The Express.
London, England, 1860-05-12 00:00:00

This Irish Emigration is becoming a serious and
perplexing business. It is perplexing, because
there is no getting at the truth about the condi-
tion and prospects of the emigrants ; and it is
serious, because the tillage of land in Ireland
now requires every hand that can he obtained.
Nothing can be more dismal than the accounts
given in American newspapers of the poverty and
helplessness of multitudes of immigrants in the
United S'iates—accounts which are confirmed by
the warnings and entreaties of the Catholic priests
in America, who ought to know most of the con-
dition of the Irish, who are their special charge.
On the other hand, it appears that theie shoals of
emigrania are carried over by funds supplied to
them by relatives who have preceded them ; and
we are informed that the priests have •
twofold interest in checking the process. They
sympathise in the distress of the Irish priests, who
Ire losing their flocks, and left almost alone and
destitute in their parishes ; and they see that •
large proportion of immigrants leave their reli-
gious profession behind them, o- speedily become
heretics when they settle among the Sons of the
Pilgrims, or the Protestant Germans, who are
almost as numerous in the States as the Irish.
Amidst all the contradictions that we hear, it is
evident that Ireland at present offers a more cer-
tain and profitable field for labour than the Ame-
rican towns, and • large proportion of the country.
The increase of the Irish element will no doubt
facilitate the abolition of slavery in the long run;
but meantime there can be no doubt that there
is • more steady certainty of well-paid employ.
men:. in Irish than in American agriculture at
present. If the facts could be got into the
Irish mind, the stream of outfiowing labour
would no doubt be checked ; but with the class
concerned it is not a matter of reasoning or of
statistical inquiry, it is an affair of sentiment
and impulse. They receive entreaties from
relatives who remember Ireland as a scene of
poverty and mourning, and who will never believe
that it is now a field of profitable industry. The
money comes with the invitation. The strong
family affections of a warm-hearted people
are stirred up. Their hearts glow at the thought
of reunion across the sea ; and off they go, in spite
of remonstrance and threats fronitheir priests, and
the offer of good wages from their neighbours ;
and in spite also of the spectacle of numbers who
have returned disappointed, and who can tell of •
yet larger number who would come back if they
had the means. The going and the returning is
always In a stream. It is a matter of impulse,
and not of prudent consideration.
The immediate stimulus is evidently the pecu-
liarity of the seasons, throughout last year and
the present. Ireland suffered more than England,
and sa much as Scotland, under the drought, of
last summer and autumn, and the alternations of
the winter, and the lateness of this spring. The
extension of paaturage and root-crops since the
famine, and the increase of stock-farming over
tillage, have made the disasters of the seasons
more felt in Ireland than in any other part of the
kingdom ; and the effects on the condition and
price of cattle have been alarming to more
thoughtful people than the general run of emi
grants ; but the way to make the disaster perma-
nent is to strip the country of its best field-labour
just when the utmost industry is required to com-
pensate for the compulsory delay caused by a
winter of six months.

Looking some way forward, we can see what
must happen. There must be an influx of
English and Scotch labour ; or Ireland will be
the scene of some other immigration, either from
continental countries, or back from America. Such
natural wealth as that of Ireland, now so well
proved and understood, will never be left long
neglected. We may possibly see the tide of
English emigration turned in that direction. It
seems a pity to go to the Cape, or to Australia,
when a good living is at command in Ireland. It
is true we have no surplus agricultural labour to
send away from England at a time when agricul-
tural science and skill are creating fresh demands
and improved recompense for farm labour. The
Donietahire farmers are proving that wages there
are no longer 7s. or Pa. • week, but 125., 145.,
and 165., including potato-grounds and other ad-
vantages. In Wiltshire (the other county of low
wages) tho farmers are eager for agricultural
machinery, because wages are rising from year to
year ; and in the northern counties the labourer's
income has long been larger than in either
the southern or western part of the

island. In Ireland the wages of t
rural population are rapidly overtaking the Eng.
lish rate ; and the improvement hs tie comforts of
the people i very marked. It is a great and
most happy change from the time when the people
were far too many for the work ; and yet this is
just the time when profitable work is left undone
for want of hands. There will be an equalisation,
in course of time, as there always must be in a free
country, with an eminently industrial population
like ours : but it is lamentable that needless pain
and hardship should be endured meantime through
want of knowledge and consideration.
One thing should be kept in view in prospect of
an influx of labour and capital into Ireland from
any other country. The coast, with its innumera-
ble inlets and prodigious line of shore, is marked
out by nature se one of the finest fishing
pounds in the world ; yet that vast source of
wealth has never been utilised. Catholics as they
are, the Irish are not a fish-eating people :'
and there is some inaptitude in them for that kind
of labour which has caused hundreds and thou-
sands of them to perish while an ample supply of
good food was under their very hands. We all
remember the efforts that were made to open the
Inheres at the time of the potato rot, and the
striking failure, after clear evidence of what might
be done. At this moment, when meat is out of
reach for all but the rich, and when the backward-
ness of vegetation suggests the question how all
are to be fed, what a blessing would a plentiful,
supply of cheap fish be—not only in Ireland, but
all over the kingdom ! In many parte of England
beef and mutton are dearer than at any time within
memory•. At the same time, there are such com-
plaints of breach of the laws on the eastern and
other coasts, in regard to the preservation of breeds
of fish, that the attention of Parliament is called to
it. In defiance of the law, trawling nets are used
which bring up the young fry of herrings and
other fish ; and when the eatable part is gleaned
out of the draught, the rest are used as manure in
the fields, instead of growing to maturity in the
sea. From Scotland, where the value of fisheries
is understood, petitions for compelling the obser-
vance of the law are coming up to Parliament,
and all the while the Irish seas are left almost
unfished. By the " Transactions" of the Relief
Committee during the Irish famine we learn that,
though their efforts to establish and promote
fisheries failed on the whole, none of the fishermen
who persevered ever emigrated. This is a striking
fact. If there were fishermen enough now, pur-
suing their vocation skilfully, and with access to a
market, none of them would be among the emi-
grants. But the people do not like the employ-
ment: they have never been used to eat
fish, except as a luxury ; and they have never
looked fora market. We must hope it will be
otherwise with those, whoever they may be, who
will soon be filling the gaps left by the emissive
emigration of this year. By looking for a market
they will find or make one, both for fresh fish and
cured. The fishing on our east coast, between
London and Scarborough, employs above 23,000
men, by means of an invested capital of
above a million and a quarter, though those
engaged in it complain loudly of impedi-
ments and restrictions from the high duties
imposed by continental Governments on their
commodity. Even yet our inland towns do not
get supplies of fish at all in proportion to the faci-
lities afforded by the extension of our railways.
But what a field of industry and source of wealth ,
it is, when the south coast and the great Scotch
fisheries are taken into the account I If the Irish
will not apply themselves to the gathering of this
natural wealth, which would be worth more to
them than anything they will find in America, we
must hope that those who may supply their places
will be wiser, and will at once open a new sup-
port for an industrial population, and help us to a
plentiful supply of good and cheap food, which
will not fail us at the same moment as the produce
of the pasture and the farm.

THE Naw ARCHBISHOP or YORK. —Tho Right
Rev. Charles Thomas Longley, Bishop of Durham, who
has been nominated to the archbishopric of York, rendered
vacant by the death of the Moat Rev. Dr. Musgrave, was
born at Rochester, in 1794. He was educated at West-
minster school,whence he proceeded toChrist Church,Oxford,
where he gained a studentship in 1812. In 1815 he took
his degree of bachelor of arta, being first class in clanks,
and was public tutor of Christ Church from 1818 to 1828.
Prior to his resignation of the tutorship, namely, in 1827,
he was presented by Mr. C. B. Wall, the then patron, to
the rectory of West Tytherley, near Stockbridge, Hamp-
shire, which he held until 1829, when he was appointed to
the heed mastership of Harrow schooL This appointment
he held until 1838, in which year the act was passed con-
stituting the new bishopric of Ripon. Dr. Longley was
appointed the first bishop, and held the bishopric until
1856, when, upon the resignation of Bishop Maltby, he was
tinnelmed to the bishopric of Durham. The new arch-
bishop is the son of Mr. John Lenity, late Recorder of
Rochester, and subsequently a magistrate of Thames Police
Court. He married, in 1831, the Hon. Caroline, eldest
daughter of the first Lord Congleton.

WAS-OFFICE, MAY 9.—The Queen hAA been
graciously pleased to give order, for the appointment of
Colonel Alfred Heating. Hartford, C. 8., to be an ordinary
member of the military division of the second class, or
knights comminders, of the most honourable Onler of the
Bath.—Gazerte.

-
WHIYERALL, MAY 10.—The Queen has been
=to grant unto the Rev. William Goode' M. A., the
of her Majesty's cathedral church of Ripon, void
by the amnion of the Very Rev. Thomas Gander, now
Dena of Lincoln.—Go:efre,_

St.4jAKEIN PAIrcE MAY 5.-The Queen has been
on the nomination of the Right Honourable Lord
klealegye,dio appoint William Wise, E.q., one of her Majesty's
Honourable Corp. of Gentlemen at Anna, vice William
Doman., Esq., resigned.-Ganef r.
THE VOCAL ANHOCIATION.-At the performance
of the Vocal Association, on Wednesday evening, the 16th
inst., at St. James's-hall, the principal artists from her
Majesty's Theatre will appear by the kind permission of E.
T. Smith, Seq.
METROPOLITAN BOARD or WORMS-Yesterday
the usual weekly meeting of the board was held at Guild-
hall ; Mr. John Thwaites in the chair. The cash statement
of the finance committee showed a total net balance amount-
ing to AND. As. 2d., and cash on deposit 260,0001. The
following is an estimate of the sums required to be raised
by the board from the several parishes and dittricts for the
year ending December 31, 1860 :-City of London, 6,0871.
h 5.14.; St. Marylebone, 9,456/. Os. 3d.; St. Pancras, 5,395 t.
7s. 4d.; Lambeth, 9,5051. 12s. 7d.; St. George, Hanover-
Noire, 9,083/.195. Rd.; St. Mary, Islington, 3,6711. 30. 5d.;
St. Leonard, Shoreditch, 1,8301. Ilk. 94.; Paddington,
5.025/. 16s. 11d.; St. Matthew, Bethnal-green, 1,1881.
lls. 94.; St- Mary, Newington, Surrey, 5,0371. fic ld.;
Camberwell, 5,0271. 42. 9.1.; St. James, Westminster,
4,014/. 9s. 10d.; St. James and St. John, Clerkenwell,
1,532/. 10a. 4d.; Chelsea, 2,604/. Is. 7d.; St. Mary Abbott.,
Kensington, 4,674/. 19s. . • St. Luke, Middlesex, 1,1811.
3a. 3d.; Bt. Gems the Martyr, Southwark. 3,2401. Is. 2d.;
,3,4N1. 9a. 101 ; St. George-in-the. East,
Pls. 416767. ; t. Martin•in-the-Fields, 2,5261. 4e. 3d. • Hamlet
of Mileand Old-town, 1,5501. 14s. sd. ; Woolwich, 3941.
10a. 3d. ; Rotherhithe 1.397/. Ils. 14. St. John, Hamp-
stead, 795/. 2s. 6d. ; Vaitechapel district, 2,270/. 8.. 9d. ;
Westminster do., 2,6911. 11.. Od. ; Greenwich do., 4,361/.
7s. Ild. ; Wandsworth do., 4,2031. 7s. 4d. ; Hackney do.,
2,694/. Oa. 7d. ; St. Oiler 2,1101.185. 9d. ; Holborn do.,
1,1401. 7.. 6d. ; Strand do., 2,6521. Os. 7d.: Fulham do.,
3,262/. 7a 2d. ; Limehouse do., 1,632/.195. ld. ; Poplar do.,
9.. ld. ; St. Saviour's do., 3,905/. 19.. 4d. ; Plum-
stead do., 1,429/. 16.. Bd. ; Lewisham do., 3,408/. 2s. 7d. ;
St. Olave do., 2,508/. 6a, 6d. ; the Charter•house, 131. 11..
ld ; Gray's-ran, 83/. 14.. 3d. After the transaction of
some
_portant business, the board adjourned.
Nsw REGISTRAR OF THE LIVERPOOL COUNTY
Cousrr.-Mr. Henry Hine, solicitor, of Liverpool, ham been
appointed to this office, vacated by the dismissal of Mr.
Statham, whose pecuniary defalcations have been so promi-
neatly brought before the public. The salary and fees of
the appointment amount to about 1,000/. per annum.
THE LANDED ESTATES CoURT OF IRELAND.-Up-
wads of *OM. worth of property was sold yesterday
before Judge Dobbs. It is reported that a great number of
pedaloes for sales are under consideration, and that there is
every el renewed activity in the land market Le-
fore tbs ekes Of the current year.

I have learned some further particulars concern-
ing Garibaldi's expedition not obtainable yester-
day at the early hour at which I wrote. Two of
the three steamers on which the volunteers em-
barked were seized, but not chartered, as at first
reported. They are the Lombardo and Piemonte,
belonging to the Societa Rubattino, and were em-
ployed in the conveyance of mails and passengers
between this and the Island of Sardinia. The
farce, for it is generally though tacitly allowed
that an agreement existed between Garibaldi and
the company's agents, was thus enacted. Sixty
men rowed silently towards the vessels on Saturday
night as they were lying in the port, scrambled on
board, and before the few sailors left in charge
had time to recover from their surprise, the cables
were cut and they were on their way to Bocce
d'Ase, a fishing harbour near the villa at Quarto,
at which the general has of late been residing,
and about four miles to the east of Genoa.
Here they found Garibaldi, who addressed
the crews, and telling them he was bound
on an enterprise of great danger, offered them
their tchoice of remaining on board or return-
ing to their own homes. The greater number,
having the'fate of the Cagliari, captured by the
Neapolitans in 1857, before their eyes, determined
on the latter, and were dismissed with a bounty of
20 francs to each man. The embarkation of the
cos's, stores, and ammunition, of which a consider-
able depot had been formed at Boom d'Ase, was
at once commenced with activity, but in spite of
every exertion it was daylight on Sunday morn-
ing before they were fairly under weigh. The
third steamer is supposed to be English, legally
chartered. Not having the gift of übiquity I missed
the gathering at Quarto of Garibaldi', friends and
adherents on Saturday night, which, consisting of
the responsible men of the expedition, had a more
solemn character than the boisterous enthusiasm
of the band, whose departure I witnessed
from the Foce. It was moonlight, and the
beautiful grounds of the Villa Spinole were
crowded with the volunteers and their friends
who had gone thither to bid them farewell ; but
scarcely a sound was heard except the measured
tread of the men, as two by two they advanced to
the portico of the palace to receive their arms, and
then fell back silently to the post as silently as-
signed them. There was no shouting, no boasting.
Those who were present at this remarkable scene
dwell much on its exceeding stillness and gravity.
You saw those who were to remain behind passing
from group to group, exchanging a grasp of the
hand or an embrace with their friends and kins-
folk, but indulging in no noisy good wishes or
triumphant anticipations. What has come over
these Italians that once we thought so purposeless
and frivolous ? No forlorn hope, in British annals,
ever went more steadily to the breach than these
men without a single cannon on their ships, to the
almost certainty of an encounter with heavily
armed Neapolitan men-of-war.
The electric wires were discovered on Sunday
morning to have been cut, and the poets removed
on various points of the line; but even this will
only have delayed by a fow hours the receipt of the
intelligence at Naples, and the despatch of la naval
force to intercept them.

A Milan letter of &MAAS, in the Prue, gives the
following details concerning the expedition .

a-Garibaldi hu with ‘him Ibutirl,ooo 'muskets pad only
30,000 fr. in money. IThis sum ,does notlicome firm
the subscription for a ..zillion of muskets, but is •
special jgift paid through the hands of • Milan banker.
Committees which have been recently formed promise to
supply 100,000 fr. • mouth. The ships in which
Garibaldi's expedition embarked belong to the transatlan-
tic company. The Cavour and the:Piemonte had but just
returned to port, having been taken up by the Spanish
government for the Morocco war. Garibaldi commands
the Piemonte and Nino Bixio the Cavour. A third vessel,
either English or Danish, the name of which is not [known,
has also left Genoa. Among Garibaldi's sides-de-
camp, T may cite the well-known names of Colonels
Medini and Turr, Count Teleld, and M. Sistori (of Venice),
The entire expedition oousista of 1,300 individuals, two.
thirds of whom are young men of good family. Garibaldi
has left to other siesta besides Bertani the care of
enlisting and despatching recruits. They [yesterday en-
rolled upwards of 300 young men in Milan. I have no
doubt that under the influence of the excitement caused by
the news of Garibaldi's departure • much larger number
will be enlisted to-day. At Twin the recruiting committee
is most actively at work.
Lsrear Newa.—Protest of M. C►nofari, the Neapolitan
Minister. It is said that Garibaldi found two vessels in the
port of I.egboru, which he also took forcible possession of.
It is said to be doubtful whether he has really gone to
Sicily or to the Calabrias. The latter conjecture is the
favourite. Recruiting here is going on on • great scale.
The Venetian emigrants are all for going. The Calf San.
Carlo, on the Corso, the head-quarters of the emigration, is
crowded. Men are coming in from Brescia and Pavia.
The telegraphic summaries of articles in the Constitotionnef
and Patric against Garibaldi produce no effect whatever.
Before leaving Genoa the gallant general wrote the
following letter to his friend, the Deputy Bertani,
to be considered as his political will :

Genoa, May 5, 1560.
Dear Bertani,—Called again upon the field of action, I
leave to you the following directions :
To take all possible means for assisting us in our enter-
prise.
To make the Italians understand that if we are sufficiently
supported Italy will establish herself soon at a slight cost ;
but that they do not do their duty if they restrict them-
selves to some fruitless subscription.
That Italy, already freed, must arm five hundred
thouiand men instead of one hundred thousand, a number
not too large in proportion to the population, since small
states, which have not to conquer their independence,
keep armies in that proportion. With such an army Italy
will not have any need of foreign protectors, who will eat
her up under the pretence of liberating her.
That wherever Italians are struggling against their of •
pressors, thither shall be sent all those who are courageous,
provided with all that is necessary for their expedition.
That the Sicilian insurrection must be supported not only
in Sicily, but wherever there are enemies to be encountered.
I have not advised the Sicilian movement, but since these
our friends have risen, I believed it my duty to go to their
rescue.

Our war cry will always be, " Italy and Victor Emma-
nuel!" and I hope that the Italian flag will likewi.e at this
time not be disgraced.—Yours sincerely, G. GARIBALDI.

THE INSURRECTION IN SICILY.
GENOA, MAT 11.
Advicea have beau received from Messina to the
7th inst., Palermo the Bth inst., and Naples to the
Bth inst.