The Express.
London, England, 1850-04-20 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, SATURDAY

Lamm* agsjiiUrig =on lho nimbus should be
oloosad. or Weinman, of lho pure-
mute mod the shoshl bill disk pubion fee aloes period,
If sot he MAP Notbfrai. midi be min positive
than 11~ opMilh alpid Ibb twin of
ttroguesiall 'Is Mufti MI MO IN tiemion.
Sowleihstiblie, • iespollitbi obelus re-
coivol=this renal of that isionkmait Ishii be wise.
=
Nov. lit IMO My Iced iata 4=rospecis-
sib, and bloontfal mamba of .—As
lb, having
mind resolution on tbal ibe mew dads i=
ID he offidlehod in the Aneln
oweined isd I should at awn hwiragi Ik tome. e
P.
orpolally al du gosiorvojasuallem Whig lo usag the
uthistle• Of tho pitmen& aaip lo Mc miss
of Me' flbt M. Sag tafoorad In int ramiatisa as
orneding esufawbonalma be
mad
said monsimolly_ thrly may bobil="beireorriskpropoled
tromihosmoo to Boalb Autrolia of thus *ideal and
said inssitaisno of Omit Britain, W *kith this
mei ertaisor ani Om of tho empire have bora gradually
ellilprogrooivoly malorgod sad strangthenod, and'preserved."
He rood a portion of those resolutions on asking • question
the other eight. He seed not repeat thou, but would oohy
observe that they were quite hostile to the government bill.
The system of Now South Wales was at variance
with a fundameotal maim of the British constitution. For,
accordieg to Blackstrne, one of the great printery righta of
the subject was not to be Wed without the enuent
of his representatives; that was, without the mane
of the majority of his repressatoUvis. Now, with a
single climber, of which ass-third of the members were
appoistad by the executive, the exwutivo could always
with this aid of lota than one. third of the elective aurobors
carry desayy mann is opposition to the wham of sots than
dim roponsontotivos of the people, and therefore
they snail tag rho people without the corneae of their is-
evidently • most unconstitutional proceeding.
eve too. was sot ma isuginary danger. Tao tendency of
nay ousisthis, and saps sally of • colonial oleos executive,
woe Maoris emiseloo 4mpoditur• and therefor* towards
exossiva tuatism. I. IBM Oaf jocose Si would have bon
inereasod to rive par sent., and there would have been
no reduction of expenditure if the 'motive could have
iscommoodod • acquity in this house, aid it would witti-
est ameba lays commanded • majority of the third
of Ma hum, namely, 220 sesseben' bed they been
sominsiod by the executive. In Now South Warns, is
ossionsanos of the inflames of the executive in the legisla-
tive sonuctl, the expenditure In proportion to the pola-
tiosi, was very gnat. Ia 1848 ro
it amounted to 28s. per bud
the population ; ns twice the anneal avenge rata of ex-
penditure per head of the population is the colonies ahleh
possessed representative institutions ; or four times the rat.
of oxpooditurs in Canada, where the people had the greatest
Mmtrol over their expenditure. It win a fact whisk be had
ranee board disputed, aad which he proved to the house at
groat length two years ISO, that the rate of expenditure per
hood of the population in our colonies depended chiefly
apes Cho form of their local government. It was greater
ISSN In propsrtion se the Csionisl-oftle• had MOM Oe less
to do with it, that was in proportion as there was more or
Miss Colonialkofflos nomination ; for instance, in 1846
hi the colonies is which there were no nominees itithelliosue
of Arnosably the rate of expenditure was 14s. per bend:of their
population ; in those colonies which were governed entirely
by atimiaatioa the rated ezpenditoro in 1845 was about 34e.
per hood of their population, or 20s. per head more than in
the salmi's without siowsinoss in the Horns of Assembly.
Tim greatest rat* of expenditure we. in Van Diouson's Lind,
entirely governed by nomination, when it unwanted in 1864
to Me- a head of the fns population, and the awn/lest was in
Canada, when it amounted to about owe twelfth of that
sus, or Ts. per hood. This fact showed the extreme effects
of the two distinct systems of nomination and election with
regard to the economical government of a colony. Bo-
'woes these two extreme* stood the mongrel system of
Now South Wales, a cross between comic itioa and els.
Lion ; in virtue of election the rase of expenditure of New
South Wales was um-third of that of Van Diemen.' Load,
in virtue of nomination it was four time* that of Celled'. It
sight be unfair to ascribe the whole difference in the roes
of expenditure b. tweets New South Wales and Canada ino-
tire), to nomination, but it must ha acknowledged that at
times the executive did carry measures in New South Wale"
against the wishes of the majority of the representatives of
the people, which could not be done by the executive IS
Quads. A use in point was cited the ether night by the
noble lord the Prime Minister. He rejected as worthless
and of no authority • resolution which was ear-
ned in • full meeting of the legislaqva cooed!
of New Boath Wales. Ile did so on the Remade
that it was carried against the wishes of more than two-
thirds of the representatives who were present, he therefore
treated it as invalid. But if that resolution had been a tax
ordinance, or one for the expenditure of money, it would
have been but too valid for taking the money out of the
pickets of the people of New South Wales. Therefore be
might affirm that the practical working of the system of Now
South Wales did not prove that it would be the best calcu-
lated to empire judicious, prudent, and economical

government in Van Dieusan's Lard and South Australia.
It was said, however, that the question of • single chamber
partly nominated had been settled with retard to New South
Wales, and therefore ought to be considered to be settled
for all the Australiam colonise. For it was argued that these
colonies form one system, and were so close together that
they ought to have identical institutions. It appeared to
him that the hon. gentleman +ho used this argument fancied
that the Australian coke-its were as close together as British
counties. He assured them It was not so. Mohan Town,
the capital of Van Diemen's Land, was about 700 miles ft,ren
Sydney, the capital of New South Wales—that was, as fir as
from hen to Milan. Adelaile.ths e spited of South Australia,
was about 850 miles from Sydney. Pertb, the capital of
Western Australia, was about 1,700 miles from Sydney, or
further than from here to Con tentinople. Our five Ant-
tralian colonies of Van Diemen's Land, New South Wales,
Viet 'via, South Australia, and Western Australia cover a.
I.rge a portion of the earth's surface as was covered by Great
Britain, France, the whole of Germane, the whole of the
AtittriUk empire, and all Turkey in Europe; and the fir•
capitals of these colonies—namely, Hobart Town, Sydney,
Melbourne, Adelside, and Perth were as distant from etch
other as Edinburgh, Paris, Hamburg, Vietnam, and Con-
stantinople are from each other. (Hear, hear.) There-
fore, supposing for one moment that prosimity in space
were a valid argument in favour of identity of insti-
tutions, every honourable gentleman who would rub up
his geography would perceive the absurdity of that
argument on the present occasion. Suppose, how-
ever, that we were to start all these colonies with
this saws insti•ntions, was it not said that we were to
give them power to alter and amend their instittedons ? If
this power was to be a reality and not a sham, they would
have power to mate their institutions differ as soon as they
Amish% proper; and the worse the first institutions were,
the sooner the colonists would endeavour to alter them :
then what would become of the absurd identity of
the icritntions moment ? Was it to be enforced
by the Colonial-office? Were the colonies not to
change their institutions, unless they did se at the
same time and in the same manner ? Therefore the
argument that all the Australian colonies must have the
same institutions mtpht be rejected as absurd and futile.
The last argument which he had to refute was that which is
commonly used by very many gentlemen who readily ac-
knowledged that a legislature composed of two elective houses
WAS a far better and more perfect form of government than
a legislature composed of • single partly nominated chamber.
This position was clearly, distinctly, and emphatically ad.
mitted by Lord Grey, who also admitted that thisAustr.lian
colonies must ultimately penea two elective chambers ; but
they said Van Diemen's Lend and South Australia were not
et at present for so perfect a form of governmeat, beaus*
these colocin did not contain the materials for two elective
chambers. Its called upon them to orove that position. Ile
asked were the materials wanting in cot sequence of the
smallness of the population of tl en colonies, or In comm.
quoin of the particular character of that population
Or, in other words, was the population of those
colones too scanty to admit of two elective &am.
ben, or was it morally and int. Ilectuslly unworthy of
possessing so perfect a form of government ? Now he
1847 the population of Van Diemen's Land, exclusive of
the military, and of all persona who had been transpeotsd,
amounted to 32,000 souls; and in 1848 the plpslation of
South Avast:alio amounted to 38,000 souls. New, the
ezoerkenco of the United States proved that an apikary
Anglo-Sexon 'community with the population of these
Colonies contained sufficient materials for two @hashes. In
proof of this position, he would call the atomise the
committal to the famous ordinance of Congress, Rued In
the year 1787, for the government of the rerritaaffyyOf fir
United States north-west of the river Ohio. This
said Mr. Story had been, in 'most respects, the model of all
the torritori4 governments of the United States, and it woe
remarkable for its masterly display of the fun'tamental prin-
ciples of civil and religion, liberty. It provided that as
soon as a territory contained 5,000 male inhabitant.. of
WI ass, that was a population of about 20,000,
mode, it should have a legislature, to consist of a governor,
nominated by congress ands legislative conceit, and a !Rule
of Representative., both to be elected by the people : and
that them should be one member of the House of Represents-
gm for every 600 male inhabitants of full age ; that was
for about every 2,000 souls The prilviples of that ordinance
had worked admirably. Since 1787 seventeen territori.s
and states had been constituted and added to the American
Uaion, and then states and territories eon. Mae& in 1840, a
population of 6.600,000 souls. Every one of these eontnt.
fatties, and in fact every one of the thirty-two states and
territories of the American Union, was governed by two
houses of legislature, and in almost every ono of
them the upper house, or senate, was constituted In the
same general manner. The senate, et onpared to
the House of liepreeentatives, was almost always
a smaller body, oemposed of older men, representing larger
districts, holding their authority by a tenure of longer dura-
tion and sleeted by rotation. The objects of such a senate,
according to the renowned authors of the " Federalist," the
highest emsatitutional authority in the Uelted States, were
to guard " against the propensity of all single and nume-
rous assemblies to yield to the inipu'ae of sudden and violent
passions, and to be seduced by factious leaders into intent-
perste and pernicious resolutions ;" to supply the " want of
due acquaintance with the objects and principl. a of legisla-
tion ; and to prevent mutability in public councils." And
se one can deny that in the federal union and also in the
states of the union the gentles had aelompliehed the ob-
jects for which they ware constituted, and deserved
and gained the confidence and respect of the pe*.e.
It was evident, therefore, that if our colonies of Vas
Diemen's Land and South Australia belonged to the Amadei=
lection of the Anglo-Saxon race, they 'costa hevo bees
treated as Illinois was in 1809, or Wisconsin in 1838, tier
lowa In 1838, when these territories were not more populate
than Van Diemen's Land and South Australia now wes,
and consequently them colonies would have possessed shows
of representatives containing from 18 to 21 ment,nr+, and a
senate containing from 9 to 12 members; the senators would
hays been sleeted by rotation, and for about twice the
period of the members of the Amite of representatives. He