The Express.
London, England, 1861-09-05 00:00:00

LORD PALMERSTON'S INSTALLATION at
LIOVIIIL —TIN. I LLirsTKATKD TIM KS of SATI itie t V
neat will eastern KA V I\l en of all the intenatieut incident*
...tweeted a Ith Lor.l s ream ou.tallatiwe as Lurd
Ww, kw of the Cinque Port. -Four illad rations of her Majesty's
hair through the Ind.. of K Wenn —Enrnavings of tier Tettilde
Accident en the :Sortie Lt.ighai ilway —The Ladies' ilathing
Retreat set Liocanposent ed Rood's. Trout* in the
litieets of Wang,/ - rearait of Count Calories Cunfewor. .te.,
he/ether with Tarawa orie.,itud ankles on topics of interest.
Prt.V d. sr kee by post, fir atwaps. Twu uosoca arch
stamps. Oen. t Catherine Areal, Strand, W.C.
THE ORIAT MAP at LONDON, GRATIS.
tin ACKDAT am at. Sept. s, will he posonte.l. "rail. with
the DISPATCH, the ADM Northern part of nine .lotable altertA,
to fors. shwa eta t' the swot perfect wJ useful MAP of
Los iviS ceDe pm .we4l, to contain sT square lust, urn a scale
.4 lo i when to the tulle. The pra,....t the Dicpateh with any
.K,l-tut. Is. artaspd w.: stoespwl, to go free by port, lA.
feeder of nay news agent ie. the I.ll.,plene, from the tulle.,
Ylw.t.otreet, laser& Send is. pd. in edeineps fur nine pawn and
perfect Map.

rod free. Wit Mum.
HINTS ea NERVOUS and GENERAL
oEbl LITV. Lreataihr. borne-.of Splette. Lossof Meswery,
etc. srbOog from c.c.:meek Morh.rers from hereditary disease,
Irahealllmlul resideuce. utrupetiou, troyl.•al climates, or any other
ofluenet.. can ~14.141 hearot.too, S. to the 1111.111 by
which complete rest awl reAtoratioo ran he Ethel on with infal-
lible certainly.—AMirmA. irr. hosiery, f..t. Dorset, et. Luu.brm, W.

NAVAL AND MILITARY.

SR. 4.—nu/flaunts AND AP-
?amnion* —The following ofikers bare Lew promoted in
the Vwtorin aid Albert, royal )oelat :—Lieutenant S. P.
promoted to commander ; Stab-Lieutenant% C.
Wodwhoule, G. C. Manger, and A. Jek) 11, prunsowl to
lieutenant'. _ _ _ _ _

—lisprto;e7sate L B. Bony. to the Orestes, commissioned
O. L. J. Odevaine, to the Nile ; A. H. Paget, to the
Polices ; L. A. Whimper. to the Krringspatem ; M. S. L.
Peile, to lb. 1m ble ; E. W. Warren, and F. W.
Hgertes, to the lleleeea
Masters W. R. Cronin, to the Pelican ; and J. Molloy, to
the listen:a.

Clioi"-ltogtooortt 0. N. Brooker, to be additional to the
Loan, fur servirre is the flt. Join irliere. on the latter ship
being purl of ; G. Rock to b oblitiou it to the Fiagaril, for
service is the Mier, on the Litter •hip being paid off ; and
J. W. Oronoa to the Orestes.
__

• Pint (.'leis AeTiteteatlirgiurers W. Stolle to the Plover,
vies Nana, waperseded through Mee,. ; sail W. Melville to
w Orestes.

Engineer B. Hartley to the Cum'wrists!, additional for
charge of the mschinery of th. Ilrhin, vice Melville.
Second Class Assistant Engineer Y. Kamen to the Orestes.
Paymasters r.llitunders to the Ilislaces ; roil T. U. Con-
mai to the Polioul.

AmTenart iilrgeose C. B. Lamb to the Woolwich diviners
of Royal Marilee ; aad J. M. Toreson to be additional to the
regard.
Arielest Paysailtre W. B. Itiak, to the Hogue ; and
A.lll. Wade, to the Mailers.
. .

Clarks F. A. Yam, to the Polies& ; sod G. L. Miller, to
Ike Malarea.

A letter wu read, from the Rev. Professor Walker, ',s-
eignior the secretaryship of the Association ; and on the
motion of General SAutsr, seconded by the Rev. lir. Room-
Ws, thanks were voted to him, with an expression of the
hope of the committee that his health may be re-established.
Mr. VtalloN flAitcOrKT moved the appointment of Mr.
Hopkins to the offioe of general secretary, as recommended
by the counciL He believed there was no member of the
association who would not bear with the utmost Batista:,
lion the acceptance of that position by Mr. Hopkins, whose
superior eminence was unanimously recognised. (Cheers.)
tlir R. MUKCIIIeOI4, in seconding the motion, coogratn.
Wed the association on this proposal to elect • man eo dis-
tinguished, and he was glad to say, ► very good geologist.
The motion passed unanimously.
The report of the - of '

Action Assistant F.naineers O. B. Itisekwell, and IL
Brenehaw to the Coniferlas.l, as supernumerariet
Acting 'Aseosal Clams Assistant F.tnueLr J. G. Cos, to the
Orestes.

The Undermentioned gentlemen have beak DonsinMod to
naval cadetabips :—/lesers. A. Crounle, F. C. IINK•1111,
J. 11. Henderson, A. Harmon, F. Maitland, and F. Tabor,.

the Kew 01.ervatory

referred to in the report of the council, was taken as read,
copies having been printed for distribution.
The following report of the perliarnentory committee was
read :—" The parliamentary committee have the honour to
report, --That on the Itlth of July they met the Steam Per-
INEtyrALITIEIi or TIM Ist'ONIZ TAX.—Let the ilif-
fermium° committee, by appoiutmeut, at the Admiralty,
fercuce to be contended for between industrial and spier aod had, in company with the members of that
touemis crimes be what it may, there seems to he very
committee, an interview with the Duke of Somerset.
littledoubtoth
two thata.ig htbtuerer.
ioughtsthe tom ibis...lt:wend! difference. nr
one.
isTa.kne It
That in the courve of that interview the chairman of your
Mao, drawing an income it :eV. • year from funded pro- committee, shortly explained the motives which bad in-
lardy, the other has no capital, but he also obtain. an is- doted
mice committee, and called upon Mr. Fairbeiro, who there-
some of rsale. • year (rani spending all his day. in some
stated and explained tie principal suggestions coo.
laborious occupation. Dues it seem fair that the two men upon stated . h
report of the Stl• MI Performance committee
should be equally taxed upon such inesames! The Lined
,_,. ein__,t,.__e
former has all his time at tie disposal to double his which bed bees prepared "'""gr''' upon, and will be Pre"
muted to this meeting ; and urged upon his grace the expo-
income if he chose to work • the latter cannot increase •
t,, ,___ ,s t_ ,___' It ___._,_,_ ate_ ~. diericy of carrying them into effect. The Duke of Somerset,
7ta. thats.'
a"dis7inciii; ..o.".tiglil tohis‘':Cw",7inr7,7tio c 7( in reply, stated certain
objections which he entertained to
some of the suggestions, founded chiefly upon the
taxation where thereto so solid • distraction in the nature
of the income. No doubt all the power of pneparty
could circumstances that aafficient time could not be
allowed for the various experiments coesisteutly with the
instinctively army itself against limb au alteration ; hut
interests of the service, cal that the •hips of the royal
the justice of the cause, KI2II the firmness of the industrial
navy ooly emloed steam occasionally, and only as an meows, would would probably carry through a Lis enforcing a diary power Phut.his grace was understood to agree to sup•
distinction in the ratio of the tax, let the amount
of the difference be what it niay. The prop.' ply such information to the scientific publieas could be done
without improperly interfering with We performance of ca-
for a distinction between invested capital and the dinary duties. The Dukes of Devonshire and Argyll, the
repayineut by inatelments of the invested capital it- Earls of Euniskilleu. Harrowby, Rowe aod De (levy, Lord
self, is another question, subject to fair differences _, and Sir John Pakington, must be oweidered as
ef opinion • but we must decline to shelve the main . "'"""eY
"WI having vacated their seats in your committee, in pursuance
Roo by adopting the truism of. the select committee, who of the resolution adopted at Liverpool in 1854 ; but your
deprecate "au attempt to unsettle the present Weis of the
tax without a clear perceptiou of the mode in which it is committee recommend that they should he re-elected.
to he reconstructed." Probably no one wouldever think of Your committee also recommend that the two vacancies in
doing anything so foolish, an th,d, the committee app.,. the House of Commoun' list be filled by the election of
to lessees • iery "clear perception of " is their cwn iodisr- Sir Joseph Pilltou and Lieut..ColieselSykes.—WitertraiLXY,
poeition to introduce a change. The anomaly and the Chairmen'
hardship are very great ; and it is quite certain that, if On the motion of Dr. Pitmrirs, the formation of • sub-
the tax is to endure• some modification of its present incl. section of physiology (section la) was resolved upon.
deem must be introduced.- Moroi/or Poo.
APFLIeATION or STRCET RAILWAYri TO LlTilt- bun the adjournedcommittee The oflicen of sections were elected, anal after some other
root.- At the Liverpool Town Couocil yesterday, the a."
In the evening the niembon of the association assembled
queatiou of street railways was discussed in connection with
a report of the committee appointed to consider the subject. at the Free Trade-hall, at which
The Liverpool Street Railway and Ouieibus Company The Paean:oast (Yr. Fairbairu) delivered the inaugural ad-
(limited), which 00111110/ of an association of the priocipol dress. ileconnuenced with dwelling at some length upon the
weleibue owners
a the town. bed proposed very more recent scientific discoveries
W which have advanced the
plans to the council, to the effect that they woulde at the
expense of constructing the lines, and hold the corporation power, the wealth, and the comforts of mankind. He touched
free from any action that might arise for damage to pences upon our increased astronomical knowledge, our recent
or property. They would also claim no peculiar monopoly acquirementa in magnetic influences, in the couatituent
in the right of way. The committee recommended that the elements of food, the power of analyses in enabling us to
Imit
spplicanation of an ta should
existieg be allo
euburtein one), uwed to censtructnder a lithe sune (inperin-
con• detect adulterations, O large developments of chemistry
tendence of the borough enZin,Tri hut that it should he , in connexion with the useful arts, such as calico printing,
brought no further into the town than St. George's hall. ' agriculture, the composition of iron and steel, he. The
During the proceeding a report W. 14 read from the borough President then parsed to the consideration of geo•
' logical research and ' ts t"
'newer, Mr. NOWISI2IIII, disapproving generally of Mr.
Train's plan of rails, and recommending for adoption the i ,_,__ , "'ea!' 44 ion' WuChing very brief
plan tried in Manchester, of merely wheelwsys, and a ion "`"'"7. wrnegYi geography, and ethnology, noting the
1 more remarkable disooveries in connexion with each. He
guiding line en inch deep in the middle of the horse track.
After a full discussion of the subject, it was referred to the , then invited attentiou to the mechanical services with
health committee (who control the highways in Liverpool) which ho said he war mere intimately acquainted. These
to act epos. he divided into theoretical mechanics and dynamics, tom.
BURFORD'S PANOIAMArt. —A n important addition
W boom
node to me Burford.s collection of pm,nmaa in prising the eonditioes of equilibrium and the laws of
lainadmmiquisna consisting of • largo sled singularly Wee. , !notion, rind applied mechanics relating to the construction
the rapressatation of the Bey of Naples. The view is taken of machines. He proceeded to take in review the three chief
from as belated rock in front of that on which steals the .
~
aids which engineering science has afforded to national pro-
;• ancient Castel dell' Cora, and the visitor has, therefore, • gnu e5.v...m.,
steam
na,iption,
and
railways,
giving
a suixiect history of the successive improvements is sash.
complete view of the whole hay, with Capri to seaward.
. The bay is fall of shipMng ; and et the moment selected for
...jukes (1.6. Ho next pointed out the dependance of all those ispirus.
the panorama two -British men-of-war a
• Webs retresee. The picture will well repay • visit, its meets on our iron and coal. He continued :—ln ship-Was
CMit Una Wag mliarly suited for the repave/Me- an immense field in opening before as, Our wades walls
kip ma bay, like that of Naples- We have. to all appearance, seen their last days ; mid as am
should net fisgst to mention that it is so well finished by el the early pioneers in iron constriction, as applied to
I tae RAM, Ily. Seloasois to bear the impaction of as egos shiabnilding, 1 am highly gratified to witness •
I. ffiura• ef amnion that angers well for the security CrtC
CRYSTAL PALM% HALF•A-Cltolll7 DAT.-- liberties of the country. From the cornmencemeet of IMO
WFDIRISIMT, SOVT. 4 —Wain and Fruit &ca.—Adair shipbuilding, in 1830, to the present time, there could be
..k.
on payment, low; am. by ...... tick..., 1,810; only one opinion among these best acquainted with the
total visitors, SATO, subject, namely, that iron must eventually ripened° timber

in every form of . nand comispetion. The large ocean
gnomon, the Himalaya, the Persia, and the Great Eastern,
- rahundently show what con be done with iron, and we have
only to look at the new system of casing ships with armour
(reoe OUR OWN REPORTEIL) plates, to be convinced that we can no longer build wooden
vessels of war with safety to our naval superiority and the
MANCHESTER, Waierioner. best interests of the country. I give no opiniou as to the
The thirty-first annual meeting .4 thin &much); details of the reconstruction of the navy—that is reserved
Hon commenced here this morning. The ...new have for another place—but I may state that I arn fully per-
suaded that the whole of our ships of war must be rebuilt
been gathering for some days, but the arrivals yesterday of in
and defended with wn lour aticulated to resist
were Very numerous—more than a thousand. Dr. Phillips, pnitectiles of the heaviest description at high velocities. In
the aesistaut general secretary, with the treasseer and a the early 'dege• of iron shipbuilding I believe 1 was the first
numerous staff of officers, hams been here some days, en. to show, by a long series of experiments, the superiority of
wrought iron over every other description of material
gaged in the preliminary preparations, 111141 the Imp room
in security and strength, when judiciously applied in the
in the Portion Club, in Morley-street, has been lip- construction of ships of every class. Other considera-
propriated as a reception room, where members Lions, however, affect the question of vessels of war ; and
are enrolled, enbscriptions received, and informs, although numerous experiments were made, yet nom of the
tin afforded as to the proceedings of the ...ewe., I targets were on a scaleaufficient to resist more than a six.
pounder. It was reserved for our scientific neighbours,
From pining appearances this will be cue of the most sue-
' the French, to introduce thick iron plates as a defensive
cesaful meetings the society have ever had. The iteale is I armour for ships. The succens which has attended the
most appropriate ; for, if there be one town ie the reited • adoption of this new system of defence affords the prospect
Kingdom in which science in more highly esteemed ur more ! of invulnerable ships of war, and hence the desire of the
vigorously applied, and iii which her votaries are more ' government to remodel the navy on an 'Mindy new pria-
honoured than in another, surely that town it Manchester. 1 iriTriityoruclt construc
greet tion, in
°le:Otte we
its tTogny. retain
iimmaiuttpser;
The e^""" bete iethed their wane, end it ie make- bee been appointed by the War-office and Admiralty for
able that with the instioct of true Englishmen they *eminence the purpose of carrying out a scientific investigation of
with providiog for the wants of the Lody, giving directions , the subject, so as to determine—first, the best description
no ao tem oewoing a lodgings, „Nisei, oemokednteeono ' of material to resist ; secondly, the beet method
''a that watistat to the sides el
there ere ereneffhle Melee Periled 'far the miteTla ships" Mali
said lanir tuartitications ; and lastly, the thickness
wants, they proceed to stem what they have done for the ' necessary to resist the different descriptiena of ordnance.
intellectual entertainment of those for whom they cater. It is averted, probably with truth, that whatever thick.
Filed, they give • list of the exhibitions which will be open ness of plates is adopted for cuing ships, guns will be
during the sitting of the association, amongst which is one
iconstructed(m:e:,e can ire!:
be
adewatorx.inf geitehisem...lßl t:elreireedeleorumc-
chewing the progress and alieveiiients of photogra. what I have seen in recent experiments, that with proper
phie art, an exhibition illustrative of the present state of . armour it will require, nut only the most powerful ordnance,
electre-telegraphic art, an eehibition of chemical products, ' but also a greet concentration of fire, before fracture will
mid an exhibition of fruits and flowers in the Ranters of the ensue. If this be the case, a well-constructed iron
.ship,
Manchester Botimical and Horticultural Society at Old ca.otttacerdilwtoithitaw:iV,','l:ll7,"l."haeeetrsirmr thickness,
benie, resisthn 'Ill;
Trafford ; an exhibition of Indeui tale:es, forming part of •
heaviest gun. which can be brought to bear against it, and
the articles which were formerly in the museum oi the be practically shot-proof. But our present futons are Made.
East India House, Leadeuhelbstreet, and have recently been ;mate for the 'induction of large masses of iron, and we may
removed to Fife liens,, Whitehall, and which have been trust that, with new tools and machinery, and the ekill,
placed at the disposal of the council fur exhibition by energy, end perseverance of our manufacturers, every
fficulty will be overcon,e, and armour plates pieduoeil
the Secretary of State for India. Besides these which will resist the heaviest existing °Minuet'. The
them is a permanent natural history exhilii- rifling of heavy ordnance, the introduction of wrought
Loa, • to ologhal exhibition, and au exhibition in iron, and the new principle of coostruction with strained
connexion with the Mechanical Section. In the last- hoops; enormous
have given to all countries the means of increasing
enons
earned exhilation, which will perhaps be one of the least
lythe destructive power of their ordnance. One
of the results of the introduction of wrought iron, and :or-
attiactive, there a ill be specimens of iron plates, showing I rect principles of manufacture, is the reduction of the
the effects of cannon :hot upon the target made by Mr. I weight of the new guns to about two-thirds the weight of
Fairbaire, in the re gut experiments at Shoeburyness, and ; , the older east-iron ordnance. fleece follows the facility ,
, _ with which guns of much greater power can be worked,
other Plates ceetrtheted by MMUS' John ileuwa amt "I'', ' whilst the range and precision of fire are at the same time
of Sheffield ; some of Mr. Whitworth's 701 b. bolts, which I Lecreased. But these improvements cannot he conliutel to
penetrated the plating of the Trusty, fleeting battery, oluselvest. Other nations ere increasing the power and
dunng the experiment, with his great rifled cannon at the I range of their artillery in a similar degree, &eel the energies
Sore ; a model of the " penonhulator " street railway, as of the nation must therefore be directed to maintain the
superiority of our navy hi armour as well as in armament.
now being laid down in Penilletou and Salford ; and a We have already semi • new era in the history of the
variety of other mechanical appliances. construction of bridges, »tutting from the use of iron ; and
Besides the attractions of the exhibitions, arrangements we have only to examine them of the tubular form over the
have been made by which members and associates will, by Conway and Menai Straits to be convinced of the dura-
the kiuelnese of the proprietors of the priucimil mills, menu- lilliietj,tostlngtehu, aneetl
of
fghteces usfortuetumlar con nstrztLonesp.ate-
factoriee, and commercial establishrueuts of Maueleetet unit which, ten yearsP ago, were railways
beyond the reach of
the neighbourhood, have the opportunity of acting the human skill. When it is considered that stone bridges do
industry of the district at work. not exceed 150 feet in span, nor castiron bridges 250 feet,
The inthilelr of papers to be read in the various sections. we an estimate theot IPfreeegre" IV. h'm'e'l
made
in
cross-'e
of which notice by the intended readers has already been leg
riven
of the st •t. is
Ewe"
eps,
,withoutmy support at
given, is nearly 400. These will occupy the day prett7 this, may be bridged over with safety, provileilnwe do not
well, and in order to Milne the time to the utmost there exceed 1.800 to 2,000 feet, when the structure would be
will be evening discourses and auir,' es. destroyed by its own weight. It in to the exactitude and
TueLiy the bedevils commenced with a meeting of the accureceytimeterwreenitamcheimne taiionla th
es :f ent euarim.acahnixeLyznf
certainty
ytboef
council, which was private. After the meeting of the present
When I first entered this city the whole of the
couned, a meeting of the general committee was held at machinery was executed by hand. There were neither
the Town-hall, at which reporters were admitted. Lord Planing, slotting, nor shaping machine*, and with the
Waornimit, the retiring president of the association, was exception of very
eimperffect leathetLannil a
effected
te'drilelsotir?ley
in the chair ; and among others who attended were General tryethe litridsolor thiemwsoorkieilans. construction
wereeverything is done by
Sabine. Mr. Swinton, Mr. Pattersoo (Belfast), Mr. WAD- machine tools, with a degree of accuracy which the unaided
drew, Mr. Jeffreys, Lord Enniskillen, Dr. Gladstone, Mr. band could never accomplish. The automaton, or self-
James Heywood, F.R.S., Sir R. Mureheion, Mr. Vernon acting machine tool, has within itself an almost creative
Harcourt, the 11ev. Dr. Robinson, Mr. J. P. Cassiot. power ; in fact, so great are its powers of adaptation, that
there is no operation of the human hand that it does not
The minutes of the last meeting were read by Dr. PUlL-
urm, the saistant general secretary, and confirmed. imitate. For many of these improvements the country ire
Indebted to the genius of our townsmen, Mr. Richard
The report 4 the cooped wee ale reed by Ist.'fluttarin !totted& sad Mr. Joseph Whitworth. The importance of
and ordered to be mitered on the minutes : these constructive machines is, moreover, strikingly seem-
Mr. Ninois, assistant treasurer, read &statement, making tc.
lifted in the government works at Woolwich and Enfield
it, chiefly arriumed under the direction of Mr. Anderson,
a total value of the "'eta of the lewxiatiue ei 47441. the present inspector of machinery, to whose skill and
13s. 3d. ingenuity the country is greatly indebted for the
a --- efficient state of those great arsenate. Amongst the
th changes which have largely contributed to the
no
comfort and eojov meet of life, are the improvements in
the sanitary condition of town,. Them belong, probably,
On, to the province of social, rather than mechanical science;
his I but I cannot omit to notice some of the great works that
MOVE have of late years been constructed for the supply of water
renal and for the drainage of towns. In feistier days, ten gallons
of water to each person per day was considered an ample
ed th allowance. Now thirty gallons is much nearer the rate of
thew einsumption. I may instance the waterwerks of this city
it posi and of Liverpool, each of which yield a supply of from
amine) twenty to thirty gallons of water to each inhabitant. In
MOUE the former cm the water is collected from the CheshirehCheshirel
and Derbyshire hills, and, after being conveyed in tunnels
this pr and aqueducts • distance of ten 'idles to a reservoir, where
glad to it is strained and purified, it is ultimately takes a far.
rienimou they distance of eight miles in pipes, in a perfectly pore
committee state, ready for - distribution. The greatest . wedge-
. - -

taking of 'this kind, however, yet a7complished, is
that by which the pure waters of Loch Katriue are
distributed to the city of Glasgow. This work, recently
completed by Mr. Bateman, who was also the contractor of
the waterworks of this city, is of the most gigantic charac-
ter, the water being conveyed in a covered tuuuel a distance
of twenty-seven miles, through an almost impassable coun-
try, to the service reservoir, about eight miles from Glee.
gow. ply this means forty minim gallons of water per day
are conveyed through the hills which dank Ben Lomond,
and after traversing the aides of Loch Chen and Lock Aird,
are finally discharged into the Mugdock basin. where the
water is impounded for distribution. We may reasonably
look forward to an extension of similar betietita to the me•
tropolie, by the same engineer, whom energies are now
directed to an examination of the pure fountains of
Wales, from whence the future supply of water to the great
city is likely to be derived. A work of eo gigantic a character
may be looked upon as problematical, but when it is known
that six or seven millions of money would be sufficient for
its execution, I can se* no reason why un undertaking of an
much consequence to the health of London should not ulti-
mately be amoniplished. The President then briefly dwelt on
the subject of submarine telegraph. Failures, he said, have
been repeated so often as to cull for •commission on the part
of the government to inquire into the causes, and the best
means of overcoming the difficulties which present them-
selves. I had the honour to serve on that commission, and
I believe that from the report, and mass of evidence and
experimental research accumulated, the public. will derive
very important information. It is well known that three
nonditions are essential to success in the construction of ocean
telegraphs perfect insulat ion, external protection, and appro.
printe apparatus for laving the cable safely on its ocean bed.
That we are far from "having succeeded in fulfilling these
conditions,ia evident from the fact that out of twelve thou-
sand miles of submarine cable which have been laid since
only three thousand milm are actually in working
order; 110 that three-fourths may be considered ass failure
and loss to the country. The insulators hitherto employed
are subject to deterioration from mechanical violence, from
chemical decomposition or decay, and from the absorption of
water ; hut the last circumstance does not appear to influence
seriously the durability of cables. Electrically, indiarubber
poetesses high advantage* ; and, next to it, Wray's com-
pound nod pure gutta perdu. far surpass the commercial
gutta perches hitherto employed ; but it remains to be seen
whether the mechanical and commercial difficulties in the
employment of these new materiels can be suoceedully
overcome. The external protecting covering is still a
subject of anxious consideration. The objections to
iron wire are its weight and liability to corro-
' sion. Hemp has been substituted, but at present
with no satisfactory result. All these difficulties,
together with those connected with the coiling and paying
out of the cable, will no doubt yield to careful experi-
ment and the employment of proper instruments In its con-
struction and its final deposit on the bed of the ocean.
Irrespective of inland and international telegraphy, a new
rof communication has been introduced by Profaner
em atatoue, whereby intercourse can be carried on between
private families, public offices, and the works of merchants
and manufacturers. This application of electric currents
cannot be too highly appreciated, from its great efficiency
and comparatively small expense. To show to what en
extent this improvement has been earned, I may state that
one thousand wires, in a perfect state id insulation, may he
formed into a rope not exceeding half-an-inch in diameter.
I must not sit down without directing attention to a sub-
ject of deep importauce to all clauses, namely, the mount at
protection inventors should receive from the laws of the
country. It is the opinion of many that patent laws are in-
jurioile rather than beneficial, and that no legal protection
of this kind ought to be granted ; in fact, that a free trade in
inventions, as in everything else, should be .stablisbed. I
modem I ern not of that opinion. Doubtless there are abuses
in the working of the patent law as it at present exists, and
putecton is often granted to pirates and impostors, to the
, detriment of real inventors. This, however, dote not con-
travene the principle of protection, but rather calls for re.
fares and amendment. It is averted by those who hare
&meths keit to benefit their country by inventions, that a
monopoly is injurious, and that if the patent laws are de-
fended, it should be, not on the ground of their benefit to