The Express.
London, England, 1850-01-22 00:00:00

Vie erpre%%.

OUTGOING MAILS.
TY smile MA Marseilles, to the Mediterranean, Fre,
Cerise, led* Boarlieng, die., will be made up *a *4
armies of Jas. 24.
The math kr British North America sad tbe UMW
Bates will be made up ea the everibig of Jan. 25.
The math lee Liebe.,Spa* and Gibraltar will be made
up ea Jam 27.
The West India Mails, 'Wattle, Bermuda, Ilavannab,
Num, Bandana, New Orleans, sad MuMe, and 'minding
these fee Madan St. Jam-de-Namara; New Granada,
Chlll,2mil Fire, will be medeup ea Feb. 2.
The mils he Mader* the Heusi* sod Buenos Apres,will
be made ap as the musing el Feb. 4.
Taa Mill ter Gibraltar, Malta, Grime, the lonian Islands,
i Coyle., India, sad Cbiaa, Southamptes,
b=e up ea the morals' of Felt. 20.

Io RATA AT LONDON 11111101.
Two Da—Marmag. TAM IA *Arrow I 17,A
Trarisins—Waraist. I b. INA ..... —.AhemAm lA. TM-

LONDON, TUESDAY, JANUARY 22.

more than 15 or 20 per cent., sew, aiktuialioßi
sixth, which will redoes the blab* capital to
I.OOOL : 4,"
We most here deal with the qiistbie whether tie,
Mare cultivator of the 140-iores b. lithaetofese, be
make an income of 1841. a year ; or; arser it shall
be reduced in respect of his labour and skill es well
•of the lower amount of capital employed; or, in
of his diminished capital only.
PINCt q. t=on raises many collateral ones, as whe-
ther the interest of money will remain the same;
whether the pees of the community, in the aggro-I
=MI Ronk the same; whether the relative
of Wald sad tenant shall remain the same,
mad Ohms se Ism important and difficult.
Abair day we shall recur to the landlord end I
lima portion of the inquir meantime, in the pe-
oat stage of it, the landlord will appear in the wino
imbibe pmdtion. It is the sonsequencs of our treat.
lei the poet state of things as (that which the pew
tistimists have hull it to be) a sound one. n the
as we shall on tress prembss arrive at a morle jest
essalesies.
If beesset red profits is the general are treated. ee
en the awe smile as in the times messily gees Web
the tome ihemers should also retain the ems stele el
yrolltrese en the tares peat in the peplos sem—
roc it esupsesstssa Ike the skill end kherse applied
to the mansemest ef capital as distinguished hos
interest ; but, in the owe in question, the amount et
these is undiminished, being oPPlirod to the gem area
of cultivation—that is, of 140 acres—and the Nene
compensation ought to be computed. Not so the pert
which is on respect of interest, so called; the toast
farmers, in consequence of the risk appertaining to
their use of it, have not &Cued their money, la-
eluding interest, risk, and comminioo, below 7i pee
cent. A reduction, then, of 71 per oent. in respect of
the cost of the 2001. diminution in the capital em-
ployed is all the abatement to be insisted on under
this item of the second class, leaving the cost for
en=el 1691.
deduction may undoubtedly be expected in
the own of tradesmen's and artificers bills, and in
wear and tear and incidental expenses. We have
said that it is difficult to estimate them; for illustra-
tion, therefore, we will take the deduction arbitrarily
at 20 per cent. on 801., reducing these items to 641.
The total redaction under this class is 15÷16=311.,
lei leasing the total future computed cost 2311.
The third class is very little under the control of
the tinffint. The landlords manage the county ban-
ana, the police and the roads, and enact the taxes.
The pews rate, indeed, is in some measure control-
lable by the tenant, who is the immediate rate-
payer; and in times past, in a low state of prices,
he hes too frequently augmented tba charge by die-
=Ltdlabourers and charging them on this
of simply availing himself of the reduc-
tion of expenditure which a low price of provisions
had rendered practicable. But it is for the landlord
to regulate each and all of the costs under this class.
If he give a bounty to crime by stocking his woods
and his farms with game, and so augment the county
and police rates ; if he neglect the improvement of
his domain, and especially in periods of exigency, and
so multiply the ranks of pauperism ; if he abandon
the management of the union and highways to ill
chosen and highly paid functionaries; if, above all,
NI aid to tax the sinews and thews of the people to
provide for his family out of the public establish-
ments, on him be the whole burden of this third part
of the costa of production ' • if the tenant, who cannot
reduce it, pay part of this 661. (an incubus of' 10 per
cent on the profits of his toil) a second time in his
rent it is his own fault and not ours; we insist that
in principle and in equity the 661. must remain a de-
duction from the rent.
How, then, now stands our calculation? The occu-
pier receiving the esine profit, and the taxes remain-
ing the same as before?
If by drawing our produce from an enlarged area
of supply, the gram value of 1,0001. is reduced to
7501., and the ocsts of the first class become thereby
3151., those of the second 2331., and the third remain
661., making a total of costa and charges of 6141.,
there still remains applicable to rent 1361.
And this on the supposition that things as regards
the cultivation of the soil remain as they have been.
We have argued the question on the protectioaiste
own ground. We purpose another day to choose our
own partition • and we have no doubt we shall show
to the satisfaction of any man open to conviction that
our 140 acres, if the landlord and the tenant will do
justice to each other and to themselves, if they will
reduce the taxes and prosecute their business with
skill, economy, and vigoer, will rerder its produce at
free-trade prices without a diminution of either ram
or profit.
In any case let the tenants do their duty to the
country and to themselves; let them compute their
rents on sound and just principles, and the super-
structure of exorbitant taxation, their bane and the
bane of their fellow-men, will fall to the ground,
demolished by the very bands which have so long
upheld it.

Tree arguments and counter-arguments which have
been exchanged daring the list week between the
protectionists and the tree-traders contribute greatly
to strengthen the position taken as the oesis of our
agricultural calculation, in an article published on the
14th. We then assumed that the price of wheat
would settle down at 6e. 6d. pee bushel. The state-
ment of the Economist (of which we gave the sum-
mary yesterday) would bring it nearer to 6s. We
adhere, however, for the sake of argument, to our first
supposition, which ought not to deter the agricul-
turist
The question in the way we put it .lies between the
farmer and his landlord, between the farmer and his
own skill, between the farmer and the taxman. And
we need not say that the farmer has need of his ut-
most sagacity to set himself right with all three.
Neither in this do we despair of the firmer. When-
ever tenants will set, u the higher class of them
have now don for years in Lincolnshire and Nor-
folk, and treated for their holdings on sound calcula-
tions, and as independent men, there is no fear of
their prudence failing them, or of their not finding •
spirit of enterprise equal to their prudence. Let
Ivslation be allowed to remain steady, and capital
not be wantiag to such men, as long as they are
able to make those calculations independent of the
ebb and flow of party hopes, and the nusrepreeenta-
tion of party =immu re.
la a former paper we assumed, for illustration, that
the rodeos heretofore of the average valoe of 1,0001,
may be reduced to an average value of 7501. a year.
We assumed also that upon the 1,0001. a year the
pro~orti• n rendered for rent had been one-fourth, or
22607. If each item of the costs of productios caul be
reduced in rateable proportion to the dindaudea if
the value—that is, in the proportion of 1,0001. to
7304 it is manifest that the reduction of rent would
be in the like proportion, viz., from 2301. to 1871.10 e.;
as. however, these costs neither severally nor in the
te are capable of reduction in the suet ratio
i'llgoareigo :nether, and as (let it be always remembered)
rent is strictly that which remains after all the costs
of production, including a fair remuneration to the
cultivator foe the employment of his capital, skilLand
labour, together with the inevitable outgoings, are
paid, the portion of the 760/. applicable for rent may
be greater or lees than 1871. 10s., according as the
costs of production shall be greater or less than 7301.
less 1871.105.
These costs may be resolved into thin classes:
mach as esasist suastantively cf a part of the produce
or as a role manse or diminish with its prices ; such
the isearriag of which, either in their nature or in
roint of time or of dearer, is more or less optional ;
and such as in kind are Inevitable and for the most
part uncontrollable in amount.
It is difficult to treat the subject apart from a con-
sideration of the justly anticipated effects of modern
discovery and science. On the Question of the
amount of produce subetantivelyapplied to cultivation,
we must pause at the threshold to consider whether
the seed corn shall be taken at the quantity heretofore
used, or, as many eminent practical men contend it
may (and that with advantage to the crop), at a re-
daction of at least one-half; and again, whether the
produce of which it has heretofore formed, in given
circumstances, a definite fractional part, shall be
taken at that which results front the inefficient hus-
bandry of the larger portion of the cultivators, or at
the amount produced by those whose capital and toil
have been vigorously and skilfully applied. Un-
doubtedly •he country is entitled to the advantage of
the most efficient application ;of its soil, and we cer-
tainly shall not abandon on its behalf our clean to
those advantages, and the landowner, when he has
done his own duty, has a no less indisputable claim
to the surplus which accrues in the due use, not in
the abuse of his commodity, the broad acres; but at
present, for the purpose we have in hand, that of
communicating to the existing tenantry a sense of
their true interest, we prefer to treat of things as they
are, railer than as they ought to be.
If then for our purpose we assume the 1,0001. to
have arisen on a firm of 140 acres of arable land of
average quality and produce, indicated by a cast of
28 bushels of wheat per acre, and other products in
like proportion, as far as we can gather the costs of
certain and inevitable outgoin_a have been in some-
what the following proportions : _

No answer has been given, or indeed attempted, to
Mr. COBDEN'i charges against the loan to Russia, as
insecure, as immoral, unpatriotic, as based on mis-
representation and fraud. Those very journals which
clamoured so 1011d1 to warn people against investing
their money is railroad enterprise, and which de-
manded parliamentary interference to save our sur-
plus capital from being. thus fixed, now argue that
similar objections against not fixing, but flinging
away our surplus capital for Russian campaigning, are
sins against both fairness and free trade. Tee
Times declares that it can see no difference be-
tween the lucrative interchange of Russian tal-
low for English cotton, and the gathering up
of millions, the fruits of English industry,
to expend them in feeding Russian solders. Tree
principle, forsooth, is just the same, be it warlike
expenditure, or pacific trade! The Times is a great
patron of brute tyranny abroad. It gloats in seeing
Russia and Austria treading down Hungary, and
sucking the blood of the brave, whilst the Times it-
self does the ancillary work f blackening the cha-
racter of the unfortunate patriots, men and women,
who Lavc escaped the slaughter. Bat the Times,
which de;ights in this physical tyranny abroad, can-
not, it seems, bear even moral restraint at home. It
would rather be the " subject of the CZAR, or the
property of a Russian noble, and be compelled to
' tight and work at their discretion, than be
7,50 bound to feel • virtuous indignation at Ras-
-250 elan or Austrian absolutism." The confession
is naive, and the preference honestly avowed. Any
£I,OUO one, adds the Times, that would " allow a moral
We are aware that this classification is not per- dictator to prescribe particular and persons' applica-
tautly accurate. In the first clue the manual labour tion of a moral rule is a slave in the worst of senses."
and the tithe rent charges do not all at once conform There is a moral rule which forbids men to enslave
to the price of corn ; but the latter inevitably does so and sell one another • there is a moral rule that for-
on the average, in conformity to the statute, in the bids to calumniate the innocent and the unfortunate.
alternations of a very few year.; and labnur as in- The Times would rather be a slave, and a Russian one,
evitably does so, subject to the operation of the prin- too, than have such doctrines impressed upon it, or
ciple of supply and demand. So the tradesmen's and recommended to it personally. Its idea of morals is
artificers' charges in the second class, and the poor that of an abstract code, not personally applicable;
rates in the third clam, in a large degree tend to an its idea of freedom of conduct, and freedom of trade, is
approximation to the prices of 'Ades of first nose- an exemption from all moral considerations; and its
ity, and under a perfect economy would be exactly idea of the freedom of the press is the unlimited power
regulated by the teal average of prices at any given of calumny and abuse.
period. Far from thinking that Mr. CoBDEN and his
All the items of the first class are in their nature friends have gone too fee in denouncing loans such as
inevitable. We have for our pr,seut purpose assumed these, we feel that he has not gone far enough.
that in point of amount (as distinguished from vales) There is a great difference between individual acts,
they bare been kept at their due limit, neither too and parties setting up as the agents and instruments
little nor too much: if this be so, it prover that they of col'ective acts. If any hundred vagrants amongst
will hereafter bear the same proportion to 7601. that us choose to transfer their services individually to the
4201. has borne to 1,0001., i. e., 3151. Russian army or the Halted States navy, we have
In the second dams, min the first, we must take for nothing to say; but if a company is formed, and a
ranted that the past amounts have been duly crimpi..g establishment set up for thus disposing of
fated. But their fwurn relative nntnnnts do not fdl Englishmen, mutely the press, and the public orator, if
under tke same natural adjustment. The re quisite not the public accuser, is bound to interfere.
amount of permanent cepital,ll3 far as it motets in The Rand= lona is a crimping establishment for
Wait right and working stock ; and the fluotuatiag the making away with English gold, and the immo-
capital, so far as it, consists in lire stock and labour, relity of it, u well as the insecurity, is denounced,
will, it may be presumed, as they arise out ef form not tor the sake of rendering virtuous indignation, or'
product, cuttorm to the same scale of prix s. But it the affectation of it, compulsory upon the chief crimps
IS doubtful whether the cost of implements and ma- or their chief organ, but of exciting eenerous moral
clattery, and the capital requisite to the current ad- las well as prudential feeling, by fair argument
vane.* on public and local tax, s are susceptible of be- ' and calm representation, in the breasts of
in reduced in the like degas se. those persons who might otherwise take por-
The uneastrollable element of taxation, 101 l and i tions of this vile and worthless scrip with-.
petrel, affect) in • degree not easily capable of urn- ; oat knowing what cause they were abetting,
station not only din ctly the ace ant of capital need- and on what security they were leaning. In-
let to be advanced in respect of it, but indirectly the ; formation and discussieer the fullest information, is
cost of all articles not he pruduct of the farm. The ; the very soul of free trade, and the taut necessary
primary tax upon flu wherlerieht, the smith, the element of free trade .0 money. Trade in money
harness maker, Mid-the mitebinise whether on the at present is, unfortunately, as mysterious as
raw meter al et tLe r Rocas or it.directly on the out elchemy —there hangs the darkceia of secrecy and
of their labour, is inerelsed to the c saNumer in a night over it. Ti .c Beat:fee and the llcrrnscniLos
gar metrical ratio. I acid, they fore, of a reduction may know what they are about in the handling and
of the input of 1,2001. by 25 per cent. nicking it d•sposal of money. But the public knows nothing.
9004, it may tot be foetid to admit of redaction by It goes upon trait, and trusts its money, as children

... .
Class 1.-1. Seed corn and horse feed £145
2. Manual labour 2OO
3. lithe commutation, rent charge
4. Clover sod turnip seed
£ 420

Clan 2.-5. Capital and labour and 'kill in the
application of it.
1. Permanent during occupa-
tion in working, stock, im-
plements, mac..inery, and
tenant rig!): valuation-
-5004. at 20 par cent.
2. Casual and fluctuating in
live stick and advances for
labour, cultivation, tun,
and reat-7001. at 12 per

east - Si
6. Trade nen, artificers, and fillifnerd
of stock
7. Wear and tear of arotlvng dock
8. Manuring and tacid.utal coats
264

Claos 3.-0. Local tease, viz , conn'y, potter,
poor, road, an,i church rates 55
10. Public taxes

afferent, applicable to rent