and having acted with the greatest treachery to-
wards the Crusaders, some of whom they actually betrayed
into the power of the Turks. That was also the time when
the attention of the Holy. See was diverted by the heresy
which then began to arise in Europe, and which ended in
Protestantism. Wicliffe had arisen, who was followed by
Huss, and he again by Luther. New powers also began to
rise in Europe ; to feel their own strength,:and use it against
their neighbours, so that Europe was filled with intestine
divisions. It was also a time when corruption was stealing
into the most sacred places. The clergy and bishops had
amassed riches, and as for the Popes, he could only say,
that it did not please God to raise up such a man as St. Leo,
or St. Gregory. There was just one moment when a great
act might have attempted to repel the increase of Turkish
power, and with perfect success. That was when the great
conqueror, Tamerlane, rushed with that wonderful
impetuosity, which none but a Tartar could display.
from the frontiers of China, across Asia, to attack
the celebrated Turkish sovereign Bajazet, then be-
sieging Constantinople, swept upon him, destroyed his
army, and took Bajazet prisoner. That was a favourable
time for Christianity, but it was not availed of, and the
power of the Turks continued to increase until the year
1568. In that year, by a wonderful coincidence, the first
of the Turkish monarchs with whom the decline commenced
ascended the throne of Constantinople, and the great St.
Pius the Fifth ascended the throne of the Holy See. (Great
applause.) At that very time St. Philip of Neri had
laboured twenty years in Rome. The great St. Ignatius
was there also, and many illustrious saints throughout
the country, like as many planets around the centre
of light. In the conclave of cardinals there were two saints.
The reverend lecturer then described the circumstances
attending the election of St. Pius the Fifth, at first an hum-
ble Dominican friar, to the Papal throne, his great virtues,
his austere life, and his urbane manners. The lecturer then
briefly summed up the steps which that Pope took to or-
ganise.the body of allies who encountered the Turksh fleet
in the Gulf of Lepanto, and gave that defeat to them which
led to the decline of Turkish dominiOn in the world, and
formed a turning-point in the downfall of the Turkish em-
pire. The reverend lecturer then concluded, having spoken
for about three hours, amid the most enthusiastic and pro-
longed applause.

My. YATES proposed a vote of thanks to Dr. Newman,
and in doing so, alluded to the late trial in which he was
engaged, as having called forth proof how warmly the
English people felt in• gratitude towards him. The speaker
then informed the meeting that Dr. Newman was about to
leave this country on the following day, having
been appointed, by those in authority, President of the Ca-
tholic University about to be established in Ireland. (Loud

applause.) He should not leave England without taking
along with him their cordial sympathies and wishes--their
ardent hopes and firm expectations, that the institution over
which he was to preside would realise all that was expected
of it. (Great cheering.) He felt satisfied that that institu-
tion would grow, under Dr. Newman's care, with a giant's
strength, and fulfil all the ends for which it was required,
and that Dr. Newman would, in an especial manner, be the
medium of a cordial union between England and Ireland.
(Renewed applause.)
The motion was carried amid the most enthusiastic accla-
mations.

Dr. NEWMAN returned thanks in a few words, declaring
that the feeling which heexperienced, that he took with him
the hearts and the. sympathies of his audience, would give
him additional strength in the performance of the duties
which he had undertaken in connection with the new Ca-
tholic Institution in Ireland.
The proceeeings then terminated.

SERIOUS .RIOT AT BLACKBURN.

The Town of Blackburn on Tuesday was disgraced by a
riot which furnishes another instance of the incapacity of
the borough for self-government. The occasion of the riot
was the election of councillors for St. Peter's ward ; but it
was evidently pre-organised, as during the night before,
gangs of men paraded the streets and disturbed the inhabi-
tants. At ten o'clock great confusion prevailed, and the
banks a,nd many
.shops were closed. From that time till
four p.m. the principal thoroughfare, King-street, was in
the handeof the two contending mobs, who, with stones and
iron-bound bludgeons, strove for the mastery. The whole
of Mr. Hornby's windows were smashed in, stones being
procured in abundance from some paving operations going
on at this time. Alderman Hoole and Dugdale are sufferers,
and the wounds inflicted must be of a serious character.
The authorities were conscious of their inability to cope
with the insurgents, and no effort was made the whole day to
put doNin the riot. This circumstance caused the most
cruel apprehensions to many respectable families. The
magistrates met in the evening, and engaged a posse of
special constables, and a special train in communication
with the military at Burnley. The mobs Were headed and
led on by respectably dressed men, apparently the overlookers
at the mills. It is to be deplored that many of the mills
were closed. The inhabitants of the borough have been
compelled to conclude that the franchise it possesses is
Only a source of bitter animosity, and of risk to life and pro-
perty.
At nine o'clock. the polling booth, (a room in the hotel,
King-street) was in the possession of Tories, and they kept
it more or less till the early part of the afternoon. Whilst
they thus guarded the door of the booth, personation of
voters was attempted in favour of Messrs. J. C. Forrest and
Hibbert (cotton manufacturers). The third person who
tendered his vote was given into custody for personation,
and in the course of the morning we are Wormed that one
or two more were sent up to keep him company.

By noon the whole of the factories were 1. loosed,' and
then ensued a series of skirmishes, in which we regret to
say that several persons were seriously injured, and scores
much ' pinched.' At six o'clock in the evening, the
lives of two men were despaired of. Another man named
Thomas Proctor, of Mile End, was conveyed home in a cart,
having had his head much cut. He appeared very weak
from loss of blood. Mr. Leech, surgeon, who lives opposite
the hotel, was engaged for several hours during. the middle
of the day in dressing the wounds of the injured. The
windows of Mr. W. H. Hornby (the head of the Tory party)
were smashed, as were also those of Mr. W. Hoole (a Libe-
ral magistrate), and those of Mr. Isaac Lloyd, editor of the
B'ackburn Standard.

Throughout the day a fearful riot was anticipated, and,
in order to be prepared for it, there was scarcely a shop in
any of the principal streets that was not closed. Many of
:he inhabitants blame the authorities for not having sent for
the military at. an early hour in the morning, when every
sign of a great disturbance was plainly exhibited.

THE PRESTON STRIKE

Messrs. Birley, Brothers, have addressed the following letter
o the Times :

" Sir,—Our attention having been directed to an exceed-
ingly well-written article in your paper of the 26th ult., upon
the subject of the present unfortunate differences between the
operatives of Preston and their employers, in which you appear
to be under the impression that little or no advance has been
paid, we beg to lay before you a single statement of the facts
of our case, as the turn-out of our weavers has frequently
been alluded to as one of the chief causes of the present
almost total stoppage of the cotton-mills in Preston and the
neighbourhood.
"We are further induced to take this step in order to
rectify many gross misrepresentations and falsehoods which
for some weeks past have been industriously circulated by a
body of unprincipled persons, who are actively engaged in in.
citing a spirit of insubordination and discontent among the
operatives of a town which has hitherto ranked second to none
of the manufacturing towns of Lancashire, in a proper and
good feeling between the employers and employgel,

- ‘‘ 17.t0
weekly wages amount to upwards of £450

" The rate of wages we have for a length of time past been
plying our weavers, for two descriptions of cloth, comprising
almost the whole of our production, has been 7d. and 8d per
pice. Upon an application for an advance, we increased the
race to lad. and 81(1. for the two sorts respectively.

At the old rate of Wages the weekly amount we £ s. d.
were paying for 750 looms was 179 11 . 8
To ;his add 10 per cent. demanded by the weavers 17 19 2

£197 10 10
The tmount paid for the week ending August 25th, was £196
3s. lid., being only £1 6s. 11d, per week for 750 looms, or
about three farthings per weaver per week, short of the entire
10 pet cent, demanded. Upon reeeiving their wages, the
weaver, without giving us any notice whatever, left their
work, and, although for three subsequent weeks our doors were
open to receive them at the above advance, they made no ap-
plication, nor did they evince any intention of returning to
their employment. We may add, that the above advance was
in proport on to that paid by most of the extensive establish-
ments in de town, and we were informed that the object of
our weavers in leaving their work was for the purpose of com-
pelling us to give a more advanced rate of wages than was
generally offered, and then to proceed and attack the other
mills separate,y, until they had compelled each and all to agree
to a rate of wages of their own fixing,

"At a general meeting of the -Masters' Association, our
case, along vies others, was taken into consideration, and it
was unanimously agreed, that. the demands of the work-
people had beccmo so dictatorial and unjust, that it was
impossible to sulmit to them any longer, and the only alter-
native left was to dose the mills until the operatives then on
strike were prepared to resume their work, and a better under-
standing was established between the employers and employed.
We feel certain that if our workpeople had been left to use
their own discretion, and not allowed themselves to be misled
by persons who, unconnected with them, hare undertaken the
responsibility of guidit g their actions, the present unfortunate
position of affairs would have been avoided, and the good
feeling previously existing between ourselves and our work-
people remained undisturbed.
" We are, your most obedient servants,
"BIRLEY BROTHERS.
" Hanover-street Mills, Preston, Nov. 1.

NEW QUEEN'S COUNSEL.—On Wednesday last
baing the first day of Michaelmas term, the newly appointed
Counsel was called within the bar, and took their seats.
Amongst them were Mr. Edward James, Assessor of the
Liverpool Court of Passage ; Mr. Temple, Mr. -Grove, and
Mr. Montague Smith.

Among the towns in England and Scotland that
sufered most from cholera in 1848-9, may be mentioned
the following :—Edinburgh, where the deaths were 448 ;
Glasgow, about 1,200 in a population of 280,000; Carnhoe
Ironworks, near Glasgow, 71 in 1,200, or 1 in 17 ; Dum-
fries and Maxwelltown, nearly 300 in 10,000 ; Hamilton,
123 in 9,000; Paisley, Inverness, Dundee, Sunderland,
Liverpool (1,950 deaths); Manchester township, 828; Hull,
1,345; Wolverhampton, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, (445).
Gloucester, Plymouth, Cardiff, Merthyr Tydfil, and Dowlais.

LIVERPOOL ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.—The third
meeting of this body for the session—the sixth—took place on
Wednesday night. Mr. Verelst occupied the chair, and was
attended by the hon. sec., Mr. 80u1t.441A ballot was imme.
diately entered upon for the election of new members and new
associates. Mr. J. B. Hughes, of Mill-street, proposed by
Mr. Boult, and Mr. Chartrell ; Mr. Robert Dempster, pro-
posed by Xr. Stay, and Mr. Duncan, as associate members;
and Mr. Janes Norman Crofts, of Fraser-street, proposed by
Mr. Goodall and Mr. Huggins, as a student member. These
several electims having been concluded, at eight o'clock the
public proceenings of the society commenced, and we were
somewhat anxious to ascertain if Mr. Huggin's very interesting
taper on the columbian architecture of antiquity, and the
psones of Venice, should be resumed, when a paper was intro-
duced upon the application of photography to architectural
delineation, which elicited the admiration of the assembly, for
the ability and intelligence displayed by the essayist, in pro-
pounding his views and opinions on the subject.
PRESENCE OF MlND.—Another instance of pres-
ence of mind and coolness in danger, was recently given in
the Bois do Boulonge. A boy about eight years of age, son
of a rich foreigner, residing in Paris, was sitting en the box
with the coachman, when the person inside got out to walk.
The coachman then getting down, gave the boy the reins to
hold. By some chance the reins slipped from his hands, and
the horses, feeling themselves at liberty, dashed off at a great
pace. They" Continued their course for upwards of a league,
the boy clinging on with all his strength the whole time. At
last, the horses approached the bridge of Sevres, a working man
threw himself hefore them, and succeeded in stopping them.
The boy then quietly got off the box, and, addressing the man
who was holding the panting horses, said—" I have to thank
you for your kindness, and I am certain my father will be
happy to recompense you." It is unnecessary to say that
this took place, the parents of the boy having been in dreadful
agony about hitn.---.French Paper.
CHOLERA has appeared in Edrom, Berwickshire,
at Carnwath, Lanarkshire, and at Duddingstone, near Edin-
burgh,