The Express.
London, England, 1860-11-03 00:00:00

LONDON, SATURDAY. NOV. 3.

Fe owe, Russia, Austria, and Prussia having
favoured the world with their opinion on the
doings of Vicroa Exmariett and the Italians, it
is now the turn•of the British Government to
speak. Prussia mildly objects, Russia scolds, Austria
threatens, while France ostentatiously proclaims
that she cannot approve of the revolutionary pro-
ceedings in the Neapolitan and Roman States, and
recalls her Ambassador from Turin. The Emperor
of the FRMYCH, as the Conatilutionnel has in-
formed us, has a very tender conscience when
the public law of Europe is concerned. "As a
" Sovereign recognised by all Europe it is not per-
" mated him to sanction the violations of inter-
" national rights." So that between the halting
timidity of the PRINCI Rsomv, the conscientious
scruples of Locis.Naroidon, the indignation of the
Cray, and the rancour of FRANCIS Josern,
the Italians and their Kix° are made to feel that
they are under the ban of European law. It is in
these circumstances that tho British Government
performs an act, for which it claims no higher
merit than justice, in making known not only to
the Sardinian Government but to the world its
opinion on transactions which absolutist and revo-
lutionary Courts have combined to condemn.
The language of Lord JOHN Reams. in the
despatch we print to-day is clear and decisive.
Disdaining pedantry, he seizes the central ques-
tion at issue, and taking his stand on the prin-
ciples of common sense and common justice, de-
livers a judgment which will be no sooner read
than it will be ratified by the entire nation.
" The large questions which appear to Her Ma-
" rare% Government to be at issue," writes Lord
JOHN Rtressu., "are these:—Were the people of
" Italy justified in asking the assistance of the
" King of SARDINIA to relieve them from Govern-
" manta with which they were discontented t and
" was the King of SARDINIA justified in furnishing
" the assistance of his arms to the people of the
" Roman and Neapolitan Slates ?" This, it will
be at once apparent, is • larger question than a
Foreign Minister of Great Britain has hitherto
been called to decide in connexion with recent
Italian affairs. In truth, a more important issue
in public law can hardly be conceived. And
lit us see how it is to be decided. Some
say, on the principles of monarchical legi-
timacy; others, by the wisdom and authority
of a European Congress ; others, again, by the
assertion of an arbitrary popular sovereignty. Her
MAJ Ewes Government passes these methods
silently by to follow its own line. It takes note
that the people of the Roman and Neapolitan States
have alleged the gravest reasons for their con-
duct in joining to subvert the governments of the
Puri and the King of the Two Sienna. They
have declared that the governments of these rulers
failed to fulfil or even to recognise and pursue
the true ends of government : that they have
provided so ill for the administration of justice,
the protection of personal liberty, and the general
welfare of their people, that their overthrow was a
necessary preliminary to all improvement in the
condition of the nation. The Italians have further
affirmed their conviction that the only man-
ner in which they could secure independence
of foreign control is by forming one
strong government for the whole of Italy ;
while the struggle of Gemmel* Akita? in 1848,
and the sympathy which the premed King of
SiiseiNia has shown for the Italian cause, have
naturally led to the association of the name of
Vicroa Exxxxesi with the single authority under
which the Italians aspire to live. These are the
reasons which the people of Italy give for their
conduct. Her 11.c/cirri's Goveriunent dose not
treat them as superfluous ; as we have said, it
takes note of them, and places them on record.
lint neither, on the other hand, does it arrogate to
itself the right to decide on their validity. On
the contrary, it takes occasion from their recital
to proclaim anew the cardinal doctrine of British
policy in reference to Italy, and reassert the right
of the Italians to manage their own affairs.
" Looking at the question in this view," writes
Lord Joins Rcastu, " Her MaJnerr's Go-
" vernment stud admit that the Italians
" themselves are the best judges of their
" own interests." Then, passing to the second
part of the question, whether the King of Sas-
DLNI A had a right to assist the people of the Roman
and Neapolitan States, the FOREDO( SECRETARY
shows that the meet eminent expositor of the
law of nations has laid down that when a people
for good reasons take up arms against an oppressor
it is but an act of iodic** and generosity to assist
brave men in the defence of their liberties. The
justification of Vicroa Enna:tun, then, must
depend on the sufficiency of the reasons which
Lanced the people of the Roman and Neapolitan
States to rise against their Governments, and in
this respect, as in the former, the principle that
the people are the best judges of their own affairs
is reasserted. The language of Lord Jons
Rrs-
NELL is firm and clear. He says : " Her Maurer
" Government do not feel justified in declaring that
" the people of Southern Italy had not good reasons
" for throwing off their allegiance to their former
" Governments; her MAJRSYY s Gorernmegf cannot
" th afore ',law the Kin!, of SAsuista. for amid-
" oil thou." These words will ring throughout

the world. They are

which neithea foMenta

and tbs., declare the

conservative nation in
We do not dwell on
complete refutation of _ pre-
tence, only to be found in Popish bulls,
episcopal pastorals, sad despatches from
Gaeta, that the people of Southern Italy were
attachod to the Pors and the King of Names.
It was easy enough to demolish that plea, by
pointing to the fall of the Throne of Fr:calms IL
before the small and ill-provided beads of Gear-
Lim, and the utter inability of the Pore to find
lay Italians to fight for him, while his subjects rose
whist him wherever the pressure of foreign force
was withdrawn. The truly valuable part of this
dispatch is that which separates her MAJZSTY'S
Government ao broadly from those Courts of Eu-
rope which have testified their dissatisfaction with
the triumphs of justice in Italy, because they were
won by the action of the people calling to
their aid a pubiio-spirited and national KING.
Lord JOHN Rusom, whether designedly, or
=consciously from pure force of conviction,
doubles the justification of the King of am-
DINIA, as he had before doubled the vindication of
the Italian people, in writing, towards the condo-
Ilion of his despatch, " Her MAJIB7OI Govern-
" went can see no sufficient ground for the MVO.
" censure with which Austria, France, Prussia,
" and Russia have visited the acts of the King at
" SARDINIA ;" and he generously adds, "Her
" Main-tea Government will turn their eyes
"rather to the gratifying prospect of a people
" building up the edifice of their liberties and
" consolidating the work of their independence
" amid the sympathies and good wishes of
" Europe."

These are noble words, worthy alike of a high.
minded, free-spirited people, and of a statesman
whose foreign administration has often taught
diplomacy the wisdom of simplicity, the dignity
of justice, and the irresistible might of truth.

frDe Court.

WDFDIVOR CANTLE, Nov. 2.
The following ♦isitors arrived at the Castle yes-
terday afternoon. The Earl and Coggin", of Malmeebury,
the Earl and Countess De Grey and Ripon, and the Right
Hon. Sir G. C. and Lady Theresa Lewis. In addition to the
above her Majesty's dinner party included the Primer
Alice, the Princess of Leiningen, the Ron. Mrs. Wellesley,
Major Elphinatone, R.E., and the Prince of Lainingsn, who
returned from Portsmouth.

The Queen, accompanied by the Princess Alice, the Hem
ditary Princess of Holstein Augnstenbourg, the Princess of
helping= and the Countess de Grey and Ripon, drove to
Clive.len this morning. In attendance were Indy Mac-
donald and Major-General Seymour. The Prince Consort,
accompar,ed by the Prince of Leiningen and Ea De Grey
and Ripon, went out shooting, attended by Lord Cremorne
sad Lieut.-Colonel the Hon. A. Hard;nge. Princem Helena
and Princess Louise rode in the Riding-house. Prince
Leopold drove out in $ carriage and four.

Lord John Russell arrived in London yesterday from
Woburn Abbey. Hie lordship went in the afternoon to his
residence in Richmond•park.
Despatches were sent yesterday from the Colonisl-office
to the Governors of the North American Prosiness, Ber-
muda, and the Lord High Cornmeal:met ri the lonian
Islands.

His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, the
General Conunanding-in-Chief. attended by Mato-Ciestral
Forster, visited the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, yesterday,
and was fora short time present at the examinekkin before
the Cowman of Military Edaration to see the arrangements.
The Duke of Cleveland has been receiving a
succession of visitors at Roby Castle, including the Feel
and Countess of Stradbroks, Lord and Lady Harry Vane,
Lady Alvenly, Mr. Bruce, Mr. Haar Milbank, Mr. Semen
Milhank,Coleael Augusto, Myrick (Smite Fillies Guards),
sad many of the lceding gentry of the county.
The Marquis and Marchioness of Abercorn will
leave town in a few days for Etrothet

The girt and Countess Craven are expected in
town in a for days, Irons Ashdown* Park, Barks.

Viscount Llington arrived in town yesterday from
Ashdowas Park, Barka.

Sir John and Lwly Power have left Kiliana for
Nice to par the winter.

Mr. and Mn. Petre have arrived in Berkeley-
q3ll4l, from the Ooetiaest.

Lord Illooodlold, the English minister, will
lam Deft is a kw days for Iralwad, whom* his lordship
anus& to smart Lady Bloomfield to Italy.

We an glad to be enabled to state that, accord-
*to avian noshed yesterday from Merchistoua Hall,
Heats, the seat of Admiral Sir Charles Napier, LOB,
the health of the pliant Winkel continues to improve.
Commander his Serene Highness the Prince of
leaning's having hem promoted to the rank of captain, the
oreassasd of the Fairy, royal yacht, will be vacant. We
(Army and Nary Gesettr) have heard numerous oaken
named se the likely successors to the prince, but until the
alarms of her Majesty the Queen be known on the subject
so appcintamot lot take place. We hear that whoever
is @sleeted for the recency will be aims to understand that
hie pmesotios will be deferred for three years from the time
of Isle nomination, instead of being granted, as lately was the
role, et the expiration of ass year's service.
_ _ .

One of the moot kindly acts of the Queen was
the nervation to Lord Dundonald of the honours of the
Beth of which he had been unjustly deprived. "Itis a
fact within our personal knowledge (rys the ditkerarunt)
that when this gracious message from Windsor Castle
reached the curl,his first letter of thanks wee written—sot to
the sovereign sr her sinister—but to Douglas Jerrold, who,
by his frequent sad masterly exposure of the wrong in
Penal, and in ot►er quarter, bad been the chief means
under Prot ideate& (as Lord Dundonald believed) of bringing
the crown to do him this peat act of justice."
Three lectures on music will be delivered in the
Xinbeelmee term by Professor Taylor, at the Gresham
College, Bsingball.etsee► The dere Axed ars Friday,
Nov. 23, Saturday, No►. IN, sad Monday, Nov. 2&
It is understood that Mr. Holman Hunt's
" Finding of Or Saviour in the Temple," which retinues
to rend crowds of Aires, will remain at the German
Gallery till Christmas, or thereabouts.

The Royal Institute of British Architects will
bold their ant meeting as Monday Desk November 5, at
which Mr. Sidney Smirks. E.A., will rend a paper "Os
Recollections of Study."
There will be lectures this season at the Archi-
teeserel Museum : amongst older subjects, by Mr. Lott,
"Os t►e Architectural Antiquities of London Oaildball ; •
Mr. J. IL Parker, "On the Architecture of the Eleventh
Oratory ; " Mr. S. C. Hall, "On the Art of Engraving
and Printing Plates ; " Mr. John Bell, "Os the Relation-
ship of the Pins Arts ;" and Mr. W. White, "On Poly-
chrome."

A fraud of an alarming character has recently
come to light, which ought (nye the Times) to put com-
mercial basses on their guard •piaet making advances
wpm Was of lading except to parties with whom they are
well sepaiatcd. It appears that • firm at Havaarish, who
were charterer' of an American vessel bound to this
country, induced the captain by means of • hand_
some douceur to sign bills of lading for • large
quantity of produce which was sever shipped on
, board his 'easel, upon an srmagement that ho should
lose both vessel and cargo. Having obtained these bills
' of lading, the pretended shippers drew upon a highly re.
'portable firm in LOOl.lOll with whom they bad had previous
&shop, and by attaching the bills of lading they were
marbled to negotiate these draughta, and thus obtain the
money for them. A■ a matter of coarse, the cargo re-
presented by the fictitious bills of lading was insured keel,
and but for the fact of the captain having repented the
oompact he bad made the loss would probably have fallen
011 oar underwriter.. The captain, however, appears to
have taken fright, for he person] his voyage to this country,
and has divulged the circumstances under which the bills of
lading were signed.

PORBION-07/202, Ger. 27.
5174—11 appears that the late proceedings of the
King of Sardinia have been strongly disapproved
of by several of the principal courts of Europe.
The Emperor et the French, on hearing of the
invasion of the Papal States by the army of Gene-
ral Cialdini, withdrew his Minister from Turin,
expressing at the same time the opinion of the Im-
perial Government in condemnation of the invasion
of the Roman territory. The Emperor of Russia
has, we are told, declared in strong terms his in-
dignation at the entrance of the army of the King
of Sardinia into the Neapolitan territory, and
has withdrawn his entire mission from
Turin. The Prince Regent of Prussia has also
thought it necessary to convey to Sardinia a sense
of his displeasure, but he has not thought it neces-
sary to remove the Prussian minister from Turin.
After these diplomatic acts it would scarcely be
jet to Italy, or respectful to the other Great
Powers of Europe, were the government of her
Majesty any longer to withhold the expression of
their opinion.

In so doing, however, her Migjesty's government
have no intention to raise a dispute upon the rea-
sons which have been given in the name of the
King of Sardinia for the invasion of the Roman
and Neapolitan States. Whether or no the Pope
was justified in defending his authority by means
of foreign levies ; whether the King of the Two
Sicilia', while still maintaining his flag at Capua and
Gaeta, can be said to have abdicated, ars not the
arguments upon which her Majesty's government
propose to dilate.

The large questions which appear to them to be
at issue are these :—Were the people of Italy jus-
tified in asking the assistance of the King of Sar-
dinia to relieve them from governments with which
they were discontented I—and was the King of
Sardinia justified in furnishing the assistance of his
arms to the people of the Roman and Neapolitan
States l There appear to have been two motives
which have induced the people of the Roman
and Neapolitan States to join willingly in the
subversion of their governments. The first of
these was that the government of the Pope
and the King of the Two Sicilias pro-
vided so ill for the administration of justice,
the protection of personal liberty, and the general
welfare of their people, that their subject& looked
forward to the overthrow of their rulers as a neces-
sary preliminary to all improvement in their con-
dition.

The second motive was, that a conviction had
spread since the year 1849 that the only manner in
which Italians could secure their independence of
foreign control was by forming one strong govern-
ment for the whole of Italy. The struggle of
Charles Albert, in 1848, and the sympathy which
the present King of Sardinia has shown for the
Italian cause, have naturally caused the association
of the name of Victor Emmanuel with the single
authority under which the Italians aspire to live.
Looking at the question in this view, her
Majesty's government must admit that the Italians
themselves are the beet judges of their own
interests.

That eminent jurist Vattel, when discussing the
lawfulness of the assistance given by the United
Provinoes to the Prince of Orange when he
invaded England and overturned the throne of
James IL, says, " The authority of the Prince of
Orange bad doubtless an influence on the delibera-
tions of the States General, but it did not lead
them to the commission of an act of injustice, for
when a people for good reasons take up arms
against an oppressor, it is but an act of justice and
generosity to assist brave men in the defence of
their liberties."

Therefore, according to Vattel, the question re-
solves itself into this—Did the people of Naples and
of the Roman States take up arms against their
governments for good reasons ?

Upon this grave matter her Majesty's govern-
ment hold that the people in question are them-
selves the best judges of their own affairs. Her
Majesty's government do not feel justified in de-
claring that the people of Southern Italy had not
good reasons for throwing off their allegiance to
their former governments ; her Majesty's govern-
ment cannot, therefore, pretend to blame the King
of Sardinia for assisting them. There remains,
however, a question of fact. It is asserted by the
partisans of the fallen governments that the
people of the Roman States were attached to the
Pope, and the people of the kingdom of Naples to
the dynasty of Francis IL, but that Sardinian agents
and foreign adventurers have by force and intrigue
subverted the thrones of those sovereigns.
It is difficult, however, to believe, after the
astonishing events which we have seen, that the
Pope and the King of the Two &Ulna possessed
the love of their people. How was it, one mast
ask, that the Pope found it impossible to levy a
Roman army, and that he was forced to rely almost
entirely upon foreign mercenaries 1 How did it
happen, again, that Garibaldi conquered nearly all
Sicily with 2.000 men, and marched from
Reggio to Naples with 5,0001 How but
from the universal disaffection of the people of the
Two Sicilia' ? Neither can it be said that this tes-
timony of the popular will was capricious or cause-
less. Forty years ago the Neapolitan people made
an attempt regularly and temperately to reform
their government under the reigning dynasty. The
powers of Europe, assembled at Laybaoh, resolved,
with the exception of England, to pot down this
attempt by force. It was put down, and a large
foreign army was left in the Two Sicilies to main-
tain social order. In 1848 the Neapolitan people
again attempted to secure liberty under the
Bourbon dynasty ; but their best patriots atoned
by an imprisonment of ten years for the
offence of endeavouring to free their coun-
try ; what wonder, then, that in 1880 the
Neapolitans, mistrustful and resentful, should
throw off the Bourbon', as in 4688 England had
thrown off the Stuarts ? It must be admitted un-
doubtedly that the severance of the ties which bind
together a Sovereign and his subjects is in itself •
misfortune. Notions of allegiance become con-
fused, the succession of the throne is disputed, ad-
verse parties threaten the peace of society ; rights
and pretensions are opposed to each other, and mar
the harmony of the state. Yet it must be acknow-
ledged, on the other band, that the Italian revolu-
tion has been conducted with singular tamper
and forbearance. The subversion of exist-
ing power ban not been followed, as is too
often the case, by an outbreak of popular
vengeance. The extreme views of democrats have
nowhere prevailed. Public opinion has checked
tho excesses of the public triumph. The venerated
forms of constitutional monarchy have been &MO-

dated with the name of a prince who represents an
ancient and glorious dynasty.
Such having been the causes and the concomitant

_ the sag of the
ijesty's government will
ErstifYina prospect of
• people building up the edifice of their liberties,
abd consolidating the work of their independence
amid the sympathies and good wishes of Europe.—
I have, *c., (Signed) J. RUSSELL.

P.B.—You are at liberty to give a copy of this
despatch to Count Cavour.
To Sir James Hudson, dm.,

\''lll"%r 0 N.
TEE,I RaILESS, SAT UR OAY EvuxurGN, NOVI
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Maces of th . olution of II
the words of a .filotilam..ent AlfiI
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nor . tom:.
solemnPsitOr 11ausasilk ,BR . jestys go see no 111/WC4I
the eeseqi with which Au
Europe. . Prussia, aa 'Russia have visited TA
on Lord JOHN Itrssim.'s The following despatch hes bees . . -to King of Sardinia. Her Majesty's go
of the miserable pre- our Minister at Turin : --z.-----..r: turn their eyes rather to the patifyia