The Express.
London, England, 1861-07-19 00:00:00

which the condition of the whole people has been
elevated and improved beyond example in the
world. And this is how the largest army of
volunteers ever known, and comprising regiments
of which every common soldier is a man of high
culture and attainments, has rushed to the
standards of the Union. If some officers in the
land and sea services have deserted their colours,
they were the creatures of favour or of fortune ;
of the common soldiers and sailors not one has
failed for a moment in loyalty, even in the face
of treacherous commanders. With such support
as this President LINCOLN is prepared to prove
that " those who can fairly carry an election can
" also suppress a rebellion." There is not a
free people, or a people aspiring to freedom
throughout the world—much less is there a people
with Anglo-Saxon blood in its veins—that is
not concerned in the momentous crisis, which the
PRTAIDENT of the United States describes, in the
simplest words, as " a great lesson of peace,
" teaching men that what they cannot take by an
" election, neither can they take by a war." No
lesson, it should be remembered in England,can be
more conservative, in the best and only true sense,
than this.

The American civil war, then, is a question of
extending the area of Slavery, of reviving the
Slave Trade ; but it is more than all this for the
New World, and for the Old ; it is a question,
indeed, of "peace, safety, and prosperity," nay, of
national existence, to that American Union which
the genius and goodness of a WASHINGTON created
for an example. But for all free peoples it is a
question of upholding the eternal principles of
liberty, morality, and justice. War for such a
cause, though it be civil war, may perhaps without
impiety be caned

God's most perfect instrument
In working out • pure intent.

Tea spirit of determination to put down the
Southern Rebellion which breathes through the
Passioures Message, and the grand advance of
the Federal Army across the Potomac, are closely
connected. The Government at Washington mast
have been long aware that not only in America, but
in Europe, there were many who doubted their
sincerity to carry on a civil war, and predicted a
speedy compromise. It was sound policy, there-
fore, to demonstrate by some cogent proof that
the Republicans were really in earnest ; and no
more cogent proof could have been given than the
Message which has just been published, and the
movements of General Scow.

It is, indeed, assumed by many that the task
which that officer has undertaken is impossible.
It is confidently asked how any rational man can
suppose that the enormous territory of the Southern
States, with their vast population, can be con-
quered and permanently occupied f If this were
a true statement of the problem, its solution
might be hopeless. But if Mr. LINCOLN and
his Cabinet are correct in their opinions, there
is nothing absurd in the ides that they can be
carried into effect. According to the theory of
the North, the moderate men of the South—the
majority of whom consist of the rich planters—
have been overpowered. The real aim of the Se-
easionista is not to vindicate any great principle,
but to create a new confederacy, in which those
Southern politicians who need to sit in high
places may still retain their power. The
cause of secession is not that any con•
stitutional right has been violated, but that
the Southern oligarchy has been for ever over-
thrown. The gross treachery of the members of
Mr. BucaLtrAx's cabinet has for the time enabled
this dinatisfied oligarchy to organise • formidable
rebellion ; but it is the conviction of the North
that if the real opinions of the South could be
appertained the majority of the South would de-
clare against Secession and in favour of the Union.
If, therefore, Mr. LINCOLN and his cabinet are *on
reet in their views, it is obvious that the success
of the war depends not upon conquering or
occupying the Southern States, but upon re-
moving the incubus which overawes the citi-
zens of these States by an imposing display
of military power. It may be that the
anticipations of the North are mistaken ; but
in the meantime it must be admitted that the
measures which have been taken by the Govern-
ment at Washington are well adapted for the pur-
pose of defeating the Southern army in the field,
and enabling the Union party in the South to
assert their power.

If the Union is to be restored, it can only be by
force of arms ; and to that end the two essentials
are an experienced commander at the head of a
numerous and well-appointed army. Although
the treasonable conduct of so many Southern
officers of the United States army might have
served as sonic apology for the Was Sseseraae if
he had distrusted any officers from the South, still
it is to the credit of Mr. LzirooLe's administra-
tion that they should have retained General
Soon, a Virginian, at the head of the
Federal army. To those who have ever seen
that noble and gallant old man, it can be no matter
of surprise that he should exercise a remarkable
infinence over both officers and men ; and those
who have watched his military career, and ob-
served his capacities as a scientific soldier, can have
no difficulty in understanding why Mr. Ltecot.ar
and his Cabinet should place unbounded confidence
in his military judgment, and should allow him to
conduct the war in whatever way he thinks best.
It is well known that in the Mexican campaign
his sagacity enabled him to draw up a plan at
Washington which was carried into effect almost
to the very letter ; and it will be no small
triumph if in the present campaign he is able to
repeat so splendid an achievement. Nor is the
American Government disposed to stint him in
means. According to the latest accounts there
Is to be an army of 400,000 men. Of these
there are already 210,000 in the field, who are
all engaged to serve for three years, and it is anti-
cipated that there will be no difficulty in pro-
curing the 190,000 that are still wanting.
At present, the interest of the campaign centres
in Virginia, and it may be interesting to point out
the plan which is being carried into effect. For
the present purpose we may look upon the
United States es a vast parallelogram, bounded on
the north by Canada, on the south by the Gulf of
Mexico, on the east by the Atlantic, and on the
west by the Mississippi. This parallelogram is
divided between the north and the south by the
river Ohio, which runs westward into the Missis-
sippi, and by the Potomac, which runs eastward
into the Chesapeake. The country north of these
rivers is in the hands of the Federal Government ;
the country south in those of the rebels.
At first, indeed, it was thought that Washington,
which lies at the mouth of the Potomac, was in
danger of being attacked and sacked by the
Southern rebels, but that danger has long since
been dispelled. The vigour and patriotism of the
North not only supplied a number of troops mill-
cient to protect the capital, but now they find
themselves strong enough to assume the initiative.
And as has already been observed, the fact is sig-
nificant, that the campaign should have opened
at the very moment when the PRZOIDWIT was de-

daring his determination to put down the rebel-
lion, and was calling upon the men of the North
to make considerable sacrifices.

Until the beginning of this month the Rebels
occupied the whole country between the Potomac
and James River—the whole of Eastern Virginia,
in fact ; and if their forces had been sufficient,
there is no reason why they should not have held
them still. For it must be observed that there
has been ample time to organise and equip their
troops, and ample time to concentrate them.
Until the 2nd of July, between the Rebels
and the Federal troops there lay the Poto-
mac on the north, and the Allegheny
Mountains on the west. General JOHNSTON,
with 12,000 men, occupied Harper's Ferry, which
had been abandoned by the Northern officer ; and
some distance north lay General PATZESON,
With some 26,000 men ; further east, to pro-
tect Washington, was General Macoowzu., with
a corps of 40,000, whilst General M'CLELLAN,
who has the reputation of being a skilful officer,
was advancing with more than 20,000 from the
Western States of Indiana and Ohio. But this
officer would have to pass the Allegheny Moun-
tains before he could be upon the flank of the
Southern troops. If indeed General JOHNSTON
had found himself strong enough he would cer-
tainly have attacked and defeated General PA-
' nisoN in his passage across the Potomac, but
having found that impossible, the probability is
that the Southern generals intend to concentrate
all their disposable forces at Richmond, which
I lies directly south of Washington on the James
river, and there deliver a great battle. It any
be that before falling back to the capital
of Virginia, some engagement may take place, but
that Richmond will not be surrendered without a
determined struggle is absolutely certain. The
moral effect of losing that town would be most
disastrous to the Southern cause. It is the chief
city in that State, whose traditions are the most
ancient and dignified of any in the Union. If
the army of the new Confederacy is defeated in •
great pitched battle there, and obliged to evacuate
"the Old Dominion," it is difficult to believe that
any further resistance in the open field will be
possible. Assuming for the moment, as we are
entitled to mime, that the Southern States are
determined to resist the North, the state and capital
of Virginia are just as much the basis of operations
as any other place in the South; and if the Northern
army succeeds in taking Richmond there seems no
reason why they should not equally succeed in
taking Charleston, Savannah, and every other city
on the seaboard.

In the meantime it is probable that the rebel
generals will retire southward towards Richmond.
As General Stxrrr will find it necessary to advance
in three columns, the duty of his opponent will
obviously be to endeavour to overpower one of
these columns before the other two can come to
his aid. But as the Southern general will scarcely
succeed in doing so without the imminent chance
of defeat from so cautious an officer as the Ameri-
can Commander-in-Chief, the probability is that he
will content himself by retiring southward to a
prepared field of battle under the walls of Rich-
mond. What the number of the two opposing
hosts may be when they arrive there it is impos-
sible to conjecture. But the number of the
Northern army cannot be leas than 80,000 or
90,000 men.

Erfax.ann will be a great and free country as
long as meritorious Englishmen prefer honours
awarded by their fellow-citizens to the highest
distinctions the Government can bestow. Sir
Bons: Pznz felt this, though doubtless con-
scious of purposes that looked beyond human
praise, when he enjoined his children to preserve
their place among the Commons of England.
It was, we may be sure, in no cynical and un-
gracious spirit that Mr. COWIN lately declined
the titles with which his Sovereign was ready to
acknowledge his services in France. But there
ate labours which can only receive their fitting
crown from public opinion, and such were those
which the great Missionary of Free-trade had
been performing at Paris. Mr. CO.DSN,
having been the object, as was truly said by the
Loan Maros, of manifestations of approval from
the whole kingdom, received on Wednesday at the
Mansion house an honour which the City of
I London only bestows on those who have deserved
well of their country. Such spontaneous tribute
to worth, not prompted by interest, ministering to
no convenience, which no power can compel, no
money buy, it is the privilege of our great
independent corporations to pay ; and it will be
an ill day for England when those bodies fall from
the height of their prerogative.
Mr. Comes disclaims a monopoly of praise
for his efforts to frame and complete the Treaty
with France. Ile desires rather that it may be
regarded as the natural outgrowth of the im-
proved knowledge of the age. There is wisdom
as well as modesty in this representation. Bad
the French Treaty been the invention of an indi-
vidual, an experiment in an unknown field, them
would have been some reason in the outcry raised
here while the negotiations were in progress, and
which, as we now know, were at one time near
proving fatal to their success. The Treaty simply
secured the application of principles which had
long been acknowledged as those which ought to
prevail in our commercial legislation. This is the
condemnation of those who so strenuously opposed
its progress. It was no trick of cunning, it was
attended with no uncertainty. According to pro-
positions and doctrines which had been universally
admitted, it was a great and fruitful reform. And if
there be any untamed enthusiasts who have per
themselves that, owing to the " progress of
"the age," or from any other cause, we have reached
• point at which beneficial change has only to pre-
sent itself and prove its title in order to be admitted
in its own right, we beg them to look back on the
opposition offered to the Treaty in the press and
Parliament, and learn from its history what re-
serves of power are at the service of mean
jealousies, vulgar hatred, and all the quickened
instincts of evil, to binder the undoubted advan-
tage of the public. It is the peculiar honour of
Mr. COBbilf that he battled vigorously against this
eonshination of malignant influences, and tri-
umphantly overcame.

The moral operation of this Treaty, as tending to
obviate the chances of war between the two coun-
tries was presented in Mr. Cosocres speech in a
light fitted to correct prejudices which have been care-
fully cultivated. Twelve months ago nothing was
more common than the assertion that the Treatywas
worthless, because it would not prevent war, and
the counter-assertion that it was mischievous and
degrading, because it would pledge us to ignoble
sacrifices for peace. It must needs be either a coarse
sacrifice or a coarser bribe. Those who demand
and those who deprecate absolute securities against
war must alike be told that extended interchange
of commodities, and the increased mutual advan-
tage it brings, do not impair national self-respect,
or deaden whatever is worthy in national feeling.
It is not by blinding men's eyes to rivalries born
of inter-national situations, nor by corrupting their
minds until every insult is tamely endured, that

oommerce promotes peace. It acts more power-
fully than by an immediate appeal to interests.
Lapsed as is our oommon nature from its original
height, there is yet in man a loftiness of spirit
which, when a principle is at stake, scorns to be
swayed by considerations of profit and loss, but
rather exults in sacrifice. The intercourse resulting
from the going to and fro of the people of dil-
-1 ferent nations works more generously for peace.
It destroys distrust by dispelling the darkness in
which it breeds ; it preoccupies the mind against
vague and groundless fears ; it qualifies each
people to understand the acts and do justice to
the motives of the other. What Mr. COBDEN says
of the wall of separation existing between the two
countries will be confirmed by those who have
studied the French not merely in the select society
of Paris, but also in the various classes of the
towns and villages of France. " Nothing has
" struck me more during my intercourse of eight-
" een months with the French people than the
" perfect ignorance which the people of England
" and France generally have of each other. The
" English and Chinese really seem to be almost
"as well acquainted with each other as English-
" men and Frenchmen. I speak, of course, of
" the masses of the people in both countries ; and
" I look forward, therefore, with the greatest
" satisfaction to the change we are now about to
" witness, when Englishmen and Frenchmen will
" necessanly be led in the pursuits of business to
" mingle with each other, and every man
"to know each other better." It is of
estrangement such as this, and its at-
tendant ignorance and misconception, that wars,
and panics only less costly than wars, are born.
The French Treaty will do much, we expect, to
make Englishmen and Frenchmen better ac-
quainted, and enable them to understand both the
community and the divergencies of their interests.
We are sure that such knowledge is most favour-
able to peace and tranquillity. At the same time its
operation is moral, and by opposing moral causes
may be counteracted. Now, as of old, the way to
preserve peace is to value peace, and to do to
others as we would they should do unto us.

epe Court.

OSBORNE, Juts 18.

The Queen, the Crown Princess of Prussia,
Princess Aline, and Prince Arthur drove out yesterday
afternoon.

The Prince Consort, Princess Helena, and Princess Louise
rode on horseback. Lieutonant-General the Hon. C. Grey
Was in attendance.

A deputation from the local commissioners of taus
acting within the metropolitan and other divisions had an
interview with the Chancellor of the Exchequer, at hie
official residence in Downing-street, yesterday, with refer-
once to some proposed changes in the mode of assawing
the Income Tax.

The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council .at yaks-
day.
Despatches were received yesterday at the Colonial-elks
from the Governor of Heligoland. Despatches wen sent
to the Governor of Malta.

His Royal Highness the General Commanding-
in-Chief will hold a levee at the Horse Guards, at
1 o'clock, on Monday next, the 22nd instant
The Baroness Bruunow will give a ball this even-
ing at Chesham House.
Viscount and Viscountess Lismore entertained
al dinner on Monday last, in Bruton-street, their Serene
Highnesses Prises and Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar,
the Duchess of Montrose, Maria Marchioness of Arlesbury,
Lady Mary Ospel, the Earl of Annealey, the Hon. F. Cul-
tism" Mr. Errington, Sir Edwin Landseer,

Viscount and Viscountess Catnixlen have left
taws for their se►t in Gloucestershire.

Yesterday evening, at a parliament held, after
many adjournments, Mr. Edwin James, Q. 0., was dishaned
by the baseborn of the inner Temple, and that fact was
ordered to be communicated to all the Judges of Law and
Equity, awl the other three Inns of Court.

A movement is being made among the leading
merchants and broken connected with the colonial produce
markets to induce the Lord Mayor to call a public meeting
spinet the enormous increue in the rates of fire insuranos.
A requisition is in the course of signature, and will lie at
the principal colonial and corn markets to-day and Satur-
day.

The Havre journala =lmmo° that Mr. Edwin
James, the barrister, and his wife are stayiag at tits tidal
Farad.

On Tuesday last the Rev. Ernest George
Doughty, 8.A., was iostituted to the rectory of Martel-
sham, in Suffolk, on the presentation of Frederic* Good-
win Doughty, of Woodbridge, in the same county, Esq.
On the same day the Rev. John Norris Spurgeon, 8.A.,
was instituted to the united rectory of Twyford and
vicarage of Guist, in Norfolk, on his own petition. On
the mama day the Rev. Henry Browne, M.A., was insti-
tuted to the rectory of Letherinpott, in the same county,
on his own petition.

The Levant Herald says that the Validd Sultana
latenda to found a school sad civil hospital at Scutari. The

latter building will exatain secommo‘tion for four hundred
patients, the half of whom will be (smiles. This feature of
the establishment will be a novelty in Turkey, and will be
of immense value to the large elan of poor in the quarter in
which the new building in to be situated.
M. DO CHAILLtT AND THU MINIM Milaggrag
Acting upon the rezonunendation of Professor Owen,
the trustees of the British Museum have purchased the
principal objects in M. do Chailiu's collection of mammals
for 5001. ; a very good sum, it must be admitted, to pay for
what haa been called a "hap of rubbish," and which
has been said to he destitute of any novelty. The
sum, however, assumes more moderate proportions
when we recollect that the same trustees, on the
recommendation of the chief of the zoological depart.
mint, acquired the young gorilla and the adult skele-
ton now in the Museum for nearly 201. The selected
specimens include the " King of the Gorillas "—the large
specimen stuffed by Mr. Wilson, which has lately been exhi-
bited at the rooms of the Geographical Society ; the younger
specimen, called " Joe" in M. du Chaillu's lecture, and
another skin ; also the skin of the " Bald-beaded Ape," the
new Antelope and the African Manatee, with their skeletons,
and the skins of some smaller animals. The valuation .
of these specimens (which is really very moderate) was made
by Mr. S. Stevens, whose opinion in such matters isjustiv held
in high respect by the officers of the British Museum. The
skull of the Manatee is very curious, and, in the opiates of
Prafeesor Owen, more resembles the fossil Halitherium (of
Malta and Darmstadt) than any other living animal. The
of fd . du Chaillu's collection of birds is, we
mr.h..rstill under the consideration of the trustees. For
the present, we may safely congratulate the Museum on the
acquisition of such a valuable accession to the attractions
of its zoological department as the "King of the Gorillas"
and his companions. No doubt his Majesty's levees will be
exceedingly thronged. Dr. Gray is also tocongratulated
upon the opportunities which he will now have for a free
and uninterrupted exploration of the apertures in the skin
of the gorilla, and for doming therefrom all possible con-
elusions to the disparagement of M. du Chailln's veracity.—
Critic.

ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIRTY'H GARD_
,1L.411
SOUTH KRNAINGTON.-00 Saturday neat the splendid band)
of the Royal Eagineera, from Chatham, and also the band of
the lit Life Guards, aro to attend and play ; and on the fol.
lowing Saturday, the last public day of the season, the
Metropolitan Police Banda, who made so favourable an im-
prweion upon their first appearance there, will again per-
form, in conjunction with the let Life Guards Band.

ZooLooicsL Soctsry of LONDON.—At the
monthly ral meeting held yesterday at the society's
house in -square, Rev. John 'kaki! to the *their,
the Bari of Dartmouth, the Red ef Normastom, Major,
General Rearay, Sir S. A. Donaldson, the Hon. W. Port-
man, M.P., Captain Henske Osborn, R.K, and He 'W.
Jones Loyd, Charles Tensely, B. B. Oakeley, T. H. Prang.
C. T. Hancock, W. Robiason, J. H. Barton, C. H. Smith,
T. It. Richardson. sad Antonio Canal and Miss Namther.
eon Grant were elected Fellows • and B. B. Boss IL D.,
of ber Majesty's steamer Chi...pole, was elected a
corresponding member of the society. The following were
at the same thee proposed as eantidates for the Fellow-
ship, vis., Sir Harry Edwards., Bart., Major-Gissmal Sir
h Hearsay, 'C.C.S., Dr. Beta Downes, and
JoHewn.
. H. Beckham.. G. Braes, P. A. Milbank, sod O. 1..
Duff-Gordo. and Mks H. B. Sotheby. The total mimeos
of visitors to the sardine during the year bad bus upweeds
01175,000.