The Express.
London, England, 1859-10-17 00:00:00

LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 17, 1869.

THE 80C .4L SCIENCE CONGRESS AT

.1141)701D.

BRADFORD, ilmonomr.
SOCIAL ECONOMY (ffocnow
Si, J. Z. lIRVETLIWORTR Aresided la this depertment.
The btu paper reed me by r. ions Hoists, mated,
" Facts and istOweerne relating to the West Yorkshire Coal
Strike, from July to December Mt" The writer open-
ntenced by observum that the taareole of °RAW and those of
labour were at peseeet aneigonieM, sod the proceedings ef
both wen ORM ooaducted as though there ma no rule of
right; sad then proceeded to give • tailor, of the micas
both of employees and workman In the West Balm coal
districts, sod ohs effect of moth mites on the pries of coal
sod the_peeltioa of taboo,.
Mr. W. E. FORSTER this Mil a paper by En Noah
Forrest on "The Chainmaksre Milos," which gave • sketch
of its oAlit and operation..
Dr. WATTS, of Manchester, made a 00011RILUJCS21011 On
"Trade rot:leder." After stating the politioe-moseente
principle that wages were dependent upon supply and de-
mand, he mid that attempt. by trade societies to obtain the
same wages for inferior workmen, to limit the number of
apprentices, and to exclude men who lied not served a m-
ull specified apprenticeship, were mischievous, sad must
In the end defeat their own object. Every obenuds to pro-
duction, whether by the government or trade soolease, wee
injurious to society, and especially to the poor, by robing
the price of commodities. But it might be ealad, Are the
men to submit to all kinds of insult sod oppressioa f " No.
Let the secretary ot the social., Owe himself la iterammios-
, tion with other tows., and smertala what were the wages,
and the opening. for employment, end draft el the men
etimordingly, sad thus pmeat as tank teditedat ke
lf, however, it we. found there was no opentog, end
was were we higher, It would prove that the meow was
right, end it would be folly to attempt to rust the reduce
bon. This principle would apply, whether the objection to
a workman arose on s question of were or on one of ohs-
, ratter. _

Mr. Metcous Ross read a paper " On the Evil end
Imliay of Striker, and what might be submituted," In
which he panned the same polinco-oconomio erguntest
by Dr. Watts. He attributed to the operation of
d strikes tae panics which every saw and then passed over
the country, sad °pomaded Met if employers sod employed
only meted upon the sound priadpisd of pintos! economy
their relative position. would be much improved. He sub-
mitted that the gamma of wages must be settled by the mas-
ters and men conjointly, and not by arbitration of third
t= which the experienos of France showed rather in-
then diminished the evil Of course there must be
mutual good-will, and a desire on both sides to expunge
everything that might be offensive or unjust to each other.
Mr. Kelly FAWCITT ILA., delivered an able address

"Oa ohs !WNW Houni:itey of Strikes." After remarking
that sagateem dewed that in some mimes observation
alone wee ad @Widen', but that iodisation was also re-
quired, he add be was going to take a hopeful view of the
strike lielleenlind. He treated his subject with great ability,
arguing that it was not sufficient to say strikes were in•
comisems with politioid economy, and that men most not,
Weil% strike, but they most endeavour to ascertain the
muss el such strikes, for they often fell into error in apply-
ing to Imelda questions the absuact principles of political
OCiene•, which frequently required time to bring out their
results. After laying down the law of wages as depending
upon the Mattes of capital to population, he proceeded to
argue Net then were disturbteg muses which interfered
with the sheathes operation of the principle, end gave rise
to these strikes. In iuuetration of this he referred to the posi-
tion of the sgrimeltoral labourer, whose wages wen below the
average of the artisan, and said that he arrived at the con-
clusion that there was thil teniesay la sakes, to equalise
wages in different employments, and felted also the tendency
to give the labourer a share in the antra moats of the em-
ployer, when they were raised by atedponey awes. The
stnkes might he directed, bat they *odd sot be checked.
As they Moms more general they would set occur so often,
because, when they b,crme recognised, the employer would
prefer giving from his profile an increase of wages, vitiated
the inconvenient preeeure of strikes. The littered. of da•
ployers sod employed were not identical, bat Were as Ina
opposed as those of boyar and seller; the latter withal le
give es little labour es poesible, and the former as low
as possible. The working classes as they became more
tailwind would see this, and would me their abilities to
secure every advantage 'high they legitimately and fairly
could from the employer. Thus it seemed to him that as
society became more intelligent, the community would be
divided into two great °epode' interest.. This was not a
gratifying view, but it raised the question whether another
state of society than this which prevailed in England wee
not possible, and whether the ultimive result of these
colthioas between labour sad capital might not be an aro-
elation of the labourer with the employer in the prelim of
trade. lir. Fantod ooaciaded amidst the applame us the
audience.
Mr. 3. MACV•ILANZ read a paper entitled "What is
the Peters of the Relationship between Employer and Em-
ployed f std ere aumbinatiens, either on the part of operatives
ur employers, injurious or otherwise?"
Mr. HVOHIS then reed the report of the committee ap-
pointed at the Liverpool meeting as to trade societies. The
committee stated that they had not yet been able to collate
all the information they had received, nor wee the inquiry yet
completed, and they were not therefore prepaid at present
to minces any opinion on the subject, bat they recommend
that they should be reappointed for the pompom of con.inuing
the inquiry.
Mr. KATI 1110•1, of Liverpool, moved the adoption of the
re and the reappointment ot the committee.
r.,FORSTILI seconded the motion.
Mr. Bataan thought the rent of the evil of strikes was
mistaken ideas, mid those ideas would be best correctel by
education, and instruction to the rising generation es to the
muses of strikes.
Mr. DUNNING, secretary to the London Bookbinders'
Associettoe, whilst admitting the principle of supply and
&mead, said that trade societies were necessary to equalise
wages during the temporary fluctuetions in the supply and
demised for labour ; but their object was not to raise wages
when the supply was permanently in great excess of the
demand.
Mr. Cower.L. the principal conductor of the Preston
strike, explained the cense of that great strike as arising
from the reduction of wages during periods of panic,
without any ports-pending advance on the return of pros-
perity. Teta, he said, was the general cause of the Lem-
shire strikes, and he suppirted his statement by a brief
sketch of the history of tome of them. The Preston strike
failed because of the panic arising from the breaking out of
the Russian war, but it had not been without its good re-
sult., and both parties would be loth to eater upon such
another struggle. In conclusion be expensed his oonviction
that they would have fewer strikes H there wee more sym-
pathy between masters and workmen. (Applause.)
Mr. E. Anion., after stating that the evil had now
reached that point when it came legitimately under the con-
sideration of that association, gemmed his concurrence with
Mr. Cowell that gibers was • better underetending between
mestere and workmen, a cordial sympathy and communica-
tion one with Um other, they would hem fewer strike..
(Hear, bear.) He agreed will Mr. Foote/ that they timid do
Stile by lettidatka.
Mr. N evrTioN, of the Society of Engineers, contended
that workmen could not maks their arrangements with the
employers individually but collectively, and combination
theretiire became necessary, which led to trade societies.
One of the great causes of strike* was the want of that good
feeling between master and workpeople to which Mr.Akroyd
bad misread .

Mr. Nl:Trait pointed ont the inconsistency of rot allow-
ing an inferior workman to take lower wages.
_ Mr. I*/ lIWTON wed there was no such restriction In the

Engineers' Bo6ety.
The PRESIDIENT maid there was no doubt that many socie-
ties did commit the crime of the majority tyraneising over the
minority, and prohibiting that freedom of individual action
which wee the right of every
in
man, sad until trade &sestina
=lthemselves of that objectiosable feature, their me-
aid not meet with the sympathy of the public.
Mr. 0. BALLET, the representative of the trade societies in
Liverpool, defended trade societies.
Mr. B. fistoos, jon.,Wskelleld, oostroverted the ftgures
of Mr. Holmes, remaking that Mr. Holmes had not es-
plailied lb. difference is the price of coal at different period..
He also alluded to th. coot of getting the coal at those Mt-

braid - -
Mr. traiet, ass., also briefly addressed the *action, In
explanation of the wetter, referred to by Mr. Holmes, and
aid thee the Master.' Associetion was formed many years
before Me thee weutioned, being merely called together In
IBSS
_ .

Mr. Houma said Le had applied to the wintery of the
Masters' Association for inforwation but his letter had not
born answered, and if be had 'ellen into any error it was
the fault of lb. tauten._ .

Mr. Act.svu addressed the section, and urged the neces-
sity of • good tetling between roasters and man, but he
warned the wen etcetera atteroptftut to coerce their fellow..
After some remark. from Mr. R.twmog, • vote of thanks
eras pealed to the president, and the section woe closed.

A mend meeting was held t►is morning at St. George's-
hall, the Earl of SHAYTFNIICRY prealding, when Sir J. K.
814 VTTLIM oats daltvered an address on social economy, realty
casmitattog a Memory of eivilizattoo, Its ties and progress in
England from the earliest times to the peasant.

The ooncluding meeting of members and aminciatee was
held at the coed silos of Sir J. H. flbutdeworth'e address.
The chair wee takes by the Earl of Bbaf
Mr. HAITINOII, the gamest moretaryt7=tharoport of
the council, which stated that 1,356 prow bad enrolled
themselves for the present cotareas, Utct that 175 Port, had
been reed in the verione section.. Of this. 22 related to
jortsprndeatte and amendment 4 the law. IS to 'donation, 27
to the punishment and retormation of enders, 20 to plaWo
health, 50 to social economy. while the remollOwLekbt lffx•
read at special meetings. The septet condlefed with the
zonal recommends, ion as to the persona who abooldbeitinded
es offists members of the council.
Lad Bsooocem moved that the report be teddved mai

adopted and that the theatre of the aseaciatioa be awarded
to Mr. 'Heating. for his untiring ma end efficiency is the
discharge of hie secretarial dutise.
The motion was esonaded by the Hon. A. KINNAIRD,
M.P., and mooted onantsioady.
The PRIAIDINT then annosared that the nest COOptile
of the mended= world be held in the city of Glasgow.
Oa the motion of the Right Hes. J. NAPIER (late Lord
Chancellor of Ireland) the thanks of the aawdslioit wen
awarded to the Mayor and the inhabitants of Bradford for
their cordial welcome.

Votes ;it ;Pre substqaently paned to the astrb
beton of paper*, to the local &Priorities, and to the pees.
The prooeectinge were brought to a clop by a vote of
thanks to the noble proadist.

MR. EINNAMD, M.P., AND THE ITALIAN
QUESTION.

The hon. member for Perth hen devoted pert of
the recess to e tour in Italy, end has given lab fropreadona of
the Italians and their sere m the following letter addressed
to the Lord Prorod lmrie :

.
East, Loucks, October 7, 18.59.
"My dear Provat—kfter the vole In parliament which
led to the resignation of the miniatry of Lord Darby, and
when It became evident that a reform bill was out of the
Tertian, from wait of tiros sufficient to dames that or say
other Important maser% the attention of parliarneat and of
the country was naturally directed to Italy. Whatever out-
ward agreement there might he among rival etatatmen, it wee
evident that vary diff.rar sympathies were emanated, and
very dement eantimeata entertained. ea to Ma nal esedlikaa
of Central Daly, sodas to the Maas of its people forcimetito-
tional government. My sympathies ware, sa they have ever
been, In favour of Italian Martial, but I still wasted the U.

senor that years of oppreetabin sad Wends bad not
unfitted the people for the full exercise of their rights an the
constitutional subjects of free rates. I determined therefore
r era sitar the recess as porible, to revisit Italy, and
amertsla what 1 could by personal obetretion. The malt
has even surpassed my esprotatiene ; and 1,0 joins to know
that both la Lord Pabesesten end Lord Joon Rowell we
bre, fern their avowed sentinsents, the guaraetes that
whatnot Meld support can be given will be afforded by
the government et Begird in this mire of Italian liberty.
" I first west by Banco add this Lege Mmtre to Mika,
and visited the scree of Gribakit's samurai cesepaign with
his volunteer troops. Having pared through the field of
Magenta on my way, I reached Milaa just after the brilliant
reception given to the insert deputation; sad from what I
witnessed and heard, in answer to the inquiries I made there
and elsewhere, I came to the conclusion that there is • desp-
aired and wide-spread unanimity of sentiment in favour
of uniting under the rule of Victor Emmanuel. Consider-
lag how recently the iron yoke of Austria, both directly
sad Indirectly, repressed ell aspirations alter liberty, it is
really warrior to re the orderly bearing of the people,
combined with their resolute determination not spin to
submit to any foreign ;eke. Could tbey be secure from In-
terference from without, I believe that we shrill sr civil
sad religions liberty in full nacho. I had the pivilegir of
convening with Signor Fanni and General Ganbakii at
Modena, and with Baron 11101.1011 and General &arida
at Florence, and was almost equally delighted with the
sentiments exyreriad by each, manifesting • abdomen-
like comprehension of affairs, combining moderation with
energy, and practical wisdom with honer deter-
mination of put pose. Most sincerely do 1 Irish them
God-speed, believing, as I do, that with their success is
booted up, not only the troilism of Central Italy
sad the religions welfare of thousands of its inhabitants, but
the maintenance of the peace of Erupt,. Of course, in the
shove, remember I do not refer to that clerical party whose
worldly latoters are ideatified with the triumph of the
papacy, and who care not who is esainced so that its into-
rate are advanced. _ . . . _

"On my way to Plorenos, I visited the battle-fields of St.
Martino and &Merano, mod spent a day or two at Venial',
when it was sad to bear of the entailing taxation which bears
upon the unhappy inhabitants of that beautiful city; and the
contrast with ilia :redoes already enjoyed by ties liberstad
Italians made their condition will mote atriking.—Behave
rue, my disc Provost, yours very sinowely,
" A. KIXNAIRD."

FRENCH AND ENGLISH FRATERNIBATION.—At the
ennanal dinner gives by the mayor of Greet Yarmouth, on
Thursday evening, one of the guests was Capt du Lemon,
of the Fumes swine Gables, now lying off the onset. One
of ohs to. proposed by the mayor was the health of Ole
Majesty Napoleon ill., sad Ceptain Latooeey, in responding
to the least, reciprocated the desire expreeerd, that England
end Franco might long remain united. The two I,IIIiMIS
were in close alliance during the Russian war, and he was
glad there was as good a prospect of their being united in the
Chinese war., For his own part, Ita could see no reasoas
for hatred, but, on the ontrery, many for friendship. The
gallant captain's observation were warmly applauded, and
were endorsed by Kr. Howse, LP., Sir E. li. K. Locus,
M.P., end Sir li. J. Bushey, K 2, who &ter...ssd. addressed
the company. The latter hon. baronet added that en adequate
force bad been sent up the Pena on the coosaion of the
Lm disaster on that river end he hoped that in the new
allianos with France, el which be wee glad to boor ta• French
°facer *peek so warmly, a wall organised expedition would
be despatched.
THE CHANCELLORSHIP Or THE EDINBURGH

Ultrenaserv.—A center is expected fog the Chancellorship
of the university. It would appear that active, though not
open, exertions have been, and are being, made to place this
high academic position at the test of the Duke of Raceleach.
so that the friends of Lord Brougham, who had contemplated
his election without opposition, bate at list formed a com-
mittee to aid in securing his return. We are glad to learn
that the attempt to give a political complexion to the ar-
gon has so far mlicarrird theta large number of conservatives
have declared for Lord Brougham, refusing to trample on the
ter principle which ought to inspire an icadentic constitu-
ency on each an ocession.—Scolemse.
APOTHECARIES' HALL.—The following gentlemen
passed their asszainatioa in the science and practice of medi-
care, and received certificates to practise, on Thursday last:
Charles Henry Elliott, York, Swan River, Welt Armenia ;
John Smith, Corley; Arthur Erueet Sarong, Corsham,
Wilts; William Wickham, Tetbury, Gloucestershire ; Wil-
liam Creagb, Ireland; Edward Pendriil King, Chepstow,
Monmouth; and John Thomas Coate Drury, Doncaster.
Six CHILDREN POISONED WITII SWEETMEATS.—
Considerable excitement has been caused within the last
few days at Northtawtou, • small town in the north of
Devoe, in consequence of the following occurrence
children, belonging to different families, were rind with
vomiting, and Dr. Budd, a physician, on being called in,
stated that they had been poisoned. On inquiry it was
swertaird that they had eaten coloured sweetmeats called
bird.' nests," which were purchased in the fair of a man
named Ryan, of Northtawton. All of that description were
shortly aerwards seised by Mr. Superintendent Grant, of
the county constabulary, who was intormel by Ryan that
be had purchased theta of a confectioner of Exeter, named
Sherry. On the following day Superintendent Grant ob-
lobbed a warrant and took possession of • quantity of colour-
ing matter, found on the premises of Sherry, and handed it
ever to a cheated for analysis.
RIOT AT BERWIeS-UPON-TWEED.—On Monday
evening last • riot of a somewhat *Jugular nature took place
at Spinal, at the mouth of the Tweed. It sprats that the
night had ret in so thick at sea that the err men, wbo
camper the greet majority of the inhabitants of the place,
were unable to go out in their hosts, and they being un-
willing to lose their time, the whole population, male and
female, turned out and proceeded on a Iliklloll poaching
expedition in the Tweed. The river bailiffs interfered, and
a orfliotell.oo4 between them and the tiahermen, in which
the latter were victorious, for they not only succeeded in
driving the bailiff, sway, but captured end punk their boat.
A scene al great Destruction ensued, and order was not re-
stored till • very late hour. Great difficulty will he expe-
rienced in recognisioe the ringleeders in the riot, for tier
were, in order to escape detection, arrayed in the ha
ments of their wives.
TEE LITTLE BIISTARD.—A fine specimen of the
little bustard" ((Madras) was shot • few days ago in the
neighbotuhond of Oxford, by the Rev. F. Burger Fellow of
tit Jobs's College. Oxford. Tide rare sereggler is now in
the heeds of Mr. Osman, bird preserver, of that city, who
haspremounced it to be a young bird of the male epodes.
The last little bustard on reo.rd killed in this musty_ was
shot on Denton-common, near Oxford. In December, 1833,
THE PONTIFICAL STATES.—FIuini wrote, forty
years ago, "There Is in the Roman States no care for the
cultivation of the people, no anxiety for public prosperity;
Rome I. a ceespool of corruptions and privileges; • clergy
made up of fools sad knaves in power; the laity slaves;
the treasuries plundered by tax-farmers end spies; all the
brier. of government ODIlli•IN in prying into and punish-
ing the Inatome, the expectatioes, and the luiprudencen
at the liberals." Nor have matters been better during
the last ten years of thin period ; nom 1848 to 1867
the expenses of foreign troops to keep down the intr.
bltanta have been about 1,000,00 W. The Pontifical State)
bad no railroads until recently ; and now the line
to Clvlta Vecchia has been made but for the convenience of
foreign hoops , all communications throuth tbeStates are dad-
cult. The made are infested by brigands. The Po threatens
comincial overflow. The collection of the common tare
core 31 per nest. The collection of the revenue derived
from the "Lotto" costs 82 per cent.; that from the monopoly
of tobacco 48 per cent. Eocirisetical property
descriptions le free from all taxation. It would be easy
to multiply facts of this nature, which are just r
obvious to the eyes and understandings of the hamisa
race se that Manchester Is a oily of tall chimneys, or
that there are erns in Venice, sod yet it appears peril& le
the ecclesiastical mind to ignore them altogether, and to
neat the very worst government in Europe se though it were
the very beet I —Them
The Lying-in Hospital at Liverpool has been bent-
11°4to Ilseamount of 3.0001. Ike reettlu of a bouhr held in
131. Osorge's Hall last week.