The Northern Daily Times.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1853-10-12 00:00:00

RUSSIA AND TURKEY

FROM OUR LONDON CORRESPONDEN7

LONDON, TUESDAY NIGHT

At length we begin to have a clearer idea of the
relative position of the two western powers towards
Turkey and Russia, and of the eventualities which
are before each. As I infomed you by telegraph
on Friday, the British Cabinet, acting in harmony
with that of France, is determined not to sacrifice

the integrity of Turkey. If this integrity is
menaced, a war is inevitable, in which England
and France must engage as principals with Russia
and her allies, if she have any.
A slight retrospect will enable us to see' how all
parties stand towards each other.
At Olmutz, an arrangement was made between
the

AuStrian minister and M. Nesselrode, that
every effort should be made to induce the Porte to
accept the original Vienna note, which the Czar
regarded as a sine qua non, upon an unwritten
assurance, that the propositions in the Vienna note
were to be interpreted in a sense consistent with
the honour and security of the Sultan's. empire.
The western powers refused to accept this mode
of settling the difficulty, on. the plain ground that
it afforded no security for the independence of
Turkey, nor any against the aggressions of Russia
—in fact, that it was only another attempt to blind
the. eyes of the diplomacy of England and France.
It is owing to this state of things, that the Em-
peror of Russia has been, and is drawing, the
King of Prussia and the Emperor of Austria round
him, with the view of framing an offensive and
defensive alliance with those powers against Eng-
land and France.

In the meantime, England and France, united
still closer by the attitude of the northern courts,
have themselves framed a new note—framed it
after their united and unanimous determination,
that Turkey shall not be sacrificed—containing all
that Turkey requires ; but with the important
sine qna non of the immediate evacuation of the
Principalities. This is the final instrument
which Russia is called upon to adopt ; it
is the last opening for negotiation. If
Russia accepts it, peace will be preserved, and
Turkey will have a superior guarantee against
Russian aggression than she has ever had. If
Russia refuses, the sword must decide ; but, unless
RuSsia declares war agrinst both England and
France—not an improbable contingency now—
England and France will take no further active
measures than to protect the shores and capital of

le Ottoman empire. In other words, Turl

ey will

be left to make her own efforts to expel the in-
•vaders from the Principalities ; but if she be
worsted, and the enemy advance, then he must try
conclusions with the forces of England and France.
The issue of the contest, therefore, cannot be
doubtful ; nor can the contest itself be protracted,
unless the humiliation which the Anglo-French
note implies on the part of the Czar, should induce
the autocrat to precipitate a European war. In
that case there will be a combined system of oper-
ations in Italy, Hungary, Circassia, and possibly
in Persia, and on the northern frontiers of our East
Indian dominions.

It is said that the Emperor of Russia has so far

committed himself to this contest, that he cannot
retire without his personal safety being menaced
by the fanaticism of his own people. As to Turkey,

though the accounts are contradictory concerning
the commencement of hostilities, some say they
were to begin immediately after the declaration;
some, at the expiration of four weeks ; and a Rus-
sian organ at Brussels, the Belgian Independence, says

the period is forty days—or six weeks. At present
until the despatches arrive from Constantinople
which will be due in a few hours from this period

lid which will be brought down to the 2nd inst.,
bis impossible to say which of these accounts is
rue. The most probable is that four weeks would

elapse; but the Paris accounts say that no period
was fixed. We must therefore wait. If, however,
any news of a decisive character arrives in the
course of the evening, upon this point I shall inform
you of it by electric telegraph.
Such is the resume of the actual position of
affairs. But I ought to add that the 10,000
men which we have agreed to send to Claudia,
ready to act in conjunction with the 30,000 French
troops, for the defence of Constantinople, will
the greater part, be drawn from Ireland

array- in Ireland is more than sufficient for the
wants of that country. Probably 6000 men will
be moved thence in the course of the next three
weeks.

The Paris correspondent of the Morning Chron-
icle, has the following paragraph.
"It is reported in diplomatic circles here that a violent
scene has taken place in London between Lord Clarendon
and Baron Brunnow, the Russian minister. Lord Clarendon
is said have directly chaiged the Russian diplomatist with
bad faith, and with having deceived the English cabinet as
to the intentions of Russia with respect to the principalities,
and declared that it was on the faith of the word of Baron
Brunnow that the English and French fleets did not pass the

Dardanelles when the occupied the Danubian pro-
vinces, but that the two cabinets are now. on their guard, and
knew the value of Russian promises. M. de Brunnow was
not prepared for such an attack, and felt greatly at a loss
how to answer. The scene is said to have affected the Baron
de Brunnow so seriously that he has been ill ever since—in-
deed, political illness frequently attacks Russian diplomatists
in moments of difficulty. M. de Kisseleff has had nearly a
repetition of the same scene with M. Drouyn de Lhuys."
The funds maintain their position, but there is a
great deal of latent uneasiness.

AUSTRAL-lA.—The Calcutta, Allan, arrived at
Plymouth on Monday evening from Melbourne. She was 134
days on her passage, 14 of which were spent at Rio repairing
damages. She has 300 bales of wool, and 10,000 ounces of
gold dust on freight, though it is said the total amount of
gold dust on board is 18,000 ounces. She has brought 45
passengers, and five died, on the passage. The Calcutta
spoke the Clara Ann, American barque, on the 20th of
August, which had on board five seamen, only survivors of
the crew of the Liverpool,. of Liverpool, from Liverpool,
which foundered on her passage to Jamaica, in lat. 36, long.
13 W. The Calcutta's advices are anticipated.
THE WAGES MOVEMENT IN PRESTON.—On Mon-
day, a document entitled a " Prospectus of co-operative
self-employment," drawn up by a committee appointed for
the purpose a fortnight ago, was submitted to a large meet-
ing of delegates, held in the Temperance Hall. The
document says :—During the last few years all branches of
the cotton trade have been in a state of unparalleled
prosperity ; the employers of labour have reaped princely
fortunes, while the labourer has not enjoyed his fair share
of prosperity. This fact is patent to the world; it cannot
be denied that the small advantages which the toilers have
obtained have been wrung from the grasp of the employers,
at an expence and sacrifice ebual to the benefits obtained.
We believe the operatives do not desire a constant warfare—
they are anxious to live at piece with all classes ; but
the painful conviction has forced itself upon their minds
that under the present badly-arranged system of capital and
labour, the operatives will have to wrench from unwilling
hands, their share of the bsessings flowing from prosperity.
This unceasing warfare the opsratives do not desire ; hence
the adoption of a better and more equitable system of
employment, has often engaged the attention of persons
anxious to promote the happiness and welfare of the toiling
millions, by establishing a system of co-operative self-
employment. Look at the enormous expense which has
been incurred sn the support of the strikes which have
taken place at Stockport and other places, and ask yourselves
if such a system of waste shall continue, when the elements
of a better order of things exist in your own ranks.
Since 1847, the factory workers have lost more than
two millions of wealth by the reductions which have taken

place; and when we remember the amount expended in at-
tempts to prevent those reductions, theloss is fearfullyincreased.
To show the advantages which may be derived from co-ope-
rative self-employment, even on a small scale, we will take
the case of a Co-operative Weaving Company established by
working men a few years since. This company has 300
power-looms, which, after clearing all expenses realised a
clear profit of £lOO &ruing the last-half-year. This sum
amounts to 4s. per week from a pair of looms, and when the
wages and
.profits are added together, the co-operative
weaver receives 14s. or:l6s. from his two looms ; while,
under the present system of working for others, 10s. would
be the amount of his earnings. The co-operative company
beforementioned cleared 2s. per loom weekly, which, for
1,000 looms, would be £lOO a week ; and if we suppose that
spinning their own weft and twist would have been equally
profitable, we have a concern making £2002 or £10,400 a
year. £lO,OOO a year employed in the erection of manufac-
tories, would every four years build and stock a mill capable
of preparing material for 1,000 looms; consequently, at the
end of that time, we should have machinery in motion which
would clear £20,800 a year, which sum would be doubled
every four years, and would, in a few years, erect mills and
workshops in every town and village, which would give the
co-operative labourer a position in the markets of the world
that would ultimateiy raise him from the degradation and
wages serfdom which have too long been his lot. After long
consideration, we have concluded to establish co-operative
mills, as the only permanent plan of elevating the labourer
in the social scale ; the necessary funds to be raised in £lO
shares, by weekly contributions of 6d." The prospectus
was approved by the meeting, which consisted of. about 80
delegates from all parts of the manufacturing districts. The
week's receipts.for the turn-outs was reported to be £1,300