The Express.
London, England, 1866-11-13 00:00:00

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LONDON, TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 13.

THE victory of Sadowa, and the military and ter-
ritorial aggrandisement of Prussia by which it has
been followed, have had two consequences—the one
to direct attention to the value of generally dif-
fused education as a source of national power ; the
other to spread among all European nations, be-
sides Prussia, a distrust of their realized bellige-
rent resources. There is, however, this important
difference to he observed between the operation of
the two beliefs thus acquired, that whereas, so far
as at present appears, not one child the more has
been educated in consequence of the recent signal
demonstration of the superiority of intelligence over
brute force, every Government in Europe is already
bestirring itself to strengthen its army either by
immediate addition to its numbers or by
.

rectly increasing its efficiency. Conviction in the
one Cast) is leading to prompt and fruitful action,
while in the other it evaporates in talk.
The French Goveniment, for reasons of its own,
assumes that an effective army of 600,000 men is
. .

no longer adequate to the task of sustaining the
Empire in its proper European rank. The popu-
lation of France is concentrated upon a compact

territory, and is larger and denser than that of
either Prussia or Austria. The Government is

unetnbarrassol by any questions of nationality,

such as in the case of its neighbours distract al
tention and divide the national force at home,
while they oiler weak points of attack to a foreign
enemy. There is no State in Europe which could
hope in any event to become the stronger or the
safer by detaching a province or a department
from the Empire. In case of war the army
could be raised under the present system
to a strength of from 700,000 to 800,000 men.
Nevertheless the ENtre.aou has appointed a com-
mission, which is devising the means of greatly
increasing the strength of the army. The doctrine
which now prevails in the higher region of mili-
tary administration has been set forth in a semi-
official note of the Mon itear rte Carmfe :—" The
" maximum of our war effective has hitherto been
" only 600,000 men. It is easy to understand
" that it would now be insufficient, and that the
" only way of being prepared for every emergency
" is to provide a larger reserve than that existing
" at present—better drilled, more instructed, and
" always avail ble."
It is easy to see to what this conviction must
lead sooner or later. An increase of the French
army is not wanted for self-defence, but to enable
the Government to assert its general authority
in Europe. For that purpose a mere addition
to the National Guard would by no means suffice,
nor would the institution of a force like the Prus-
sian Landwehr meet the case. The recent suc-
cesses of Prussia, as an able writer in the Edia-i
burgh Review has pointed out, were not due so
much to the existence of the Landwehr as to a
gradual increase of the regular army, dating from
a period six years before the battle of Sadowa.
We may therefore expect to see the French army
increased in the ordinary manner by calling out a
large number of men every year by ballot.
On the other side of Prussia a similar movement
is taking place. The CZAR has been numbering
his forces, and has conic to the conclusion that he
too, with disorder reigning in his finances, and the
moat hazardous social problems still waiting for
a solution, must spend more money on the
maintenance and equipment of soldiers. For
the last ten years no serious attempt has
been made to raise the national forces
of Russia above the point of depression to which
they had fallen at the conclusion of the war with
the Western Powers. Nevertheless, during that
period the army proved effective for some of
the most important purposes of Russian policy.
It has brought to a conclusion the long and
arduous struggle of the empire with the tribes
of the Caucasus, and enabled the Govern-
ment to push its conquests into Central Asia. Now,
however, the Emperor ALEXANDER has sanctioned
a general levy of four men per thousand through-
out the Empire. Russia is to be ready for all con-
tingencies, although among these resistance to an
invader is not for a moment thought of. The pre-
parations now ordained are only intelligible on the
supposition that they are designed to enable
the Government to be ready to appropriate some
neighbour's territory as soon as a convenient op-
portunity offers.

There is reason to believe that each of the
two governments will be sustained to a con-
sideiable extent by public sentiment in making
these additions to its military expenditure.
In the case of France we know that the EMPEROR
has been urged to proceed in this direction even
more by the liberal Opposition, speaking through
its acknowledged representatiies, than by his own