The Express.
London, England, 1866-12-22 00:00:00

ciently op
eztoteer.

The corporation of the City of London has 4uhsist
earupleted a special census of its poiulatiott.
will not appear a superfluous task, notwithstand-
ing the excellent arrangements for taking the
decennial national census, when the very peculiar
ecadition of the City as to population is consianed.
The very rules by which the most exact enumera-
tion of the population of the country at large is
sowed in the general census cause it to be all but
worthless as it regards the City of London.
That census is gathered, for the sake of con-
venience, while the population is sleeping, whereas
the rich and busy classes who snake the City what
it is sleep far away from the scene of their labours.
To take a census of the City and leave out its
bankers, merchants, brokers, and traders would be
like taking the census of Belgravia and leaving out
* aristocracy.
• The new statiatics to which we have to call atten-
tion have been collected by the Local Government
and Taxation Committee of the Corporation, of
which Mr. William Lawley is chairman. The
matter was by them referred to a sub-committee of
their body, who made the preliminary arrange-
ments, and subsequently referred the business to
Mr. Lawley and Mr. Benjamin Scott, the City
Chamberlain, who, together, bign the report
from which we derive our information.
The instructions to the sub-committee were that
it should take the necessary steps to obtain a
masusof "the numberof persons en gaged, occupied,
or employed daily in business in the City of Lon-
don," and also of " the number of persona resort-
ing to the City daily." No attempt it appears has
ever been made to ascertain the actual number of
persons employed in business in the City of London
since the period, now two centuries past, when the
busness population rremained during the night in
the district in which during the day they had
carried on their avocations. The consequences of this
want of information are sometimes ludicrous, but
also sometimes pernicious. The practice of treating
the figures of the Imperial census as if they aecou cu-
rately represented the population of the City ld
only lead to absurd results, nevertheless such re-
sults have been employed for the purposes of
measuring representation and taxing power.
It will be readily understood that the enumera-
tion now reported upon was conducted at a dis-
advantage as compared with that performed
by the agents of the government census,
whose labours have the sanction and support of the
law ; nevertheless it is believed that the results are
exempt from material error, and will prove of great
service in connexion with the discussion of matters
relating to the local government of the metropolis.
It was found impracticable to obtain the retunis in
one day , and indeed had it been possible, there
were reasons connected with the fluctuating nature
of the trading population of the City, consequent
upon the exceptional periods of holding the dif-
ferent markets, which made it desirable not to fix
upon any particular day of thereeek for the enu-
meration. It was preferred, re, to d
the work over a week of six working days. so that
an average result has been obtained. The days
selected were those from the 9th till the 14th April
• inclusive, within which the enumeration was with
some exceptions completed.
It is found that the total day population
of the City—that is, the number of persons
engaged, occupied, or employed in the City
during the day—is 283,520. The official night
census of 1861 gives, for the City and liber.
• ties, persons. The day census, therefore,
is to the night as 2.5004 to 1, or rather more
than 2} to 1. The two returns profess to include
the same class of persons, the only difference
being in the hours of the day at which the enume-
rations arc respectively taken : the one census
numbering the inhabitants while they are sleeping,
and the City is comparatively empty ; whilst the
other takes the account while they are waking and
employed in their usual avocations. The sub-coin''
mitten believe that the results which they report
are considerably below the actual numbers. They
say :—" We have arrived, then, at the following
conclusion, which may be safely accepted as within ,
the truth, viz. : that of the whole population of
the City, a proportion just over 40 per cent. re-
mains in the City at night, and GO per cent. leaves
the City Bowler or later after the close of business,
to sleep either in the metropolis or elsewhere. In
other words, for every two persons remaining in the
City at night, three persons employed in the City
leave it at the close of the day. Now it may be
safely affirmed that the 60 per cent. of the popula-
tion who leave the City to pass the night elsewhere
are composed almost exclusively of the mercantile
and commercial classes, employers and employed.
This, indeed, can be shown from other information
obtained, but not dealt with in this report."
It is pointed out, that for the purpose of appor-
tioning representation, nothing could be more
unfair to :any district than to employ an enumera-
tion which eliminates the flower if its population.
Yet this is what has been dime, and is still jus- .
tified by some, in regard to the City of London.
llad the population thus ignored consisted of
degraded, uninformed, and pauperised persons,
incapable or undeserving of self-government, little
surprise would have been occasioned by withhold- t
ing front them. recognition and representation ;
but when it is found that the classes thus ignored
comprise some of the most influential, wealthy, and
enterprising of our fellow-countrymen, bankers,
merchant-princes, brokers, and wholesale traders,
that they carry on business which has no parallel
in the world, contributing in the aggregate a larger
share of the public revenues than any, and even
than all similar classes, in other parts if the empire,
it becomes impossible to understuid upon what '
grounds their exclusion can be justified in re-
ference 'I
to the local representation of the metro-
polis. I '
We have next to notice the number of persons
resorting to the City daily for business or other pur-
poses. A return relating to this subject was prepared
by Mr. D. W. Harvey, the late Commissioner of the
City Police in 1860, but as that was based, to a
considerable extent, upon mere estimate, it was',
thought desirable to ascertain the result by actual Ii
enumeration, carefully conducted by persons
trained to this peculiar work. Mr. Ledger was
accordingly instructed to form a staff of qualified I
Agents sufficiently numerous to divide the various i
avenues which enter the City boundary into six ,
portions. In this way the whole City was com-
passed
in six working days, and an average of its ,
daily frequenters ascertained. 'Fite enumeration I
took place on the six days 14th to 21st March last, .
omitting Tuesday, the 20th March, which would
have exceptionally affected the traffic, having been
observed as a fast day on account of the cattle
plague.
The City traffic commences very early in the
morning, connected with the trade in the various
markets for fish, meat, poultry, and vegetables ;
indeed, a large portion of the business of the City is
transacted and finished before the mercantile classes
arrive at their counting-houses : these latter classes
arrive in the City according to their several grades
during the hours between 8 a.m. and 12 at noon
daily. The traffic was obtained fir every conse-
cutive hour between 3 a.m and 9 p.m. ; and these
returns, which are voluminous, remain at the dis-
posal of the committee ; but we find them here
conveniently summarized in two tables. The first
gives the number of persons entering the City
between 5 a.m. and 6 p.m., an ordinary day of
twelve business hours. This table,however, does not
fairly represent a day's business in the City, excluding
as it does the market business of the morning, and
a considerable amount of commercial traffic which
throngs the streets after 6 p.m. The second sum-
mary gives the number of persons resorting to the
City in a day of sixteen business hours, between
5 a.m. and 9 p.m. The following are the results
ascertained :

Persona
Total in a day of 12 hours 549,613
Ditto in aday of 15 hours 679,744
The reporters are unable to institute any exact corn-
periaons between the above results end those obtained by
Mr. Harvey in 1860, as he divided the hours of the day
Into four periods of four hours each, and a night of
wield hours, none of these periods being synchronous
with those we have selected es the most useful. The total
moults, however, of the two enumeretions are safe

Thereeoltsds &yet twelve bows, from 6 ►m.
to 6 p.m., in March, 1866, give .............
The results of s day of twelve limn, from 7 a.m.
to seven p.m., in May, 1860, give (191,494
+ 175,535 + 157,607) .................. . ....

Showing • daily increase in 1866 of

The results of • day of sixteen hours, from five
a.m. to nine p.m., in March, 1866, give.........
The results of • day of sixteen hours, from seven
a.m. to eleven p.m., in bfay,lB6o, give (527,630
+ 129,743) ...........................

Showing a daily increase in 1866 of

549,613

527,636

21,977

679,744

657,379

2,365

The results of a day of sizteen hours, in March,
1n66, as above ......................... 679,744
Add night of eight hours, eleven p.m. to seven,
a.m., as per Mr. Harvey's return

49,242

Total approximate result for a day of twenty-
four hours, 1866 728,986
The results of • day of twenty-four hours in May,
1860, give

Showing a daily increase in 1866 of

We have, therefore, frequenters resorting to the City
daily in the year 1866 :
In twelve hours ................... M 9,613
........
In sixteen hours ................................ 679,744
In twenty-fonr hours ................................. 728,986
The Sub-Committee are satisfied that alarger daily
increase has taken place between 1860 and 1800
than is indicated by the above figures ;. and attri-
bute the discrepancy rather to over-estimation on
the part of Mr. Harvey in 1860, than to inaccuracy
in the returns which we have now obtained by
actual enumeration. They entertain no doubt
that the traffic resorting to the City is continually
on the increase ; and indeed the traffic returns of
Mr. Heywood, engineer to the Commissioners of
Sewers, make this point sufficiently obvious. It
will be seen, by comparing the above figures, that
nearly the whole of the increase between 1860 and
1866 (21,977 out of 22,365 persons) is found to be
within the twelve busiest hours of the day. The
results obtained are thus summarised :
1. The population sleeping in the City is, as we
have shown
2. The population, according to the census taken

113,387

in the day time, is
3. The number of persons resorting to the City
daily during the sixteen business hours is. . G 70,744
From these figures we gather the following conclusions :
The first class, being the sleeping population, consists to a
great extent of the care-takers of City premises and their
families, and of tradesmen and others, too inconsiderable
to posses' a suburban or other residence. This class may
be generally considered as non-mercantile, the commercial
element having been eliminated, as before explained, pre-
viously to the night census being taken. Deducting this
class from the second, which consists of day residents, we
obtain 170,133 persons, representing approximately the
banking, mercantile, and trading classes actually engaged
in business in the City. Deducting this number of persons,
who resort to their offices daily, from the third class
(which includes them), we obtain 509,611 persons who re-
present chiefly the customers and clients of class two.
We have, therefore, a fresh series of results for the
purposes of comparison :
1. The sleeping population, consisting of care-
takers and the humbler population chiefly 113,367
2. The mercantile and commercial population
engaged in the City daily (not included in
170,133
the above)
3. The total day population residing in the City 28:3,520
4. The number of persons resorting to the City
daily in sixteen hours (not included in tho
above), being customers, clients, and other
frequenters
5. The total number of persons resorting to the
City daily in a day of sixteen hours
G. The total number of persons resorting to the
City daily in a day of twenty-four hours
The third portion of the Report relates to the
street traffic of the City, but as it is mainly founded
on that of Mr. Heywood, the engineer to the Com-
missioners of Sewers for the City, it need not detain
us. The Sub-Committee consider it is undesirable
that work of this kind should be in future under-
taken apart from the official enumeration autho-
rised by the legislature. They are satisfied that
they may depend upon the utmost fairness in the
Registrar-General's officials in this respect, and
quote Dr. Fares evidence before the select coin-
mittee of the House of Commons on metropolitan
local government and taxation, during the present
year, to the effect that it is quite fair, in consider-
ing the relative importance of the City of London,
to take the fact that persons having offices in the
City sleep oft of the City into account ; and that
in fact the City is of much greater importance than
it appears if merely the figures given in the census
are considered. They therefore recommend an ap-
plication to the Registrar-General, suggesting that
a supplemental return should be obtained in 1871,
and at each succeeding census, of the population
engaged, occupied, and employed in the City during
the day.

509,611

697,744

SHOCKINO TREATMENT OF A LENATIC.—One 01
the most shocking cases of restraint and confinen.ent of
ken
a
lunatic in a private house, through ignorant and mist of
kindness, hes just been brought to the notice of the autho-
rities by Dr. Arthur Mitchell, deputy-inspector of lunacy
for Scotland. About fourteen years ego a young woman,
named Janet Campbell, a native of the village of Reay,
Caitlinessshire, and then about twenty years of age, was
a domestic servant in Edinburgh. Cholera was raging
there at the time ; and, whether from predisposing causes
or the excitement occasioned by an overwhelming dread of
the terrible disease, the poor girl became seriously injured
in health and a prey to morbid melancholy. At last
she disappeared from her place, and somehow made
her way home alone to Caithness. On her return to
her friends it was evident that her intellect was
deranged, and she soon became so violent that it was
found necessary to confine her in a strait jacket. During
her fits of violence she would break the windows and the
furniture, and the strait jacket she bad torn to rags, so
that it afforded no adequate means of restraint. She
scarcely slept, and was incessantly in a state of nervous
activity, keeping the household in perpetual fear and
alarm. Her clothes were torn to pieces, and at last, after
she hail been about two years in this condition, she was
shut up in a small room destitute of furniture, miserably
lighted and worse ventilated, and in that room she has now
been imprisoned for about adozen years. Her mother and
sister, with whom she lives, are poor people, occupying a
small plot of ground, and keeping one cow, and have barely
themeans of eking out a scanty subsistence for themselves
and her. From ignorance, and a feeling of mistaken
kindness, they have hitherto resisted all attempts at in-
terference in behalf of the poor creature whom they have
thus immured ; and, several years ago, when the parochial
authorities offered to place her in an asylum fur proper
care and treatment, they positively refused to co. sent.
So great is their reluctance to entertain the idea of her
removal, that they have not only kept her entirely out of
sight, but the very existence of the wretched prisoner has
almost faded out of mind, and many of their neighbours
in the village were entirely ignorant of the fact of her
being confined there at all. When visited recently she was
found crouching naked on the bottom of a box-bed in the
room in which she has spent her miserable captivity of a
dozen years, seven or eight of these almost absolute
1 nudity. About eight years ago thin e windows of the
11 room in which she is confined were built up with
i stone and lime, and since that time the only light
that the wretched creature has seen has been admitted by
a small sliding panel in the roof, only occasionally opened,
as it can be reached with difficulty. The room contained
no furniture except the old box-bed, on which she squatted
more like a caged wild beast than a human creature. Her
guardians admit that she has been stark naked for about
eight years. Her hair is felted on the scalp, and has not
been combed for many years. It is impossible to describe
the appearance it presents. When the tattered and filthy
blanket that was on the bed was removed the mass of rot-
tenness beneath can only be described as a dung heap.
On this she crouched night and day, except when she
crept to the fire for a little warmth. Crawling is the only
term to describe her manner of locomotion, as from long
confinement and disuse the muscles of the legs have be-
come incapable of exercise, and the legs are bent together
and permanently stiffened.—John o'Groat Journal.
THE Cern' PLAGUE. —With reference to the
reported outbreak of the cattle plague at Finborough, near
Stowmarket, it may be stated that on Thursday Professor
Simonds came down, and, after examining the live bul-
locks on the farm in question, he had the dead one disin-
terred and made a post mortem examination. The mouth
and gums were found to be inflamed, while the lungs were
dark, and the membranes of the abdominal walls
accord-
much
inflamed and charged with matter ; the Professor
ingly came to the conclusion that the animal died from
peritonitis and not from rinderpsst.