The Express.
London, England, 1861-08-17 00:00:00

TEX DJAPOSAL OT BOTH ?lOU EXFORNATORIEI.

The it;;. :17i;71: ii•ZiikOwu7LToiii,Tiadiiper on
this topic. The object, he and, of reformatory training is
to restore the criminn to society, in order to which he must
be fitted to occupy some place in society, and some place
must be found which be will fit. The only element of fit-
ness neceroiry to be wondered in this part of the reforma-
tory process is the iodustriaL The great majority of boys,
inmates of reformatories, me quite capable of being trained
to useful industry, and society is always workers of one kind
or soother ; a large experience justifies the amertion. All,
then, that is required is to discover what kind of workers
are in demand in the neighbourhood of any school, and then
to train boys accordingly. But it is mat important that
whatever branch of industry is taught the boys should be
thoroughly instructed in it, so as to be really able to per.
Th form it. e tendency to diminution among the agricul-
tural population of England often a favourable opening for
the employment of boys as farm labourers. But our refor-
matory schools, which are farm schools, do not proms all
the requisite means for making a good labourer. It is very
desirable that boys should be sent out on license to work at
farm-houses, where they may learn to plough. &o. ' • at the
Name time they will acquire habits of self reliance sad fami-
lority with honest workmen, so that when the time of dis-
charge wines they are not strangers to society. At Castle
Howard this plan has been adopted, end with the most com-
plete success.
The PREDIDEST said that the paper of Mr. Fish was an
important one. His statements were encouraging, and
mussily') of progress.
Yr. HILL, ftworder of Birmingham, read a piper by Miss
BiIL which gave a lucid explanation of the system in force
at Mettray.
I Sir Baum', LEIGHTON said that in Fresco the wooer
committed to reformatories were detained till the were 2U,
but in England the age at which they were discharged was
seventeen. •He considered that the latter was the
beet plan, as at that age a boy becomes a man. Com-
paring the relapses into crime both in the English and
!Preach institutions be did not think that the French were
superior to us in their morality.
Au interesting discussion then took place on the subject
of the expense of reformatories, and as to the necessity fax
there being auniform poetics, by magistrates in reference to
committals.

la the absence of the author, the secretary read • paper
by the Rey. F. Lynch, on the • Spirit of the Acta a Form"
The section then adjourned till the following day.
FOURTH DEPART3IENT.—PUBLIC HEALTH.

President—Lord Talbot de Mislabels. Vroe.presaeat—
Sir Chaska Hosting; M.D., Worcester. Perm sneut Secre-
tary—Dr. Lankester, London. Local Secretaries—Dn.
Lyons and M'Donnell.
Dr. Moots read a paper "On the more Prominent Causes
clan Ezomeive Mortality in Early Life." After prefacing his
obsenations with some remarks on the politino4oonornieal

view of an excessive early death rate indite reaction on na-
tional interests, more particular, agricultural and oommer.
daily, be went on to show that the early physical well-being of
any country is the most delicate test of its progress.
With reference to the prevailing infantile mortality under
10 years of age, which varies from 2.1 to 30 per cent. of all
born am the better classes, from 30 to -10 per cent among
the lower c • some observers have found a wider ratio
between the Infantile mortality among the rich and poor,
particularly in Preston, where the mortality under five years
of age among the children of the former varied from 18 per
seat. to fib among those of the latter. Ile summed up the
moat prevalent causes of this excessive mortality, u fol-
lows :—First—Defective vitality at birth, transmitted from
either or both parents. Second—The mismanagement of
parents by nurses with regard to food, dress, cleanliness,ke. Third—The deficiency of light, air, ventilation, to
which might be added an ignorance of physiological prin.
elides, and of the pathology and therapeutics of many of
the diseases incidental to early life. In connexion with the
l'revail'a ignoranced
t with
neglecte at; td
ir physiological
gard ooc Iprotective)r
Dore
influence of vaccination, it being calculated that not more
than one-balf per cent. of those who have been succesfully
vaccinated take the disease, and the deaths among persons
of all ages protested by vaccination, are only about 1 in
h,OOO annually; whereas, among the unprotected the mor-
tality over England and Wales has averaged 14 per cent. ;
and the mortality of that of the eight principal towns in
Scotland, in 1856, averaged '2B per cent.
After some remark: from Idr. David Smith and Dr. Lan-
kester,
Dr. A. FLARSI24 M.D., read a paper on " Births, Deaths,
and Diseases."

The Puaslnatrr said that it was a matter for much reeved
that they bad sot a system of registratiou for births sad
deaths, and be hoped that we •0011 would have one. Ile luiew
that there were some practical difficulties in the matter. In
the large hospitals theta was not a proper system of regis-
tration.

Dr. LASKI-ITER said the registration would not be satis-
factory unions under the management of medical men. He
complained that the system of machinery for putting corm
eers in motion upon the occurrence of 'sudden deaths was
not a complete one.
MI Prue-smart said that perhaps some came took place
in Scotland in which there should be morn inquiry as to
how parties died, which inquiry was not made.
Dr. LANIUMBR read a paper by John Beddoe, M.D.' on
the " Physical degeneration of town populations." The
paper went to show that degeneration of good air and pro.
per food tended to the degeneration of the human race.

Dr. LTON/1 read a paper by Miss Florence Nightingale,
entitled "Hospital statistios and hospital plum' It gave
an excellent arid comprehensive exposition of the require-
menteof • proper hospital, the necessity for thorough venti-
, Igloo, and for avoidance of over-crowding. We regret that
the great premnre on our space preveuta us at present from
giving this admirable paper or the discussion which took
place upon it.
The meeting of the section was thee adjourned.
FIFTH DEPARTMENT—SOCIAL ECONOHYI
The section met at 12 o'clock. Hon. Judge LONOTIRLD
presided.
The secretary of the section then proceeded to read a
paper by Mr. Henry S. Reid, on the budding strike of the
present year at Edinburgh, and also a papw by Mr. Freda.
rick Harrison, M.A., on the building strike of the present
year in London.
An interesting discussion followed, which was taken part
in by Dr. Hancock, who considered that as regards working
men as intelligent classes, that overwork by long hours was
morally mod physically injurious, inasmuch as it shortened
life, and left • greater number of widows and children on
the community to be maintained. He was altogether in
favour of a diniinntion in the number of hours of labour.
The, should submit to the law of nature as a guiding prin-
ciple on the question of labour, and lie considered nine
hours was sufficient for any working man, and it was inju-
rious to the best interests of the men and the employer to
insist on more. He was altogether in favour of the working
clauses in this respect.
Mr. Randall M'Donsell, Mr. Cookson, of London, Mr.
Lefevre, and Dr. Shaw, Mr. Lushington, and Mr. Scott, of
took pert in the discussion, and the general opinion
was Ballot,
iliiavour of • diminished amount of labour, inasiouch
sit is was important that the labouring population should
take their share in all the social and intellectual advantaps
of the present day. It was impossible that could be,
union then was established • system of working only a
reasonable number of hours.

Dr. SHAW said he considered it was the tendency of em-
ployers of the present day to degrade the workman to the
positioo of horses, by increasing the hours of labour.
Mr. {Valour, of Birmingham, en extensive employer in
Birmingham, said it was his experience that it was the
tendency of employers everywhere to diminish the amount
of labour, by lessening the hours.
Mr. POLLARD 'URQUHART, M.P., said the demand of the
Unionists in was a reduction from ten hours to nine,
the masters at the same time paying the same wages as
before. The men denied that this was equivalent, as was
alleged, to raising the wages 10 per cent., and they insisted
that it would not amount to more than an increase of 2
per cent.
Mr. W. N. tiancocn, LL.D., read an interesting paper
as the journeymen baker,' case, which pressure prevents
from at jimeat publishing. A discussion followed.
Mr. W mum' NEWTON, of London, read an interesting
paper on the origin, progress,. and recent position of the
Amalgamated Society of Engineers.
Mr. Manz O'SuA coxes r, barrister, one of the eecreta-
ries to the department, read a paper on the teneral aver-
alma of employers to treat with the representatives of their
workers on matters in dispute.
Mr. JOHN SCOTT also read a paper on the logic of the
labour problem, or the production, distribution, and ex-
change of wealth upon equitable principles.
Mr. T. J. DONNING read a paper on -labour in coanezion
with trade and unions.
Mr. GODFREY LrSHITIGTOR reed a paper in reference to
the progress of inquinm ooncerning apprenticeehips, which
concluded the business of the section for the day.
Lord Brougham was present in this section for a cowl.
datable time.

SIXTH DEPARTMENT—INTERNATIONAL TRADE.
M. CRVALIZR, president, in the anima of Mr. West-
WO. ?joined this section at 12 o'clock.
Mr. manes mad the first paper on "The kistralian gold
discovery, aid its aids on Australia."
A discussion ensued on this pa mr in which the Solicitor.
General and other gentlemen took part.
The Pimps:err istrodnoed the next paper, "On the jos-
tles end policy of permitting slam to hold real estate."
Pretense- HALZHEVENOWSKI, of Russia, advucated the
"Aeneas of the right in goalies, which was, he rid, eon-
aided is his eestatry.
The MOLICITON-UINCRAI. said the subject required only to
be considered to command attention. He moved that, in
the opinion of the associstion„ the acquisition of real same
end all other property should be palmated to foreigners
apart from all questions of political rights.
Mr. MALCOI.IISON seconded the resolution.
The Pricamiter then introduced a paper on " The Nati-
vity of a Universal System of Weight., Measures, sod