The Express.
London, England, 1868-10-27 00:00:00

THE EEDFORDBHIRE STRAW PLAITEM.

The distress in Bedfordshire differs in one respect
from most visitations of a similar character in the
English manufacturing districts; it is confined
almost exclusively to females and children. The
extent to which children have been employed, and
the conditions of their employment generally,
were little known to the public until the labours
of the Children's Employment Commission dis-
closed the painful fact that in Bedfordshire the
evils of child-labour were being perpetrated in
their worst and least excusable form. To such an
extent had the practice been carried, that thore
were not wanting persona to declare that the
occurrence of a period of distress, such
aa the present, which should have the
effect of reducing the demand for child-
labour, would ultimately, for that very reason, be
found productive of good moral and social results.
The introduction of the Workshops Regulation
Act was expected to do something in the way of
mitigating the evil, bet oven in the town, it has
not yet had anything like a fair trial, having com-
menced operations at a period when, the demand
for child-labour having slackened, there appeared
little disposition to violate ifs regulations. Should
trade, however, revive, it will be otherwise, and
nowhere more than in Bedfordshire will the
vigilance of those entrusted with the enforcement
of the act be needed for the purpme of preventing
its becoming practically a dead letter. The num-
ber of children employed under the age
of thirteen ranges from 6,000 to 6,009,
although competent persons express their belief
that the real number is considerably higher, espe-
cially if the straw-plait workers under five years
of age be included. It is very painful to consider
the extremely early age at which the little ones
are called upon to commence their life of labour.
" I have seen," says Mr. White, assistant commis-
sioner, " children of only three years old—indeed,
one between two and three years old—set to
work ; and it is stated by several witnesses that
children usually begin plaiting at four years old,
and some younger, as at three years and a half."
Boys arc brought up to plaiting as well as girls,
and continue at it usually only until they are of
sufficient age to obtain more suitable employment.
The total number of straw-plaiters of all ages in
England and Wales is 29,907 ; so that the child-
platters of the Bedfordshire district form more
than a fifth part of the whole number of workers,
adults and children, in the two countries. Other
materials than straw, such as horsehair, wood,
&e., are also used in making bonnets, but in the
working of these child-labour is not much em-
ployed.
The children arc taught in what are termed
" plait-schools," of which one or two are to be
found in every village. These schools have been
brought nominally within the influence of the
Workshops Regulation Act, but, owing to the
manner in which the villages are scattered over
the district, and the reluctance of the villagers to
furnish information, the work of the official in-
spectors is considerably increased, and sometimes
rendered ineffectual. The generally crowded state
of the plait-schools has long formed one of the
worst features of the system. The school is usually
a small cottage room, possessing neither proper
light norventilation, even for a small family. Yet into
such places children have been crowded together
like sheep in an Islington pen, or, as a local post-
masterobserved, " as close as herrings in a barrel."
Mr. 'White, describing such a place, says :—" In a
room little wore than 107 feet square, and between
six and seven feet high, the number of children
attending on the day of my visit was 41, and there
have been 60. The air-space would be 181 cubic
feet for each of the 42 persons, or, with the larger
number, only 121 for each, or less than half what
a child would have if shut up in a box three feet
each way." In some places the rooms are so
closely filled that in winter the fires cannot be
lighted. To remedy this, and protect themselves
from cold, the children have small pots of earthen-
ware or tin, containing bits of wood or coal, which
they keep in their laps while at work. A room
filled with children under such conditions cannot
be otherwise than unhealthy. Many of the
plait-schools are infant-schools as well, the mis-
tresses taking charge of infants from one
year and upwards while the mothers are busy
at plaiting or sewing. In one such school Mr.
White beheld an infant of a yearend a half finger-
ing straw in a straw plait from the force of imita-
tion, and as a means of keeping it quiet, but, of
course, not forming any plait. Beyond learning a
few !vine . the children obtain no mental instruc-
tion in these schools, the mistreeses—generally old
women—being often fully as illiterate as are the
children. The educational results of the system
are most deplorable. The Rev. C. J. Robinson,
one of the inspectors of elementary schools, in his
report for 1867, recently published, says: " In
parishes where straw-plating is the common occu-
pation, girls are removed from the infant school
as soon as they can hold the straws, and are sent
to a plaiting school for a year or two, or are kept at
home to learn theplait." Again, " Nothing is so fatal
to the school attendance of boys us employment
in connexion with the cultivation of the land, ex-
cept it be, where it prevails amongst both sexes,
the plaiting of straw, which, it is alleged, must
be learned at a very early age." The Rev. John
Clegg, vicar of Toddington, in a letter written in
1864, states that, " Whenever there is a great de-
mand for plait, every child that can plait is made
to do so." Nor has the tendency to employ child-
labour exhibited any decrease; on the contrary,
the Rev. C. J. Robinson, speaking of a district in-
cluding numerous straw-plaiting villages, says :
" The school registers show that year by year the
age of the elder children becomes lower, and their
attendance is broken by more constant interrup-
tions." In fact, it is only during periods of trade
depression, such as the
.present, that the children
have a chance of procuring any school education
at all. - -

The school hours are generally from R a.m. till 12,
and from 1 p.m. till 5. During the winter there are
evening schools, at which the elder children work
from 6 p.m. till 9. In busy times the children
sometimes work much later—until 11 p.m., or
even 1 a.m. The youngest children earn very
little at plaiting. The parents pay the school
mistress 3d. per week for each child. Some of the
little children soon learn to earn from Is. fid. to 38.
per week. They take the straw with them to the
school, returning it in a plaited form to their
parents, who sell it at Luton, Dunstable, or St.
Albans. Of every shilling earned by the child
the straw costs 3d. The youngest children
are sometinies employed in clipping the plait.
They have little scissors fastened by strings
to the waist. At Houghton Regis Mr. White
saw a little girl between two and three
years old clipping the loose straws off the plait.
With her was another, just turned throe, who
could clip ten yards of plait per day. It is not
always easy to teach the poor little ones to clip or
plait properly, and the stick, a cane about a yard
in length, is sometimes freely used. A school-
mistress at Northchurch, showing Mr. White a
little boy, aged eight, observed he was the worst
child she had, and wanted " the stick very often."
"If he has not done his proper work I keep him
from dinner, and he has to oat it here." The
child had been with her four years. The stick has
been less and less used of late years. Sore mouths
are common among the children, the excoriation
being occasioned by the habit of drawing the cut
straw through the mouth before plaiting it. Some-
times the children cut their fingers while splitting
the straw, and even while plaiting. When
the children reach the ages of 13 or 14,
they commence plaiting on their own account,
paying their friends 34. or is. per week for board.

GOODE, GAINBFORD, and Co., BOROUGH,

OARPIT WAREROINZIMN.
MITVIAL/TY BRUME: Le CARMITS.
NUi OR HANDLOOM rARPRTA.

SUPERIOR BEDDING MAN UFACTURKDI
Sc tho PREIIIIMIO.I

EXTENSIVE SHOW-ROOMS CONTAINING'

BEDSTEADS and BEDROOM FURNITURE,

BRA% and IRON BEDSTEADS of every
aad derrlption.

119, 120, 121, 122, IM, BOYA)U(iiI,

- •
They seldom learn anything else, except sewing
the plait, and when a WSW )11 of depression arrives
they arc unable to turn their attention to anything
else, not even to domestic serviou. A gentleman,
well acquainted with this claw, states that •• the
plaiters are untidy women, though such fin,• girls
in dress, and often neglect their domestic duties,
such as washing, mending. &c. I see, on going
into their cottages, that they are not the tidiest
people." In good times the children earn from
Is. 6d. to 3s. per week each, the elder ones about
6s. to Bs., and the wife from Bs. to 125., so that
the wife and children thus earn much more than
the husband, who, if he be an agricultural la-
bourer, seldom obtains more than 108. or I Is. per
week, 9s. being nearer the mark in the poorer vil-
lages. The moral resting are what might be ex-
fatell[r. C. Knight, who visited the district some
ydears since, could not resist commenting on
the large proportion of illegitimate births among
the platting population. " It is not poverty whieh
leads to crime in these towns," says Mr. Knight,
" nor can there be any reasonable cause of immo-
rality in this particular occupation. It is that
these untended- females have a low standard of
excellence ; that their minds are wholly unculti-
vated ; that an absurd rivalry in dress takes the
place of that endeavour at mental improvement
which so remarkably distinguishes the fuetory
girls of America.'
The Bev. John Clegg.mrstates, uncoruiciinully
corroborating Mr. K • ht, that " vast
numbers of young men and women are to
be seen and heard loitering about the lanes at
night and on Sundays. Their morals areat a very low
ebb. A large average of the women have illegiti-
mate children, and some at such an early age as
quite to startle even those who are at home in
criminal statistics." Mr. William Hodes, says " the
girls and lads get out together with their plaiting
into the fields, and they have no instruction or
means of amusing themselves, such as newspapers,
&c. This is especially the case in the smaller vil-
lages, where the proportion of illegitimate births
is the highest." The average number of
illeg ti-
mate births is 10 per cent., the average nereeniage
for the whole of England being 6.0. The average
rate in Bedfordshire is 8.2. In Middlesex it is
3.8. The introduction of the Workshops Regula-
tion Act may in time be productive of much
social and moral good, but at pre.. :it its
enactments seem to be completely disregarded in
the villages ; its clauses being defeated by
the children being kept to do the plait at home.
Some of the schools are stated never to have been
visited; in others the inspector has found. during
his visit, the necessary conditions complied with,
but no sooner has he left the village than the plait
school has again become crowded with children.
The general opinion amongst the more thoughtful
and intelligent residents of the district is that ad-
vantage ought to be taken of the present distress
for the purpose of putting an end to the child-
labourer system in Bedfordshire. Were the 6.0n0
or 7,000 child-plaiters sent to school instead of
being kept standing in the labour market, the
other and older workers would find their chanties
of procuring employmentgreatly increased. Unfor-
tunately the plaiters do not see the matter in this
light. Like the Spitalfields silk weavers, the worse
their trade becomes, the more hands they wish to
bring up to follow it. Whatever measures of
relief may be devised for the unemployed philters,
these facts should not be lost sight of. The in-
terests of the children are quite as important as
are those of the parents, and if the straw-plaiters
of Bedfordshire are really desirous of gaining the
sympathy of their fellow-countrymen, they must
lend their assistance in abolishing one of the most
pernicious, demoralising, and crud forms of infant
slavery which has ever existed in a country pre-
suming to call itself civilised.— Daily News.

--
THE EARL OF MALIIESBURY AND MR. HAVI-
LAND.HCILIF.-In the lirpress of Saturday, mention
was made of certain correspondence between the Earl of
Malmesbury and his agent, Mr. Elliott, and Mr. E. Davi-
land-Burke, the liberal candidate for Chrietehurch• in re-
ference to a speech lately delivered by Mr. Burke, in
which be called upon the noble earl to follow
the example of some great liberal landlords by issu-
ing a manifesto stating that his tenants are to vote
as they choose, and that there shall be no interference
with the voters on his estate, either on the part of his
lordship or his agent. Mr. Burke stated that Mr. Elliott
had been working, not only against him, but also in favour
of the conservative candidate, Sir H. D. Wolff. Mr.
Elliott has denied this statement. and Lord Malmesbury
called upon Mr. Burke to give him the names of the
" threatened victims" of his ageuee coercion. His lord-
ship declined to issue any such manifesto as those
witch were alluded to by Mr. Burke. and added, •• Suet
documents in my opinion are either acts of impertinence,
or questionable specimen, of electioneering claptrap."
Mr. Burke was abeeut from home when Lord Malmer-
bury's letter was despatched, and his reply was theefore
delayed. It has since been published, ati.t in it he says
that he does know that voters in the borough hiv, had
the "` landlord pressure " put upon then, but the par-
ticulars of each cue he must for obvios reasons, decline
to make public, especially before the election. Mr. Burke
also says that an impression exists that Lord Malmesbury's
agent would not be too anxious to point out to the voters
that he (Mr. Elliott) is but a voter acting independently,
and not as the representative of his lordship's power. A
word, adds Mr. Burke. from Lord Malmesbury, might
have dispelled all doubt upon the point, but his lo:dship
declines to speak.
TECHNICAL EDUCATION.-This subject apinArs
to be making satisfactory progress and creating a good
deal of interest During the past week the provincial
papers have reported meetings which have been well
attended by a good proportion of the working cla-se r, who
do not as a rule give much attention to educational ques-
tions. The meeting at Huddersfield was presided over by
the new mayor, the place haring recently become a corpo-
rate town, and men of all shades of political and religious
opinions took part in the proceedings. At Sheflieti, the
Rev. Canon Sale presided; at Newark. the Mayor; at Bur-
slem. the Right Hon. C. B. Adderley, M.P. At the latter
meeting Mr. Beresford Hope, M.P., Mr. Melly. M.P.,
Mr. Roden, and Mr. Bueltmaster, from the Seiener, and
Art Department, delivered instructive and appropriate
speeches. The importance of scientific instruction is
making steady progress, and in many places evening
classes are now in operation for instruction in scienc,.
NEW RONAN CATHOLIC CHURCIL-Arehbishop
Manning laid the first stone yesterday of a Roman catholic
church at West Drayton, in West Middlesex, about half
a mile from the (heat Western Railway. After the °ere-
monies-in which a large number of the clergy, took part
-hail concluded, the Archbishop addressed those as-
sembled, and Broke of the growth of the church since the
premise made to St. l'cter. Ile dwelt upon the importance
of the commencement of another mission, and
upon all who could to assist the pester, the ItcY.V.
Wren, in his efforts to provide for the wants of
the flock. The Antbishop presided at a J.jeister
which took place afterwards, and spoke of the pleasure
with which be beard that many protestant* had kindly
aided the work of the education of poor catholic children.
The ehuich is to be English (hotline, in the style of the
14th century, and will be about 80 feet long by 4.1. The
architects ate Messrs. Willson and Nichol], awl the
builders Messrs. Fassnidge, of Uxbridge. There are eight
Roman catholic churches now in process of erection in the
diocese of Arehbishop Manning. An excellent band from
the Catholic Orphanage at North Hyde played yoc!erday
during the d,jeiller.
CONSERVATIVE WORKING MEN.-A correspon-
dent sends us an account of a grand demonstration of
conservative working men which took place at Hanky,
and of which Mr. Adderley, who presided, declared that
it was " one of the most interesting and important de-
monstrations of working men he het ever attended in his
life." The persons who proposed and responded to the
toasts were respectively a subaltern member of her
Majesty's government, a miller, • rector, • cheese factor,
a member of the largest china tirm in the world, an
attorney, the largest " single-handed " ironmaffiter in the
country, a draper whose shops occupy half one aide of
Hanley Market-square, • county magistrate, another
member of the great China dem, an operative potter,
another clergyman, the principal master tailor is the place,
a second ironmarter, another solicitor, and • me t.
These orators were =meted by au innumerable oom-
pany of tradesmen, chemists. wine merchants, grocers,
" butchers, bakers, and candlestick makers," counamnon
agents, canal traffic manager., stud a proportion of working
potters.
A FENIAN SOLDIER. - MtbltheW Keenan, a
•` Fenian" soldier of the 90th Light Infantry, has been
sentenced to 672 days' insprieumaced at Kurrachee, for
using " traitorous laugusgs net Wing th•Aselm..
Linn PYRETIC SALINE. res Fevers,
Trureme Affedivau, Ileadaebe. Sra or Ballow (Sakurai. -Sold by
ahsnnnlsY and the maker. HA Holburalall.-tAdverliatehant.l


(IX FORD UNIVERSITY ELECTION.
‘.. 4. EN MAL 003111lITTEE Int ptomoting tho E ON of
Pa HOU NPE LL PALMER. I) e L. 0.0 . late rabw of

OXFORD COMMITTEE.
The Rev. the WARDEN of NEW COLLIDE/R. Chairman.
Tle Lee the PRESIDENT of TRIM ITT, Vise 011411WOIATI.
Th.. % re> Her. the Dram of Christ Omni.
The It.. the awing of Exeter.
The it. the Prineipal of B/WOWIIO/P.
711/ H.. the lfortot Lineohi
The IL r. the Crineitial of St Alban Hall.
The Ree. the Principal of St. Nampa Hall.
Rev. it Payne ',keel. i'h. Ch.. Regius Prof, or of Divinity.
Rev. o coxe, C.O C, Bodley's Librarian.
Gretiths. Y.A. late Fellow of Wadhani. Keeper of the
Ara.. es
34. W. Aelaml. M.D.. F.R.S., late Fellow of AU Souls, Rosins
IS inor if Medintne.
R.,. it Jowett, M.A., Fellow of Ralhol, iksin. riotosaor of
threk
Rev. B.
Natural Price. M.A. F.R.S., Fellow of Pembroke. Sedlelan Proles-
sot . Thikwope
B/W. 14. RaWllOOOll. M.A., Fellow of Exeter. Cam ton Professor
of History.
Max Muller. M. A.. All &ads. Prefrisanr of Comparative Philology.
J. Coniticion, M.A., Corpmx Penteseor of Latin.
liernant M.A.. All ths. Chichelo Professor of International
Law.
O. Rolleston. M.D., F.R.S., Hon. Fellow of Pembroke. Lannon,
Professor of Physiology.
H. J. S. Smith, M.A.. F.R.S.. Fellow of IMUiol. Median Professor
of Geometry.
itirsy J. Owen, M.A., Reader in Indian Law.
Itrachn E Dishy. M.A.. Fellow of C.C.C.. Vinerian Reader.
Be,. C. H. Cholmeley. M.A.. Fellow and Doan of Divinity of Mag-
dalen. Senior Proctor.
Rev. W. ti. Cole, M.A., Vice-Predilent and Tutor of Trinity,
JunWr Proctor.
F. J. Hradlam, M.A.. Fellow of L'nicersitY.
C. J. Faulkner. II A.. Fellow and torturer of Untrersity.
A. S. Charms.. Y.A.. I,ellow of Cis...early.
Rev. J. I....Wi.rtier. M.A.. Fellow and Lecturer of University.
T. Arnold. M.A.. Univetnity.
T. H. Omen. M.A., Fellow. Dean, and 14/1111., of Darnel.
Be.. E. Palmer. B A.. Tutor. and late Fellow of Balliol.
Her. tl Edward.. M.A.. Felker of Merton.
W. Esnin. M.A. Fellow and Sub-Warden of Merton.
Rev. T. L ,3LA.. Fellow of Merton.
R. J. Hcathcote
Wilson. M.A.. Fell O. Wyndhamow of Merton. . M.A.. Fellow of Merton.
E Chapman. M A.. Merton. Lecturer of Jesus and Wadham.
it.,. J. S. Treacher. M.A.. Merton.
Rev. F. T. Colby. ND.. Fellow and Bursar d Exeter.
Rev. C. W. Bran'. M.A.. Fellow and Tutor of Rooter.
Rev. W. W. Jackson. IL A, Fellow and Tutor of Exet -r.
Rev. H. F. Tozer. 11. A., Tutor and late Fellow of Exeter.
Rev. K F. Glanville, M.A., lat. Fellow of Exeter.
B. B. Ong. M.D.. Exeter.
C. H. Pearson. M.A, Fellow of Oriel.
Rev. N'.lll. Collett. M.A., Fellow. Deal, and Tutor of Oriel.
W. R Opel.
Rev. I.l'. B. Dykes. M.A. Fellow of Clueeles.
Rev. M. W. tapes, Y.A.L Fellow of Queen's, Public Examiner.
Rev. J. R. Magralt. M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Queen A.
Rev. C. Eddy. ILA.. Follow and Tutor of Queen's
Rev. W. H. ikincox. ILA.. Fellow and Lecturer of Munon's
Rev. W. Awdry. M.A.. Fellow of Queen's.
R. D. Thomson. M.A.. Felker of New ("oil.
Rev. W. F. Short. M.A., Fellow and Tutor of New Coll.
Rev. E. t'. Wtekhsen, M.A. Follow and Tutor of New Coll.
Rev. L J. ter. M.A.. Follow and :boar Bursar of New Coll.
Hew. H. IL ti. 011 r. M.A.. Fellow and Tutor of New Coll.
Rev. W. Jacobs.N.A.. New Collo!.
Rev. J. C. Fring,_M.A. New Colfte...
Rev. T. Fowler, M.A., Fellow, Sub-Rector. and Tutor of Lincoln.
H. M. Tockwell. Lineoln.
Rev. W. W. Merry, M.A.. Fellow and Lecturer of Lincoln.
H. Nettloxhip. Y.A. Fellow of Linioln.
Rev. J. Fisher. DO.. Fellow of Mogdnien.
Rev. H. Mansell. ILA-. Fellow and Dean of Magdalen.
Rev. O. Branson. M.A.. Fellow and Vice-I...indent of Magdalen.
Rev. I'. H. T. Hopkins. M.A.. Yellow and Tutor of Magdalen.
WT. H. C. Ogle, M.A.. leUew and Tutor of Magdalen.
Rev. Compton Meade. M.A.. Magdalen.
A. H. Arnould. M.A.. Magdalen.
Bev. A. Watson. MA- Fellownd Lecturer of Braseno.e.
W. H. Pater. M.A.. Fellow anal Tutor of Brasenoa...
W. W. Harrison. M.A. Brasesnae.
Rev. H. Furmaux, ILA.. Fellow and Tutor of C.C.C.
c. W. Sandford. M.A., Senior Censor of CM Ch.
Rev. H. MM.,. M.A.. Student and Tutor of ek. Ch.
Rev. H. L Thompson. M.A.. Student and Tutor of Ch. Ch.
A. 0. V. Harcourt. M.A.. Ch. Lll. Lee's Reader in Chemistry.
Rev. C H. Boole. ILA.. Student of Ch.
Rev. t'. Martin. M.A., Student and Tutor of Ch Ch.
Robert Brodie. M.A.. Student and Tutor of Ch. Oh.
Rev. A. Hackman. . Pr...odor of Ch. Ch.
ID,. It St. John Tyrwhitt. Y.A. late Student and Tutor of

W. H. (-hurley. Ent. M.A., Ch. Ch.
Bobsnam LISP. M.A.. Fellow and Lecturer of Trinity.
Itcr. A Plunauer, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Trinity.
Bev. H. O. Woods. M.A.. Fellow and Tutor of Trinity.
Her. W. :tanday, M.A.. Fellow and lecturer of Trinity.
A. R. Adams. D.C.L_ Via-Parident of St. JAW*.
Bee. R. F. Clarke. 31. A.. Fellow and Tutor of St. John's.
Bee. C. W. Heaton, 8.D., Fellow and Senior Bursar of Jana.
Bee. J. D. Jenkins. H.D.. Fellow and Junior Bursar of Jsw.n.
.1. R. Thurseeld. Fellow and Tutor of Jesus.
O. M Thorley. Y.A., Sut-Wararn and Tutor of Windham.
Rev. S. J. Huhn.. M.A.. late Fellow and Tutor of Windham.
Her. B. O. Daniel. M.A. Fellow and Tutor of Woseester.
T. W. Jackson. M.A.. Fellow and Tutor of Worcester.
it... W..r. Ted. M.A.. Fellow and Tutor of Worcester.
M. A. l'ottinger. M.A.. Worcester.
Rev. Eds-in Hatch. M.A., VlcaPrincipal of St. Mary Hall.
Rev. 11. J. Turrell, Y.A. Mated. Hall.

I Rawlinson. Y.A. Exeter College,
c W. Sandford. M.A.. Cps
1. E Henderson. Y.A. Fellow and Bursar of
E'Lipman. Y.A. Merton.
A Robinson. Y.A. Fellow and Tutor of New College.
11- Committee sits daily at llf. St. Aldatetarret.
LONDON COMILITTEE
- -
("Hafnium
- - -

The Rigtit Hoe. 94 W. ED1176.17.1:. late Fellow of New College.

Ticg-('Nona[..
Marquis of SALISBrRT, 31 A., late FM°, MAll Snub.
Tho Right Roth. Air JOHN TAYLOR COLLICIDGE, D.C.L.,

We F. Uuw of Esetor.----'
The Right Hon. EDWARD CARDWELL. DC L, M.P., late
Fellow of Basal
The Very Rot. W HOOK, D.D.. ('h. Cb.. Dean of Chle.hester.
The Non. EDWD TWP.±LEPON. let• Fellow of Saha
The Rec. GEORGE HOBERLY. D.C.L. /falba Canon of Chester,
and Fellow of Winelseeter.
The Rey. J. C. MILLER, D.D., Lincoln, Year of Greenwi.

T. D. Arland, Esq., Y.A., M.P., late Follow of All Souls'.
Bev. E. C. Adam, M.A., Felicia of Worneater.
Rev. F. Anson, MA— late Fellow of All Souk' ; Rector of Sudbury.
and Canon of Windsor.
C. A. z, Austin. EM.. Fellow of 81 John's.
hi John W. Awdry, I).C.L. late Fellow of Onel College.
IPA. J. Back, M.A.. Trinity; Rector of St. Ovorge-the.Martyr.
Francis Borckard, Esq., M. A.. Ch. CI.
Rev. It E. Bartlett, WA., late Fellow of Trinity; Vicar of
Pershore.
Rev. E. Bartrom. Pentbroks College; Head Master of King
Edward's Grammar School. Berkampatead.
R. low-a-Bateman. Fat.. M.A.. late Fellow of New roll.
Rev. V. 11. Beaumont.MA.. Fellow of St. Joke's; Rector of Fern.
don, Northampton.
C. 8011. Y.A. Fellow and late Tutor of Worcester: Head
Mester of Christ's Hospital.
Rev. T. 1). Bernard. ILA., Exeter; Rector od Wakot, Bath, and
Canon of Wells.
Rev. L. J. Barmy*. M. A.. late Fellow of R. John's.
Rev. F. O. Blonilield, MA.. RaUtol; Bettor of 81. Andrew rn•

Rev. G. J. Blare. M.A.. late Student of Ch. Ch.; flood Master of
School.
Rellv.7ratrlio7le. M.A.. Exeter: Vint of Kidderminster.
R. P. Boyle. kat. MA.. Fellow of All *eels.
Bev. tM. Bradby, M.A., Ballad Head Master of Kaileybary
College.
Ben. G. O. Bradley. ILA.. rniversity; Head Meador of Marl
RourrilicGu`slerafutiton, M.A„ late Fellow of Better; Vicar of
Witham.
Rev. T. Arlene. Tin . Jens; Vicar of Holyhead.
Mos. fl. Hendrick, M.A., Fellow of Merton.
The Veit. IL W. Browne, MA.. St. Joint.; Archdeacon of Bath,
Canon of Weller
Err. rl. Buckle, M.A.. late Mow of Oriel; Vicar of Twerton,
Rath.
Rev. A. O. Butler, MA., Fellow of Oriel; late Head Neater of
Haileybury College.
Rev. G.-Butler, M.A., 'teeter; Principal of Liverpool College.
Rev. H. R. Byrne. M.A.. Queen's ; Vicar of Minor& Lymineton.
Be,. R. C. Calla, M.A., late Fellow and Tutor of Worcester.
F. Calvert. keg.. Y.A., Q.C.. late Fellow of Keeton.
Rev. W. Chasams, 8.D., late Fellow of Woroesta.
J. W. (Ittur,...lla, M.A., late Fellow of Exeter.
Le. R. C D.D.. late Yellow of Magdalen.
Be,. A. J. . ILA., Linouln.
Rev. R. W. Church. M.A., late Fellow of Oriel : Rector of Whatley.
Rev. Samuel (lark KA.. Magdalen Hall: Vicar of Rredwardine,
Wee+ r :shire: /ate Principal of Battersea Collage.
Archer A. (live. Faa.. M.A., Fellow of Lincoln.
Montague Cookies. Fee., D.C.L, Fellow of St. John's.
W Copeland, RD-. 'Malty: Rector of Farnham. Biihop
Mertiord.
Rev. Reginald E. Cogdeston, MA., Exeter; Later of Edmonton.
Be,. W. J. li pteirton. M.A.. Oriel; Rector of Crornhall.
Rev. J. J. f'orkeed. M.A.. Corpus; Vicar of St. John the Sverige.
(liarlotteetreet. Fltgroyoquare.
M. W. Grippe. Esq., M.A.. Q.c., late Fellow of New Cellar.
Res. C. Daman. lI.A, late Fellow of Ovid.
Horace limey. M.A., Fellow et teiversity.
A. V. Dicer', Esq.. KA.. Fellow of Trinity.
Rev. G. T. DrifflekL Y.A., Inmenne ; Rector of Bow.
Rev. J. R. T. Renton,M.A., late Fellow of Merton ; Rector of
Lapworth. Birmingham.
Rev. R. Eden. M.A. Corpus, Hon. Canon of Manchester: Vicar
of Wynsondhans.
c. 0. Edroundn, M.A., Trinity; Profemor of Latin, Limpet*,
Coolleg.
Viacunte Enfield. M.A.. l'h. : Y.P. for Middlean.
Rev. T. E. Loin 11. D.. late Fellow and Tutor of Lincoln ; Warden
of Queen'. College. Birmingham.
W. Evart. Emu.. M.A.. Ch.ch.
Heel. W . Falconer. M.A., late Fellow of Exeter; Rector of Bushey,
Rev. A. S. Farrar. D.D.. Queen's; Prolamine of Divinity, Durham.
lion. mid Rev. Cecil B. F. R'ykehato-Fiennes, Y. New College;
Rector of Ashhow.
C. Wynne Finch, Eno., M.A., Ch. Ch.
Herbert Fidler, MA., late Student of Ch. Ch.
Rev. R W. Foley, MA.. late Fellow of Wadharn.
V. J. Sari% Poljambe, Lei, Y.A., Ca. Ch.• M.P.
E. A. Freeman. Esq., lam Fellow of Trinity.
Rev. W. R. Fremantle, M.A., late Fellow of Magdalen ; Ector of
Middle Clanton.
Rev. C. W. Lisa Y.A. , Rallied : Vicar of Staines.
Mr. Serieant riseelee, M.A., M.P., EMMA.
Rev. Henry Glynn.. M.A., Ch. C'h. ; Rector of flawarden.
Sir Stephen R. Glyme, Bart, M.A., Ch. Ch.
Rev. A. R. Godson, MA., St. John's; Vicar of All Saints, Gordon.
sinaate.
Rev. T. W. Goodlaka, M.A., Pembroke ; Rector of Swindon, Chel-
tenham.
(Neville W. 0. Leven:in-flower, Fag., M.A., Os Ch. • Titsey.park,
The Vat A. Onset, L.C.1., New College; Archdeacon of It..
cheater and St Alban's.
Rev. E. P. (leant M.A., New Colt; Vicar of Portemonth.
M. IL Grant Out Pp., M.A.. Balliel ; M.P. for the Elgin Burghs.
John Greenwood. ken., A.. Ch. Ch. • M.P. for Ripon.
T. H. Madden, Esq., M.A., late Fellow of Eunice.
Rev. A. W. Haddon, RD.. Trinity; Hector of Barton.
Rev. lieptiatus lianeard, M.A., tniventty; Rector of Hothnal.
cern.
It.. F. Harrison, MA., late Fellow of Oriel, Public Laminer
Vicar of North Weasel!, r'llippenham.
A. D. Bayles Eno.. MA., M.P., firesenose.
Rev. W. Hedls..z4M.A., late Fellow and Tutor of rniversity ;
Rector of
Her. W. G. Henderson. D.C.L, late Fellow of Magdalen; Head
Mader of Lancia School.
Janne Ausrustue Hemey, D.C.L, St. John's: Head Mauler of
Mernhant Taylors' Reboot, Preacher to the Hon. Society of
fraray'a Inn, and Prebendary of St. Paul's.
A. Hoishoom, Far, M.A.Q.C, Balliol.
Rev. J. 8. Hodson, L.D., Mertorail F.ILS.E. ; !lector of the
Am./slay, Ediribonrah.
C' . Hopkineon. Esq. M.A.. Rester.
Rev. J. J. Hanby, M.A.. Fellow of Luanne; Master
Head Masr of
Colkass.
E. H. liton
Knatchbull Emmen. Y.P. M.A., Magdalen.
Rev.R W. J. Irons, D. 0., queeleS; Vicar of Brosepton, Prebendary
of Penni
Rev. E. B. James, M.A.. late Fellow of Queen's; Vicar of Cana
brook.. Isle of Wight.
Sir Walter Jams*, Bart. M.A., ch. ch.
Yen. W. Basil Jones, MA., late Yellow of Rniveraity ; Archdeacon
of York.
Rev. C. IL Buckßeene, MA., late Fellow of All Souls.
Ree Chart,. Lacy, Ch. Ch. ; Rector of Allhallows, London
WalL
Bee C. Jake. M.A., labs Fellow of Ralliol; Prebendary of
Wells.
Pc. Brooke Lambert, M.A., Brasenoec; Vicar of Si Mark's,
Whitmhapel.
(3. w. Latham. W.A., IMMentne; BradweU Mall, Saudi:web.
H. Latham, M.A.,
Rev. F. Simeon Les, MA., late Fellow of Hrasenoso ; Incumbent
of Holy Trinity, Rtemiey.
Hop N c. Leigh, M.A., Yellow of All Souls.
An etAL 1..17,,r. its.. /ate Follow of Magdalen.. J. LAa, MA., Wadham.
Went. Y.A.. late Fellow of
Rev. E. A. Litton, M.A., Oriel; ltouteir of Boonton, Oloucester-
shim.
Rey. W. D. Ult, XL. Baia

Rev. IL C. Lowe, D.D..Lisoole ; Head Marva M. John's &Nod
RiiirhulVerrer:lre Larertna, .W2ate Id All Mole
Godfrey Leurageon. kok. M.A.. D.O
fi Prof
Allw Mlligibems
Hee. J. V. Hankerer. Hoe Far Mister; ry
of Reeler. and Mere ofrr
Rev. J. Marra, M.A.. Oriel ; Vier of /lyre.
Rev. C. T. Mayo. M.A.. 'WWI.
Medd. Rp.. M.A.. Fellow of thireirty.
O. Mellish. Aso., Bk. Q.C., University.
Rev. D. Melville,Y A., lifllollooloP • More of Willey.
Herniae llerinile. Fr.,
_M.A.. Ire Fellow of Marl ; Bader Se-
cretary of rate for India.
Rev. J. E. Millard, D.D.. late Fellow of Magdalen: Vier of Sa-
e.
Rev. Milmais. late Student of Cti. Oh., Minor Canon
of M. Paul's ; Herr of St. Augustine and SR
H. Moro. BD.. Oriel.
0. 0. Morgan. lip M . A.. lets Stowell FOLLOW of Manville.
J. K. Mapq Aq., N.D., University.
W. Mangan. D.O.L. Ire Fellow of Magdalen; J.P. end D.L
of
Lewitrle. Ree., ILA.. Jena.
Walter Morriesekir., M.A.. ILP.. HdloL
Fred Walter Morro& Eel. N.A.. 111118000118.
lredwiek Beisheed, LY.. BA.. We Fellow and Tutor of New
Collee,
Rev. U. F. W. Mortimer, DJ/. CObsues ; late Heed Master of
the (It, of Emden Reboot
Rev. J. B. Mosley. RD., LM Fellow of Magdalen vicar of Old
Shoreham
Rev. J. lasklmalLtanißrasenoes; Vicar of flavloutAltoston.
Ben . ete--.. Folmar" %LA., Reeder ; Bootee of 111.0ery.
Rev. C. ILA.. 16ster.
Rev. A. S. Pear D.D.. O.C.C. • Heed Harr of lepton School.
Right Hon. Br R. J. Phillirore. D.0.L., late Student of GIL Ch„
Judge of the High (Mr of Admiralty, and of reindeer Court
of Canterbury.
W. P. T. Phillips. Er. ILA., Reeler.
Fr. H. A. Mark KA., Student of Ck. Ch. ; U.K.' Mapeotoe
of School&
Rev. N. Finder. BAlate Fellow of Trinity.
D. PI Rap.. M.A.A. Fellow of Magdalen.
IRC, E. H. Piastres, ILA., latePellow of Brassiere; Professor of
Divinity, King's College.
Rev. N. Parr late Fellow of Quires.
Rev. A. Poet, ED.. Magdalen; Hon. Orr of Ch. Ch.
Rev. R. C. Towles. M.A.. late Fellow of Exeter.
Rev. F. Pretyman. Magdalen.
Rev. E. Pricked. Bakal; Rector of South Luffenhaet.
O. U. Ramer. Era.. M.A., Trinity ; Professor of Lelia I. the ON.
venio of illarow.
J. H. Harry, Nag.. BA.. late Student of Ch. Oh.; Public Ell.
miner.
Yen. J. Randall. ILA., Trinity; Archdescoa of Barks.
J. /linden, !'p.. ILA.. late Fellow of Meter.
Rev. J. M. Rice. B.D. date Fellow of Mmedelea. Vier of Bra en.
K. Ric-rade Er.. M.A., late Yellow of Queen's. Counsel to the
Sprier.
Bev. G. Ridding, DLL. Exeter; Heed Barer of Winchester Col.
Rev. W. Cotton Maley. M.A., Now Oollepte; Deddingtou.
C. H. Roberta, Er.,
MA.. Fellow of All Menlo.
Owen Role•rte, Er., .A.. Jesus Coll
Rev. J. Robbiaut, alb. at. Ch. ; Vier of St. Peter's, Barrier.
Sir F.:ELBartI.A., Fellow of Oriel.
Rev. E M.A.A Student of Ch. Ch.
C. S. I Er., 8.A., Fellow of Herten.
A. 0. Reran. iseva;.A., Fellow of llegdalea.
T. Dudley Ryder. M.A.. OrieL
Rev. T. I„Sele D. lb redolent Vicar of Sheffield.
Vera. J. nenazord. ma. Balboa; Arohderoe of Coventry.
Ten. Lontkaye and Mkt, U.C.L. New Wiese. Arehreoon and
canon of Hiseford.
Very Rev. A. P. Saunders, D.D., Ch. (x.; Der of Peteetrorough.
Rev. W. /Matt. MA.. Queen's; Vier of St. Olave a. •Isirrt
Rev. W. Skirrow, ILA., University; /lector of Tolleshant Knight..
Rev. I. Gregory terth, late Fellow of Brusencee.
T. Spier lip., D.C.L. Gtl=lLersity.
Rev. te. H. Sp M.A..
The Very Rev. A. P. Stanley, D.D.. Ch. Ch.; Der of Wedminner.
Hon. Lyulph Stanley. ILA.. Fallow of balled.
Rev. Thomas revene,B.Ar. Oriel; Wardell of St. Andrew's Our.
lees and Rector of Medfield.
llial
Rev. T. H. rare, M.A.. Liacalult sad Harm of Richmond
Crammer School Yorkshire.
M. C. M. Svelter. Fee.. D.C.L. late Student of Oh. Ch.
Rev. H. Seery, Y.A., Pembroke; Secretary to the Society for
Promoting Christian Knowledge.
Rev. Alexander Thyler. M.A., Queen'..
H. H. TMITIMIWIPIV lip., 11. A.. New Cull.
I Rev. H. E. Tweed. LA., late Fellow of Oriel; Vier of C.tleby, Lin.

coax ,
Bey. J. T. Tweed. Y.A. late Fellow of Exeter.
Rev. W. E. Wall. M.A., Tandy.
Tbralere Wabond, Fax, M. A . late Fellow of Balliol.
John Walter, Eat., M.A., Exeter.
Rev. W. Walters, M. A., lb. ('h.: Vicar of Bt. Mare . 01.11116111:

Rural Dean.
Re'. W. T. J. Webber. M.A., Pembroke. Ineumbent of Mt. John
the Evangelist. Holborn.
R. A. Weir D.C.L.Trinity: Vicar of Forty-hill, Enfield.
J. E. White. Ead. M.A.. Fellow of New Collets.
Rev. ti. S. Whi irk. M.A.. R.N.O . Vicar of Ch. Ch..
• Wickham. Eq. . 11. A.. Fellow of New College.
John Wickens. EN . M.A.. Ba/hol.
Rev. J. Wilkinson. Y.A., Merton; l'rebeadary of Strum. and
Rector of Broughton 'afford
lion. Charles Lindley Wood, Y.A . Ch. Ch.
Her. R. Wood, 11.1 r., St. John's; Vicar of Christ Church, Pa I.
Written.
R.,. W. Wood. D.D.. late Fellow of Trinity. Warden of Runty.
H. A Woodirste, 8.11., St..l,thn's; lion. Canon ~1W0re0rt......
Rev. W. Yates. M.A . late Fellow of Brasenose, Rector of Cat.
Igham.
REellt'T %RI 1.11.
C. W. Chute, M.A.. Fellow of Magdalen.
J. D. Darenport. M.A.. Fellow of Bellalello4C.
u. D. Entlehart, M.A., Cb. Ch.
Re". W. H. Fremantle, M.A . late Fellow of All 9o:tla'.
Rev. W. B. It Jacobson. M A.. lit. Ch.
Rev. M. W. Marva. M.A., late Student of Ch. Ch.
A. 0. Priekard. M A., Fellow of New Collage.
The Committee will sit tinily at the Trairlgar Hotel, Spring-
gardens. from 9 to 6.

SWIBB INUNDATION
RELIEF FUND.
A dreedful calms has just orertekee a large pert of the
south and east of Sin partioularly the Canton. of Teeth,
et. EMU. Orisons, Valais, and ri. I- npreesdented rains extending
over apenwd of about an days so swelled the torrent. demendang
from t.hs mountain.. that everywhere they overflowed their beak.,
carrying away in them course honer, Mathes. berm, and trope.
Numerous Ines have been lost, and the survivors are left than.
kite. Sorb a eataetrophe has seldom ;if ever °marred in Smear.
land. The authonues of the several Cantons end the Federal
Government have taken means to relieve the moot pressing neoev.
Sties of the sufferer.. but the devastation is so extensive, that
further aid is urgently required. end a committee bee been formed
in London to appeal to the SWUM' residents in Eagles& and to the
sympathies of dli the friends of klnteeriand.
The Committee consist of the following 'enlistees:
JOHN RAPP, Fan . Agent and Ceneul.Geseral. Cheinuen.
Alm. Bidoteas. Rm. I J. Kuril. RN;
.1 J. Chen', Req. Hy. Pasesur. Iltat.
A. Clara. Seq. O. Prevost. Ise.
F. Ehreeneller. Req. I Rae. William Petavel
F. Ferrier. Req. Prod. Y. Bimond. Esq.
Carlo Gatti. Esq. J. J. liseedsti.l.q.
G. Huguenut. EMI. H. Walther,
.
U. C too Thorn. E.g. Pb. Walther. xi.
Subscription. will be reeelved at the Series Consulateaeneral,
21. old Itroadatreet. E. 42..; and at Yarn. Smith Payne, sad
tenths: Marra. Glyn, Mille. and Co.: Wens. Canto and Co., and
tranesuttad to the Central Relief CUSAISIMArn in Switsertand.

TEM
D LILY NS WB.
FROM ONT MOM
KA.= OF CHARGES FOB ADVIBTIBEXI2I7B._,__ _

.d. .d.
PROSPECITEIRS of NEW COMPANIES,
REPORTS of IOCITINGS and EDW.} 7 lines 10 6 irw.diafter. 1 4
MORS
LIINIAL NOTICES lO do. 10 0 d& 1 0
riaLy cox:palms (Zetablisliedl kw 4 do. 4 0 do. 1 0
ditto. lambic Plea do. 6 0 do. 1
arAorre,,_Tßanga AIIZMATIUM
POOLS, tatARATum. 5 do. 2 4 do. 0 6
RYA/
Ditto, dm& I do. IS do. 1 0
PARAGRAPH ADY__
Dear
IirATH KARRIAGIA, sad DRATILL. 5 do. 2 6 do. 0 6
C IMMTANTII Wanting Plasm 4 da. 1 • d.. 6
• Ti. void/maks a lino; a Ingle Isttar or Spire monis se a word.
The NOTICE TO 011101111 AL ADTIMTUIZIM.
" and Deux
Ilasat Niers." seuestion an aeknowledged enth=eirssad its
Own
al ary q&
mgensive sad vapidly inerembig =Dates rednelias la
Zoemwei to Ons Pinny no/6m it an invaluable issilkmN to Ideas el
Pe•bcellee Orden for Afteetleneeele amid be made ebeable to
Kr.O JoalAn RAIISLIIGTOI, POWWOW% inele4beet.
PNX...Stalles mosived for amewats ts Ms.
U. Roundeetrest. Mesteftest. LC.. Imam.

Wu tantrum

DRURY-LAIC&

--
Tam Emilio, A MODEL UNCLL—EING 0' SCOTS.
Mr. Phelps, Meows. Addison, Irring, Rouse, Se. ,• Mesdames
Heath, St
IVERTISSuartE, Frank Matthews, te.—And A GRAND BALLET
DMENT.

HAYMARKET.

Tau Hymns°, A Ml:oicliiiiiiiiiMOVEM6l.lT.—LEAH
Moron. Howe, Rogers, P. Buckstone, ke. lloedamat Bateman,Mao-ilium, ke.—And A PRETTY PIbCE OP BLIEKB:38.
Hera. Buekitoae, Howe, te.--Commesoe at seven.

Two Nrairni•,_ • CHiPIaNG PIIIL—APIIR HAIM: •
TALE Or LO IMON LIM Db. Wrap., Mesas. Walter Lacy,
DOSllinbek Hurray, Harcourt, Share, as. ; =ma Yanks Sad
Ledareq.—Aed MAST= JONI= BIRTZDAY.

QUZZIPB THEATILB, LONG-AM.
, Ur. W. IL Liana
Tsai Bysinie,Maarr TOKEDIS THE TROUBADOUR.
Kr. L. !brawl* ; UA Xantenten—And THB LABOMIZIRB
LAB& Man Irvialue.
oullserairbsam, Wyman', Clay-
ton,llwart; kantatan, and Nally
Mom.

ROYAL ALFRED THEATRE.
New Chnith-etreet, Edgware reed.
Tam EVIIMINCI, at 7,
Melville,
EINGII. Mini Are gedrririck,
trupportad 14 Mr. Neil Wiener, (homMelville, end • powerful
company.—To conclude with DIAMOND CUT DIAMOND.

STRAND.
Tr= Itrownr_
_,_
_4l 11111TIRLY -TIM MILD Op TILE
GLOM" Or GIOLD.--Aall 31AINTAGS AT ANT PAWL

TNEI WIND" The Fourth Aet of VIELOINI1:8 —Mr. A. Rep-
Aolf.—THE OLD, OLD CRORY. Mn. 8. Lanc—And BLUR
BRA M,: OR, PEIILALE CURIOSITY.

WOK WATT AT LOXDON =Dm
To-liar —Yeasts& int. gita.......Atbstmea. lib. Wu.
To-Y/Imm —Marsats, S. Om. .Atiosoca, Mt. tlaa.

NOTICIL
lime= at lbwrigs, Itisauess, awl Dawns, AN emmehol
until II Vilest kw ilasertias roe evieleg. Pries IL M.

LONDON, TUESDAY, OCT. 27.

PIUS 11.

ACCORDING to the Roman correspondence of a
contemporary, the HOLY PATH= has lately been
paying a visit to the Franciscans, and con-
gratulating them on the comfort and re-
pose which they enjoy in the Eternal City,
while so many of their brethren of the
faith in some other countries are suffering per-
secution, or driven into exile. His Howissa
was probably thinking of Spain, where, un-
doubtedly, the religious orders are passing
through a crisis of considerable severity, after
many years of complete spiritual domination, and
many of them are taking flight woes the frontiers

in a panic. There is no reason to suppose that the
secular clergy in Spain at this moment are disturbed
in the exercise of their functions and the oelebration
of their offices. An the ehurehes are open and the
priests go to and fro unmolested. But the " rogu-
" lan " find or fancy themselves in danger of
being oompelled to earn an honest livelihood,
because the new Liberal Government has resolved
that the soil shall peas into living hands ;
that work and not idleness shall be the law of the
national life ; that me ndicity shall no longer be a
privilege or superstition an example, and that
where darkness had prevailed light and liberty shall
enter in. It is not really persecution
that these " regulars" arc afraid of ; it is
the loss of power, and the liberation of a people
from the bondage of the soul. And where do
they take refuge P In countries where liberty of
conscience reigns, while with a courage which
deserves respect the organs of the Papacy exhort
the faithful to band together in defence of the doc-
trines of the Syllabus and the Encyclical.
After visiting the Franciscans, and ad-
dressing to them words of consolation, and
bidding them be thankful for their residence
at Rome under the protection of a foreign
garrison, the Porn made an excursion to
Civita Vecchia, and in oompany with the French
General inspected the fortifications which the
French have constructed, and bestowed his benedic-
tion on the troops of his last ally, the Emperor
NAPOLEON. It is the peculiar glory of a French
general and his staff in 1668 to be admitted to kiss
the foot of the Porn. Nevertheless, it may be
suspected that Plus the Nunn, as he inspected the
forts and the guns, and blessed them, was in his
secret heart not without misgivings. Under cover
of the foreign garrison ho could scarcely
be persuaded to commute the punishment
of a couple of insurgents who had been
sentenced to death. But suppose that
while he was bidding the Franciscans be
thankful, and eager to make an example of two
rebels, Cardinal ANTONELLI was reading the copy of
a despatch from the Italian Government to its
representative in Paris, calling upon the
EMPEROR to fulfil his engagements and to
withdraw his troops, now that Italy has
paid her part of the Papal debt, and that no
further pretext exists for foreign intervention ?
Suppose that the diplomatic representative of the
EMPEROR was instructed to impress upon the Court
of Rome the urgent necessity of coming to terms
with Italy, even at the cost of a couple of pro-
vinces, and of making some concessions to its
ow•n subjects, if not in the sense, at
least in the direction of the celebrated letter
from the PRESIDENT of the Republic to EDGAR
NET. It might, under such circumstances as these,
occur to the HOLY FATHER that the political refor-
mation of Austria and the revolution in Spain
had sensibly altered his position and diminished
the securities and the resources of his power. Unless
he can afford to depend solely and wholly on his own
miscellaneous army of crusaders, and, what is more
to the point, unless his Treasury, no longer assisted
by Spain, can afford to pay for them, it is clear
that, humanly speaking, he is now entirely at
the mercy of his irreeolute imperial ally's conve-
nience or caprice, and of the course of domestic
politics in France, to which the next general elec-
tion may give a sudden turn.