The Express.
London, England, 1859-02-02 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 2, 1859.

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LONDON. WEDNESDAY, FRB. 2.

IS is quite natural that the public defenders of
Avetrian despotism among us should look forward to
the nonobling of Parliament with oonoern ; but we
mast altogether decline to accept the assertion that
the British public looks forward with anxiety to the
meeting of its own representatives. Whatever opinions
the loading members of the House of Commons—not,
we are happy to think, " the only free Assembly in
" Europe"—may express, respecting the present state
of the Continent, will doubtless be thoroughly British
opinions, formed with strict regard to British in-
terests, and with a high sense of what is due
to the character and renown of a nation which
can never desire less than the universal extension of
that freedom which is its own glory. The English
advocates of Austria fear that when Parliament
meets, some statesman privileged by talent and keg
Parliamentary services to speak to Europe as an
accredited organ of English opinion, may speak of
the claims of peoples as if they were superior to
those of dynasties, and deal with treaties as if they
were made for nations instead of nations for
treaties. Without pretending to be in the secret
of House of Commons leaders, we think it
exceedingly probable that these apprehensions
may be realised. If there is in that
great assembly a minister renowned for the
principles of his foreign policy, whose glory it is to
have arrested insolent despotisms in their march, to
have promoted the aspirations of the oppressed, and
aided constitutional titans in their contests with ab-
solutist neighbours--if besides him the House can
boast the presence of an illustrious statesman who
has spent his life in the cause of civil and religious
liberty, then it may well be expected that such men
will not delay a single day, but immediately on the
meeting of Parliament exert their authority to
rescue the English name from misrepresentation, and
extinguish t►e calumny that in the long prepared
struggle in Italy the sympathies of the nation an
engaged on the side of a brutal and besotted
tyranny.

Regardless of the many instanoes in which
the 'people of nearly every province of the
Peninsula hays successively shown their love
of free institutions and their aptitude for self-
government, the advocates of the Agaia quo of
absolutism daily repeat the calumny that the
Italians hare neither the courage to die for liberty,
nor the temper and sagacity that is necessary far
its enjoyment when attained. We shall not
gum to argue whether a long course of
historic errors and failures ought to be re-
, farad ea establishing any conclusive presumption
whist better things to come. It was a principle of
feudal law that time does not ran against the claims 11
of the King; atuung the principles of international
law it is assuredly more consonant with eternal
truth and justice to hold that time does not run
against the rights of a people. But putting aside
fur the present all abstract controversy, let us look
at the facts as they stand.

From the dissolution of the Western Empire
history takes c^gnisance of Italian States, sometimes
imitsistiag harmoniously, and oftentimes, no doubt,
swayed, like those of Greece, in jealous or
hostile rivalry against one another. If such
want of national unity be conclusive against
the capability of a race for political civi-
lisation, viers, or freedom, then the ancient
Greeks were slues and barbarians, and the Germans
of our own day must be looked upon as no better.
Hellas, from the time of HOMER to that of ALLX-
ANDER, had no mare claim to national respect than
modern Italy. And with all that we have heard of
the Teutonic love of Fatherland, it is impossible to
deny that, to the eye et the diplomatist and strate-
gist, Germany " is but a geographical expression (
for nobody will seriously maintain, we presume, that
the lingering phantom of dynastic federalty which is
still supposed to haunt the neighbourhood of Frank-
fort is the centre or the soul of German exist-
, once. It is, indeed, a great misfortune for
Italy that practically efficient ideas of fede-
ralism have not been more widely diffused
amongst the educated classes of her people.
To as it has always seemed th►t in the realisation of
such ideas there lay the best if not the only hope of
national greatness and external unity. The internal
unity that some desire, and which implies in a greater
or less degree the obliteration of provincial prejudice
and pride, and the sacrifice, for no other reason than
the anxiety for assimilation, of local and traditional
institutions—all this has appeared to us a thing as
unattainable as undesirable, and such it is notoriously
regarded by many of the wisest and best men in
Italy. Bat considering the inveterate repugnance ma-
nifested in our own country at all times,and underall
circumstances, to the adoption of the federal princi-
ple, and bearing in mind the historic fact that, save
in the cases of Switzerland and Holland, it has
louver yet been successfully made the basis of any
European polity, it is rather too bad to charge the
want of it as a proof of national imbecility on the
Italian race. Small neighbouring States have
everywhere, and in all times, been as prone to che-
rish feelings of envy and of enmity as great and
powerful kingdoms. Very foolish and very mis-
chievous quarts Is no doubt were waged in days gone
by among the Cisalpine Principalities and Common •
wealth'. But how does the morality or wisdom of
oar owe battling@ and burning" for the last six hen-
' dred years, or those of France, or Austria, or Spain,
or Sweden, bear the test of philosophic scrutiny ?
Well, then, if the ab.ence of internal unity ander
a sovereign prince or an elective congress be not
peculisr to the people of the Peninsula, and if
abstinence from war among their separate govern-
ments be no especial or distinctive characteristic, it
only remains to ask whether they have shown them-
aches incapable of appreciating good laws when

they have had them, and of obeying wise councillon
when they were blessed with them. It would need
as many volumes as we could spare lines to
recount the proofs of civil courage, fortitude,
and forbearance with which the chronicles
of the middle ages are filled, when exhibit-
ing the uprise, growth, and development of
Genoa, Florence, Pisa, and Venice. It is mere
ignorance and folly to pretend that the political sig-
nificance of those great triumphs of industrialism
and self-government has passed away. They were
neither brief in their duration, obscure in their
meridian, nor unhonoured in their decline. Nor is the
memory of their great worth and merit lost. The
political literature of Christendom is full of testi-
monies of the early headway made by these gallant
little commonwealths amid the surge and fury of
arbitrary rule that long overspread nearly all the
rest of Europe. Nor has the force of their
example perished in the land where once
they shed an exceeding great light. It may,
indeed, be true that the government:of Venice had
become decrepid under excessive influence of oli-
garchic rule before BONAPARTE ventured to extin-
guish its separate existence ; but had we no other
proof than that afforded in 1848, when the revolted
city was for many months heroically defended by
its unaided inhabitants against the resentful power
of Austria, we must feel persuaded that the unteach-
able and imperishable spirit of self-rule pervades the
Venetian people, not only sustaining them under
protracted privations, and nerving them to deeds of
martial valour, but rendering them throughout
loyal and obedient to the popular form of internal'
government they had erected in the first days of
resistance to Austria. The admirable defence of
Rome under the Triumvirs, and the still more admir-
able docility of the people under their rule, during
the same year, have been repeatedly acknowledged by
their bitterest MUM. Lord PALMERSTON himself
felt constrained to own in the House of Commons
that life, property, and order were never better pre-
served than during the days of the Roman Common-
wealth of 1848. Nevertheless we are told that the
Italians are unfit to be free, because they have only
the courage of assassins, and the talent of actors.
It may, however, be said that though cities may
have been well ordered and governed on the
principles of freedom, no considerable terri-
tory has been equally manageable or docile.
We are constantly reminded of the early
and disastrous failure of free institutions in
Naples, first in 1799, then in 1822, and lastly in
1848. It ought not to be forgotten, however, that
the first experiment was one imposed by the abso-
lute force of French bayonets on an unprepared
people. The day after General CTIAIIPIONNET
entered Naples as the conqueror, he invented and
proclaimed the Parthenopean Republic. Bo long as
a French garrison remained in the city the doubtful
authority of this exotic system of rule was imper-
fectly unstained; and when the French retired, it,
ministers end adherents were mercilessly butchered
by the parents of the tyrant who now oppresses that
beautiful region. In 1821 and 1848 constitutional
government was established without violence, and
administered with exemplary moderation. Was it
the fault of the Italians that on both occasions

their hopes were frustrated by the matchless perfidy
of their anointed King, with whose continued rule
they are now admonished to be content ? We shall
not here speak of Piedmont,which has so illustriously
belied all the presages and prophecies of ill in which
the Mends of Absolutism indulged ten years ago.
But it were unjust to omit the mention of the experi-
ment made in Tuscany to establish a constitutional
government there on similar terms. It is notorious
that neither in the capital nor throughout the Grand
Ducey was there any violation at onlor o. injury
to property daring the transition which rapidly
took place from arbitrary to representative
government. It is equally indisputable that,
from the day when a responsible Ministry
and an Elective Chamber were installed until
that on which an overpowering Austrian force was
treacheroualy invited by the Grand Duke to occupy
Florence, not a life was lost or an edict of proscrip-
tion issued for any political cause. In so far as they
had the opportunity to prove their appreciation of
freedom and their respect for law the Tuscans acted
irreproachably. They were, however, betrayed and
overpowered. Is it worthy of English statesmen or
English journalists to taunt t►em with their misfor-
tune, as if the suppression of liberty amongst them
by foreign arms was their crime?

Most zoos wares oozorrs.)
FORZION-OMCI, JAN. 31.—This following de-
spatch re bun nesived by the Bari of Mahmesbary from
Lord Bloomfield, 0.C.8., her Majesty's Envoy ilstraordi-
tan ad Writer Plesipotmtierlit lbsCsmet of Prussia:—
•• Beets, J. 17, 1859.—My Lned,—l have the honour to
intone year brashly that her Royal Righter the Primates
Frederick William of Petunia waa safely delivered of a ion at
due. o'clock the afterscon. I have the eariseton farther
to inform your brashly that has Royal Highnem and the
taut prises we me tell.. poniitia; and that the news of
the happy nett has Greed universal joy throughout this
apitaL—l have, to. (feigned) BLOOMFIELD."
PALACI OF WESTMINSTER., LORD ORFAT CHAII.-
szszAves-orrtri, Fit. peeresses, on annouscing
thee 'standee of Wag perste on the merlon of the °pet-
its of parterre, en Thursda the 3rd of February, will
have piers reserved for them Ii the Howe of Lords, if the
semoancement be made at this Milos before five o'dock on
Wedasolay, the 2nd insert No strewn' can be admitted
except by a ticket from the Lead Chest Chamberlain. The
doors will a opera at twelve ealoeL—WlLLovonav DE
Easier, O.C.

FIB. I.—ms Queen hag been gra-
ciotuli pleased to gpn order. for the appointment of Frede-
rick Dont= Orme, Lq , her lisjesty'a Charge d'Affaires to
t►e Repekbliri of Venereal/A, to be ea Ordinary Member of
the Civil Didion of the Third Clam, or Colopenione, et the
Most Honourable Order of the Beth.

i'oirsio;:orrlr:lA;472-9.lThe Queen has been
MTse approve of Doe Eolith Lynch ea Coney) at
:Republic of Chili. and of Don Antonio Mortar:
sa Vtoe-Consul at Cardiff for her Majesty the Gilson al
ffpaio.
INDIA-OPTIC; JAL 31.—The Queen has been
lusciously phased to nominate and arpninit cm Marko Ed-
ward Trerrlysa, LC.B., to be Governor of the Presidency
of Madre&

SFFECTI OF THE LORD LIEUTENANT OF IRELAND.
—At Lord Mayor Lambert's inaugural banquet held at
Dublin last night, 660 pet down. The Lord Lientseent, fn
rs,Aying to the tout of bin health, expressed hie attachment
to the viceroyalty, and hoped he would newer suit abelished,
be believed that anew of the great parties in the state &mired
Its euppreuion. He hoped teeny rare..... would Gil his
plus. In alluding to ribbon and seditious socistier, ho paid
that In the early part of the winter outrages of an atrocious
dercription were perpetrated, and ha could lot attempt to
emu.. hie honor and detestation of that brotherhood of
murder, which was banded together in secret and in blood ;
bur be trusted, in fart he believed, be had a right to say
that the melamine which bad been taken by the government
had not only repressed those organisations, but for the
moment subdued them, and no outrages of a similar nature
bad for • lug time takes place. There is nothing
bat the erred of edseetke (Lord Eglintoon continued)
that will ever eradicate this cares of sibbseino.
The secret rockets* were revolutionary in the highest
degree, sod if ellowed to gain heed would have led to
tumult and bloodshed. He thought he might add that
the common pawns of the law were safileient to meet this
criminal ronfederatios. Re father stated that the great
body of the It mom catholic clergy had rendered Resistance to
the government in contend's"( with those societies. Among
the other episodes of the metring was the proposal of Arch-
bishop Cullen'e health she that of the Archbishop of Dah-
lia. The Recorder, in his speech, deprecated coercion bills
on the one band and curing bill, on the other. The Lord
'Avestan., daring a ercond address, in introducing a tout,
spoke warmly in favour of the Lever an,.
CHARLES THE Kt/17711:g ANNIVERSART.—Sunday
babe the anniversary of the execution of Xing Charles, the
View (Dr. Moleswortb) took for Isle ersenes text part of
the day's epistle, Romans rid. 6. 6,7, and took occasion to
soceplata that the epeeist service for the day had been sup-
pressed without the head.. of the Church being consulted in
the wader. He remarked that it wae their duty to bow to
that as well es all other legal decisions, but he hoped that
the day wan not far dimant when the Olnuch would to
allowed to conduct its own affairs.—Loceis Mercury.

ght Court.

WINDSOR, Fin. 1.
Her Majesty and the Prince Consort drove out in
an open carriage yesterday alternate, attended by the
Equerriee in Waiting.

The Duchess of Heat (Weeded by Lady Penny Howard
and Mies Victoria Wortley) and the Princess Ake dined
with her Majesty in the evening. The party also Included
the following visitors, who arrived In the elisesson :—The
Dabs of Newcastle and Lady Simian Peahen Clinton, the
Prussian Minister end Countess BotneMelf, god Colonel the
Hoe. A. and Mrs. Gordon.

Colonel the Hon. Sir Charles Phipps sal Major Elphin-
stone, ILE., had the honour of bias Invited.
The bend of the Grenadier Owed@ potbound at dinner:
Overturn Der Berkey von &Banana"— .......... .„
Walser. " diurnal. xer Labluky.
Polc aloe " II iron, we"
.......... VsrdL
Allegretto. Bcbssysado. Slnfonta le . ...... , Beetboven.
Quick cti on Ballads, compotel by LisnLlOnlandl.36lled Bruce.
Oreoadist Quads.

Her Majesty's private band afterwards played In the
Drawing-room the following pieces :

Cieretue " Map= Lamer "
lotraduellon. Warm '
Selection," "NV Queen' ...... .......... ....... Nituott
A 110416, Freleebuie
Nailer Itarneb. " Qrtsdne
The Queen,withPrinoeseAda andPrisee Lemeld, walked
in the grounds of the Castle this morning.
The Prince Co port went out shooting, accompanied by the
Duke of Newcastle, Count Donstliff, Colonel the Han. A.
Gordon, and Colonel Challoner.

Colonel F. H. Seymour this auccecied Lord Colville as
Equerry in Waiting to her Majesty.

A deputation consisting of the followieg members of the
committee of tho Railway Companies Association bad en
interview with the Right Hon. J. W. Henley yesterday at
the ollice of the Hosed at Tred•:—Freen the North Eastern
Company Mr. H. 8. Thompson (Chairmen) ; from the
Great Wisteria Company, Hon. P. Pcssonby ; from the
Lancashire and Yorkshire Company, Mr. H. W Wickham,
M.P. • from the Bhton Company, Mr. George Schuster;
from 'llts Lancesitirerig and Yorkshire Company, Mr. James
Holum ; from the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire
Company. Memo. George Gamble and Edward Werkin ;
from the Lancaster and Carlisle Cempan7, Colonel Maclean;
foam the North British Company, Mr. Rkhaed He
from the Stockton sod Darlington Company, Mr. Thomas
Meynell ; from the North Reatera Company, Mr. George
Leeman.
_ _

Despatc.hes for the Governors of the West India Colonies
and of British Columbia were sent yesterday from the
Colonial:offlce.
The Ju 114,1.1 Committee of the Privy Council sat yeller.
day. Au appeal from Bengal, Moheahor Singh v. The
Government of Range l," was commenced. The lords pre-
sent were the Lord Justice Knigat Brace, the Right Hon.
Dr. Lushington, Sir J. Coleridge, Sir Z. Ryan, and Sir
L Peel.

ARRIVAL OF HER MAJESTY AND THE
COURT AT BUCKINGHAM PALACIL-(THIB
DAY.)

This morning her Majesty and the Court left
Wuttlaor for the Slough Sta,ion, and travelled b a venial
train to Paddington, from when they proceeded to Boric-
Ingham Palace. Shortly after her Majesty's arrival at the
Pulses, a Privy Council was held, at which the Royal Speech
for the opening of parliament to-morrow wsa grad to.

EXPRESS FROM PA ltlB.

(Flo* OTIS OWN COI

PARIS, TVE6DAT E•sxtro.

1 The uniform tendency of all the evidence which
now presses upon my ear at every moment is to
'show that war was thoroughly resolved upon at the
moment when the Emperor made his ever-memo-
rable new-year's speech to M. de Hubner; and that
all semi-official statements and despatches to the
contrary have only been made and written with a
view to deceive.

Orders have been issued to call home all French
ships of war on foreign stations which can possibly
be spared from the particular service on which they
DOW are.

The Nerd of Brussels was seized to-day for hay-
ing published a telegram from Marseilles, arming
that General Renaud's division has been recalled
from Algiers to join the army of Lyons. I suppose
the seizure means that the government wishes to
postpone as long as possible the knowledge of the
news that the invading army of Italy is to be rein-
forced by troops from Algeria. False news and
true news which it is judged desirable to conceal
are, however, so habitually classed in the same cate-
gory that one can seldom tell for which
of the two a confiscated journal may have
rendered itself obnoxious. There is an im-
pression that troops are likely to be sent to
Italy direct from Algeria, but with regard to the
particular statement in question, it is very probable
that a routine change of station between certain
regiments may be the only foundation for it. I
observe in the evening papers that the 23rd, 41st,
56th, and 90th line regiments, and also the Bth
battalion of Foot Chasseurs, are coming home from
Algeria, where they have long been stationed, and
that they will be replaced " very soon " by the
3rd, 4th, 12th, and 24th regiments. It will not
escape your attention that according to this state-
ment the four regiments and the battalion of Chas-
seurs are to leave Algeria at once, and are only to
be replaced very soon (prochaincment), which may
mean as soon as convenient.

The 7o:donnas, which on account, I suppose, of
the preparations for war at Toulon appears to have
taken local rank as a semi-official journal, thus puts
an extinguisher upon the idea of a Congress:—
"Several journals persist in attributing to the
Emperor Napoleon the intention of bringing before
a Congress the Italian question and the modification
of the treaty of PM. We are authorised to de-
clare that these statements are unfounded."

Tho settlement at the Bourse gave rise to great
fl actuations. There were many forced sales to liquidate
the accounts of def►ulters. At one moment the
Rents for amount was quoted 20c. higher than
yesterday, but in the afternoon sales predominated,
and the closing prices were 68fr. 15c. for ash
and 68fr. 10c. for account, being • fall of 20c. and
15c. Mobilier fell 2fr. 50c. The railways ware, if
I anything, rather better than yesterday.

TURKEY.

JEDDAH, hr. 18.

Two principal ringleaders in the massacre of the
Christians, the chief of the police and the chief of
the Adramonts, haring been condemned to death,
were executed yesterday.

The Caimacan and the others accused have been
sent to Constantinople, where their fate will be de-
cided upon.

AUSTRALIA.

ALEXANDRIA, JAN. 25.

The Colombian, bringing 75,0001. sterling in gold
28 passenger., and the Australian mail, has arrived:
with dates of intelligence—Sydney, 11th; Mel-
bourne, 18th of December ; Galls, Bth of January.
The Legislature had adjourned to the Ilth of
January. The bill to increase the number of mem-
bers of Assembly had received the royal assent. A
resolution had been proposed to the Assembly to
sanction the purchase of the Geelong Railway.
The Council sent a message to the Assembly,
asking the attendance of the Chief Secretary and the
Attorney-General to be examined before a com-
mittee of that house, formed to inquire into the ap-
pointment of magistrates. Ministers resisted the
demand as unconstitutional, and, after a short de-
bate, it was rejected by the Assembly. This slight
collision has saved a more serious one.

Timely rains have saved the harvest.
The departures of gold ships for England are as
follows : November 28, the Norfolk, for London,
with 40,843 oz.; December 2, the Red Jacket, for
Liverpool, with 39,811 oz.; the Morning Light, for
Liverpool, with 13,899 oz.; December 14, the Tor-
nado, for Liverpool, with 29.184 oz.
At Sydney, parliament was prorogued on the 26th
of November, and re-assembled on the Bth of De-
cember. The electoral bill had received the royal
assent; the only amendment on principle retained
by the Assembly on returning the bill to the Council
was the addition of a member to represent the
University.
The European reached Sydney on the lath. The
Oneida left Galls on the 25th of December.

Accounts from Sydney to the 11th December
represent imports as dull, produce firm, freights
dull ; exchange a halt per cent. premium. The
Melbourne gold market on the 18th December was
quiet, escorts lower, money abundant; exports very
brisk, imports unaltered. Exchange at par; thirty
days, one per cent. premium.