The Express.
London, England, 1867-09-11 00:00:00

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No. 6,583.) LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 11, 1867. IsTAmPED„ H. ADDITIOZAL [TWOPENCE
.
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OPENING OF THE NORTH GERMAN PAR-
LIAMENT.
SPEECH OF THE KING OF PRUSSIA.

Brazilian tribes cannot count beyond two. The most curious
and striking pert of the argument romaina to be put—that
the moat civilised nations were once in • state of barbarism.
In the cradle of civilisation—Palestine, and Syria, and
India—the remains of • stone age have besn discovered.
Why were stone knives used by Jewish and Egyptian
priests f Just because they had been once in general
use. The regard paid to marriage in different nations
was • singular illustration of various degrees of pryers.
Many savages have not arrived at the idea of marriage. A
savage's wife is essentially a part of his property. In some ,
CAMS the tie is of snob • nature that it affords not even a
presumption aa to parentage. Many savages recognise kin-
ship only °nth, mother's side. This is the case with the
South Sea Islanders generally. It was so with the ancient
Celts, Greeks, Cossack hordes, ho. By tracing up the idea
of marriage we can account for the two extraor&nary cus-
toms which we find in every part of the world, that a man
is regarded as no relation to his own children. Only as
things improved, and the probability of parentage became
greater, kinship through females only was abandoned.
Among the early Jews Abraham married his half.
sister, and Amram his father's sister. These women
were not regarded as relatives. At a later period they
would have been so. Even among ourselves a man
no relation to his own children except born in wedlock.
In every step, from the treatment of women as ehattles
to the sacred idea of matrimony, we find clear evidence
that the change has been one of progress, and not of
degradation. Many natives have traditions of the origin of
marriage. The Egyptians attributed it to Menes,the Greeks
to Cecrops, the Hindus to'Aoctaketen. Sir John replied to
the argument of Haliburton, that the universality of ma,
taro customs which appear arbitrary proved they were &-
steed Ina a ammeaevise, He showsil that the Wad&

The sections met to-day as usual.

GEOLOGY.

(ast-rzz's TrLsoaat.)

BERLIN, Sen. W.

" The Granites of Corsica" formed the subject of a very
interesting paper by Professor ANgrip, in the coarse of
which he propounded the theory that stratified rocks in
the lapse of time change into granite. These rocks, formed
with water under pressure, were not igneous, but eruptive.
Professor harness, on the whole, concurred with the
theory broached by Professor Austed, but Professor
PHILIPS, without committing himeelf, expressed the belief
that the subject was one needing further investigation.
A_lMper was read on the Calamine Deposits of Sardinia,
by Mr. F. GORDON DAVIS. The object of the paper was to
call attention to some important de is of sine ore which
have lately been found in the island of Sardinia. The
zinc ore is found in Silurian limestone in deposits which
run parallel to the bedding, and which appear to have some
connexion with the north and south lead lodes. Mr. Davis
(*kaiaks that the ore can be raised for 10d. per ton.

The North German parliament was opened to-
day by the King of Prussia, who delivered the
following speech from the throne :

" Illustrious, Noble, and Honoured Gentlemen of :
the Parliament of the North German Confedera-
tion,—At the close of the first parliament
of the North German Confederation, I was
able to express my confidence that the popu-
lar representative assemblies of the several
Federal States would not refuse their con-
stitutional recognition of that which the parlia-
ment had crested in unison with the different go- I
vernments. It affords me great satisfaction to find
that I was not deceived in that confidence. The
constitution of the North German Confederation
has, in a constitutional manner, become law in all',
the Federal States. The Federal Council has
entered upon its /nuctions.-andla:dakiLhantiriths
with joyful confidence, bid welcome, in my name,
and in the name of my illustrious allies,
to the first parliament assembled on the
basis of the Federal constitution. Immediately
after the promulgation of the Federal consti-
tution an important step was taken towards
regulating the national relations of the Confedera-
tion with the States of South Germany. The
German sentiments of the allied governments have
created for the Zollverein a new basis correspond- I
ing with the altered circumstances, and a treaty ,
concluded on that account and approved by
the Federal Council will be laid before you.
The budget of the Confederation will form a
prominent subject for your deliberations. The
careful limitation of the expenditure to absolute
requirements will permit of nearly three-fourths of
it being defrayed by the Confederation's own reve-
nues, and a careful estimate of these revenues war-'
rants the belief that the estimated contributions
of the several Federal States will fully suffice to
cover the whole expenditure. Bills have been'
laid before the Federal Council, and others are in-
tended, which have for object the settlement of
such matters in the domain of Federal legislation
as the present time permits of and requires. A
law will be introduced upon freedom of settlement,
which is meant to prepare the further development
of the common right of nationality founded by the
constitution. A bill upon liability to military ser-
vice will be laid before you, with the object of
making this common right of nationality apply
to the army, and at the same time with
the object of oolledting in a manner
easily to be surveyed the provisions which
are contained in the constitution, partly
in a distinct form, and partly by reference to
Prussian legislation on liability to military service.
A bill upon the passport system aims at doing
away with antiquated restrictions upon intercourse,
and at forming the bases of an agreement between
the Confederation and the South German States,

ghats, do., was easily accounted for by the condition
through which people were passing, We could hardly my
when a custom was arbitrary, or a belief unnatural. The
Australians do not believe in natural death. When •
man dies they take it for granted that he has been
destroyed by witchcraft. Sir John thought that similar
ideas in distant circuitries owed their origin, not to the
dispersion of the human race, hut to the original
identity of the human race. While be did not believe
that similar customs in different nations are inherited
from a common source, or are necessarily primitive, he
did me in them an argument for the unity of the human
race, though not necessarily demanded from a single
pair. Sir John concluded as follows:—The facts and
arguments which I have here very bristly indicated might
I have been supported by many other illustrations which I
could not bring before you without unduly extending a
communication already somewhat too long. They, how.
ever, I think, afford strong grounds for the following
oonclutions—Daniely, that existing savages are not the
descendants of civilised ancestors ; that the psimitivs I
condition of man was one of utter barbarism ; that from
this condition several ram; have independently
raised themselves. These views follow, I think, from I
strictly scientific considerations. We shall not, how-
ever,
be the less inclined to adopt them on account of
the cheering prospects which they hold out for the fu.ure.
If the pest history of man has been one of deterioration,
we have but • groundless hope of future improvemeat ;
but on the other hand, if the past has been one of progress
we may fairly hope that the future will be so too ; that
the blessings of civilisation will not only be extended to
other countries and other nations, but that men in our
own land they will be rendered more general and more
equable, so that we shall not see before us always, as now,
multitudes of our own fellowcountgmeu living the life
of ravages in oar very midat ; neither pommeling the rough
advantages and reel, though coarse, pleasures of savage
life, nor yet availing themselves of the far higher and
more noble opportunities which lie within the reach of
civilised man.

ITALY.
FLORENCE, 82pr. 10.
It is stated that Garibaldi will return into
Umbria after the peace conference at Geneva.
The Gazette del Popolo considers a Garibaldian
movement inevitable, and states that preparations
for an invasion of the Roman territory continue
on the frontier.

PORTUGAL.
LISBON, Sm. 10.
The King and Queen of Portugal attended the
Lisbon Regatta to-day on board the frigate Bartho-
lomeo Diaz.

it. Lv.rpooL

INDIA.
BOMBAY, Sm. 6.
71bs. shirtings, Or. 4a ; Sflbs. ditto, 6r. Sa. ;
40's mule twist, 114. Cotton dull. Dhollerah,
206. Shipments of the week, 12,770 bales. Ex-
per ron London, Is. 11td. to U. 110. Four
ent. Government Securities, 89t ; Five
per Cent, ditto, 106} ; Five-and-a-Half per Cent.
ditto, 111 i. Freights to Liverpool, 325. The
latest London date is Sept. 3.

T'hefirielminer (Sir R. Murchison) said that in so far
as his pursuits had led him to study the most ancient
forms in the crust of the globe, everything he had learned
in those examinations bad convinced him of a very great
progression throughout all the works of nature. At the
end of the scale where geologists terminated their explora-
tions, the evidence derived from the finding of flint
meats that had been evidently manufactured and by
men, and the finding of these and other relics eisoesiftd
with the remains of men, bad given rise to the great
school of prehistoric inquirers of which he might say Sir
John Lubbock was at the head. (Applause.) He was
I,ippy to asuman that this great clam of inquirers had
held for some igen congresses over the continent of Europe.
They bed held six or seven of these congresses, and it
was the intention that one should be held in Great
Britain in 15th. If he were to look round the erniatry,
he could not find a more proper person among them—Eng-
lishman, Soch.ohnian, or Irishman—to preside over this
"rithan Sir John Lubbock. (APplime-)
erm some remarks from Mr. Jou& URAV/PURD,
Professor BUSH said le thought the question of what
they meant by civilisation ought to be settled before they
could cuter into the substance of Sir John Lubbock's
Pal-
Si mr
Wfavia Er larr referred to certain races In India
which had at one time bean civilised, but had lapsed into
degradation.
The Rev. Mr. Turman wished to suggest whether
Sir John Lubbock's facts were not compatible with
some other conclusion than that at which be arrived.
(Applause.) He most thoroughly and heartily
with Sir John in the emphatic statement he ;mtaterg
v: the gi 61: :roman *but at the
same !`„:eeha tuggeet—and he was mire Sir John
was the last man to object to giving him a large draft on
the bank of time—that many races which bad not yet risen
might yet rise in the ammo of time.
Dr. Hoer said, with regard to the original identity of the
human mind, he must confess his ignonume of what
was intended. Did Sir John Lubbock mean original
identity in the form and size of the brain and skull? If
he did, he (Dr. Hunt) entirely differed from him. But
if the original identity of all animal life was meant,. he
bad no objection to that expression ; or if the original
identity of all organic nature was meant, he should not
raise the slightest objection. With regard to the three
conclusions to which Sir John had cane, he entirely con-
curred with the first two. As to the third, that several
races had raised themselves, perhaps Sir John would
mention those races that bad Weed themselves. He
hardly knew at that moment of any race who had raised
themselves stow they were first known, exempt the races
of Europe.
Sir Joint LUBBOCK made a few remarks in reply. As to
defining civihmition, he would just point to Mr. B.ush as a
very excellent specimen of civilised man. With regard to ,
a remark of Mr. Tristram's, he thought the names of par-
ticular trees would have been lost before the general name
of "tree." Of nations that bad raised themselves he would
name the Chinese, Mexicans, and Baptisms as having at-
tained a certain degree of civilisactua without any assist-
anos from others.

CALCUTTA, Bert. 5.
841bs. shirting'', 6r. 104. ; 40's mule twist,
6r. Bs. Cotton, IT. Rice quiet. Exchange on
London, Is. 11 5-16 d. Four per Cent. Govern-
ment Securities, 89# ; Five per Cent. ditto, 106.
Five-and-a-Half per Cent. ditto, 111 i. Freights to
England, 67.. 6d.

corresponding with the national interest.. A law
upon weights and measures will Tie brought for-
ward, with the view of regulating the weights and
measures of the Confederation on a common prin-
ciple, and in a way required by inter-
national intercourse. The position of the
post .ta a Federal institution renders legis-
lative arrangeniiillita necessary on the sub-
ject of the postal system kiagy.:.ily qnd the
postal tariff. The establishment of Federal oonsa-
latea requires a legal determination of the rights
and duties connected with the exercise of the office
of consul. The unity of the mercantile marine
requires a basis in the shape of a law upon the
nationality of trading ships. I hope that these
laws, which denote a first but decisive step towards
the completion of the Federal constitution, will meet
with your and the the Federal Council's approval.
The deliberations from which proceeded the
Federal constitution wereguided by the conviction
that the great task of the Confederation
could only be accomplished by accommodating
through reciprocal advances special interests to
those of a mom general and national character.
This same conviction has found expression in the
discussions of the Federal Council, and will, I
confidently believe, form the basis of your delibe-
rations. With this thought, honoured gentlemen,
direct your efforts to the completion of the work
founded by the Federal constitution. It is a work
of peace to which you are called, and I trust that,
with God's blessing, the Fatherland will enjoy in
peace the fruits of your labour."