The Northern Daily Times.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1856-07-01 00:00:00

fear ending 30th June

has been inc
► shares, as,

a further

powers of tt
t Lio been et

e exten-

a head I refer to
ich will

ant marked A,

)w the total capital received

guisbing that portion

of loans or preMium2,-the

s A ccott .)IT. —l. 0

m to exhibit

last three Tears a

59,416; 1855,-66,968

se to the tonowi

1-lit. TO the

coal, arising from the expiration of con-
'rorn the increased price both of iron and
'lv, from the increased quantity of,ga?
,lone the increasel

ate over

s £2,501, and the increased quantity
tired may be estimated at a cost of £5,000. The
table will silo* the items of this account for
1853, 1854, and 1855

1853. 1854. 1855.
£4,591 19s 81 £38,140 Is 3d £43,465 4s 4d
13 013 108 Idd 15,903 15+ 2d 17 658 15; Id
1.051 184 8d 2,152 6s 5d 2,355 4s lid
1,304 118 5d 2
,001 7s 9d 2,091 Os 9d

151 7s 7d 162 5s bd
sgo 04 81 797 141 4d
472 6s Id 627 184 5d

463 163 5d

-'5l GB6 63 ld R 59,416 46 11d e 66,9-58 35 3d
Pe next item, of repairs of buildings, &c., is composed
f-)11 :

•• •

£3,139 15s lid
3,098 $9 7d

Ong tninpipes
ipe%

3,526 I7s 5d
1,344 195 lld

£11,109 18s 10d

Pon "(ilia bead it ma well to mention that the rinci-
Ple
- -Pted by P
u tue company, when it is necessary to relay a
teaalley by a larger pipe, is to charge the new pipe to
eadital, crediting that account with old material, and
the labohr to profit and loss. The general expenses
I",ew a considerable increase over last year, being in 1854,
tel 4,028 3s. 10d. ; 1855, £17,658 Os. 31. The main increase
n II; _ • • • •

..,lutring notice is in rates and taxes which have risen from.
£3,459. 7s. 3d., in 1854, to £6,317 2s. 4d in 1855, and
'which the company explain as follows :—ln previous years
those rates, levied in April, were not paid until July or
august; but, in the present instance, at the urgent request
of the parish authorities, £2,116 6s. sd. was paid in May
for the current year, thus, the accounts now filed are charged
With the assessments for two years. The increased income
lax, which is also applicable to the reserve fund as well as
dividend, amounts to about £513. The item of chief rents,
£l4O 123, 6d., consists of ground-rent paid to the Marquis
of Salisbury for certain lands at Wavertree. Whether an
acquisition of land on lease was contemplated by the pet of
parihruent or not, I am unab'e to say ; hut, so far as the
tratepayers are concerned, it seems to be a beneficial arrange-
ent. The interest aceount, £2,356 Cs. 10d, is the genera'
elance of interest paid and received, including interest of
bond debt account. The credit side of the account shows—
Gra Rents and Meters

•... £129,970 is

I Is comprised as follows •--

•-
....... £7,112 16s. 10d.• and replacing worn-out
...... £2,167 93. Bd.

£125,024 15s,

£4,945 6

£129,970 Is. 4d

...itatsea receipts on the year, notwith
W
the
of reduction of price from 4s. 6d. to 4s
I the Year, and which.
10-12ths of the whole tenantry of tl at
£3,85% . but it is needful to show tt this

reduction appli

,; company,

the supervision over the company prescribed by the act, and
Vestei in the auditor, is very insufficient. To this the
company reply (page 18) that the appointment is not under
the special act of the company, but under the general act
passed for the regulation of gas companies. Upon this head
I merely remark that I have never been refused any infor-

matinn as to the accounts of the company, even to an-in

capital

myself on

rioas items were fairly charged to

venne respectively; and, having satisfied
point, I have not deemed it needful to report
' ' .1 of receipt and expenditure.
neat to thA Pnin nanv

tion in the price of gas

manuf

cultivation

vious to its

were no fey

Great Britain, tons..
United States
Continent of Europe.
Including beet root

Canada and Provinces
Portugal

THE NORTHERN TIMES.---LIVERPOOL, TUESDAY.

I THE SUGAR CROP OF THE WORLD AND

ITS MOVEMENTS

Next to the importance and magnitude of the production of
cotton, stands the growth and supply of sugar. From bating
been little known to the Greeks dnd Romans, except by small

I Wl
believed were derived f ova the extraction of a species of reeds,
we find its actual cultivation was first introduced by the
Baracens into the Islands of Rhodes, Cyprus; Sicily, and Crete,
in the ninth century. In the twelfth century the Venetians
derived it cheaper and more abundantly from Sicily than from
.•..

he Crusaders into the East caused them to

become better acquainted with sugar, and on their return they
sprea 1 a taste for it over the west 'of Europe. Venice had
imported it aslearly as 996, anterior to the Crusades. The

process of refining it is a modern discovery, made by
Venetian about the close of the fifteenth century.

When the Saracens obtained a footing in Spain, they soot
after introduced the cultivation of sugar into that country

which spread over the southern provinces, and was carried into
Portugal. From these countries its cultivation was introduced
into the Canary and Maderia Islands in the early part of the

',ar cane is a

It has been doubted by some whether the su,s
native of the American continent. The weight of evidence,
however, is in favour of the affirmative, supported by the
opinion of Baron de Humboldt. It is also said to be a native
of the Sandwich

est t oglish settlement made in the West Indies was
vs, in 1627; and in 1647 they commenced export-
_
In 1636 she attained her maximum,

)toyed 400 vessels in

ed from Spain
ly three small s

de, veraging 150 tons each.
oni:sell, in 1656, contained

in Itayti in 1506, and
than anywhere else. Being
the bands of the Spaniards, it for a long time Was
luree flora which Europe derived its chief stipplies. Pre-
-',olation by the tinfidness of abolitionism in 1790
.; than 65,000 tons, or 130,000,000 pounds
of sug4 exported from the French potion of the island.
With the destruction of that island, its culture was spread
to other portions of inter-tropical cotinlries, where labour, could
be had on favourable terms. A large number of French
refugees from St. Domingo settled in the then colony of
Louisiana, where they established sugar plantations, and greatly
extended its cultivation. Tho culture was also rapidly increased
after its purchase by the United States, aided by American
skill and enterprise.

o succeed bolter it

By the fall of St. Domingo Jamaica was gre&tly enriched,
and reached a high stage of prosperity ; but by the abolition of
the only labour suited to its culture, it, too, is following St.
Domingo in its relapse and decay.
The Venetians, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries,
imported small parcels of sugar into England and France.
Prior to that period, and for some time after, honey, as with
the Greeks and Ttomans, formed the chief reliance with the
people in the north of Europe for sweetening their food. Early
in the seventeenth century it was only the rich who could
afford to use sugar. In 1700 England only imported 10,000
tons, or 22,000,0001b5.

The taste for it gradually spread, and with the increase of
the consumption its production was augmented by the large
accession of African labour carried from the continent of Africa
to the British, Spanish, and French West India Islands, and
into Brazil and other localities. The production and
consumption mutually grew together, until all parts
of the civilised world have measurably ceased to view
it as a luxury, but consider it to be a necessary aliment
for food, as cotton is a material for clothing. With the
overthrow of St. Domingo, its cultivation was transferred to
those inter-tropical countries where slave labour was either
perpetuated or fresh supplies were allowed to be introduced
from abroad. Some of the largest fortunes in England, in
which New England participated, were made by the same
trade, and by the sugar culture and rum distilling in Jamaica,
of whom their descendants are to be found in Massachusetts,
and in the west of old England, including the great Gladstone
family.
We have since seen the culture of sugar extend from small
beginnings in the West India Islands to the Mauritius, the
Brazils, Bengal, Isle of Bourbon, Java, Siam, Philippines,
&c., which, with the French, Dutch, Danish and English
West India Islands, including Demerara ,and Berbice, pro-
duced in 1833 500,000 tons, of which 203,060 tons were
imported into England ; while France, in 1830, with
about 31,000,000 population, consumed 67,250,000 kilo-
grammes, equal to 12 126 kilogrammes per head, or about 41.-
to 51bs each. This consumption, however, was exclusive of
that derived from the indigenous production from beet root
sugar, and that which was smuggled into the country to avoid
heavy duties, which in 1832 was from 16,000,000 to
18,000,0001b5. Thus, allowing for the quantity fraudulently
introduced, with all other supplies, the total consumption of
France at this period was about 193,000,0001bs; and the
population being about 32,000,000, gave a consumption of
about 61bs per head; while in England the estimated
consumption, at the same period, was put down at about 241bs
per head. In the United States, for the same year, the esti-
mated consumption was 70,000 to 80,000 tons, or 140,000,000
to 160,000,000 lbs, thus giving from 10 10-13 to 121 lbs per
hPad. Of •the 80,000 tons consumed, 12,000 tons, or
34,500,000 lbs were produced in the United States. The
total production of the world in 1833, exclusive of the United
States, &c., was about 1,120,000,000 lbs, or 560,000 tons ;
and the consumption at the same period, in Europe, including
beet root sugar, amounted to 1,108,0(10,000 lbs. Since 1833 to
1856 we shall find by the following tabl-s that notwithstanding
the production of sugar in the twenty three years has enorru-
'sly increased, the consumption has gained upon it. The
-ation of the London Exeter Hall principles, or the war of
upon African labour; first in St. Domingo, then in
West Indies, and then on labour in the Spanish

large increase in the consumption of sugar in twenty-three

years t— 103. 1856.
Production of the world, torts 1,500,000 2,869,000
Consuroin, inc'g beet root, lbs. 1,248.000,000 2,762,000,000

The apparent prodriction in 1856, gives only a slight excesti
over consumption, but it is bei;eved that the actual edosumption
in 1856 will be in excess of production. In other words,
with the improved means on tho part of the people, by the
greater diffusion of wealth, from the influx of gold from the
mineral regions of California and Australia, the consumption

must rapidly increase over the civilised world. This increase
of wealth also enhan.des the Value of labour devoted to its

culture, an

;0 a corresponding adval

productions, which will tend to divert labour from its pro-
duction. Bence, the consumption of the world must soon, if

and i❑ Brazil, has had the effect to cause consum

ilts the labour of produc•ion, and the white population
motuate climates must, for the future, expect to pay
:.klianct.,l prices for th-..) tropical products of cotton,
ad coffee, so necessary to their comfort and well

The miserable attempt to revive the slave trade under the
disguise of the coolie trade, must prove a failure. It is a trade
which possesses all the horror of the slave trade without its
benefits, If the former was condemned as piracy, the latter
should be doubly condemned. The feeble Mongolian coolies,
occupying a position between the Africans and the Europeans,
or whites, are neither calculated to perform the tropical labour
of the blacks nor to rise to the civilisation of the whites.

t has not already done so, outstrip production

For tweniy-

three years the production and consumption have struggled
on together, and been pretty regularly balanced. When
labour was destroyed in St. Domingo and Jamaica, it was
augmented in Cuba ari, Brazil by the African slave trade, and
the balance of supply and demand kept tip. But now African

labour has b

As far as sugar and coffee are concerned, England can look
on the decline of production its the Western world with perfect
indifference, because in India, where half the produce of the
natives is exacted as a land tax by the Honorable East India
Company, the sugar of Hindostan and the coffee of Ceylon can
be made to repair the exhausted resources of wealth hitherto
poured out by those countries to Britain. But in regard to cotton
the question is entirely different. This we have shown in a for-
mer article. We have shown that she must annually have large
supplies, and that she cannot obtain them in sufficient quan-
tities from any part of the world other than the United States.
Hence, she cannot consistently with her own preservation, des-
troy slavery in the United States, or suffer others to do it.
Not only England, but all Europe, is interested in the preser-
vation of the cotton culture of the South. In British India
the culture of sugar and coffee is increasing. The writer saw
sugar machinery building in London some years since for Mr.
Gladstone's sugar estate in British India, which was to cost
about £150,000. Yet Brazil and Spain aro persuaded into
the adoption of the belief that the English crusade against
African labour in the Now World is for their interest. We
come now to the tables giving the production and consumption
of sugars of the world, brought up to the year 1856

PRODUCTION OF SUGAR IN THE WORLD.

1855. 1856.
Partly Estimated.
380,000 400,000
40,000 50,000
95,000 100,000
173,000 125,000
85,000 85,000
18,000 18,000
170,000 175,000
37,000 39,000
63,000 80,000
85,000 80,000
30,000 35,000

and gold introduced to
of labour employed in

production, we must expect, in the
I of ten or ►wenty years, to see the production fall
h-ort of the demand, and which can only be met at hiah

ex t perk

Cuba, tons
Porto Rico
Brazils
Louisiana .... .... 221,000
French colonies
Dutch & Danish W. Indies 18,000
British West Indies 172,200
British East Indies
Mauritius
Java
Manilla, Siam, and China 30,000
Beet root--France, Belgium
Zollverein, Russia and
Austria

148,000

Our figures arc derived from the mo

170,000

reliable sources,

respectable and

Total. 1 414,900 1,324,000 1,357,600
The crop of Cuba for 1855 was 1,900,000 boxes, and, cal-
culating five boxes to the ton, 380,000 tons. For 1856 it
was estimated that it would exceed tho last by ten per cent ; it
is now found that it will hardly exceed that, and by some it is
computed at ten per cent less, but we may put it at 400,000
tons.

1533 are chiefl

DISTRIBUTION OF SUGAR, OR CONSUMPTION OF THE WORLD,
FOR 1855.

•
380,000
.... 265,000
148,000

-- 413,000
20,000
• • • • •• • 10,000
9,000
. • • ...... 16.000
• ••• ••• 70,000
15,000

Sweden and Denmark
Mexico and South America
Spain
Russia
Cuba and all sugar producing countries not men-
tioned

Total
Estimated production of 1856

taken from
.a by French

1,331,000

English statistics, which differ from tiro:

1;357,000

writers ; hence NI

Thus requiring from the stock at the commence-
ment of 1856, to make up the quantity for its
clusumntion, supposing it to equal that of 1855, 24,000
We thus see that the production of sugar has not increased

lie ratio as its consumption—the latter stimulated by
es ruling for several years past, Now that prices
a year, been remunerative, production will
ululated. By the table of production above,
production in 1854 exceeds that of 1866 by

we see that th
57,000 tons.
By the above tables we find that the following has been the