The Express.
London, England, 1850-01-07 00:00:00

Eke elpreoo.

----------------
emancipation ;" and it implores the tax-txtyiog
pab
not to be in too great a hurry, exolaimuig, " us
bear taxation ourselves, that we may not tax over-
much the honesty of our descendants.' Bat the
Tunes does not so mach as hint at the possibility of
further retrenchment.
This, however, is what the financial reformers look
to as the neceseary antecedent to further reduction of
ustvantswes *l-nadv derived from the
remission of taxes on imports financial reformers wish
to see extended by the remission of taxes on exports.
All our remaining excise duties are indeed taxes upon
exports. Bat for the duty on paper, malt, and hops,
'we might largely extend our export trade. Filenan-
cial reformers want these and other taxes repead,
partly to give more free play to industry, partly to
lighten the undue pressure of taxation on the indas-
thous classes. Bat to enable ministers to remove these
taxes, financial reformers do not look to the small and
tardy increase of the revenue apparent in the returns
for the year and quarter, but to the curtailment of
wasteful and profligate expenditure, to a sweeping
retrenchment in our defensive, diplomatic, colonial,
and other establishments.

OrtGOING MAILS.
The mails rid Maresillee, to the Mediterranean, Egypt,
Cents,Hoarloog, ite., will be made up this
main, Jan. 7.
The mails for British North America and the United
Biatoe Mai up tri tie *Waist a Jan. il.
The Weet Wit Mails. rzeladiag Bermuda, Havannab,
Mamas, Mondani, New Orleans, and Mesico, and including
these far Madeira, Bt. Juan-de-Nicaragua, New °made,
Chili, sad Peru,will be made op on Jan. 17.
The mails for Lisboa. Spain, and Gibraltar will be made
op on Jan. 17.
The mails for Gibraltar, Malta, Graft., the 'mien Islands,
Egypt, Cella', India, and China, via Southampton, will
be made up on tMaderia he erenia
thg dim. 19.
The mils for , e Wails, and Buenos Ayres,will
be made ap at the evening of Feb. 4.

10 tan
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Advertlmams Misled tar .
01%. brasdem ovisiot =al!
Mat slat aSee.l•ll•Werlo44l4, I/ TWO,.i the OK •

01011 WATZ AT Lastoox =IDOL
T.,g D —Yersteg.
101 i. NA— N. la.. .....
Attenoce.lo b. Oa
JAMMU. 0 li. MA
Tammoialstalr—Nausift.

LONDON, MONDAY, JANUARY 7.

IT is only recently that the science of statistics has
been applied to the investigation of the facts of die-
ease, and already it has borne important fruits. It
has not, however, vnintid for opponents, and there
are medical men, as well as politicians, who prefer
trusting to their unaided judgment with regard to
facts, than to accept the conclusions of figures. Thus
,we find them constantly hszarding opinions with
reurd to the nrevalence or reertality of diner ^ w
-, won-
-oout ever consulting tile unerring cafe%) stems of the
Registrar-GeneraL This would, perhaps, be excite'.
bit. if we found, after counting the facts, that their
opinions were correct. But, like ell other cases
in which the elements of the judgment are not
founded on certain date, each opinions tarn out
to be mere guesses and are as often wrong u right.
In fact Louis, the great French ph, sician, who first
extensively applied the system of counting to the in-
vestigation of disease, says that in the majority of
cases where he attempted to arrive at a conclusion
independent of his figures he was wrong. As another
instance we may quote the cue of a medical man at
Gla.gow, who treated a large number of fatal cases of
cholera and came to the conclusian that the disease
had been much more fatal in malts than in females,
but when be counted his cues he found that the
females largely preponderated.
We make these remarks in order to express our
sense of the importance of such tables as that drawn
up by Dr. GUT, and which we published last week on
the occupation of male persons who died
of cholera during the late epidemic in London.
We do not refer to this table as a perfect specimen
of medical statistics. In the first place the number of
cases accessible to Dr. GUY were too few to give per-
fectly correct data, and in the next place the means of
judgitg of the number of persons employed in any
particular occupation are very limited. Still, with
all its deficiencies, Dr. Ouv's table is an interesting
document, and affords grounds for forming a judg- '
tr.ent of the relative predisposition of certain classes
of the community to cholera. An accumulation of
such facts, and in greater variety, must constitute the
basis of all sanitary activity, aid will terve more than
any general argument to dispel prejudices on the one
band, and give certainty to sanitary operations on
the other.
In examining each a document, the points of
greatest interest to be ascertained would be the °CCU-
pawns involving the minimum and maximum rates
of mortality. Taking those classes in which the
mortality exceeds 1 in 50 as a fair indication of the
maximum of mortality, we are presented through
Dr. GUY'S table with the following results.

NEXT in importance to the national socounts far-
!gibed by the Board of Trade, an those supplied by
the Treasury. The former tell what we have been
making within a given period; the other what the
charges of our establishment have been. The enume-
ration of our imports and exports fitly precedes the
tale of our unproductive expenses. The one is the
gross aggregate of what we have and gain ttt
other is, in fact, a summery of those dl7.ttions whicta
reduce the gross sum a our earnings to the net
amount that we may legitimately call our own.
The revenue of the whole year 1849, when nom.
pared with the revenue of the whole year 1848, shows
a decline of 80,1311. But when we consider that in
1849 we forbore to exact any duty on corn, post-
poned the exaction of any duty on hops, and were
content to take 400,0001. less of customs upon sugar
than in the previous ear, the actual difference
in favour of the year of free trade
is truly gratifying. Moreover, the amount
of China money received in 1848 was
539,303/. ; in 1549 not a penny was received from
this source. The ordinary revenue and the revenue
accruing from barest' and repayments (4 e., the re-
venue from permanent sources) in 1849, exceeded the
corresponding revenge of 1848 by 439,1744 The yearly
receipts from stamps are about a million and a half :
in the year 1849 the receipts from this source have
exceeded those of 1848 by a quarter of a million. The
receipts from the Post-office for 1849 exceed those of
184$ by 30,0004 These are unmistakeable evidences'
of increased business activity during the last year ;
and the increase in the repayment of advances from
414,2311. in 1848, to 549,3971. in 1849, shows that
this increasing activity has been accompanied by in-
creased means, not only of dispensing with assistance,
but of repaying what had formerly been received.
The revenue for the last quarter of 1849, when
compared with that for the last quarter of 1848,
strengthens this cheerful estimate of our national con-
dition, and shows that the augmentation of our resources
under the auspices of free trade is ring on at a more
rapid rate than the returns for the whole year would
seem to indicate. The returns for the quarter show
an increase in the revenue derived from customs and
excise, as well as in that derived from stamps. The
profitable reaults of the increased business activity
of the 3ear bad begun to show themselves towards its
close in a tangible augmentation of the taxed pro-
perty of the nation.
Tae trade returns and the revenue returns of 1849
concur in showing that the national resources are
steadily augmenting under the system of free-trade.
The aggregate taxes are more productive, thoigh a
considerable number have been reduced or abolished.
The means of subsistence, the materials for employ-
ment, and the produce of industrial exertion, have all
been augmented. A more hopeful spirit of exertion
pervades the community. As yet there has not been
full time allowed to make this bettered state of
affairs sensibly known to the numerous classes who,
under a system falsely called protective, which by arti-
ficial means limited the field of remunerative exertion,
while it could not repress, or even retard the increase
of population have been deprived of employment ;
bat the change for the better which is following upon
removed restrictions is obvious and undeniable, and
under the still greater extension of free trade with
which the year commences, will be more and more
rapidly experienced.
It is only by such broad and comprehensive views
of our national condition that we can test the com-
parative merits of the systems of free trade and pro-
tected trade. All change must be accompanied with
inconvenience to individuals. Mortgaged landlords,
farmers who have undertaken to cultivate farms with
inadequate capital, or at excessive rents, speculators in
sugar andehipping,who vainly flattered themselves that
laws enacted to enrich them at the public expense
would be perpetual, may feel the pressure while the
transition from one system to another is in progress;
and if they persist in jogging on in the old routine
which served their purpose in the days of monopoly,
doubtless they must go to the wall. But the advan-
tages of the widened field for remunerative exertion,
and the increased repayment of industry, afforded
by free trade, are patent to them as to all other
classes. Let them bat exchange unprofitable methods
and pursuits for profitable—let them rely upon their
own intelligence and industry not upon unfair pre-
ferences—and they must share in the general pro-
sperity.
This is the hopeful lesson taught by the trade and
revenue returns. We regret however to observe that
government and their advocates in the press, instead
of assuming the high vantage ground which these
returns put it in their power to occupy, and holding
them out as their warrant to persevere in and extend
the free-trade policy, are having recourse to all shabby
sorts of mystification with a view to resist the demand
for a wise economy in the national expenditure.
One of these mystifications is palpable on the facie
of the revenue returns which we publish to-day. An
attempt is made in them to show a surplus of revenue
over expenditure for the quarter ended the 6th
instant. This is effected by deducting the charge on
the consolidated fund, and the amount issued for
supply services in England alone during the
quarter from the quarter's revenue. No at-
tempt is made to estimate what will be
required to meet the demands for supply torsion
out of England. No indication is afforded as to bow
the balance of supply and expenditure on the whole
year stands. An unreal surplus is made to appear is
order to serve the purposes of the moment, and arrest
for a time the eager calls for economy and re-
trenchment which are being raised in all parts of the

TRLDZSMEN.

No. of deaths- flat o.
Arents
Bricklayers and buildets
Conkeepers, dairymen, milkmen, &c
Rating-house keepers 3 lin 36
Rim merchants
Fishmongers ll lin 20
Fruiterers and green grown l2 lin 28
Job masters and stable keepers
Oilmen
Paper makers
Pauli: en 3 lin 32
&flunkeys
Turners
ARTISANS AND LADOCILZ/US.
Coalporter.
Dustmen and scavengerB lin 39
Founders
Yodellers
Polishers
Bailon
Tanners
Weavers
should be observed with regard to these figures,
in proportion to the small number of deathe in
--, class is the ratio deduced likely to be incorrect.
This may perhaps apply to the unlooked-for result in
the above table, that the deaths amongst tradesmen
(masters, &c.) is greater than that amongst artisans
and labourers, the average proportion of the former
being 1 in 31, whilst the latter is lin 32. There is
one feature in this list that is worthy of notice, and
it is the fact that the majority of the occupations
most obnoxious to cholera are that: in which
the persons engaged in them are exposed to the efflu-
via of decomposing vegetable and animal matter.
Those who believe in tha beneficial influence of the
smell of cow dung, and the healthiness of the emana-
tions from stable manure, must account fir the great
mortality of cow-keepers and stable-ket pers. The
great amount of death in the business of the fishmon-
ger is a very significant fact, altboagh we must con-
fess we were not prepared to find the dealer in eggs
more exposed to the fatal influence of cholera than
any other class in the community.
But let us now turn to the occupations most
exempt from cholera, and we have taken those in
which the proportion of death is greater than 1 in
300 as examples of this class :
Occupation.

It
that

No. of Deatht. Ratio.
Merchants ll lin 348
Msgistrees, Barristen, and Attorneys 13 lin 375
Brassfinishen
Men-servants 26 lin 1572
Jewellen, &a
Tallow-chandlen 2 lin 430

Ty pe-fosaden .... •• • .
Lindemann' f lis 32.5
Ware
Watehambin
In this table the advantage is again on the side of
the artisans and labourers. In Dr. Girl's list of
tradesmen, as disti-gaished from the professions
merchants, magistrates, &c., there is not one class
that ban so low an average mortality as 1 in 300.
This only confirms the general result thst has been
obtained from other sources, that the con-
finement in our retail shops is much more
lajerious to heith than many of the occu-
pations of the artisan and labourer. The four
slum mat free from attacks of cholera are curiously
Milbsont &Wm each other ; they are men-servants,
jewellers, warehousemen, and tallow•chandlers. It
mast be some compensation to the first, who give up
ISO much of thee independence in their callinv, to
know that they thereby purchase the greatest security
from this fearful disease of any other class of their
countrymen. That the employment of the tallow-
chandler should procure almost entire exemption from
cholera is a point worthy inquiry, as at first sight
this occupation would appear to be anything but
favourable to health. We also turned to
Dr. OuT's table, to look for soap-boilers, see-
ing
_their trade mast expose them to the same
exhalations as the tallow chandler. Bat, whether
they are included in another class or have altogether
escaped we are unable to say, for Dr. GLIT'd list is
entirely silent with respect to them. There are, nn
doubtedly, included under the head of labourers,
which constitutes by far the largest class of occupa-
tions, many particular em,•loyments of which it'
would be desirable to know something more. We
must, however, be thankful for what we have got,
and if 1)r. Gur's table suggests no new plans of
action, it at least throws some light on the predis-
peeing causes of cholera, and opens out suggestions
for further inquiry.

country.
A piece of more elaborate mystification appeared in
the 2 ;furs of Saturday. A few specimens of this
laborious compilation will suffice. The increase in the
receipts from the income and property tax in 1849,
according to the Times, " represents additional
income to the amount of 2,200,0001. per minion."
But the inconsiderable fluctuations in this tax
from year to year only show the greater
stringency with which prompt payment is exacted at
one time than another. The 7'iniea asserts that
" from the beginning of the financial year to the end
of December, including a period of nearly nine
months, the expenditure of the United Kingdom fell
short of that in the corresponding period of the pre-
vious year by no lees a sum than 3,340,0001." To
make out this, the Times is obliged to attribute to
these months the whole of the reduction in the
estimates for the whole year which ministers
were compelled last sesaion to make so reluctantly.
The Times, too, would have us take focierarted
that these estimates will not be ex by
the actual expenditure of the year, although for year.
past an additional bill has annually been brought
in by ministers for unforeseen (at least unpro-
Tided for) military and naval expenses. We can-
not give much credit to the vaunted economy
of ministers, when, under the head of Charge for the
quarter ended 6th inst., we find the charges for perma-
nent debt, terminable annuities, and even the civil
list, all in excess of the same charges in the corre-
sponding quarter of 1848.
la point of fact, the Times makes out molt a
favourable state of the national finances, that a air
giving comes across it, that it may have been playing
the game of the financial reformers. The u sanguine
and excitable natures of many for whom we are
writing" fill it " with tremor;" it bel.ulds in
visionary future "tea, tobacco, windows, malt,
pscsipt stamps, newspapers, soap, and twenty other
burdened commodities, be
~siegingg the CitAnet.Loa OF
EL ELcusioas with llemaads kr their immediate

RENT or Rousse. A eorreepeadeat of the
Wo►cea:er Herald sass, " A Housekeeper " writes on this
subject :—" Whilst sheer is so mach said about r-o. on lend
cowing down, not a word i Aeard about the rent on b .us, s.
I an sure that in this borough the rent and local rates on

Sousa occupied by tradesoao is as unresessably high u the
rent and iti.ity rates on shy farm, the t I,i. Aituro
of the 1 irds must be gre.tly dimiuishid, nit wily in
domestic outlay, but ia everything seaman for the repairs
I of their property. I hope that en long I litussageas Reform
Leeocuiti..n wt 4 spring up, it blimp, like the ' good lieu
quitos; not borate it es wat.tot.'

THE EXPRESS, MONDAY EVENING, JANUARY 7, 1850

FRANCE.

PARIS, BASSISSAT, HAUNPUT 6, P.W.
It is evident from the statement made by
.the
Minister of Foreign Affairs yesterday in the legisla-
tive assembly, that the cabinet does not want the
members to vote the course it amid pursue, and
desires full power to be given it to act as it pleases.
v ses es. :IP U Them fhaf
committee completely gave in to this. government
plan, for the resolution it came to was simply to give
the executive full powers to act. Every one recollects
the result of such ambiguous resolutions as these in
the expedition to Rome. M. de Rance, the author
of the amendment which has led to the present proro-
gation of the debate,felt this, and to anticipate it endes,
veered to *licit something decisive uto the intentions
of government. Leaving aide the Lepredour treaty,
which he saw was repudiated both by the committee
and the government, he showed that there were
divers means of solving the question. If an armed
negotiator were sent out, Roses would instantly de-
nounce the armistice with Monte Video, and that
city would fall. There would not even be ships
enough to take home the French there. Then, if
ships were sent out merely for the pupate of bring-
ing. home the Frenchmen at Monte Video, Roses,
seeing a fleet unarmed, and incapable of a hostile de-
monstration, would at once refuse to negotiate. He
(M. de Rance) therefore thought that all the neces-
sary reparation and justice must be obtained by arms.
In this view of the case he concluded by declaring
that he should withdraw his amendment and support
the resolution of the committee. If, however, Mr.
de Rance thortt ty the eourae that he had pursued
to obtain categorical explanations from the govern-
, ment, he was mistaken, for after M. Laussat and
M. Hubert de Lille had spoken severally pro and
con, M. de la Hitt. came forward, and like the lawyer
in Peebles' case, threw every thing back into its
original darkness. He said that ho was glad to find
I the committee abandoning M. de Rances amendment,
I and thus refusing its sanction to a great expedition;
the committee wee disposed to place full reliance in
the government. It admitted even the continuation
of negotiations, and thought, as did the government
also, that the French at La Plata should be defended,
and their interests secured. But much of the diffi-
culties which had arisen in the course of the debate
were owing to the course that had been taken. The
treaty of M. Lepredour had been dragged into the
debate without reason, seeing that the cabinet did
not intend to ratify it. Tee committee had examined
it, though it was a document without an official cha-
racter. Hence the embarrassment which had pro-
longed the debate. Government bad made no pro-
posal because it felt how dangerous it was to treat the
most eeevet questions of diplomacy before the public.
The intentions of the government were to defend the
I lives and recure the interests of the French at La
Plata, but as to the means by which this was to be
au, he was sure that the Assembly would trust to
the government.
The committee had pat several questions to the
government. let. Would the cabinet send an armed
negotiator ? An armed negotiator meant an ad-
miral or a general who immediately proceeds to act
when he does not get the answer he wants. It is not
the intention of the government to send a negotiator
of that kind. With regard to negotiations, modifica-
tions of the obscure parts of Lepredour's treaty would
be asked ; and further, the cabinet would seriously
protect the French at Ls Plata, such protection being,
in its opinion, however, completely independent et the
possible solution of the Monte Videan question. Such
was the only answer of the cabinet to the repeated
requests of an explanation. M. du Petit Thouare and
M. itandot did not allow the debate to conclude ; it
was adjourned after the former had declared himself
in favour of an armed expedition and the latter bad
proposed to stop the Monte Videan subsidy. MM.
piers and Berryer disappointed many by not speak-
inc. Neither of these gentlemen, however, seemed
to have found a favourable . moment
_ .

Yesterday was the day on which were to be re-
appointed the presidents and vice-presidents of the
Assembly. M. Dupin and the old vice-presidents,
with the exception of M. Bedeau, were all re-elected,
but M. Dupin was only chosen by 288 votes, a much
smaller numbs r than that which had previously called
his to the chair. To day the chair was taken by
M. Baroche, who read a letter from M. Dupin, in
which ho declines any further to sit as president,
slave the vote of yesterday has shown that he has lost
fn the estimation of its members. There will be a
fresh scrutiny to-morrow. The letter of M. Dupin
caused considerable agitation. The Monte Video de-
bate was then resumed. It did not present much in-
terest until the Minister of the Interior rose to repel
the insinuations of M. Emanuel Arago, of England
having signed a commercial treaty to supersede
French interests. The minister said that government
would not send an admiral with the alternative of
war or peace, but would nevertheless negotiate
seriously.
M. Thiers then rose and began by regretting that
he was abut to speak in opposition. He strongly
supported the necessity of an armed expedition.
England and the United States had monopolised the
transport of coal and cotton, those commodities that
required a great commercial fleet. French ships
were few in the ports of North America. But they
were more numerous than those of any other country
in South America. The future of the French navy
lay there. After depicting Buenos Ayres as sterile
and unhealthy, he represented Monte Video as a land
of production and health, and denounced the cruelties
of Oribe and Rosa.. Four thousand Englishmen had
*conquered China. Let France do as much by raising
Me navy estimates to five millions sterling.
The Minister of Justice replied to M. Thiers.
The debate was adjourned till Monday.
It wee said to-day that the President intends to
take the occasion of the vote on the La Plata question
to change his ministry in cue of a check. M. Thiers
would, it is said, be asked to form a ministry, and to
take upon himself the responsibility of an expedition
against Items.
The Tiers Parti are to push forward M. Dufaure to
succeed M. Dupin.
The Assemblee Nationuk says " A meeting of
financial men took place yesterday at the Ministry of
Finance, at which M. d'Argout, M. Rothschild, &c.,
were present. According to report, a new loan of
260 millions of francs is contemplated."
Yesterday the bill of the Minister of Agriculture
and Commerce, on the Cabmen de Retraite for work-
men in their old age, was distributed to members of
the Assembly. It is accompanied by a complete
table of the bases of the calculations of the retiring
allowances.
By the nomination of General Jerome Bonaparte,
the number of marshals of France is now six, viz. :
Marshal Soult, born in 1769, made Marshal in 1804.
„ Girard, 1773, 1530.
„ Sibestiard, 1775, SI 1840.
„ BeLb, 1775, IP 1847.
Dodo, 1776, 1847.
I Bonaparte, 1784, 1850.
M. „ Duchktel arrived in Paris on Thursday evening.
The journal de Constantinople confirms as follows
what has already been said relative to a concession
of land made by the Sultan to M. de Lamartine :
The Ottoman government has just made a concession of
land to K. de Lamartine, who wishes to settle is the Turkish
empire. This gratuitous concession of an extent of more
than 3500 bewares (more than 8,000 acres) is situated within
a few leagues of Smyrna, and has on it all the buildings
necessary; the land is in fall bearinc. The agreem•nt was
signed on the 3rd ult. by the Grand Vizier on the one part,
and by M. Rolland, ex-representative in the Constituent
Assembly, on the other.
The Unirers has the following from Berne, dated
the Ist:

The &sten of Charity, established at Porrentruy. received
on the 30th ult. legal notice, in the name of the Prefect of
that place, to quit the canton of Beene within 24 hours. Oa
the following day, these females, accompanied by the Mayor,
presented themselves to the Prefect with the passports which
had been given to them a fortni.ht previously by the Minis-
ter of France in Switzerland, and demanded that in virtue
of these 'outputs they might be permitted to reside in the
canton of Berne. The Prefect aeknowledgid that the pass-
' ports win valid to travel in Switzerland, but not to reside
there, and maintained his decree of expulsion by force. A
notari- I remonstrance against this act of violence wu drawn
up, and immediately forwarded to the French Minister at
Berne. The Sisters have left their tatOdiattanent, and to-
morrow they are to be conveyed beyond the frontier by
sesdannes.

The Federal Council of Switzerland has notified
that, from the let of Februaiy, pecuniary allowances
will only be made to such political refugees as may
absolutely need them.

130ND/Y, 6.30 P.Y.
M. limber's reply to M. Thicrs yesterday was very
weak, at.d it may be esteemed lucky fur thu mit.istry
that it obtained 48 hours' respite before the vote.
Should the cabinet ultimately triumph, it will be by
a very small majority. It cannot, I think, survive,
I whatever be the Wuhan of the question.