The Express.
London, England, 1867-01-15 00:00:00

THE EXPRESS, TUESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 15, 1867.

A: ..: ::1.1.1's ductrine tint: Asia is unchangeably
despotic, Europe irreversibly aristocratic, and
America inevitably democratic.
At the saute time, without sharing Mr.
.AI•I.FICLEV.,Z views .4 "local destiny," of "a
" fixed necessity ..f order," which
" can never be put hit.' circumstances to change,"
" irreversible " laws, :mit an intrinsic
"incapability" on th. part of mon .•f the sane
race, traditiens, and hinge ige, fur identical insti-
baba's, we fully agree %%id. him as to the fully of
tie: alarm which t at, in SODIC quarters as to the
apprehended Americanization of our institutions.
111 thin xuall railLii of tllllll3 and probability as
finnan foresight :nut staten.cinship can talie into
account, American dem. icra-y is little likely to
estr.lirsh itself in En4land. " The inveterate
" tint centurie-, the lig:be..lds:aid fibres
" of long reeollections, and attach-
" mods" (to use Mr. Atiintr.ta.v's words) tight
aqainit it. These safeguards are so strong, that
they leave nothing to fear frail a very mitig exten-
sion of popular rights. Mm. Al,l*-I:I.LV has 111,110
much, bythe sapcious and penetrating suggestions
which are embedded in a theory that secias to us
eint.rely inadmissible, to dispel the bugbear of
American deisuicracywhich stands in the way of Par-
ham aitary Reform, and to dim:reit:it the opposition
ti.l.cred by his party last session to the very mode-
rate measure of the (toventinent. This, at least,
it the obvions, though possibly the undesigned
drift and moral of his

\VE shall never hear the last of Mr. Bright's
misdeeds. There was a meeting ui farmers at
Leicester on Saturday, to form " Chamber of
Agr'eulture," when that great lord of the soil, the

Duke Rutland, was in the chair. The Duke had
a grievance. Mr. Bright had said, that in 1846

" it required the occurrence of a crushing famine in
Ireland, and the destruction of as ninny lives as
would have been destroyed by a great war, before
parliament would cease to tax the bread of an
industrious community." Thu Duke of Rutland
says that this is a reflection upon him and his
friends, and it does seem like one. He has, however,
a reply. It is in substance, that he never consented
to give up Protection, although Parliament did ; the
Irish famine did nut convince him, and has not con-
vinced him now. Ile opposed the repeal of the Corn
Laws, and still thinks that Lord George Bentinck's
scheme of Irish railways would have answered
better. This is a complete answer to Mr. Bright,
who will probably shape his future speeches so as
not to include the Duke of Rutland in his reference
to Protectionists who were wade wiser by tho
ksson of the Irish famine.

The Duke was either too modest or too proud to
refer in detail to the part ho took in resisting the
Free-Trade measures of Sir Robert Peel. We must
do hint the justice to bear witness that his
opposition was uncompromising. Turning to
Hansard we find him declaring, on the 10th of Fe-
bruary, 1846—after Peel had described the loss and
suffering consequent upon the failure of the po-
tato crop, and had formally renounced the
doctrines of Protection—that " all experience
told them, and it was self-evident that when sub-
sistence was very cheap the labourer was not well
paid, and the condition of the people was worse
than in those places where the price of provisions
was high." Thu free traders wished to put a shil-
ling into every man's pocket, and in order to do
so proposed to take two shillings out of the pockets
of half the population. " The° sufferers would be
the hard working, industrious producers of the
community, while those who would gain would be
the rich, idle, unproducing consumers." If the
Corn Laws were repealed low prices could not con-
tinue ; the foreign growers would raise them after
the English agriculturists had been driven from the
market. And when this had been done there
was the further disadvantage that foreign
governmenta might prohibit the exportation of corn
to this country. For these and other reasons
be should give his most strenuous opposition to
Sir R. Peel's proposal, and if any member were
in doubt as to the policy to be pursued, let hint
give the benefit of that doubt to a system under
which this nation has risen to greatness and
renown. " Let the result be what it would, of this
ho was sure, that posterity would regard them (the
Protectionists) with gratitude, and thank them for
having struggled for Protection, and would, at all
events, acknowledge that they had not betrayed
the trust which the nation had confided to them."

It is very hard that a nobleman who thus battled
for Protection in the very face of Irish famine,
should be held up as having quailed before it, and
run away from his colours. The Duke, how-
ever, was indemnified on Saturday by the applause
of the assembled farmers, and the hearty support
of country gentlemen of principles as sound as
his own. When the Duke made the usual formal
concession to Mr. Bright that he might bo acting
from conscientious motives, there were loud
cries of " No, no." We shall look with some
curiosity for the further transactions of this
interesting " Chamber."

OUR CONTEMPORARIES.
(THIS DAY.)

Italian g hvernment in its extvnie anximy to coceiliate
the court of Rome is deliberately sacrificing its friends to
its enemies. This is seen in the dismissal of some
fifty liberal priests appointed by the crown from
churches in Naples by the l'ardinal Archbishop,
who has even had the churches in which they otlicistest
roconsecmte.l. If such acts are popular at Naples, what,
it may le asked, has liberal Italy to hope from a free
church in a free state? Not a protestant refonn Alen,
but liberty for protestants and catholic, alike. \il4l a
free church in a free state there need he no churches ranter
royal juri-.liction. On the other hand, the Car:Heal A.
bishop would have no authority beyond the Jeri -y and the
laymen his own communion ; the state would he abso•
lutely neutral, and therefore absolutely exempted from
the interested pressure of any foreign power.
The issue by the Emperor of Austria of a .I”er,
patent concerning the army which, without the (...,,ent
of their Diet, imposes new burdens on the Hungarian
people, is regarded by the Times as a necessity under the
circumstances, the govennuent being compelled thing.
arc, 'vb.:never any real legislative business is to be trans.
acted, to dispense with diets and councils, and concentrate
all authority in the hand of the executive. in the present
susperi•ion of all constitutional powers, the edict has the
force of law, and if it can meet both with the support of
the people and the eventual sanction of the local Diets in
the nomlfungarian provinces, the government will easily
interest these provinces in the enforctineLt of the law
upon Hungary also. Hungary will thus eitiici have to
accept common conditions with the sister mininc,, or
come to an open quarrel with her sovereign. By breaking
with Austria the Hungarians would only fall back upon
chaos. Glancing at the numerous difficulties by which
Austria is beset, the Times midi that it is only by German
preponderance that order, progress, and freedom may hope
to Hem ishin the country.

The Doily News, on the other hand, looks upon the
issue of the patent without any reference to the represen-
tative body in Hungary, as a step well cilct.late I to de-
stroy whatever favourable impression may have beet made
by previous overtures. If the Austrian government per.
severes in its present path it will render a reconciliation
with Hungary simply and absolutely impossible, and
every great and small state that may wish to profit by the
weakness of Austria will see therein its opportunity. It
is, however, inconceivable that the government should
push obstinacy to this point.

I'ItII)E4_VNIONi ANII) THE WAGES MARKET.

A long letter from Messrs. Creed and Williams, the gen-
tauten who have conducted the late inquiry into the state
of the Belgian iron trade, appears in the Tight of th.s
zooming, treating of the fact that the difficulties to which
English ironmuters are subjected by the constant recur-
rence of strikes are fully appreciated abroad by our foreign
customers, as well as by our foreign competitors. To their
general condemnation of unions, however, the Times takes
some exception. Admitting the unsound theories by
which the abuses of unionism are justified, and the
mischievous consequence to which they lead, and depre-
cating emphatically the social intolerance by which the
trade union too often makes war on behalf of mediocrity,
still justice requirm us to admit, says the Tinto, that by
combination alone can labour hold its own against capital.
An individual workman is almost as much at the mercy of
him employer as an individual employer would be power-
less against a union embracing all the operatives in his
trade. He mutt act in concert with others to get that
share of increasing profits which Messrs. Creed and Wil-
liams admit to be his due, and if he acted freely in concert
with others there would be little ground of complaint.
Even the determination of the hours of labour is by no
means so simple a matter as appears at first sight. Most
employments involve the co-operation of many hands, and
if the working hours were made to vary at the
will of each 'Lithium, business could nut be carried on.
A sense of independence, a passion for social elevation, is
after all the motive power of trades unions ; and while
lamenting their excesses, the Times regards them as institu-
tions which must be recognised as an essential, and may be
matured into a valuable, part of our industrial system.
Another question raised ice Messrs. Creed and Williams'
letter is the experiment of qualified partnerships between
master,' and men,which they oppose—recommending men,
before coming to the conclusion that partnership with
their masters would ho an advantage to them, to
endeavour to ascertain the proportion of failures in the
iron trade to fortunes realised. The lelaus, however, is
not disposed to reject the experiment of further trial.
What has to be shown, and can only be shown by its
application to various kinds of manufacture for a sufficient
length of time, is that it is capable of being worked, and
open to no fatal economical weakness. If this has not yet
been established, the contrary has scarcely been even
alleged.

LATEST INTELLIGENCE.

THE FRENCH AMBASSADOR AT CON-
STANTINOPLE.

M. Deurt,e, the recently appointed French am-
bo.isador to Turkey, on presenting his credentials
to the Sultan, after a few complimentary remarks,
said :

Thanks to a long sojourn in the East, the questions
which mise there are not unknown to we, and I bring to
Constantinople personal feelings well calculated to obtain
for me the kindness of your Majesty, which I make bold to
ask for beforeliseal. The Emperor, sire, is aware of all the
measures by which your Imperial Majesty has endeavoured
and will endeavour to augment the prosperity of the people
subject to your sceptre. It is especially by the develop •
went of it; immense resources—the stores of public and
private wealth which the territory of the empire contains—
that this end can, in his opinion, be attained. The Em-
perm is aware that it ia sometime. difficult to realise great
improvements, but, at the same time, no one knows better
how much a firm will can spread than rapidly over the
surface of a great state, and make theta everywhere and
simultaneously fruitful. I have the honour, sire, to place
in the hands of your Majesty my credentials, and to
assure your Majesty of the constant friendship of the
Emperor.

(EILUIZR'S TELEtALt3IB.)
AUSTRIA.

V !ENNA, TAN. 15.

The semi-official Vienna journal of this morning
publishes an article censuring the agitation being
carried on against the convocation of the ex-
traordinary Reieharath. The article concludes
thus :—`• The government abandons the ground
of the February constitution simply because
the present position of affairs allows solely of its
theoretical maintenance. To advocate the February
constitution is only to desire to defend masked
absolutism."

The government has convoked an extraordinary
Reichsrath, not because it wishes absolutism, but
because it is anxious that the parliamentary
co-operation of the representatives of the
people should be resumed at the earliest
possible period. In view of the opposition
of political leaders who themselves declared
the February constitution partially impracticable,
but who nevertheless demand the execution
of that which, according to their own
declaration, they considered unfitted to restore
constitutional rights to the people, no choice re-
mains to the government but an appeal to the
people themselves.
It is asserted that Russia intends to appoint a
consul at Lemberg, in Galicia, and that General
Nerenzer will be nominated to that post.

room was smoking. instead of ringing fur his
servant he got out of bed himself, to make up his
fire, and being several minutes walking about in
his nightshirt during a very coil night, he caught
a cold, which settled on his lungs, and he died
stiiled, not having strength to expectorate.
M. Cousin, the academician, the philosopher, the
translator of Plato, is dead, at the ligC of seventy-
five. He was, during the greater part of his life,
a Voltairean, but a great change is said to have
come over him of late years, and the catholic
church now claims him for her own. M. Cousin
died at Cannes, where he had been for some time
in a bad state of health.

Marshal Serrano, whose mysterious disappear-
ance from Spain after his proscription by Narvaez
has been mentioned, is hourly expected in Paris.
lie is accompani,d in his flight by a nephew, who
is one of his aides-de-camp. M. \'e•'a Armijo,
once minister of Pimento wider O'Donnell, has
already arrived in Paris ; and M. Bermudez de
Castro, an ex-minister of State, who has safely
reached Bayonne, will doubtless be here shortly.
In spite of the intense frost there is a crowd of
two or three thousand persons to be seen every
morning at sunrise on the bleak plain of Vincennes
hoping to see the execution, by shooting to death,
of the two Corsican soldiers, sentenced to capital
punishment for the Champerret murder.
The Bourse was heavy. Rente fell 10c. for cash,
and 1211 c. for account, closing at 69fr. 00c. in each
case. Mobilier fell 2fr. 50c. This is the day of
the general meeting, and in spite of the great
ability which will be used to glaze over matters,
the revelations likely to be made are expected with
apprehension. Comptoir d'Eseompte fell ofr. 25c.
The news of the subscription to the Spanish Loan
brought out under the auspices of this society are
far from brilliant. Italian rose 30c.

LAW INTELLIGENCE.
(THIS DAY.)

COURT OF QUEEN'S BENCH.
f3ittings in Banes—(Before the Lord Chief Justice, sad
Justices Blackburn, Mellor, and Lush.)
Yrw wi ErA's cociren.
Mr. Kingdon having been appointed Queen's Coward.
wa•. this morning called within the bar, and took
acconlingly.

BATE': r. ?TT.
Mr. Edward James, Q.C., acid he understate] tl:at in this
mac which wed an action on n policy of ingot:tr.,. tLe
Into Confederate cruiser, the Georgia, Mr. Ma IEO. .1 on.
taileal a rule on behalf of the plaintiff for a new ti
(Mr. James) was desirous of obtaining v.
behalf of the defendant for a new trial, on the
that the special finding of the jury was I
ranted by the evidence. The application was nun.;. 1. ,
matter of precaution in the event of its necesity
on the decision on Mr. Mellish's rule.

The court said the feirn;leniinselmight take a rile ant
the time for its argument might be decided en lace the
first rule was called on.

Rule accordingly.

COURT OF EXCHEQUER.

Sitting■ in Banoo.—(Before Lord Chiei Rerun and Lows
Martin, Channell, and Pigott.)
hLALIF NLADE.

In this cue, wblcb involves the validity of the
of the late Sir Wm. Slade, Bart., Q.C., and the of
stwea salon to the baronetcy, and which has errata much
interest from the station and position of the mirth..
The Solictor-General this morning applied 1,, tika
lordships to appoint a day for the heanng of the ara.
meats. In all probability the case would occupy fay
days. The application was made with the cement e
Mr. Coleridge, Q.C., who was engaged in the ea,
ti-
other aide.

--TheoOnrt ultimately fixed Friday, Argil 26. in Earn
Tersu, fur bearing the cale.

COURT OF BANKRUPTCY.
(Before Mr. Commissioner Holroyd.)
IN RE IN,LANI).

This was a case of some peculiarity. The bankrupt L:
carried on business as a Limy warehouseman in Lio:eak.
bill, and this was his fourth bankruptcy. He Lad ha,
fifteen months in prison: . . .

Mr. Preece opposed on behalf of the oletainic;
creditors. He and that no dividend had been pud
under either of the bankruptcies, but the bankrupt,
under cover of the protection of the court, cents aid
fresh debts, and set his creditors at defiance. Al
last be was arrested, and him lengthened impritomint
arose through his having been required to complete de
proceedings under his several bankruptcies. The bankrupt
had also put his detaining creditors to unnecestary expecte
by m. king repeated applications to the common law mum
and the Lords Justices for his release. It was subnutud
that the court would not listen to the application.
After hearing. Mr. Reed for the bankrupt,
The Commoner said the bankrupt's antecedents teem
such that be could not expect the least indulgence. Re
must remain in prison until he bad obtained hie ditchnige
under his present bankruptcy, when he would be catkin/
to be released in due course of law.

Application refused.
(Before Mr. Commissioner Window.)
IX RE GURRAUAT.

The bankrupt was a merchant, of Riches-court, Lime.
street. He has been before the court since Reich, Pick
and now came tip by adjournment for examination and
discharge. The liabilities are returned at 11,937. ; with
assets—good debts, 2,681/. ; doubtful ditto, and
signment to hillllllC4l estimated to real'', ;
property given up to the assignees, ; ditto
in the hands of creditors. 9V. The bankrupt, with the
sanction of the assignees, has been to the West Indies, to
assist in the realisation of his estate.

Mr. Brown, on behalf of the assign era, consented to w
adjournment, to enable the bankrupt to carry out a new
position for the
_payment of a composition of 2s. iu the
pound to his creditors.
Adjourned for three months.

THE POLICE COURTS.

(THIS DAY.)

BOW-STREET.

TIIIINATENUIG • BROKSIL,
Alexander Routh, • shoemaker, was chargv.l with
threatening to assault Henry Glover, a sworn broker.

After hearing the eviden.ce, Mr. 'Flowers ordered the
prisoner to find one surety of LW., and give his OWL re
cognisance* in IW. to keep the peace for six mouths.
The prisoner was then removed. Ile observed as Is
left the court that he could soon find bail.
Shortly afterwards, however, he informed Redstall, tht
gaoler, that he could not get a housekeeper to be is.l
for him, but offered to deposit I.sl. to remain in cust.!T
of the court for the sit months, and to be forfeited it b,
committed a breach of the peace. Re said he had V.
sewn into his clothes, and asked for a knife to c.t tau
stitches and get it out. Redstall told him the nia3iitrat,
could not accept a deposit in lieu of bail, but referee, the
circumstances to the court.

had known that the priaoan
instead of beim in such distress that he could not pay hi,
rent. had 25/. about him he certainly should have felt it
his duty to impose a fine.

t4LIDING IN TRAFALGAR-SQUARE.

About a dozen young men and ii.eys were severally
charged with sliding on the pavement on the terhae _ad
in the area of Trafalgar-opuire. Some, who app,,red
have joiued in the sport inadvertently, and to bee
desisted when spoken to by the. police, were discharged
with a caution. Others, who permated in spite of name.
atrance, were fined from 2s. to 2e., but with the w.iriast
that if these small penalties were found ineutficient, mut
heavier fines would be inflicted, Lyon, if necessary, to tLe
fall amount allowed by the act, which was 44W.
It appeared that during the greater tort of yuteuls)
lugs numbers of persons were engaged in this mingeroa,
pastime, so that it became necessary to place a consi.ler•
able body of police on special duty to endeavour to pat A
atop to it, in which, however, they were but partially
sue:enrol. No sooner was one batch of aliden disposed
of than another commenced.