The Express.
London, England, 1850-01-22 00:00:00

de, to !Its, to kaki, ama lay out& Wes.- gli.dikr,
stir thee...Nis kept in the dark y, its den
bet hpyi?ress of Eigland befog inlesguellitr.b.
loan more end the &a tootles to keep the Ihig-
in the-dark. Joni Holz trusts. to tho
reads the nines. But the Tines is la the
interest of the Czar NICHOLAS and of BARING
BROYHILL Its sole principle is to toady the great
and to act jackal to the tyrant, provided ha be pow-
'chit.- And Joss Bolt is the dope, beams had*.
seeders at mos his totalled and his parse into the
bends of those whose sole interest is to blind him of
the one, in order to cheat him more dreamily of the
other.
Of all the loans that have ever been made from one
=to another, is any one Quixotic enough to
that any holders of such obligation, will wee be
repaid the principal P The interest indeed may be
paid, provided the majority of the indebted emir,
be a commercial community, for they know the nature
and the necessity of meeting such obligations. But when a country is not corarameielt
when a miejority of its people are ma-
m% in agriculture living in the interior, unarms-
and unversed in commercial rules and
idem, the result is inevitably iation. Load te
Holland, lend to old England au
to New England,
and you will get the interest et year mossy. Bat
lend to the Pennsylvanian, the Spanish, the Calm-
Man, the Austrian, or the Ransian agriculturist, end
you will ask in vain for either interest or principal, at
least an soon as the government has more to gala
from falsifying than remaining true to its mpg,-
mate. No debts nor taxes will for any length of
time be paid in any country where public) opinion is
decidedly against them. What reason will public
' opinion in Russia have to consider itself bound to
bear the burden of the loan of Baum BROTHERS ?
There is, indeed, one species of government that
must become bankrupt or extinct; it is that which
spends all, and more than it ma collect, on military
politico and establishments. The general view that
is taken of Russia is, that it is a oountry rising in
wealth and civilisation, and that whatever debts it
incurs in its backward state it can easily repay in its
developed prosperity. But Russia is not in progress,
nor in a way to progress. Had any of oar European
states, such as France or England, been har-
dened with all the expenses and policies of the
nineteenth century, with only the means of the
fourteenth, where would have been their progress? If
Louis XL or HENRY VII. had kept up armies of
one or two hundred thousand men, what would have
become of the industry, the liberties, the enlighten-
ment, the prospects of either country? From its own
institutions Riegle gets not a particle of civilisation.
All it acquires comes filtered to it through other mew
tries, and does but feed that impatience and disgust
at its despotic and military system, which cannot be
successful till it is full, and when full must sweep
away all that is superposed upon it with the violence
and devastation of a deluge.
Russia is not like any other of our European coun-
tries, which have advanced through all the degrees of
feudalism to freedom. Russia has Lever known
feudalism; it wants the seeds and elements which oar
western kingdoms have had. So that, instead of
progress to an) thing stable, it is merely extending its
empire, like the great Eastern monarchits of olden
time, without laying any foundation for its durability,
its only prospects being those of break-up or of
decay. While it exists, however, its influence is
fiendish and maleficent. It stand!, forth the great
obstacle to the pacific development of German
ItMety or &layman independence. It keeps all
Avis is disquiet, and all Europe in arms. It causes
yearly a greater expense of money for the moat
faille of purposes than all other nations can counter-
balms by frugality and industry. England end
Bemis act as the antipodes both in position and
an • —the one embodying the principle of
an and industry and the prevalence of mind over
brute force, the other upholding the dogmas of absolute
rale, greedy monopoly, cmiqutst, oppression, prodiga-
lity, and physical force. To sum up all,the wealth which
the one saves and midges in peace and freedom, the
other expends in the task of enslavement and of war.
And the aim of the Russian loanmonger is amongst
these to act the go-between, and sacrifice all the re-
sults of the economical virtues of English life to the
criminal and spendthrift propensities of the Russian
Czar.

Tue letters on the chintz and plate-glass trades
which appeared in our impression of the Bth inst.,
illustrate in a striking manner one merles operandi by
which free trade benefits a nation.
Previous to the free admission of foreign chintzes
and plate glass, the trade in both articles was carried
on through the intervention of wholesale houses, or
factors, between the manufacturers and the retail
dealers. It is unnecessary, it would be unjust, to im-
pute extortion or unfair dealing to any of the parties ;
but the necessary consequence of such arrangements
was to increase the price of the commodities to such an
amount as placed them beyond the reach of the
general pubhc. The addition of the factor's or middle-
man's profit to the profits of the manufacturer and the
retail dealer could not but have this effect.
The admission of plate glass and chintzes of foreign
fabric to the British market is putting an end to this
state of affairs. The foreign articles being supplied
of
equal quality at a lower price, the dimiiiished sales
of the home manufacturers obliged them to look about
for means to meet their new rivals on more eqoal terms.
Teen means were obvious enough—they had only to
dispense with the intervention of the factors or middle.
men. This new mode of transacting business by dis-
pensing with one of the three profits, at once reduced
the price of the home-made commodities. The manu-
facturers found that they could thus supply the retail
dealer with an article fully as good as the foreign, at
a lower price.
It is easy to see how protective duties, so high as to
exclude foreign competition, necessinly lead to such
mercantile arrangements as preceded the admission
of foreign chintzes and plate glass to the English
market. Under the exclusive system customers were
obliged to deal with the bolus manufacturer, or
abstain from the use of the commodity alto-
gether. His price therefore was only limited
by ;the numbers and wealth of the class
whom fashion, taste, or comfort induced to use his
article. In a wealthy country like ours, the persons
composing this class are sufficiently numerous, and
possessed of sufficient funds, to pay liberally a few
great capitalists engaged in the trade. All men cir-
cumstanced u oar chants and plate-glass manatee:s-
tarers were until very lately, find it more connoting
and agreeable to make large profits on a few trainee-
tions, than numerous small profits on a great many.
And men making a fortune in this comparatively
easy manner, are apt still further to indulge the
love of ease common to all mankind, by de-
volving much of the trouble of business upon factors.
The middle-man or factor system was the necessary
consequence of protected monopoly, and nothing bit
the admission of new competitors by free trade could
ever have put an end to it.
This middle man or factor system has not been con-
fined to the chintz and plate-glass trades. It has
more or less pervaded every protected trade. Fur
example, it has been the main cause of the men-
strously expensive manner in which the West India
planters, or, as they might more properly be called,
sugar manufacturers, have biluerto conducted their
business. The importing houses, to whom most of
the West India planters are bound by large advances
they are unable to repay, are the middlemen between
them and the retail dealers, exacting the third
t. Large profits insured to every class of pr:-
seers by monopoly inevitably engender that indo-
lence or pride that leads them to devolve the
minute drudgery of mercantile transactions upon
factors. The consequence is that the zublic has
always in such cases to pay three profits instead of
one, even when the necessities of one of the parties,
or the combination of ell, do not still further enhance
ppeicee.
The effects of breaking up moncp dies are shown in
what is now going on in the chintz trade. Foreign
competition, the-mita: of cheaper foreign goody, has
compelled the manu'acturers to rely upon moderate
profits on mart' transactione, instead of high profits ota
.a few. The adoption of this new pilicy compel. them
to seek for an extended Salo of their goods by a re-
duction of prices. This on the one hand rend
thrir:commndity attainable by now classes of pur-
chasers, and enables a great number of persons to
increase their comforts ; and on the other obliges the
meunfacturers to employ a much greater number of
operatives. Even the factors, or middlemen, may
emape without detriment, for thecinereas2d demand
fur the article will enable them to turn their capital
to account either as retail dealers or manutacturers.
The tendency of free trade will thus be seem to be