The Express.
London, England, 1856-01-18 00:00:00

LONDON, FRIDAY, JANUARY 18.

How tear is Peace? The exact tenor of the
answer returned by the Cabinet of St. Petersburg to
the overture from Vienna mast be known before this
question can be answered. Aconding to the tele-
graphic despatches from Vienna cod Dresden, " RIIIIIIi&
has accepted seconditionally the Austrian proposals;
according to the Parisian version, Russia has merely
conceded that " the propositions forwarded by
Austria might to serve as the preliminaries of peace.*
We have resew to believe that the &spends from
Paris, though not very clearly worded, approaches
more nearly than those from Vienna and Divs.
den, to the terms of the message received
by the English Government. Russia, we are
given to understand, has only accepted the
Austrian proposals as the basis of negotiations. In
like manner Russia accepted, but year, "the four
points" as the basis of negotiatioss. We do not
mean to imply that the eases are exactly parallel.
If we are to have Conferences in 1868 as we had in
1865, it is to be hoped that the Allies will insist upon
their being held in Paris or Loadea iasteed of
Vienna; or in Braise* if it is deemed neesssary
that they be bold in a neutral state. Bet even if
the Allies are weak enough to allow them to be held
cues more in Vienna, England will be much more
effieiently represented there than she vu last year.
It mast also be admitted that the "proposals"
of the Court of Vienna are mon precise than
" the four points." The proposals do not admit
of the same amount of cavil and mystifieatioa on the
pat cif Russia as did the four points. It must be bores
in mind, however, that there is a Postscript to the
Austrian proposals, which may enable Russia to
open op a series of interminable diesessioes. "The
belligerent Powers reserve their right to produce, in
the interest of Europe, some special conditions beside
the four guarantees." Since the Aridness proposals
were framed the relative positions of the belligerents
have undergone some change, through the publica-
tion of the defensive alliance blames Sweden and
the Western Powell., the annoseenseut of the fall
of Bars, aad the failure of 0111111 Pic 'a expedi-
tion in Itiogrelia. If Russia has only agreed is
negotiate on the basis of the Aegean pro-
peals, with • view to induce the Mika to
relax in their preparations for a vigorous pro-
secution of the war—a supposition quite in hammy
with the antecedents of Russian diplomacy—she will
End in the Postscript ample pretexts for evading any
obligations she may have contracted with Austria.
Nor mast it be forgotten that the Austrian pro-
posals are mere in favour of Austria than of Turkey.
All that the latter Power gains by them is the
guarautes, such as it is, that Russia shall not main-
tain a formidable feet in the Black Sea, or reestablish
the military arsenal of Sebastopol. Is what regards
the immediate causes of the war—foreign interference
with the Christian sublimate of the Porte. and •
foreign Protectorate over the Danubian Princi-
palities Turkey is left pretty nearly where
she was. Ragland, Franey, and Austria—
and perhaps Rassia—are to interfere collectively
between the Sonar and his Christian sabjeets in-
stead of Russia alma. By assuming a Protectorate
over the Prinapalitise, Rusk inserted the thin end
of the wedge to separate than from the Turkish em-
pire; the arrangement proposed by Austria will rely
drive the wedge a little further in. Them auditions
may find favour, in the eyes of many, but nobody can
my that they tend to ensure the " indepoodenes and
integrity" of the Ottoman empire. If they are agreed
to, the end of the present war will, like that of most
other wars, forgot its beginning. Bet, leaving the
Ottoman Goverment out of the question, is the
acceptance of these proposal' likely to benefit
the Rayabe or the inhabitants of the Dasabian
Principalities? We have oar doubts. A Joint
Protectorate of the Repko appears to us to
mesa nothing more than the pennant establish-
meet of representatives of the Great Powers at Pera,
ametantly interfering with and paralysing the action
el the Ottoman Government, aad thereby perpetuat-
ing mashy throughout its dominions. Until we
know what kind of constitution the Principalities are
to naive. aid until we see the Austrian army of woe-
patio. withdrawn from them proviaoss, it will be
premature to soogratalate the Made-Walachian. on
the alpelatioss made osteasibly in their behalf.
All that sae with eirtainty be said at present is,
that if Ronda is prepared in good faith to accept
ascenditienaly the Austrian proposals, this is a
proof that she already feels so severely the manure
el the war as to be hopeless of the foam. The
acceptance of such terms cannot bet be most
mortifying to the pride of the Reads* Go
ventessat. At the cart of the war it asserted •
right to arbitrate between the Bunt and his
Chastise 'objects, and seined upon the Principalities
as • "material guarantee' for submission to its
arrogant claims. At the sad of the war, If the Pro-
posals are accepted, it will submit to have the pro-
tectorate el the Rayabe wrested from it by other
Poway, and will ads permanently a part of its
territory. This will be all it has pitied by the
loss of its Black Sea fiat, the &streaks of the
kale's of brag years at Sebastopol, sad the =pencil.
tare of mesh blood and treasure. All this is very
humiliating; but it is precisely the depth
of the humiliation, aad the maturity that the
%pm of • kw years will enable Russia
to repair Its lessee, whisk Woes us to
doubt the possibility of the permanence el a peace
mooleded ander such eireamataness. The wounded
pride of Rama will nakio at bar kart, aad stimu-
late bar be seise the first opportsaity to efface the
samesey of her shame by some &alias exploit. The
&dashed ambition of seatnries will net be lightly
reliequiebed.

basawhile the emerge et the Allies, If they an
Mat spas eneledieg a pease, is alma Ramie has
Dees brought to terms by the louse abe bee already
sallwed daring the war ; by the preparation of the
Alike to menu boodle operation ea aa tamemeed
sea* and with mere et sysieetatie plan, as use
at the semen weak' i sad by the dalraidte &imam
with Swedes. Fear alone hes induced Raids to
eatretala peel& smatimate—User Wen sea keep bar
la that meet The war mut am be allowed to
slashes tar a moment while negotiation are la pro-
aroma Viand's wen by the Allies will be more
deletivil negotiators them the gust sklltal diplo-
isatian

H. DI MOSULINIUT. to litiedebrated view et
the " Outdid= et /teemed Questing." caw dhows
so ago et the time awe premielag then this—
that, dierneedlei the di meted. sad disdaetion ,

of party, the satin, notwithstanding the distras
tine of war, is ever more and more devoting her
neat energies to the great and fruitful work of social
reform. Among the many proofs that will at
once occur of the truth of this ration, there
is none more striking than the euesstasse and ppa-
nimity with which men of pll Ann of political
opinion an now bestirring thronnivie for he
establishment of Reformatory Schools. A very
admirable and useful paper on this subject
hie just appeared in the last number of the
Quarterly .ifteriew, and acting on the spirit which,
in the pursuit of a great social object, knows nothing
dare party animosities, we buten to avail ourselves
of the information thus supplied, for the purpose of
placing before those of our readers who may not yet
have devoted to the question all the attention it de-
serves, a brief and rapid outline of the pest history
and present aspect of this important movement.
The principle of attacking crime in its sourer, by
sifting at the reformation rather than the punish-
ment of the younger members of the due of profs*
atonal criminate, had occurred to many benevolent
minds, in many different countries, in the course of
the eighteenth century. In oar own country the
Philanthropic Institution was founded by Bose!
Youso as far back as 1788; and similar estabilemeate
were to be met with beton the doss of the cen-
tury in Switzerland, in Germany, and is Frans.
In 1818, as oar readers may have learnt from some
able letter of Sir lone &ROUT WILMOT, which
have appeared in oar ewe columns, the magistrates
of Warwickshire set on foot an establishment at
Stratton on Densmore, very nearly analogous in plan
to the schools which are now creating so great an
interest in the public mind. The eta road-
tation, however, in which the improved system of
reformatory treatment was fairly and prominently
pat late operation on a scale that commanded the
general aunties of all criminal reformers, was the
Raabe Haas, near Hamburg, founded by Dr.
Wacezati in 1833. This institution was the parent
and the type of Mettray, the most fauna of all the
European reformatories. Scots few years after the
first establishment of the Ranh* Ham, M. EILIDEILIC
Avenue as NM, then one of the Judges of the
Court of Appeal in Paris, visited that institution,
found is it the very requirements of whin he bad
been long is quest, and on his return to Prance
is oonjunotion with his Mead the Vignette DI 0001-
MILLIS, established in the year 1839, on the estate
of the Vienne, at Mettray, that great Reformatory
of whin the name hoe sines become so famous. The
two leading priaciplee adopted at the Ream Haas,
became the bases of this still more celebrated establish-
ment, vie.—the division of the inmates, however
numerous, Into separate and comparatively small
families--end the special training of ring men for
the cake of instructors. Mettray in its origin con-
sisted of five separate houses, containing 40 boys
each: the total number of boys ham now risen to
680, bat the principle of sub-division into families is
still strictly adhered to. Besides Mettru, there are
now in France 36 private, and 17 Government,
institution coadeetsd on the SS= plan, and contain-
ing la the year 1863 a total of 6,443 children.
The sonniesg sassess at Menu sae aroused
the attendee of those who, with lies prone/en es
nits, had king devoted themselves to the saltiest of
Jennie reformation is this country. In the year
1846 the Rev. SYDNEY Tosses, then secretary of
the Philanthropic Institution, paid a Tait to the
model eatablhhamet of H. DI May the result wee
a determination to remove the Philanthropic Insti-
tution from its ad site is St. George's-fields to one is
which it might be ponsible to carry into Wed that
systole of grinnersl training which constitutes so
prominent a feature in the great Preach Relermatory.
The estate of Bed Hill wee paranoid : and. in 1649,
the present ogrionitural coney was planted, which
is is all rupees a close counterpart of Mangy. Red
Hill at present =stains 330 inmates, divided
iato six familial. The statistics of its reforma-
tory operation down to the end of the year 1863,
were minutely set forth by Mr. Tuattra in address-
ing that important meeting of the county of Sussex,
on the 21st of last December, of which a fell report
appeared at the time in our columns. The net result
is that the proportion of the thoroughly reformed at
Red Hill is 70 per ant ; at *sway it is se high as
89 per east.—• demo of senses which Mr. Tuaten
no doubt correctly amass to the peculiar genius of
H. DI MITI els the delicate and difficult feud= of
reformatory superintendence.
The wannest by Red Hill was soon followed is
many parts of the country. In 1862 Mr. Bata and Mr.
Bargoomou,two magistrates of Glousatershire,oproned
a reformatory at Hardwick*. is that county, whirl,
under the singularly ablest sad unwearied personal
saperlatandeses of Mr. Baxoourm, has bees
at-
tended with the happiest results. In the same
year Linwood School, near Bristol, was headed
by the nodded semis of Miss Mani Gas
Mena mad Mr. EOM? EMBUS, the lady,
it is scarcely neceesary to add, having been
ling and most honourably ideatitied with the
whole history of the reformatory movement in
England : nor must we forget in this enumeration
the school of Batley near Birmingham, established by
Mr. ADDS:BLIT, and presided one by that remark-
able min JOHN ELLIS, the Landau shoemaker; and
that of Stoke Works, near Droitwieh, handed by
Mr. 8211101,.

In the Session of 1852 a Committee of the
House of Commons having been appointed to eon.
elder the subject, produced a Report which became
the foundation of the Act of 1864 Ohs 17 and 18 Vie.
a. 86), upon which mine comments appeared in our
impression d last Tuesday. Sines this Act palmed
the movement has rapidly extended, many counties
have given in their adhesion to the principle, many
have sanded the principle into warm. Devoashire
was among the first to move. Berkshire, Hampshire,
Norfolk Cheshire, Northamptonshire. and Dorset.
shire speedily followed; and still more recently oar
columns have borne testimcmy to the asal manikstsd
in the same elksatice by Seem ; by Northombeelead,
Durham, and Berwick-ow•Tweed, in combination;
by Hamm ; sad finally, by Hoot. A special Ast was
bat Seddon obtained by Middlesex, giving power to
raise a rate for the eetablishniest of a reformatory
school is that county; and Mr. Baciurf Durum,
is a letter nosatly published is our columns,
bee asseaneed his intimation of eodeavouriag to
obtain a similar Act foe the West Riding of York-
shire.

Assn% this. more retest adhesions to the same, it
should set be begotten that so lag ago as 1830 the
How. AMILIA )(truant, is essissedea with Certain
Burrow, Isimded the Chlldren's Friend Btxisty,l
'ger tie purpose of reclaiming the syleeted and
edits* children that infest th. shuns 0 te.
sestrepelis, aid at finding employmmit for
them after they hare ON* peed 0 their
refeemadee' An we hare already Indicated le elm-
swan ow sees of the provisices of the Mt ef
18e4, it is in this armies that we think Me Legisin-
tun might fairly be asked to extend the powers
whisk that Act eonferred. We doubt the pelisy
the restristion which makes tome evert net of mime
a asesseary prerequisite to animism hate a re-
formatory school. Bet ea this point, sad
away ethers that ingest themnselme kr fume db•
session, we will not new dwell t oar object is what
we hare here written has 'lmply hew to suable those

l'ftmoft