The Express.
London, England, 1861-01-19 00:00:00

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LONDON, SATURDAY, JAN. 19.

THE wants of the season, so forcibly brought
home to every one of late, are, fortunately for us,
only transient evils a short strain upon the
purse-strings of the charitable, and all will go'
right again. The grip of winter must soon be
loosened, and then we shall bear no more of those
crowds of willing labourers whose urgent claims
for bread have for a time confounded the duties
of the police magistrate with those of the relieving
officer. Hut neither these casual poor nor men
like the poor Coventry weavers are ever likely to
become a permanent burden to society ; milder
weather and the revival of the particular branch
of trade will restore their independence, and render
the extraordinary aid now so liberally offered unne-
cessary. It is the regular pauperism of the country,
the demands for which are constant as any other
tax, which does not vary with the season. The
fairest of weather and the most prosperous of times
may afford us perhaps some fractional reduction in
the poor rate, and we have certainly some cause
for congratulation in a gradual diminution of pau-
perism, noticeable in the last few years ; but the
burden remains to be borne, and the worst of it is
that as regards a very large clam, and that the
most helpless and costly—the insane paupers—
there has been a progressive increase out of pro-
portion to that of the population. The statistics
of ;super lunacy are not very complete, but from
the last report of the Commissioners we learn that
during the sixteen years ending January, 1859, thei
number of pauper lunatics in England and Wales
had nearly doubled. In Scotland and Ireland the
results are similar ; so that at the present time we
may consider there are in the United Kingdom
from 40,000 to 50,000 paupers in various degrees
of mental incapacity, from the child idiot to the
furious maniac, to be fed, clothed, tended, and
treated medically. The cost of maintenance, with
the salaries of officials, may be estimated from the
example of the Chester Asylum, where the weekly
cat is stated to be Bs. 2d. for paupers of the
county, and 14a. for them of boroughs or other
counties. At a moderate estimate, there must be
something like a million and a half annually ex-
pended in taking charge of the insane poor of the
ktsgdorn•
In a financial point of view, then, the claims
which arise from this most dependent and
wretched class of the community are gradually
assuming an importance which, in addition to
considerations of social well-being, makes it neces-
sary that the sources of this increase in pauperism
arising from insanity and idiocy should be traced,
and, if possible, stopped. That the melancholy
fact exists is proved in the most practical manner
when we observe bow rapidly the lunatic asylums
have sprung up in almost every county in Eng-
land ; and in several instances which could be
named these buildings have been repeatedly e nlarged,
as in the case of the two great asylums of Middlesex
—Hanwell and Colney Hatch—establishments

that have grown into perfect colonies of lunatics.
Turning to any of the reports of county asylums
we find a general complaint of the want of accom-
modation : in some cases the recreation room is
obliged to be turned into a dormitory, in others
there are certain inoffensive idiots and poor
creatures described as "oecsaionallynot quite right
" in the head," who are allowed to remain in the
workhouse or to live with their friends be-
cause there is no room for them either
in the pauper asylum of the place
or in that of the neighbouring county. In
Ireland especially, such is the want of proper
house room for pauper lunatics that the gaola are
used as madhouses, and in Tipperary they are said
to dentain almost as many lunatics as convicts.
The Commissioners appear to contemplate this as-
sociation of criminals and madmen with amazing
nnir,ti when they say, "The sane no doubt suffer
" from a protracted intercourse with their ma-
" niacal and idiotic companions, an inconvenience
" which can only be obviated by fostering the
" hope that, though their detention is rendered
" necessary by a due regard to public prejudice
" and the public safety, their liberation is to
"• be dependent upon their own good conduct.
" The principal difficulty to contend with arises
" from • perversity of disposition displayed by
" convict+ principally on admission. They give a
" bad example to their fellows ; so much an, that
" the resident physician would, if the arrangement
" of the house admitted it, have them placed
" apart." No one would suppose that anything
AO like the Borate's prisons at Naples could be
permitted to exist no further off than Ireland.
The Contraissioners describe the Irish asylums as
choked with chronic cases, a very narrow space of
disposal for recent ones, while outside the walls
there is • large lunatic population requiring
separation from the sane. In Scotland also
a large proportion of the insane poor are
living either in the workhouses or with relatives,
and ronse,lnently rein.ived from all systematic
control. In the union workhouses in England,
the practice of admitting ii:iota of both sexes and
all ages, though constantly condemned, still goes
on, and dime can be no doubt that this is one of
the sources of peeper idiocy—indir,ctly, 1-y tli;
love ti that pre pki.:ty to oil bib,t•
which is so r.rong in cl.sldren, anti which is nut

alt...4tther wanting in adults of weak intellect ; but
in a fat more direct manner is the stock of pauper
lunatics kept ,ip. It appears to be by no means
to rare as would be supposed, neith,r is it very
surprising, that amongst these imbecile% the greater
number of whom arc females, whose imbecility
often takes an erotic turn, there should be
many cases of illegitimate children, the fathers
of which were as idiotic as the mothers.

We can imagine few things more degrading and
shocking to humanity than such occurrences as
these. That these pitiable imbeciles should be
exempt from the law which compels the separation
of all dangerous lunatics, and that they should
be permitted to lead a life free from all kind of
proper restraint, occasionally even discharging
themselves from the workhouse and associating
with any of the depraved clodpates of a country
village, is a monstrous indecency that calls impera-
tively for an extension of the powers of the
Lunacy Commissioners over workhouses, and indeed
all imbeciles of the pauper class. There are
at the present time no less than '7,963
pauper lunatics living in the workhouses of Eng-
land ; while 4,892 are residing with relatives, and
906 live in lodgings or are boarded out : of the
latter rather more than one third are chargeable to
Welsh parishes.
It is most desirable that it should be ascertained
whether there are other causes fostering insanity
and imbecility amongst the impoverished and ill-
conditioned classes of the provinces, beyond the
very evident source which we have pointed to in
the permitted association of the insane with the
sane. Probably it would be found that poor food
and had air are causing the number of pauper
idiots to be more than twice :is great in
the south-eastern division of England, for
example, as in the metropolis, and it is for
this class that provision will have to be made, not
for the violent and dangerous, for they are already
separated by law. In such case we may hope for
some diminution to come from the more universal
adoption of sanitary measures ; but it is clear one
of the first steps to be taken is to put a stop to
the indiscriminate mixture of insane and idiot
paupers with the population at large. With the
present lamentably imperfect statistics of general
insanity, however, it is impossible to say whether
the increase in pauper lunacy is peculiar to the
clam, or if it is not due to the prevalence
which it is admitted exists over all ranks of so-
ciety ; this is a question of vital importance which
should be decided, and we can suggest no readier
way of obtaining an answer to it than by means of
the new Census.

THE Dt Kr 01 BOTIIIIIIILASD. —We are happy to
learn that the Duke of Motherhood passed a very favoura-
ble night on Thursday, and was considerably hotter yester-
day morning, when the I►t account. were despatehed from
Treetham.

Hi, Excellency the Belgian Milliliter and Madame
yen de Weyer, the Earl of Sefton, ate! Lord sod Lady
Moneys, have artived at Newham Park, where the
Countess of Waidegrave and Mr. Harcourt, M.P., are re-
ceiving a distinguished circle of visitors.

Hi; excellency Lord Napier is expected to arrive
at 31, Doverainet, next week, from the Hague.

The Martinis and Marehioneem of Salisbury have
bole estertaising their Royal llighoes•e, the Duke rod
Dachas d'Atunale, aid a select curie, at Hatfield, during
the week.

Viwouut Pal norston will pails through town to-
day, from Broadlamb, on a riot to hoz Majoaty, at Windsor
Cootie.

Lord and Lady John Burnell end family will
arrive in Meehan' on 'holiday next, from Pembroke
Lodge, Riehaeei.perh, ter the essees.

Lord and Lady Norreys will leave Nuneham
Park, oa Moaday, for Towards" Hall, Laws tire.

Lord and Lady Eusta;* Cecil have arrived in
•
town from Hatfield Home. HI lordship has take.) a
rridence is Belgravestreet for the meson

.
The tuarrunice of the Lady Milk" widow of the
late Lord Milford, and daughter of the EArl of Wicklow,
with the Hoe. Mr. Eyre, will take place after Easter.
The Right Hon. Frederick Peel lute taken a
mimics is Chesbautplace for a term of seam Mr. sad
Rev. Peel ace at present occupying the Countess of ado-
doe's residence in Carlton House•terrace.

Lady Leigh gave birth to a I4on at Stoneleigh
AWN?, Warwickshire, on the 13th.

Lord Chelmsford paid a visit on Thursday to the
priselpel law courts in Dublin. The Eremitic Post says :
"Yesterday considerable interest was excited at the Foes
Courts by the sppesiance of Lord Chelmsford, who entered
the Court of Error, whero seven of the judges were sitting ;
namely, the Lord ("mof Justice of the queen's Bench, the
Lard Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, the Lord thief
Berea of the Exchequer, Mr. Justice Bull, Mr. Justice
Pitsgerald, Mr. Justice Hayes, and Mr. Justice Christian.
Os the entrance of Lord Chelmsford, the judges rose sod
received him with the greatest cordiality, all of them
shaking h►nds with him. The sable and learned lord took
his seat on the left side of the judge, and remained there
for some time during the argument. When it became
known that he was present, there was a regular rush of
visitors and strangers into the court. Ho also visited the
Consolidated Court, where Mr. Justice Keogh was pre-
siding ; the Court of Chancery, where he paid his respects
to the Lord Cluumellor ; and tho Rolls Court."

The energy, ability, sad zeal of the Earl de
Grey and Ripon have no isprowed the leaders of the
volunteer movement, that it is not unlikely they will select
the occasion of hi. temperer, retirement from the War•
office to exhibit their sense of the services he has rendered
to the cause, by means worthy of it, of them, ■od of him.
Indeed, we (Army and Navy Gareth.) understand that the
Duke of Manchester, amociated with noblemen and gentle•
men who have had an opportunity of judging Lord do
Grey and Ripon's real merits in the administrative depart.
meet of which he had charge, has already takea steps
which will lead to such a result.

A rumour is current that the navy estimates
for the present year will, when presented to the House of
Commons, show an important reduction in the number of
seamen required for the use of the country. We (Arm?
and Nary Gann.) understand that a vote will he mind for
4,000 M lees than was demanded Out session. We are
told that the actual number of able ...amen will not be in
ray way affected, but that it m the desire of the Lords of
the Admiralty to get rid of some useless coant.guardsmen.

The Limerick correspondent in Saunders tele-
graphed yesterday to the effect that "Consideruble gratika•
Lion prevailed at this city to-day at the announcement of
Mr. Makohnoon, chairman of the Royal Mail Atlantic Com-
pany, having purchased from Mr. Merges his immense inte-
rests as the chief shateholder in the limerick and Foynea
Railway, with the view of tmuderring the mail service by
I the oompany'a Meaner' from Gslway to the Shannon. The
rumour is credited in ►ll mercantile circles."

At Hereford, duriug the lung front, the Rev.
John Yens, vicar of St. Peter's church, in that city, has fed
with a warm meal an average of 100 navvies, at noonday
and at sight, is his schoolrooma adding • gift uf bread and
cheese to the married men to take home to their wives and
children.

Thu will of Alderman Sir Georje Carroll, Knt.,
was proved in the London Court of Protette ou the 15th
inst., and the personalty sworn under 120,000 t The execu-
tors nominated are his relict, and Joseph Maynard, req.,
of Coleman-street. The will bears 'bate the oth of April,
11059. The testator's will contains the following disposi-
tions :—He bequeaths to his widow • life internal in his
entire property, subject to the payment of certain lepcies
and charitable bequests ; to his son-in-law, the Rev.
H. E C. Cobden, M.A., teeter of Teinibley, Retie, be
leave, a life interest in the sum of 10,000 f. ; and on the
decease of this gentleman, the principal is directed to be
paid to the testator's grandchildren, who also, on the de-
cease el Lady Carroll, take the entire residue of the estate.
There is • ispey of 3.00J1. to his p, ~t tn-pliew, Horace
Tahourden, aed also one of 1,000/. to his executor. Sir
Crory bee contributed the sum of 500/. to each of two
in ;itutions. one of them heing the most prominent of our
Ho.!•.tsl ; the tither
to the Asylset for Idiots.

Vie Court.

WINDSOR CAMTLE, Jail. 16.
The Ducbm of Keut visited her Majesty yes-
terday, and took luncheon.
The Prince Consort, with the Prince of Wales and the
Duke of Chartres, west to elude on Virginia Water in the
afternoon, accompanied by the Duke of Manchester, Lord
Proby, Mr. Gibbs, and Mr. rhino. I■ attendance were
Lieutenant• Colonel Ringsoote, Lord Alfred Paget, Colonel
Ponsonby, and Captain Grey.
The royal dinner party inelmied the Prince of Weet, the
Princess Alice, the Duke of Maine, the Duke and Duchess
of Manchester, Lord and Lady Proby, Lord and Lady Stan-
ley of Alacrity, the Hon. Mn. Grey, the, Hom Major-
Geoeral It. Bruce, the Right Hoe. T. Maser Gibson, Mr.
Gibbs, Dr. Baly, and Captain Grey.
The baud of the Royal Hone Guards played during
dingier the
Pas Redoubt(
Overture, The Barber of Revills"
Vslse, Jurists:l Ball Thus" Strauss.
Selection, " Maio"
Polka, '• nisch Pratch "
The third &lunatic performance this season took place
in the evening. The following was the programme :
A comedy. in two acts, by Hr. Tom Taylor and Mr. Char.
Reads, entitled—
MASKS AND FACES; or BEFORE AND BEHIND

THE CURTAIN.
Sir Chutes Pomander Mr. A. Wigan.
Mr. Ernest Vane
Colley Libber Mr. C. Selby.
wain
leWed Mr. B. Webster.
Lysintaehme biped MU Craddock.
Mr. Piaui Mr. tituart.
Mr. **per
loon Burdock Mr. R. Romer.
Colander
Ilundedon
Call B
Pimps, Mager Craddock.
Mrs. Vane
Pegg WelMaggen
KAU (Mee Mra
Iliza Triplet
Ilesakine Mix Hamilton.
Maid Mlss Morrie
After which a comic drama, written by Hr. Charles
Mathews, entitled

MY WIFE'S MOTHER.
Uncle Foosle
Fells Budd Mr. Dewar.
Edward Waserley Mr. Ashley.
Thomas
Mrs. Quiekedget
Mrs. Ellen Rudd
Mn.Fitsoalsorne
Under the D.reetion of
Male Manager Mr. George Ellis.
The theatre arranged and the teener, painted by Mr. Thomas
Grieve.

Shortly before half•put 8 o'clock the Queen and Prince
Consort, with the Prince of Wales, Princess Alice, Prince
Arthur, Princess Helena, Princem Louie., Prince Leopold,
and the Duke of Chartres, attended by the Ladies and Gen.
tlernen in Waiting, and accompanied by the dinner corn.
piny, entered the theatre in St. George's-hall, when the
performance immediately commenced.
The following bad the honour of receiving invitations,
and were }resent:—The Belgian Minister and Madame Van
de Weyer, Mr. B. and Mks Van de Weyer, the Hon. and
Rev. C. L. and lady Caroline Courtenay, the Hon. and
Rev. Edward and Mrs. Moore, Mimeo Moore (2), lady
Sophia Tower, Mimes Tower (2), Mr. H. Cox, Mks Con,
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Mills, Mks Mills, Mrs. Seymour
Bathurst, Miss and Mr. Batbunt, Mr. and Mn. C. Bar-
nett, Mr. and Mn. John Leslie, Colonel R. Howard Vms
(commanding officer, Royal Hone Guards), Lieutenant
Adderley and Cornet Itmhout (Royal Horse Guards), Colo-
nel Dalrymple (commanding officer 2nd Battalion Scots
Fualier Guards), Lieitteoant-Colonel Campbell and Captain
Shelley (2nd Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards), Lady Fanny
Howard, Colonel the Hon. Sir C. Phipps, MO Phipps, Mr.
Romaine, Major• General and Lady Emily Seymour, Mien
Seymour, the Hon. Mrs. R. Bruce, the Hon. Mn. T. Y.
Biddulph, Lady Couper, Mr. R. and Min Cooper, the Rev.
W. R. Jolley, Major Elphinetone, R.E., and Mr. Wood-
ward.
Her Majeity's private band formed the orchestra.
Refreslunenta were served in the Waterloo Gallery.
. _ .

The Queen and Prince Consort, with the Prince of Wiles,
walked in the Home Park this morning, and visited the
Duchess of Kent, at Frogmme.
The Prince of Wales took leave of her Majesty, the
Primo° Consort, and royal family, and left Windsor at 12
o'clock for Madiagley Hall, Cambridge, attended by Major
General the Hon. R. Bruce and Captain Grey.
The following visitors have left the Castle :--The Doke of
Chartres, the Duke and Masses of Manchester, Lord and
Lady Proby, Lord and Lady Stanley of Alderley, the Right
Hon. T. Milner Gilson, and Mr. Gibbs.

A deputation from the Gemini Shipowners' Society had
an interview with the Right Hoe. T. Milner Gibson yester-
day, at the office of the Board of Trade. The deputation
consisted of Mr. James Anderson, chairman ; Mr. George
F. Young, deputy chairman ; Messrs. William Phillipps,
Clifford. Wigrani, and W. Beau, secretary.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer arrived in London yer
tertlay from Hawarden Castle, Chester.
A committee of the Lords of her Majesty's most honour-
able Privy Council sat yesterday in the Council Chamber,
and resumed the consideration of petitions agaisuit the ordi•
mores of the Scottish university commissioners with re-

Terence to degrees in surgery and in medicine in the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh.
Mr. R. Palmer was heard in reply.

A deputation, consiatiog of Sir K. K. Lama, Bart., M.P.
for Great Yarmouth ; Mr. Edward Hawes, M.P. for East
Norfolk ; Mr. John Dent Dent, M.P. for Scarborough ; Mr.
C. H. Chamberlin, Mr. Isaac Shuckford, lb. A. D. Stone,
and Mr. Maimprice, from Great Yarmouth ; Mr. Henry
Wyrill, from Scarborough ; and Mr. J. J. W. Cowing, from
Lowestoft, had as interview yesterday with the Right Hon.
T. Milner Gibson.

Despatches were seat resterder from the ColoniaLedice
to the Governors of Conde, Behawies, end Malta, and to
the Loni High Commissioner of the Icahn Islands.