The Express.
London, England, 1860-08-28 00:00:00

gibe express.

alMlNbiadizarrAmtna.
tondos
was.
VlSdibo lablb 1% 101114111•4111111 e. by Two

MARKET.
TO lIVEEVER THE OVRERLAND ROUTE. Moans Chime
daha Rea War, sad C. Mathews; Yea C. Matkaws.
Aast PAVI. PLY. Mama C. Mathews. Chippecalabs, togors,
and Villas Mn C. Mathews awl Mrs. Poynter.

nuscwors.
TEM OWEN, MACBETH. Mew', James R. Au demos, Shore
E. MaPim% heir. and Bartteman : Mlaa Eltworthy, Miss
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BRITANNIA.
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—TUN SPOIL= ILD. Muter Roselle : Diu Downing.—
And Till BEGOAKII PIITTION Mrn C. Yareold.

EON WATTR AT LONDON BRIDGE.
MN DST —Minim Ott. Aftersona, Oh. Eta.
To-nouvw—iiiniks OIL 54,11. •• • • Aft•raa"" 111 16.

Lorrpoir, TUERDAY, AUGUST 28.

A arrive of this Session of Parliament, which
this day comes to a close, is a task which an
English journalist would gladly decline, if he only
might. For the fact is that the country has been
insulted with false promises, neglected in regard
to its most important business, and left in a worse
position, in regard to its essential liberties at the
end of the Session than it held before. The
Ministers and the Houses will gain nothing
by throwing the blame of the loss of this ses-
sion on each other. If it is usually irksome and
humiliating to show how much less has been
done than was proposed, it is a grave penance,
indeed, to have to show that, so far from mending
their own ways and our prospects, our rulers, in
the Cabinet and in Parliament, have at once
failed in doing the work of the nation, and suc-
ceeded in restricting some of the liberties which
they are appointed to protect and expand. The
Quanree Speech presented an array of good mea-
sures which it was not unreasonable to suppose
would be law by this time ; and the ONANCLLLOS of
the Exenentiza emphatically answered us that the
session of 1860 would be memorable for its richness
in blessings. Yet now we find ourselves without
the blessings specially promised, with our war*
still to be done, and with the uneasy certainty that
every reactionary mind in the National Council is
bent on making use of our difficulties to steal away
our liberties.

The Quaas opened the Session on the 24th of
January with a speech which showed the gravity
of affairs abroad, and invited Parliament to do
great things at home. Our defences were to be
put into a satisfactory condition ; the long-pro-
mised Reform Bill was to give a truer and fuller
representation to the people ; we were to have an
improved Law of Bankruptcy and Transfer of
Land, a Consolidation of the Statutes, and an ad-
vantageous fusion of Law and Equity. The first
notices afforded promise of more measures of

importance--such as the Home Secarraar's Bill
for the Reform of the Corporation of London, the
LORD CHANCELLOR'S Bills to give the same criminal
law to England and Ireland, and to confer some
equitable jurisdiction on our courts of common
law, and Lord BROUGHAM'S for facilitating the
transfer of Land, and Bills under the care of
individual members on Church Rates' Abo-
lition, right of appeal in Criminal Cases,
liberal management of Endowed Schools, and
many more. This looked like work. With the
expectation of these measures the minds of un-
suspicious people were amused during the interval
of waiting for Mr. Otarevrovx's budget ; while the
forces of the Opposition were directed to discredit
the Commercial Treaty with France before that sub-
ject was regularly opened. There was perhaps more
outcry on that than on all other topics together, and
more hope of displacing the Ministry on that
ground than any other at all likely to occur. Mr.
Gtaterroxs's illness, postponing his financial state-
ment from the 6th to the 10th of February, gave
opportunity for the excitement to reach the highest
point.

The immediate effect of Mr. GLADOTONE'B great
speech on the Budget will remain the moat pro-
minent incident of the session. An effective
opposition seemed to be swept away. The Com-
mercial Treaty was seen to afford splendid promise
of peace and plenty ; we should get rid of some
bad taxes, and of the fear of deficit, by simply
paying more income tax, continuing to pay tea and
sugar duties for a time, and becoming subject
to a few others of light weight or very
restricted operation. If some far-sighted persona
thought of China in the midst of the general ex-
hilaration, Mr. GLADSToNE had no fears in that
direction, otherwise (he told us in July) he would
have proposed a different Budget. As it turned
out, he had to ask Parliauueitt for 3,800,0001. in
July, and another 1,000,0001. on Exchequer
Bills in August.

The first nhstruction nn the part of the Opposi-
tion was • foolish act of their leader in raising a
debate on which should bo discussed first, the
Budget or the Treaty. Their signal defeat oo this
questioo, and immediately afterwards on Mr.
Du Csss's resolution of disapproval of the Budget,
was supposed to make Mr. Otriscroea's course
easy for the eessinu. This supposition was confirmed
by the success of Mr. BY No's motiou for an address
to the Crown in approbation of the Treaty, on the
9th of March, and by the withdrawal of amend-
malts which might hare more or I, fa endaslrred
the measure. The Lords agreed to a similar
eddrtio on the 13th of March by a majority of 30.1

duty, on
The great difficulty wee. top
French Government about the duty on i
injurious to our par& *gem • . man:
fluctuations of feeling and opinion%the repeal
our Excise on NOR was tilled for iiiidliiillffiy,
with lessening majorities. How the Lords reversed
the decision will never be forgotten, nor th
1 aidni. with which the Commons returned to .
abject of the Paper Duty in August. The Hones
voted the reduction of the Wine Duties and the
increase of the Income Tax; and the abolition of the
duties on cheese and butter, and many other
articles, before the prices of food had risen to the
highest. The licensing of the sale of wine in re-
freshment houses was vehemently opposed by a
powerful interest; but no influence could avail to
destroy a much-needed and highly-valued provi-
sion ; and the Wine Licenses Bill for England
received the Royal Assent on the 14th
of June. Thus have arrangements been made for
an enlarged and enlarging trade with France, at a
time when that commerce may produce the hap-
piest effects. Many delays have occurred ; and
ear commissioners have not returned home yet;

nor are they expected at present. But there are
easy explanations of the delay ; and we may rea-
sonably hope that after much controversy, and
even confusion, this great measure of the present
Government will form a new period in our com-
mercial history, and prevent the sessia of 1860
from being altogether barren of those popular
blessings in which Mr. Gxsowrows promised that
it should be fruitful. It was well for the scheme
and its authors that no ono foresaw what demands
would arise in a few weeks, calling upon us for
both new taxes and some form of loan, or our
commerce with France might have continued to be
the example of folly that it was, as between two
industrious nations living within sight of each
other.

Next in interest to the Budget and the Treaty in
the department of Finance were the topics of the
Armyand Navy—the War-office and the Admiralty.
On the 13th of February, Lord Czrzranns Pinar
brought forward the Naval Estimates in a speech
full of his customary frank avowals, which, as usual,
have been of no practical avail, so far as Admiralty
Reform is concerned. The enormous supplies he
asked for were granted ; but there is no evidence
that the Admiralty is improving, or that we have
our money's worth in effective and well-manned
Nothing has been done this session towards
that thorough reform of the Admiralty which
must precede a satisfactory condition of the Navy.
We all mid the same thing of the Army last year,
and in consequence a commission was appointed
to inquire into our military organization. The
Report of that Commission was presented late in
the session, when it was found that no one
of the main points of maladministration was
touched upon at all. There is nothing in
the action of the Commission to prevent our suf-
fering from the same disasters to-morrow, in case of
a new war, that destroyed the first army wo sent
to the Crimea. The work of reform in our mili-
tary administration remains not only to be done,
but to be designed. The estimates were brought
forward by the Samarrane for Wan on the 17th of
February with &frankness worthyof Lord Cr./Arises
PAGET. They were the largest estimates offered
since the Russian war, being nearly two millions
in excess of those of last year. In the course of
the debate, on the 6th of March, on Sir Da LACY
Evian's motion on the gradual abolition of the
purchase system in the army, the Swarrrinr for
WAX announced that Government was ready to
abolish purchase in the ease of all commissions
alwive the rank of major— • new indication that
the service must soon be opened to qualifications
more professional than wealth. Throughout the
session the subject of our military defence was
incessantly recurring, till, towards the close, the
Fortifications Report was presented, and special
supplies for new protective works were called
for, on the 23rd of July, in a speech of Lord
Pauszasrox's, which at least gratified the country
by its open expression of what so many
were thinking. The debate was adjourned,
and the opposite sides of the question were
presented with great vigour and clearness,
till, on the 2nd of August, the ministerial resolu-
tion was brought to the vote, and carried by a
majority of nearly seven to one. In the opinion
of sensible men, the beet security for our defence
would be to render the navy what it ought to be,
and to develop the militia as to numbers and effi-
ciency. •
After providing, as we have now done,
for the defence of our dockyards and arsenals to-
wards the sea, we had better spend the rest of
our money in keeping the command of the sea,
and making the citizens effective for the custody
of our own soil. Towards this last object the
Government has induced Parliament to contribute
by providing for the obtaining of shooting grounds
for the Volunteers. But after taking unheard of
sums for the military service, the Government has
abandoned to the country the responsibility of de-
fending the island. We have no Militia to speak
of, but our Volunteers aro increasing in number,
and efficiency.

The protracted discussion of the question of the
Indian Army comes under notice in connexion with
military matters at home ; for, if we are to keep
80,000 men in India, and if many thousands will
be perpetually at sea, going out or coming
home, such a drain on our forces must largely
affect the estimates of the War-office, and alter the
entire arrangements of our military strength at
home. The rash and headstrong conduct of the
86(131711Y for INDIA, supported by an unreason-
ing obstinacy not usual with Lord PaLitstutrox,
has been one of the greatest of the many calami-
ties of the session. In abolishing the local army
of India, against the advice of qualified judges,
in the Council of India and everywhere else,
Government has too early justified the apprehen-
sions of which we heard so much two years ago,
of the unfitness of parliamentary government to
decide the destinies of India. Through • long
course of years the nation may too probably rue
the action and speech of the House of Commons
about India in July, 1860.

Ir The great question of tho time—that in which
the success of all good measures is involved—was
brought forward on the Ist of March. The tr►ns-
actions of former years about Parliamentary Re-
form had forbidden much hope of a large and
sound measure, which should give us an improved
House of Commons for a long course of years ; but
a smaller and more superficial measure would be
accepted as a benefit as far as it went. But the
treatment of the Government Bill was the
method by which the House chose to show
its need of Reform. The natural conse-
quence has yet to manifest itself. The natural
consefinence of such intellectual incompetence and
such moral perversion as the House has exhibited
this session, whenever the subject of the represen-
tative function came up, is first a change of the
per‘,,,intl of that Parliament, in order to change
afterwards the conditions under which members
enter it. The arrogance, the ignorance, the
levity, the trickery, the mingled audacity and
enwardice displayed in tho debates on the Reform
Bill constitute an instruction both to constituen-
cies and legislators which will sot be lost. The

op-
)ortunity of instituting a small reform,
and has broken through all engagements to get
rid of it. When we have a House which is not
Lord DIARY'S, nor committed to false pretences,
we shall obtain a measure which it will be worth
having waited for ; but the deterioration of the
character of the Legislature, from its conduct
about the Reform Bill of 1860, is a political mis-
fortune not to be repaired, even by a measure for
reforming it.

The Bill, brought forward by Lord J. ROTHELL
on the Ist of March, was discussed in an unpro-
gressive way, amidst repeated adjournments, and
occasional attempts to count out, till the debate
was carried over the Easter holidays, the second
reading being fixed for the 3rd of May. Lord JOHN
RUMELL then put off the Committee to the 4th
of June, on which day he withdrew the Scotch and
Irish Bills. This afforded a new ground of dis-
pute about the English one ; the debate was ad-
journed to the 7th ; and on that occasion Lord
PALXZESTON and Mr. BLIGHT administered severe
rebukes to the obstructive& The adjournment
that night was the last. Ou the 1 Ith the Bill
was withdrawn. An attempt was made afterwards
to assume that it never could have been expected
that the Commercial Treaty and the Reform Bill
should pass in one session, on account of the mag-
nitude of each ; but it is certain that the promise in
the Queries Speech, and the acceptance of it by the
people, were sincere ; and that the time wasted in

obstruction would have sufficed to carry the mea-
sure through the House of Commons if its mem-
bers had entertained ordinary scruples as to the
sacredness of engagements,
Law Reform has been scarcely more prosperous
than political The Law and Equity Bill in it.
present shape extends somewhat the equitable ju-
risdiction of the common law courts, and by an-
other Bill the Tobermory scandal is abated. But
the Bankruptcy Bill, the most needed and con-
fidently promised of the whole aeries of law
reforms, is at the head of the long list of mis-
carriages. The aristocratic objection to abolish-
ing the distinction between commercial and other
debtors destroyed the Bill which the House was
strongly disposed to pass. The Coroners Bill
was thrown out in July ; and the Savings Bank
and Friendly Societies Bill met with strange treat-
ment. It was reduced to two clauses, only one
being essential; and this remnant was used by
the reactionary Lords, in August, as the occasion
of a last insult to the Commons, when the House
was too thin to be mischievous. By an in-
dignant effort of the Government this step
was reversed, the Bill brought to a second
reading, and the ignorance of its chief opponent,
Lord MONTEAGLE, exposed. The Bill itself is,
however, no success. The Reform of the London
Corporation is still postponed ; the Criminal Law
Bills (Statutes' Consolidation) were withdrawn in a
group ; Mr. ADDLILLEY'S Education Bill was
thrown out on the 17th of July ; the Landed
Rotates Title Bill was withdrawn. The agitation
in the erd...;.-0.;,--1 world against the abolition of
Church-rates naturally told on the divisions on
Sir .7. TweLewity's annual Bill ; and the majority
which threw it out in the Lords on the 19th of
June was large in proportion. The true indica-
tion from these circumstances is that when
Church-rates are abolished, as they must inevitably
be, they will carry more with them than would
have been otherwise asked.

There was some gain meantime. The Act
which provides for Public Improvements by local
rating is • gain ; so is the amendment of the
method of admitting Jews to a seat in the House ;
so is the Act for protecting Women and Children
in Bleaching and Dyeing Works ; so is the Act on
the Adulteration of Food and Drink ; so are the
Irish Landlord and Tenant Bill, and the Land Im-
provement Bill ; and that for the suppression of
Party Emblems, as the Orangemen persist in
rendering such legislation necessary. The Scotch
Annuity Tax Bill is more questionable. The Poor-
law Board is continued for three years instead of
the five proposed by Government. The Galway
Packet Subsidy is granted amidst universal dissatis-
faction, and merely for the sake of good faith. The
National System of Education in Ireland has been
effectually vindicated and supported ; and in Eng-
land the annual grant has been increased, with the
understanding, however, that there will be a
thorough overhauling of the system when the
Commissioners' Reports are in the hands of the
public. The question of the respective claims of
Ragged, Industrial, and ordinary Schools will then
be brought to some kind of settlement.
The group of India Bills has been one of the
gravest features of the mission. Our readers do
not need to be reminded of the unworthy devices
brought to bear on the small but increasing num-
ber who, in the Commons, struggled to the last
to obtain time for a better comprehension of Sir
C. WOOD'S measure for garrisoning India with
British troops, to the exclusion of a local army.
There will be too much reason hereafter to remem-
ber Lord STANLEY'S speech of the 21st of June, and
the warnings of the brave and experienced men who
saved India for us ; and the discreditableness of

the methods of the ifinister on the one hand and
of the ignorance of Parliament on the other, by
which the majority was obtained, will be recorded
as an ominous introduction of so serious a change
in the administration of India. The Transfer of
Stock Bill is an outrage on the rights of the India
Company which could not have passed if its cha-
recto,. had been fully understood. The session of
1860 certainly affords no comfort as to the compe-
tency of a parliamentary government of India.
The loan of 3,000,0001. proposed on the 13th of
August is supposed not to be necessarily wanted ;
and the amount of the reasons why, opened the
details of Indian finance more fully to the House
than often happens. We may hope that one effect
will be to convince Parliament that England vir-
tually guarantees Indian liabilities, however loud
may bo the outcry against that formal engagement
which would save much expense, and put affairs
on an honest footing.

Our foreign policy has been necessarily the most
engrossing interest of the session. Many hours,
and not a few nights, have been spent in dis-
cussion or debate on the state of Europe, and the
position and duties of England as the Fatherland of
freedom. The decrepitude of the small remnant
of an absolutist party has been represented by
Lord NORMANWf ; and the vigour of the great
body of the nation has spoken by the mouth of
AI FOREIGN SECRETARY, and also of AS PRIME
Hummel. On the whole, we have had reason to
be well satisfied with the tone of the Ministry in
regard to the liberties of Italy, and the rights of
Switnerland, the Porto, Germany, and Belgium.
By this and the French Commercial Treaty only
has the Ministry Leen kept in office through a
session so disastrous to their measures and so di.-
creditable to their eaten:unship. The nation has

• peteerve !its honour
A urd PAIMICUSTON'S
. place for thi purbbse of con-
open • consiigent libeal policy in
affairs. . exposures made in both
Parliament of the transactions in regard
-.0 annexation of Savoy and Nice to France,
and to the aggressions on the rights of Switzer-
land, and to the attempts on the sympathies of
the German Princes, have strongly influenced
European opinion and action. The most striking
incidents have been Lord J. RUSSELL'S avowal,
on the 28th of March, of our distrust of
the French alliance after the bad faith shown
in the Savoy transaction ; the declarations of the
Government in support of the SULTAN'S rights in
Syria ; and above all, perhaps, Lord Pauntagrox's
speech in proposing the fortifications. Whatever
passing doubts have been expressed as to the
completeness of our policy of non-intervention,
in the difficult caae of Naples, in its relation
to Piedmont, on the whole we have reason
to be thankful that the national sentiment and
sympathy on behalf of the liberty and indepen-
dence of nations have been expressed by Govern-
ment with so much vigour and consistency. This
is perhaps the moat satisfactory aspect of the ses-
sion. It will live when the disasters of the
time are repaired, if not forgotten.
The great calamity of our political year has
no doubt been the unconstitutional action of one of
the three estates of the realm, and the mode in
which the offence haa been treated. For some
time part we have not been without warning of
the tendency of the Peers to enlarge their pro-
' vine in the Government, and encroach on either
band. In forbidding the creation of life-peerages
three years since, they trenched on the preroga-
tive of the Crown ; and this year they have struck
a blow at the rights of the Commons which must
be repented of and repaired hereafter at great risk
to all parties. Lord Mozerzzotz, with the zeal of
a parvenu peer, has twice this session led an aggres-
sion on the Commons ; and Lord DERBY has so far
forgotten the true interests of his order as to pro-
pose a third. After the QUEEN'S Speech had an-
nounced the scheme for the financial service of the
year, and the Commons had, in their proper func-
tion, provided for that service, and sent their Ines•
sure up to the Lords to complete its formation into
law, the Lords threw out the proposed repeal
of the Paper Duty, on the plea that the money
would be wanted. Then followed the Committee
of the Commons appointed to search for preoe-
dente ; their Report, barren in precedents, though
relating some facts which might be mistaken for
such, and which were cited as relevant ; and the
strong speeches of Mr. Gireerwrz, who was na-
turally awake to the importance of the occasion ;
and the fruitless indignation of many members who
found themselves baffled in every attempt to act;
and the ignorant insensibility of other members,
who were not in Parliament for the sake of liberty,
or the honour of their body ; and then the Reso-
lutions—the pitiful Resolutions which the his-
torian will blush to record—and the speech of the
Parma MINISTER in support of them. We have be-
fore spoken of that manifesto of the Commons (as it
is naturally taken to be) as a national calamity ; and
in reviewing the session our sense of its unseat,
thine.. is in no degree lessened. We can only de-
clare that it is not a manifesto of the Commons,
nor even of the unworthy majority of the present
incongruous House. It is simply a device of a
poco curante Minister to avoid an inconvenient
conflict on the Privilege question by means
of the levity and helplessness of a disorganised
House of Commons. lie put forth all his in-
genuity and all his superficial powers to carry
his Ministry over the crisis ; and he probably
believes lie succeeded. His Resolutions were
paired, in consequence of the withdrawal of a
series of amendments with a precipitation which
nobody could understand. The most liberal sec-
tion of the Common.swon no credit on that occasion.
They let the proper opportunity pass ; and when
Lord FERUOT, on the 17th of July, and Mr. BRIGHT,
on the 10th of August, would have brought forward
the subject in a hopeless and therefore humiliating
way, they were told that the affair was settled by
the passing of the Resolutions. Lord DERRY
took advantage of the accumulation of work in
the Commons at the close of the session to propose
a portentous change in our parliamentary procedure,
by which it should be allowable for the Lords to
take up unfinished Bills at the stage in which they
were left at the close of the preceding session—a
method by which D.° Peers might choose their own
time for the business, evading the observation of
the other House and the public, and gaining many
an advantage by that unconstitutional license. In
this, and Lord Mozerszota's sharp practice on the
Savings Banks Bill, the people of England have a
plain warning to look after their House and its
privileges ; and the Lords to restrain their reac-
tionary members from imperilling their position in
our political structure by an insolence and ra-
pacity of power unsuited to the age in which we
live. The °fort to get rid of Mr. Granerome was
renewed when the Customs Duties on Paper stood
for consideration, and it failed ; the insulted Cake-
ein.roa of the EXCHEQUER held firmly to his pur-
pose, and on the 6th of August the House took off
the last penny of protective duty that remained in
oar system.
One incident of the session which comes under
no classification with others, deserves notice and'
remembrance for a significance of its own. The
Government were induced, nothing loth, to pro-
vide, in their Census Bill, for every person's " roll-
" gious profession" being ascertained by direct per-
sonal inquiry. Lord Snarrnieuar was not taken
into council here, certainly. He seized an early
opportunity of publicly declaring his sense of such
an infringement of religious liberty. The Ministers
were taken by surprise with an agitation, political
and religious, which it was impossible to make
light of. They could understand the discontent
caused among their supporters by Lord PALMER-
irrox's alliance for the occasion with the members
of a deputation led by Mr. Thalia.= ; but, to the
last moment, it was a complete puzzle to them
what the friends of religious liberty could mean by
their resistance to the inquisitorial provision.
They had to yield, of course, as the spirit of re-
ligious liberty is always awake among us. They sur-
rendered the point, in a way as ungracious as pos-
sible ; but there are results more important than
the immediate question. It is now proved, to the
conviction of all enlightened men, that our rulers
are not adequate to questions of the higher kind
of freedom. They do not understand its prin-
ciples, nor appreciate the history of religious
liberty in England ; and the nation must, there-
fore, take entire charge of its own in-
terests in this direction, and remember, in

regard to Church-rates and other ecclesiaa-
tical questions, that it can trust nothing to
any government, whether called liberal or other,
but assert and guard its rights of conscience as its
forefathers did. Thu levity of one Minister and
the petulance of another will be remembered
as a warning to keep ecclesiastical legislation within
its bounds.

After the great rally for the debate on the paper-
duty on the 6th of August, the Houses thinned

front day to day. Mr. GrAnsvone's additional
million for the bad season was voted by a handful
of meme The fact drew attention to the
crying: of our legislation, that the attend-
ance of the Lords is habitually so small that their
function is practically committed to some half-
dozen peers—new law lords for the most part,
who thus hold an unconstitutional power over the
acts and decisions of the Commons. Enough has
been said about this to secure its being at-
tended to hereafter ; and thus some good may
rise out of the long protraction of the session.
Of that protraction, and of the complaint it has
occasioned, everybody is weary. We are not
going over that ground now. The great thing to
be remembered, when a practical reform is sought
as far as the House of Commons is concerned, is
that there is something to be considered even
before the effective transaction of business—and
that is liberty of debate. Threats against the
minority are not of good promise in the discussion
of the evil ; and the more an obstructive minority
is threatened, the more it will talk. Ministers
must be more masters of their work and their
means ; parties must be organised for action,
which will save them the necessity of much talk
which is now unavoidable ; there must ere long be
some distribution of business which will save the
whole body from being occupied with every detail
of all affairs. Something will be done in these
ways, probably. But the shortest and straightest
way to effective legislation is through an extension
of the franchise which shall create a House of
Commons occupied with something better than
mutual jealousies or hypocrisies, and reactionary
fears and projects. The present House is too full
of itself and its petty projects to be a good agent
of the nation.

After all, while the upper surface of this year's
legislation is strewn with wrecks, we have brought
away some good loads of produce out of the
troubled waters. The Commercial Treaty is
enough, of itself, to redeem the session from the
charge of barrenness ; and a great deal of neces-
sary and useful business is always achieved, as a
matter of course. The support given to the non-
intervention policy is of the highest importance.
As for the rest, those members of either House
who have gone home talking of reaction in the
nation at large can hardly be sincere, unless they
are purblind. The progressive party in the
1 country are badly off for leaders, and therefore for
organization. They are also occupied to a certain
extent with the interest of continental affairs, and
with the new work of preparation for defence. But
these circumstances do not affect the permanent
convictions and claims of the worthy citizens of a
free country. They intend, as decidedly as ever,
to enlarge their liberties by improving their repro
sentation in Parliament. While nothing can avert
the fulfilment of this ancient and steady, and
truly national purpose, the process may easily be
hastened and rendered harsh by influences
natural or political. A bad harvest affect-
ing trade, manufactures, and the currency,
may greatly strenhthen political claims ; and
nothing is so likely to precipitate political change
as a mistaken notion in the region of Government
that the people have ceased to desire reform. Both
kinds of influence seem likely to operate throughout
the coming months ; and those who desire
and those who dread demands for political im-
provement will be wise to prepare for such de-
mands. A people like ours, practically the freest
in the world, and aware of their privilege and
their dignity, are not likely either to go back or
stand still. A temporary baffling of their progress
may be useful in the way of admonition. It may
mislead weak heads, but cannot alarm sound
hearts. The way of progress is never really
closed, and the perfecting of freedom is an aim
never surrendered in a free country. This truth
is practically the programme of future sessions of
the British Parliament.

EXPRESS FROM PARIS.

(nom OCR owit connroann)
PARIS. MON7)A2 Ennn.

The telegraph records new triumphs of Garibaldi,
and although the latest news comes from Piedmont,
it may be accepted as reliable, since the " official "
despatches from Naples give it clearly to be under-
stood that Reggio was untenable, and that the
royal troops had been defeated. The only question
raised to-night in the Pays and Patric is as to the
precise nature of the defeat suffered—whether two
Neapolitan brigades went over to General Cosenz
or ran away into the mountains. Nothing is more
remarkable than the resignation with which the
French government journals now record Garibaldi's
progress. The Pays, which not long ago took its
stand upon the peace of Villafranca as a settlement
admitting of no controversy, now expresses no con-
fidence whatever in the cause of the King of Naples.
It admits to-night that the population in the Cala-
brias sympathise with Garibaldi, and thereby it
goes farther than its fellow the Patrie, which affects
to know that the "attitude of the people is not yet
decided."

It is announced by the government journals that
the Bey of Tani; eager to testify his admiration
for Napoleon M., means to go to see him at Algiers.
They state at the same time that the Bey, like
Abd-el-fader, owes to his relations with France
the faculty of appreciating the benefits of civiliaa-
tion.

The Sultan has sent the Grand Cross of Medjidi‘
to Abd-el-Hader.

The Bourse, after opening with a slight degree
of firmness, became very dull. The amount of
business done was so small au to offer no field for
speculation. The Bente fell 16c. for cash, and 10e.
for account, closing at 68fr. 10c. and 68fr. 15c.
Mobilier fell Sc, The closing list of railway shares
does not show a single variation from Saturday.
M. Proudhon has just published in Belgium a
scheme for the pacification of Europe, in which it
is said he advocates an adhesion to the treaties of
1815, with the single exception of the independence
of Italy.

The new law against bearing unwarranted titles
was lately enforced in a very striking manner at the
Angers assizes. On the jury being called over, one
of the names read was that of Count de-Caix-de-
Saint-Aymour. The advocate•general immediately
rose and moved the court that the word "Count"
should be struck out of the record. M. de Csix,
be said, had been lately authorised by government
to add to his patronymic the name of Saint- Aymour
on account of his descent from a family of that
name, but he was at the same time warned that he
must give up the title of Count,to which he bad no
manner of right. The stern decree asked for was
at once granted, and this gentleman, who really ap-
pears to be entitled to cumulate two aristocratic
particles (de), must renounce the title by which he
has hitherto been known in his neighbourhood.
What is more galling still, his wife can no longer
call herself a countess.

The .21f,mileur eamonnees the death of M. Leeou-
turier who for some years past hail regularly contributed
to that journal a very cies: and interesting description of
the chief astronomical phenomena of the mouth.

LATEST INTELLIGENCE.

SICILY AND NAPLES.

NAPLES, AUGUST 25 (VIA MAEsziut.
The insurrection at Potenza has not been °ppm.",
and the dictatorship of Garibaldi has betu
claimed there.

Several Neapolitan journals have publishoi
appeal to the population to rise in insurreethni.
The Minister of War and General Bosco have
left Naples for the theatre of war with six
battalions as reinforcements, having lesnesi,
through.the telegraph, that the defence of Reggi.,
lukewarmly conducted by the generals in cominawl.
Fifty Sardinian Bersaglieri having disembark.3l
at Naples from Sardinian war-steamers, a desperate
combat ensued between them and the royal gnarl,
The Bersaglieri finally re-embarked.

ROME, AUGUST 25 (vi& Mnrseille+).

The Papsl government has sent reinforcemoiti
to the garrison of Benevento. These reinforce.
monte crossed the Neapolitan territory without
arms, according to existing treaties.
They were insulted, driven out of Benevelit.),
and were finally obliged to return.
The Governor of Benevento has taken increa.ol
military measures of precaution at the fortress..

General Lamoricihre has sent a military c,lnrn
to watch the Tuscan frontier.

OFFICIAL DESPATCH. -
MESSINA, AVGI'ST
" The two Neapolitan brigades, Melendez and
Briganti, have surrendered at discretion.
" We are masters of their arms, artillery, Imr,t4,
and mattriet of war, and of the Fort of Pizzo."
The above confirms the telegram fromiPalernia,
published this morning.

The Opinion Nationale, which is in direct com-
munication with many of Garibaldi's officers, cou•
tains the following intelligence :

Although it is unfortunately not true, as reported, that
Garibaldi ia already in person before Naples, the reliable
news which we really have is sufficiently brilliant to console
the friends of Italy for a abort adjourumfint of their hopes.
A letter from Naples of August 22, which now lies before
us, states that &silicate, Capitanata, Cilento, Campobasso,
and Avellino, Oboes some of them not twenty le.igues
from Naples, are in open insurrection. Corm:, when ho
landed, lost no time, for the two Neapolitan brigades corn.
mended by Generals Meleadez and Briganti have surrens
dared to him at discretion, and the Garibaldians ►re now
in possession of all their munitions of war and the
fort of Pizzo. Six Neapolitan companies of the
Reggio garrison went over to the insurrection, besides four
others of the 6th Regiment, which, according to a eon.
respondence in the Debate, were sent to Potence, and when
they got to Auletta they cried " Vive Garibabli !" and re.
fused to march any farther. The Minister at War of
Naples then ordered some of the royal guard to Potent.,
and made arrangements to occupy Salerno with foreign
troops. But the revolution was considered imminent in
the latter town, as well as in Apulia, Bari, and many ether
places. Medici and Bich" played the principal part in the
taking of Reggio, which fell into their hands after .evert
bores' fighting. General Vial, who commanded the
place, and who, unfortunately for himself, has en old
habit of beating a retreat—for he and Sauget were
forced to evacuate Palermo in 1848—retired upon Palmi,
and sent in his resignation to government, on account,
as he said, of the treason of the navy. It is quite certain
that whenever the king's navy is called upon to act the
officers are all suddenly taken sick.

The Prase publishes the following extract of a
letter from M. Maximedu Camp, the poet, theanthor
of " Chants Moderns," and of " Travels on the
Nile," who is at this moment an officer on General
Tnrr's staff. The date of the letter is Messina,
August 20 :

Briar, arrived in Calabria the day before yesterday with
4,500 men. Garibaldi, corning alone like Omar, joined
him yesterday. Coleus most have left yesterday. Eber
is going, and I myself shall doubtless be on the other side
of the straits next week. General Turr commands the
division of which Bisio and Eber are brigadiers. He will
be the last start, and will take with him a thin! brigade -
he will then assume the command of the army of the Calve
brim, which is to march upon Naples.

THE PAPAL STATES. i
ROE Aucuar 24.
A detachment of gendarmes which had been sent
to Benevento was repulsed by the population.

A political manifestation took place at Civita
Vecchia, on the occasion of the obidquies of
Alibrandi, chief of the revolutionary coremittee.
Several arrests were made.
Monseigneur Merode has refused to pe;mit the
departure of the volanteors under Cathelineau, and
the latter has left Rome.

ROME, AOMIST 26.

The Pope is said to have expressed to the Duke
of Grammont his readiness to agree to the proposal
of an Italian Confederation.

AGITATION IN HUNGARY.
VIENNA, IioNDAT Dir.Nruc.

General Benedek has arrived here. The object
of his journey is to request the Emperor; to re-
lieve him of his functions in Hungary, where his
position has beoome unbearable on account of the
continually increasing agitation in the country.
General Benedek is said to consider the wishes of
his countrymen as legitimate, and to refuse to
carry out any coercive measures against the
national tendencies of the Hungarians.

VIENNA, AUGIlit 27.

Although the ministers declared, in the last sit-
ting of the committee of 21 members of the Council
of the Empire, that the government lime no objec-
tion to the Hungarian programme being discussed
and submitted to the vote of the committee, it is
nevertheless certain that the German party.is pre-
paring a counter programme to be also submitted
for diecuaaion by the Council of the Empire assent-
bled in full sitting.
M. von Tescbeu will present the report in the
name of the minority of the committee,; while
Count Clam Martinez ID the reporter of the majority.
It is expected that the full sittings of the Council
of the Empire will not be resumed before the Ist
of September.
As the struggle between the majority and the
minority of the committee will decide the future
destinies of the empire, the reporters have deManded
a full week for drawing up reports of such great
importance.

EXPRESS, TUESDA fIZEN I NG, AUG US!
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b eirpatity the peop of of ~ip. . and'ral produce Nuropean affairs. The exposures made
rsed measure too large to lie put down by cla- Houses of Parliament of the transactions i
the moue, and too grave to be treated with to the annexation of Savoy and Nice to
the impertinence. The House has had an op- and to the aggressions on the rights of