The Express.
London, England, 1867-09-07 00:00:00

THE CAPE MAIL

THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT DUNDEE. tbandogelik hit in its Piegleo, ma tb amts d Ibill

meteors. _ -
DUNDEE, FRIDAY. The section was crowded, and the proceedings were
To-day Sir RODERICK MURCRIEOBI pve in detail lain throughout of a most interesting character.
reasons for believing,
Samuel Baker, that it was possible, if not probable, that an important invention, producing the electric light contrary to to the opinion of Sir Mr. W. LADD explained the dynamo-magnetic machine,
_ ,
Dr. Livingstone was still alive. His death, he said, rested Touhot tlreasnaiedusofmthisedebarit,teedryfroozar permasets
jrznt
Thesteeplzthappleet
on the testimony of Moose, and one man who was • liar the machine is the direct conversion of mechanical powers
and • thief. The tidings were not corroborated. If into light and heat. The power of the electro magnetism is
Livingstone were really dead the valuable instruments maintained while • "Fenl.ge "Irene is being applied to any
owfhihiichshueppoihadedwinithurdhiem, du
oringuld
certainly
stainjournly
have turned
at
,edtheuptimue practical purpose by an independent arrangement. The
those who took them from him would have disposed ofboth ends. The plater
are
mess's
iannaconsiststure
fixedchilyat of two plates of iron, with Si..
them at the first opportunity. The fact was, however, surrounded by copper wire. When the mash me is first
that no trace of them had been found, and in his (Sir made it is n only to attach a angle battery far
Roderick Murchison's) opinion, all experience led to the an instant, to give the iron polarity. The eketrie light
conviction that unless Livingstone were still alive they is equal to that produced by • battery of thirty-five Grove's
would have reached the bands of some European trader, , cells.
Sir SAMUEL BAKER again expressed an opposite opinion, ! •
maintaining the view he had set out in his paper.yester. I BOTANY AND ZOOLOGle-
day. lie admitted that Moose was not • man of truth or Mr. Brines BATE read • report on the Fau.la and Flora
honesty, but his own experience was that the natives, as • of the southern coasts of Devon and Cornwall.
rule, were trustworthy as to general facts, though they Mr. D. W. MURALr also read a paper on " The ndmi-
lied in details. For himself, he had no hope at all that nistration of the natural history collections in the British
the great traveller was alive.
1 manes The ins
wruhliechthahetmnrcullyraffitorbociaedver presentthe
eirty ear arnalP•of age;
, should be appointed produced • number of most inefficient
ECONOMIC SCIENCE AND STATISTICS.
m
men. The consequence was, that the classification was
In this section, of which Mr. Grant Duff, i.e., is meet i perfect, when good otoosigoottoo was moat needed.
president, All efforts seemed to be directed to the collection of mate-
Professor Leone Law, F.S.A., F.S.S., read a paper day. indeed the whole ...gement oot pandmooi.out. The
"On the condition and progress of Scotland in relation peeper remedy to adopt would be to make the present
to England and Ireland in population, education, wealth, eesietoet ....tom chiefs „.., tho several dop onto.
taxation, crime, consumption of spirits, savings banks, These remark," applied to botany a. well "to i
Sic." Having shown the importanoe of distinguishingtoo ogy.
tit the statistics of tbe'reekelemi the teas neestre,-=tane%stordnadionnab: to be eoehtto"fe:ioefit Pie'
tally belonging to England, Scotland, and Ireland, the
tions
difficulty in many cases of separating them, and the neces-
mity of appreciating the difference in the physical con-
dition of the three countries, the professor came to the
following conclusions:—l. "That as regards population,
Scotland is increasing at a much slower pace than Eng-
land, the effect rather of a lower rate of marriages and •
larger emigration than of any excess of mortality over
births, the rate of births being in both countries higher
than the mita deaths ; whilst Ireland bas • decreasing
population, the excess of births over deaths bang far from
sufficient to counterbalance the great lose by emigration.
Be sixty-mix years, from 1801 to 1866, the population of Eng-
' land increased at the rate of 134 per cent., of Scotland
it the rate of 94 per oent., and of Ireland at the rate of
S per cent." 2. ' That in education Scotland stands in
• nigher position than England and Ireland, both as re.
gards the adult population and the number of children at
school, the number of men who signed their marrkage register
In Ragland in 1864 having been 767 par cent.; in Soothed
81111 pereent.; of women in England 671 per cent, end
in Scotland 76'13 per cent. The number of children at
school in 1861 was Ito 61 in Scotland ; 1 to 7'7 in
Ragland; and Ito 8 in Ireland." 3. " That property I
is
Increasing faster in Scotland than in England and Ireland,
the thriftiness and industry of the people being made mani-
hat in a larger accumulation of wealth ; between 1814-15
end 1864-5 the amount charged to income tax under
ssitedules A, B, and D, having mauled in England at
the rate of 128 per cent., in Scotland at the rate of 153
per sent. Between 1837 and 1865 the amount so charged
increased in England at the rate of 31 per cent., in Scot.
land se the rate of 33 per cent., and in beheld at the rate
of 12i per oent." 4. "That, rim regards taxation, Scotland
pays not only a larger proportion of revenue now than at
any former period relatively to England and Ireland, but 1
more per heed than England and more than double
Ireland. In 1864-6 the proportion borne was 78.8 per cent.
by England end Wales, 11.9 per cent, by Scotland, and
9.3 per cent. by Ireland, spinet 83.1 per cent in
England, 8.8 per cent. in Scotland, and 8.11 per cent in
Ireland in 1830-2 ; the amount per head in 1864-6 having
been 2i. Ba. Bd. in England, 2/. 9s. 4d. in Scotland, and
11. Is. 4d in Ireland." 5. " That, in so far as the relative
amount contributed to the revenue can serve as a criterion
for the respective number of members in the houses of
legislature it appears that the altered proportion in the
taxation borne by Scotland since the union entitles her to
a larger representation than she possesees. Whilst in pro-
portion to revenue the relative number of members should
be 519 England and Wales, 78 Scotland, and 61 Ireland,
the numbers, according to the Reform Act of 1832, now are
500 England and Wales, 53 Scotland, and 106 Ireland."
7. " That the number of persons committed foe trial for
indictable offences in Scotland is greater than in England
or Ireland; and that though Scotland shows leas propensity
to offences against property, she stands in an unfavour-
able position as to offences against the person. In ten
years, 1857 to 1866 inclusive, the average number of per
• committed in England was 138 per 1000, in Ireland
'990, in Scotland 1.11. But for offences against the
there were 12'10 per cent. in England, 20'43 in taa
Scotland,
and 3731 in Ireland. Of offences against property with
violence, there were in England 74 per cent., in Scotland
48, and in Ireland 34." 8. "That the common assump-
tion that Scotland consumes more spirituous liquor' than
England, is unfounded, when we conindertbe whole amount
taken in various forms. But the diminution in gin and
whisky were, unhappily, more than counterbalanced by the
increased consumption of ale and wine. In 1866 the total
quantity of spirits consumed wu in England 4'437 gallons
per hud. In Scotland, 2184 gallons ;in Ireland, 1131
gallons. But the foreign spirits in England amounted to
1-864, Scotland 1147, Ireland, '857. Of beer the English
drank 3393 gallons, Scotch I'oso, Irish 1110. The in-
creased consumption of spirituous liquors in ten years
was 12} per cut. in England, 23 per cent.
in Scotland, and 8 per cent. in Ireland." 9. "The
savings banks deposits average per head 18a. Id. for
Scotland, 375. fell. for England, and 6a sd. for Ireland."
10. " The passenger traffic on the railways was 73,400 per
mile in England, 10,000 in Scotland, and 7,200 hi Ireland."
11. " The English receive on an average 28 letters per
year, the Scotch 31, the Irish 10." On the whole, the
professor observed that, considering its population, Scot-
land must be considered sa_progrewing rapidly.
Mr. JANES; OLDHAR, C.K, of Hull, read • paper " On
the utilisation or more profitable employment of male
convicts,"

GEOLOGY.

In this department Mr. J. Warr read a paper on the
alteration of the co►et line in Norfolk. The changes
which he enumerated were of ► startling and interesting
character. Great indentations h►ve been made in the con.
tour of the coast, and in the fen country the land had been
raised in a most reinutable manner.

Sir CHARLES LTELL, who ws warmly received, expressed
his conviction that there had been changes, not only in the
contour of the coast line and in the fen oountry, but also
in the general level of the district.
Mr. PCNOZIAJLT, of Torquay, reminded the meeting that
it had been admitted by Whitley that the Roman em•
bankment remained unaltered. This, of course, rather
militated against Whitley's theory ea to the antiquity of