The Northern Daily Times.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1853-11-24 00:00:00

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THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 24, 1853.

IN our impression of yesterday we published the
CHAPLAIN'S Report of the,Borough Gaol, for the
year ending the 30th September. As it happens
to be an important document, and gives an account
of crime and criminals in Liverpool, we shall lay
before our readers some comments thereupon.
It appears that crime is materially on the de-
crease, that the commitments are fewer, and that
the daily average of prisoners confined in gaol
have diminished by 100. This, would, indeed, be
cheering intelligence were we not informed that
such a condition of things is by no means attri-
butable to any improvement in the moral and social
condition of our population; that it neither arises
from " deterring influences or penal appliances,"
but is solely and wholly to be ascribed to a far
different cause, viz :—increased. employment and

remunerative wages.
This fact speaks volumes. It shows that the
causes which predispose to crime are most fre-
quently exterior; and that where one person is
induced from innate depravity and lack of moral
sentiment to perpetrate evil daeds, ninety-nine per-
sons are urged thereto by bitter necessity. Unfortu

nately, ares,all more or less the creatures of cir-
cumstances. ,nd there can be little doubt but
• that many who..kow justly boast of great virtues,
had they been exTosed to the contagious influen-
.4
•,..-ces of pover:y, disease, and filthy habitations, like
,sB.l
our criminal population, would exactly be in a like
position with thaie unfortunates. Society is a
7-stern N-EmEsis. 'lt creates an abnormal social
..coudition; and then punishes the individuals who

become deteriorated in consequence. It makes the
offender, and demands satisfaction fo.rthe offence.
And this is, Justice ! What Society should do is, to
lay the axe to the root of the evil, and by removing
the first cause of crime save itself from the inflic-
tion of criminals.. What can we expect under our
present social regime? A teeming population, an-
nually increasing, is growing up in our midst. We
know little about them, and we care less. The poor
flock together in low, damp, dirty localities, where
reeking miasma ever aboundswhere the demon
of Pestilence loves to linger and riot—and where
virtue is sure to expire. We fly the scene —inhabit
fine villas and beautiful mansions—and fancy
poverty and vice to be curses of people's own crea-
ting. True, we build fine churches and school-
rooms, and some kind people visit those plague-
smitten localities, and distribute coals and tracts.
But the churches are useless, and the schools too ;

and though the coals are sure to be consumed, the
tracts are never read. Now, we repeat, what can
be expected under such circumstances. We suffer

a large mass of moral corruption to exist in the
heart of our social system ; and we make no further

efforts to remedy it than to erect prisons, and
devise punishments, and inflict death ! Is it any
wonder that we should be, as we are, the sufferers
in the end ?
The MALTHUSIAN theory is now exploded. That
was a stupid and impracticable means to an end.
As far as that goes, it would be a more effectual plan
to collect all our criminals together, and fling them
into the Mersey. But even this would not suffice ;
for the same class would speedily accumulate
again; and we might go on for ever without dimi-
nishing either the number of criminals or the ex-

tent of crime. Get rid, say some, of the surplus
population. 'Tis all bosh! There will always be
a surplus population. A population cannot be too
great, provided a country be well governed.
Marriage cannot be an imprudence, or children a
burden, according to COLERIDGE, where such is the
Society holds precisely the same position
as a parent. And do what we might, we cannot
relieve ourselves from moral responsibility with re
spect to our criminal classes.

The morally depraved, and the physically infirm,
should meet with a similar treatment. But how
do we act? Why, we build hospitals for the one,
pay physicians and nurses to attend upon them,
and afford all needful comforts until health be
restored. So far so good. But we adopt a course
diametrically opposite with regard to the other.
We pack them off in closely-covered waggons to
gloomy prisons, where the atmosphere reeks with
moral poison, and where, if they are not starved,
worked to death, or have not resort to suicide in

order to escape the cruelties inflicted by inhuman
brutes of governors, they invariably return to
society seven times more wicked, incorrigible, and
depraved.

Only observe the fatal policy pursued with re-
ference to juvenile delinquents, with which Liver-
pool more especially abounds. After the period
of imprisonment to which they have been con-
signed expires, they, for the most part, are suffered
to go adrift, to prey upon society more effectually
than ever. We say, for the most part, because
here and there some private reformatory institu

tions receive a few of the less vicious. The
Chaplain of our Borough Gaol laments this, and
states, that in the way of juvenile reformation

little has been done, not so much for want of
objects as for wane of suitable asylums to receive

them. There exists little doubt but that such
refuges are most imperatively requisite, provided
we have a wish. to stay the course of crime. Ex-
perience proves how efficaciously such refor-
matories would work. In the Report it is
stated, " that of 29 cases of juveniles, (sent
to various schools of refuge,) 7 have done
well, 11 are in the way of doing well, 7 are doubt-
ful, 2 have so far failed, and 2 are hopelessly lost."
It is further asserted that, with one solitary excep-

tion, all these, though young in years, were old in
crime, and that no system of prison discipline at
present existing would be capable of improving
them.

Parliament, it is to be hoped, will take this sub-
ject up thoroughly and effectually. A mighty evil
exists which requires to be grappled with, and
speedily, too. And we hope that our Legislature,
at its next sitting, will devise some practical scheme
whereby to effect so desirable an object as the re-
clamation of juvenile offenders. Were this end
gained, thousands would be saved from becoming

hardened in vice ; the number of criminals would
be decimated; and society itself would be an in-
finite gainer. •
" All crime is madness—madness is disease ;"
therefore education and moral training are likely
to become more remedial than the felon's cell, or
the non•reformatory discipline of our associated
gaols.

The subject of Dock Management is one which
is exciting the earnest attention of our Merchants,
and the Rate Payers of the Borough generally.
Greater economy in the expenditure, and increased
accommodation for shipping within the present
limits of our Docks, are' the two ruling requirements
of the day; and amongst the inany'projects which
have been made public on this . subject, we have
noticed one by Mr. JOHN GUANTHA.m. This
gentleman has recently published a pamphlet, en-
titled, ;"Improvements in Working the Liverpool
Docks," in which he proposes to construct a high
level railway, about twenty feet above the ground,
running close along the edge of the Docks, on the
east side, and extending, in the first• instance, from
the Mersey Forge to the land opposite the Hus-
kisson Dock.
From these termini the distance is about four
miles, over which he proposes to carry the railway,.
on iron columns. The railway to have six lines—
four for passenger-trains, and two for goods in mo-
tion. The two lines nearest the 'Docks are to be
used for siding, and on which the
.trucks can load
and unload. The covering afforded by the railway
is to give sufficient covered 'space, to supply
the place of the present shed's, while a roof
or warehouses may be constructed over the
railway, if advisable. Added to these advan-
tages, a complete syste►n of cranes which
may be worked from the level of
.the railway or
transit sheds—is proposed. These cranes, Mr.
GRANTHAM proposes to construct in a way which
shall obviate all the obstructionS at present arising
from the high bulwarks of the ships and low roof
of the sheds.

Here our author has touched on a very delicate
point. The existing cranes in our docks are a
source of the greatest amusement to the practical
world ; and after entailing an immense outlay on
the Dock estate, they are not only non-productive,
but they are worked at a positive loss, which is
increasing daily, in the same ratio as the trade of
our port increases. And we do not know, in fact,
of any branch of our Dock management which re-
quires more immediate revision than the crane
department. The character : :given to these
machines is perfectly preposterous, while their
construction is open to the greatest mechanical
objections. The strength of the different parts of
a machine may have a positive value, but if the
strength of its parts are lost in the mathematical
configuration in which they are placed, the public
are called on to pay for a bulk of material which

is nothing short of valueless. This is precisely
what we witness in our present Dock cranes, as
Mr. GRANTHAM appears to have di"scovered.
The High-Level Railway projector further pro-
poses, that branches should .be carried from the
main line to the other three sides of the Docks,
and that the main line should form a junction with
the other railways connected with the town. These
form the leading features of the proposal before us,
and while we admit the enormous advantage which
must accrue to the railway companies and to the
public, from removing the heavy goods traffic from
our streets to a railway, we must also confess that
we see no obstacle whatever, in an engineering
point of view, that can be fairly urged against Mr.
GRANTHAM'S scheme. In dealing, however, with
all such improvements, the time has arrived wilt n
profit on the outlay of money, on undertakings
of this kind, must be derived from charges based
on a scale which shall decrease in proportion to
the increased public accommodation it affords.
This axiom applies with great force to all public
companies, but with still greater cogency to our
Docks, where the charges are at present by far too
high in many respects, and we fear that Mr.
GRANTHAM will find that any calculation of profits
in this project which is based upon the present
high rates of Dock charges, but more particularly
those of cartage and warehousing, will prove delu-
sive, and perfectly untenable.
In legislating on such matters, we are inclined
to believe that parliament will be found to act
more on the principle of decreasing tariffs, to
which we allude, as the opposite system
of incorporating companies with a capital
which sounds large, and which is

really so when taken arithmetically, is soon
reduced to nil, and again becomes a hundred fold
greater owing to the geometrical increase in the
public requirements. If we take the position of
the public in relation to life insurance, gas, water,
and fire companies, we shall find a most urgent
necessity for a strict application of the decreasing
scale principle. And if we look a little into
the future of our port, we shall find a thousand
and-one reasons which may be urged in favour of
its strictest application in the administration of our
Dock affairs. We have gigantic competition rising
up daily, and the hopes of success which encourage
others, is the great good fortune which has attended
the Mersey.

As far as the High Level Railway is concerned,
its projector has anticipated our views, and he offers
the great advantages to be derived from his scheme
at a very trifling and reduced rate of passenger
traffic. " Supposing," says Mr. GRANTHAM, " that
one-twentieth part of the population, or 20,000
persons, should average two fares per day upon the
railway, and that one-fourth of these paid 2d., and
the remainder ld., we have the large sum of
£04,000 per annum, a revenue which, after meeting
the working expenses of this department, would
nearly pay the interest of money on the whole
railway. While, as a matter of convenience and
comfort to those engaged about the docks, and as
a benefit to the Dock Estate itself, it would be a
boon, the value of which can only,be estimated by
those whose painful lot it is to spend their lives in
pacing on foot from dock to dock."
Finally, we quite agree with Mr. GRANTHAM,
wllen he says " the Corporation have much at
stake in this project, and that the welfare of the
Docks and town are identical." 0.2 this branch
of the subject we shall make a few comments on
a future occasion.

FATAL ACClDENT.—Yesterday a mariner of the name of
Anthony Brownrigg, fell into the hold of the Jane Bryant,
now moored in the Queen's Dock, and received such severe
injuries that he died shortly after. An inquest will be held
on the body this day.
- THE UNITED STATES MAIL STEAM-SHIP " ARCTIC "
AGROUND.--This splendid steam-ship grounded yesterday,
in the Victoria channel, whilst running into this port. It
was very foggy at the time, and the Arctic was heavily
laden. She got off on the flood without injury, and anchored
in the Sloyne about two o'clock.
THE SARAH SANDS.—This fine screw steamer will leave
the Mersey on Saturday for Portland, the port to which
Messrs. M'Kean, M'Larty, and Lamont's line will run
during the winter months. Notwithstanding the lateness of
the season, and the extreme severity of the weather, such
are the facilities afforded by this line, and the confidence
reposed in the ships which compose it, that all the second
cabin berths are engaged, and a large number of berths are
secured in the first cabin.

COLLISION BETWEEN THE U. S. MAIL STEAM-SHIP
FRANKLIN AND A BRITISH BRIG.—The steam-ship Frank-
lin, from Havre, which arrived at this port yesterday, while
going to her dock, ran into the British brig Eleanora, of
Halifax, Capt. Nickerson, from Malaga, discharging at the
end of pier No. 5. The brig's maintop-gallant mast and
rigging attached, were completely carried away. Her star-
board bulwarks, rail, &c., were stove in, causing her to
leak. She was subsequently towed inside of the pier, and
listed to larboard, to keep her from filling.—New York
Times, Nov. 11.
THE DISASTROUS FIRE IN QUEEN'S SQUARE.--We
yesterday gave the particulars of the destructive fire in St.
George's Bazaar, in Queen's-square. We now lament
to say that the whole of the property held by the
various tenants, being mostly of a combustible nature, was
entirely destroyed by this afflicting calamity. The misfor-
tune was no fault of the unfortunate occupants, and we.
feel fully persuaded that a generous public will contribute
in aid of the losses they have sustained. A few gentleman,
sympathising with the sufferers, have organised a committee
who will receive subscriptions for their relief, and we shall
be glad to take charge of any donations which may be for-
warded to our office.
DEATH FROM BURNING.--Yesterday a child about four
years of age, the son of Richard Gay, a rigger, died from
injuries he had sustained from being burned. It appears
that the parents of the child lived in a court in Regent-
street. On the previous day the child was playing with
another child in a house occupied by Hannah Murray, when
the latter heard violent shrieks, and upon going into the
room she found the child enveloped in flames. The child
was taken to the Northern Hospital, where its wounds were
dressed by one of the surgeons of that establishment, but
the parents declined to leave him there, and he was taken
home, where he died the same night. An inquest will be
held on the body this day.
The ship William Tapseott, from Liverpool, arrived at
this port on Wednesday, with 813 passengers. She had 62
depths during the voyage, principally from cholera.—New
York Times, Nov. 11. _ _ _

SUDDEN DEATH—CURIOUS CASE.—At the Royal Infir-
mary, on Tuesday evening, an inquest was held before E.
Her:ord, Esq., coroner for the city of Manchester, touchino•
the death of Ellen Swindells, aged 76, lying dead at 50,
George Leigh-street. Joseph Heaton, of Albert's Buildings,
George Leigh-street, scavenger, stated that the deceased
lodged with him about a fortnight before last Thursday
week, when she was brought home by two young women.
The deceased stated that on stepping upon the the kerb-stone
of the street, she fell down. She went to her daughter's to
sleep on the Monday following. She could not pay witness
anything for her lodgings, and was greatly short of a bit of
food. He never saw the deceased with anything but a sup
of tea and a bit of dry bread. He was sure she had not
sufficient food. He asked deceased several times to apply to
the guardians for relief, and she replied that it was of no
use, as they would not give her any unless she went into the
house. Mary Bartley, the daughter of the deceased, stated
that about fifty years ago, her mother's husband left her and
went for a soldier. Witness was born several years after
that. [At this stage of the proceedings one of the jury
said that a person named Daniel Swindells, the name of the
husband of the deceased, lived with himj. This observation
occasioned some surprise amongst the jurymen, and on in-
quiry being made, it turned out that the Daniel Swindells
referred -to was about 80 years of age, that he had enlisted
a short time after he was married, that he had been a soldier
in the East Indies, that he had returned to this country and
ascertained that his wife had a child, upon which he declined
to live with her. One of the jury. promised to take steps to
find out whether the Daniel Swindells, last-mentioned, was

the same Swindells that married the deceased, The daughter
of the deceased proceeded to state that the deceased was
very badly off, that she herself was unable to assist her, that
for some time she had out-relief from the parish which was
withdrawn from her by Mr. Whitney, relieving officer, who
gave her an order to go into the workhouse, which she de-
clined doing. Witness went to see Mr. Whitney about nine
in the morning, but could not see him till past twelve
o'clock, and when she got back her mother was dead. Wit-
ness did not doubt that if the deceased had had proper food
she would have lived longer. The verdict of the jury was,
" that the deceased died from the effects of an accidental
fall ; the jury recommended the coroner to forward the de-
positions now taken to the poor-law board in London, with
a view to inquiry being made into the correctness of the
statements as to tae withdoawal of the woman's relief.

CHATHAM-STREET SCHOOL OF MEDICINE,
MANCHESTER.

Yesterday afternoon at four o'clock, the distribution of
prizes for the session 1852-3, to the students of this school,
took place in the Lecture-room of the Institution, before a
numerous audience. The chair was occupied by Dr. EASON
WILKINsoN. The following is a list of the scholarship
prizes and certificates :

MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY.—Senior prize, Mr:J. Ash.
burner, Manchester; junior ditto, Mr. J. K. Cheetham,
Rochdale.

SURGERY.— Senior prize, Mr. J. Ashburner, Manchester;
junior ditto, Mr. J. K. Cheetham.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY.—First prize, Mr. Edmund
Taylor, Urrnston ; second ditto, Mr. William Berry, Man-
chester; third ditto, Mr. William Sellers, Bury, Mr. T.
Platt, Romiley, Cheshire ; merit equal. Certificates of merit,
Mr. T. Perkins, Manchester ; Mr. H. Quarmby, Oldham.
Certificates of merit for Dissections, Mr. William Sellers,
Bury; Mr. Thomas Platt, Romiley, Cheshire ; Mr. T. P.
Bott, Bury ; Mr. E. Taylor, Urmston ; Mr. T. Perkins,
Manchester ; Mr. William Berry, Manchester ; Mr. G. T.
Saville, Nafferton, Yorkshire ; Mr. H. Quarmby, Oldham ;
Mr. J. Steele, Manchester.

CHEMISTY.—Prize, Mr. E. IL Pitman, Eastbourne, Sussex,
Certificates of Merit, Mr. T. H. Bott, Bury ; Mr. J. Ker-
shaw, Manchester.

PRAcTicki., CHEMISTRY.—Prize, Mr. James K. Cheetham;
Mr. Thomas B. Bott, merit equal.
OBSTETRIC MEDICINE AND DISEASES Or CHILDREN.—
Senior Prize, Mr. James K. Cheetham. Junior Prize, Mr.
Daniel Mc Nulty, Manchester. Certificates of Merit, Mr.
Thomas Platt, Romiley, Cheshire; Mr. G. T. Saville; Mr.
William Sellers.

MATERIA MEDICA.—Prize, Mr. E. H. Pitman; Mr. W.
Sellers, merit equal. Certificates of Merit, Mr. Thomas
Platt, Romiley, Cheshire; Mr. T. B. Botts; Mr. J. Pritchard,
Manchester.
FORENSIC MEDICINE.—Prize, Mr. James K. Cheetham.

BOTANY.—Prize, Mr. Alfred Gallimore; Mr. E. H. Pit-
man, merit equal. Senior Scholarship, not awarded.
Junior Scholarship, Mr. William Sellers, Bury. Certificate
f ,1 erit, Mr. E. R. Pitman, Eastbourne, Sussex.

COMPLIMENTARY ADDRESS TO MR. PETER
MTUBBIIV, CHIEF STEWARD OF THE SARAH

SANDS.

The following Complimentary Address, testifying
to the efficient manner in which Mr. M'Cubbin,
Chief Steward of the Sarah Sands, performed the
duties of his office on the last outward voyage of
the ship to Quebec, was unanimously adopted by
the cabin passengers, whilst the vessel was pro-
ceeding up the St. Lawrence. As the comfort of
the passengers during an ocean voyage, depends
altogether on the efficiency and conduct of the
Chief Steward, the testimonial must not alone be
testifying to Mr. M'Cubbin, but highly satisfactory
to the owners of the vessel:—

To Mr. Peter APCubbin, Chief Steward of use Steamship
Sarah Sands.

Sit—We, the undersigned cabin passengers on board the
steam-ship Sarah Sands, feel it to be our duty to express
to you our approbation of the manner in which you have
discharged the duties of your office, during the voyage from
Liverpool to. Quebec and Montreal and also to bear testi-
mony to your courteous and gentlemanly demeanour to us
throughout a- long and tedious voyage, now happily so near
to a close.

And in taking leave of you, we beg to assure you of our
sincere wishes for your future welfare and prosperity, trust-
ing that you will ever meet with that encouragement and
success which a faithful discharge of your duties so richly
merits. •

Steam-ship Sarah Sands,
Oct. 11th, 1853.
This address is signed by Edward Mr. Mallock, a
member of the Canadian House of Representatives,
and 49 other cabin passengers.

STEAM-SHIP " GOLDEN AGE."

MAIL FOR AUSTRALIA.

AMERICAN VESSELS AND THE CARRIAGE OF ENGLISH MAILS.
Our readers are aware that for some time past, a difference
of opinion has existed between the English and American
government as to whether or not American vessels were
bcund in virtue of a particular provision in a treaty between
the two countries, to carry a mail from one British port to
another. Captain Porter was the first American who ven-
tured to deny the right of England to compel American
vessels to carry these mails ; and it was in consequence,
brought under the immediate consideration of the British
government. We are enabled to announce, that a note from
Lord Clarendon has just been received at the American em-
bassy, stating that on mature- consideration, finding that
the enforcement of the provision in question would lead to
an unpleasant controversy and be productive of much annoy-
ance, it will be considered as withdrawn. Captain Porter
is therefore at liberty to make what terms he pleases for
the performance of the service of the Post-office department.
It will be observed by our advertising columns, that the
steam-ship Golden Age, will receive letters for Australia,
free of postage if sent down direct to the vessel.

The shop of Mr. James Thompson, grocer, Gallowgate,
Glasgow, was broken open on Saturday night last, and
£22 10s. in notes, gold, silver, and farthings carried off.
The thieves have not been discovered.

A death took place in Glasgow on Monday, from Asiatic
cholera. The victim was a little girl, and the place of death
the cholera hospital of that city.
The first monthly meeting for 1853-4 of the Glasgow
branch of the educational institute of Scotland, was held in
the High-school on Saturday last.
The body of a seaman, named William Crean, was found
in the Lagan, near Belfast,on Monday last. He was missing
since the 30th ult.

The electors who voted for Mr. Richardson, at the late
election for Lisburne, the Belfast Mercury states, have been
"pulled up" for their rents "in a very summary manner,"
while those who voted against him have not been called
upon.
_ .

The Marchese d'Azeglio, late minister of Sardinia, to this
country, was allowed to land at Genoa, on the 18th, without
pratique while all the other passengers were forced to un-
dergo that annoyance. Surely this proves the absurdity as
well as the injuriousness of the regulation.
The Duke de Bourdeaux, (Henry V.) head of the elder
Bourbons, is 33 years of age, and has been married since
1846, but is childless. The Count de Paris, grandson of
Louis Philippe, was born in August, 1838, and is now enter-
ing on his 16th year.
The shipments of pig iron from the Clyde, from the 11th
, to the 13th Nov., was 2,482 tons foreign, and 1,276 tons
coastwise; from Grangemouth, for same time 1,273 tons, all
foreign, and the total for one week from the Clyde, Grange-
mouth, and Ardrossan, 6,066 tors.
A correspondent writing to the Daily News from Liver-
pool, and signing himself L. F., quotes a letter from Gib-
raltar, complaining that "eatables" are 50 to 70 per cent. in
Price over the rates of last year.
The defalcations discovered against Le Grand, the stock
exehan ge broker of London, up to this time amount to
£25,000. From one of his sureties £250 have been recovered;
the attempt to recover from the other would drive him to
bankruptcy.
WIFE SENT TO GAOL FOR BEATING HER HUSBAND.
—ln the Boston police-court, Sarah Flynn was charged with
a severe assault upon her husband, James, with a chair. It
appeared that Sarah was a second wife, and much the more
vigorous of the two. She was sentenced to three months'
imprisonment in gaol.
Police statistics show that in Christiana in Norway, the
arrests for drunkenness for 12 months, reach 1,497, of which
only 68 were women. And comparing this with the arrests
in London for the like cause, we find that the proportion of
Norwegian drunkenness exceeds those of London by 1,400
per cent ! The female tipplers in London exceed the Nor-
wegian proportion by nearly 10 percent.
THE USE OF THE KNIFE IN LIVERPOOL.—The deadly use
o the knife in Liverpool continues frightfully on the increase.
From a return moved for by the watch committee it appears
that during the last three years there were no fewer than
233 cases of stabbing and attempting to stab; the number
of actual cases of stabbing being 174, and attempting to stab
in
stant,
the During the last twelve months, up to the 18th
the number of actual stabbing cases was 71, and attempting
to stab 28, in all 99. Of the 71 actual stabbing cases 8 were
sent for trial to the assizes, and 8 to the sessions ; 3 were
summarily committed, 18 were fined, 1 remains under re-
mand, and 33 were discharged. The 28 cases of attempting
to stab were disposed of at the discretion of the presiding
magistrates. From this return it will be seen, that dividing
'the number of cases in the two first years of that period
equally, it gives to each 67, so that the last year is 32 in
excess of each of its two predecessors.