The Express.
London, England, 1856-10-29 00:00:00

TURKEY.

COWIE ova OIVX
lam not sure what your postal commue.—
nay be with Rhodes; bat imagine you will have
heard of the earthquake of last Sunday morning,
which was there attended with such fearful loss of
life and such lamentable destruction of property, and
which appears to have been felt more or less severely
throughout the Levant. It was felt here, and
though not attended with any serious consequences!
beyond a comparatively trifling damage to various
buildings, created, from the length of time the shock'
Bete& the most intense anxiety and apprehension.
aim shocks are frequently felt here at the close of
the dry season, but generally speaking they list
only from five to ten seconds at the outside, and the
motion in almost every instance is horizontel and
tremulous.
The sheet of Sunday morning commenced with
vertical palpitations, which continued about half a
minute, sad then changed to slow, long, horizontal
oscillations from south to north, the whole
shock lasting fully two minutes. The past season has
been sensually dry, and as experience shows that the
most severe earthquakes have always occurred after a
very dry season, the general fear was that this shock
was the precursor of some terrible convul.ion. With
the recent fate of Brava and the standing records of
more remote catastrophes here before our eyes, you
may comely° that the fear and anxiety crowded into
those two minutes was terrible.
The effect of the present critical sate of money
affairs in Europe into restrict the commercial transac-
tions of this place to a mere nothiog compared wi'h
other seasons, and some of the largest exporting
houses have entirely suspended purchases for the
English markets; our exchanges have gone up at a
great rate, but the rapid rise is in a great measure
attributable to the promoters of the Benue Na-
tionale at Constantinople, who among others have
sent in a tender to the Porte for the loan required to
retire the Caimd and base coin. They are principally
Greek bankers—very influential and very rich. Their
idea is to force the exchange, and then hold the
consequent drain of gold in terrorens over the govern.'
meat to facilitate negotiations. There is a happy
combination of Turkish and Levantine morals in this
manoeuvre. Our trade is consequently very fiat--
all holding back but the Turks, who are ready to
borrow any amount of money Comore ci rordinaire.
The Levantines have a very horrible way of mur-
dering each other. Two days sines a boatman took
&lodise by the sem, swung him round, and chopped
him to pieces with a hatchet. This was in the epee
street. There were plenty of bystanders, but having
no personal interest in the tranuotioo, they did not
interfere. It does not appear to have occurred to the
police authorities that this was a case in which they
might have come forward with advantage. If the
family of the viral= take the matter up, the
perpetrator will have to pay blood money. If they
do sot, he will be at large till it salts his convenience
to shop up somebody else. N.B.—There are 2,000
police here.
Her Majesty's steam frigate Curacao, Commander
the Hon. G. B. Hastings, arrived this morning vs
rot& to Constantinople.

BMYANA, Oct. 18.

PROGRESS OF THE GREAT AMERICAN
PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION.

PHILADELPHIA, Ocr. 14
Pennsylvania is the Quatre Bras of our Waterloo,
whose final battle is to be fought on the 4th of Novem-
ber. To-day the State elections take place in three
of our great oornmonwealthe—Pennsylvania, Ohio,
land Illinois. In each the people elect to-day their
state officers, and their representatives to the 35th
Congress, which is to serve two years from the 4th
of next March. Cheat interest is felt in these oleo-
lions, for the results will tell powerfully upon the
whole nation in the general election in November.
But the most important of all is the election in Penn-
sylvania. The candidate whose friends carry this
✓ate today for local offices will go into the Novem-
ber election with a prestige by no means contemptible.
With a view of arriving at more satisfactory conclu-
sions, I came over to Philadelphia a day or two ego,
and shall remain till the result is definitively known.
You will by the Africa, which Bails from New York
to-morrow morning at 9 o'clock, receive the latest
telegraphic news from all the States where election.
are held to-day—later than I can give you from this
city.
Ohio is considered safe for Fremont, beyond a
peradventure. Illinois is contested, but the prevail-
ing opinion is that Fremont will carry it; while
Pennsylvania, a far more important state, is exceed-
ingly doubtful. Mr. Buchanan's last hopes rest upon
succor in his own state. He was born, and has
always lived in Pennsylvania. If he loses his native
state, his last hope would seem to be blotted out.
Hen there are but two regular tickets running—
one Buchanan, who sweeps with him the entire demo.
ratio party; and the other an alliance between the
friends of Fillmore and Fremont, who meet as
=mon ground to exterminate a common foe. Aside
boa the numerical power of this alliance at the
ballot-box, a moral power goes out over the coin.
'sanity from the alliance which will probably deter-
mine some thousands of otherwise doubtful votes.

Mr. Buchanan has found the whole campaign an
uphill work. There is little in the man's life, prin-
ciples, or pen= to command confidence, and nothing
to inspire admiration. It is undoubtedly true that
Mr. Fillmore has during the last few weeks been
rapidly gaining from both his rivals, and his chances
have so much improved that it is safe now to ray
that the election will probably go to the House of
Representatives—since, three candidates being in the
field, no one of them can be sure of getting a majority
of the votes direct from the people. If it is left to
the House of Representatives, it again becomes a
matter of doubt which of the candidates may prevail.
No one there now commands 16 States, and there
the election would go by States—each State mating
one vote. There being 31 States,l6 would be
to a choice. In such an event (not unprecedented)
the delegates from each State meet and vote for some
member of their college to mat the vote of the State.
The candidate who has been before the people—
who may be preferred by the delegation—will
receive the vote of the delegation. As things now
stand Mr. Buchanan would have 10 or 12, Mr.
Fremont 12, and Mr. Fillmore the balance of the 31.
The Fillmore men, holding the balance of power.
would hardly surrender that important position; bet
hold on and hold out until they could bring one se
the other wing to their support. True, they could
fight it out till the 4th of March, when the Congress,
or rather the lower branch of it, would cease to exist,
and consequently could perform no further official
acts. In this cam the Senate, which is a more per•
manent body (or rather a body always in existent's,
since twothirds of it are always in office), would by
the constitution proceed to elect aVioe-President, who
as acting president would role for four years. The'
choice of that body would be Mr. Breckenridge, of
Kentucky, now the candidate of the democratic party
for the Vice-Presidency.
A rumour has during the last twenty-four hours
been extensively circulated through the United
States, to the effect that the Governors of all the
fifteen southern States were to meet today at
Raleigh, in North Caro:ins, to consider what mea-
sures they should take in the event of Colocel Fre-
mont', election. If it be true, and the meeting has
taken place to-day, it is safe to lay a wager that these
worthies have before now dissolved the Union, over •
good dinner, and that they will return to their homes
to-morrow cogitating how they may best succeed is
building up their own private fortunes out of the
spoils and emoluments of the Black Republican Pre-
sident's administration. Southern politicians are
always dissolving the Union; but they are always
sure to get all the offices from the administration in
power which they can by hook or crook obtain.

NEW PASSPORT REGULATIONS FOR RUSSIA.

The following ukes, relative to the entry into'
Russia of foreign foremen, gleams, &c., hae just been
published at St. Petersburg :
" In virtue of the ulnae of his Majesty the Emperor, the
senate use received the report of the Minister of the Inte-
rior of July 21 of this rear, relative to the imperial ordon-
name published in a ukase of this senate, dated Sept. 9,
1847. eeeetrateg the formalities to be observed in regard to
the entry within the Smite of the empire of foreign
workmen and appreotion engaged by
aufseteren and tradomeople. According to this ordoneence
Russian menef smarms and tradesmen are to be responsible
for the persons engaged by them, and must present especial
polies authorisation for the admission of these foreignen
Into Resale.

" His Majesty Lae now been plumed to order u follows:
—Henceforward the Russian embassies, legations, and con •
striates are authorised to deliver, as they may deem neces-
sary, and without demsnaing a priginrioary permission of
the Russian authorities, to all foreigners without distinc-
tion, certificates and passports of entry within the limits of
the empire, with the following inceptions :
" 1. Peruns whose entry into Russia is specially pro-
hibited by the government.
"2. Pumas with regard to whom Russian embassies.
legations, OT consulates, puma definite information of an
unsatisfactory character.
"3. o:psies, organ-players, hawkers of drugs and sta-
tuettes, and vagrants generally.
"As in virtue of these new arragementa respecting pus
port', the measures of general safety erquired by the
ukase of the sensate of Oct. 21, 1847, relative to the entry of
foreign fi roman and workmen (by the terms of which our

saanSfactsren and tradesmen were to be answerable for the
foreigners whom they employ, and were bound to pr• Ina,
in order to obtain their entry) a police certificate, become
neel•srtbe Minister of the Isterior refers the matter to
the &nate, in order that they may take the menu/ steps
Ito abolish the said measures."

On the 24th the Empress Dowager of Russia
dined with tte King et Baldish', Prises Eugenie of Savoy
Carignan, end Count Cavan'', at Genoa. In the milieu
her Ilisjealy went to the theatre to beer a concert given by
Bivort.

The Journal de Moscow publishes the following
latter, addressed to the Metropolitan of the City by the
Empress Dowager of Russia Most eto into t Metropolitan
Philarete,—During the years of sore trial which Provi-
ding permitted our country to experience, I formed an
inward vow, while raising my prayers to heaven for
this mention of the war, to bring at the oonolusion of peace
an offering to the Monastery of St. Serge worthy of the
sacredness of that retreat and of its historical renown. To-
day, when Russia enjoys the long•desired peace, and has
celebrated with joy the coronation of my beloved son, the
Emperor Alexander, I proceed to accomplish my vow in
tending to your eminence a chalice adorned with precious
stases, given to ms at the commencement c f the war by my
husband or imperishable memory, and therefore associated

with the sweetest recollections. May this offering ever form
part of the treasures of the monastery, as a sign of my
thankklems for the innumerable benefits which the Lord
has deigned to rhed upon Russia, a dear to my heart.
Commending myself to your eminenee's prayers, I remain
ever your affectionate—A xxxxx DRA."
A letter from Algiere, quoted by the Brined*
fadependance, states that the celebrated lion-killer, Jules
Gerard, she ie now a lies attached to a bureau In the
Province cf Constantine, has been robbed of the sum of
70.000 banes, which had been seat him by • French
friend for the purchase of an estate is Africa.
At the date of the lest accounts the fortifications

of ►ihodes were mosidered to be in a very son% state from
the effects of the II rtbquake on the 12th. The fort of Bt.
Apse threatened to elute, by its Poll, the entrance to the