The Express.
London, England, 1857-02-06 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, FRIDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 6, 1857.

considered the average to be nine, with intervals of
suspended employment amounting to two ot three
months of the year. After the merits of a new
heir to a great estate, there is always more or less
nervousness among the labourers dependent on the
agents. In this ease, the young gentleman's inquiry
was into the ages of the long-settled laboarers ;
and those who were sixty or upwards were
reduced to six shillings a week. Our hero
was one of these; and his earnings fell from
that to three shillings sad two. Even now, with
his infirm wife and the idiot daughter for his
domestic companions, rheumatic and feeble, his
effort is to keep out of the Union, while his neigh-
bours are talking all around him of liking the
winter the beet of all the year, because they are
warmer in the Home, and never hungry. He cannot
praise the neighbourhood—there is so much trespass
for fuel, so meek poaching, so much stupid drinking,
and the shopkeepers are so sharp, and their wares
so dear; and the employers are so hard. A stranger
would tell him that the tiller) is inferior, and the
quality of labour such as would be refused else-
where. How does he live? Why in constant
dread of dying in the workhouse after all. The
parish allows some weekly loaves to the household;
the clergyman's family are kind; the sons give
help when able; but it is very little. The inde-
pendency of the old couple is gone. They are
shockingly grateful for aid, and this is enough to
say. Will any one say that this is not a rather
favourable representation of the lot of the labourers
of our southern counties ? Will any one say
that such as this should be the life of a
virtuous citizen in our country and our time P
Will any one say that such is necessarily
the lot of the agricultural labourer under the condi-
tions of our country and time ? Let us look at the
fortunes of the brother who migrated in time to •
district less favoured in regard to agricultural condi-
tions, but where other circumstances were of a
higher order.
. .

Beginning with twelve shillings a week, of which
two went for rent, he made some savings from the
outset. His wages rose to thirteen and fourteen
shillings, and stopped at fourteen, with a good cot-
tage, and freedom from rates. In that region the
poor rate is so low as to be a very small considera-
tion—perhaps three shillings a year to the cottager.
Where farmers have discovered the virtues of good
wages they have little poor rate to pay. Once
a-head of the world the good fellow never sank
into real poverty. He has drawn his last shilling of
savings more than once ; but he has never asked for
time at the shop, nor pawned his goods. His cottage
is, to be sure, of the substantial kind seen in stony
regions—built to last some centuries, and to need little
or no repair. On the other hand, a garden does not
answer, nor bees, nor, till all fear of the potato rot is
over, a pig. His work is enough for him : in other
words, ho is worth to his employer at least a man
and a half of the sort he left behind him. Ilia wife
makes a point of his having meat every day and
he is never without it. His boys are sure of work
for life, if they work like him ; and his wife and
daughter can always add to the family income by
taking in washing and sewing. His Sunday black
suit lasts ten years, and his winter great-cat
always looks well. An American clock is in his
kitchen, and he carries a stout silver watch. Three
carts of coal, costing three guineas, and three of
wood, are his yearly allowance; and his evening
dram is a cup of hot coffee. It is impossible to say
what may yet befal him ; but there is now no
prospect of his having to present his claim upon
the parish. Ills spirit is high, and he has other
reason for that besides his entire independence
of other men's purses and tempers. lie is a tem-
perate man in a district where good wages have their
frequent effect of inducing self-indulgence among
the uneducated. His home is more comfortable than
the public-house; and be naturally prefers it. Now,
these differences are far too great to be reasonable.
If they were fully known, they must cease to exist.
And not by striking an average between the ex-
tremes. The yosnger brother's wages are not high
for the work he does, and in comparison with the
pay in other occupations: and really good farmers
say they could not afford to pay less, because it is
' their interest to favour the good condition of their
labourers. If the facts were duly known, the lower
wages would rise, and the higher would not fall. If
I any employer has doubts whether nine shillings
a week are not " enough for labourers," let him ask

men of his own order in Ireland, in Scotland, in our
beet tilled northern counties. We will engage that
the testimony will be given in favour of one well-
fed and cheerful labourer rather than two half-fed
and cheerless ones. In the most sordid view, it
answers best to provide at least as well for human la-
bourers as for live stock. When the employer'searnibrt
in life is further considered, it comes to the choice
between living among well-clothed and contented
neighbours, and among grabble who hang about the
' public-house, fire stack-yards, and spoil preserves, or
else go to the Union because an honest man cannot
live out of it. Something must and will be done ;
for it is thoroughly understood that there is
now no surplus of agricultural labour in the
country for the average of the year. Our great and
increasing improvements in tillage, while enceerag•
log the introduction of agricultural machinery, at
the same time increase the demand for labour. The
table, besotted labour generated by the short-
sightedness of farmers will not answer the purpose,
and may have to die out in its present condition ; but
the agricaltaral interest is not dying out. but altoge-
ther the centrary. It has never been so much alive,
or in so premising a condition. It will raise the
quality of labour to meet its requirements; and in a
little while the condition of the labourer will
hardly anywhere fall below its present 'tato in the
best farming districts. But in oar old-fashioned
counties the condition of the peasantry is really in-
sufferable ; and if there is hope--as we are confident
there is—that publicity may mend it, we fad bound
by 'yin eoseldsration to make the Sets known.
The picture, that we have presented are so true,
so thoroughly ordinary, in fact, that half oar
readers may fancy they know the very men.
As representative, if not imbibe! ass, we weld
wish that all our resales be* them. There
would be the better change of " a geed t;ime
coming," when the clown boned paper woad he
only a traditional or exceptional ponsnega, and a
prosperous peasantry a conspicuous mar la the
"fracture of British society.

The siskirot of the Ustreplitan Bard et Waits
iczibizewit the NV" le &Lima
eler=inteeSZ
Web. B. NA Wrillighilaa.
Led SAM des. li.T Or J Ye Er J.
MMP. n Alamos
3y& *. MIA ,1111. P., W. A. Windom,
r—,asy rfarsi4 chaleur et the Uhl-
. *.q
wise wow lb* pat • pmt. About
moat, pailima ei ism ti•

Tis lootemou. loam or Lomow.—At the
mmibly
`/mod =Am LAI yeekalti, at the society.
bestea
n lidtag of
alaineadamt, la the W. D. Chalk latg:
MCMdma awl la Oa
and MINIM IL W. My* W. C. leWl7.
Iczier L. T. Ca., WIWI gemearai a. Omahas lar the
; awl Deases. Ms Carla, J. L. lissisib, NM ,
sad J. war, 11L.D.,as ameoposage arab= d Or aitisty.
Arm ihs dinar maid k Ilhe mon WOO aria
=1 gersikA:=6, irk IA

flu Court.

WINDSOR, ha. eS.

Prince Albert and the Prince of Wales skated cal
the ioe in the Home-put yesterday idernoon, 'Mended by
the gentlemen in waiting. Mural °Moors of the girds=
had the honour to join their royal highnesses.
The Qum, areempanied by Princess ',soden, of ILoben-
loh►Laoambargh, and Primer Amelia of Hobenlote-
tichMingthrst, and attended by the Indies In waiting, us
present.
The bend of the lit Life Guards played a election of
favourite airs during the gating.
The following visitors srrived to the afternoon:—The
Dub of Cambridge (emended by Colonel the Hon. J. Mac-
donald), the Doke of Newest* the Marquis and Mar-
Weems of Bslisbory, Lord and Lady Manley of Alderley,
and the Right Hon. T. Pemberton Leigh.
The dinner company in the evening onsprimed the visitors
staying in the Cutts.
The toad of the Coldstream Guide played during dinner :

Oveitore--" rest " - -
Liodpalither.
Pacetni.

Fotri•—" L Vaitth
V also—u Fair titer"

Seisetioas—" Elantirsmide "
•

Oles—" 'graham Von Duna"
Her Majesty's private band afterwards attended, and
performed:
_ _

Overbuy (Op. 14
Trio, and Cl 11
oruo--" 60•110111"
Euryantlos"

The Queen sall Prince walked in the groiands et the
Castle this months&
Loed Ernest Bruce, Vice Chamberlain, arrived from Lon-
don, and presented the address from the House of Commons
to her Majesty in answer to the speech from the threw.
Rev-Admiral Sir Masten Stewart left the Castle for
Imam.

The Bight Um Sir Benjamin nail arrived in the after-
-0006.

The fourth dramatic performance at the Castle took place
this evening. Shakapeares play, in Ave acts, of " King
Richard II.," was selected, and the parts were filled
aocording to the Mowing programme :
KING RICHARD 11.
King Richard II Mr. Chu. Kean.
Edmund of La/481 (Duke/ Uncles Mr. Cooper.
of York)
to the
John of Gaunt (Duke of King. Mr. Walter Lary.
Lancaster
Henry. iumnened Bolingbroke) (Duke
of Hereford). win to John of (Jaunt, 1 Mr. Ryder.
afterwards King Henry the Fourth
Duke of Auntie, son to the Duke of i Mr. Brazier.
York
Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk
Duke of Surrey Mr. Raymond.
Earl of Beliibury
Earl Barkley
Bushy (Mr. Holliston.
Begot }Creatures to King Richard {Mr. Warren.
Ore® Mr. Busby.
Earl of Northeuribarbed
Mr. H. Mellon.

Henry Perry (hie la)
Lord Boss
Lord Willoughby
Bishop of Carl Mr. H. Bulls,.
Sir I.terce of Extols
Sir Stephen Scrimp
First Haddam
Second Gardner
Grooms
__. —..--- Mr. Cormsrk.

Qu to Illatowthbeml U. Mr.. Chas. Kra.
Name et
Dears et Took Miss Desburongh.
Lady attanillybiTell_s Clianan...
Mr, Charles Kam
Aisislost Dirsolor—Mr. Gwen I.llis.
The theatre ammopel and the sonny riled by Mr.
Thomas Grins.
Shortly other algid drink her Mo/way
the Queen end
the Priam, Ma the Primo of Wales, the Princes.
Royal, aid the Mar portion et the royal amity, entered the
ticheerrellials, kid b, the Duke at
the Duke of Mme.-
coneb, the NM Mesehimere of , Lied mod
‘ielliondey Allastm the llfght Ras. "r Benjeseia
the Right Ha. T. Pmehorenolmigio, Min Drummond,
end biles othl geethemon In ationdeme.
The yerthommee Immeillethly ammeeerE
The mehmere vemem ether MeMetee primes bind.
TM klowtsi bad the r of essolvinge ie be
preen* :—Tbe &b rim lIILIMar eel Memo Von de
Worm the Hon. A. sad Lily Ilionlet Vanes, Lady
01111166111 Anson, the RIM Ha H. sad Lady
Maarliskarrien, Sir Henry and Lady to. John
, Ihrolonent-Gennul Mr Thome and Ludy
WWI% the Rev. Seymour ?falls, Mrs. and Kim Cure,
Mr., Mr.. mod Mks Hayford, Mr. end Mrs. C. Barnett, Mr.
end le. Ithereno, Mr. A. Loath Melville, Mr. Romaine,
CIL, Mr. Ithadmid, R.N., Colonel Parker, connuanding
OAP, Limirerst Onevenor and Itah-Lieutenent lion Sey-
mour Mirlar Oudeht.t....tornerne t-Coh
Lrd inel Cocks,
Ma* , mod IlMalommt Duller (2nd Battalion C01d-
....
Mum ), Lady Cerullo sad NW Barrington, Colonel
Ilea.N. end Lady way Ilea{ Cathedral lady Emily Bey-
mem, C.eiteel the Hrs. C. M., Ilee end Wm l'hipys, Cap.
Mb end lea. T. Beyer, the Men. N. rbbps. Captain Ho&
D. sad Lady Mitheth de Rem Lady Oillierir Egerton, the
Dean of Woodmen_ MtGomm and lathy Grimm Was end
Mr. Cooper, Mr Mew, end Mr. Gibbs.

A &potation thee the asming-soar Brilc Compel.
e
animate. Whore Few, Wee Ckt end Shutt
(=), Mr. Jolla Weed (selleiter), Mr. P. . B.ly (en-
gineer), and Mr. Oftrae Cum ) bed sa interview
with the Richt Ma Wr yeetadny et the
Office of Pahl* Wee*
Sir Alesaadm Weeesma led ea with the Chan-
cellor et the inehmear pawky M hie elkisl madame is
Downinr-street.
The Judicial Camille, WI the Privy Council Ni rater-
der. The er.rilmen the Preragetive Court, "Bator T.
Prams sad " wee madam&
Lard !ammonia hid a Inner rely on Weiss* at hie
radians la Delannweamen The eimpay %dulled Sr
Wasp liteas, Mr. Warm* Camel llesemoy, Celead Don-
des Mr. sod Indy =min& Dmann, Wk. mad lbs. Haien
mid Omni Ramsey.
Ihepseehm was mat hem Um CaloniskWee yeetadsy to
the Clememer 011ie Cape et Heed Hope.

Lord Panmure bad a dinner party on Wednesday,
at his rosidosc• is Belgrovo-spoire. The comrsay 'nebula*
Mr Hoary Storks, Mr. Bower* Col. Roomy, Col. Dondaa,
Mr. mad Lady Eliaabolla Dusan, Mr. and Mrs. ELb, and
Capt. Roomy.

Another reunion took place in Ulbster lion, Edin-
burgh, ea Wade'slay nosing, under the anapkes of Pro-
/err sod lira. Aitotto. The address of the visaing woo

delivered by Liete-tenent-Colosel 'hanky, th. subject Icing
°thralls, sad it. Environs" The nxotoplideed speaker
lunneereely enured his regret et the ciao that he bad not
boa able to anbellieb hie WWI by say anion to Nary
Queen of Reels; deo hie sidiefeetica that he bad not required
to put say of their deemed encesieve is the pillory.
A committee el gentlemen hie been formed in
Luz ire the purpose of arranging far the presentation of a
to the 800. Sir John Pyre Wood, Bort.

The Right Hon. R. A. N. Hamilton, M.P.. has
firmasa a &mike cilol. to the fund kr the Franklin
monioneed.

The Bremforri Memory says Mr. J. Biggs,
M.P., La remind a flattering but just acknowledgment for
his kindness to She Turkish soldiers daring the late Crimea
was. It will he remembered that daring the wet trying
part et the eszepairs Mr. niggle pieced at She &spool of the
Todd& General sedan of hosiery sufileient for 1,000 seen.
Let week, we understand, Mr. Bins received a gold sand-
box, set la diamonds, with, what be considers still more sa-
lvable, a letter of warn seicnowlsdgossat frost the Saban for

Wm sioxiabloo pat."

The appointment of Mr. Bevan as judge of the
Caswell County Not, mutes a vacancy of the recorder-
Alps of Pa lath, Hike. sal Piesmace.

At s seetisird the Edinburgh Royal Physical
Sudety, ea Weilerlay, II wee resolved to memorkike ga-
mines* MD perehed Yr. Mesh =see valuable coneetke,
Mhe died * the sow ltelleaal liaised sow la the entree
et hemetisa b Idlabergh.

TIIII ar ywr X.isT says The Rev. Imes
/n
W, ILA., teach et the Paw* Ron* eat author
et the 'Theism Dews et Histay and Charities; died in
Oleagew as the II& larrier, while oa a Ask he health.
He tree a salve et Oleepter, est 'lodise' at the Ilaivuelt7
elms. The kin belt of lie Mime epee la Larks. He
edited tie Amur Horrid tom SO eesauererr►"

Lest week, W. Ewer t, ltag., M.P., fseverda the
uniabas d th. Litwary and UMW Lasdhilsa, Devises,
with s betas" x " as ilemtbsd by Ithww/iL" Thus
was • highly reweetabis •••••••••

On 'Neerlei, in the Home of Gloom, Mr.
Moshe Maw will neve, al ea swombweil le Kr. Row
beoWs motioa, "that desist ommilleit OS Wildiparta,
tics vie& let beet year be weettdee4 owl Ibet it be ea
lastaseliea to kwadd cemillee to bob, Ye mei moat
von to. but mesa of peeowieg kteeeeeiff impleyweat ke
ilieeberipell primaries; eel Art Ilk Neekedi be wild to to.

Toner, the great painter, left by will I,ooot
far a mammal te IJe meaty fa et. Rea It to be •

..noteri, sad the sniper anemic nanto It is Ur. li'Donli,
LA. All tin onnias noidloni is Links Idle an End
Assindchns rat Is caspling

LATEST INTELLIGENCE.

NT OF TILE AGRICULTURAL
EXIIIBITION.

(IT BRITISH AND

VIMAKINE reLionAri.)
PARIS, FRIDAY MORNING.

An official notification states that the Government,
recognising the justice of the complaints that the
date previously fixed is too near at hand, has decided
that the Universal Agricultural Exposition shall not
be held this year.

STATEMENT OF TILE PERSIAN GOVERN-

MENT.

The official organ of the Persian court, the Journal
de Teheran, publishes the following article in its
number of the 24th of December last:

= From the commencement of the difference between Persia
and England it has never been the intention of hie Majesty
the Shah to discontinue his friendly religions with the cabinet
of brisket or occasion hostilities with that power.
The l'ersien government has already several times mani-
fested its good inteutiuns in en official manner. its lino
of residua has been subservient to this ann, as may be MU
by its seta.

On the one hand, the government gave its ambassador the
mission and the full power to owisult with his Excellency
the English suitswiedur at Constantinople fur removing the
digerance in a way conformable to the dignity and interests
of the two governments. Under these circunistances, he ex-
pected, beta one day to another, to hear the news of the
honourable removal of the difference between the two an-
baseadors, and the return of We friendly rotations between
the two government*. Ox the other hand, the
Persian government expresely forbade the authori-
ties et the frontiers to imamate° hostilities with
the English troop*. Per the same reasons it abstained
beau larking the neweaary preparation upon the frontiers,
even at Began:. The letter port has always contained two
ailments iu garrison, commanded by the map Mehemet-
Ali-Eton, who died mum time ago a netural death, said by
tie will ot heaven. It ass after the death of dm oummander
of the prawn of Durkin., that the cenituandee of the
English troops in the Villain gulf, without conforming to
the establialied rule ;Awaking known the declaration of wee to
the reprftentalivte of the court of Persia, ur of at least him-
self waking previous declaration le the Prince Faunas-
sib-111eam, Governor-General of We province of Pare, min-
tented lunmelf with writing a letter in very vague terms,
which he sent te batters and other porta neer that place,
and which letter was sedaniptnied by a journal relating to
the declaration of war by the Lea India Company.
The billowing day the imiumander in question landed
hi■ troops, and made himself waster of the fortress of
Bauman, which was only guarded by a very email wander
trfcratclai (mane arnaed with muskets) of imaguistan., From
theme ho turned toward* Mahan., which be seised without
strdung a blow, the Persian troop. nut having received the
orders end the permission of the government of the Shah to
oppose the English troupe.
A despatch from Alexandria, dated the 24th ult.,
says ;—" The English are about to occupy Mobamm-
rad and Bender Ali, two towns in the Persian
Gulf. Bender-Abbas, an important post on the
coast of the kingdom of Persia, being occupied by
the Imaum of Muscat, an ally of the English, will,
it is supposed, be respected by the latter."
The Bourn Gazette of Berlin says :—" We have
received some information concerning the recent
note from Prince Gortchakoff to the English cabi-
net. That note, which was delivered last week in
London, and communicated to the friendly courts,
declares, as already stated, that Russia is willing to
support the demand of England relative to the
evacuation of Herat; but that she cannot approve of
the other claims of the English cabinet, the conse-
quence of which would be to unduly weaken and
humiliate Persia; and that she would not on any
condition allow England to obtain the accomplish-
ment of them by force. This communication comes
to us from so good a source, that no doubt can exist
of its exactitude."

POLITICAL PARTIES IN SPAM.

Our Paris correspondent sends us some interesting
extracts from a Madrid letter of January 31,
written by an experienced statesman :

The elecilons ere coming on, and we have no liberty of the
peen, nor even any indivitlual liberty. It is all a farce. The
government is not content with sweeping out of the way
all that does not suit it, but openly attempts to restate
things to the state in which they were before the
general revolution of 1834. It Is notorious that the l'olaeo
party, oho with Count San Luis at its bead, was then in
power, drew up electoral hits from which the armee of
electors hostile to themselves were excluded, while they put
on many who had so right to vote at all. Well, it is from
theme very voting lists unrevised that the coming elections will
proceed. As to the liberty that will be granted to the
electors, hire la a specimen :—.4 Two liberals lardy presented
themenvei to the prefect of a very important department
(which I think it prudent not to name), and asked permission
to convoke a meeting of their political friends to consider what
course they should take at the elections. The prefect replied
that not only he would not give them the desired penahnion,
but be wanted them they would be expected to canvass for the
Ministerial candidate, whom he should take care to nominate
when the proper time came, and that if it MVO to his
cars that they did otherwise, he should, in concert with the
cuptain-anaseal, declare the department in a state of siege.
For his own part he wee fully resolved to transport to
Canary Islands any man who should dare to agitate in 6vour
of the liberal candidate." This is the state in which we are,
end you moat observe that the prefects have the tidiest
power to expatriate any man whom peewee* they may Judge
to he " incompatible with order." The " moderates"
govern as after French principles—but exaggerated, more
immoral, and more barefaced than thew which ere acted
upon In num.

AMERICA.

ARRIVAL OF TILE NORTH AMERICAN.

(DT 1111TMEI AVID POl
(TILO)1 OWX

LloaAre.)
>air.)

LIVERPOOL, FRIDAT.

This morning the North American, Capt. Grange,
belonging to the Montreal Ocean Steam Company,
arrived in the Mersey. She left Portland Dec. 24,
with twenty-seven Futsengers, but no specie.
The North American passed a Cunard 'teenier,
bound west, on the 30th ult. The Atlantic arrived
out on the 23rd at New York.

The Senate, on the 22nd, passed a bill granting
aid to the American and European Submarine
Telegraph by a vote of 29 to 18. Contract authorised
on the same terms as agreed to by the British
government.
The war has been renewed in Florida. General
Harvey had withdrawn the flag of truce, and do-
clared war against the Indians.
The weather continues intensely cold, and com-
merce has been greatly retarded by trains being
frozen up, and ice on the canals and rivers.
Trade dull at Portland at previous rates.

NEW YORK, lAN. 23.

Money easy, and lcss active. Bales continue
steady, and stocks dull and heavy. Sterling ex-
change quiet at previous rates.
Ashes unsettled.
Cotton firm.
Plour a little euier. Wheat better. Inclisa earn
unsettled sad inactive.

and _ pork improved. Lord

closed firm at advanced prices.
Sugar steady.
Iron brisk.
Freights to Liverpool firmer—Cotton, Id. per lb.
dour, 2a. id. per barrel; grain, 7d. to 7141.