The Express.
London, England, 1859-03-04 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, FRIDAY EVENING, MARCH 4, 1859.

PARINI'S LETTER TO LORD
JOHN RUSSELL.

The Doily News of this scorning publishes the
above letter in ertesen.
Signor Farini writes as a man profoundly versed in
history, and intimately acquainted, by personal and
practical experience es ► working minister of liberal
governments, with the exigencies and reserves of re-
sponsible statesmanship. He therefore addresses him-
self to en inquiry into the practical operation of the
Treaty of Vicons from 1813 to 1839. Signor PARINI
passes in review the conduct of Austria in Italy since
Lombardy was restored and Venice was added to
her possessions in that Peninsula, by the arrangement
of 1813, and be undertakes to demonstrate that the
Power which above all others was interested in the
faithful observance of the Treaty has incessantly
and openly violated its stipulations in the letter and
in the spirit ; has repeatedly transgressed the terri-
torial limits assigned to its sway; has by re-
petted and systematic military interventions,
invaded the sovereignty and set at nought the,
security of independent States; has publicly de-'I
Blared its determination to earimilate to its own
forms of administration, by violent processes, any
milder and more tolerable institutions springing up
beyond its proper frontier., and to cut any native
growth of Constitutionalism to the roots; has denied
to its subjects in Lombardy the rights and privi-
leges of a separate administration, and finally incor-
porated a Viceroyalty into the Empire ; has as soon
as possible after subscribing to the Treaty of 1818
attempted to rob the Hoses of Savor of a strip of
frontier territory; has eeenpied Naples in 1821,
Parma, Modena, widths Papal States frees 1831 to
1838, and again in 1848, 1847, and 18111. And these
decimations have not been simply a certain number
of
troops in a ganistio, they have been military
executions at Milan, at Mantua, at Modena,
at Ferrara; they have bees citizens thrown
eat bare suspicion, or on the accusations of
street agents, into dungeons at Spielberg and
Laybach ; they have been assassinations in the
streets, brigandage on the roads, cautions, tortures,
bisatinadore, conspiracies, and bioody revenges of
Carbonari and Calderari. How many blameless men
hire languished in dungeons, onconvicted and even
without form of trial; how many have been driven
into a life-long banishment ; how many virtuous and
moderate men have become revolutionists through
despair, there are no documents to tell.
The eloquent writer then turns to Piedmont, sod
shows us the chiefs of a gallant and generous nation
scarcely emerged from the disaster of Novara,
bravely and resolutely engaged in consolidating Par-
liamentary and popular institutiote, and strength-
ening the throne with a national policy abroad and
swiftly ordered freedom at home. He concludes his
letter in the following terms:

" But the Piedniontcse government now finds its
swore in that free nation from which it has hereto-
-6111 received sifters applauds and useful supports it N
fres London now that those admonition's:ems which
once used on ly tocome to us from Rome and fromVisema.
Yet since the system pursued by toffs govorenost is
still the very same which (Dewey obtained the
praise, of the English government and peep* and
seeing that the Austrian system is the very same
which was by the English government and
so sharply condemned, it is to be hoped that 1;21
opinion, when it shall be informed of the bath, may
pinworm* a men equitable judgment. The two
opposing systems have borne just the (Faits they
should have borne; the dangers which now exist
were jost such AS might have been foreseen, and we
did, in fact, knees 1832 I wrote to the
Right Hon. Mr. Gladstone,' If a remedy be not
promptly applied to the great moral endmion
which the stupid and iniquitous governmesto
are ceasing here, Italy will offer some terrible
warning* to Europe ; and in the same letter,
which was printed and published, I added,
• Seeing that the balance of power is destroyed
by the foreign occupation, and seeing that the
articles of the Treaty of Vienna are entirely violated
both in form and substance, how can Europe herself,
if she possesses one grain of wisdcm or forethought,
stand mach longer as an idle sp'ctator of this vast
and growing evil ?' And in ISM I wrote to the
muss right boo. gentleman, your fellow-countryman,
' It therefore really behove. Europe, which feels so
much dread of Italian insurrections and of Piedmon-
t's* audacity—it behove' Europe to obviate such
dangers by putting an end, whilst there is time, to
the bad governments and the Austrian predominance
in Italy. I think Europe may rely upon the patience
of the Sardinian government, but it must not be
imagined that the crown of Savoy will ever disgrace
itself by playing the cower& or that Victor Emmanuel
will ever shed the blood of his own people in order
that he may spare the blood of his enemies. If
Europe doss not provide for the need in time, It Is
certain that we shall all of us together be drawn on
by fate—by that fate which draws on Austria,which
draws on Italy,which draws on the Hi use of Savoy.'
Aod again in 1837, writing to the earns tisnian,
Mr. Gladstone, mad expressing my ap es
to an alliance between England and Austria, I
alluded to the inevitable calamities which were being
prepared for Italy by hypocrisy and injustice, &SM.
sag that the King of Sardinia bad a right to demand
by arms satisfaction for the many injuries he has
received from Sardinia, and so many violations of
public law. Such wee the language which was
openly used by us both in writing for the press and
speaking in parliament; nor did the language em-
ployed by the ministers of King Victor Emmanuel
parliament, as well as in the Congress, materially
differ from this.
"As for move recent events,Connt Cavonr, in a note
which was published, has informed LI the Courts of
Europe how the warlike preparations and threaten-
ing demonstrations of Austria preceded our own
preporatioos for war. It therefore appears to ma,
my lord. not only to be contrary to justice, but
devoid of all reason, that your government should
Melrose to Piedmont thous reproofs which it ought
to have addressed to Visas at the proper period.
.0o the other hid, it is well to consider what
force there may be in those recommendations which
have always been mails to us by the many and
mem:lied friends wham we hare in your country.
They have always advised us to maintain and
de,vl"P our own liberty in such a manner that it
shall &trod an example, • school of instruction, and
• ground of hope to the whole of Italy. Now thra
sad no other than this, is indeed the task upon
which we have been labouring with persevering en-
deavour. But this very task, my lord, is ens which
most necessarily have brought in to the position ia
which we now are. I remarked some time ago, in
our parliament, that our liberty was itself the most
effectual conspiracy that could be formed against
Austria and the most potent eosins for elevating the
Italian peoples. We were ourselves conscious of
this, and it was quite as well known to Austria and
her prefects, who have continually for them ten
you., by the mare. which were secretly laid, and
y the calumaise which were publicly advanced,
w
an iecessant contest against this liberty of ours,
still
desiring nod hoping that it would come to ruin,
and often predicted that it wee about to expire.
The encouragement which England gave se to hold
oat an example and inspire • wish Inc liberty
amongst the Italians is therefore in flat cootradie-
tioa with the admonitions which the same England
bestows upon us now, because the example hos but
produced its natural fruits. The sequence of logic
dolmas to he respected, not only in the sphere of en,
'swot, but in the region of feet. If our example
was to bo elleesions it mod tend of at comity to kindle
denim for liberty, and if those desires were not to be
satiated, the moult must of neesseity being es to our
resent sit satin'. I do not think anybody sea ever
&aye hoped that the speeches of Count Coeur would
be seabed to eanvert boast seal, or that the Pied-
imentsso tribune and prow might els"rt the Pe" and the King of Naples. There was sound logic
in the cabinet of Vienna, the King of Naples

sad the Court of Rotas, who wanted to see this fire
quenched at which the hearts of the Italians were
tbas warmed ; there was sound logic in those who,
whil.t they kept this fire burning, foresaw the in-
fallible consequences; bat lame was the logic of those
who, whilst they stirred up the fire, were unwilling
that Austria should be merehed by it.
" If it not us frequently occurs that by the influence
of contrary political systems even those neighbour-
ing states which enjoy a perfect national existence
are liable to be dieturbed, everybody will admit that
it was hard for two contrary systems to go on in
peace in the adjacent provinces of one and the same
nation, not separated from each other by mountains
or by seas, but only by rivulets and artificial her-
Tiers. And it must be evident to all that whilst
now, by all kinds of commercial intercourse
being so wonderfully facilitated, the habits
and the social institutions of the various

nations and races of Europe are being brought
into uniformity, it was imposeible far so great
a difference and discrepancy to eostinue long
to prevail amongst governments of the same people,
who may travel in a few hours from one capital,
when it is high treason to have a predilection fee
liberty, to another metropolis, when liberty is main_
tailed by the law, and where it is the duty of every
citizen to be alert in its defence. What an intense
longing to enjoy for a few days the sight of our
national banner brings the Italians of the other pro-
vinces so frequently here ! With what feelings at
heart do they eftievards go back to Milan, to
Venice, to Modena, to Panne, and Bologna, after
having listened to our tree speeches in Parliament,
after having taken part with us in our festivals of
freedom, after having joined with us in the cey of
Viva ITel/a r

" The Italian question being wholly comprised, my
lord, in the antagonism between the Austrian
system and the Piedmontess system, Italy tan
have no pesos or safety so long as tU ar-
ntagement continues which was bestowed en
her by the treaties of 1816. Thom treatise
had already to so great an extent been violated and
changed, and to so gnat an extent have also been
perverted and mocked at, that I wooden, my lord,
how the ' integrity' of those treatise can be gravely
talked of. Many things have been done contrary is
the treaties of 1818, to the enlargement of liberty
and in favour of national rights ; other transactions
have taken place to the detriment of liberty and Ia
violation of public law. To the extension of liberty
and to the advantage of national rights have been
the creation of the kingdoms of Belgium and of
Greece, the union of the Rosman Principalities, the
new Federal constitution of Switzerland, the com-
plete emancipation of Neufchatel. To these may be
added the re-establishment of the Napoleonic empire
—that is to say, the overthrow of the so-called sys-
tem of legitimacy, which was the keystone of the
aide* of 1816. To the reduction of liberty, and Ia
infringement of national rights, have occurred the
destruction of the republic of Cracow, and all the in-
vsaions, the military occupations, and the domineer-
ing acts which Amtria has committed in Italy.
hers
haps, my lead, the warnings whisk
Bet
been adsdaist per
ared to Piedmont do Aft so mob ori-
gisateis may ceepect for the treads, (which cannot
sow be respostable, sines they have bees perverted
sad violated ey whatever people or by whatever
=t Ma had the strength sad the good
eadose), bat rather is jealousy with regard
to Femme. This subject upon which I here tome
with emits hesitation is one very difficult to be
belittled by a foreigner ; but my revenue fir your
salient is so great and of such long standing, and I
have soil • high and sincere esteem for the noble-
Ben and virtues of your own enlightened mind, that
I feel sure of being permitted to touch upon this
subject with candid intentions and an impartial
judgment. I admire that signal patriotism with
which your noble wicks is agitated and stirred
whsoswer it fears that any other nation may outstrip
it in that social authority and those legitimate
influences which it has deservedly acquired in the
world by its marvellous industry, by the energetic
valour, by the Roman limits, by the attachment to
liberty and the wondrous pereeverance, of which it
has displayed, and continues to display, reek ex-
amples amongst all the nations of the modern world,
meammtble to all posterity. I respect, therefore, the
feeling of jealousy with regard to France which is
harboured in stout English breasts ; and I can air
want, if not for the hasty censures of certain of
your newspapers, yet for the prudent cautiousness
of your statesmen. But so far as relates to the
Italian question, it appears to me, my lord, that even
this very feeling of jea.onsy with regard to Francs
should induce England, emulating France in libera-
lity, to lend her aid to our poor Italy, and not to
take the part of Austria.
"There are some publicists who, deploring that
Piedmont should have formed ties of close alliance
with the French empire, persist in writing down
that we have delivered ourselves up in bondage to the
Emperor Napoleon. I am not vexed by such harsh
language as this. Whoever knows Piedmont and her
Xing wail knows that they are not, and that they
never will be, is say bondage except that of duty and
hewer. I am not vexed by such language, because
I have heard it inserted for many years pmt, with
equal truth and justice, that our government was
sold in bondage to England. Other publicists ea
the contrary exprem a fear lest Ode alliance with
the French empire may be detrimental to our own
liberties, and on this point I am inclined to offer
some remarks. The jealous amateurs of oar liberty
should observe that, in this question now before as,
we are net sailed upon to discus. what are the most
perfect forms of free and civilised polity; but we have
tojadp of the opportuneness and convenience of poll-
Wm' aliened, which, sa everyone must know, neither
cos we ought always to be determined solely
with regard to uniformity in the principles and forme
of government. If it were otherwise, and if two
states governed by different forme could not be
learned together without detriment and blame, Eng-
land, for instance, never ought to have been la
alliance with Austria, or with other empires consti-
tuted on principles entirely contrary to thins upon
which her liberal constitution is founded. In our
ease, neonover, any such scruple would be beside the
question, which tares upon making our choice be-
tween Austria and France. And whatever be the
opinion one may form of the French institutions, it
is manifest that the principles of 1789, on which the
empire is based, are the very warner of our constitu-
tions, and of those civil securities which the present
ape requires. The French empire is based on 'sa-
tirical sovereignty and the popular suffrage—the
Austrian empire on the 'right divise sad ea sew
quest ; the former proclaims liberty of eesseisses
and civil equality for men of all religions, the
latter practises intolerance; France has the can-
midst of Napoleon 1., and Austria has that
of Francis Joseph 11. ' • Napoleon 111. dsimds
on the banks of the Danube the rights of the
people and of nations, approving and commesdiOg
free institutions then; the Emperor of Airdrie
tramples upon popular and national rights, and
destroys liberal institutions everywhere. It should
be added, that no one in Piedmont has had any
jest canoe to inspect that our powerful seighboar
may wish to injure our liberty, seeing that, sines the
establishment of the Empire, we have sot received
from France the same annoyances we had before.
Row many were the rebukes we had to sustain' at
the time when those men were in power there, who
have become the champions of liberty, in word, sines
they hare lost, with their power to command, their
power of humiliating France in Europe. And how
severe did their rebukes addressed to us become,
whenever oar disputes with the Court of Rome W-
eans sharper than usual. It seemed as though the
men who had suggested the expedition to Roma
sad who had threatened to set on foot
a Roman expedition at home, were about
to commence a Roman expedition to Turin.
These thisgsony lord, are but imperfectly knows.,
feel/wen abroad • but we do not forget them. Nor
tea we forget that the President of the Republic
wished to amid Piedmont, and that be was histiored
and detained from so doing by those mesa men ; sod
that in order to find some means of mitigating the
evil iseaces of the expedition to Roma he
wrote the famous letter to Edgar Noy against whisk
those sass raised up in their public debates ea oppo-
site party. The French empire, which bee sot in-
jured or threatened liberty in Piedmont, is Bpi*
Is Bwitserland, or in Belgium, has ontemded at
Nesfehatel for popular rights, has coolheaded sod
doss es teed en the Danube for liberty, imam's/aeons,

and national union. From which it is to be inhered
that the French alliance, which is favourable to the
national rights of Italy, cannot be reputed noxious to
liberty, of which we are the jealous guardians.
"The cause of our own liberty is inseparably bound
up with the Italian question, and he would vainly
hope to defend it who should seek, in the name of
the violated conventions of Vienna, to separate Pied-
mont from Italy. Of this truth those statesmen
should be informed who believe that an European
Congress can give peace and order to Italy, and pre-
vent the war which seems to many to be inevitable.
Certainly it would be desirable that we should be
able to obtain by pacific means that which may mist
so many @earldom; but as not even a council of
angels could alter the condition of things, or the
nature of the Italian question, it is not to be hoped
that a congress can bestow pace, liberty, and
security upon Italy unless it be first agreed between
the Powers that the treaties of 1816 shall be revised,
and that Italy shall be independent of all foreign
dominion. If these fundamental conditions were
not laid down and agreed upon first, the emigress
could not avoid the perils of war, and would per-
haps result in enlarging their range. Every expe-
dient will be not only useless, but mischievous;
the war might perhaps be postponed for a
few months, but perhaps the war would break
out by mean, of a revolution. As the woes
of Italy and the perils of Europe are derived from
the antagonism between the Austrian and Piedmon-
tau systems, peace cannot be established either by
bringing some other State within the Piedinontese
system, or by changing the seat and limiting the
range of the Austrian system. And it seems to me,
my lord, to be certain, that even should the Powers
choose to look for some remedy of that kind, Austria
being quite conscious, as we are, of the Moe nature
of the question at issue, would say what, in 1831,
Metteroich said at Vienna to an ambassador of Louis
Philippe's, It is better to die of a violent death,
than let oneself slowly be consumed away.' It there-
for* seems to ms that, whilst publio opinion is now
anxiously anticipating what the fates are preparing
for us amidst this great discontent of the Italian po-
pulations, and these armaments of the European go-
vernments, it ought to be regarded as a certain truth
that the usual circumlocution of diplomacy will prove
inadequate to heal the wounds of Italy.—Accept,
my lord, the assurance of my 'inure respect,
" Turin, Feb. 20." " L. C. FABINL

Kato Intellignut.
HOUSE OF LORDS.-11Asca S.
APPEALS.

TEN SOOTTEIN NORTH MARTINA RAHMAN COMPANY,
APPILIANTR, T. SIR WILLIAM DRONNOND STSWART, SART.,
ON IRVITILLT, 78.71PONDZST.

The woo a apses! from the Court of Brim in Berland.
The gneres in ellipsis woo ono involved to a clamed mese
verb he,. bees mostady on avert arrow bider the
ovate el ids brim ad which tan on criditicest woe-
mere brows Whim esearare and landowners fir pop
meat by its Imam el ems ea wow am br
bad tbeemigh vire prolored Nen sr to rem It
offered Met la NW the isellbh Na-
vy Cowry, whisk Im now rapsomilei by Ur eistrilt
North Earn Compaq, were aspowerst to omnibus. a
railway bun Perth to Fodor, with a briar to Du hold,
which wee pies' to pre through the estate and war the
residents at the reopsoder, and which word bar brava
kb oproitke to the eceepsay's bill bebn ordlommall, red
"Moth t' on. having boa • Aand lato, reetbeiresipaset
by the ornery to poy the responder • am of se
eoespeosuce. The lir ws• osneburod, _ the ro-
MIMIt contended that the were bona to py
mum In wericei ea dr sistbardynsig=
Isseent to orrsereet the Ism end syysllmes
Mat they ware not bound by Ur inposinont mhos dr /Ms
eseaserelly web.
The Court of
appeal &WO* decided in favour of the repondtnt,
mad the permed was Weight.
fir R. Dothan end Idr. Ambers appeared for tbe appet-
iser ; Mr. Lb awl Mr. B Perm for she respondent.
At Ur sloes of Ms mimosas Jodgment or postpaid.

EQUITY COURTS.—][pica 3.
(adore W )lAVer ot the Boa.)
NACLIAX 111. DAWSON.

The Wes a suit by a Mn. Wawa M. *aka the re-
sidury legatees of • Mr. W. Dawsea, Maass& who wee
*mat ths mina tithe Carew Owthps*. She apaloS
that tweedy yews ago Mr. Darras MI keel lam dares
k the amps*drew her at a ales rad balm their air,
sad that he kept of the apebet prise * end air
aura for the pas ef haring a weber of shares
The till payed-11s has the sale of the shame sat smirk end
for reetlatios oat of shwa which had cans to the de-
findeats from throthe's estate. Ow dthendent agesred,
sad destined to the as the ground that no lepl
wool reathentaUve of Dews= had been coasktoted k
land, end this dianner was allowed with Yaw to ans
This was followed by • motios as the part of mak other
Ashadmata, who were nada t I. &camel, and had ken
sawed with the bill there. They had act appeared in the
suit, bat saw claimed to hive the order Creed* them to be
awned be Scotland disch wed. In support of this maim
widowers was frtwea that almost ell the parties kV:warted
were readrat in Scotland, .red that the property was all
eltreed

The Were of the Rolla raid tha. ea =Wog a pilule facie
me for sea as talsr the pl.int.ff was ewitled to it as a
matter amuse, and that the &andante could not bellowed
to waseUsa It =tit they had rasularty operand in the wit.
Yr. Feb..,, Mr. &ds_ya, and Yr. J.- Pearroa were for
the piafatill; Mr. aat, Mr. Haat, sod Xt. Cott." far the

• Tb, court was most inconveniently crowded. Several
large proofs wave made, amounting is the aggregate to up•
wards of 8,0001. Amongst them was s rod' for 9891. mods
by Mr. Britt, who gave up n document which had beet
Landed to him aa ree:any, purporting to be a kw fr in the
Drapers' Dempsey Ph. 80 years of two bores m Mark•hee,
of which the natal was 5201, bat which tures out to be
worthier.

--fin;ic;liovikig creditors Were chosen trade &tidiness: Mr.
Frederick Selby, gentlemen, of Belvidere-reed, Lambeth,
end Mr. Chitties Joseph Hyde Allen, gel:Manua, of Thread-
neetUo•slrest. _ _

solicitor, tendered a proof for 1521., his bill
of costs, Ise profeedeoal boanele.
Mr.&nerd wined the bill to stand over for taxation.
aceordisgiy.
Mr. Kayoed sagateted that before Mr. Brayer proved, he
meet gin
Mr. up
all
rergaotatitillit be claimed
nott atren.nature
of a mortgage.
His Honour laid that the lien must be abandoned before
I the proof could be made.
Mr. Maynard stated that there were wend reran/ in
attendance who had claims for small num, 21. or 31, for
waCComandindoner—They will of course be paid without
proving.
It was arranged that they should be paid at the °facial
aVs orate on Saturday morning.
.4;lagley appeared tor • creditor, the owner of 101120 land
in Southwark, which the bankrupt had taken for building
on ; bat ail he had don was team the land. He wished
peaseselon to be given up se soon as passible.
Mr. Maynard patatimadl to luqnke Into the matter.
Mr. Bagley asked that • elan should be metered for Mr.
Rumania for 4,6001. The Unkempt, in Nonenter last, bad
entered into en agreement with Mr. Rummy= to purchase a
wharf is Tooley-.'rest, and erect new buildings, for which he
was to pay 14,0001. Powell had taken pommies, thrown
dna the old wartime's', and bold the materials. Those
buildings wen valued at 4,6001., and hence arose the claim.
Mr. Maynard submitted that there could be no proof in
this case, and ccesequently no claim ought to be mitered.
his was a men breach of restrict, which did not constitute
a debt.

Mr. Begley referred to • ease decided is the Common
MTitrwhen such • claim had been treated int • contingent
The ornentisskater —I ouinot admit the claim, but I will
oohs • sots of your having tendered it.
Mr. B•gley—Tbea will safer every p W. have
beard that there was some idea of satenedlsg tide bank-
euptay, and on that ground we wished to nate a dabs pub-
Ikly at the frailest morneot.
Mr. Maynard st.ted that there were some few Wide',
below 201. be reins, which the sash:nees proposed should be
given up to the bankrupt's wife. The bankrupt himself bad
not surnadersd.

An order was made emerdiegly,
Shoeld the bankrupt not surrender Wore the text meetisg,
the let of April, he will be reelainewL
Memo. Crowder end Maynard are the eoltitors to the
emigres.