The Northern Daily Times.
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1856-09-24 00:00:00

Whilst these praiseworthy efforts to extend the

„mong the middle
and lower classes are being carried forward with
activity ani energy, we are glad to perceive that
other means are being adopted for the purpose of
refining the tastes and habits of the millions, by
the getting up of Monster Concerts in the Metro-
polis, at charges so low that the most humble mem-
ber of society can afford to pay the insignificant
sum charged for admission, and there embrace the
opportunity of holding converse with all the master
musical spirits of the age, whether sacred or profane.
The first attempt was made in St. Martin's Hall,
London, on Monday night, when upwards of 3,000
people sought admission, and enjoyed a musical
treat, which to them was as delicious as it
was rare. No one can over estimate the important
and beneficial consequences of such a scheme.
Its establishment will stop the wild career of many
a rakish son; induce the besotted and dis-
sipated husband to forsake the ale-house, and, in
company with the partner of his life, attend the
musical entertainments, which soften the asperities
of human nature, and render mankind benevolent.
On these grounds, as journalists, we hail the
London concerts for the people as a vast improve.
ment upon the singing saloons of the Metropolis,
or the large towns throughout the provinces. In
the latter, the main object is to sell deleterious
compounds which go under the name of liquors,
ale, or porter, whilst the singing is of the most
insignificant order, and the songs themselves
nothing less than the corrupters of morals. The
St. Martin's Hall performances have shown us
what can be done in the way of people's
concerts. Why not try the same in Liverpool ?
We have a magnificent hall built by the people's
money and for the people's benefit. Let us, then,
have our Saturday Evening Concerts there, at
prices varying from 3d. to is. Let nothing but
the best of talent be employed, and the most
popular but unobjectionable class of music
given, and sure we are, that ” Dicky
will appreciate and patronise the undertaking.
Our Town Council will do well to accept any fair
proposal that may be made to them for this pur-
pose. It is a duty to themselves, and the
Burgesses at large, to do so. We hope to hear
that the negotiations now rending between a
Liverpool gentleman and the St. George's Hall
Committee, for the purpose of getting up Satur-
day Evening Concerts are successful, that ere
long an announcement will be made that all
arrangements are complete, and that in a few days
the first concert will come off. It may be further
observed, that one of the objects of the Sunday
League is to obtain for the people rational recrea

advantages of

mental culture

Sam"

tions, and that foremost amongst these are tho
Sunday Bands in the Park. Let Liverpool have her
Bands, and her Concerts in St. George's Hall on
Saturday Evening, and there will be no necessity
to encounter the opposition of Puritanical divines
—the condemnation of the bigotted and self-

righteous el

ss, who decry every plan or schem

)f which they are not the originators, or with

ruling spirits. The spirit of the age is progress, and
in nothing will that progress be more strongly de-
monstrat'd or developed, than in the fact of the por-
tals of St. George's Hall being thrown open to the
hard working sons of toil on the last evening of tha
week, who will be charmed with the sweet sounds
and fascinating poetry of our Scottish ballads, our
Irish melodies, or the popular and pleasing airs of
our English artistes.

We chronicle important Continental intelligence
this morning. It appears that twenty-seven private
and four non-commissioned officers, recently dis-
charged at Malta, were, forthwith on their arrival
home in the Austrian States, Tuscany and Parma,
incarcerated, sans ceremonie, in the prisons of the
two latter States. The Lombards, thirteen in
number, were forwarded, on their arrival on the
frontiers, under military escort to Mantua, to
be tried by court martial, for accepting service
in a foreign state without the permission of
the ruling power. It is said this proceeding
on the part of the Austrian authorities
had caused a great sensation among the discharged
legionaries in Piedmont, who were preparing to
return to their homes through Italy, after their
British service. They are now deterred, and will
be compelled to remain stationary, watching the
course of events. The English Ministers at these
courts have protested against the course pursued
with regard to the treatment those men have
received, and have demanded their release.
Respecting the Neapolitan dispute. we have but
little fresh intelligence. From Paris we learn
that a final note has been sent, or is in the
way of being despatched, to the King of Naples,
by England and France. It is decided, and
states a limited period for reply. If the King does
not make the concessions therein demanded, an
Allied squadron, already under orders, will meet at
Ajaccio, and there wait orders from London and
Paris, before appearing in the Bay of Naples, and
taking on board the English and French
Embassies. Four line of battle ships, two frigates,
and two corvettes, is all the force which will be
employed. The Neapolitan fleet is quite strong
enough to meet this squadron, if the King is in a
fighting humour, as he has one 80 gun frigate,
several smaller frigates and corvettes, and a steam
fleet of not less than 20 vessels. The Marquis
.&ntonini, the Neapolitan Minister at Paris, had an
interview with M. Walewski, in which the Emperor's
Minister of Foreign Affairs is reported to have
used a firmness of language which caused the
representative of his Sicilian Majesty to telegraph
tostaNnacpesle,
might s for orders in case of a rupture ; and the
"Ply was, that his Excellency, under such circum-
ght retire to Brussels. A rumour is
again prevalent, that the Grand Duke of Tuscany
is about to abdicate in favour of his son, the
'archduke Ferdinand. The result of this abdice-
would, it is said, lead to a complete change in
stem of government, and the restoration to
power of a party hostile to a system of Jaws
decreed by Leopold the First, and which formed
an effectual barrier against the encroachments of
the Holy See. Our Madrid advices inform us of a

Carlist conspiracy, for causing a rising in the
mountains of Toledo, and the arrest of thirteen
persons concerned in it. Her Majesty, Queen
Isabella, finds it a Most difficult matter to rulb the
ambitious designs of the chiefs of her cabinet, and
no doubt, from what is passing about the court,
Narvaez will shortly relieve O'Donnell of the cares
of office. We have further graphic details of the
spectacles and fetes which succeeded the corona-
tion of the Emperor of Russia.
The Free Trade Congress at Brussels is in full
blow just now. The number of gentlemen who
have given their adhesion to the principles of the
Congress is nearly 600. None of the details of
the proceedings have reached us.
The local news, embracing Police Reports,
County Court cases, and the proceedings of the
Revising Barristers' Court, yesterday, will be found
at full length in another column.

THE NORTHERN TIMES completed the third year

of its existence yesterday, despite the many chari-

table and " manly" predictions to the contrary

The character of the period through which we
have passdd may be taken as a fair impress of the
eventful future before us. The current of human

affairs differs only in complexion. Its depth,
breadth, and intensity remain unaltered. The

abominations of war are the work of man's hands

—the vicissitudes of peace are more evenly divided
between the wisdom of the Deity, and the folly and

wickedness of mankind. In both seasons, the
sentinel—an honest son to guard a noble

Fatherland—is needed on the watchtower.
The Newspaper Press is that watchtower,
and whether the NORTHERN TIMES has proved

equal to the onerous duties its conductors have

imposed on themselves, and performed their part
honestly and fearlessly, we must leave the public
to decide. We started with a determination to

take high moral, and national ground on every

question brought under discussion, and from this
firm resolve we have never swerved. We know no
sect or party, and will not suffer ourselves to be
trammelled by creed or faction. We have kept
our columns open to every man who has had a

principle to enunciate or a grievance to make

public. And what a vast amount of useful infor-

oration this straightforward English course has
enabled us to lay before our readers.

Many of the first improvements in art and

science have been discussed in these pages, and
there is not a subject connected with politics,
navigation, trade, commerce, and manufactures

which have not been noticed either by our
numerous correspondents, or our own staff. We

have, in fact, given the public what we conceive

to be the essential characteristics of a daily

Newspaper, and our success has brought

upon us a fierce, and, we fear, ruinous com-
petition for our rivals, which has checked, in

some measure, the completion of our original

design as regards both the size and general
arrangements of our paper. Still, we believe
that, with the aid of those who have so liberally

and disinterestedly supported the NORTHERN

TIMES from the commencement of its publication,
we shall be able to make it all that a great,
enlightened, and mercantile community can desire.
On Friday last we published a double paper, in
order to show what can be done in Liver.

pool—that as good a newspaper may be

produced in this town for less than half
the price of those published in the metropolis.
Our double • number has proved that the literary
taste and thirst for news can be as well supplied,

and our mercantile interests as well guarded, by
our Local Press, as they can by the leviathan

journals published in London

It has also shown that we can balance political,
monetary, and commercial power at home, which

is of far greater importance to Liverpool and the

manufacturing districts than preserving what is
called " The equilibrium of Europe." The

NORTHERN TIMES has, we trust, shown from its

earliest date down to the present hour, that its
conductors are alive to all that contributes

to the happiness, prosperity, and great-
ness of the Empire, and that they fully
comprehend the follies and requirements of
their times. The only question which remains,
then to be solved is, whether Liverpool will have

a Daily Newspaper, worthy of the confidence of
its merchants, the support of the trader, and the

respect and friendship of all classes of society.
We believe the NORTHERN TIMES occupies such a
position, and are encouraged in this belief by the
liberal patronage we have enjoyed, and the com-
parative ease with which we have stemmed what

has been anything but a fair and above board com-

mercial competition. The many changes which have

taken place within the last two years in newspaper

business generally has forced several alterations
on us, and when all the derangements caused by

the abolition of the Newspaper stamp duty have
been overcome, and newspaper property settles
down on a more certain basis, we have no doubt
the course we have pursued will be generally
approved, and the NORTHERN TIMES, as the OLDEST
DAILY PROVINCIAL NEWSPAPER published in Eng-

land, will hold a still higher position than it does

now in public estimation.

Whatever plans we may henceforth adopt, will

be guided by a desire to supply the public's wants,

but with that ordinary commercial caution which

is an essential element in the permanent success

of every undertaking be it ever so trifling. While
there is a tax of lid. per pound, and five per cent.,
on every pound of paper used in our office, en tail

in g upon us an annual expenditure of 1,0001 ;

and newspaper property generally remains in the
unsettled position in which it has been since the

abolition of the stamp duty—it is difficult to

determine on the exact course to pursue. We will

endeavour, however, to meet the tastes and

requirements of the day by the adoption of
such plans as time shall render necessary,

and feel assured, that shatever we may undertake to

contribute to the welfare of the town, and the

importance of the port and commerce of Liverpool,
will be responded to in the spirit of liberality

which has been so long bestowed upon our paper,

Our only desire is, that the NORTHERN TIMES may

maintain its character for early news, the inde-

pendenee and nationality of its sentiments, and

its well known willingness to aid in arrest

ing the torrent of political passion, sustain

the cause of morality, and cheer on the

advocates of civil and religious freedom

throughout the world. Much still remains

to be done in these several directions, and we shall

ever be found ready for the work ; and relying on
the reward due to honesty Of purpose, and our other
humble merits, we hope that on our next anniver-

sary the news-reading public will have additional

cause to be satisfied with our success, and that we

shall have still higher claims on their patronage

and support

THE COURT

BALMORAL,

Sept. 20.—Her Majesty the Queen and the
Prince Consort drove yesterday to the woods of Balmo-
ral, which were driven for deer. Their Royal Highnesses
the Princess Royal and Princess Alice, attended ay the
Marchioness of Ely and the Hon. Mary Seymour, walked
in the neighbourhood of Balmoral.
BALMORAL, Sept. 21.—The Queen and the Prince
drove yesterday to the Balloch Bhuie, where his Royal
Highness went deer-stalking. The Right Hon. Sir Geo.
Grey arrived at Balmoral yesterday, and remains in

attendance upon her Majesty. The royal dinner party
yesterday included the Duchess of Kent, the Princess
Amalie of Hohenlohe Schillingfurst, the Lady Augusta
Bruce, and Lord James Murray.

A MATRIMONIAL ALLIANCE is understood to be
arranged between the Hon. Captain Frederick Fitz-
clarence, ion of the late Earl of Munster, and his cousin,
the Hon. Miss Sydney, eldest daughter of the late Lord
De Lisle and Dudley.

ROYAL NUPTTAL9.—A telegraphic despatch, received
from Berlin, states that on Saturday evening the nuptials
of the Princess Louisa of Prussia with the Grand Duke
of Baden were solemnised in the Royal Schloss with all
the prescriptive solemnities.

Miss FLORENCE NIGRTIGALE is, we understand, on a
visit to this quarter just now. The illustrious lady,
travelling incog , arrived in Aberdeen on Wednesday,
accompanied by her father, and after staying overnight
at Douglas Hotel, left on Thursday forenoon for
Birkhall, the seat of Sir James Clark.—Aberdeen Free
Press.

DEATH OF THE COUNTESS OF LAUDERDALE.—We regret
to record the demise of the venerable Countess of Lauder-
dale, which took place on Tuesday last, at her son's seat
in the north. The deceased had attained the great age of
94 years. Her ladyship was the widow of James, eighth
Earl of Lauderdale, who died September 13, 1839, by
whom she had surviving issue, the present Earl, the Hon.
Sir Anthony Maitland, Lady Eleanor Balfour, and Lady
Mary Stanley. Numerous families of rank are placed
in mourning by the event.

THE LATE E STEN SIVE FRAUDS ON THE CRYSTAL
PALACE COMPANY.—REWARD OF £2so.—The directors
have caused placards to be issued and circulated
throughout the metropolis, offering a reward of £250 to
any person who shall give such information as will lead
to the apprehension of William James Robson, late a
clerk in the transfer office of the company, who stands
charged with fraudulently issuing shares to a large
extent, and with extensive forgeries, It is fully believed
that Robson has not been able to make good his escape,
and it is stated that a clue has been obtained as to his
whereabouts. He is described as being 30 years of age
5 feet 10 or 11 inches high, fresh fair complexion, light
hair inclined to curl, good teeth, a gentlemanly appear-
ance, and pleasing expression, generally dressed in a blue
frock coat, fancy trousers, patent leather boots, and green
kid gloves, but the probability is that he is in some dis-
guise. Information to be given to George Grove, Esq.,
secretary, Crystal Palace, Sydenham ; to the superin-
tendent of the P division of the metropolitan polLe ; or
at any police station.

NEW BRIGHTON CLUB.—An eni-ertaintnent will take
place at the assembly room of this club, on Friday next,
and all who purpose attending may expect a delightful even-

log.
WE are informed that, at the Ordination, held at Ches-
ter, on Sunday last, of the fourteen newly ordained
priests, the Roy. Mr. Wilkinson, curate of St. Chrysostom's,
Everson, was selected by the Bishop for the honour
of reading the first lesson in the afternoon service at the
Cathedral.
Mocx. AucrioNs.—ln reference to these shops, we have
been requested to state that the reports which have appeared
in our paper had no reference to the establishment of Mr.
Henry Halstead, of 44, Lime street, opposite the Edinburgh
Castle ; and, we may add, it was never intended to include
that house in our reports, which had not the most remote
allusion to the house, which is highly respectable.
SUDDEN DEATHS.—A sailor, whose name is unknown,
died on ship board in the river yesterday, suddenly. The
body lies at the dead-house.—Henry Rennie, a sailor, forty
years of age, who had been ailing for some time with
disease of the lungs, died suddenly, yesterday, at his
lodgings in Bridgewater Street.—A man, name not known
at present, died yesterday, suddenly, at the Southern
Hospital. Inquests will be held on the above cases this
day.
REVISION OF THE LIST OF PARLIAMENTARY VOTERS.-..
The court for the revision of parliamentary voters opened
at ten o'clock yesterday, in the Sheriff's Court, before Mr.
J. S. Brandreth, revising barrister. Mr. Enoch Harvey
appeared for the Reform Association, and Mr. Bremner for
the Constitutional Association. The Freemen's list was
taken up yesterday. There were 280 objections entered by
the Liberals, and fifty by the Conservatives. Of the former
216 were allowed, and of the latter only fourteen. They
were of the usual character. There were twenty-nine
claims to be placed on the list ; twenty-seven of which were
preferred by conservatives, and only two by Reformers.
Of the former, eight were allowed, and of the latter only
one was refused. The court adjourned at half-past four
o'clock, to ten o'clock this morning, when the out-town-
ships' list will be gone through. _

ROBBERY AT THE POLICE COURT.—On several occasions
recently we have had to record robberies committed at the
police court, and even out of the usher's room (Mr.
Thomas.) The perpetrators of these felonies seem to
watch the opportunity on wet days, when he is sure of
laying his hands on top coats, umbrellas, and the like.
Yesterday a top coat, nearly new, belonging to Mr. Bluck,
attorney, was stolen out of the usher's room. These de.
predations have become so frequent and so disgraceful,
that our reporter has been requested to state, that the only
remedy is to place a police officer at the door, or at the
top of the stairs leading to the magistrates' entrance, and
not to allow any one, except the magistrates, the clerks, and
officials of the court, together with the reporters and legal
professional gentlemen to pass the lobby. In this way
security would be obtained, and we would not have to
record such glaring thefts. The reporters and legal gentlemen
fully concur in this, for it is disgraceful to see the characters
who are allowed to congregate about the lobby and pass-
age, whilst there are regular doors on the court—hardly
ever used. It is only necessary to call the attention of Major
Greig to the above, and we have no doubt he will at once
apply the proper remedy.
DELEGATE MEETING OF POWER-LOOM WEAVERS OF
NORTH AND SOUTH LANCASHIRE, AT BOLTON.-012 Sunday
a delegate meeting of the above associaticn was held in the
Temperance Progression Room, Bolton, having been
adjourned from the 24th of last month, for the purpose
of hearing the report of the various districts not then
represented as to the propriety of memorialising their
employers for an advance of wages. The attendance
was slender. There were delegates from Preston, Black-
burn, Chorley, Great Harwood, Accrington, Over Darwen,
and Oldham. A Preston delegate occupied the chair. A
considerable number of delegates spoke as to local efforts to
prevent Pertain manufacturers from paying at lower rates for
particular classes of w .rk. The BI ckburn delegate said they
were quito ready to memorialise the employers for a rise if
other districts would unite in doing so. The Chorley and
Preston delegates said the same ; but the Over Darwen dele-
gate said they had recently got a ten per cent, advance, and
did not just 'like to ask for another. After a very long
discussion, a motion to memorialise for an advance was put.
Four voted for it. Some conversation then arose as to Lhe
propriety of carrying the resolution out, a feeling being
expressed that it would be hetter to get more efficiently
organised first, and at length it was resolved that a memo-
rial should be prepared by the secretary, at Blackburn, a
copy forwarded before printing to each district, and that
the memorial should be presented to their employers on or
before Monday, the 20th of October, and that the meeting
of delegates be adjourned until Sunday the 2nd day of
November, to be held in the same room, for the purpose of
hearing the result.

MONETARY AND COMMERCIAL.

LIVERPOOL, TUESDAY EVENING

Business affairs remain without any change since
the close of last week. The arrivals of produce
have been pretty numerous—the markets are well
supplied without any noticeable variation in price.
Our Cotton Market supports the same firm feeling
noticed in our remarks of yesterday. Holders,
looking for a rise, supply the market sparingly,
but an advance cannot be firmly established, at
least as long as the Neapolitan question remains
in its present position, and there is the dread of
an advance in the rate of interest by the Bank of
England. To-day 10,000 bales exchanged hands,
very full prices were paid, and speculators and
exporters took about 5,000 bales.

There has been considerable fluctuation in the
Liverpool Share Market to-day. At the commence-
ment of business there was much weakness, and
prices receded from the opening quotations, after-

, .
wards it improved, and Closed firm at the best
prices of the day. The business comprised Black-
burn, 7 15.16. Lancashire and Yorkshire, 96,
London and North Western Stock, 102,

7

t. Manchester, Sheffield, and Uncoln; 32k,
Midland, 78, 74. 1, 4. Dovers, 214, 1, A-, 1,
Great Western of Canada, 238, 2. Luxembourg
Constituted, 10."-.1,1-4 Subjoined are the latest prices :
—Aberdeen, 134 131 Chester and Birkenhead, 15i
154. Caledonian, 274 279. Chester and Holyhead, 16.1
161 Eastern Counties, 9 3 16 9. East Lancashire,
204 20Z. Great Northern, 234 234. Do A, 101 10i.
Great Western, 631 641. Lancashire and York-
shire Stock, 96 961. Liverpool, Cro'sby, and
Southport, 184 18a London and :North Western
Stock, 1024 104 Manchester, Sheffield, and
Lincolnshire, 32 34 Midland Stock, 78 78k.
North British, 9 11-16 94. North Staffordshire, 51
sd. South Eastern and Dover, 211 214. York,
Newcastle, and Berwick, 191 20. York and North
Midland, 274 28. Leeds Capital Stock, 178 174.
Buffalo and Lake Huron, 1-16 d 1-16 p. Dutch
Rhenish, 2 24 p. Great Western of Canada, 234 234.
Ditto New Shares, 11 1y p. Great Luxembourg, 101
104 d.

L I 1

There is considerable irregularity in the general
aspect of the Money Market, and although the
demand continues pretty active, we cannot report
any additional pressure. The October dividends,
which are now looked for, are expected to produce
a more easy feeling in monetary circles, although
there are parties who entertain a totally different
view, and act upon the idea that the Bank of
England will advance the rate of discount to 5 per
cent. Money in the Stock Exchange is rather
easy at 4 Der cent. The Public Securities are still
depressed, and that, too, without any apparently
legitimate cause; for although our relations with
Naples is of a somewhat warlike nature, no one an tici-
pates anything approaching an open rupture. King
Bomba, no matter how he may bounce and bluster,
does not entertain the most distant idea of court-
ing a discharge of our heavy guns against the walls
of his capital. He well knows what we did at
Sebastopol, and the heavy fire of the Allied artil-
lery he dreads within his inmost soul. Parties,
therefore, who operate in the Consol Market under
the influence of the idea that there will be a war
with Naples, are far mistaken. We expect and
hope that the monetary condition of the country
will take a turn, and that ere many days there will
be increased facilities for discounting good com•
mercial paper. To-day Consols opened weak, at a
decline upon the closing rates of the previous
evening. Later in the day a better feeling sprung
up, and they left off rather firmer. The opening
price of account was 94, after which 948 was paid.
For transfer dealings were reported, first at 94,
then 93k was accepted, and also 933, but from that
point they regained the opening price 94, closing
steadily at 934 to 94, and for the account, at 94 to
94,1. The last price of Exchequer Bills was 14s to
17s premium.

The London Share Market was rather firmer,
and partially recovered the depression of yesterday.
The sales, however, were only limited in extent.
We note transactions in Caledonians, at 534 and 54;
Eastern Counties, 9i ; Great Northern, 94 ; Great
Western, 64, 635; London and North Western,
102, Midland Stock, 781, 4,, 774; York
and North Midland, 55. We append the
latest closing. quotatations :—Caledonian, 541 54k,
Eastern Counties, 9 1.16 9 3,16. East Lancashire,
82 Great Northern, 93i 94. Do. A., 82 83. Great
Western, 641 641. Lancashire and Yollshire,
96 961. London and North Western, 102 t 103.
Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire, 321 324.
Midland Stock, 77e 78k. North British, 384 39.
South Eastern and Dover, 701 70/ York, New-
castle, and Berwick, 79 80. York and North
Midland, 55k.

We begin to experience rather unsettled weather,
much rain has fallen within the last few days.
Harvest operations, however, except in very late
and humid localities, are all but completed, so that
little damage can be sustained by the present
rainy season. This opinion is confirmed by the
fact, that all the corn markets in the United King-
dom are on the decline. At our Corn Exchange,
to-day, wheat declined is to 2s per bushel ; flour
was the turn lower, and most other articles of the
trade met with little or no alteration. We may
further observe, that the arrivals of the past week
into Liverpool, have been upon a moderate scale
from America, as anticipated ; but there is still a
large quantity of wheat in course of landing here,
the greater portion faulty in condition, and inferior
in quality. The reports from the Leeds and Hull
markets held to-day, coincide with these remarks
respecting the trade here.

The trade in Manchester has manifested an
upward movement. A moderate business was
reported to-day at the full prices of last week.
Accounts from Rochdale report that the market
held there yesterday was quiet, and the business
transacted meagre in extent, Some of the manu-
facturers complain that for many years past they
never knew operations so flat as this season.
Usually, the month of September is a very active
one for orders and trade generally ; but there is
very little doing now, and stooks must in some
hands be slightly increasing, though the current
trade is considerable, but in small quantities. In
Yorkshire goods fully as much has been doing as
last week, at similar rates. From Bradford
we have the following report of yesterday's
market :—The attendance of buyers has been
very small to-day, and purchases have only
been very limited. In spite, however, of the
quiet markets we now experience, the raw materials
wool and cotton seem to be increasingly firm, and
therefore tend to make matters extremely awkward
for both manufacturers and merchants, as prices
now, unremunerative as they are, seem to be any-
thing but conducive to orders.

The following is a statement of traffic receipts
by passenger and goods trains on the Great
Western Railway of Canada, for the week ending
sth September, 1856, and for the corresponding
period last year:—Week ending sth Sept., 1856,
total receipts, 12,2931. 14s. 7d. Week ending sth
September. 1855, total receipts, 9,288/ 1 ls. 81. In •
crease, 3,0051. 2s. 11d. Aggregate gross receipts
from the commencement of the current half-year
to date, 51,639/. 19s. 4d. ; for the corresponding
period last year, 39,8621. 12s. 8d —all sterling.
Accounts from the Continental Money Markets
report no apparent improvement in the supply of
silver. In Belgium the National Bank has passed
a measure refusing to take French 20 franc gold
pieces, unless a discount of 21 per cent be deducted
instead of lopif
setrlecipepeislrit
ccaehs
naf
tov former
aen 1:tliyo higher.u;
naTeneidlde i
thatst e i s
measures expectedthe r
at
that they will raise their rate of discount per cent.
t
e
alorlfhedenißsoctaonoulfn.r.a nature to re-assure sanguine financiers
that there is no monetary crisis at hand on the
Continent.

During the past week the number of ships which
sailed from the port of London to the Australian
colonies amounted to 10, comprising a total burthen
of 5.932 tons The following are the pors of
destination :—Four to Melbourne, two to Sydney,
two to Adelaide, one to Hobart Town, and one
to Launceston.
The news from Paris mention that two agents de
change on the Bourse have been examined as wit-
nesses before the Juge dinstruetzon. regarding the
sale of shares by the cashiers of the Northern of
France Railway Company. It is said that the
company has given. notice to all the holders of such
shares that they will either be paid in money for
the same, or receive new shares on there being
returned. It is said that Baron Rothschild has
advanced a sum for this purpose at the low rate of
3 per cent. A number of shareholders have already
complied with the proposal of the company.

FRANCE.

(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT

PARIS, MONDAY EVXNING.
The Journal des Debats, which generally deriret°
its information from the best diplomatic sonreag'
publishes to-day some important news respecting
Naples. It is that England and France hard
decidedly determined on sending each four vesseli
and four frigates to Naples, to present a sort OA.
ultimatum to the King, and in the event of its 11°5
being accepted, which is not at all likely, diploall:
tic relations are to be broken off. Thc Fr
of
Minister, M. Brenier, is to retire on board are to
the French vessels, and the united squadron are
,o
remain in the Bay of Naples to protect flgl+ll,o
and French subjects. The vessels of th-e
countries, before proceeding to Naples, are tan 3- e
at Ajaccio. As, however, the King of NaPle3
present at Gaete, theDebats thinks there will be s°'"
little delay in obtaining his answer to the ultini.;
turn. The Debats adds that the .2l7oniteur
0,
shortly publish a note t'v explain the object of inW
Allies—and this note, it sap, will prt:bably be
11 16
in accordance with the language
used by the French and English Pltn)iPc"°,
tiaries at the Peace Cwagress—that is to 133• T
13ai
will discourage any revolutionary movement/ 11'o
will state that the Allies are anxious to prevent i;i6
outbreak by obtaining justice for the pcople• in,,
Debats hints that England is the main trove? liv.
the demonstration,—and that France follows ill
r.,,
somewhat reluctantly. It hints, too, that the "P 5 e,
liamentary necessities" of Lord Palmerston baile,
caused it. It even says that the " King of Nlll:4ed
will not be so seriously menaced by it as 1:13-;
seem, and that it will no doubt long preserreo
negative character." The Debats further 018
°lg
that Austria really attempted to induce the s,
of Naples to make concessions to the Allies, 1:°00,
vain. It tells us, too, that the French shipa Irepo
to leave Toulon the day after to-morrow. r°6;,
another source it appears that the King of "telt
in anticipation of a rupture, has already instru
Antonw
his Minister in this city, the Marquis
to leave for Brussels when it shall take Plae%te
The gravity of this news naturally caused a Y
found sensation on the Bourse. Bad news 09e0
received from Germany and Belgium, anda goodoty
of alarm was manifested as to the consequence:to
the trade of France of the refusal of thebank °Lilo
latter country to accept gold pieces for
.their rfr
value. A heavy decline in the Relates and aaSeello
ties accordingly took place; indeed, at one 1010
there was a perfect pause. The Threes cle'eri.es
30e below the prices of Saturday, Bank of
20fr lower, and Credit Mobilier 17fr ; all the

ways also declined.
votif
„
I suppose you will have learned already L'J •:h,G
telegraphic despatches from Marseilles,
Austria has determined to prolong her occuPat.iii3O
of the Principalities, and even to increase her °I,";0.
England to keep Admiral Lyons and her des'o
Constantinople, and France to send some vessoo
there, in consequence of the bad disrsitl off
which Russia shows with regard to the cesei°ii ;04
Bolgrad, and of the Isle of Serpents. A gl-Ari
conflict, it appears, had taken place at Trebiz°" dOO
between the Turks and some Russian mere and`
sailors; the latter had been cast into the sea' ad.
had had the flag torn down. The Russian C°l3tios
exacted ample reparation, and, as part of it'
bastinading of the asacilants.
1100'
The Minister of Finance in Madrid, M. LA- ej,
as you will have already learned, has resigade
His reason is not stated in the telegraPhiefit iG
patch which announces the resignation; 13 -d of
was, no doubt, the refusal of the Queen, °II
the majority of his colleagues, to sancL; npipf
decree which he had prepared, for gi-eer
30,060,000 reals for the repair of 011'1°00
the sum to be taken from the proceeds of the sof
of ecclesiastical property. In trying to get pee
decree adopted, his object was to obtain a atfr
sanction of the law for the sale of such W1)-00
which law the Queen and the Court facti°lloll
bent on suspending. O'Donnell at first Wart,
supported him, and even declared to the `2,0
that if she would not sign the decree, he islfor
resign. In this determination he persisted 00,
few days in spite of her entreaties, but it ae
pOt
from the *statement of M. Cantero, that he Wig
thought fit to stand by it.

TURKISH INSULT TO r°

RUSSIAN FLAG.

MARSEILLES, Monday.—The Sinai, wil'e"b
TIO
Constantinople on the 15th, has arrived",red'
squadron of Admiral Lord Lyons is again °l.'ooo,
by a telegraphic message from home, to rea
here until the entire settlement of the questi°-to
be
Bolgrad, and of the Isle of Serpents. It is ,frig:
joined by a French squadron, which will t 10:
shortly. The Journal de Constantinople state
1; 000'
a serious conflict has taken place at Tr°l9
Eight Turkish sailors tore down the Russia
from a merchant ship. They threw the
sailors into the sea. The Russian Censti pof/s
demanded the dismissal of the captain of the beep
The sailors who made the attack 110%04
publicly bastinadoed. Troops have been °e
the Divan into the Herzagovina.

'if"
WE have much pleasure in informing our OPeraoBao Of 40
ers that they will, on Monday evening next, have tit
tunity of enjoying a treat in the way of a tea P7ti°llo,
first of the season, at the Working Man's Asrefill"
connection with St. Chrysostom's district school,
Evertor!.
A a bleit ttrA
SOCIAL PROGRESS IN IRELAND.—The
one room was a few years ago almost the only -,re;
to which an Irish peasant aspired. Of these ett 701'
huts in 1841 there were about half a million. ,0000./A
later only 135,000 remained, while many new f;
better kind had been built, the proportion...fai 001/00:
being highest in those of the best quality. I.4°A. ea 03
the necessary removal of houses no longer nee
place exclusively in the lowest class of cabins' wie01:0,
siderable proportion of the inhabitants who have e to
in the country have removed from filthy hovels (OP
dwellings. 01101
ice I
SCARCITY OF IRON IN RUSSIA.—The high r• ,f itrAl
in Russia is a great evil, both for agriculture:o /La,
branches of industry. "We find," says a Russ„,l'g itivA
" in the rural buildings of our western provin7os,/,
nails taking the place of iron nails, and even anlitsa."ol
if not wealthy proprietors, we find locks and be'doof4 rti
gates and garden doors, and sometimes at barn,,r rlafria'o,o
rep'aced by wooden latches, and hinges by osl'ellergt:4
which the doors are hung upon the posts,whilst
brethren who use the metal article grumble fsa-t.03 ;501
price. Throughout a great part of the empire at j
are without shoes, and farm carts without tires' coatioo.
of wood ; spades of wood covered with a thic,tc,pif j„° ofe,o
iron; and in many districts the ploughshare It';,tie„,
with an iron point. Implements of that deserirt
to he seen at St. Petersburg show of agricultor3 40•4
in 1850."
• 10(
THE INCONSISTENCIES OF OUR CRIMINAL'T, `""A hre r If
*tinever will take the trouble to turn to the seve *tn. erg
the Commissioners on criminal law, maYw"
classification of the various punishments The'„oo4,
inflicted for different offences ten years ago..orislotry
upwards of fifty doses of transportation of It of Proliof4
allotted to different crimes, without any sor oeo 0,
or classification. Sometimes offenders e°,,,,ti°
transported—sometimes only imprisoned---aoyed 0%0 0,
labour and solitary confinement could be alit, 00 001"
sonment, and sometimes not. Sometimes fotir'ffeillf
term of imprisonment was two, sometime:Der ?„1
times seven, and in one case an unlimited Bilialite"eh o°ol,l
In this last instance, unlimited fine and tan of t..." 0134
ping might be superadded, at the discretion e vivDO
to unlimited imprisonment. This awful Crilnad ;Ot
stealing naval stores—so that an unfortunate be bee'
stolen a yard of rope from a dockyard, Inig (1074
to be imprisoned for life, and whipped over,'

GURATION or

THE

THE OLDHAM LYCEUM. Were only the vehicles of thought. The stores of thought
---.. accumulated in our own tongue were already immense.
The in
The foundation of a rational and complete education lay
Monday.anguration of:
t,lle Inornin the Oldham Lyceum, took place on it the knowledge of natural laws, as deduced from
It was ceitebrated by a procession and lunch in recorded facts. A knowledge was first necessary of those
Among the& and by a tea party and soiree in the evening. laws by which the organic world was governe& an ti6so
guests invited,
among, vverand who honoured the sere- which regulated astronomical, geologieal, and chemical
'William
17 Le,rd Stanley, M.P., Sir J. K. Shutt lewortll, phenomena; next, of those laws which controlled organised
(In?, w. J• r°.,„%irli, Esq., M.P., James Heywood, Esq., existence, a branch which included physiology in all its
'-'l°°l ar a'or, Esolo ALP., J. M. Cobbett, Esq., M.p. departments; lastly,.a knoivledge of all which, for want
blABcottish ~ "4_, Lieutenant-Colonel Burns (sons of the of a recognised term, lie would call " socialology," ern-
rist,en), the Rev. Dr. Vaughan,. and the mayors bracing the investigation of social problems, and enabling
nio_ ,fiydter and Ashton-under-Lyne. The procession, us to trace the paths along which human action had
atia. m"a_flurled the authorities of the borough, the gnests, moved in all countries and ages. In England we needed
gad most
an!' the leading inhabitants, formed at the Toren to study man's work less and nature more. Even where
ei4,l.lsrouteetter twelve o'clock, headed by a band of music, we applied ourselves to investigate all the past course of
iat4ldia,,,e 1-ipcl through the principal streets to the new human action, we were in the habit of ascribing too much
an exceeding 6% bieh is situate in Union-street. The building is importance to an almost mechanical recollection of facts,
style aly handsome erection of stone, in the Italian and too little to those generalisations which gave past
roe architect • •
with their sole importance for us. He did not wish
i nis for , ,lire, in two stories, unlerground facts almost :an ebsesirnnts, and attics for class rooms, above which to speak in the language of accusation or of complaint,
-oliatt
Theory
I Y. commanding an extensive range of yet it did seem strange when lie thought upon it, that a
Nig fine two Principal stories contain an exceed-
tieman might leave either of the great universities of tbil;
board, , ,news-room and lecture-hall, besides the club, nation, after a school and college training, which together
brivainn Other rooms. The cost of the building has been had extended over more than ten years, an accomplished.
orth,s of
5,000 i. The proce'ssion arrived at the front door classic, an able mathematician, yet wholly unacquainted
41% nuiew building a little before one o'clock at noon, when with external nature, ignorant of the principle upon which
Arte,`wlakt,t_Proceeded to deliver an inaugural address, a steam engine was. put together; ignorant even of the
Iltire Cul.e .th e president showed the visitors over the mechanism he carried. about with him in his own body,
Which t "mg, occupying the time until the luncheon, and utterly unversed in the first principles of the law of
h'was pa°r°t_, place in the Lecture Hall of the Lyceum. and the land under which he lived. He (the chairman) was
4ing beZen of by about 300 persons. Several toasts one of those who said, give. us a little more of this kind of
~I,Gorci St proposed and responded to, knowledge in the first instance, and let the ornamental
ratir Perit Y proceeded to propose the toast of the (lay, part of the teaching come later, if there be time and incli-
-
nation f,-,... 44 Yr . ..
%)(Zeiliont
fYrotorrt Oldham Lyceum." ft,,,,0,-, mn4.,,1-.,,,1 4,„ n
..Cle) '`
at the ' Wieder(
I,44;taehiCOPf
" tho :!'llg C

he might say to t
tery, that whethl

t or the

n~al3, «~i
C Fr.~f

1 magni uth

y with which ti

adolinist
noieto . •
atiet say
~,,,._
Torwe:ftilly aeCOli.
1101.4f,'„' ,and, 10016
duce,-" intellect
In ari„e felt at a lei
PartaitVaDge ade qua 1,
ti. The t of exaggeration.
w. boast of the ' County Mem.l)erc, - tau.
Ile ktiToWn, r,,q., ALP., w-ds ,-diled upon t 9 r,:sponesds.
?rthin 44,0 was his duty t,,7, thank them for their kyida
e I)rig the Presnt toast. He referred to the infancy
lar it 14110001 ' vr.,. and stated that at the meeting
la" ktsre,sttablif:otn'enTtth'emr,e were only present Dr. Currie
41te? 1.. .-Jsene, when the former moved, , and
and.ve t ed
votedthe
Lthe rer'•o PoWer as chairman ; the latter moved
ver *o
Turn
into office as secretary, and assed a num-
ir,' W tiff,"leresting resolutions, which went before the pubd-
Z_lliar it appeals, and were very liberally respond.e
ih' 0,,, was the origin of the Liverpool Lyceum, which
k,acklith„(luing an important work. 'When they looked
-'0 v.uund that times had greatly chanyed since
'God'tZ"eti those who were sent out to Virginia thanked
/34te1118 to tr:„Welre no public schools in the country which
riat, 'nett future home; or when some of the Pres-
-bniltilins2!cotland resaonstrated with Xing Charles for
411,...„t0tgtx)-gerLehaeti.yeu.s.toln ot burning witches. Times had
;:auto of,. .meethat period. He next related an
7log a, 'll.l av ehol der, who found one of his negroes
iiegid W 481114
.iitree. Onw taxing him with idleness, his
was not idle, but engaged in doing
1:1411„°1_4, and age
eatillustration of the value of his ser-
Ctit' -;d'lentioned to his master the fact that his head.
or tht-f", enabled some of the slaves to do their work in
Teetullou-RlT:ftthhey ha.d preovwiouhselyngrequired for it. When
lata.nrittrivvoubs_ela_ I taken to educate the
s.eseslP,al!inesdind hope that the day was not far
wstie e0p,711.11 tins country would send out to out transat-
,:as th; "ins More of the result of their head wohrkattthhains
-°4nt - ease at
tk-• 1'37 w__ present, for he was of opinion t 114 t kiim " now receiving more in the shape of results of
ttt1141:1 te•fr°ol America, than England was sending in
w.,sauct...%, hat did they think of the operations of the first
1-M ah-18'ne ? The little boy who attended it, and had to
ctLn he s,',. shut off the steam naturally was fond of pl y,
,19,,-41tritai_head.to vi.rork, and connected a string with a
uwo ,r. ,-, n order. that it might do his work
b:cn. a,,, t‘ Was such institutions as this that had to do
""411110,1,434‘deln,fai:rying forward the work that was to make
be pied totvnueut on the labour of. his hands, and more
h gintiin , uls head ; and the labouring classes were now
,eeesg,,,g tuoronghly to understand that capital was as
:P7ity.,t.o labo • k'll as labour was to the pros-
h!, leil'aq,
attitieciraerut oafitncdapsital l But as their time was not
there* were those around him
It°llSZidt litl,_a_ke nauhechn'-eiwetterspeeches than he Gould, he
-Nat loud I°lager detain them. (He resumed his seat
!'on„ eld in tk_ p par oo o
.y
11448 illt:ots„ ,‘bal'el lei Prj
In:au' I ls. Q .2f the br übi 1 d ,800ilig a persons,tSw c h uapwmaeredtsinogf.
'tlio.air,'"..,re present. Lord ._t_anley, M.P., took
.1:0e preent.williana Brown, Esq., M.P., was amongst
aeltlirotioStailley, AI the first speaker. After
bepSeralh:.F his-enth'usiLtic welco. me, he said that last
th.,4`4111 whoseLue pleasure to see the first stone laid of that
^-vt.eru't•e inaucturation they now celebrated. It was,
a.d.„:',-, noubly Ezb 'fv.rig to him to witness the
or tilz"'" With whierhatc,Vham had seconded the designs
\thief, tlustitutiou'a founde,.s. From the rapidity with
ilte,l, 4110 undertaking had been commenced and c.pm-
olvi3 tapheY could not as yet estimate the number of those
it2'-• the h•tt hereafter attend the lectures, avail ti:
aaaSaea:ubrail7liprhlart.a• Partake of the instruction of the e.
I judge from the accounts whi
esthat tioanched him e 1.11-lig itdaN,h believed the facts to b,
abutslva in 1 he oladtbuildingethe number of subscriber:
~,s-els-el OO, 'Mt less than 600 names had
deb ttdied since the occupation of the premise
'3" had that day visited. "5...--

1-"" or 1,

absence of part
)le sr

to th.) I

nal results which

,d more knoWledge of themselves,
,d, there would be far less disease

orld ; for every one who broke a

low to speak to them of t

to its m

.uowingty, a hundred broke it in sheer
ignorance. After a further eulogium upon such institu-
tions, the noble lord concluded by wishing, with all co
diality, prf,sperity to the institution whirl
that day inaugurated

they had

rai other gentlemen addrested the meeting, including
K. Shuttlewerth, 'qr. J. Haywood, M.P., W. Fox,
Mr. C,,bbet, M P., &c., &c.

REPORT ON THE PATHOLOGY OP THE
DISEASES OF THE ARMY IN THE EAST.

When the full extent of the sufferings of our troops,
luring the first winter of the war in the Crimea, was
confirmed beyond dispute to the people of England, it
was felt, after the first burst of indignation had passed
away, that these experiences would not be in vain if they
but led to the rectification of the abuses in our system of
" routine" and defects in our military organisation, out
of which so much evil had arisen. We know, however,
what generally is the fate of good intentions ; and when
we see how fast the incidents of the recent struggle with
Russia are being lost in the pomp and brilliancy of the
coronation of its Czar, we fear that the good intention of
our government and people to "put their house in order,''
and keep it so for all future time, will be no exception to
the rule. It is well that our memories should be jogged
now and then, even though the reminiscences should be
disagreeable, and with that view we purpose making a
few extracts from the report on the " Pathology of the
Diseases of the Army in the East," which was presented
to Lord Panmure in March of the present year. The
report is the production of Dr. Robert D. Lyons, who,
though still a young man, has long acquired a distin-
guished position in his profession in Dublin, and who,
from his deep study of the pathology of diseases, was
eminently qualified for the onerous and important task
entrusted to him. In April, 1835, he, with two assist-
ants, the first of whom was Dr. Aitken, proceeded, under
the directions of Lord Panmure, to Scutari, to make
pathological researches into the diseases of the army of
the East. He arrived at Scutari at the close of April,
1855, and found that all but the expiring embers of the
terrible epidemics of the past winter had disappeared.
After some time spent in the investigation of disease
at Scutari. Dr. Lyons felt that for a due and complete
appreciation of the pathological character of the
diseases of the army of the East, and for the determina-
tion of the most important medical questions connected
with their nature and origin, the lnatcriel presented by
ospitals at Scutari at that period did not suffice,
and he accordingly proceeded to the Crimea, in June. At

.Pohlt i.....,
....
be eo„t' Niel'? in hick): these institu.
atiee."spertd, and tow which he attached !Due" --
,„nat nn,„,et them recollect what modern society was,an.na
the,.'lsse -"Lu'ern labour wq Men were brought together Is.
vse;r..theY were -e-msp.loiyed in mechanical pursu tof
'gat N 7 11^rfeetion of they work done, and the eau
iltlihtr•-''''etion--o,iviai ofe labour carried to the higsoheuesst;
~.t° thaite,h,ded to render' occupation more monotonfety,
ti04444t1-a-rZ(i.ihtteoll;ct'i, cravaienilvostihmrual.:au,s, asking
kittfulile Want of
he
i intellectuavla.itlneaacs-
uqecatefor thought, was a statte quite t
1111,44„_enst0,L°th.e Shabitually inert temperament
Collie
were
labour of thought.
kt we the vast
‘4lll l'e collect 1 ;
Masses of intellectualWhat,then,
men and women
d
ts sent ? e( ,ti towns ? W hat were our noartinoexatl
tn tone t.' Re was afraid he must say none,
.oy..
h-oellt oft aren the simplest of all ple?.slures, the enj
The leisure
, Itt's 1,, rural beauty was rarely possib e.
"thUs ' these districts 'fell mostly at night, when 9ut-doorr.
Illh°411:3;111}it:
tWoewroe infatypdropriate Even if the neighbou
d more: facility for them than
I°t• 41(111, there %Asa Wantingere something besides teaching,
1.41448e0„,ae Willing to be instructed ; we wanted rational
'le wit`oent for those who desired only to be interested.
forward
tlt;',ltel sopt aahanied of putting it prominently
104psretveakjeee4teci14'./11c.h the ought to keep in view. lealth
'tlle atlon , .lease ygenerated, life shortened, by
.the.
to; • °3.. pipits which fell upon an unexcited ext.st
wander uted for want of cheerfulness
.as plants died
get ~,,,,,°flight. ,
might
diki,--I,,ical testitnronhatinwas a fact, to which they 0f"4.37 " 6.ncling leyasurespl,e--nty.part
a diffiltenwltyasartiosintghi.svery
in
the
Pave, ~ge aecidebtsPof our social state—in
the of ml energ rereflective but somes.vb.a. serious
part out to
;')(4 Deotildettli Whichleoriniariely centuries
.had distinguts.hed
teteN4ive social is nation,—that he ascribed that habit of
atroaeh
uhoindulgence w.iich ares stHilel the principal
affirmed, then,
8444 14 t4ri‘ °Ur.nsorals and ma
04. ay, ins Y: point of view, innnteelrlec. tu.al, moral, even
0). a
,titutions such as that was intended to be,
-.'4l' "la!, Partl literary, useful to the few who.studiaesd
tttOtisilest• attraet7
kni,,,eniebt, , . lye to the many whose. chief aim w
h.,
kll4. '44tiat ''ad in both those capacities.a real and su
telrlitilieen,44ltlcela•
ssX,letihretlerctluenredsf,ngth.etrarsenaoding.room,
h4,?nit,.....Public usefulness he hoped it vrvh library—for that
titi', or w"1111. each draw to them uc i. eeh proposedp
o .
1.4t1a3,, thflerent l s Theses abliseh.rms'etnt of an
rptl.4el‘,44l74e'vle..celoa, a c people's If e, call it what they
4t Dielitury, Zhilarhge townin England,ceg was no longer a
or dispensed withr
t°lf °4l'4BBllr;e' but head might)eco e enjoyedean essential,
i(4 h cle`4l organist" al
He denied that these instito_
tio_ ad b._ ~ a ion. an integral. pant.
kkintiatecrl a fdonre. With all the disadvantages !
tb,,with o_7leatis of support, with no permanent fundb,
4titr, tetiehrY one-half of the people prepared to receive
to.,;thev ttgi these literary institutions
nhadwienrcerehaerndg
‘ude ow numbered 800, and
,141kitt1,,141 v
of °I vast
-'
e 4 I
In hi opinion thnelerwspoti
e that they were
-. 80,.,.--, to hn,, enlargemen .esre of action
''ersiilety tver,ortn,
ass He held
regartde
that tLes diset‘ same functions with those which the un
d the more numerous clast!
,4 (ei,
nie.,rna,fced as regardedthe more wealthy. First,
uersd ciltai teruers of every religiouswydenomination met
ilgthe edWith tr,p,s• Next, that they started unincum-
e. T4;4tionapions, taking as t eir point of departure
uad b (le holle Idcas not of any former, but of the present
h free, or
l'lrl t cloTici they would not rest sattihslfilesd. with.; what
Der 3' trte re, but endeavour to es a
katisuAs wholhlka.rY. for the use of the hundred thousand
}laq „ ester; 8 <rAbited this town and its neighbourhood.
places where
it
Ila'i,t ther4 t4h''-ord, Liverpool, Bolton, even Warrington,
grlt ha. heeti r,„`'e exaMple. Out of eighteen.
ove teen been '`uP(?sed to put the act of pTiament in force,
!elt, 114 intafreled in thirteen.
witness that no
libr`,ll.eo. h,;i our years, he could bear
Having watched the a4,:pe, ha:,l 2.e.eurred within his knowledge. where free
support, and to
obcer tiie `-' 4111 ed to command public
ca",;cted t ""Pose Oft heir establishment. If a rate wereA
-vital el, Much • •
by private means. `l-
- of *260,..
witmint b
11311(1 et
of u
000 ovuoitdrgeisvee;doeaetethe lowest estimate, a
begin with ; and a thou-
)oe atiml 'l.B at only 4s year y, w
'°
übserkb
4 n lwould supply au
In it". aref 3' sufficient to defray all necessary expenses.
tj,mat e;'4l3Ported library was preferable, first, because.
-Adl --B'' alon could it be made absolutely free ,
Dtmi• Y, bee e Cou
le d ause that mode of support gave to it a more
lieI•11 Rot iptc:l/91ar. character. Next came the question,
410 Lhourpk,...eir institution, what were they to teach ?
1).441(1 k''_," 's t desirable that intelslethelteuaLacyo;mpetition
and he
tiO4/4, tuh4et;inaulat.ed in every. possible Niwero 4'e, wiry peculiar pleasure, that examina-
-4 i. 4 1 . to take place,
tb,,, atitude should b given to individua
tilt' '' svi 1,
taste. What
and prizes awarded.
n,iloiti,, . &eel to learn, he would learn lbetter, more
11.4 e - ' 'nu With
profit to himself, than what. het.
('ttlrt(43lt to st dn2"e
p the recommendation. o
allitteß•ro,B4b.ieetutoYthnetreqiujraillifieenation, he would meatiorei
0 * tha-itots would be most likely to be of service.
forli
tnitte4e,.nere were to be French cla.ses, and others
staPg of laiN•uages, He was far from depreciating
I,''.4e wh',leS ; their interest and use were greateven to
who tra-
4;illeci Cuts
Where
atfo2h:maen;d faornpmorotruenfiotry those
were limited,
Ivltetnere no special inducement existed, he doubted
doe rt.
•.e •..4e acquirement of other languages was the most
-11' or profitable branch of study. Words, after all,

this stage of his report he observes that " the constitution
of the soldier in the Crimea had undergone the influence
of agencies which, for a long period at least, sensibly
depressed it below the average physiological standard,
and the effects of which gave a marked character to the
diseases from which he suffered ; " and, further on, he
says,

"it seems undeniable that the circumstances in
which the British army was placed during the winter of
1854-55, were such as of themselves directly to induce the
invasion of disease on a large scale, and in a malignant

Not only was this so in reality, but even after the

import-

lapse of months; and when such causes had ceased to
operate directly to any large extent, their effects were
still manifest in the unstable health of the sonityr, his
impressionability to morbid influences, and more
especially in the behaviour of his constitution under the
attacks of disease. These agencies told most fearfully on
the constitutions of the young and immature, who formed
a very considerable proportion of the strength of several
regiments," in proof of which Dr. Lyons gives the follow-
ing return as a general average. He says—" The joint
numbers on the occasioa of tha assaults on the grand
Redan, received into one hospital in the field, amounted
to 664, embracing. all variety of gun-shot injuries—and
some of the very worst kind. Of this number of men,
the average age was 24i. But this statement would

give
,only an adequate view of the actual youth
of a great proportion of them. 61 were under the
age of 20, of whom one was only 17, and the
rest varied between 18 and 19; 75 were of the actual
age of 20 years. Thus, of the whole, considerably more
than one-fourth were actually only 20 years of age and
under; .76 were found to be between 30 and 40, inclu-
sive ; two were of the actual age of 40, while one was
stated to be 48, which is at least doubtful. The re-
mainder, constituting a little more than two•thirds, were
of various ages between 20 and 30, the majority inclin-
ing to the former rather than the latter. These results
show a very high proportion of immature youth, such
as, I have no hesitation in saying, it is not consistent
with any sound physiological principles to expose to
the severe trials and hardships of actual war. Amongst
them disease finds a rich and easy harvest." Reasoning
from these facts, Dr. Lyons recommends that the soldiers,
under all circumstances, but chiefly when enlisted at an
early age, should be qualified for the hardships of war
by a term of service at home, or on a secondary foreign
station, and he argues that trained at home, and gradually
inured to the fatigues of the soldier's life, by a suitable
rotation in the selection of foreign stations, troops could
be slowly but steadily brought to a maximum of safe
endurance of the hardships of warfare, far above the
average of what is now reached. This is a suggestion
which, no doubt, the authorities of the Horse Guards
will bear in mind, in the selection of the men who are
to receive their discharge, consequent on the reduction
of the army to the numbers of a peace establishment.
After the expression of an unqualified opinion, that no
soldier under 21 years of age should be sent to the seat of
actual war, and not even then without a previous training
and gradual acclimatization in suitably chosen secondary
stations, the report goes on to state that, " besides the
class of men who, by reason of youth and immaturity of
physical development, suffered peculiarly from the toils
of Crimean life, there was another class equally unfitted
to make effective troops, namely, men recruited at a
rather advanced age-25 to 30—from the mechanical
trades in densely-populated towns. Such men," the report
states, "have seldom enjoyed a vigorous youth ; and from
the testimony of medical officers, they are constant
applicants for admission into hospital, their constitu-
tion, never robust, soon giving Ray under exposure and
fatigue. They may add to the numerical, but never to
the effective, strength of our army ; and it is more than
doubtful if they ever repay the labour and cost of their
transport, and of their maintenance in the field or secon-
dary hospitals." The marked characteristic of the
Crimean soldier Dr. Lyons found to be a premature
appearance of age. The veteran of 40 would be readily
taken by the inexperienced for the old man of 60 to 65 ;
the youth of 20 to 22 wore the settled aspect of 35 to 40.
With the haggard features of disease, especially
that of a chronic kind, these appearances became
still more exaggerated, often to a most marked degree.
The report treats, at considerable length, of the various
types of disease which manifested themselves in the army
of the
East, and gives, under each head, an appendix
of cases illustrative of the particular type. It is written
'n? clear and forcible style, and though treating of
subjects of a purely scientific character,
u possesses much
ienxthe irbe si
tt
oenv etnh e pfoarr t the
D rn. oLny- pornosfeas
is
hi oonroal g
hr e
ka nd
oe rw.
ledge I
t
of the character of disease, and
convinced that
tarnc
te more
be appreciated. more will it is studied the we itsare i
value and mpor-