The Express.
London, England, 1866-08-24 00:00:00

Becrtox E.—CIEGGRAPHY AND ETHNOLOGY.

employed -in reckoning the altitude* were ptekaps too
imperfect to justify any decided conclusion as to
the accuracy of the data they supplied, and it may
still be a fair subject of speculation whether
the great western affluent of the Nile may not derive
its sources from • point still further south than
generally conjectured though perhaps not beyond
I the latitude Fred the old oosmographers." This
point he h would be settled by Li
Having eroded to the fatal issue that attend:d rill:rt.
enterprise of Baron von der Deokea, in his attempt to ex-
plore the country of the Kilimancljaro, and the efforts of
M. du Chaillu, by which much information had been ob-
tained, sad the advantages derived from the trigonometrical
survey of North Western India by Captain Montgomery,
he proceeded, as illustrative of the connexion between an-
cient and modern geography, to refer to the labours of
and the information obtained through the Palestine Ex-
ploration Committee. He next adverted to the valuable
additions made to geographical knowledge by the explore-
tion of the Puns River, in South America, by Mr. William
Chandleas, by the North Polar research, and by the explo-
rations in Australia, being made through Dr. Muller, who
has been instrumental in instituting another search for the
long-lost leichardt. Sir Charles Nicholson then directed
attention to the subject of ethnology as one of great in-
terest and importance.
The President was heartily cheered on the conclusion of
his address.

THE NILE.
Sir SAIIUIL W. Beggs, who nes loudly cheered on rising,
delivered an address on the Abyssinian tributaries of the
Nile. He commenced by stating that from the earliest
days the source of the Nile had been a mystery. The
Emperor Nero sent two centurions who pene..rated
to the marshes, and subsequent exploration got no
farther. Such was the state of information when he com-
mer ctil his exploration. In the most ancient days a great
desire was shown by the kings and priests of Egypt, and
in later days by Julius Carr, to discover the sources of the
Nile, a river which flowed through many hundreds of miles
of parching deserts, and which though evaporatedbb.sitie
sun and gulped down by the sands, still nourished t
and inundated it. But explorers were universally ;
they could reach a certain point, but then they had
to return, and there seemed to be son's spell which guarded
the sources of the river. The wonderful inuodations were,
however, now most satisfactorily accounted for, by the
source of the White Nile being concentrated in the two
large lakes, which, for many months in the year, received
the rainfall from lofty mountains. Having encamped one
night in order to shoot hippopotami, he saw the phenomena
of the sudden rise of the nver. He had retired to sleep,
when he heard a sudden noise like distant thunder.
The bed of the river was then merely glaring. At the
sound of the noise the Arabs (by whom he was
accompanied) rushed down to the river bed to secure the
heads of the hippopotami, but before they had time to secure
them the men were nearly up to their waists in dap
water. By the following morning the river was almost
bank full, and was from 28 to 30 feet deep, and about 500
yards wde. That fact would exemplify better than any
description be could give the extraordinary rainfall of
Abyesmil, which poured down like a waterspout at the
commencement of the rainy season. That rainfall flooded all
the rivers which were tributaries to the Nile, and that sudden
flood pouring down into the Nile caused the inundation of
Egypt. Allm'ing to his meeting Grant and Speke at Go-
norkoro, be said they were men of whom England might
be proud. They had earned &title which he hoped would
be undying, for they had done t heir best to keep up the
reputation of England, although unsupported by its go-
vemment. Working alone, and merely trusting to God,
they had passed through that country, having left
behind them a character which opened the way for him.
Ha was satisfied with having done his beet ; but he was
confident that he should not have succeeded so well as he
had done if it had not been for the instructions and
the map which were kindly given to him by Speke
and Grant. He parted from them in the hope to
meet again, and with a promise that he would do his
best, and in two years from that time he had
succeeded, and had reached that great lake which some
geographers would now hardly admit could be called the
source of the Nile, because they considered a lake must
be a reservoir for the affluents which would naturally be
considered as the legal sources of the river. Bat when
they spoke of " sources," they must be comparative, be-
cause everything connected with the Nile was on such a
gigantic scale that they must call the least point the last
point from which the great river issued, a "source," as they
must also will the river Victoria, from which one grand
branch of the Nile Wined. He had carefully gone over
Speke's ground, in order to verify his assertions, as Speke
thought and said there might be some people in
England who did not know much about the Thames, and
only a little about the Trent, who would nevertheless sit
down and contradict him about the Nile. He was happy
to say that the public of England and France bad now
accepted as a fact that the Nile Waned, as the entire Nile,
from the Albert Lake ; that it originated in the Victoria
Nyanza as one branch. He had been very much
gratified since his return with the receptions,
which he had never looked for, and that all the
trials he had gone through bad been appreciated
not only by the public but by the Queen. (Cheers.) He,
however, could not but entertain a feeling of regret when
he remembered that Speke, who led the way through
Africa, had died without receiving any testimonial, but he
felt sure that Speke's name would be proudly remembered
by Englishmen when every title was forgotten. Sir
Samuel resumed his seat amulet loud cheers.
Sir R. MURCHISON moved a vote of thanks to Sir Samuel
Baker and Lady Baker, eulogising the devotion of that
lady in accompanying him in his travels. The vote was
carried by acclamation.
Dr. BRIER read a paper on the possibility of diverting the
waters of the Nile into the Red Sea. He quoted largely
,
from the works of travellers in Abyssinia and atgued,
on the authority of their works, there were natural
facilities for diverting the Nile into the Red Sea.
Sir SAVOLL BAKER said be did not know if Dr. Bake
spoke from personal experience ; he certainly did. He
believed in an engineering point of view anything was pos-
sible, but he denied that there were any natural facilities,
and to divert the channel would be a gigantic undertaking.
There were very clever persona in existence, no doubt ; it
bad been ssid some of them could "set the Thames on
fire," and he believed that would be done long before the
Nile and the Red Sea were joined. (Laughter.)
Dr. Begs said he did not speak from personal observa-
tion, but from the maps and writings of those who had tra-
velled in the eonntry,and who hadgone round the mountain
between the Gosh, a tributary of the Nile, and the Red
Sea, whereas Sir Samuel Baker travelled overthe mountain.
Sir Samuel, Biess—l will only say I went to the top
of the mountain, and! therefore could see farthest. I leave
you to say who was right, the man at the top, or the man
at the bottom. (Laughter.)
ANCIENT BRITONS.

Mr. Caewroen, F.R.S., contributed an interesting
paper on Caesar's Account of Britain and its inhabitants,
in reference to Ethnology. Haring minutely described
Chesar's account, and commented on it. he summed up the
whole in the followingwords: " The conclusion to which we
must, I think, come from the perusal of Ciesar's account of
such of theßritons es he saw, is that although they were
certainly barbarians they were very f►r from being savages.
They were in possession of nearly all the domestic animals
known to the Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians.
They possessed the art of making malleable iron,
and they mixed, smelted, and exported tin.
They had a Axed money, although a rude
one. In war they had an infantry and cavalry and chariots.
There can be no doubt but that they possessed the art of
manufacturing pottery, and I think it most probable that
they had she art of weaving their wool into a coarse fabric,
and perhaps of dying those fabrics with woad, we may
then safely pronounce our forefathers to have been a more
advanced people than were the Mexicans and Peruvians
when first seen by Europeans 1,600 years after the time of
Gees. They encountered the first invadersof their country
with far more courage and even military prowess than did
the Mexicans, the Spaniards, or than did even the Hindoos,
I the Greeks, and Macedonians of Alexander ; but these last
results were more an affair of race than of civilisation.
Such were the Britons Clew saw, and assuredly he saw no
savages."

Szcnos F.—ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND STATISTICS.
This section met under the presidency of Professor J.
E. T. ROGEPA, M.A. with Lord Belper, Sir J. Bowring,
Dr. Farr, Mr. Rain, Mr. Heywood, and Colonel Sykes
for vice presidents, and Mr. Birkin, Professor Leone Levi,
and Mr. Macror for secretaries.
At the sitting the PILESIDINT delivered the opening
address.
- - - - • •

After discussing the question of the future coal supply,
the currency and agricultural economy, he proceeded to
advert to the value of the statistics connected with human
life. He said :—There is a special value in informa-
tion such as that given by my distinguished friend
Dr. Farr ou the mortality of children, for there cannot I
conceive be a better gauge of the moral. the social, and the
material progress of a people than a low death-rate among
children. The labour, of Mr. Walton and Mr. Hyde Clarke
have thrown light, the former on the condition of France,
a country which asserts • great social and intellectual
place, and certainly occupies a commanding political in-
' fluence ; the latter on that of Turkey, the lowest and ap-
parently the most irreclaimable of European communities.
I cannot but feel a lively interest in such inquiries as
those which have been undertaken by Mr. Jerome. The
interpretation of prices, when the facts are large enough
to preclndethe influence of exceptionally disturbing causes,
is one of the most interesting as well as the most instruc-
tive among the whole range of economical investigations.
Nothing, I believe, is more likely to correct those belay
generalisations which have formed peculiar temptations
to sonic of our most distinguished economists than
the careful analysis of prices. The illustrious Coiy-
pima' of political economy, Adam Smith, was
I as laborious in collecting facts as be was subtle in
gathering inference ; and I have been constantly struck,
in following out certain researches into the history of
prices, by the remarkable sagacity with which Smith occa-
sionally anticipated or suggested the fasts of social life
many centuries ago. It might be expected that there
would be a close conformity between values at very remote
periods of social history. The proportion inhabiting be-
tween the prices of labour and food are, or should be, so
close and unvarying, that we may always suspect, in fully
added countries at least, that any marked discrepancy be-
tween values at different periods is suggestive el remov-
able evils. For instanos, it the pries of food is considerably

Sir Csanita Nfolotsos, the president of this section,
delivered his opening address in the Mechanics'-hall,
which was crowded by about 900 persons, this morning, of
which the following is an abstract. After some general
observations as to what subcts might properly be con-
iddered to come under the heads of ethoologgyeliimiler-
graphy, he proceeded to say that " cal
research very important acquisitions bad been m wring
the past year. The chief amongst these is the discove7
of the Albert Nyanza Lake, and the full confirmation this
afforded of the theory of the two great sources of the Nile,
as laid down byPtolemy, in the successful discoveries of Lake
Victoria Nyanza by Speke and Grant, and lastly. of the
Albert Nyanza by that intrepid traveller Sir Samuel
Baker." The public being familiar with these last dia-
l:inverts", aad Sir Samuel Salter being about to take part in
the proceedings, he did not p into the details of those Air
(freesias. He proceeded to say that "the issleashests

VAE

in excess of the average rata of wages, some owe, which'
may be eliminated or corrected, can almost always be
moped for the phenomenon. I may mention here in illuo
keratin of this rule, that during the lath and 14th centuries
the prices of barley and oats, wheat being taken at 100, are
represented by the numbers 73.14 and 42.05, and that within
the last ten years the numbers have been 70 and 45.95.
Close as this relation is, the slight discrepancy may I
think be accounted for by the incidence of the malt tax in
the first case, and the groat increase in the number of
horses kept in the second. Other concurrent causes may,
I make no doubt, be detected, but these I think are likely
to be the most dominant. Estimates as to depreciation
and exaltation in the value of the precious metals are,
however, to be made with extreme caution, because they
are liable to many fallacies. Some or us may remember the
alarms entertained by M. Chevalier as to consequences
likely to be effected on prices by the gold discoveries.
It is not I think too much to say that these fears,
though natural, were grossly exaggerated. For in order
that such inductions should be valid, they should be taken
from a very wide area, and many disturbing causes should
be accounted for or eliminated. The effects of unfavour-
able seasons and interrupted importations—it is only
twenty years since the country accepted the principles of
free trade, several years lees than twenty since it has
experienced the advantage of that policy—should be routi-
nized in interpreting the money value of the first neces-
saries of life ; while the effects of speculative purchases
and forced sales are equally. dominant in the price current
of its conveniencies. To interpret a rise and fall in the
value of money (the efflux and influx of which, as a
merchantable commodity, is inevitably more free than
that of any other article of value) by the money mea- -
sure of that which is open to a vest variety of influences,
must be an operation in which infinite caution Is necessary
in ceder to prevent the inference from becoming wholly
untrustworthy, or delusive. On such occasions as those
in which the British Association has met in considerable
manufacturing towns, the section over which I have the
honour to preside has generally had the benefit of local
trade reports. In so considerable a town as Nottingham,
one too which for a long time has been distinguished as
the centre of important and special manufactures, the
section may hope. to have the advantage of hearing these
reports, and obtaining information as to local expenditure
and iroprovemont. To nook roporta it i• oar prantine to
give priority in so far as may. be consistent with the
general convenience of the baroness before the section.
For the rest the committee will endeavour to group the
papers which are to be read so as to make the discussions
each day as congruous as possible.
Pro7essor Lama LEVI read a paper " On the State and
Prospects of the Rate of Discount with reference to the
recent Monetary Crisis."
Colonel STILES read papers on "Fee Trade in Banking
in the Western States of America," communicated by Sir.
Wells Brown, and in Manchoria tTartary), by Mr. Mea-
dows, her Majesty's consul at Newchang.
The tendency of the discusdon which followed was in
favour of the Bank Charter Act.

iarttug fxtertijititte.

YORE AIIGUST 1011ITING.—TEnimur.
The concluding day of this meeting on the Knave's** Wes
eminently seeeessfol, the weather being line and the company
nameroaa The Programme Was a very formidable osa con-
taining no INN than tan came, and as these included the
Nursery Handicap, the Great Yorkshire Stakes,Th and -
thre t
cYorkm
Cup, it wu a very isterestiag day's sutra e spo
menced at the early hour of haltpad twelve, and was set to
conclude at ten minutes past four, but this excellent provision
wu not carried out, as the racing throeatteut was much behind
time. The mod noteworthy event off the day was the Ivo-
minions defeat of Rustic by the madman Strathconen. The
odds of 7 to 4 were freely laid on the Doke of Beaufort's colt,
such a certainty was ft considered, while Strathoonan was
backed at all
afire con
picea, from 10 to id to 1, ehlogy by the
" Tykes,' who are consistently staunch to the representatives
of the northern stables. The remainder of the day's pro-
ceedings will be found fogy recorded in the subjoined report:
TILE MikaZaH PLATE ot 60 son. for 3-pr-olds and upwards ;
maiden 'Humacao ; the winner to be sold for 50 soya Three
quarters of a mile.
Mr. G. B. Cornish's *Waif 1
Mr. Jackson's Lightheart
Count Csvoor also ran.
Betting: 7 to eon Mayfair, 3to 1 eget Lightheart, and 4to 1
agst Count Cavonr.
THE NORM= HANDICAP PLATE of 100 son., for t-yr-olds ;
winners extra. Endures E son. T.Y.C.
Marquis of Hull ' lass
Mr. Saxon's Miss
Mr. Mackeesie's Syces
The following deo ran : Brutes, Sweet Home, latkr Edon,
Easby, Gentian, Ploughboy, Lady Craven, Catherine Hayes lily,
Meudicant, mad Vice Versa,
Betting: 100 to 3, eget Ines, 4 to 1 each agog Nonagons Ind
-Sweet Home, 7 to 1 eget lady Craven, 10 to 1 each east By cee,
Min Elisabeth, and the Catherine Hayes Miy, 100 tel each *Pt
Ruby and Vice Versa, and 100 to E eget Bracken.
Ten Twrarrr.rounrn Yule or THE GREAT YORISIHRZ
fences, of Orson. each, with 100 added, for 3-yr-olds ; colts,
Sat 101 b; fillies, Eat 51b whinges extra One mile and three-
quarters. Naha)
Mr Watts' Strathoonan
Doke of BeaMorrs Rustic 2
Mr. Bower Woolwich
The follooing also ran :.—Wee, Emir ant, Leyboarne, and Jon-
quil.
Betting : 7 to 4 on Rustle, sto 1 apt Westwick, 100 to 15 agst
Leybourne, and 20 to 1 agat asp other. Immediately after start-
ing Emigrant took tin the running, and carried It on for a quar-
ter of a mile, when he gave way to War, who improved the pace
the .era.ut he had eonsmaad- t went on second, fol-
lowed by Weinrich, Leybourne, Jonqu and Rustic, at Inter-
vals of about a length, while Stratheonan was at lead half-a-
doom I•ngthe in rear of the favourite. As they approached
the Woodside, Jonquil dropped rapidly to the rear,. and
was Immediately tailed off; the others maintaining the
same positions, but taking Moen trder. At the three-quarters
of a mile poet, War increased Ms lead and Emigrant gave won,
Restietaking second place. Half a milt fronhome the favourite
closed with -War, who, howevev, maintained a slight lead of
him till making the bend into the straight where the latter gave
way in favour of Ma stable companion Weetwick, while Streth-
conan on the outside he. ded Leybourne, and drew up to Rustic
at the distance, A hundr-d yards from home shouts were
raised in favour of Rustic, but tiring at every stride, he
was wafted on by Stratheonan till opposite the stand , where
"the roan" shot out, and won molly by a length. Westwiek
was a bad third, Leybourne fourth, close up with the Whitewall
horse, and War and itt4trant poiled up on the poet, 'anion
walked In with the ao
THE CONSOLATION sawing of 50 son., added to a Handicap
Sweepstakes of 5 son. each. (T.Y.C.)
Mr. Pryor's Novice
Lind Westmoreland's Crown Prince

Marquis of Hastings' Pantaloon
The following also ran :—Skylark, Miss William, Yam.,
Bor_parte, Venturesome, f by General Elvire, Del icstic
Bliss, Lord of the Dales Cora, Amazon, Violet, and Palm& d.
Bettie: 6to 2 mod Crown Prince, sto 1 apt Pantaloon, S to
1 each sgst Bonaparte and Ventnresotm, 10 to 1 apt bovine,
100 to 7 each apt Elvin and Domestic Bliss, and 20 to 1 IPS
any other.
Till Attte ?somas STAIL22I of 60 SM. each, h ft, for 2-yr-
olds colts. Mt 10lb ; Silks. Mt 71b. T.Y.C. Certain allowances.
(7 subs.)
Mr. Savile's Ravioli
Mr. Pryor's &Bur de Cherie,
Bitting 5t02 on Ravioli, who made play throng? out, and
Tell won, after a good race, by • neck.
(iutcnsec Besides of le soya each, with 100 added, for
2-yr-olds ; colts, Sat 101 b ; Mee, Mt bib ; winners each One
mite. (31 subs.)
Mr. Chaplin's Blinkhoohe
Mr. Herbert's Frost
Mr. Jackson's Knight Errant
The following also ran:—Dovetail, The Prelate, and lads
Treasure.
Betting ; sto 4 on Trod, 6 to 1 apt Knight Errant, 7 to 1 apt
Little Treasure, 8 to 1 apt The Prelate, and 10 to 1 apt Blink-
bootie.
The COLT Strum) Siding, of 50 so each, 110 ft, for 2-yr-
old ; colts, Mt 10%. T. Y.C. (16 sibs.)
Marquisof ilastinge Prodigal
Mr. Madsende's The Dean 2
Betting: 2 to 1 on Prodigal, who made all the running, and
won by half a length.
TAa BADMIWION BTAILTS, of 6 soya.each, with 100 added;
for 2-yr-olds ; mita, Est: fillim and geldings, Sit 101 b; selling
allowarees T.Y.C. (12 subs.)
Mr. W. G. Bennett's Gipsy Queen
Mr. Linooln's Little Berle
Marquis of Hastings' Stapenbill
The following also ran:—Slap Bang, Variation, Rhymer, King
Charles, sad Minns.
Dialog 510 4 agst O een, sto 1 apt Little Berle, sto
1 apt Varhtion, 6 to 1 apt King Charles, 10 to 1 each apt Slap
Bang, and Rhymer.
Tux Volk Cu,, valae 200 nova, by subscription of 10 son. each,
the surplus in specie, with 100 added ; weight for age ; certain
penalties and allowances ; second to receive 20 son& Two mike
(15 subs.)
Captain Grays Windham
Lord Bateman's Moubey 2
Mr. Heatticotes Cranmore
Betting : 7 to •on Windham, 6 to 1 apt Monkey, 6to 1 apt
Cranmore. Won cleverly by a as* ; Orsinsore did not paw
the post. Cranmore was sold to Mr. A. lhathcote in the morn-
ing, and ran in his colours.
Hal Mutiny's PUTT, tor owes ; weight for age. Three
mike. _ -

—Mr: Johaston's lady Vane 1
Mr. Pryor's Miss Harriette 2
Lord Zettaad's Quiet March
Batting : even on Lady Aram, •to 4 apt Quick Mara, Ato 1
a Miss Harriette.

BETTING ON T'RB COURSE.
BT. LEGE&
Even on Lord Lyon (t f) 10 to 1 oast Stratbootan
6to 1 sgst Rustle kV 26 to 1 Weetwtek tdco)
7to 1 &avert:Lake (t) lOOO to 26 Podargns 41)