The Express.
London, England, 1866-04-11 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, WEDNESDAY ~KING, APRIL

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JOHN BROODEN.

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ORIGINAL GOLD CHAIN MANUFACTORY,
16, HENRIETTA-STREET, COVENT-OARDEN.

JOHN BROGDEN'S 18-carat GOLD CHAINS.

'ORR BROGDEN'S GOLD GUARD CHAINS.

'OHN BROGDEN'S GOLD ALBERT CHAINS.

JOHN BFAXIDEN'S GOLD BROOCH CHADTB.
-- - - - -

TURTLE, TURTLE, TURTLE.
Clear, l'hick,_and Invalid TURTLE SOUPS slwaik eady.
ST. JAYMPS-HALL. REGENT-STREET PICCADILLY.
WM. DONALD, Proprietor.

TO WEST-END DINERS.—The WELLING-
TON, St. J1111e1.4-Street, PiCCAUtilly. lodles' Saloon
Dinlng-room on the first floor. The subserlptlon rooms are now
open Terms, twelve months, /1 Ila ftL ; six months, LI
Apply to D. Cameron, 49, St James'oetrest.

PNDON must have a SUPPER and MUSIC
..1-4 ROOM for Oentlemen—treineseber, we wilt for you at
EVANS'," atter the Covent Garden Opera and the Theatre&

Eke OrprtgiO.

TO CORRESPONDEN'TS.
Advertisements intended for " The Expresa." Imndon Evening
must be at the °ace, Soaveriemtreet. b 7 Tye
piper
on the day of publication.

HAYMARKET.
THIS ReininO, A ROMANTIC ATTACHME.VT. Mem%
Compton and W. barren , Miss Ada Cavendish. —THE FAVORITX
OP PORTIJNk:. Marra Diastolic, Chippendale, and nothani ;
Mn Chippendak, do.—And A DAUGHTER. TO MARRY.

PRINCESS'S.
Two liviircro, A GHOST IN SPITE OF IHMSELF.—Attar
which THE &MEETS OF LONDON. Megan Vining, T Mead,
D. Murray, Shore, and Villiers 3lra H. Marlton, sad Mlms L
Barnett and K. Rodgers.

LYCEUM.
Tnts EviirtnO, snresoN AND ca—And THE MARTHR OF
RAVENSWOOD. MOWS. FOOMCZ, a Jordan, Irate, ikaery,
Widdlcomb, Fitzpatrick, Mesdames Tertian, Elawortby,
Liman, and C. Leclercq.
• —•

BRITANNIA.
run Krum, THE DARK KING OF THE BLACK MOUN-
TAINS. MIAs Clara St. Cum, Mre. S. Lae.—Master B. &Mere
—The Echasse Family.—And THE SCOTTISH CHIEF. /dr.
James Anderson.

MOH-WATER AT LONDON-MI.IDM
Tine DAT —Morning. 10b. Bnn Afternoon, Ilk Os.
To-MORROW—Morning, elm Afternoon, Ob. Oa

LONDON, WEDNESDAY, APRIL 11.

Ix the present condition and mood of Ireland
and its people, all facts relating to Irish industry
are so important and interesting, that it no
wonder that any notice of its domestic service draws
out a response from many quarters. The " Irish-
woman" who opened the subject in the Times, can
hardly be surprised that some of her readers dissent
from her views, and yet more from her practice,
when she speaks of the hopelessness of making good
servants out of her countrywomen by the ordinary
methods, and calls on Government to train them,
or when she quits the country, and for her part
gives the matter up. In almost any other
case the public and the newspapers would
leave housewives of any rank to suit their own
convenience as to how they manage their domestic
concerns, and where they would live so as to make
themselves most comfortable ; but in the case of
Ireland every branch of industry is so illustrative
of every other, and of the social condition of the
country, that the state of domestic service is as
worthy of notice as that of small farming, or flax-
growing, or manufactures, or the increase or de-
crease of the shopkeoping, out of which a middle
class should bo constantly growing. There is no'
occasion to criticise the housewives who offer their
testimony. We arc concerned only with the facts
they produce ; for a right understanding of the
facts will infallibly teach individuals their own
interest and their own duty, while no remarks from

strangers on their choice of a mode of life are likely
to have any practical effect on their domestic con-

The first thing that strikes an observer is the
narrowness of view and the shallowness of judg-
ment which pronounce on the unfitness of any
nation of women for women's work, from the expe-
rience of a few households in a particular neigh-
bourhood, in the present day, or year, or genera-
tion. If the phenomenon is real—which is the'
first question—it is so remarkable that its causes
must have been of long standing, and must extend
over a wide range. The " Irishwoman" herself
gives up the reality of the phenomenon as a case of
natural incapacity when she tells us how women
of the Celtic race on the Continent make excellent
servants ; but we have more direct evidence than
that in our• experience of Irish servants in England,
and our observation of them in Canada and the
United States. Across the Atlantic, if we find a
household blessed with " a perfect treasure "—a
friendly old nurse, or housemaid, or cook, who
keeps everything clean, and straight, and comfort,-
able ; or a butler who keeps the key of
the cellar, and has had charge of the plate
for twenty years ; or a coaclunan whose horses
are the family pride, while the c.irn and hay
bills are always moderate, those servants are pretty
sure to be Irish. Nothing can be more startling
to guests than the aspect of such households, if
those guests have happened to visit from house to
house in Ireland. To understand it, it is neces-
sary to go back some way—a generation at least.
Thirty years ago, we will say, if English guests
stayed in an Irish country house, the first hint
they received on going to their rooms was by being
requested to keep their drawers locked, for which
purpose the key was put into their hands. The
first spectacle in the morning was the lady of the
house bringing the loaf and the butter to the
breakfast table, and cutting off the due number of
slices of bread to be toasted, and giving out the
allowance of butter for the kitchen. From house
to house the servants were insulted in this way
before the eyes of English strangers ; and then fol-
lowed the complaint of the worthlessness of native
servants, and the difficulty of getting any. If these
same servants went to America, and found them-
selves trusted with the house stores, and the
economy of the cellar and stable, the difference in
their repute and quality is easily accounted for.
We are told that the case is far otherwise in Ireland
now ; and we hope indeed it is. The emigration
has wrought in that direction, as well as in so many
others, for the advantage of the labour which re-
mains. But it should be remembered that the
daughters of mothers who were treated in that way
are not likely to go to service if they can get their
bread in any other way. Tradition has a vivid as
well as a long life among the Irish, and neither
priest nor peasant is likely to let this class of
stories die.
Out of Ireland, again, there is nowhere the fear
of the priest and the confessional that there still is
at home. The key of the drawers was meant as a
safeguard not only against theft but spying. If
there was anything odd in the temper or behaviour
of any domestic in a Protestant family, the priest
was supposed to be at the bottom of it. On con-
fession days it was common to see traces of anti-
pathy in the manners of master or mistress towards
the servant ; and there was something new to
English visitors in the care about being overheard,

or the suspension of all talk OW coeinmeetal
politics when the footman or waitiermaid animsd
the room. In the Colonies et the United fltetea
nobody dreams of such anxieties. Thereat,' he a
smile at the alliance between the pries, entk-his
charge, or at the inconveniences belonging to fasts
and feasts, but there is no restraint on either side.
These things quite account for the high quality of
Irish servants away from home, and for the pre-
ference of Irish girlhood for cabin life, with its
freedom and its pigging ways, to domestic service
on such terms as tradition tells them of.
There is nothing more striking in humble
life in Ireland than the industry of the women
when they can earn solid cash by work at home, or
in the mill, or warehouse. The first step out of
the dirt and discomfort of gross field labour was taken
when handiwork for sale was introduced into the
cabin. The cabin grew tidier, and the women and
girls cleaner and more self-respecting. One of the
worst effects of the famine in the west of Ireland
was the stoppage of the domestic manufactures on
which the people largely depended. We know
something of the lace-making in the south-west ;
and when we remember that the girls in the cabins
were earning above 80,0001. per week from the
Glasgow merchants by sewing muslin after the
famine, we may understand that it was not alto-
gether idleness, or love of dirt, that kept them out
of domestic service. The number thus employed
was little under half a million. Again, we must
remember the curious fact that after the impoverish-
ment of the country by the famine and fever, the
maintenance of the population devolved upon the wo-
men and children, to an extent unknown elsewhere
and in other times. The cheapest labour could get
employment ; and thus, the women and children
were hired for all sorts of work, and the men kept
the house, boiled the meal, and nursed the babies.
There was another consequence of the visitation
which shows that there is no natural disqualifi-
cation for the domestic arts in the Irish consti-
tution. The workhouses were, and we hope still
are, very unlike those of England, and the pau-
perism of that time involved no disgrace. In such
of the workhouses as were in fact schools, the girls
showed themselves as apt in learning and practising
household duties as their relations in America.
Many thousands of orphan girls have issued from
that training cleanly in person and habits, neat
handed in household work, and fit for the service
of mistresses who will take the trouble to teach
and train them in the special business of their
service.

This is no argument in favour of such Govern•
ment manufacture of domestic servants as the
" Irishwoman " recommends. We believe that
our correspondent " Philocelt" is right in suppos-
ing that such a movement would empty the girls'
schools at once, their success being mainly due to
the strong love and ambition of learning which
distinguishes the poorest of the Irish, and liable
therefore to be forfeited at once by any change
which should point in the direction of the conve-
nience of the higher classes. Another correspon-
dent of the Times, " An Irish D. L.," will carry
the general judgment with him in proposing that
the housewives themselves shall undertake the
special training. The schools secure cleanliness of
person, orderly and obedient habits, a cultivated
intelligence, and the arts of the needle. This much
is for the good of the scholar. Once go beyond
this, and consult the good of the gentry, and the
spirit of suspicion will be aroused, and the ground
gained will be lost.
We are not bound to take charge, more or less,
of the employers' convenience in the case ; but if
we are to say what we think, it is this : Either the
Irish girls can or cannot be made good servants
of. Aa they are so everywhere out of Ireland, the
presumption is that there must be a way to suc-
cess if it is patiently and kindly sought for. If not,
the Irish who will not work in that line have no
right to complain that others will ; and Irish ladies
who desire to live at home must obtain English or
Scotch servants. If they prefer leaving home
and country to the trouble of training Irish,
or the expense of hiring English servants, their
love of home and country cannot be so strong as to
entitle them to speak for anybody but themselves.
We suspect that in America they would be found,
withina year from their arrival, among the hotel
population, who make a sacrifice of home altoge-
ther on account of " the everlasting difficulty
about servants."

OUR CONTEMPORARIES.

(THIS DAY.)

dissentient voice in fewer of the bill; and he believed
hires, that every One* member would be satins he se:
roams with the ebbed of his coustitnents in giving a
oordlet *Port to the bill of the government. Yr. Wlliren
was also it speaker eppreseing the hope that the Scotch
bllallitdd fellow inseradiately ae the passing of the present
bill for England, and that the question would be dealt
with this session.

THR IRISH CHURCH.
Quoting some of Sir J. °rare statistics, which show
that within the last two centuries the proportion
of protestanta to catholics in Ireland has diminished from
more than • third to less than • tenth, and that even in
Ulster, which was entirely colonised by English and
Scotch settlers, the Roman catholics constitute more than
half the population, the Times observes that these and other
statements in his speech are conclusive as to the injustice
of the existing system ; but it is only clumsy statesman-
ship to see, as he appeared to do, no other remedy but
simple abolition. Contending that the grievance con-
data, not in the fact of protestant endowments, but in the
absence of any corresponding endowment of Roman
catholicism, the Times proceeds to urge that the ascen-
dancy of the establishment which constitutes the grievance
will be destroyed if we consent to endow the anta-
gonistic religion with similar advantages. The hard-
ship does not consist in the bare fact that 10 per cent.
of the Irish people enjoy 700,0001. a year, but that
the remainder of the population enjoy nothing. The most
obvious remedy is to supply the deficiency. If this ques-
tion is ever to be settled at all, it must be by the intro-
duction of some decided and comprehensive men.
sure under the guidance of a strong and united
government, and the Times does not doubt the diffi-
culties of the subject might be overcome.
The Daily New thinks the attitude adopted by the go-
vernment yesterday evening is not one which can be con-
templated with sympathy or with approval. There is
something infinitely more discouraging in the denial of
claims admittod to be just than in even the most irrational
controversy so to their justioe. However, her Majesty's minis-
ters wish to do right, and are only waiting for power and
opportunity to do it. At present they appear to favour the
attainment of religious equality in Ireland rather by uni-
versal endowment than by impartial clisendos ment. The
idea is probably a trendtion•l one. To carry it out would
be to court difficulties, and even to rush upon impossibili-
ties. The Roman catholic clergy wisely and firmly refuse
State support ; and while it is declined by them it cannot
be permanently held by others.
The Herald gives the reason why the catholics increase
in Ireland. It is because, while catholic Celts have married
almost before they were out of their childhood,
and have multiplied with • rapidity which, out-
stripping the growth of capital and overburdening the
laud, brought misery and fanine upon them, the
English and Scotch protntants have been thrifty
and careful, have forborne to marry until they saw
reasonable prospects of maintaining a family, and have in-
creased in wealth and comfort faster than in numbers.
Dose this fact constitute any claim to favour on behalf of
the church of the reckless and thriftless majority ? Does
it diminish the right of the church of the careful and in-
dustrious minority to the property and privileges which
she has enjoyed for 300 years? So far from being a
proof that she has used them ill, this comparative
inferiority of numbers bears evidence in her favour.
The tergiversation of the present government indicates •
disposition on the part of liberal statesmen to sacrifice the
Irish establishment to the necessities which oblige them
to contract an alliance with the Roman catholic clergy
and their nominees in parliament; but they would hurt
her leas than themselves. The disendowment of the
church and not merely the discstablishment is what is
wanted, but three centuries of enjoyment are a title which
it would be as dangerous as it would be criminal to set
aside.

The Tekgraph inclines to retain state endowments in
Ireland, but to admit Roman catholic and presbyterians
to a participation in the revenues now appropriated by
protestants—revenues which, according to Lord Dufferin,
amount to 480,0001. per annum.
The Star says that if Mr. Chichester Fortescue is at all
jealous of l's reputation for consistency and logic he will
do well in future to follow the advice given to a new
judge, who was recommended to give no reason for his
decisions. It may be very prudent for the
government to decline to interfere with the li:sh
church, but it is a curious and somewhat scar-
dalous circumstance for the Chief Secretary for Ireland
to urge in support of that determination argument-
which irresistibly prove that the Irish church is an inde-
fensible, oppressive, and ;rritating public eviL Had the
government frankly supported Sir John Gray's motion
they would have done much towards the formation of that
public conviction which will one day effectually settle this
question.

LIW INTELLIGENCE.

(THIS DAY.)

COURT OF BANKRUPTCY.
(Before Mr. Commissioner Hoboyd.)
IN HE WEINHARDT. —APPLICATION FOR BiticiM.
The bankrupt in this case was formerly a banker at
Berlin, and had recently resided at Camden-road-villa'.
He had been snorted under • judge's order, ea • Galilee
to hold to bail, affidavit being made that there was reason
to believe that he was about to quit the country. There-
upon the bankrupt had filed his petition, alleging that his
failure was attributable to losses in business am a banker.
Mr. Reed, in support of the application, said the bank-
rupt denied that he had any intention of leaving the coun-
try, and was prepared to give substantial bail for his at-
tendance at the meetings under the benkruptcy. Having
regard to a recent decision of Mr. Judie. Willis, it was
contended that this was all that could reasonably be re-
quired.
Mr. Bagley oppooed the application, and urged that the
Court should not interfere at so early a 'stage of the pro-
ceedings, the choice of assignees not having taken place.
The question of bail would be more properly entertained
after the creditors had met and chosen an assignee.
His Honour said that where • bankrupt had been I
arrested under a judge's order to bold to bail, the
Court ought to exercise Re discretionary power
to release with great caution. He was quite ready
to act upon the opinion which had been expressed
by Mr. Justice Willer, where it was shown that
the creditors would be benefited by the bankrupt's release.
In the present case, however, he saw no reason for inter-
fering with the common law rights of creditors. The
liabilities were large (about 15,00014, and as the choice of
assignees had not taken place, the application must stand
over till after that sitting.
(Before Mr. Commissioner Goulbum)
IN HE COBHAM.—PETITION DISHIRSKEt.
The bankrupt, George Frederick Cobham, • builder, of I
Northumberland-street, Strand, and of Gravesend, ob-
tained adjudication against himself, in January last,
filing it the time the usual three days' statement of his
debts and liabilities. Application was subsequently made
that the petition should-be dismissed on the ground that
several debts were omitted from the three days statement.
The case was argued on a former day by Mr. Reed, Mr.
Steele, and Mr. C. R. Lewis.
His Honour now gave judgment. After referring to the
93rd section of the act, and to the rules and orders founded
thereon, also to the case of Tyrie, recently decided by Mr.
Commissioner Holroyd, his Honour came to the con-
clusion that where the omissions from the three
days' statement were trivial, of small amount and such
as might be the result of mistake or oversight,
the court had power to give leave to amend. Here, how-
ever, the omissions, four in number, were serious, and of
large amount, several hundreds of pounds, and such that
no one could suppose them to have escaped the bankrupt's
memory. The Court must, therefore, hold that the state-
ment was not full, true, and accurate, but was wilfully and
intentionally inaccurate and false. 'Under these circum-
stances the petition must be dismissed, with costs against
the bankrupt.
Mr. Reed asked the Court to suspend its order a few
days, to give opportunity for lodging an appeal ; but his
Honour declined to accede to the application.
IN RE S. WILHILM&
The bankrupt was described as a merchant tailor; late of
the Poultry. This was the sitting for examination and I
discharge, but no accounts had beau filed.
Mr. Lawrence, for the assignees, asked for an adjourn-
ment. The bankrupt, in the course of last autumn, had
sold his business to • company for 50,0001. He had
previously called his creditors together, and had paid
them lOs. in the pound, and expected to pay
the remainder out of the purchase-money of his business.
Disputes had arisen as to the terms of purchase and suite
in equity had been commenced, but there were hopes of
an amicable arrangement. The company having retained
possession of the books, the bankrupt had not been able
to prepare his accounts. He suggested that there should
be an adjournment sine die, without any imputation on
the bank-upt.
Adjourned accordingly, with protection for two months.

CENTRAL CRIMINAL COURT.

(THIS DAY.)

(Before Mr. Justice Lush.)
THE ALLEGED MURDER AT MENSAL-GUST.
Daniel Ft, more, 35, dairyman, was placed at the bar,
charged upon an indictment and also by the coroner's in-
quisition with the manslaughter of his wife, Mary Elmore.
The prisoner, it wall be remembered, was originally
charged with the more serious offence of wilful murder,
but the grand jury threw out the bill, and found one for
manslaughter only. The prisoner pleaded guilty to that
charge.
Mr. Sleigh, who appeared for the pziFiectner. urged in his
behalf that he was a hard-working le man, who
had done all in his power to keep hiefamily respectably,
but his wife, unhappily, was constantly drunk, and caused
him a great deal of unhappiness. Upon the occasion in
question the prisoner found his unhappy wife drunk and
endeavouring to stand upon her head outside a
publichouse, surrounded by • crowd, and in •
moment of sudden irritation he knocked her down, and ,
kicked her while she was on the ground. The injuries '
she so received were undoubtedly the cause of death, but
the prisoner threw himself upon the mercy of the court,
and he on his behalf asked for • lenient sentence on ac-
count of the circumstances under which the act was com-
mitted.
Several respectable witnesses were examined who gave
the prisoner an excellent character as a hard workin3,
well-conducted man, who had dune all in his power to
break the unhappy deceased of her drunken and depraved
habits.
The learned judge said he would consider what sentence
should be pronounced upon the prisoner.

,9
11 il
it,
2 THE EXPRESS,
JOHN BROGDEN. or the suspension of all talk "Wart cohiinehlal diaseptient voice ink
politics when the footman or waiting-maid anima inigl, th" "41Y
ORIGINAL GOLD CHAIN MANUFACTORY, the room. In the Colonies or the United Stntes
16, HENRIETTA-STREET, COVENT-GARDEN. oordialsepport to that
maws with the iglgi
nobody dreams of such anxieties. Thereat,' he it yes speaker, so
JOHN BROGDEN'S 18-carat GOLD CHAINS. smile at the alliance between the pries, eink-his wbil;ifoinn fellow hems
charge, or at the inconveniences belonging to fasts bill for England, and
JOHN BROGDEN'S GOLD GUARD CHAINS. and feasts, but there is no restraint on either side. with this session.
These things quite account for the high quality of
TIC
!I JOHN BROGDEN'S GOLD ALBERT CHAINS. Irish servants away from home, and for the pre- Quoting some of taiference of Irish girlhood for cabin life, with its
that wi ' the lea
- -- -------,,a-,a,a clean nnfiocH CHAIN& freedom and its pigging ways, to domestic service of toms to oath